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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science-0.md

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+---
+title: "National Medal of Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:14.243421+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the president of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics. The twelve member presidential Committee on the National Medal of Science is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the National Science Foundation (NSF). It is the highest science award in the United States.
+
+
+== History ==
+The National Medal of Science was established on August 25, 1959, by an act of the Congress of the United States under Pub. L. 86–209. The medal was originally to honor scientists in the fields of the "physical, biological, mathematical, or engineering sciences". The Committee on the National Medal of Science was established on August 23, 1961, by executive order 10961 of President John F. Kennedy.
+On January 7, 1979, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) passed a resolution proposing that the medal be expanded to include the social and behavioral sciences. In response, Senator Ted Kennedy introduced the Science and Technology Equal Opportunities Act into the Senate on March 7, 1979, expanding the medal to include these scientific disciplines as well. President Jimmy Carter's signature enacted this change as Public Law 96-516 on December 12, 1980.
+
+In 1992, the National Science Foundation signed a letter of agreement with the National Science and Technology Medals Foundation that made the National Science and Technology Medals Foundation the metaorganization over both the National Medal of Science and the very similar National Medal of Technology.
+The first National Medal of Science was awarded on February 18, 1963, for the year 1962 by President John F. Kennedy to Theodore von Kármán for his work at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The citation accompanying von Kármán's award reads:
+
+For his leadership in the science and engineering basic to aeronautics; for his effective teaching and related contributions in many fields of mechanics, for his distinguished counsel to the Armed Services, and for his promoting international cooperation in science and engineering.
+The first woman to receive a National Medal of Science was Barbara McClintock, who was awarded for her work on plant genetics in 1970.
+The awards ceremony is organized by the Office of Science and Technology Policy. It takes place at the White House and is presided by the sitting United States president.
+Although Public Law 86-209 provides for 20 recipients of the medal per year, it is typical for approximately 8–15 accomplished scientists and engineers to receive this distinction each year. There have been a number of years where no National Medals of Science were awarded. Those years include: 1985, 1984, 1980, 1978, 1977, 1972 and 1971.
+President Donald Trump did not confer any National Medals of Science during his presidency.  The last time the medal was awarded before his presidency was on May 19, 2016, when President Barack Obama conferred the 2013 and 2014 medals. On October 23, 2023, President Joe Biden presented nine Medals of Science and 12 National Medals of Technology and Innovation in a ceremony in the East Room of the White House.
+
+
+== Award process ==
+
+Each year the National Science Foundation sends out a call to the scientific community for the nomination of new candidates for the National Medal of Science. Individuals are nominated by their peers with each nomination requiring three letters of support from individuals in science and technology. Nominations are then sent to the Committee of the National Medal of Science which is a board composed of fourteen presidential appointees comprising twelve scientists, and two ex officio members—the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the president of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS).
+According to the Committee, successful candidates must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents who are applying for U.S. citizenship and who have done work of significantly outstanding merit or that has had a major impact on scientific thought in their field. The Committee also values those who promote the general advancement of science and individuals who have influenced science education, although these traits are less important than groundbreaking or thought-provoking research. The nomination of a candidate is effective for three years; at the end of those three years, the candidate's peers are allowed to renominate the candidate. The Committee makes their recommendations to the President for the final awarding decision.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+
+Since Caltech professor Theodore von Kármán received the first medal in 1962, a total of 506 medals have been awarded, with just five universities accounting for over 31% of the total.  By institutional affiliation at the time of the award, Stanford University counts the most medals at 40, with Harvard University close behind at 35, followed by the University of California, Berkeley, at 30, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at 29, and the California Institute of Technology at 27.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of general science and technology awards
+National Medal of Technology and Innovation
+National Medal of Arts
+National Humanities Medal
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+National Science Foundation
+Searchable Database of National Medal of Science Recipients
+National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
+Using the National Medal of Science to recognize advances in psychology

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation-0.md

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+---
+title: "National Medal of Technology and Innovation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:15.451379+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the president of the United States to American inventors and innovators who have made significant contributions to the development of new and important technology. The award may be granted to a specific person, to a group of people or to an entire organization or corporation. It is the highest honor the United States can confer to a U.S. citizen for achievements related to technological progress.
+
+
+== History ==
+The National Medal of Technology was created in 1980 by the United States Congress under the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act. It was a bipartisan effort to foster technological innovation and the technological competitiveness of the United States in the international arena. The first National Medals of Technology were issued in 1985 by then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan to 12 individuals and one company. Among the first recipients were Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer. The medal has been awarded annually until 2015.
