Scrape wikipedia-science: 868 new, 932 updated, 1849 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Moves-0.md

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+---
+title: "Quantum Moves"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Moves"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:40.522693+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Quantum Moves is an online citizen science simulation video game where players move quantum atoms. The game is part of the ScienceAtHome umbrella project, developed by AU Ideas Center for Community Driven Research (CODER). CODER aims to merge theoretical and experimental quantum research with online community efforts to explore the potential for online citizen science in this otherwise highly specialized field.
+The objective of the game is to complete challenges that are simulations of logical operations in a quantum computer. The team behind the game are building a scalable quantum computer with a processor consisting of 300 atoms. Logical operations are performed by moving the atoms with optical tweezers. Moving atoms in a controlled way is a difficult task because the atom becomes excited and the atomic wave function delocalises. Approaching the presumed quantum speed limit is a huge challenge for quantum algorithms and the task that Quantum Moves players are asked to tackle.
+
+
+== Gameplay ==
+
+In Quantum Moves, the atomic wave function is represented as a sloshy liquid in an energy potential well created by the optical tweezers. Players control the depth and the horizontal location of the well, simulating the path on the optical tweezers. The wave function reacts to changes in the potential function as dictated by the Schrödinger equation leading to sloshing seen by the players. Players are asked to move the well without sloshing the atomic wave function too much. A path created by a player maps one-to-one to a solution of the Schrödinger equation. Top results of the game play are then used to provide guidance into the algorithm's search space, resulting in solutions superior to those found by the algorithm alone.
+
+
+== History ==
+In 2012, the first version of the game was developed in the programming language MATLAB and tested in several high schools across Denmark. The feedback was positive, but there were many technical issues that made the interaction in the game cumbersome. In the summer of 2012, the game was translated into Java and the first version of Quantum Moves was released. Since then, Quantum Moves has been built in Unity multi-platform development engine and released in the App Store and Google Play for use in touch screen devices.
+As of February 2017, Quantum Moves had been played over 8 million times by more than 200,000 players worldwide. In April 2016, the journal Nature published an article "Exploring the quantum speed limit with computer games",  detailing the analysis of one of the levels in Quantum Moves called BringHomeWater. A small fraction of players found "better solutions than the numerical optimization, albeit with imperfect fidelities" well below the applied success criterion of 99.9%. In addition, bulk analysis of player strategies revealed a purely algorithmic "few-parameter heuristic optimization method", HILO, that efficiently outperformed all player results and the standard algorithm, KASS. The article was later retracted (see below).
+In 2018 Dries Sels demonstrated that not only the HILO algorithm but also "a simple stochastic local optimization method finds near-optimal solutions which outperform all players". In 2019 Allan Grønlund presented results of a number of conventional algorithms that cast doubt on the validity of the KASS algorithm. He subsequently discovered that the authors of the original Nature paper had made a sign error  in their implementation of the benchmarked optimization algorithm, which led to the retraction of the Nature paper in July 2020.
+Subsequent work analyzed the players' results in conjunction with results obtained from GRAPE and the stochastic ascent algorithms with a variety of seeding strategies (all free from the original numerical error). The in-game optimized solutions of the players "perform roughly on par with the best of the tested standard optimization methods performed on a computer cluster. In addition, cluster-optimized player seeds was the only method to exhibit roughly optimal performance across all three challenges." The investigated purely numerical algorithms all perform significantly worse on at least one of the challenges. Finally, the authors conclude that "player seeds show significant statistical advantages over random seeds in the limit of sparse sampling. This highlights the potential for crowdsourcing the solution of future quantum research problems." In their conclusion, the authors warn that "these results should only be understood as a necessary baseline study and a first demonstration for further exploration, and they should not be taken as a guarantee that player-based seeding is advantageous when comparing to increasingly complex algorithmic strategies."
+
+
+== Quantum Moves 2 ==
+The sequel game, Quantum Moves 2, was launched in 2018 in conjunction with the Danish ReGAME Cup designed to teach students via research-enabling, citizen science games. The sequel featured a broader range of scientific challenges than the original game, as well as a built-in optimizer and a challenge curve featuring algorithmic results to which players could compare their performance.
+As of 2021, Quantum Moves 2 has been played by more than 3600 unique players.
