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HOBBIES is a general purpose electromagnetic solver for various applications. The name is an acronym for Higher Order Basis Based Integral Equation Solver.
The software is based on the Method of Moments (MoM), and it employs higher order polynomials as the basis functions for the frequency domain integral equation solver.
The higher-order basis functions can significantly reduce the number of unknowns compared with the traditional piece-wise basis functions, e.g., Rao-Wiltion-Glisson triangular patch basis functions (RWGs).
HOBBIES can be used to solve various types of electromagnetic field problems including antenna design, antenna placement, scattering analysis, EMI/EMC analysis, etc.
The software pioneered the commercial implementation of parallel computation for solving extremely electrically large problems using modest computational resources.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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HOSxP is a hospital information system, commonly known as an Electronic Health Record (EHR) system, used in hospitals across Thailand, serving over 300 hospitals. The software aims to ease the healthcare workflow of health centers, for small sanatoriums to central hospitals.
Before becoming HOSxP, the software was called KSK-HDBMS. Seeking a more friendly name, the development team opted for the name HOSxP, which comes from Hospital and Experience. The name also reflects the software's graphical user interface (GUI), which mimics the theme of Windows XP.
Distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), HOSxP is available as a free software in HOSxP-PCU (HOSxP Version for Primary Health Care Unit) and as a yearly subscription in HOSxP & HOSxP XE (HOSxP Version 4).
== History ==
The development started in 1999. Emerged from a solo project by Chaiyaporn Suratemekul, a pharmacist by training, and the main developers of the software are staffs from Bangkok Medical Software Co., Ltd., a company led by Chaiyaporn. The development infrastructure, including source code repository.
in 2012 BMS has announcement the HOSxP changed update download from Free Download to Yearly Subscription Update since HOSxP V.3.55.8.15 but no effect for HOSxP PCU.
in 2015 BMS has announcement the HOSxP XE (HOSxP v4), announcement HOSxP V.3 nearby End of Life and improve HOSxP XE PCU to Yearly Subscription Update.
== Architecture and technical information ==
HOSxP uses a client–server architecture. For the database server, it is claimed to run on many RDBMS, like MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and Interbase/Firebird.
It uses a two-tier Client–server architecture with server software running on either Linux or Microsoft Windows and client software can run only on Microsoft Windows.
It implements Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) and uses Multi-tier technology based on Borland DataSnap.
Borland Delphi and its Linux counterpart Kylix are the integrated development environments of choice in the project.
A user is allowed to write scripts in the Pascal programming language to automate tasks in HOSxP.
== See also ==
List of open source healthcare software
Hospital OS
== Related Publications ==
Sarutiyapithorn, Napat; Wisawanart, Nutrugee; Saowaneepitak, Mutita; Kusakunniran, Worapan; Thongkanchorn, Kittikhun (July 2015). Electronic health information standard based on CDA for Thai medical system: Focused on medical procedures in medium-sized hospitals (HOSxP). 2015 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). pp. 97–101. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2015.7219778. ISBN 978-1-4799-1966-6.
Ngamsuriyaroj, Sudsanguan; Sirichamchaikul, Chatchai; Hanam, Suparat; Tatsanaboonya, Techat (May 2011). Patient information exchange via web services in HL 7 v3 for two different healthcare systems. 2011 Eighth International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). pp. 420–425. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2011.5930158. ISBN 978-1-4577-0686-8.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
HOSxP on SourceForge

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HTK (Hidden Markov Model Toolkit) is a proprietary software toolkit for handling HMMs. It is mainly intended for speech recognition, but has been used in many other pattern recognition applications that employ HMMs, including speech synthesis, character recognition and DNA sequencing.
Originally developed at the Machine Intelligence Laboratory (formerly known as the Speech Vision and Robotics Group) of the Cambridge University Engineering Department (CUED), HTK is now being widely used among researchers who are working on HMMs.
== See also ==
List of speech recognition software
== References ==
HTK Page in Cambridge University
== External links ==
optimizing HTK features using the TIMIT speech corpus (source code)

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The Influenza Antiviral Drug Search was a distributed computing project that was running on the BOINC platform. It is a project of the University of Texas Medical Branch.
== Project purpose ==
The Influenza Antiviral Drug Search conducted millions of virtual docking experiments in order to discover compounds that may be suitable for real-world clinical trials to combat new or drug resistant strains of influenza virus.
One vulnerability of all influenza strains is that they need viral neuraminidase, NS1 Influenza Protein and hemagglutinin in order to infect a body. A chemical compound that can disable one of these molecules has the potential to be an effective antiviral drug.
== See also ==
BOINC
List of distributed computing projects
World Community Grid
== External links ==
Influenza Antiviral Drug Search
== References ==

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The JME Molecule Editor is a molecule editor Java applet with which users make and edit drawings of molecules and reactions (including generating substructure queries), and can display molecules within an HTML page. The editor can generate Daylight simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) or MDL Molfiles of the created structures.
The JME Editor was written by Peter Ertl while at Comenius University in Bratislava, and then at Ciba-Geigy, later merged with Sandoz Laboratories, to form Novartis International AG, in Basel, Switzerland.
It is released as freeware for noncommercial use and has become a standard for molecular-structure input on the web.[1][2]
== JSME ==
JME has been ported to JavaScript using the Google Web Toolkit (GWT). In analogy to JME, the JavaScript version is named JSME. Its interface is almost identical to that of JME, although some cosmetic options are available. It is released as free and open-source software under a 3-clause BSD license in the form of minified JavaScript produced by GWT.
As of February 2017, JSME is capable of SMILES, MOL (original and V3000), InChI (and key), and SVG export.
== See also ==
Molecule editor
Cheminformatics
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website, JME
Official website, JSME
== Notes ==
^ Interesting cheminformatics services using the JME editor Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ List of institutions using JME applet

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Java Analysis Studio (JAS) is an object-oriented data analysis package developed for the analysis of particle physics data. The latest major version is JAS3.
JAS is a fully AIDA-compliant data analysis system. JAS3 is popular for data analysis in areas of particle physics which are familiar with the Java programming language.
JAS uses many other libraries from the FreeHEP project.
== References ==
== External links ==
Java Analysis Studio 3 website
AIDA: Abstract Interfaces for Data Analysis — open interfaces and formats for particle physics data processing

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Jemris is an open source MRI sequence design and simulation framework written in C++.
It was designed to most generally and numerically integrate the Bloch equation in a single-core or parallel fashion for protons over a time course of a sequence on almost arbitrary samples with arbitrary excitation and acquisition setup. The integration is performed with the CVODE variable time stepping solver.
Jemris experiment setups are completely managed with XML files. It understands and parses symbolic mathematics as dynamic parameters to allow for maximum flexibility.
It has been used to operate a commercial MRI scanner.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official project website .
SUNDIALS (SUite of Nonlinear and DIfferential/ALgebraic equation Solvers)

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KANT is a computer algebra system for mathematicians interested in algebraic number theory, performing sophisticated computations in algebraic number fields, in global function fields, and in local fields. KASH is the associated command line interface. They have been developed by the Algebra and Number Theory research group of the Institute of Mathematics at Technische Universität Berlin under the project leadership of Michael Pohst. Kant is free for non-commercial use.
== See also ==
List of computer algebra systems
== References ==
Pethö, Attila; Pohst, Michael E.; Zimmer, Horst G.; Williams, Hugh C. (1991). Computational Number Theory: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Computational Number Theory Held at Kossuth Lajos University, Debrecen (Hungary), 4-9 September 1989. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-012394-4.
M. Daberkow; C. Fieker; J. Klüners; M. Pohst; K. Roegner; M. Schörnig; K. Wildanger (1997). "KANT V4". J. Symb. Comput. 24 (3–4): 267–283. doi:10.1006/jsco.1996.0126.
== External links ==
Official website
Introduction to KASH3, The KANT Group

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KAON (Karlsruhe ontology) is an ontology infrastructure developed by the University of Karlsruhe and the Research Center for Information Technologies in Karlsruhe.
Its first incarnation was developed in 2002 and supported an enhanced version of RDF ontologies.
Several tools like the graphical ontology editor OIModeler or the KAON Server were based on KAON.
There are ontology learning companion tools which take non-annotated natural language text as input: TextToOnto (KAON-based) and Text2Onto (KAON2-based). Text2Onto is based on the Probabilistic Ontology Model (POM).
In 2005, the first version of KAON2 was released, offering fast reasoning support for OWL ontologies. KAON2 is not backward-compatible with KAON. KAON2 is developed as a joint effort of the Information Process Engineering (IPE) at the Research Center for Information Technologies (FZI), the Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB) at the University of Karlsruhe, and the Information Management Group (IMG) at the University of Manchester.
KAON, TextToOnto, and Text2Onto are open source, based on Java. KAON2 is not open source, but the executable can be downloaded from the KAON2 site.
== References ==
== External links ==
KAON home page
KAON2 home page Archived 2006-01-06 at the Wayback Machine