+On August 9, 2007, President George Bush signed the America COMPETES (Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science) Act of 2007. The Act amended Section 16 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, changing the name of the Medal to the "National Medal of Technology and Innovation".
+
+
+== Award process ==
+
+Each year the United States Patent and Trademark Office (previously the Technology Administration) under the U.S. Department of Commerce calls for the nomination of new candidates for the National Medal of Technology and Innovation. Candidates are nominated by their peers who have direct, first-hand knowledge of the candidates achievements. Candidates may be individuals, teams of individuals (up to 4), organizations or corporations. Individuals and all members of teams nominated must be U.S. citizens and organizations and corporations must be U.S.-owned (i.e. 50% of their assets or shares must be currently held by U.S. citizens).
+All nominations are referred to the National Medal of Technology and Innovation Evaluation Committee, which issues recommendations to the U.S. secretary of commerce. All nominees selected as finalists through the merit review process will be subject to an FBI security check. Information collected through the security check may be considered in the final selection of winners. The Secretary of Commerce is then able to advise the President of the United States as to which candidates ought to receive the National Medal of Technology and Innovation. The new National Medal of Technology and Innovation laureates are then announced by the U.S. president once the final selections have been made.
+
+
+== Laureates ==
+As of 2005, there have been more than 135 people and 12 companies recognized. Summarized here is a list of notable laureates and a summary of their accomplishments.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Category:National Medal of Technology recipients
+List of general science and technology awards
+National Humanities Medal
+National Medal of Arts
+National Medal of Science
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+National Medal of Technology and Innovation official page
+National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
+List of all medal recipients

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medals_of_Appreciation_and_Memorial-0.md

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+---
+title: "National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medals_of_Appreciation_and_Memorial"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:16.684970+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial is an honor bestowed by the President of Iran to individuals  who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in various fields of science or have lost their lives defending the country. The presidential Committee on the National Medals is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the Presidential Office.
+
+
+== History ==
+The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial were established on November 21, 2010, by an act of the Cabinet of Iran. The National Medal of Appreciation is to honor scientists who have shown significant contributions to the development of the country. The National Medal of Memorial is to honor those who lost their lives defending the country. The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial are classified as Golden and Silver Medals.
+
+
+== National Medal of Appreciation ==
+2010 Meisam Tabatabaei
+2010 Hamed Sani Khanin
+2010 Mohammad Rashidian
+2015 Esmail Baghaei
+2015 Behzad Saberi
+2015 Mohammad Amiri
+2015 Mohammad Hassan Daryayi
+The awards ceremony is organized by the Office of President of Iran. It is presided by the sitting President of Iran.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+پایگاه اطلاع‌رسانی اعطای نشانهای دولتی

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-0.md

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+---
+title: "National Space Club"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The National Space Club is a non-profit corporation in the US which contains representatives of industry, government, educational institutions and private individuals in order to enhance the exchange of information on astronautics, and to relay this information to the public. It provides scholarships and internships to students, and encourages educational space based activities. The Club promotes space leadership by the United States, the advancement of space technology, and recognizes and honors people who have contributed significantly to the fields of rocketry and astronautics. The Club fulfills these objectives with scholarships, grants, internships, luncheons, the Goddard Memorial Dinner, and newsletters.
+
+== Origin ==
+The National Space Club, originally established as the National Rocket Club, was conceived in 1957 by Erik Bergaust in response to the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik, which had sent shockwaves through the western world. Bergaust recognized that the United States needed an organization that could mobilize national efforts and accelerate the country’s involvement in the Space Race. He warned:
+"Until recently, top-level officials considered space flight a dirty word. These officials refused to listen to the scientists and engineers who predicted years ago that the nation which controlled space would control the world peace. These officials, I hope, will soon begin to see the light."
+Erik Bergaust, a Norwegian-born U.S. citizen, was a leading authority on rocket and missile development and astronautics. As a member of President Eisenhower’s Information Advisory Group on Scientists and Engineers, he was a leader in national discussions on space exploration. He was the executive editor of the influential Missiles and Rockets magazine, president of the American Rocket Society, director of the Aviation Writers Association, and host of Defense Desk a radio show in Washington, D.C. He had authored several books and numerous articles on rockets and missiles as well as being the missile science editor for American Aviation.