+
+
+== Controversy and retraction ==
+In 2020 the Nature article  where the findings were presented was retracted due to major errors in calculations, deeming the results of the article false and the game untrustworthy. Although the results of the article were contested since its release in 2016, its coordinator denied the claims from other scientists around the world which found the results non-satisfactory and unrealistic. The coordinator of the project continued presenting the data as true until 2020 where an internal investigation from the University of Aarhus  discovered there were problems in the way the equations were implemented, resulting in a mistake which deemed the findings false as other scientists have claimed since the release of the article in 2016. The coordinator of the project was then subject to disciplinary measurements for academic misconduct and scientific malpractice which include manipulating information, lack of scientific cooperation, and manipulation of funders and academic coordination for continuously presenting the findings as truthful.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Ornes, Stephen (20 February 2018). "Science and Culture: Quantum games aim to demystify heady science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (8): 1667–1669. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1667O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800744115. PMC 5828646. PMID 29463780.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questagame-0.md

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+---
+title: "Questagame"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questagame"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:41.659044+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+QuestaGame, launched in 2014 in Canberra, Australia, is a mobile app game for photographing and identifying fauna, flora, and fungi. Sightings are verified by experts and gain points for players. The game leverages citizen science to help document species occurrences, adding data to databases such as Atlas of Living Australia. Ranger Vision is a classroom version. QuestaGame has been reported as driving citizen science by mapping biodiversity, discovering new species, and averting biosecurity risks.
+
+
+== Gameplay ==
+To play the game, players submit sightings and/or identify the sightings of other players. The game defines sightings as documentation of a wild (not captive or domesticated) living organism. Players earn gold and increase their species collections, which are recorded on a leaderboard. Players can use gold to purchase better "equipment" and "supplies." The level of equipment rating determines the speed and detail that sightings are identified by other players, while supplies allow players to join and create quests.
+Players can join clans and compete with others in quests and challenges. Many clans join to form tribes.
+
+
+=== Species identification model ===
+The founder of QuestaGame, Andrew Robinson, advocates for "collective intelligence," where the expertise of humans is used for species identification, rather automated species identification through machine learning. Robinson describes QuestaGame's “Pays-to-Know” program, which results in earnings going to a scientific institution of the experts' choice, as a means to leverage the value of environmental knowledge and possibly help to create meaningful jobs.
+
+
+=== World BioQuest ===
+In 2017 QuestaGame reported results from its World BioQuest 20–22 May 2017: 11,646 observations, 2,440 photos, 9,403 identifications and 689 species. The winning World BioQuest Champion was a player named Austin. The highest scoring single sighting was an image of a stick insect (Onchestus gorgus), by QuestaGamer Ben Revell. The stick insect was identified by Dr. Paul Brock of the Natural History Museum, London, as the first photographic record of the species on major biodiversity databases. "Best Photo" was a Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) by Ben Revell. The BioQuest commemorated the International Day of Biological Diversity and involved 30 different environmental organisations.
+
+
+== Discoveries ==
+Seven new species of spiders have been discovered through QuestaGame. In 2018 a species of spider was discovered by QuestaGamer Ben Revell and was named Ornodolmedes benrevelli after the gamer.
+In March 2018, one player reported the first known sighting of a particular invasive wasp in Victoria (possibly the European paper wasp, Polistes dominula), highlighting the use of sightings in helping biocontrol efforts. Two QuestaGame players in Sydney submitted sightings of an invasive gecko species the Indo-Pacific or fox gecko (Hemidactylus garnottii) previously not known to exist in Australia. The biosecurity authorities in New South Wales were alerted and a sample was collected.
+
+
+== Awards ==
+Eureka Prize for Innovation in Citizen Science, Finalist, 2018
+Myer Foundation, Innovation, 2016-17
+National Science Week 2015 & 2017
+ACT Innovation, 2016
+Purves Environmental Fund 2014
+Norman Wettenhall Foundation 2014
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD@home-0.md

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+---
+title: "RAD@home"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD@home"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:42.756494+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+RAD@home is a citizen science research collaboratory in India and the first such collaboration in Indian astronomy. It focuses on training university science students to make radio astronomy discoveries using the GMRT, which is a  SKA pathfinder radio telescope, and other telescopes operating in multiple bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. It was designed to help students and the public to understand multi-wavelength images of galaxies, taken primarily from radio surveys such as NVSS (1400 MHz) with the VLA and TGSS (150 MHz) with the GMRT.
+In 2022, the Collaboratory, led by its founder Ananda Hota, discovered a unique AGN where the radio jet appeared to hit a neighbouring galaxy and bounced back forming a mushroom-shaped radio bubble. Initial hints of this rare process had been seen in the archival data, but confirmation was not achieved until targeted observation with the GMRT telescope at 325 MHz, or 90 cm, band. In October 2025, the Collaboratory discovered the farthest and the most powerful odd radio circle (ORC), named RAD J131346.9+500320; it was also the first ORC to be discovered through citizen science. The ORC was spotted by trained citizen scientists analysing the 144 MHz radio images of the sky obtained by the European LOFAR radio telescope. This ORC was also the first to be discovered from LOFAR low frequency data. The other kinds of astronomical objects that the Collaboratory has discovered and published include episodic radio galaxies (a.k.a. Double-Double Radio Galaxies), relic/remnant radio lobes, large radio lobes associated with spiral galaxies which can be compared to the exotic new class of radio galaxies known as Speca etc.