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Kekulé was a computer program named after the chemist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz. The program was created starting in about 1990 by Joe McDaniel and Jason Balmuth while at Fein-Marquart Associates with funding from the National Cancer Institute under a Small Business Innovative Research Grant.
== Overview ==
The program was created to satisfy a need at the NCI for entering chemical structures into a database. The format required for the database was a connection table while the published form of a structure was a drawing. The program could take a scanned image of the drawn structure and automatically read the atom labels (characters) and lines between atoms (bonds) to create the connection table for input into the database.
NCI has ceased to use the program.
Several articles describing the internal operation of the program were written and published in refereed journals such as the Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences.
== References ==

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Kosmo is a desktop geographic information system (GIS) with advanced functions. It is the first of a series of developments that are being made available to the community.
Kosmo was implemented using the Java programming language and is being developed from the JUMP GIS platform and a series of free code libraries, all of which are well acknowledged and widely used in different free software projects (for example, Geotools and JTS). It is available for Windows and Linux operating systems.
It is a tool for visualizing and processing spatial data, characterized by its friendly user interface and access to multiple data formats, both vectorial (in a file, such as Shapefile, GML, KML, DWG and DXF, or a database, such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, or Oracle) and raster (TIFF, ECW, MrSID, or other georeferenced image files, such as BMP, GIF, JPEG, or PNG). It can also edit and offer a variety of utilities to the GIS user, like support for [www.sextantegis.com/ Sextante] libraries for raster and vector analysis
One of its main characteristics is the possibility of increasing functionality, based on extensions.
Kosmo was developed by a company called SAIG S.L. (in Spanish Sistemas Abiertos de Información Geográfica - Open Geographical Information Systems), and is distributed under the GNU General Public License.
Kosmo offers several products:
Kosmo Server: Raster and vectorial cartography server
Kosmo Desktop: desktop GIS with powerful query, edition and analysis tools
Kosmo Web Client: cartographic browser for connection with services based on OGC standards
Kosmo Mobile: GIS software for mobile devices
Other way, how to get better raster data processing possibilities (gridding, interpolation, geostatistics) is to use Kosmo together with other gis software like SAGA GIS.
== References ==
== External links ==
Kosmo Website
Article about Kosmo (in Russian), PDF format
Kosmo page in OSGEO Live

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In bioinformatics, LIGPLOT is a computer program that generates schematic 2-D representations of protein-ligand complexes from standard Protein Data Bank file input. The LIGPLOT is used to generate images for the PDBsum resource that summarises molecular structure.
== References ==

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LandView was a public domain GIS viewer designed to display United States Census Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and U.S.Geological Survey (USGS) data. The last available version was LandView 6.
LandView is related to the CAMEO system (Computer-aided Management of Emergency Operations), in that they share the same mapping program (MARPLOT).
== External links ==
Former LandView page at U.S. Census Bureau
CAMEO page at EPA

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The Local Data Manager (LDM) is a suite of programs for the distribution of near real-time atmospheric earth data to researchers and educators free of charge as it becomes available. The system is specifically focused with passing, receiving, and managing arbitrary data products accessed through event-driven (push) technologies via the Internet. Data products mostly include GOES satellite imagery, radar imagery, and model output from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the Canadian Meteorological Centre, and the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center.
LDM is provided freely, including source code by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under the Unidata Program Center and via the developer's GitHub. It is widely used in the meteorological community, and is a product of the Internet Data Distribution (IDD) Program which has brought together over 160 universities in the Unidata community to build a means for publicizing and accessing data from observing systems as soon as the data becomes available.
== References ==

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MELCOR is a fully integrated, engineering-level computer code developed by Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to model the progression of severe accidents in nuclear power plants. A broad spectrum of severe accident phenomena in both boiling and pressurized water reactors is treated in MELCOR in a unified framework. MELCOR applications include estimation of severe accident source terms, and their sensitivities and uncertainties in a variety of applications.
== See also ==
Nuclear engineering
Monte Carlo method
Nuclear reactor
MCNP
== External links ==
SNL MELCOR website
NRC "Obtaining MELCOR" site
Wikiversity: Nuclear Engineering

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MIKE FLOOD is a computer program that simulates inundation for rivers, flood plains and urban drainage systems. It dynamically couples 1D (MIKE 11 and Mouse) and 2D (MIKE 21) modeling techniques into one single tool. MIKE FLOOD is developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI).
MIKE FLOOD is accepted by US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for use in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
MIKE FLOOD can be expanded with a range of modules and methods including a flexible mesh overland flow solver, MIKE URBAN, Rainfall-runoff modeling and dynamic operation of structures.
== Applications ==
MIKE FLOOD can be used for river-flood plain interaction, integrated urban drainage and river modeling, urban flood analysis and detailed dam break studies.
== References ==

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MLwiN is a statistical software package for fitting multilevel models. It uses both maximum likelihood estimation and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. MLwiN is based on an earlier package, MLn, but with a graphical user interface (as well as other additional features).
MLwiN represents multilevel models using mathematical notation including Greek letters and multiple subscripts, so the user needs to be (or become) familiar with such notation.
For a tutorial introduction to multilevel models and their applications in medical statistics illustrated using MLwiN, see Goldstein et al.
== References ==
== External links ==
Website
Multilevel Modelling Software Reviews

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MNE-Python ("MNE") is an open source toolbox for EEG and MEG signal processing. It is written in Python and is available from the PyPI package repository.
== See also ==
Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (MatLab)
EEGLAB (MatLab)
NeuroKit (Python)
== References ==

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MOCADI is a Monte Carlo simulation program used to calculate the transport of charged particle beams--as well as fragmentation and fission products from nuclear reactions in target materials--through ion optical systems described by transfer matrices (including up to third order Taylor expansion coefficients) and through layers of matter.
== References ==

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:38.407742+00:00"
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MT3D is a family of finite-difference groundwater mass transport modeling software, often used with MODFLOW. The first generation, MT3D, was developed by Chunmiao Zheng in 1990, and most recently released by the U.S. Geological Survey with MT3D-USGS.
== Versions ==
MT3D
Appeared in 1990.
MT3DMS
Second generation, released in 1998. Improved to simulate multiple species.
MT3D-USGS
Third generation, released in 2016. Improved to support new transport modeling capabilities from MODFLOW.
== References ==

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:06.552494+00:00"
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Mango (Multi-Image Analysis GUI) is a non-commercial software for viewing, editing and analyzing volumetric medical images. Mango is written in Java, and distributed freely in precompiled versions for Linux, Mac OS and Microsoft Windows. It supports NIfTI, ANALYZE, NEMA and DICOM formats and is able to load and save 2D, 3D and 4D images.
Mango provides tools for creation and editing of regions of interest (ROI) within the images, surface rendering, image stacking (overlaying), filtering in space domain and histogram analysis, among other functions that can be used in neuroimaging analysis for scientific (non-clinical) purposes.
The software can be extended with user-defined functions (plug-ins), which can be created using the Java language and the Mango API.
== See also ==
List of neuroimaging software
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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MassLynx is a software package to control analytical equipment produced by Waters Corporation. It was developed to simplify interaction with mass spectrometry equipment.
It is used to control equipment including liquid chromatography systems such as the ACQUITY UPLC series of UHPLC systems and mass spectrometers such as the Xevo TQ-S.
MassLynx is used for hardware control, creating, editing and executing run sequences as well as configuration of acquisition methods. Data treatment is performed in other software such as TargetLynx or ChromaLynx.
== References ==
== External links ==
MassLynx on Waters website

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MassMatrix is a mass spectrometry data analysis software that uses a statistical model to achieve increased mass accuracy over other database search algorithms. This search engine is set apart from others dues to its ability to provide extremely efficient judgement between true and false positives for high mass accuracy data that has been obtained from present day mass spectrometer instruments. It is useful for identifying disulphide bonds in tandem mass spectrometry data. This search engine is set apart from others due to its ability to provide extremely efficient judgement between true and false positives for high mass accuracy data that has been obtained from present day mass spectrometer instruments.
== References ==