+Bergaust's close friend, Wernher von Braun, had also been searching for ways to promote the expansion of America’s space development. Von Braun, who had been brought to the United States after leading the development of the V-1 and V-2 rocket programs in World War II Germany, was increasingly alarmed by the slow pace of the U.S. space program. He feared that without urgent action, the United States would soon lag significantly behind the Soviet Union.
+Another co-founder was Nelson P Jackson, a friend and collaborator of Bergaust and von Braun who shared their commitment to advancing the United States' role in the Space Race. At the time, he was an attorney specializing in space law and had written papers on “Education for the Space Age” and “The Law of Outer Space.” He was also a member of the American Rocket Society and the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences. Bergaust and von Braun considered Jackson the ideal candidate to serve as the Club's first president due to his extensive experience and connections. He was a highly decorated Air Force colonel, involved in the military atomic energy program, had served with the Joint Chiefs of Staff., and was the D.C. manager for GE's Atomic Energy Division. His background positioned him as the ideal figure to bridge the interests of government, the military, private industry, and the public. Jackson would serve as the Club's president from January 1958 until his untimely death in a plane crash in November 1960.
+One of Bergaust’s colleagues at Missiles and Rockets, Norman L. Baker, was also instrumental in founding the Club. He had previously been a Development Engineer at Boeing, contributing to the Bomarc Missile Program and was credited with the initial proposal for the development of a Space Shuttle vehicle back in October 1955. He had also founded Space Publications, a publishing company covering the defense and aerospace industry through newsletters, such as the Defense Daily and Soviet Aerospace.
+
+=== Founders ===
+
+== Formation and History ==
+
+Bergaust’s primary goal for the Club was to capture Washington’s attention on the urgency of the Space Race by staging high-profile events similar to those organized by the Air Force Association. He envisioned banquets filled with dignitaries, extensive media coverage, military color guards, and a grand spectacle designed to command the focus of political and scientific leaders in Washington. Beyond pushing for government action, Bergaust also saw the organization as a platform to honor America’s scientific pioneers—particularly Dr. Robert H. Goddard, whom he regarded as the true hero of spaceflight. He believed that by elevating Goddard’s legacy, the organization could foster national pride and propel the country forward in space exploration.
+
+=== Formation ===
+
+Within days of conceiving the National Rocket Club, Bergaust reached out to two of his colleagues at Missiles and Rockets magazine, Norman L. Baker and Seabrook Hull, who were two of the most highly regarded space writers of the time, to inform them of the Club’s formation. He outlined plans for an inaugural luncheon within weeks, followed by the first Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner soon after. The highlight of this dinner would be the presentation of the first Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy to Wernher von Braun. The formation of the Club proved to be perfectly timed. In January 1958, just shortly after its establishment, von Braun’s Jupiter-C rocket successfully launched the satellite Explorer 1 into orbit, demonstrating that the United States now had the capability to launch a satellite. This breakthrough catapulted von Braun to national prominence. Time magazine rushed to assemble a cover story on him, while the White House prepared for President Eisenhower to award him the Distinguished Federal Civilian Service Award. With momentum on its side, the National Rocket Club officially launched in spectacular fashion. The first Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner was an immediate success, selling out as top military leaders, scientists, and political figures gathered in black-tie. David Brinkley served as the toastmaster, while Mrs. Esther C. Goddard, widow of Dr. Robert H. Goddard, presented the inaugural Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy to Wernher von Braun.
+
+=== History ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-1.md

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+---
+title: "National Space Club"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Since its first Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner, the National Space Club has been a key gathering place for the space community, fostering discussions on the future of astronautics. The Club has played a significant role in the U.S. space program, uniting astronauts, engineers, scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders. Distinguished figures such as Robert R. Gilruth, William H. Pickering, James Van Allen, James E. Webb, George P. Miller, and Donald W. Douglas, along with many other pioneers of space exploration, have been frequent speakers at Club events. The Club has also had the privilege of hosting Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan as honored speakers.
+
+Throughout its history, the National Space Club has consistently pursued its mission of fostering national pride among Americans by emphasizing that the United States is the true birthplace of rocket technology, through the pioneering work of Dr. Robert H. Goddard. At the time of the Club's formation, the country still believed that rocket technology originated primarily from German research with their V-1 and V-2 rockets during World War II. However, Wernher von Braun and the German rocket scientists had actually been building upon Goddard’s earlier American research from the early 20th century. Von Braun himself wished for Americans to understand this and often publicly emphasized that his team's achievements in Germany were directly based on Goddard’s prior innovations. The National Space Club, together with other groups, succeeded in making Goddard and his contributions much more widely known to the American public and played a crucial role in renaming the Beltsville Space Center as the Goddard Space Flight Center in his honor. The National Space Club was also directly responsible for Congress officially declaring March 16th 1965 as "Goddard Day," commemorating the date in 1926 that he successfully launched the world's first liquid-propelled rocket.
