Scrape wikipedia-science: 735 new, 885 updated, 1666 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_L._Julian_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "Percy L. Julian Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_L._Julian_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:30.739303+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Percy L. Julian Award was first given in 1975 by the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE). The award is given every one to two years. It honors black scientists who have made significant contributions to the areas of pure or applied research in science or engineering.
+The award is named to honor chemist Percy Lavon Julian. In becoming director of research of a division in the Glidden Company of Chicago, Julian was the first African-American to lead a research group in a major corporation.  He later founded Julian Laboratories,  Julian Associates, Inc. and the Julian Research Institute.
+
+
+== Awardees ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of general science and technology awards
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_P._Chen_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "Peter P. Chen Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_P._Chen_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:32.078114+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Peter P. Chen Award is an annually presented award to honor one individual for their contributions to the field of conceptual modeling. Named after the computer scientist Peter Chen, the award was started in 2008 by the publisher Elsevier as a means of celebrating the 25th anniversary of the journal Data & Knowledge Engineering. It is presented at the Entity Relationship (ER) International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. Winners are given a plaque, a cash prize, and are invited to give a keynote speech.
+There are five criteria for selecting the winner; research, how the nominee has contributed to advance the field of conceptual modeling; service, organizational contributions for related meetings, conferences, and editorial boards; education, mentoring of doctoral students in the field; contribution to practice, contributions to technology transfer, commercialization, and industrial projects; and international reputation. The selection committee is composed of five members: the Steering Committee chair, two Program Committee members appointed by the Steering Committee chair, and the recipients of the last two years.
+
+
+== Laureates ==
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "Pfizer Award"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Pfizer Award is awarded annually by the History of Science Society "in recognition of an outstanding book dealing with the history of science" that was "published in English during a period of three calendar years immediately preceding the year of competition."

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-1.md

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+---
+title: "Pfizer Award"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Recipients ==
+1959 Marie Boas Hall, Robert Boyle and Seventeenth-Century Chemistry (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958). 1960 Marshall Clagett, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959). 1961 Cyril Stanley Smith, A History of Metallography: The Development of Ideas on the Structure of Metal before 1890 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). 1962 Henry Guerlac, Lavoisier, The Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1961)
+1963 Lynn Townsend White Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). 1964 Robert E. Schofield, The Lunar Society of Birmingham: A Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). 1965 Charles Donald O'Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964). 1966 L. Pearce Williams, Michael Faraday: A Biography (New York: Basic Books, 1965). 1967 Howard B. Adelmann, Marcello Malpighi and the Evolution of Embryology (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966). 1968 Edward Rosen, Kepler's Somnium (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967). 1969 Margaret T. May, Galen on the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (Ithaca. N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1968). 1970 Michael Ghiselin, The Triumph of the Darwinian Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969). 1971 David Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1970). 1972 Richard S. Westfall, Force in Newton's Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century (New York: American Elsevier, 1971). 1973 Joseph S. Fruton, Molecules and Life: Historical Essays on the Interplay ofChemistry and Biology (New York: John Wiley, 1972). 1974 Susan Schlee, The Edge of an Unfamiliar World: A History of Oceanography (New York: Dutton, 1973). 1975 Frederic L. Holmes, Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry: The Emergence of a Scientist (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974). 1976 Otto E. Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy (3 vols.) (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975). 1977 Stephen G. Brush, The Kind of Motion We Call Heat (Amsterdam/New York: North-Holland, 1976). 1978 Allen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York: Science History Publications, 1977). 1978 Merritt Roe Smith, Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology: The Challenge of Change (Ithaca, N.Y./London: Cornell University Press, 1977). 1979 Susan Faye Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (New York: Science History Publications, 1978). 1980 Frank J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend (New York: Basic Books, 1979). 1981 Charles Coulston Gillispie, Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980). 1982 Thomas Goldstein, Dawn of Modern Science: From the Arabs to Leonardo da Vinci (New York: Hougbton Mifllin, 1980). 1983 Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). 1984 Kenneth R. Manning, Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983). 