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:08.997080+00:00"
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Massively Parallel Quantum Chemistry (MPQC) is an ab initio computational chemistry software program. Three features distinguish it from other quantum chemistry programs such as Gaussian and GAMESS: The design is object-oriented, and created for parallel computing from the start. It is available for two Linux distributions: Debian and Ubuntu. It is free and open-source software with a GNU General Public License.
MPQC provides implementations for a number of important methods for calculating electronic structure, including Hartree–Fock method, Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (including its explicitly correlated linear R12 versions), and density functional theory.
== See also ==
List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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Maxdata Software is a Portugal-based company that develops healthcare software. Maxdata is one of the developers of Clinidata software, which is used in Portuguese hospitals and laboratories, and responsibility terms management.
Maxdata Software began operating under the ISO/IEC 20000 international standard in 2011.
== List of Clindata products ==
XXI – software for clinical pathology
ANP – software for anatomic pathology
BST – software for immunohematology
NET – software for electronic prescription
TRM – software for responsibility terms management
VEP – software for epidemiologic surveillance
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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MaxIm DL is a software package developed by Diffraction Limited and sold under the Cyanogen Imaging brand. It is used for acquisition, processing, and analysis of astronomical imaging. It contains tools to process and analyze data from imaging array detectors such as CCDs and CMOS Imagers.
It is available for Windows 10 and later.
== References ==

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MedCalc is a statistical software package designed for the biomedical sciences. The first version of MedCalc, for MS-DOS, was released in April 1993, then a Windows version in November 1996.
It has an integrated spreadsheet for data input and can import files in several formats (Excel, SPSS, CSV).
MedCalc includes basic parametric and non-parametric statistical procedures and graphs such as descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, χ2 test, correlation, linear as well as non-linear regression, logistic regression, and multivariate statistics.
Survival analysis includes Cox regression (Proportional hazards model) and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.
Procedures for method evaluation and method comparison include ROC curve analysis, Bland–Altman plot, as well as Deming and Passing–Bablok regression.
The software also includes reference interval estimation, meta-analysis and sample size calculations.
Version 15.2 introduced a user-interface in English, Chinese (simplified and traditional), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian and Spanish.
== Reviews ==
Stephan C, Wesseling S, Schink T, Jung K. “Comparison of eight computer programs for receiver-operating characteristic analysis.” Clinical Chemistry 2003;49:433-439. doi:10.1373/49.3.433
Lukic IK. “MedCalc Version 7.0.0.2. Software Review.” Croatian Medical Journal 2003;44:120-121.
Garber C. “MedCalc Software for Statistics in Medicine. Software review.” Clinical Chemistry, 1998;44:1370.
Petrovecki M. “MedCalc for Windows. Software Review.” Croatian Medical Journal, 1997;38:178.
== See also ==
List of statistical packages
Comparison of statistical packages
== References ==
== External links ==
MedCalc Statistical Software Homepage

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Microfit is a statistics package developed by Bahram Pesaran and M. Hashem Pesaran, and published by Oxford University Press. It is designed for econometric modelling with time series data.
== References ==
== External links ==
Website at Oxford University Press

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Mocolo is a proprietary video analysis server for Microsoft Windows, mostly used in interactive environments.
It monitors video streams, finds interactions (presences or movements) and sends analysis results to a list of client applications in form of Open Sound Control (OSC) packets.
Key features: lightweight performance, capability to analyze several video sources at the same time, connectivity toward any OSC capable application.
Mocolo makes use of small amounts of CPU time and no use of the GPU, leaving enough resources for other client applications running on the same machine.
== External links ==
Mocolo homepage
Xtend3dLab projects page

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The Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) is an Earth system modeling software that integrates atmospheric, oceanographic, and cryospheric modeling across scales from regional to planetary. It includes climate and weather modeling and simulations that were used initially by researchers in 2013. The atmospheric models were created by the Earth System Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the oceanographic models were created by the Climate, Ocean, and Sea Ice Modeling Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The software has been used to model real-time weather as well as seasonal forecasting of convection, tornadoes and tropical cyclones. The atmospheric modeling component of the software can be used with other atmospheric modeling software including the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, the Global Forecast System, and the Community Earth System Model.
MPAS is being tested as a potential candidate for the atmospheric component of the Rapid Refresh Forecast System version 2.
== See also ==
Tropical cyclone forecast model
Wind wave model
Global circulation model
== References ==
Notes
Skamarock, William C.; J. B. Klemp; M. G. Duda; L. D. Fowler; S.-H. Park; T. D. Ringler (2012). "A Multiscale Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Using Centroidal Voronoi Tesselations and C-Grid Staggering". Mon. Wea. Rev. 140 (9): 3090–105. Bibcode:2012MWRv..140.3090S. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00215.1. S2CID 34543801.
== External links ==
MPAS homepage
2015 NCAR Program Operating Plan: The Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS)
One Image That Shows Future of Climate Models

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title: "Model year (computer modeling)"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:27.327568+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
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The term model year in computer modeling is used for calculated equations describing one calendar year of data. If a climate model, for example, is calculating the climate from 2015 to 2020, the computer has to calculate 5 model years, however it most likely takes much less time for the computer to do so.

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The Modular Chemical Descriptor Language (MCDL) is a method for representing of molecular structures and pertinent molecular information using linear descriptors. MCDL files are designed for cross-platform transfer and manipulation of compound-specific chemical data. They consist of sets of unique information (fragments, connections) and nonunique information (coordinates, ID numbers, spectra, physical-chemical properties). The nonunique portion of the descriptor can be customized, thus providing end-user flexibility. Unique representation of atom and double bond stereochemistry is contrived as separate modules.
== Software implementation ==
Modular Chemical Descriptor Language is currently implemented in several software packages. A JAVA-based MCDL editor with intelligent generation of 2D coordinates is available as open source software under GPL. MCDL translator is also included in Open Babel starting from version 2.3.1.
== See also ==
Chemical file format
== References ==

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Molden is a general molecular and electronic structure processing program.
== Major features ==
Reads output from the ab initio packages GAMESS (US), Gaussian, MOLPRO, PySCF and from semi-empirical packages such as MOPAC, and supports a number of other formats.
Displays molecular orbitals or electron density as contour plots or 3D grid plots and output to a number of graphical formats.
Animates reaction paths and molecular vibrations.
A Z-matrix editor.
Molden program has been tested on different platforms, namely Linux, Windows NT, Windows95, Windows2000, WindowsXP, MacOSX, Silicon Graphics IRIX, Sun SunOS and Solaris.
Ambfor, the main force field module of Molden, is an external program that can be initialized from Molden. Ambfor admits protein force field Amber and GAFF (General Amber Force Field). Use of Ambfor is automatic when a protein is studied with Molden. The GAFF force field is used only small molecules. Both Amber and GAFF are based on atomic charges. The differences are largely in computational cost, with GAFF being very expensive.
Molden can read several file formats with crystal information.
== See also ==
List of molecular graphics systems
List of software for molecular mechanics modeling
CMBI
== References ==
Molden: a pre- and post-processing program for molecular and electronic structures.

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Molecular Discovery Ltd is a software company working in the area of drug discovery.
Founded in 1984 by Peter Goodford, its aim was to provide the GRID software to scientists working in the field of Drug Design, and enabled one of the first examples of rational drug design with the discovery of Zanamivir in 1989. In combination with statistical methods such as GOLPE, GRID's method of modeling molecular interaction (known as a "forcefield") can also be used to perform 3D-QSAR.
In the last decade, the GRID forcefield has been applied to other areas of drug discovery, including virtual screening, scaffold-hopping, ADME and pharmacokinetic modelling, optimisation of metabolic stability and metabolite prediction, as well as pKa and tautomer modelling.
Molecular Discovery manages a Cytochrome P450 Consortium aimed at generating a large set of homogeneous experimental data for human metabolism, allowing the development of predictive in silico models.
== Products ==
GRID, a program for rational or structure-based design using molecular interaction fields
MetaSite, a program for predicting metabolic "hotspots" or "soft spots" and subsequent metabolite formation
Mass-MetaSite, a program for identifying metabolites based on experimental LC-MSMS data
WebMetaBase, a program for storing, visualising, and data-mining the results from Mass-MetaSite
VolSurf+, a program for modelling pharmacokinetic or ADME properties
SHOP, a program for scaffold replacement
MoKa, a program for modelling pKa and tautomerisation
Pentacle, a program for 3D-QSAR (an update of Almond)
FLAP, a program for virtual screening, pharmacophore modelling, docking, water prediction, and 3D-QSAR
== References ==
== External links ==
Molecular Discovery Ltd official homepage

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The Molecular Modelling Toolkit (MMTK) is an open-source software package written in Python, which performs common tasks in molecular modelling.
The Molecular Modeling Toolkit is a library that implements common molecular simulation techniques, with an emphasis on biomolecular simulations. It uses modern software engineering techniques (object-oriented design, a high-level language) in order to overcome limitations associated with the large monolithic simulation programs that are commonly used for biomolecules. Its principal advantages are (1) easy extension and combination with other libraries due to modular library design, (2) a single high-level general-purpose programming language (Python) is used for library implementation as well as for application scripts, (3) use of documented and machine-independent formats for all data files, and (4) interfaces to other simulation and visualization programs.
As of 28 April 2011, MMTK consists of about 18,000 lines of Python code, 12,000 lines of hand-written C code, and some machine-generated C code.
== Features ==
construction of molecular systems, with special support for proteins and nucleic acids
infinite systems or periodic boundary conditions (orthorhombic elementary cells)
common geometrical operations on coordinates
rigid-body fits
visualization using external PDB and VRML viewers; animation of dynamics trajectories and normal modes
the AMBER 94 force field, with several options for handling electrostatic interactions
a deformation force field for fast normal mode calculations on proteins
energy minimization (steepest descent and conjugate gradient)
molecular dynamics (with optional thermostat, barostat, and distance constraints)
normal mode analysis
trajectory operations
point charge fits
molecular surface calculations
interfaces to other programs
== See also ==
Software for molecular mechanics modelling
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Background information