+
+== The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner and awards ==
+
+First celebrated in 1958, the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner is the premier annual event on Washington’s space calendar. Held each year in late March or early April, the dinner coincides with the anniversary of Dr. Robert H. Goddard’s first successful flight of a liquid-fueled rocket. Nearly 2,000 members of the government, military, industry, and academic space community gather to honor significant contributions to space exploration. During the event, awards are presented to individuals for outstanding achievements in spaceflight, engineering, science, management, and education.
+The awards include:
+
+=== Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy ===
+The Goddard Memorial Trophy is the most prestigious award given by the National Space Club to honor either a lifetime of achievement or a breakthrough discovery or achievement within the calendar year.
+List of Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy winners
+
+=== Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award ===
+
+The Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award was established in 1960 to honor Nelson P. Jackson, a founder and the first President of the National Space Club. This award is the club’s second most prestigious honor and it recognizes outstanding contributions to advancements in the missile, aircraft, and space fields.
+List of Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners
+
+=== Norman L. Baker Astronautics Engineer Award ===
+Established in 1958, this coveted award honors Norman L. Baker, a founder and former president of the National Space Club. It is presented to a space engineer who has made significant personal contributions to the advancement of space technology.
+
+=== Nation's Press Award (formally the National Rocket Award) ===
+Formed in 1960, the award recognizes a member of the nation's journalism industry for significant contributions to public knowledge and understanding of astronautics and its impact upon our nation and all humankind.
+
+=== Dr. Joseph V. Charyk Award ===
+This award honors Joseph V. Charyk, the first Director of the National Reconnaissance Office. Administered by the NRO for the employee making an outstanding personal contribution to the national intelligence space program and its mission.
+
+=== General Bernard Schriever Award ===
+The General Bernard Schriever Award honors the General’s legacy and vision as the father of the Air Force's missile and space programs by recognizing excellence in military space operations and acquisition.
+
+=== David Johnson NOAA Award ===
+Administered by NOAA recognizing achievements of young professionals in NOAA in the use of satellite data for operational or environmental applications.
+
+=== Eagle Manned Mission Success Award ===
+
+Established in 1984 it is administered and funded by AXA Space (space insurance). A $4,000 stipend is given. Presented to individuals who have made a significant contribution to crewed space flight.
+
+=== Christa McAuliffe Space Educator Award ===
+Foundation grant of $1,500 and plaque to outstanding secondary school teacher in motivating and guiding High School students in the study of space, science and technology.
+
+=== Olin E. Teague Memorial Scholarship ===
+Awarded to encourage STEM related study includes $15,000 grant to a High School, undergrad or graduate student pursuing STEM education. The scholarship includes the opportunity to serve as the Keynote speaker at the Goddard Memorial Dinner.
+
+== Chapters ==
+The National Space Club and Foundation has expanded over the years and, in addition to its original chapter in Washington, D.C., now has chapters in Huntsville and Florida. 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-2.md

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+---
+title: "National Space Club"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+National Space Club Huntsville - established in 1985 in Huntsville, Alabama, home to the Marshall Space Flight Center, where Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket scientists transformed the region into a hub of space technology. Each October, the Club hosts its most significant annual event, the Wernher von Braun Memorial Dinner, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the space industry. During the event, the Club presents several prestigious awards, including the von Braun Space Flight Trophy, the Astronautics Engineering Award, the Distinguished Science Award, the Communications Award, the Community Service Award, the Aerospace Educator Award, the Dr. Wernher von Braun Memorial Scholarship, and the National Space Club scholarships.
+National Space Club Florida Committee - established in 2002 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Its signature event, the Space Heroes and Legends Award Dinner, takes place each April, honoring individuals and groups for their contributions to the space industry. Awards presented at the event include the Space Heroes and Legends Award, the Forrest S. McCartney National Defense Space Award, the Lifetime Achievement Award, the Rising Star Award, the Harry Kolcum News and Communications Award, and the Space Worker Hall of Fame Award.
+
+== Scholarship ==
+
+The National Space Club offers a major scholarship each year to encourage study in the field of engineering and science. The scholarship, in the amount of $10,000, is awarded to a U.S. citizen in at least the junior year of an accredited university, who, in the judgment of the award committee, shows the greatest interest and aptitude.