1985 Noel Swerdlow and Otto Neugebauer, Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus's De Revolutionibus (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984). 1986 I. Bernard Cohen, Revolution in Science (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985). 1987 Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). 1988 Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). 1989 Lorraine Daston, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment (Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1988). 1990 Crosbie Smith and M. Norton Wise, Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). 1991 Adrian Desmond, The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). 1991 Servos, John W., Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling : the making of a science in America, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-691-08566-8
+1992 James R. Bartholomew, The Formation of Science in Japan: Building a Research Tradition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). 1993 David C. Cassidy, Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg (New York: Freeman, 1992). 1994 Joan Cadden, The Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 1995 Pamela H. Smith, The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994). 1996 Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). 1997 Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action, 1940-1972 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). 1998 Peter Galison, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997). 1999 Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750 (Zone Books, 1998). 2000 Crosbie Smith, The Science of Energy: A Cultural History of Energy Physics (University of Chicago Press, 1998). 2001 John L. Heilbron, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories (Harvard University Press, 1999). 2002 James A. Secord, Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (University of Chicago Press, 2000). 2003 Mary Terrall, The Man Who Flattened the Earth: Maupertuis and the Sciences in the Enlightenment (University of Chicago Press, 2002). 2004 Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: The Power of Place (Princeton University Press, 2003)
+2005 William Newman and Lawrence Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry
+2006 Richard W. Burkhardt Jr., Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology
+2007 David Kaiser, Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics (University of Chicago, 2005)
+2008 Deborah Harkness, The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution (Yale University Press, 2007)
+2009 Harold J. Cook, Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age (Yale University Press, 2007)
+2010 Maria Rosa Antognazza, Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
+2011 Eleanor Robson, Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: A Social History (Princeton University Press, 2008)
+2012 Dagmar Schaefer, The Crafting of the 10,000 Things: Knowledge and Technology in Seventeenth-Century China (University of Chicago Press, 2011)
+2013 John Tresch, The Romantic Machine: Utopian Science and Technology after Napoleon (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
+2014 Sachiko Kusukawa, Picturing the book of nature: Image, text and argument in sixteenth-century human anatomy and medical botany (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
+2015 Daniel Todes, Ivan Pavlov: A Russian Life in Science (Oxford University Press, 2014)
+2016 Omar W. Nasim, Observing by Hand. Sketching the Nebulae in the Nineteenth Century (University of Chicago Press, 2013)
+2017 Tiago Saraiva,  Fascist Pigs: Technoscientific Organisms and the History of Fascism (MIT Press, 2016) 
+2018 Anita Guerrini, The Courtiers’ Anatomists: Animals and Humans in Louis XIV’s Paris (University of Chicago Press, 2015)
+2019 Deborah R. Coen, Climate in Motion: Science, Empire, and the Problem of Scale (University of Chicago Press, 2018)
+2020 Theodore M. Porter, Genetics in the Madhouse: The Unknown History of Human Heredity (Princeton University Press, 2018)
+2021 María Portuondo, The Spanish Disquiet: The Biblical Natural Philosophy of Benito Arias Montano.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-2.md

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+---
+title: "Pfizer Award"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+2022 Tara Nummedal, Anna Zieglerin and the Lion’s Blood: Alchemy and End Times in Reformation Germany
+2023 Robyn d'Avignon, Ritual Geology. Gold and Subterranean Knowledge in Savanna West Africa
+2024 Projit Mukharji, Brown Skins, White Coats: Race Science in India, 1920–66
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Underwater_Acoustics_Medal-0.md

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+---
+title: "Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Underwater_Acoustics_Medal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:34.555861+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal is awarded by the Acoustical Society of America in recognition of "an outstanding contribution to the science of underwater acoustics, as evidenced by publication of research results in professional journals or by other accomplishments in the field". The award was named in honor of  H. J. W. Fay, Reginald Fessenden, Harvey Hayes, G. W. Pierce, and Paul Langevin.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+1959 - Harvey C. Hayes - For outstanding contributions to the science of underwater acoustics. His far sighted recognition of the challenging technical problems in this branch of acoustics and the potentiality of the application of their solution to the defense needs of the Nation resulted in the first sustained research program in underwater sound.
+1961 - Albert B. Wood - For pioneering leadership in underwater sound; the development of the cathode-ray oscillograph and its adaptation to the study of underwater explosions; his invention of the magneto-strictive depth recorder; and his studies of shallow-water sound transmission.