+Other than contributing to scientific discoveries, the Collaboratory has also been recognised for its innovative approach to education and outreach in astronomy, particularly in radio astronomy. Through a combination of online and offline citizen science workshops, organised in collaboration with national research and educational institutes, it has trained thousands of Indian citizens and students to understand radio observations of galaxies using the GMRT. Following these workshops, trained citizen scientists (also known as e-astronomers and i-astronomers) continue their engagement by participating in weekend online e-classes. These e-classes further enable them to discover new radio sources, primarily using TGSS 150 MHz imaging data obtained with the GMRT. In follow-up observation proposals, these co-discovering e-/i-astronomers are included as formal co-investigators.  Through this process, e-/i-astronomers also become co-authors on papers published by the Collaboratory that report citizen-science discoveries, with or without GMRT follow-up observations. Participation in genuine scientific discoveries has helped many students secure admission to Master’s and PhD programmes, both in India and abroad. Thus, despite operating with zero dedicated funding and infrastructure, the Collaboratory has made significant contributions to human resource development and to preparing the next generation of astronomers for upcoming mega-facility projects such as the SKA.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Galaxy_Zoo-0.md

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+---
+title: "Radio Galaxy Zoo"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Galaxy_Zoo"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:44.023207+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Radio Galaxy Zoo (RGZ) is an internet crowdsourced citizen science project that seeks to locate supermassive black holes in distant galaxies. It is hosted by the web portal Zooniverse. The scientific team want to identify black hole/jet pairs and associate them with the host galaxies. Using a large number of classifications provided by citizen scientists they hope to build a more complete picture of black holes at various stages and their origin. It was initiated in 2010 by Ray Norris in collaboration with the Zooniverse team, and was driven by the need to cross-identify the millions of extragalactic radio sources that will be discovered by the forthcoming Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey.  RGZ is now led by scientists Julie Banfield and Ivy Wong. RGZ started operations on 17 December 2013, and ceased collecting new classifications on 1 May 2019.
+
+== RGZ data sources ==
+
+The project's scientific team are drawn mostly from Australia, with support from Zooniverse developers and other institutions. They use data taken by the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST) survey which was observed at the Very Large Array between 1993 and 2011. Also used was data from the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS), taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) in rural New South Wales. The infrared astronomy used was observed by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the Spitzer Space Telescope.
+
+== RGZ publications ==
+
+RGZ has published five scientific studies (May 2018).
+i) Radio Galaxy Zoo: host galaxies and radio morphologies derived from visual inspection. (November 2015)
+The abstract begins: "We present results from the first twelve months of operation of Radio Galaxy Zoo, which upon completion will enable visual inspection of over 170,000 radio sources to determine the host galaxy of the radio emission and the radio morphology." It then explains that RGZ "uses 1.4GHz radio images from both the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) and the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS) in combination with mid-infrared images at 3.4μm from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and at 3.6μm from the Spitzer Space Telescope." Its aims are that when complete, RGZ will measure the relative populations and properties of host galaxies; processes that might also provide an avenue for finding radio structures that are rare and extreme.
+On the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) website, an article from September 2015 named "Volunteer black hole hunters as good as the experts" explains how citizen scientists are as good as professionals at RGZ's tasks. The research team tested trained citizen scientists and ten professional astronomers using a hundred images to help quantify the quality of the data gathered. As the initial results were published, facts and figures from RGZ became available. More than 1.2 million radio images have been looked at, which enabled 60,000 radio sources to be matched to their host galaxies: "A feat that would have taken a single astronomer working 40 hours a week roughly 50 years to complete."

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+---
+title: "Radio Galaxy Zoo"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Galaxy_Zoo"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:44.023207+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ii) Radio Galaxy Zoo: discovery of a poor cluster through a giant wide-angle tail radio galaxy. (May 2016)
+The abstract begins: "We have discovered a previously unreported poor cluster of galaxies (RGZ-CL J0823.2+0333) through an unusual giant wide-angle tail radio galaxy found in the Radio Galaxy Zoo project." It continues to explain that the analysis of 2MASX J08231289+0333016's surrounding environment indicates that it is within a poor cluster. Radio morphology suggests that, firstly, "the host galaxy is moving at a significant velocity with respect to an ambient medium like that of at least a poor cluster" and secondly that "the source may have had two ignition events of the active galactic nucleus with 10^7yrs in between." These suggestions reinforce the idea that there is an association between RGZ J082312.9+033301 and the newly discovered poor cluster.
+On The Conversation website in an article "How citizen scientists discovered a giant cluster of galaxies", Ray Norris writes about the above study. He explains that two Russian citizen scientists (CSs), Ivan Terentev and Tim Matorny, were participating in RGZ when they noticed something odd with one of the radio sources. It became clear that the radio source the two CSs had found "was just one of a line of radio blobs that delineate a C-shaped “wide angle tail galaxy” (WATG)." Lead scientist Julie Banfield explained that this was "something that none of us had even thought would be possible."