+The National Space Club cooperates in the sponsorship of a number of summer internships at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and its Wallops Flight Facility. The National Space Clubs Scholars Program is open to graduating high school sophomores, juniors, and seniors who have demonstrated an interest and ability in space technologies.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+National Space Club
+Review of the Space Program : hearings before the Committee on Science and Astronautics

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize-0.md

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+---
+title: "Newcomb Cleveland Prize"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:19.364625+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is annually awarded to author(s) of outstanding scientific paper published in the Research Articles or Reports sections of Science.  Established in 1923, funded by Newcomb Cleveland who remained anonymous until his death in 1951, and for this period it was known as the AAAS Thousand Dollar Prize. "The prize was inspired by Mr. Cleveland's belief that it was the scientist who counted and who needed the encouragement an unexpected monetary award could give." The present rules were instituted in 1975, previously it had gone to the author(s) of noteworthy papers, representing an outstanding contribution to science, presented in a regular session, sectional or societal, during the AAAS Annual Meeting. It is now sponsored by the Fodor Family Trust and includes a prize of $25,000.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+List of winners
+
+
+=== Current rules ===
+
+
+=== Previous rules ===
+
+
+== See also ==
+AAAS Award for Science Diplomacy
+AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility
+AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize
+AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "Novartis-Drew Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:20.529826+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Novartis-Drew Award for Biomedical Research is an award jointly presented by Novartis and Drew University. It comprises a cash award (originally $2000) and a plaque. The award was initially created as the Ciba-Drew Award for Biomedical Research and renamed following the change of company name from Ciba-Geigy to Novartis in 1996.
+
+
+== Incomplete list of winners ==
+Novartis-Drew Award
+2003: Elaine Fuchs; Philip A. Sharp; David Botstein
+2002: Frank McCormick; Brian J. Druker; Harold Varmus
+2001: Sidney Brenner; Eric Lander; Craig Venter
+2000: Susan L. Lindquist
+1999: Elizabeth Helen Blackburn; Joan Steitz
+1998: Tom Maniatis; Alexander Varshavsky
+1997: Edward Alan Berger
+Ciba-Drew Award
+1996: H. Robert Horvitz; Stanley J. Korsmeyer
+1995: Joseph Schlessinger; Günter Blobel ; Arnold J. Levine
+1994: Thomas R. Cech; Albert Eschenmoser; Manfred Eigen
+1993: Leroy Hood; Francis S. Collins
+1992: Stuart L. Schreiber ; Peter G. Schultz ; Richard Lerner
+1991: Sir Michael Berridge
+1990: Roger David Kornberg; Nicholas R. Cozzarelli
+1989: Robert William Mahley
+1988: Samuel Broder; Robert C. Gallo ; Luc Montagnier
+1987: Thomas A. Waldmann
+1986: Michael H. Wigler
+1985: Jean-Pierre Changeux; Solomon Halbert Snyder
+1984: Albrecht Fleckenstein; Harald Reuter
+1983: Ronald Levy;
+1982:
+1981: C. Ronald Kahn; Donald F. Steiner ; Sydney Brenner 
+1980: Bengt I. Samuelsson; John Robert Vane
+1979: Paul Greengard
+1978:
+1977: Robert C. Gallo; Fred Rapp
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of biochemistry awards
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWSD-Elsevier_Foundation_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWSD-Elsevier_Foundation_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:23.096483+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World are awarded annually to early-career women scientists in selected developing countries in four regions: Latin America and the Caribbean, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Central and South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
+The Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD), the Elsevier Foundation, and The World Academy of Sciences have partnered to recognize achievements of early-career women scientists in developing countries since the award was launched in 2011 as the Elsevier Foundation-OWSD Awards for Young Women Scientists from the Developing World. The award program is open to female scientists who live and work in one of 81 developing countries. Nominations are generally submitted within ten years of the nominee earning a PhD.
+The maximum number of recipients is currently restricted to five per year: one from each of the four OWSD-recognized regions, plus one additional outstanding candidate, and the awards are granted with a rotating theme annually among three general fields: biological sciences (agriculture, biology and medicine), engineering/innovation & technology, and physical sciences (including chemistry, mathematics and physics). There were six awardees in 2022 as two outstanding candidates were recognised.
+As of 2014, the award included an honorarium of US$5,000, an entire year of access to Elsevier's ScienceDirect publication database, and an expense-paid trip to the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, where the awarding ceremony is held.