+1963 - J. Warren Horton - For his pioneering contributions to the knowledge and practice of underwater acoustics as scientist, and teacher, and administrator; and particularly for his painstaking and thorough organization of the science of underwater acoustics and its presentation in the book "Fundamentals of Sonar."
+1965 - Frederick V. Hunt - For his pioneering contributions to underwater acoustics as a scientist, innovator, teacher, and administrator; and particularly for his unceasing efforts directed toward greater scientific understanding and more effective exploitation of sound in the sea. 
+1970 - Harold L. Saxton - For his contributions to both knowledge and practice of underwater acoustics, and particularly for innovative solutions to problems of signal processing and sonar systems and transducers.
+1973 - Carl Eckart - For his consummate skill, insight, and clarity in bringing to others the theoretical foundations for understanding the principles of underwater sound and acoustic signal processing, and for his leadership, wise counsel, and kindness in helping others to pursue the unsolved problems of the sea.
+1980 - Claude W. Horton, Sr. - For his contributions in underwater acoustics in the field of propagation, reflection, and scattering, signal processing, particularly methods in acoustic data treatment and interpretation, and especially for his contribution as a teacher and friend of scientists. 
+1982 - Arthur O. Williams, Jr. - For his contribution to the theory of normal mode propagation of sound in the ocean, to the theory of sound radiation from piston sources, and to the education of graduates and undergraduates. 
+1985 - Fred N. Spiess - For his leadership and insight in applying acoustics to study the ocean and the sea floor, for his many ingenious scientific and engineering contributions; for his introduction of students, scientists, and many others to underwater acoustics. 
+1988 - Robert J. Urick - For his book "Principles of Underwater Sound" and his many experiments on sound propagation, scattering, reverberation, and ambient noise. 
+1990 - Ivan Tolstoy - For innovative studies in oceanic, atmospheric and seismic wave propagation. 
+1993 - Homer P. Bucker - For ground-breaking work integrating signal processing and acoustic modeling. 
+1995 - William A. Kuperman - For the development and application of models for ocean acoustic propagation and scattering. 
+2000 - Darrell R. Jackson - For work on acoustic time reversal techniques and scattering from the ocean sea floor and sea surface. 
+2002 - Frederick D. Tappert - For application of the parabolic equation to underwater acoustic propagation. 
+2005 - Henrik Schmidt - For pioneering contributions in numerical modeling and at-sea experiments in underwater acoustics. 
+2007 - William M. Carey - For contributions to understanding ocean ambient noise and in defining the limits of acoustic array performance in the ocean. 
+2010 - George V. Frisk - For contributions to quantifying acoustic interactions with the seabed. 
+2014 - Michael B. Porter - For contributions to underwater acoustic modeling. 
+2017 - Michael J. Buckingham - For contributions to the understanding of ocean ambient noise and marine sediment. 
+2021 - Finn B. Jensen - For contributions to ocean acoustic modeling and model data validation. 
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "Pirelli Internetional Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:35.739983+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Pirelli Internetional Award was an international multimedia competition for the communication of science & technology conducted entirely on the internet, which was awarded from 1997 to 2007. Awards were granted to the best multimedia presentations focussing on themes involving the diffusion of science and technology.  The multimedia presentations must deal with either physics, chemistry, mathematics, life sciences, or the enabling information and communication technologies that empower multimedia itself. According to Marco Tronchetti Provera, President of the Pirelli Group, the award was established in the belief that the diffusion of social, economic and technological advances are as important as their discovery.
+
+
+== Judging ==
+An international jury of notable people including Nobel Prize laureates reviewed the top entries. With an overall budget prize of 105,000 euro (about US$ 130,000), awards were granted in the following major categories: physics, chemistry, mathematics, life sciences, and information and communications technology.
+
+
+== Award categories ==
+Physics: This category rewarded the best multimedia works coming from the field of physics and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro.
+Chemistry: This category rewarded the best multimedia works coming from the field of chemistry and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro.
+Mathematics: This category rewarded the best multimedia work coming from the field of mathematics and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro.
+Life Sciences:This category rewarded the best multimedia work coming from the field of life sciences and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro.