+WATGs are rare objects that are formed when jets of electrons from black holes, usually seen to be straight, are bent into a C shape by intergalactic gas. This characteristic shape is "a sure sign that there is intergalactic gas, signifying a cluster of galaxies, the largest known objects in the universe." The WATG discovered by Terentev and Matorny is one of the largest known and has led to the cluster being named after them. "This cluster, more than a billion light years away, contains at least 40 galaxies, marking an intersection of the sheets and filaments of the cosmic web that make up our universe." Clusters, despite their importance, are hard to find but the use of WATGs might be a way of finding more: However WATGs are rare.
+On the National Radio Astronomy Observatory website, Matorny and Terentev commented on their discovery. “I am still amazed and feel more motivated to look for stunning new radio galaxies,” Matorny said. Terentev added, “I got a chance to see the whole process of science … and I have been a part of it!”
+iii) Radio Galaxy Zoo: A Search for Hybrid Morphology Radio Galaxies. (December 2017)
+The abstract begins: "Hybrid morphology radio sources are a rare type of radio galaxy that display different Fanaroff-Riley classes on opposite sides of their nuclei." The authors explain that RGZ has enabled them to discover 25 new candidate hybrid morphology radio galaxies (HyMoRS). These HyMoRS are at distances between redshifts z=0.14 and 1.0. Nine of the host galaxies have previous spectra and include quasars and  a rare Green bean galaxy. It states: "Although the origin of the hybrid morphology radio galaxies is still unclear, this type of radio source starts depicting itself as a rather diverse class." The abstract ends:"While high angular resolution follow-up observations are still necessary to confirm our candidates, we demonstrate the efficacy of the Radio Galaxy Zoo in the pre-selection of these sources from all-sky radio surveys, and report the reliability of citizen scientists in identifying and classifying complex radio sources."
+In an article on the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics CAASTRO website named "Citizen scientists bag a bunch of 'two-faced' galaxies", the author explains the findings of the above study. The lead scientist is Anna Kapinska with CS Ivan Terentev named second. Kapinska's team have been looking for rare types of galaxies named Hybrid Morphology Radio Galaxies (HyMoRS). These show galaxy characteristics that are combined, rather than distinct. The article states: "Finding more HyMoRS helps us understand what kind of galaxy can turn out this way, and what gives them their unusual properties. Knowing that, in turn, helps us better understand how all galaxies evolve."
+The first recognised HyMoRS was discovered in 2002 and since then 30 more. RGZ near doubled the discoveries by adding 25 more. Galaxies with black holes that produce jets are often "divided into two classes, Fanaroff-Riley I and Fanaroff-Riley II (or FR I and II). FR I galaxies have jets that fade away as they extend outwards, while FR II galaxies have jets that end in a bright, strongly-emitting region (a ‘hotspot’)." Explanations include the behaviour of the central black hole, different densities of matter in the surrounding environment or simply illusions because of different distances.
+iv) Radio Galaxy Zoo: Cosmological Alignment of Radio Sources (November 2017)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Galaxy_Zoo-2.md

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+---
+title: "Radio Galaxy Zoo"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Galaxy_Zoo"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:44.023207+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In November 2017, a team led by Omar Contigiani published a paper in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society studying the mutual alignment of radio sources. Using data drawn from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) and TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS), they investigate the most powerful radio sources, namely the largest elliptical galaxies emitting plasma-filled jets. The abstract begins: "We study the mutual alignment of radio sources within two surveys, FIRST and TGSS. This is done by producing two position angle catalogues containing the preferential directions of respectively 30059 and 11674 extended sources distributed over more than 7000 and 17000 square degrees." The FIRST sample sources were identified by participants in RGZ, while the TGSS sample was the result of an automated process. Marginal evidence of local alignment is found in the FIRST sample, which has a 2% probability of being by chance. This supports other recent research by scientists using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. The abstract ends: "The TGSS sample is found to be too sparsely populated to manifest a similar signal." Results suggest that there is a relative alignment present at cosmological distances.
+v) Radio Galaxy Zoo: Compact and extended radio source classification with deep learning (May 2018).
+In May 2018, Lukic and team published a study in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society concerning machine learning techniques. The abstract begins: "Machine learning techniques have been increasingly useful in astronomical applications over the last few years, for example in the morphological classification of galaxies."
+
+== Gems of the Galaxy Zoos (ZooGems) ==
+During the next two years, up to 105 RGZ objects will be observed with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as a result of Program 15445, whose P.I. is William Keel. The program's abstract begins: "The classic Galaxy Zoo project and its successors have been rich sources of interesting astrophysics beyond their initial goals. Green Pea starbursts, AGN ionization echoes, dust in backlit spirals, AGN in pseudobulges, have all seen HST followup programs." As a result of NASA 'gap fillers' initiative, it is hoped that significant scientific progress can be made by HST observations of a total of 304 objects, which have been chosen by voters using a Zooniverse custom-made interface. Keel stated: "Each one of them might not be enough for an individual study, but when you put them all together it adds up to an interesting study."