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Molecular design software is notable software for molecular modeling, that provides special support for developing molecular models de novo.
In contrast to the usual molecular modeling programs, such as for molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry, such software directly supports the aspects related to constructing molecular models, including:
Molecular graphics
interactive molecular drawing and conformational editing
building polymeric molecules, crystals, and solvated systems
partial charges development
geometry optimization
support for the different aspects of force field development
== Comparison of software covering the major aspects of molecular design ==
== Notes and references ==
== See also ==
== External links ==
molecular design IUPAC term definition.
Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design
Molecular Modeling resources
Materials modelling and computer simulation codes
Click2Drug.org Directory of in silico (computer-aided) drug design tools.
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
Journal of Computational Chemistry

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Molekel is a free software multiplatform molecular visualization program. It was originally developed at the University of Geneva by Peter F. Flükiger in the 1990s for Silicon Graphics Computers. In 1998, Stefan Portmann took over responsibility and released Version 3.0. Version 4.0 was a nearly platform independent version. Further developments lead to version 4.3, before Stefan Portmann moved on and ceased to develop the codes. In 2006, Ugo Varetto at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) restarted the project and version 5.0 was released on 21 December 2006.
Molekel uses VTK and Qwt and therefore as well Qt.
== Major features ==
Visualization of residues (ribbon or schematic)
Complete control over the generation of molecular surfaces (bounding box and resolution)
Visualization of the following surfaces:
orbitals
Isosurface from electron density data
Isosurface from Gaussian cube grid data
Solvent-accessible surface (SAS)
Solvent excluded surface (SES)
Van der Waals radii
Animation of molecular surfaces
Export to PostScript or TIFF
== See also ==
Gabedit
List of molecular graphics systems
Molden
Molecular graphics
Software for molecular mechanics modeling
SAMSON
List of free and open-source software packages
== References ==
== External links ==
Molekel home page

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:36.029248+00:00"
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---
mothur is an open source software package for bioinformatics data processing. The package is frequently used in the analysis of DNA from uncultured microbes. mothur is capable of processing data generated from several DNA sequencing methods including 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq, Sanger, PacBio, and IonTorrent. The first release of mothur occurred in 2009. The release of mothur was announced in a publication in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology. As of October 26, 2022 the article releasing mothur had been cited by around 15,000 other research studies.
== External links ==
Official website
== References ==

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title: "Move (software)"
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MOVE is a geologic modelling software released in September 2008. It provides a full digital environment for best practice structural modelling to reduce risk and uncertainty in geological models. The MOVE suite also provides a platform for integrating and interpreting data, cross-section construction, 3D model building, kinematic restoration and validation, geomechanical modelling, fracture modelling, fault response modelling, and fault and stress analysis.
MOVE 2019.1 was released on 8 November 2019 and includes substantial new features, as well as improvements to the existing functionality and usability.
The software suite consists of the following modules:
· MOVE core
· 2D Kinematic Modelling
· 3D Kinematic Modelling
· Geomechanical Modelling
· Fracture Modelling
· Stress Analysis
· Fault Analysis
· Fault Response Modelling
· Sediment Modelling
· MOVELink
Petroleum Experts have also developed two free field mapping apps for both tablets and phones; FieldMOVE (Android, iOS and Windows tablets) and FieldMOVE Clino (Android and iOS phones)
== References ==

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:39.649944+00:00"
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Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics (NAMD, formerly Not Another Molecular Dynamics Program) is computer software for molecular dynamics simulation, written using the Charm++ parallel programming model (not to be confused with CHARMM). It is noted for its parallel efficiency and is often used to simulate large systems (millions of atoms). It has been developed by the collaboration of the Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group (TCB) and the Parallel Programming Laboratory (PPL) at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign.
It was introduced in 1995 by Nelson et al. as a parallel molecular dynamics code enabling interactive simulation by linking to the visualization code VMD. NAMD has since matured, adding many features and scaling beyond 500,000 processor cores.
NAMD has an interface to quantum chemistry packages ORCA and MOPAC, as well as a scripted interface to many other quantum packages. Together with Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) and QwikMD, NAMD's interface provides access to hybrid QM/MM simulations in an integrated, comprehensive, customizable, and easy-to-use suite.
NAMD is available as freeware for non-commercial use by individuals, academic institutions, and corporations for in-house business uses.
== See also ==
Charm++
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website, at TCB website
NAMD page at the PPL website
NAMD on GPUs

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---
nH Predict is a computer program developed by naviHealth that implements an algorithm that has allegedly been used by health insurance companies including United Healthcare and Humana to automatically deny coverage to patients. It is reported to work by cross-correlating patient health records with those of other patients.
It is estimated that such software automates away 50–75% of human labor that would be involved in such tasks.
A class action lawsuit (Estate of Gene B. Lokken et al. v. UnitedHealth Group, Inc. et al.) was filed in November 2023 against UnitedHealth Group regarding use of this software. UnitedHeath Group have stated that the lawsuit is unjustified.
== References ==

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NI Multisim (formerly MultiSIM) is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation. Multisim was originally created by a company named Electronics Workbench Group, which is now a division of National Instruments. Multisim includes microcontroller simulation (formerly known as MultiMCU), as well as integrated import and export features to the printed circuit board layout software in the suite, NI Ultiboard.
Multisim is widely used in academia and industry for circuits education, electronic schematic design and SPICE simulation.
== History ==
Multisim was originally called Electronics Workbench and created by a company called Interactive Image Technologies. At the time it was mainly used as an educational tool to teach electronics technician and electronics engineering programs in colleges and universities. National Instruments has maintained this educational legacy, with a specific version of Multisim with features developed for teaching electronics.
In 1999, Multisim was integrated with Ultiboard after the original company merged with Ultimate Technology, a PCB layout software company.
In 2005, Interactive Image Technologies was acquired by National Instruments Electronics Workbench Group and Multisim was renamed to NI Multisim.
== Pricing ==
== See also ==
Comparison of EDA software
List of free electronics circuit simulators
Proteus Design Suite
Qucs
NI Ultiboard, the PCB layout software that is integrated with Multisim.
OrCAD
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
National Instruments Circuit Design Community Circuit design blog and community to share components, models and footprints
Download Link for NI Multisim Allows a 30-day evaluation of the software
Introduction to Multisim Schematic Capture and SPICE Simulation
Getting Started with NI Ultiboard Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine

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NMR-STAR is an extension of the STAR file format to store the results of biological NMR experiments.

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The Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) is a global numerical weather prediction computer simulation run by the United States Navy's Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center. This mathematical model is run four times a day and produces weather forecasts. Along with the NWS's Global Forecast System, which runs out to 16 days, the ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS) and the CMC's Global Environmental Multiscale Model (GEM), both of which run out 10 days, and the UK Met Office's Unified Model, which runs out to 7 days, it is one of five synoptic scale medium-range models in general use.
The NAVGEM became operational in February 2013, replacing the NOGAPS. It uses the same forecast range as the NOGAPS did (three-hour intervals out 180 hours) but also uses a refurbished dynamic core and improvements to the physics simulations compared to its predecessor.
== References ==
Official Website: [1]

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Nesting algorithms are used to make the most efficient use of material or space. This could for instance be done by evaluating many different possible combinations via recursion.
Linear (1-dimensional): The simplest of the algorithms illustrated here. For an existing set there is only one position where a new cut can be placed – at the end of the last cut. Validation of a combination involves a simple Stock - Yield - Kerf = Scrap calculation.
Plate (2-dimensional): These algorithms are significantly more complex. For an existing set, there may be as many as eight positions where a new cut may be introduced next to each existing cut, and if the new cut is not perfectly square then different rotations may need to be checked. Validation of a potential combination involves checking for intersections between two-dimensional objects.
Packing (3-dimensional): These algorithms are the most complex illustrated here due to the larger number of possible combinations. Validation of a potential combination involves checking for intersections between three-dimensional objects.
== References ==