+Information and Communications Technology: This special category prize rewarded those multimedia works which represented a relevant contribution to Information and Communications Technology by means of a product, process, or service, and was deemed to be of particular significance to the jury in that the Pirelli Internetional Award was predicated in large degree to contributions such as these. The Information and Communications Technology prize amounted to 15,000 euro.
+Top Pirelli Prize: The Top Pirelli Prize was awarded by the international jury to a multimedia work which best embodied the philosophy of the Pirelli International Award. It amounted to an additional 10,000 euro on top of the monetary award granted in any of the five regular categories. The Top Pirelli Prize was first awarded in 2001 (five years after the inception of the Pirelli Award) to Robert C. Michelson for his work on the Entomopter, a biologically inspired insect-like aerial robot.
+
+
+== Future ==
+In a July 2, 2008 communique, author and manager of the Pirelli Internetional Award, Massimo Armeni,  announced that Pirelli would no longer be conducting the award on an annual basis, however no indication was given as to when the next competition for the award would be announced.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of engineering awards
+List of computer science awards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official Pirelli Award web site Describes the purpose, categories, history, and rules for winning the Pirelli Award. (Retrieved 25 June 2014)
+The Video Of Pirelli Award on YouTube

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards-0.md

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+---
+title: "Pittcon Editors' Awards"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:37.033932+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Pittcon Editors’ Awards honoured the best new products on show at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, or Pittcon, for 20 years from 1996 having been established by Dr Gordon Wilkinson, managing editor of Analytical Instrument Industry Report (later Instrumenta). On 8 March 2015, the event returned to the Morial Convention Center in New Orleans and this was the last occasion when the awards were presented.
+The independent awards, which represented the results of an informal poll of leading editors, had become an important feature of the world's largest trade show for the laboratory equipment industry. Pittcon organisers and media center supported the scheme and provided details and photographs on the exhibition's Press and Media Information page. In 2016 the group of editors and journalists that formed the core of the judging panel reluctantly decided to discontinue the awards program citing gradually dwindling support from ever-busier media representatives.
+
+
+== History and organisation ==
+The awards were started because of the challenge that editors faced of effectively covering the trade show, which in 2015 hosted 925 exhibitors. New exhibitors at the Morial Convention Center totalled 130 companies. Walking past every booth at an event such as this represents a trek of over 10 kilometres (6.2 mi).
+Accredited media representatives, of whom there were more than 150 per year, were invited to list up to three new products on a nomination form provided on registration at the Media Center. Editors were invited to attend a judging session towards the end of the trade show. They reviewed entries and voted on the nominated products. The only criterion was that products must have appeared at the exhibition for the first time, but winning products usually featured innovations in technology or industrial design, or enabled new analytical applications.
+Gold, Silver and Bronze winners were determined and plaques were awarded to the booth personnel of the winning companies on the final morning of the four-day exposition. Other nominated products received an Honourable Mention.
+
+
+== Award winners ==
+
+Winners for the period 1996 to 2015, together with the names of their products, are listed below. Of the award winners, the majority were the largest instrument makers in the industry, but over 30 small companies or start-ups went home with awards, illustrating that editors were able to use their technical expertise to spot innovations irrespective of the marketing budgets of exhibitors.
+Company names are listed in the format used at the date of the award, although may have now changed as a result of change of ownership. Trademarks are acknowledged, but not indicated; readers should check corporate literature or websites for current intellectual property rights. Web links are only provided for award-winning products up to five years old. Products introduced earlier have usually been updated with more recent models.
+2015:
+
+Gold - Shimadzu Corp. - Nexera UC fully automated supercritical fluid extraction - supercritical fluid chromatography - mass spectrometry system;
+Silver - Waters Corp. - Full Spectrum Molecular Imaging integrating MALDI, DESI, and ion mobility mass spectrometry techniques and informatics workflows into a single system ;
+Bronze – Grenova LLC - TipNovus bench-top, high throughput washing device
+2014:
+
+Gold - Texas Instruments Inc. - DLP4500NIR and the DLP NIRscan chip-based NIR polychromator and evaluation module;
+Silver - Waters Corp. - AQUITY QDa mass detector for chromatography;
+Bronze – AB Sciex LLC - CESI-MS system using capillary electrophoresis combined with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.