+Gems of the Galaxy Zoos finished in September 2023 after imaging 193 of the 300 candidates. Many of the images can be viewed on Wikimedia Commons.
+
+== See also ==
+
+CSIRO
+Evolutionary Map of the Universe
+Galaxy formation and evolution
+Galaxy morphological classification
+Radio astronomy
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+The Radio Galaxy Zoo website.
+The National Radio Astronomy Observatory Exploration and Discovery webpage.
+Radio Galaxy Zoo: a quick start guide to hunting supermassive black holes.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey-0.md

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+---
+title: "Reef Life Survey"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:45.334362+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Reef Life Survey is a marine life monitoring programme based in Hobart, Tasmania. It is international in scope, but predominantly Australian, as a large proportion of the volunteers are Australian. Most of the surveys are done by volunteer recreational divers, collecting biodiversity data for marine conservation. The database is available to marine ecology researchers, and is used by several marine protected area managements in Australia, New Zealand, American Samoa and the eastern Pacific.
+
+
+== Function ==
+Reef Life Survey provides data to improve biodiversity conservation and the sustainable management of marine resources. They collect and curate biodiversity information at spatial and temporal scales beyond those possible by most scientific dive teams which have to work with limited resources, by using volunteer recreational divers trained in the RLS survey procedures. The University of Tasmania houses and manages the RLS database, and the data is freely available to the public for non-profit purposes through public outputs, including their website.
+
+
+== History ==
+Reef Life Survey was started by researchers at the University of Tasmania and initially funded by the Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities (CERF) Program. This program is the core activity of the Reef Life Survey Foundation Incorporated – a not for profit Australian organisation.
+
+
+== Personnel ==
+Reef Life Survey includes a volunteer network of recreational scuba divers, trained in the relevant skills, and an Advisory Committee. The advisory committee is made up of managers and scientists who use the collected data, and representatives of the recreational diver network.
+
+
+== Procedures ==
+
+Standard survey procedures are used matched to a variety of habitat topographies, and using simple equipment - waterproof clipboard with records sheet, underwater camera, and 50m surveyor's tape measure. The surveys are typically repeated at irregular intervals at listed sites, identified by GPS location, transect depth and direction, and are usually conducted as a pair of transects in opposite directions from the nominal position, at approximately constant depth. Data collected includes fish counts by visual census in a 5m x 5m corridor on both sides of the transect line (Method 1), mobile invertebrate counts in a 1m corridor on both sides of the line (Method 2), and photo-quadrats at 2.5m intervals along the 50m transect line. Manufactured debris may also be recorded. Off transect observations of interest are recorded separately (Method 0). Numbers and size class are recorded for fish, just numbers for most invertebrates.
+
+
+== Data ==
+Since 2006, divers have collected data for RLS from over 44 countries. As of September 2015, more than 4500 species have been recorded from over 7000 surveys.
+
+
+== Expeditions ==
+A circumnavigation of Australia by volunteer citizen scientists aboard the sailing catamaran Reef Dragon left Port Davey, Tasmania, on February 16, 2013, on an counterclockwise journey around the continent of Australia and ended in February 2014 in Prince of Wales Bay, Hobart. During the voyage a marine baseline of reef biodiversity for the new Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve network was established.
+
+
+== Publications ==
+Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features.
+Systematic global assessment of reef fish communities by the Reef Life Survey program.
+Exploited reefs protected from fishing transform over decades into conservation features not otherwise present in the seascape.
+Ecological effects of marine protected areas on rocky reef communities: a continental-scale analysis.
+Integrating abundance and functional traits reveals new global hotspots of fish diversity.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Census of Coral Reefs – Field project of the Census of Marine Life
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast-0.md

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+---
+title: "Safecast"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:46.598403+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Safecast is an international volunteer-driven nonprofit organization focused on citizen science and environmental monitoring. Founded in 2011 in the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, it is best known for collecting and publishing open radiation data and for developing community-based environmental sensing projects.
+Safecast publishes its measurements as open data under a CC0 public-domain dedication and makes them available through a public API and interactive map. Its data and methods have been discussed in both scientific and social-scientific literature as an example of post-disaster citizen sensing and open environmental data production.
+
+
+== History ==
+Safecast was initiated on 12 March 2011, one day after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the beginning of the Fukushima nuclear accident. It was founded by Sean Bonner, Joi Ito, and Pieter Franken in response to the lack of accessible, granular, and trusted public radiation information after the disaster.
+Initially centered on post-Fukushima radiation monitoring in Japan, the project developed a volunteer-based model for gathering, uploading, and openly sharing geolocated environmental measurements. Over time it expanded into broader environmental sensing, including air-quality monitoring.