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Neuroph is an object-oriented artificial neural network framework written in Java. It can be used to create and train neural networks in Java programs. Neuroph provides Java class library as well as GUI tool easyNeurons for creating and training neural networks.
It is an open-source project hosted at SourceForge under the Apache License. Versions before 2.4 were licensed under LGPL 3, from this version the license is Apache 2.0 License.
== Features ==
Neuroph's core classes correspond to basic neural network concepts like artificial neuron, neuron layer, neuron connections, weight, transfer function, input function, learning rule etc. Neuroph supports common neural network architectures such as Multilayer perceptron with Backpropagation, Kohonen and Hopfield networks. All these classes can be extended and customized to create custom neural networks and learning rules. Neuroph has built-in support for image recognition.
== See also ==
Comparison of deep learning software
Neural network
SOM or Kohonen
Retropropagation
== References ==
== External links ==
Neuroph Homepage

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NMRPipe is a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance data processing program.
The project was preceded by other functionally similar programs but is, by and large, one of the most popular software packages for NMR Data Processing in part due to its efficiency (due to its utilization of Unix pipes) and ease of use (due to the large amount of logic embedded in its individual functions).
NMRPipe consists of a series of "functions" which can be applied to a FID data file in any sequence, by using UNIX pipes.
Each individual function in NMRPipe has a specific task and a set of arguments which can be sent to configure its behavior.
== See also ==
Comparison of NMR software
== External links ==
NmrPipe website
nmrPipe on NMR wiki

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ORCA is a general-purpose quantum chemistry package featuring a variety of methods including semi-empirical, density functional theory, many-body perturbation, coupled cluster, and multireference methods. ORCA provides an easy-to-learn input structure and thus high accessibility of quantum chemical approaches and workflows. The ORCA program package is mainly developed by Frank Neese, the department of molecular theory and spectroscopy at the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (MPI KoFo), and the FACCTs GmbH which also manages commercial licensing to industry. ORCA is generally freely available for academic use.
== History ==
The development of ORCA started in 1997, while Frank Neese was on his PostDoc at Stanford University. Since then the ORCA development went on, following Neese to his stations at the University of Bonn, the Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, and finally the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung. Since then, the ORCA development team grew constantly involving the whole department of molecular theory and spectroscopy at the MPI KoFo and various external academic developers contributing to ORCA.
In 2016, Frank Neese co-founded the FACCTs GmbH as a spin-off of the Max-Planck-Society to commercially license the ORCA program package to industry. In contrast to many other commercialized quantum chemistry programs, ORCA remains freely available for academic use.
Since its first release, the number of active users and developers grew steadily peaking in 90000+ registered users and 4000+ citations to ORCA per year.
== Selected Features ==
Hartree-Fock Theory
Efficient DFT and TDDFT implementation featuring RIJCOSX
MPn perturbation theory
Coupled-Cluster and local Coupled Cluster (DLPNO-CCSD(T))
Multireference methods
Semiempirical methods
Multiscale methods including QM/MM
== Release history ==
1.0.0: 1997 (no public release)
2.0.0: Sep. 1999
2.4.0: 2004
2.6.0: 2006
2.7.0: 2007
2.9.0: 2008
3.0.0: 2011
3.0.2: Jun. 2014
3.0.3: Dec. 2014
4.0.0: Mar. 2017
4.1.0: Dec. 2018
4.2.0: Aug. 2019
5.0.0: Jul. 2021
6.0.0: Jul. 2024
6.1.0: Jun. 2025
6.1.1: Dec. 2025
== Graphic interfaces ==
Avogadro
Chemcraft
UCSF ChimeraX
Molden
Ascalaph Designer
Gabedit
== See also ==
List of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics software
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Official forum
ORCA manual
ORCA tutorials

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Opasnet is a web-workspace for making open assessments, which are impact assessments where anyone can freely participate and contribute. Opasnet is a wiki website and it is built on MediaWiki platform. It is currently maintained and developed by the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland. Opasnet has won the World Summit Award Finland competition, the eGovernment and Institutions category.
== See also ==
Open assessment
Health impact assessment
Risk assessment
Environmental health
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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OpenAtom is a massively parallel quantum chemistry application written in Charm++ for simulations on supercomputers. Its developmental version was called LeanCP. Many important problems in material science, chemistry, solid-state physics, and biophysics require a modeling approach based on fundamental quantum mechanical principles. A particular approach that has proved to be relatively efficient and useful is Car-Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics (CPAIMD). It is widely used to study systems consisting of hundreds to thousands of atoms. CPAIMD computations involve many interdependent phases with high communication overhead including multiple concurrent sparse 3D fast Fourier transforms (3D-FFTs), non-square matrix multiplies and few concurrent dense 3D-FFTs.
Parallelization of this approach beyond a few hundred processors is challenging due to the complex dependencies among various subcomputations, which lead to complex communication, optimization, and load balancing problems. Using Charm++ and its concept of processor virtualization, the phases are discretized into multiple virtual processors which are, in turn, mapped flexibly onto physical processors, thereby allowing significant interleaving of work. Interleaving is enhanced through both architecturally independent methods and network topology aware mapping techniques. OpenAtom has shown good scaling up to 262,144 cores of IBM Blue Gene/Q and 131,072 cores of Blue Waters, a Cray XE6/XK7 system at NCSA.
OpenAtom is freely available for download at the OpenAtom webpage. Published papers can also be found at the website.
== See also ==
Charm++
NAMD
List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software
== External links ==
OpenAtom
LeanCP
Charm++
Piny MD

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---
OpenScientist is an integration of open source products working together to do scientific visualization and data analysis, in particular for high energy physics (HEP).
Among other things, it contains a light C++ AIDA implementation that can be used to run the histogramming part of Geant4 examples.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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Orthopaedic Studio is an application designed to help orthopaedic specialists perform several common quantitative hip examinations that are based on standard x-ray images.
The application is implemented as a plugin for the medical image viewer OsiriX and thereby only runs on Mac OS X.
Orthopaedic Studio evaluates four different types of hip radiographs (standing anteroposterior, Von Rosen, false profile and frog). On such images a number of standardized angles, offsets and ratios can be measured, including:
Lateral collateral ligament angle
Tönnis angle
Joint space width
Pelvic tilt and rotation
Anterior centre edge angle
Femoral head-neck offset ratio
Frog Alpha angle
Frog modified Alpha angle for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
Epiphysis-metaphyseal offset for SCFE
Southwick angle for SCFE
The following visual scores can also be registered:
Break in Shenton's line
Cross-over sign
Posterior wall sign
Tönnis classification
Joint congruity
== References ==

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PEBL (Psychology Experiment Building Language) is an open source software program created by Shane T. Mueller that allows researchers to design and run psychological experiments. It runs on PCs using Windows, OS X, and Linux, using the cross-platform Simple DirectMedia Library (libSDL). It was first released in 2003.
== Overview ==
PEBL is a programming language that allows users to create experiments by editing text files. It is written in C++, with a language parser designed using Flex and Bison. It incorporates functions compiled as C++ code that can be used in PEBL, as well as a large number of functions written in PEBL itself. PEBL supports presenting stimuli via text, images, movies, audio files; allows response collection via keypress, mouse, joystick, and specialized hardware devices; and supports a number of networking and communication protocols. The PEBL system and related files have been downloaded more than 100,000 times.
== Test battery ==
As well as allowing researchers to develop their own experiments, PEBL includes a set of more than 50 common psychological testing paradigms as part of its Test Battery. Many of its tests have been used and published in peer-reviewed journals.
These include implementations of:
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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PLUMED is an open-source library implementing enhanced-sampling algorithms, various free-energy methods, and analysis tools for molecular dynamics simulations. It is designed to be used together with ACEMD, AMBER, DL_POLY, GROMACS, LAMMPS, NAMD, OpenMM, ABIN, CP2K, i-PI, PINY-MD, and Quantum ESPRESSO, but it can also be used together with analysis and visualization tools VMD, HTMD, and OpenPathSampling.
In addition, PLUMED can be used as a standalone tool for analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories. A graphical user interface named METAGUI is available.
== Collective variables ==
PLUMED offers a large collection of collective variables that serve as descriptions of complex processes that occur during molecular dynamics simulations, for example angles, positions, distances, interaction energies, and total energy.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
METAGUI

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title: "PP3"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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PP3 is free software that produces sky charts, focussing on high quality graphics and typography. It is distributed a license based on the MIT License, but with this restriction added:
If you copy or distribute a modified version of this Software, the entire resulting derived work must be given a different name and distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Sky charts are produced as LaTeX files, so an installation of LaTeX and Ghostscript is required to obtain results in PostScript or PDF formats. Knowledge of command line syntax for these packages is however not required, as PP3 can run the conversions automatically.
Initially Wikipedia's own star charts were produced by PP3. PP3 generates maps in the azimuthal equidistant projection.
== See also ==
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
PP3 on SourceForge