+2013:
+
+Gold - Senova Systems - pHit Scanner calibration-free pH meter;
+Silver - Optofluidics - Molecular NanoTweezer microscope attachment;
+Bronze – APIX Technology - miniaturised gas chromatography system, and PIE Photonics - Pie-in-a-Box passive interferometer engine.
+2012:
+
+Gold - Waters - ACQUITY UPC (UltraPerformance Convergence Chromatography);
+Silver - Bruker - SCION TQ triple quadrupole GC/MS instrument;
+Bronze – Protea Biosciences - DP1000 direct ion source for mass spectrometry.
+2011:
+
+Gold - LECO - Citius LC-MS; and WITec - True Surface Microscopy Raman spectrometer;
+Silver - EMD Millipore - Samplicity filtration system;
+Bronze – AstraNet - AstraGene Life Sciences spectrophotometer.
+2010:
+
+Gold - Affinity Biosensors - Archimedes particle sizing instrument;
+Silver - Ametek - Spectro MS simultaneous inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer;
+Bronze – MSI Tokyo - InfiTOF compact time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
+2009:
+
+Gold - InXitu - Terra portable XRF/XRD system;
+Silver - Picarro Inc/OI Analytical - iTOC-CRDS Isotopic Carbon Analyzer;
+Bronze – Shimadzu Corp - IG-1000 Single Nano Particle Size Analyzer.
+2008:
+
+Gold – Bruker Corp - SMART X2S automated X-ray diffractometer;
+Silver - Nlisis BV - Meltfit One capillary column connector;
+Bronze - Bruker Corp - Portable S2 PICOFOX total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
+2007:
+
+Gold - Waters Corp - Synapt high definition mass spectrometer;
+Silver - Paraytec Ltd - ActiPix D100 and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc - Electron-Transfer Dissociation module for mass spectrometry;
+Bronze - Bruker Optics - Alpha FT-IR spectrometer.
+2006:
+
+Gold - Thermo Electron Corp - Finnigan LTQ Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer;
+Silver - Chata Biosystems Inc - Chem+Mix;
+Bronze – Cerno Bioscience – MassWorks.
+2005:
+
+Gold – JEOL Ltd - DART (direct analysis real-time) ionisation technology for mass spectrometry;
+Silver - ESA Biosciences Inc – Corona CAD charged aerosol detector, Dionex Corp - ICS-3000 Reagent-free research-grade ion chromatography system and Shimadzu Corp - LC/MS-IT-TOF;
+Bronze - Agilent Technologies Inc - HPLC-Chip ESI/MS.
+2004:
+
+Gold - Waters Corp - ACQUITY UPLC and Bruker Optics Inc / Teraview Ltd- TPI Spectra 1000;
+Silver - Wyatt Technology Corporation - Optilab rEX;
+Bronze - Axsun Technologies Inc - Miniature NIR-APS analyzers.
+2003:
+
+Gold - Dionex Corp - ICS 2000 Reagent-Free ion chromatography system;
+Silver - Thermo Electron Corp - Finnigan LTQ hybrid ion-trap FTMS;
+Bronze - LECO Corp - ChromaTOF software and Ionalytics - Selectra dynamic ion filter.
+2002:
+
+Gold – Horiba Jobin-Yvon Inc - LabRam IR and Thermo Labsystems - eRecordManager software;
+Silver - Ultrasonic Scientific - HR-US 101;
+Bronze – JEOL Ltd - AccuTOF mass spectrometer.
+2001:
+
+Gold – Merck KGaA - Chromolith monolithic HPLC columns;
+Silver – Siemens AG - Advance Quantra FTICR mass spectrometer
+Bronze - CEM Corp - SMART Trac and Syagen Technology - Radiance Pro quadrupole ion trap TOF MS.
+2000:
+
+Gold – Agilent Technologies Inc - 2100 Bioanalyzer;
+Silver – Beckman Corp / ThermoQuest - P/ACE MDQ capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometer;
+Bronze – Textron Inc - NIR Grain analyzer.
+1999:
+
+Gold - PerkinElmer SCIEX - ELAN 6100 DRC ICP-MS;
+Silver - Bear Instruments Inc - Kodiak 1200 benchtop MS-MS;
+Bronze – ThermoQuest Corp - Finnigan LCQ Deca ion trap MS.