+
+
+== Data and methodology ==
+Safecast's principal activity has been the collection and publication of ionizing radiation measurements, especially ambient dose-rate data gathered by volunteers using mobile and fixed sensors. Measurements are uploaded to the organization's database and displayed through its public map.
+The organization states that all collected data are released under a CC0 public-domain designation. Safecast data are also distributed through external open-data repositories, including the AWS Registry of Open Data.
+A 2020 study in the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity reported that Safecast had accumulated more than 120 million observations by January 2020 and used those data to estimate mean ambient dose rates in 330 cities worldwide. Safecast's website later described its radiation archive as the largest open dataset of background radiation measurements collected to date.
+Independent validation work has also compared Safecast data with official aerial survey data gathered by the United States Department of Energy and the National Nuclear Security Administration in Fukushima Prefecture, finding the datasets to be highly correlated.
+
+
+== Devices ==
+Safecast has developed and supported several open-hardware environmental sensing devices. Its best-known instrument is the bGeigie Nano, a GPS-enabled mobile radiation sensor used primarily for car-borne mapping, but also for static readings and contamination surveys. The device has been described in the scientific literature as one of the main tools used in the Safecast monitoring project.
+
+In 2021 Safecast introduced the bGeigie Zen, an updated mobile radiation sensor based on the earlier bGeigie design.
+Safecast has also developed air-quality sensing projects and devices to monitor particulate matter, including PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10.
+
+
+== Ukraine initiative ==
+Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and Russian military activity in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, Safecast launched the bGeigies for Ukraine initiative in cooperation with SaveDnipro, the Czech National Radiation Protection Institute (SÚRO), and the Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve.
+According to Safecast, the project was intended to support rapid, open radiation monitoring after the withdrawal of Russian troops from contaminated areas. In September 2022, the organization stated that the initiative had gathered more than 300,000 radiation data points in Ukraine.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Citizen science
+Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
+Environmental monitoring
+Open data
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website
+Safecast Map

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciStarter-0.md

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+---
+title: "SciStarter"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciStarter"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:48.928782+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+SciStarter recruits, trains, and equips people for citizen science research projects in need of their help. It was founded by Darlene Cavalier and is a research affiliate of Arizona State University's School for the Future of Innovation in Society. SciStarter is a collection of smart web tools and an event-based organization that connects people to more than 1,200 registered and vetted citizen science projects, events, and tools. New tools, developed by SciStarter with support from the National Science Foundation, enable citizen scientists to find, join, and track their contributions across projects and platforms. The organization's primary goal is to break down barriers preventing non-scientists from fully engaging in scientific research.
+
+
+== Approach, Activities, & Results ==
+The organization received a grant from the Simons Foundation to create open, customizable, plug-and-play software tools for ease of use, including application programming interface (API) documentation. Once projects are reviewed and shared on the site, anyone living within the prescribed geographic area of a study with internet access to the site can input live data. Information about SciStarter projects are also shared on the organization's partner sites, who export or import records with the SciStarter database. SciStarter's partner organizations include CitSci.org, the Atlas of Living Australia, Discover Magazine, the CitizenSci blog on the Public Library of Science (PLOS), the Philadelphia Media Network, Cornerstones of Science, the PBS television show "The Crowd and the Cloud", the PBS Kids television show "SciGirls," The TerraMar Project, Astronomy Magazine, the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), and AllforGood.org.
+SciStarter began a partnership with the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) to provide elementary, middle, high school, and college science teachers with age-appropriate citizen science-related activities for science classrooms.
+In 2012–2013, SciStarter organized a contest on the Instructables site to have participants develop do it yourself videos to support four different citizen science projects. The activities included creating a less-expensive hail pad for a weather-related project, creating methods of protecting sunflowers from animals before they are visited by bees, helping encourage and remind participants to submit data for a plant observation project, and finding low-cost methods for collecting and transmitting climate data wirelessly.
+In 2014, SciStarter partnered with the Science Cheerleaders and the Pop Warner Little Scholars organization to swab athletic shoes, smart phones, and other surfaces to identify the types of microbes growing in public spaces. Some of those microbes were launched to the International Space Station to observe their growth and behavior in microgravity. The project managed to collect a new species of microorganism and a draft genome for that species was subsequently mapped.
+In 2017-2025, SciStarter and Arizona State University, received grants from the Institute for Museum and Library Services and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to create, scale and sustain "Libraries as Community Hubs for Citizen Science," a network of more than 1200 public libraries hosting programs and events and circulating citizen science kits to introduce people to SciStarter and citizen science. 
+In 2026, SciStarter will partner with America 250's America Gives program to enlist volunteers to log 2.50 Million Acts of Science in April during Citizen Science Month, as part of the 250th Anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
+
+
+== Awards ==
+The organization receives awards from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation's Prototype Fund, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, NASA, and the University of California Davis, Youth Learning as Citizen and Environmental Scientists Foundation, among others.
+SciStarter in collaboration with Arizona State University was awarded funding by the National Science Foundation's Advancing Informal Science Learning, iCORPS-L and EAGER.