+
+
+== Recipients ==
+Recipients have included:
+
+
+=== 2011 ===
+The 2011 awards recognized eleven contributors to biology, physics, and chemistry.
+
+Mahfuza Begum, biologist, Bangladesh
+Rukmani Mohanta, physicist, India
+Farzana Shaheen, chemist, Pakistan
+Janet Ayobami Adermola, physicist, Nigeria
+Aderoju Amoke Osowole, chemist, Nigeria
+Denise Evans, biologist, South Africa
+Nahla Ismail, chemist, Egypt
+Lubna Tahtamoouni, biologist, Jordan
+María Magdalena González Sánchez, astrophysicist, Mexico
+Lisset Hermida Cruz, biologist, Cuba
+Silvina Pellegrinet, chemist, Argentina
+
+
+=== 2013 ===
+The 2013 awards were focused on medical science and public health.
+
+Adediwura Fred-Jaiyesimi, pharmacologist, Nigeria
+Nasima Akhter, medical scientist, Bangladesh
+Dionicia Gamboa, molecular biologist, Peru
+Namjil Erdenechimeg, biochemist, Mongolia
+Huda Omer Basaleem, community health researcher, Yemen
+
+
+=== 2014 ===
+The 2014 awards were focused on chemistry.
+
+Nilufar Mamadalieva, bioorganic chemist, Uzbekistan
+Leni Ritmaleni, pharmaceutical chemist, Indonesia
+Simone Ann Marie Badal McCreath, biochemistry researcher, Jamaica
+Eqbal Mohammed Abdu Dauqan, biotechnologist, Yemen
+Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye, pharmacologist, Nigeria
+
+
+=== 2015 ===
+In 2015, the awards were focused on physics and mathematics.
+
+Nashwa Eassa,  nano-particle physicist, Sudan
+Dang Thi Oanh, computational mathematician, Thailand
+Mojisola Oluwyemisi Adeniyi, atmospheric physicist, Nigeria
+Mojisola Usikalu, radiation physicist, Nigeria
+Rabia Salihu Sa'id, environmental physicist, Nigeria
+
+
+=== 2016 ===
+The 2016 awards focused on medical science and public health.
+
+Sri Fatmawati, pharmacologist, Indonesia
+Sushila Maharjan, biochemistry researcher, Nepal
+Magaly Blas, public health specialist, Peru
+Etheldreda Nakimuli-Mpungu, psychiatric epidemiologist, Uganda
+Ghanya Naji Mohammed Al-Naqeb, nutritional researcher, Yemen
+
+
+=== 2017 ===
+The 2017 awards were focused on engineering and technology.
+
+Tanzima Hashem, computer scientist, Bangladesh
+María Fernanda Rivera Velásquez, environmentalist, Ecuador
+Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, environmental energy specialist, Indonesia
+Grace Ofori-Sarpong, environmental resource management, Ghana
+Rania Mokhtar, scientific project coordinator, Sudan
+
+
+=== 2018 ===
+The 2018 awards focused on mathematics, chemistry, and physics.
+
+Hasibun Naher, applied mathematician, Bangladesh
+Germaine Djuidje Kenmoe, physicist, Cameroon
+Silvia González Pérez, computational chemist, Ecuador
+Dawn Iona Fox, environmental chemist, Guyana
+Witri Wahyu Lestari, organometallic chemist, Indonesia
+
+
+=== 2019 ===
+The 2019 awards focused on medical science and public health.
+
+Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, ethnobotanist, Bolivia
+Uduak Okomo, health services, Nigeria
+Tabassum Mumtaz, environmental biotechnologist, Bangladesh
+Amira Shaheen, public health researcher, Palestine
+Tista Prasai Joshi, chemist, Nepal
+
+
+=== 2020 ===
+The 2020 awards recognised researchers working in engineering, innovation and technology.
+
+Susana Arrechea, chemical engineer and nanotechnologist, Guatemala
+Champika Ellawalla Kankanamge, environmental engineer, Sri Lanka
+Chao Mbogo, computer scientist, Kenya
+Samia Subrina, electronic engineer and nanotechnologist, Bangladesh
+Fathiah Zakham, bioengineer and microbiologist, Yemen
+
+
+=== 2021 ===
+The 2021 awards recognised researchers in the physical sciences.
+
+María Eugenia Cabrera Catalán, particle physicist, Guatemala
+Khongorzul Dorjgotov, financial mathematician, Mongolia
+Ghada Dushaq, applied physicist and nanotechnologist, Palestine
+Imalka Munaweera, synthetic chemist and nanochemist, Sri Lanka
+Marian Asantewah Nkansah, environmental chemist, Ghana
+
+
+=== 2022 ===
+The 2022 awards recognised six researchers in climate action and the environment.