+1998:
+
+Gold - TA Instruments Inc / Topometrix Corp - micro-TA;
+Silver - Dionex Corp - EG40 eluent generator;
+Bronze - Thermedics Detection Inc - EZ Flash GC retrofit/upgrade system.
+1997:
+
+Gold – Micromass Ltd - Platform ICP-MS;
+Silver - Hewlett-Packard Co - Genearray optical reader;
+Bronze - PerSeptive Biosystems Inc - Mariner LC-MS.
+1996:
+
+Gold – Thermedics Inc - Flash 2D GC;
+Silver - Hewlett-Packard Co - Series 1100 HPLC;
+Bronze - Varian Inc - Saturn 2000 GC-MS.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Presidente_della_Repubblica_(prize)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Premio Presidente della Repubblica (prize)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Presidente_della_Repubblica_(prize)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:38.274812+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Premio Presidente della Repubblica is an Italian award introduced by the former president and academic Luigi Einaudi. Since 1949 it has been awarded on a regular basis by the Accademia dei Lincei, the Accademia di San Luca, and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. It is among the most distinguished awards of the three prestigious academies.
+
+
+== History ==
+The award was established on 11 October 1948 by Luigi Einaudi with a letter to the president of the Lincei National Academy to continue the tradition of royal awards. The prize was first introduced to the class of physical, mathematical, and natural sciences and the class of moral, historical, and philological sciences. 
+In the same year, Einaudi established a national prize for artists and architects awarded by the academies of San Luca and Santa Cecilia. The prize is given by the President of Italy in charge in an official ceremony. Among the people awarded, there are several winners of other important awards such as the Nobel Prize, the Wolf Prize, and the Academy Award.
+
+
+== Prize recipients ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+Accademia dei Lincei
+Accademia di San Luca
+Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
+President of Italy
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+"Premio presidente della repubblica". Accademia dei Lincei (in Italian). Retrieved May 17, 2021.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Young_Investigator_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "Presidential Young Investigator Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Young_Investigator_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:39.540671+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Presidential Young Investigator Award (PYI) was awarded by the National Science Foundation of the United States Federal Government. The program operated from 1984 to 1991, and was replaced by the NSF Young Investigator (NYI) Awards and Presidential Faculty Fellows (PFF) program. In 1995, the NSF Young Investigator program was subsumed into the NSF CAREER Awards program, and in 1996, the Presidential Faculty Fellows program was replaced by the PECASE program.
+Applicants could not directly apply for the award, but were nominated by others including their own institutions based on their previous record of scientific achievement. The award, a certificate from the White House signed by the President of the United States, included a minimum grant of $25,000 a year for five years from NSF to be used for any scientific research project the awardee wished to pursue, with the possibility of additional funding up to $100,000 annually if the PYI obtained matching funds from industry.  Considered to be one of the highest honors granted by the National Science Foundation, the award program was criticized in 1990 as not being the best use of NSF funds in an era of tight budgets.
+Frances Arnold, winner of this award in 1989, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+PYI award recipients include:
+
+Ahsan Kareem, Structural Engineering, 1984
+Narendra Ahuja, computer science, 1984
+Alice Agogino, engineering, 1985
+Judith Curry, meteorological science, 1988
+Paul Alivisatos, chemistry, 1991