+
+
+== Events ==
+The organization announced a partnership with the Citizen Science Association to organize an annual "Citizen Science Day" with the White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy, which first took place on April 16, 2016. Citizen Science Day activities for 2017 started on April 15 and continued through May 20.
+In 2019, Citizen Science Day's featured activity is the Stall Catchers Megathon. This is an event where people meet-up in libraries to participate in an online project and help accelerate research on Alzheimer's disease. Stall Catchers (StallCatchers.com) is a citizen science project led by the Human Computation Institute. The Stall Catchers Megathon brings together thousands of people to classify 100,000 video images and complete an entire year's worth of analysis in one day.
+On June 20, 2017, Darlene Cavalier and Dr. Caren Cooper presented information about citizen science and SciStarter to attendees from the National Science Foundation, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of Energy, Institute for Museum and Library Services, Environmental Protection Agency, NPR, National Park Service, Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, and other organizations. They presented trends, opportunities, and challenges in citizen science (particularly related to recruiting, training, equipping and retaining participants).
+This event included:
+
+a brief overview of citizen science;
+a presentation and soft-launch of SciStarter 2.0, a smart collection of web components, including a dashboard and integrated login, designed to extend, enhance, and enrich participant experiences while at the same time supporting STEM research and enabling research on motivations and learning outcomes of participants;
+and a discussion on future directions for SciStarter 3.0, given the opportunities and challenges facing participants, project organizers/researchers, and supporting agencies and foundations.
+
+SciStarter partners with Discover Magazine, Astronomy Magazine and the Science Cheerleaders to activate citizen science at live events including the USA Science and Engineering Festival, the American Association for the Advancement of Science Family Science Days, the Philadelphia Science Festival, the Atlanta Science Festival, the Arizona Science and Technology Festival, the Cambridge Science Festival, the World Science Festival, SciStarter organized citizen science events at March for Science events across the country.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+SciStarter Website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceAtHome-0.md

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+---
+title: "ScienceAtHome"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceAtHome"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:47.781256+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ScienceAtHome is a team of scientists, game developers, designers and visual artists based at Aarhus University, Denmark. ScienceAtHome does research on quantum physics, citizen science and gamification. ScienceAtHome also develops games that contribute to scientific research, and studies how humans interpret information to achieve results superior to some algorithmic approaches.
+Most ScienceAtHome games are casual games and require no formal scientific training. Over 150,000 people have contributed to ScienceAtHome citizen science projects by playing games. Research games are also part of a much larger movement of creating serious games that go beyond mere entertainment.
+The premise behind such games is that humans are better than computers at performing certain tasks, because of their intuition and superior visual processing. Video games are now being used to channel these abilities to solve problems in quantum physics.
+
+
+== History ==
+The idea of computer players solving quantum problems came to Jacob Sherson's mind while he was doing research at Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, in the group of Prof. Immanuel Bloch. The first form of ScienceAtHome was announced in 2012 based on the idea that computer game players could solve quantum problems. It was then called CODER – "Pilot Center for Community-driven Research: Game Assisted Quantum Computing". CODER later grew and evolved into ScienceAtHome with the first game born in 2012 called Quantum Moves.
+ScienceAtHome is now part of the Center for Hybrid Intelligence situated at the Department of Management at Aarhus BSS.
+
+
+== Publications ==
+Jacob Sherson gave a speech at TEDxAarhus 2016 called "How to become a quantum physicist in five minutes".
+Pinja Haikka, Postdoctoral Researcher in Theoretical Physics, also introduced ScienceAtHome at Women in Science event at Aarhus University, which was published on local television ITV OJ.
+ScienceAtHome has been featured in a number of journals such as PNAS and Physical Review Research, and magazines like the Diplomatic Courier and Hosting Advice.
+ScienceAtHome has also been featured in the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR).
+In 2020, Jacob Sherson, ScienceAtHome, won Breakthrough of the Year at the World Science Summit for Breaking the Wall of Hybrid Intelligence.
+
+
+== Projects ==
+
+
+=== Games ===
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaKeys-0.md

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+---
+title: "SeaKeys"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaKeys"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:51.593402+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+SeaKeys is a large collaborative marine biodiversity project funded through the Foundational Biodiversity Information Program in South Africa. The purpose of the project is to collect and distribute genetic, species and ecosystem information relating to marine biodiversity in southern Africa, which may be used to support informed decision-making about the marine environment.
+
+
+== Purpose ==
+The aim of the project is to collect and make available genetic, species and ecosystem information about Southern African marine biodiversity. This information is expected to be useful to support conservation planning to inform decisions regarding exploitation of marine resources.