+
+Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed, microbiologist, Yemen
+Heyddy Calderon, hydrologist, Nicaragua
+Gawsia Wahidunnessa Chowdhury, aquatic ecologist, Bangladesh
+Flor de Mayo González Miranda, environmental engineer, Guatemala
+Myriam Mujawamariya, forest ecologist and ecophysiologist, Rwanda
+Ashani Savinda Ranathunga, geotechnical engineer, Sri Lanka
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Naegeli-Preis-0.md

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+---
+title: "Otto-Naegeli-Preis"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Naegeli-Preis"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:21.752111+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Otto-Naegeli-Preis is a Swiss award for medical research that is awarded every two years. It is one of the most prestigious Swiss medical awards and is given with an award sum of 200,000 Swiss Francs. It was established in 1960 and is named after Otto Naegeli, a former professor of internal medicine at the University of Zurich.
+
+
+== Awardees ==
+The Awardees of the prize are the following:
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official Website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlar_Foundation_Science_Award-0.md

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+---
+title: "Parlar Foundation Science Award"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlar_Foundation_Science_Award"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:24.400841+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The METU Parlar Foundation Science Award (Turkish: ODTÜ Mustafa Parlar Ödülü) is a science award issued by the Middle East Technical University Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar Foundation established in 1981 in Ankara, Turkey, commemorates Professor Mustafa N. Parlar, who served as the Dean of Engineering at the Middle East Technical University. The Foundation's mission is to promote advancements in science and technology and their applications in industry. Annually, it confers several prestigious awards to recognize significant contributions to science and service. These include the Service to Science and Honour Award, the Science Award, and the Service Award. Notable recipients of the Science Award include İoanna Kuçuradi in philosophy, Cahit Arf, Feza Gürsey and Erol Gelenbe in sciences, as well as Halil İnalcık in history.
+
+
+== Background ==
+The METU Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar Education and Research Foundation was established on January 12, 1981, in memory of Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar, a scientist and early faculty member of Middle East Technical University. The foundation aims to foster relationships between the university and industry, support research and researchers, provide technical hardware and tools, offer scholarships to METU students and financially assist lecturers.
+Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar was a Turkish scientist and educator, born in 1925 in Çamlıhemşin, Rize. He studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, and Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. Parlar worked as a research engineer and assistant professor in the Unites Satates before returning to Turkey. He held various academic and administrative roles at Middle East Technical University, including Director of Education, Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering, and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering. He also served as Rector of METU and held positions within the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, contributing to the fields of energy and telecommunications in Turkey. Parlar was a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey from 1973 to 1977. In his honor, the METU Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar Education and Research Foundation was established in 1981 to support education and research.
+Annually, the foundation awards several distinctions to recognize excellence within METU. These include the Honor, Science, Service, Research, and Technology Encouragement Awards. Additionally, it presents the Thesis of the Year Award to outstanding graduate and postgraduate students, the METU Lecturer of the Year Award to distinguished lecturers, the Thesis Advisor Award initiated in the 1996-1997 academic year, and the METU Excellence in Teaching Award, which is given to lecturers who have been recognized as the Year's Lecturer three times. These awards aim to evaluate the contributions of exceptional scientists and practitioners, certify their competencies, and inspire future generations.
+
+
+== Award categories ==
+Annual Awards: Recognize distinguished scientists and practitioners across all scientific fields.
+Honorary Award: Highest award for significant achievements in science and service.
+Science Award: For substantial international scientific contributions or benefits to national development.
+Service Award: For contributions to social, technological, and economic development or higher education.
+Research Incentive Award: For young researchers under 40, contributing to scientific field development or solving national issues.
+Technology Incentive Award: For young researchers/developers under 40, contributing to specific industry branches.
+
+
+== Nomination and selection ==
+Eligibility to Nominate: Representatives from higher education, research institutions, and previous award recipients.
+Award Jury: Consists of nine members, primarily from higher education, with one-third renewed every two years.
+Selection Process: Award Jury evaluates candidates based on expert assessments.
+Award Announcements: Made before the end of November each year.
+Award Ceremony: Held on December 19th annually, with plaques and certificates presented.