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PSF Lab is a software program that allows the calculation of the illumination point spread function (PSF) of a confocal microscope under various imaging conditions. The calculation of the electric field vectors is based on a rigorous, vectorial model that takes polarization effects in the near-focus region and high numerical aperture microscope objectives into account.
The polarization of the input beam (assumed to be collimated and monochromatic) can be chosen freely (linear, circular, or elliptic). Furthermore, a constant or Gaussian shaped input beam intensity profile can be assumed. On its way from the objective to the focus, the illumination light passes through up to three stratified optical layers, which allows the simulation of an immersion oil/air (layer 1) objective that focusses light through a glass cover slip (layer 2) into the sample medium (layer 3). Each layer is characterized by its (constant) refractive index and thickness. PSF Lab can also simulate microscope objectives that are corrected for certain refractive indices and cover slip thicknesses (design parameters). Thus, any deviations from the ideal imaging conditions for which the objective was designed for are properly taken into account.
The following optical parameters can be selected:
Input beam
Wavelength
Gaussian profile filling parameter (0 = constant profile)
Polarization (linear, circular, elliptic)
Outputs
Individual field components
Squared field components
Intensity
Microscope objective
Numerical aperture
Optical media
Refractive index (design and actual)
Thickness (design and actual)
Depth (focus position within medium 3)
The program calculates only 2D section of the PSF, but several calculations can be stacked (with a third party program) to obtain the full 3D PSF. Calculations are organized in "sets", each with its own set of parameters. Loops can be set up such that PSF Lab calculates one or several sets, increasing the resolution of the calculated images in each new iteration. The resulting image is displayed in PSF Lab in linear or logarithmic color scale with user-selectable color map, and the intensity, individual field components, or squared field component distributions can be exported into various formats (data formats: .mat, .h5 (HDF5), .txt (ASCII); image formats: .fig, .ai, .bmp, .emf, .eps, .jpg, .pcx, .pdf, .png, .tif).
== See also ==
Point spread function
Optical microscope
Confocal microscopy
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
Molecular Expressions, introduction to deconvolution using PSFs.

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PSI Protein Classifier is a program generalizing the results of both successive and independent iterations of the PSI-BLAST program. PSI Protein Classifier determines belonging of the found by PSI-BLAST proteins to the known families. The unclassified proteins are grouped according to similarity. PSI Protein Classifier allows to measure evolutionary distances between families of homologous proteins by the number of PSI-BLAST iterations.
== Sources ==
D.G. Naumoff and M. Carreras. PSI Protein Classifier: a new program automating PSI-BLAST search results. Molecular Biology (Engl Transl), 2009, 43(4):652-664. PDF
== External links ==
PSI Protein Classifier

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---
PYTHIA is a computer simulation program for predicting events at very high energies in particle accelerators.
== History ==
PYTHIA was originally written in FORTRAN 77, until the 2007 release of PYTHIA 8.1 which was rewritten in C++. Both the Fortran and C++ versions were maintained until 2012 because not all components had been merged into the 8.1 version. However, the latest version already includes new features not available in the Fortran release. PYTHIA is developed and maintained by an international collaboration of physicists, consisting of Christian Bierlich, Nishita Desai, Leif Gellersen, Ilkka Helenius, Philip Ilten, Leif Lönnblad, Stephen Mrenna, Stefan Prestel, Christian Preuss, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, Peter Skands, Marius Utheim and Rob Verheyen.
== Features ==
The following is a list of some of the features PYTHIA is capable of simulating:
Hard and soft interactions
Parton distributions
Initial/final-state parton showers
Multiparton interactions
Fragmentation and decay
== See also ==
Particle physics
Particle decay
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Sjöstrand, Torbjörn (2020). "The Pythia event generator: Past, present and future". Computer Physics Communications. 246 106910. arXiv:1907.09874. Bibcode:2020CoPhC.24606910S. doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2019.106910.
== External links ==
The official PYTHIA page

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---
ParaSurf is a molecular modelling system using semi-empirical orbital programs to construct molecular surfaces and calculate local properties and descriptors using pharmaceutical companies for drug design.
ParaSurf is supplied to and used by many pharmaceutical companies and biotechs, including Boehringer Ingelheim, F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Sanofi-Aventis.
== References ==

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:58.105688+00:00"
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---
In automated theorem proving, PhoX is a proof assistant based on higher-order logic which is eXtensible. The user gives PhoX an initial goal and guides it through subgoals and evidence to prove that goal; internally, it constructs natural deduction trees. Each previously proven formula can become a rule for later proofs.
PhoX was originally designed and implemented by Christophe Raffalli in the OCaml programming language. He has continued to lead the current development team, a joint effort of University of Savoy and University Paris VII.
The primary aim of the PhoX project creating a user friendly proof checker using the type system developed by Jean-Louis Krivine at University Paris VII. It is meant to be more intuitive than other systems while remaining extensible, efficient, and expressive. Compared to other systems, the proof-building syntax is simplified and closer to natural language. Other features include GUI-driven proof construction, rendering formatted output, and proof of correctness of programs in the ML programming language.
PhoX is currently used to teach logic at Savoy University. It is in an experimental but usable state. It is released under CeCILL 2.0.
== External links ==
Phox website

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:16:59.479206+00:00"
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---

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title: "Planetarium software"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:17:00.715290+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---
Planetarium software is application software that allows a user to simulate the celestial sphere at any time of day, especially at night, on a computer. Such applications can be as rudimentary as displaying a star chart or sky map for a specific time and location, or as complex as rendering photorealistic views of the sky.
While some planetarium software is meant to be used exclusively on a personal computer, some applications can be used to interface with and control telescopes or planetarium projectors. Optional features may include inserting the orbital elements of comets and other newly discovered bodies for display.
== Comparison of planetarium software ==
== See also ==
Space flight simulation game
List of space flight simulation games
List of observatory software
== References ==

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Polyworld is a cross-platform (Linux, Mac OS X) program written by Larry Yaeger to evolve Artificial Intelligence through natural selection and evolutionary algorithms.
It uses the Qt graphics toolkit and OpenGL to display a graphical environment in which a population of trapezoid agents search for food, mate, have offspring, and prey on each other. The population is typically only in the hundreds, as each individual is rather complex and the environment consumes considerable computer resources. The graphical environment is necessary since the individuals actually move around the 2-D plane and must be able to "see." Since some basic abilities, like eating carcasses or randomly generated food, seeing other individuals, mating or fighting with them, etc., are possible, a number of interesting behaviours have been observed to spontaneously arise after prolonged evolution, such as cannibalism, predators and prey, and mimicry.
Each individual makes decisions based on a neural net using Hebbian learning; the neural net is derived from each individual's genome. The genome does not merely specify the wiring of the neural nets, but also determines their size, speed, color, mutation rate and a number of other factors. The genome is randomly mutated at a set probability, which are also changed in descendant organisms.
== References ==
== External links ==
Github entry
Yaeger's page on Polyworld
Google TechTalk about Polyworld

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Praat ( PRAHT; Dutch: [praːt] transl. "Talk") is a free, open-source computer software package widely used for speech analysis and synthesis in phonetics and other fields of linguistics. The software was developed and is maintained by Paul Boersma and David Weenink at the University of Amsterdam, and is compatible most major operating systems, including Unix, Linux, Mac, and Microsoft Windows. Praat has been used in linguistic research on endangered and minority languages, as well as for analyzing regional accents and phonetic variation.
Praat's main uses are the analysis, manipulation, and synthesis of sounds. With a given sound, Praat allows users to extract information about vowel formants, prosodic details (including intonation and pitch), and visual information via spectrograms and waveforms, which includes voicing, as well as the presence or absence of a particular segment. Users can also annotate sounds and interact with them using the built-in GUI scripting language.
== Version history ==
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
praat on GitHub

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ProStat is a program for statistical analysis and graphical presentation designed to analyze data and create publication quality 2D and 3D graphs developed by Poly Software International, Inc. The software can read multiple formats and perform mathematical transforms and statistical analyses. ProStat can help reach research and development goals, including analyzing data for a proposal, preparing graphs for publication, or solving technical research problems. ProStat is maintained on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and the current version is 5.5 for Windows 98 to Windows 7.
== History ==
ProStat was developed by Poly Software International, Inc. in 1996.
== Capabilities ==
ProStat provides a data sheet window called Sheet Window where data can be edited and analyzed, a graphics editing window called Plot Window where data can be plotted on screen, the capability to export to most computer graphic formats, and the ability to print at high resolutions on common dot-matrix printers, laser printers, plotters, or slide makers. Users can import their data from various formats including Microsoft Excel, ASCII, CSV, Microsoft Access, and dBase.
ProStat also includes a thirteen-lesson tutorial for new users to introduce them to the basics of ProStat.
== Comparison with PSI-Plot ==
PSI-Plot is the sister software to ProStat. The differences between the two software are generally in extent or depth of a tool class rather than presence or absence. ANOVA in PSI-Plot becomes ANOVA, ANCOVA and MANOVA in ProStat, while the range of plot types in ProStat is extended in PSI-Plot by the addition of options such as Pareto charts, Smith curves, ternary, vector, and column plots. FFT is available in both, but extended differently according to the emphases of the different target users.
== References ==
== External links ==
Poly Software International, Inc., official site