+
+
+=== DNA barcoding ===
+There is a known deficit in marine and coastal biodiversity databases for most taxa in South Africa. SeaKeys is part of an effort to change this. A part of the project is to use DNA barcoding of common, invasive, commercially important, rare and endangered marine species to aid estimating species diversity and distributions. The barcodes are accessible through the Barcode of Life Database
+
+
+== History ==
+The project public launch was held at the Iziko South Africa Museum on 18 March 2014.
+
+
+== Management ==
+The SeaKeys project is managed though the South African National Biodiversity Institute marine programme under Dr Kerry Sink.
+
+
+== Research partners ==
+National Research Institute (NRF) – Research intermediary
+Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)
+Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) – Department of the South African national governmentPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
+South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) – Institution under the South African Department of Environmental Affairs
+Iziko Museums of South Africa – South African national museum in Cape Town
+South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) – Long-term ecological research network
+South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) – Centre for the study of aquatic biodiversity in Grahamstown, South Africa
+Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI)
+Nelson Mandela University (NMU) – University in Port Elizabeth, South Africa
+University of Cape Town (UCT) – Public university in Cape Town, South Africa
+University of the Western Cape (UWC) – Public university in Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
+Stellenbosch University (US) – University in Western Cape, South Africa
+University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) – Public university in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
+Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife – South African wildlife conservation organisation
+South African National Parks (SANParks) – Body responsible for managing South Africa's national parks
+WWF Nedbank Green Trust
+Birdlife South Africa
+Southern Underwater Research Group (SURG)
+
+
+== Citizen science input ==
+The citizen science component is a major input for several new biodiversity atlas projects. There are species mapping subprojects which include a fish atlas, a sea slug atlas, an atlas for corals, seafans and anemones, one for jellyfish and an atlas for echinoderms. Citizen science input is largely by way of entering observations supported by an identifiable photograph of the observed organism, along with details of date, location, tentative identification and other information on any one of the web-based platforms associated with the project.
+The project uses three web-based platforms to collect marine species observations. SA Jellywatch  i-Spot and EchinoMAP  (using Google Earth maps or GPS co-ordinates) to create detailed distributions of South African marine species.
+Crowdsourced data is provided largely by recreational scuba divers and recreational angling clubs, but a large amount of data is also provided by professional scientists from field observations. A small percentage is sourced from historical photographs, mostly of fish.
+Platforms:
+
+iSpot hosted by the Open University, and Echinomap at the University of Cape Town allow for uploading of photographs of marine organisms along with date and locality information.
+SA Jellywatch at University of the Western Cape records public participation in tracking jellyfish distributions and abundance.
+Most of the data on iSpot was later migrated to iNaturalist when iSpot was found to be unsuitable for the purpose.
+
+
+== Funding ==
+SeaKeys is funded by the National Research Foundation of South Africa through the Foundational Biodiversity Information Programme.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Hero_Quest-0.md

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+---
+title: "Sea Hero Quest"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Hero_Quest"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:50.238769+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Sea Hero Quest is a mobile game which contributes to research on dementia. It was designed by independent British game company Glitchers in 2016 in association with Alzheimer's Research UK, University College London and the University of East Anglia and with funding from Deutsche Telekom. The idea for the game came from neuroscientist Michael Hornberger of the University of East Anglia who collaborated with Hugo Spiers of University College London, Antoine Coutrot of CNRS and a group of six other neuroscientists.
+The game was designed to help researchers to understand the mental process of 3D navigation, which is one of the first skills lost in dementia. It was hoped that a large number of people would play the game, thus contributing much more data than could easily be obtained in a laboratory experiment.
+In August 2017, a virtual reality edition of the game was released.
+
+
+== Gameplay ==
+The plot of the game involves a sea journey taken by a son in a quest to recover the memories his father has lost to dementia. There are three sections: navigation, shooting flares to test orientation, and chasing creatures. Each has been "carefully crafted to be as fun and exciting as it is scientifically valid".
+
+
+== Reception ==
+It was named "App of the week" by BT. It won nine Cannes Lions at the 2016 International Festival of Creativity.
+By February 2017, the game had been downloaded 2.7 million times. By October 2021 it had been played by 4.3 million players for a total of 117 years, yielding data which would have taken 17,600 years to produce using conventional lab methods.
+The game was nominated for the 2018 British Academy Games Awards, in the new category "Game Beyond Entertainment" for games which "deliver a transformational experience beyond pure entertainment". At the 2018 Webby Awards, it won the award for "Social Impact". It was also nominated for the Coney Island Dreamland Award for Best AR/VR Game at the 2020 New York Game Awards.
+
+
+== Further work ==
+The game is no longer available to individuals, but can be used as part of new research projects.
+The game was used in research into the influence of childhood environment on navigation ability; it was found that "growing up outside cities appears to be good for the development of navigational abilities, and this seems to be influenced by the lack of complexity of many street networks in cities", while "the countryside is a rather complex environment in that it is very unorganised, with greater distances, meaning you have to memorise your route". The researchers developed a variant of the game, City Hero Quest, to test how well city-dwellers got on in cities.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Virtual Reality version website