+
+
+== Winners ==
+Honorary award winners
+Science award winners 
+
+
+== See also ==
+Middle East Technical University
+Humboldt Research Award
+Turing Award
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+METU Mustafa Parlar Foundation
+In Memoriam: Mustafa N. Parlar

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+---
+title: "Passano Foundation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:10:25.537487+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Passano Foundation, established in 1945, provides an annual award to a research scientist whose work – done in the United States – is thought to have immediate practical benefits. Many Passano laureates have subsequently won the Nobel Prize.
+
+
+== Selection of award winners ==
+
+
+=== Passano Laureates ===
+2024 K. Christopher Garcia
+2023 Se-Jin Lee
+2022 Duojia Pan
+2021 Alfred Goldberg
+2020 David Eisenberg
+2019 Robert Fettiplace, James Hudspeth
+2018 Carl June, Michel Sadelain
+2017 Yuan Chang, Patrick S. Moore
+2016 Jonathan C. Cohen, Helen Hobbs
+2015 James P. Allison (2018  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+2014 Jeffrey I. Gordon
+2013 Rudolf Jaenisch
+2012 Eric N. Olson
+2011 Elaine Fuchs
+2010 David Julius (2021  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+2009 Irving Weissman
+2008 Thomas Südhof (2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+2007 Joan Massagué Solé
+2006 Napoleone Ferrara
+2005 Jeffrey M. Friedman
+2003 Andrew Z. Fire (2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+2002 Alexander Rich
+2001 Seymour Benzer
+2000 Giuseppe Attardi, Douglas C. Wallace
+1999 Elizabeth Blackburn (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Carol W. Greider (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1998 H. Robert Horvitz (2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1997 James E. Darnell, Jr.
+1996 Leland H. Hartwell (2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1995 Robert G. Roeder, Robert Tjian
+1994 Bert Vogelstein
+1993 Jack L. Strominger, Don Craig Wiley
+1992 Charles Yanofsky
+1991 William S. Sly, Stuart Kornfeld
+1990 Alfred Goodman Gilman (1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1989 Victor Almon McKusick
+1988 Edwin Gerhard Krebs (1992 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Edmond Henri Fischer (1992 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1987 Irwin Fridovich
+1986 Albert L. Lehninger, Eugene P. Kennedy
+1985 Howard Green
+1984 Peter Nowell
+1983 John Michael Bishop (1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Harold Elliot Varmus (1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1982 Roscoe O. Brady, Elizabeth F. Neufeld
+1981 Hugh McDevitt
+1980 Seymour S. Kety
+1979 Donald F. Steiner
+1978 Michael Stuart Brown (1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Joseph L. Goldstein (1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1977 Curt P. Richter
+1976 Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1975 Henry G. Kunkel
+1974 Seymour S. Cohen, Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1973 Roger Sperry (1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1972 Kimishige Ishizaka, Teruko Ishizaka
+1971 Stephen W. Kuffler
+1970 Paul Zamecnik
+1969 George Herbert Hitchings (1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1968 John E. Howard
+1967 Irvine Page
+1966 John T. Edsall
+1965 Charles Brenton Huggins (1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1964 Keith R. Porter, George Emil Palade (1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1963 Horace Winchell Magoun
+1962 Albert Hewett Coons
+1961 Owen Harding Wangensteen
+1960 René Dubos
+1959 Stanhope Bayne-Jones
+1958 George W. Corner
+1957 William M. Clark
+1956 George Nicolas Papanicolaou
+1955 Vincent du Vigneaud (1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
+1954 Homer Smith
+1953 John Franklin Enders (1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1952 Herbert M. Evans
+1951 Philip Levine, Alexander Solomon Wiener
+1950 Edward Calvin Kendall (1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Philip Showalter Hench (1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1949 Oswald Avery
+1948 Alfred Blalock, Helen Brooke Taussig
+1947 Selman Abraham Waksman (1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1946 Ernest W. Goodpasture
+1945 Edwin J. Cohn
+
+
+=== Young Scientist Award ===
+1992 Tom Curran
+1991 Roger Tsien (2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
+1990 Matthew P. Scott
+1989 Louis M. Kunkel
+1988 Peter Walter
+1987 Jeremy Nathans
+1986 James Rothman (2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1985 Mark M. Davis
+1984 Thomas R. Cech (1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
+1983 Gerald M. Rubin, Allan C. Spradling
+1982 Roger D. Kornberg (2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
+1981 William A. Catterall, Joel M. Moss
+1979 Richard Axel (2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
+1978 Robert Lefkowitz (2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
+1977 Eric A. Jaffe
+1976 Ralph A. Bradshaw
+1975 Joan A. Steitz
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Passano Foundation Home Page