+Peter B. Armentrout, chemistry, 1984
+David P. Anderson, computer science
+Frances Arnold, 1989
+Kenneth Balkus, chemistry, 1991
+Prithviraj Banerjee, computer systems architecture, 1987
+Paul F. Barbara, chemistry, 1984
+Christoph Beckermann, mechanical engineering, 1989
+Mary Beckman, linguistics, 1988
+Mladen Bestvina, mathematics, 1988
+Sanjay Banerjee, electrical engineering, 1988
+Robert Bryant, mathematics, 1984
+Stephen Z. D. Cheng, polymer science, 1991
+Paul Alan Cox, evolutionary ecology and ethnobotany, 1985
+Judith Curry, climate science, 1988
+Supriyo Datta, electrical engineering, 1984
+Rina Dechter, computer science, 1991
+Chris Q. Doe, biology, 1990
+Bruce Donald, computational biology, 1989
+David L. Donoho, statistics, 1985
+Lin Fanghua, mathematics, 1989
+Juli Feigon, biochemistry, 1989
+Eric Fossum, electrical engineering, 1986
+Jennifer Freyd, psychology
+Elaine Fuchs, cell biology, 1984
+Gerald Fuller, chemical engineering
+Huajian Gao, materials science
+Mark S. Ghiorso, geological sciences, 1985
+Leslie Greengard, advanced comp research program and computational mathematics, 1990
+Bruce Hajek, 1984
+John L. Hennessy, computer science, 1984
+Jacqueline Hewitt, physics, 1991
+David Hillis, evolutionary biology, 1987
+John M. Hollerbach, haptics and tactile perception, 1984
+Kathleen Howell, astronomy, 1984
+Ellen Hildreth, computer vision, 1987
+Paul Hudak, computer science, 1985
+Nan Marie Jokerst, electrical engineering, 1990
+Moshe Kam, electrical engineering, 1990
+David B. Kaplan, physics, 1990
+Mehran Kardar, physics, 1989
+Karen Kavanagh, physics, 1991
+Susan Kidwell, geology, 1986
+Sangtae Kim, chemical engineering, 1985
+Vijay Kumar (roboticist), 1991
+Jacqueline Krim, materials research, 1986
+James W. LaBelle, physics, 1990
+Robert L. Last, plant biology, 1990
+Edward A. Lee, electrical engineering, 1997
+Kevin K. Lehmann, chemistry, 1985
+Charles E. Leiserson, computer science, 1985
+Marc Levoy, 1991
+Nathan Lewis, analytical and surface chemistry, 1988
+Kenneth Libbrecht, solar astrophysics, 1987
+John H. Lienhard V, mechanical engineering, 1988
+Udi Manber, computer science, 1985
+Eric Mazur, physics
+Mark McMenamin, geology, 1988
+Eckart Meiburg, mechanical engineering, 1990
+Fulvio Melia, astrophysics, 1988
+Carolyn Meyers, chemical engineering
+Michael I. Miller, biomedical engineering
+Robert F. Murphy (computational biologist), 1983
+Monica Olvera de la Cruz, materials physics, 1989
+Jon Orloff, physics, 1984
+Randy Pausch, computer science
+Gregory A. Voth, chemistry, 1991
+Joseph R. Pawlik, biological oceanography, 1991
+Ken Perlin, computer graphics, 1991
+Ronald T. Raines, chemical biology
+Mark O. Robbins, materials research, 1985
+Ares J. Rosakis, 1985
+Karl Rubin, mathematics
+Rob A. Rutenbar, computer engineering, 1987
+Sunil Saigal, civil engineering, 1990
+Peter Salovey, psychology, 1990
+Aziz Sancar, molecular biophysics, 1984
+Robert Sapolsky, neuroendocrinology
+Terrence Sejnowski, neuroscience, 1984
+Michael Steer, electrical engineering, 1986
+Joann Stock, earth science, 1990
+Howard A. Stone, chemical, bioengineering, environmental, and transport systems, 1989
+Steven Strogatz, mathematics, 1990
+Éva Tardos, algorithm analysis
+Patricia Thiel, chemistry, 1985
+Masaru Tomita, computational biology, 1988
+Kerry Vahala, materials research, 1988
+Mary K. Vernon, computer science, 1985
+Jeffrey Vitter, computer science, 1985
+Margaret Werner-Washburne, molecular biology, 1990
+Ellen D. Williams (scientist), materials research, 1984
+Martin Yarmush, biochemical engineering, 1988
+Todd Yeates, biochemistry, 1991
+Alex Zettl, physics, 1984
+Steven Zimmerman, chemistry
+Munther A. Dahleh, 1991
+Mamidala Ramulu, mechanical engineering, 1991
+Jose A. Ventura, industrial engineering, 1990
+Avideh Zakhor, electrical engineering, 1990
+
+
+== NSF Young Investigator Program ==
+In 1991, the NSF renamed the Presidential Young Investigator Program as the NSF Young Investigator Program, to reflect more accurately the level of prestige of the award—the term "Presidential" should be reserved for awards more prestigious.