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:17:13.131361+00:00"
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Python-based Simulations of Chemistry Framework (PySCF) is an ab initio computational chemistry program natively implemented in Python program language. The package aims to provide a simple, light-weight and efficient platform for quantum chemistry code developing and calculation. It provides various functions to do the Hartree–Fock, MP2, density functional theory, MCSCF, coupled cluster theory at non-relativistic level and 4-component relativistic Hartree–Fock theory. Although most functions are written in Python, the computation critical modules are intensively optimized in C. As a result, the package works as efficient as other C/Fortran-based quantum chemistry program. PySCF is developed by Qiming Sun. PySCF2.0 is the latest version of the program.
== See also ==
Quantum chemistry software
== References ==
== External links ==
PySCF source code
PySCF HomePage

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QOCA is a library for incrementally solving systems of linear equations with various goal functions. It was developed by Kim Marriott and Sitt Sen Chok at Monash University, starting in 1992. The library provides three different solvers, one of which is based on the Cassowary algorithm. It can provide linear equalities and inequalities, using either Euclidean or Manhattan distances. C++ and Java implementations are available.
QOCA follows an object-oriented design. Its interface is based on metric space. Constraints can be added or removed, and “edit” variables can be applied and adjusted. It was designed to be suitable for real-time applications. In a 1997 technical report comparing QOCA to Cassowary, researchers described the former as being “considerably more sophisticated” and having “much better performance” than the latter.
QOCA is licensed under the GNU General Public License, version 2.
== References ==
== External links ==
Archived project website

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QuickField is a finite element analysis software package running on Windows platforms. It is developed by the Danish company Tera Analysis Ltd. in cooperation with Russian firm Tor Ltd. QuickField is available as a commercial program or as a free Student Edition with limited functionality. Main applications include computer simulations of electromagnetic fields for scientific and industrial purposes, and use as a teaching aid in the college and university electromagnetic or physics courses.
== Analysis types ==
AC, DC and transient electromagnetics
Electrostatics, DC, AC and transient electric analysis
Steady-state and transient heat transfer
Stress analysis
Coupled multiphysics
== References ==
== External links ==
Main QuickField Support site
Tera Analysis Ltd. home page
QuickField User's Guide
German QuickField Support site
French QuickField Support site
Spanish QuickField Support site
Tor Ltd. home page

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rDock (previously RiboDock) is an open-source molecular docking software that be used for docking small molecules against proteins and nucleic acids. It is primarily designed for high-throughput virtual screening and prediction of binding mode.
== History ==
The development of rDock started in 1998 in RiboTargets (later Vernalis (R&D) Ltd). The software was originally called RiboDock. The development went on until 2006 when the software was licensed to University of York for academic distribution and also maintenance.
Six years later, in 2012, Vernalis and University of York decided to release rDock as open-source software to allow its further development by the wider community. The version that was released as open source is developed and supported by University of Barcelona on SourceForge. The development on SourceForge stalled after June 2014 and the repository is considered deprecated after the migration to GitHub.
A fork named RxDock continued the development of rDock from April 2019 until March 2022 on GitLab. As of April 2022, the RxDock project development activity is very low.
== See also ==
Docking (molecular)
Virtual screening
List of protein-ligand docking software
== References ==
== External links ==
rDock - The Molecular Docking Platform (University of York)
rDock - A Fast, Versatile and Open Source Program for Docking Ligands to Proteins and Nucleic Acids (SourceForge)
RxDock (fork of rDock)
CmDock (fork of RxDock)
Barril Lab Software (University of Barcelona)

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RQDA is an R package for computer-assisted qualitative data analysis or CAQDAS, making it one of the few open source tools to assist qualitative coding of textual data. Note that there are also other popular but mostly proprietary CAQDAS tools such as NVivo and Atlas.ti but these software come at a cost. RQDA was developed by Huang Ronggui during his PhD study at the City University of Hong Kong, which he still maintains until today.
RQDA is installable from, and runs within, the R statistical software, but has a separate window running a graphical user interface (through RGtk2). RQDA's approach allowed for tight integration of the constructivist approach of qualitative research with quantitative data analysis which can increase the rigor, transparency, and validity of qualitative research.
The use of RQDA is best grounded in the tradition of qualitative research where the main function of CAQDAS is to assist with the "coding" of textual data. The data could be a word (e.g., society), a concept (e.g., "social entrepreneurship"), a phrase (e.g., social entrepreneurship is a hybrid of commercial and social welfare logics), to a sentence or paragraph (e.g., "social enterprise concerns citizen-driven initiatives that aim to create public value. While the idea of social enterprise emerged officially since the 1980s, its actual practice predated to the tribal era where humans engaged in economic activities while simultaneously aiming to create collective social outcomes").
Researchers and analysts typically use RQDA using two types of coding approaches: inductive and deductive. In inductive coding, a researcher codes a body of text "from the ground up". That is, the textual units that are coded are not pre-determined by specific theory/literature/concepts but the texts are coded to discover new concepts/ideas/theories to emerge from the body of textual data. Meanwhile, in deductive coding, a researcher starts from a pre-specified framework/theory/literature and coded a body of textual data to confirm that such theory or concepts do exist in the data. The former is exploratory (to discover new concepts or ideas) and one does not care how many times (the frequency) a new concept occurs, while the latter is confirmatory (to unearth something new) and takes into account how many times a concept occurs in the body of text.
The use of CAQDAS for textual data coding should be grounded in the tradition in qualitative research. One notable example is the grounded theory approach by Corbin and Strauss (1990). See also grounded theory by Glaser and Strauss (2017).
One book on RQDA offers a systematic demonstration of its use by grounding it in on a systematic and structured approach in doing qualitative inductive coding a la Dennis Gioia, or known as the Gioia Methodology. This methodology has gained popularity in various fields, from management and organization studies, marketing, to public administration. This book contains multiple parts, some of the key components are: an overview of qualitative research, an overview of CAQDAS, how to conduct CAQDAS based qualitative research, how to do inductive coding, how to use data attributes and memos, how to aggregate or abstract codes to a higher level and visualizing them, and finally, how to reach closure in the analysis by formulating a grounded theory from the codes.
== Features ==
In the graphical interface it had the following functions:
Import documents from plain text
Support non-English documents, Simplified Chinese Character is well-tested under Windows
Support character-level coding
Memos for documents, codes, coding, project, files etc.
Retrieve coding, and easily gets back to the original file. Conditional retrieval is supported as well.
Single-file (*.rqda) format, which is basically the SQLite database
Categorize codes (tree-like categories are avoided)
Categorize files
Search files by keywords and can highlight keyword in the open file
Show attributes of files, which is useful for content analysis
Categorise cases and related attributes of cases (to bridge qualitative and quantitative research)
Search information about selected cases from the web
Rename files, codes, code categories, cases etc.
Write and organize fieldwork journals
Through use of R functions, it could:
Import a batch of files
Calculate the relation between two codings, given the coding indexes
Give a summary of coding and inter-code relationship.
Export file/case attributes and show subset of files/cases.
Allow for more flexible conditional retrieval.
Boolean operations of and, or and not.
The project was abandoned because of orphaned upstream packages.
== See also ==
Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
RQDA video tutorials
Tutorial "Qualitative Data Analysis in R"
Warner, L. (2012). Eval12 Session 682: R Qualitative Data Analysis (RQDA) Package: A Free Qualitative Analysis Tool (skill-building presentation)
Scholarly research using RQDA

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R Commander (Rcmdr) is a GUI for the R programming language, licensed under the GNU General Public License, and developed and maintained by John Fox in the sociology department at McMaster University. Rcmdr looks and works similarly to SPSS GUI by providing a menu of analytic and graphical methods. It also displays the underlying R code that runs each analysis.
Rcmdr can be installed from within R, like any R package. Integration with Microsoft Excel is provided by the RExcel package, which also provides an RAndFriendsLight "bundle" graphical installer. R commander is used as a suggested learning environment for a number of R-centric academic statistics books for students and scientists.
== See also ==
Comparison of statistical packages
R interfaces
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Fox, John (2017). Using the R Commander: A Point-and-Click Interface for R. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-4190-3.
== External links ==
Official home page
Rcmdr at CRAN

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The Recombination detection program (RDP) is a computer program used to analyse nucleotide sequence data and identify evidence of genetic recombination. Besides applying a large number of different recombination detection methods it also implements various phylogenetic tree construction methods and recombination hotspot tests. The latest version is RDP4.
== See also ==
Computational phylogenetics
== References ==
== External links ==
Program home page
Virus Evolution paper