+
+
+== NSF Young Investigator recipients ==
+Jonathan Block, mathematics, 1993
+Rogers Brubaker, sociology, 1994
+Alyssa A. Goodman, astronomy, 1994
+Christopher R. Johnson, computer graphics and visualization, 1994
+John Edwin Luecke, mathematics, 1992
+Lisa Randall, theoretical physicist, 1992
+Eric Sven Ristad, artificial intelligence, 1992
+Cynthia F. Moss, 1992
+
+
+== NSF Presidential Faculty Fellowship ==
+The NSF Presidential Faculty Fellowship (PFF) program was launched by President George H.W. Bush to honor 30 young engineering and science professors. The awards were up to $100,000 per year for 5 years.
+
+
+== PFF recipients ==
+Here are some recipients of the Presidential Faculty Fellowship.
+
+David Culler, Computer Science, 1992
+Lance Fortnow, Computer Science, 1992
+Theodore (Ted) Rappaport, Wireless Communications, 1992
+Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Electrical/Bioengineering, 1992
+Louise H. Kellogg, Geophysics, 1992
+Jerry L. Prince, Biology, 1993
+Thomas E. Anderson, Computer Science, 1994
+Gregory Chirikjian, Mechanical Engineering, 1994
+Andrew Granville, Mathematics, 1994
+Leslie Kaelbling, Computer Science, 1994
+Jennifer A. Lewis, Materials Science, 1994
+Alan Willner, Electrical Engineering, 1994
+Ken Goldberg, Computer Sciences/Robotics, 1995
+Christopher R. Johnson, Computer Sciences, 1995
+
+
+== See also ==
+PECASE
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_I_Medal-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "Prince Albert I Medal"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_I_Medal"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:40.886797+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Prince Albert I Medal was established by Prince Rainier of Monaco in partnership with the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans. The medal was named for Prince Albert I and is given for significant work in the physical and chemical sciences of the oceans. The medal is awarded biannually by IAPSO at its Assemblies.
+
+
+== Past recipients ==
+Source:
+
+2001: Walter Munk
+2003: Klaus Wyrtki
+2005: Friedrich Schott
+2007: Russ Davis
+2009: Harry Bryden
+2011: Trevor McDougall
+2013: Arnold L. Gordon
+2015: Toshio Yamagata
+2017: Lynne Talley
+2019: Corinne Le Quéré
+2021: Carl Wunsch
+2023: John Alexander Church
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Prince Albert I Medal

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+---
+title: "Prix Georges Lemaître"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:42.096687+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Prix Georges Lemaître is an award created in 1995, in celebration of the centenary of the birth in 1894 of Georges Lemaître. The Association des Anciens et Amis de l'Université catholique de Louvain (Association of the Alumni and Friends of the Université catholique de Louvain) initiated the award, as well as the Fondation Georges Lemaître (Georges Lemaître Foundation). The prize, endowed with 25,000 euros as of 2003, is awarded every two years to a scientist who has made a remarkable contribution to développement et à la diffusion des connaissances dans les domaines de la cosmologie, de l'astronomie, de l'astrophysique, de la géophysique, ou de la recherche spatiale (development and dissemination of knowledge in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, geophysics, or space science). The winner is chosen by an international jury of scientists, chaired by the rector of the Université catholique de Louvain.
+
+
+== List of recipients ==
+1995 — Philip James Edwin Peebles, astrophysicist and cosmologist
+1997 — Jean-Claude Duplessy, geochemist and climatologist
+1999 — Jean-Pierre Luminet, astrophysist, and Dominique Lambert, philosopher of science
+2001 — Kurt Lambeck, geophysicist
+2003 — Alain Hubert, explorer and climatologist
+2005 — Édouard Bard, climatologist
+2007 — Susan Solomon, atmospheric chemist and climatologist
+2009 — Jean Kovalevsky, astronomer
+2010 — André Berger, climatologist
+2012 — Michael Heller, cosmologist
+2015 — Anny Cazenave, geophysicist, and Jean-Philippe Uzan, theoretical physicist and cosmologist
+2017 — Kip Thorne, theoretical physicist
+2019 — George F. R. Ellis, theoretical physicist and cosmologist
+2021 — hiatus due to COVID–19 pandemic
+2023 — Sheperd S. Doeleman, astrophysicist
+
+
+== References ==