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Regina is a suite of mathematical software for 3-manifold topologists. It focuses upon the study of 3-manifold triangulations and includes support for normal surfaces and angle structures.
== Features ==
Regina implements a variant of Rubinstein's 3-sphere recognition algorithm. This is an algorithm that determines whether or not a triangulated 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.
Regina further implements the connect-sum decomposition. This will decompose a triangulated 3-manifold into a connect-sum of triangulated prime 3-manifolds.
Homology and Poincare duality for 3-manifolds, including the torsion linking form.
Includes portions of the SnapPea kernel for some geometric calculations.
Has both a GUI and Python interface.
== See also ==
Computational topology
== References ==

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Rhea is a bioinformatic pipeline written in R language for the analysis of microbial profiles. It was released during the end of 2016 and it is publicly available through a GitHub repository.
Starting with an Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) table, the pipeline contains scripts that perform the following common analytical steps:
Normalization of the OTU table
Calculation of the alpha diversity for each sample
Calculation of beta diversity and visualization of the results with PCoA
Taxonomic binning
Statistical testing
Correlation analysis
The name Rhea was primarily given to the pipeline as a phonetic and visual link to the R language used throughout development. Moreover, as stated in the original publication, the name was chosen to reflect the flowing and evolving nature of the scripts, as "flow" is one of the suggested etymology of the name of the mythological goddess Rhea.
== References ==

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Riffusion is a neural network, designed by Seth Forsgren and Hayk Martiros, that generates music using images of sound rather than audio.
The resulting music has been described as "de otro mundo" (otherworldly), although unlikely to replace man-made music. The model was made available on December 15, 2022, with the code also freely available on GitHub.
The first version of Riffusion was created as a fine-tuning of Stable Diffusion, an existing open-source model for generating images from text prompts, on spectrograms, resulting in a model which used text prompts to generate image files which could then be put through an inverse Fourier transform and converted into audio files. While these files were only several seconds long, the model could also use latent space between outputs to interpolate different files together (using the img2img capabilities of SD). It was one of many models derived from Stable Diffusion.
In December 2022, Mubert similarly used Stable Diffusion to turn descriptive text into music loops. In January 2023, Google published a paper on their own text-to-music generator called MusicLM.
Forsgren and Martiros formed a startup, also called Riffusion, and raised $4 million in venture capital funding in October 2023.
== References ==

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RoboGEO is a geocoding software program which synchronizes a Global Positioning System tracklog with a collection of time-coded pictures. A demo is available for download on the Internet. The demo intentionally adds errors of around a kilometer into the data.
One main feature of the Software is its capability to imprint Metadata on to the Photo, so is it possible to visualize Coordinates for example.
For other methods of geocoding images, see Geocoded photo.
== References ==
== External links ==
http://robogeo.com/ - official site

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:17:42.992077+00:00"
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Symbolic Analysis Program for Windows (SAPWIN) is a proprietary symbolic circuit simulator written in C++ for the Microsoft Windows operating systems Vista, 7.0 and 8.1. Unlike more common numerical circuit simulators (such as Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)), SAPWIN can generate analytical Laplace domain expressions for arbitrary network functions of linear analog circuits. The SAPWIN package also includes tools for schematic capture and graphic post-processing.
SAPWIN is available free from its homepage at the University of Florence website.
== SapecNG ==
Symbolic Analysis Program for Electric Circuits - Next Generation (SapecNG) is the open-source software relative of SAPWIN, written in Boost C++ libraries and designed to be cross-platform. QSapecNG is a Qt-based graphical user interface (GUI) and schematic capture program for SAPEC-NG.
== See also ==
Comparison of EDA software
List of free electronics circuit simulators
Symbolic Circuit Analysis
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
SAPWIN - A Symbolic Simulator as a Support in Electrical Engineering Education
SapWin on SourceForge

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Schoonschip was one of the first computer algebra systems, developed in 1963 by Martinus J. G. Veltman, for use in particle physics.
"Schoonschip" refers to the Dutch expression "schoon schip maken": to make a clean sweep, to clean/clear things up (literally: to make the ship clean). The name was chosen "among others to annoy everybody, who could not speak Dutch".
Veltman initially developed the program to compute the quadrupole moment of the W boson, the computation of which involved "a monstrous expression involving in the order of 50,000 terms in intermediate stages"
The initial version, dating to December 1963, ran on an IBM 7094 mainframe. In 1966 it was ported to the CDC 6600 mainframe, and later to most of the rest of Control Data's CDC line. In 1983 it was ported to the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, allowing its use on a number of 68000-based systems running variants of Unix.
FORM can be regarded, in a sense, as the successor to Schoonschip.
Contacts with Veltman about Schoonschip have been important for Stephen Wolfram in building Mathematica.
== See also ==
Comparison of computer algebra systems
== References ==
== External links ==
Documentation
Schoonschip program files, documentation, and examples
== Further reading ==
Close, Frank (2011) The Infinity Puzzle. Oxford University Press. Describes the historical context of and rationale for 'Schoonschip' (Chapter 11: "And Now I Introduce Mr 't Hooft")

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ScicosLab is a software package providing a multi-platform environment for scientific computation. It is based on the official Scilab 4.x (BUILD4) distribution, and includes the modeling and simulation tool Scicos and a number of other toolboxes.
The latest stable version of ScicosLab is ScicosLab 4.4.2.
It is possible that Scilab/Scicos is currently the most complete alternative to commercial packages for dynamic systems modeling and simulation packages such as MATLAB/Simulink and MATRIXx/SystemBuild."
== Features ==
ScicosLab runs, and is available in binary format, for the main available platforms like Unix/Linux workstations, Microsoft Windows, and MacOSX. Scicoslab was based on Scilab and Scicos, but it was forked from them. Currently it is separated from the new versions evolution in order to maintain compatibility among them.
== See also ==
Scilab
Scicos
== External links ==
ScicosLab Homepage
Scilab License
Scicos Homepage
Maxplus Homepage
Scicos-FLEX Homepage - Scicos-FLEX is a toolbox for code generation for embedded microcontrollers
E4Coder: The toolset based on ScicosLab for simulation and code generation for embedded devices
== References ==

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title: "Screened Coulomb potentials implicit solvent model"
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SCP-ISM, or screened Coulomb potentials implicit solvent model, is a continuum approximation of solvent effects for use in computer simulations of biological macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, usually within the framework of molecular dynamics. It is based on the classic theory of polar liquids, as developed by Peter Debye and corrected by Lars Onsager to incorporate reaction field effects. The model can be combined with quantum chemical calculations to formally derive a continuum model of solvent effects suitable for computer simulations of small and large molecular systems. The model is included in the CHARMM molecular mechanics code.
== References ==
== External links ==
An essay on SCP-ISM
CHARMM website

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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:17:35.547732+00:00"
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title: "SigmaPlot"
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category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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instance: "kb-cron"
---
SigmaPlot is a proprietary software package for scientific graphing and data analysis. It runs on Microsoft Windows.
The software can read multiple formats, such as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, and can also perform mathematical transforms and statistical analyses. A single, perpetual product license costs between $899 and $1599 depending on academic, corporate, or government affiliation. This perpetual license cost may be inaccurate as Grafiti LLC requires a discussion of quote to receive a license now.
As of version 16, a free 30-day trial is available via the website.
== History ==
SigmaPlot was developed by Jandel Corporation for Windows 3.1x and maintained by them until version 4.0. In 1996, Jandel Corporation merged into SPSS Inc. SigmaPlot was maintained by SPSS through version 8. As of version 9, it was owned and maintained by SYSTAT Software, before SYSTAT was acquired by Inpixon on 6 July 2020.
The current versions are 16.x and SigmaPlot NG Foundation for Windows XP to Windows 10. It is now developed by Grafiti LLC.
== Alternatives and clones ==
The main competitors of SigmaPlot are currently Origin and GraphPad Prism. Open-source projects inspired by Origin include QtiPlot (prior to v0.9.9, now proprietary) and SciDAVis.
== References ==
== External links ==
SigmaPlot, official site
Sigmaplot tutorial, YouTube video

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title: "Sim4"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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instance: "kb-cron"
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Sim4 is a nucleotide sequence alignment program akin to BLAST but specifically tailored to DNA to cDNA/EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) alignment (as opposed to DNA–DNA or protein–protein alignment). It was written by Florea et al.
== External links ==
A Computer Program for Aligning a cDNA Sequence with a Genomic DNA Sequence
Download

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instance: "kb-cron"
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Simfit is a free open-source Windows package for simulation, curve fitting, statistics, and plotting, using a library of models or user-defined mathematical equations. Simfit has been developed by Bill Bardsley of the University of Manchester. Although it is written for Windows, it can easily be installed and used on Linux machines via WINE.
Simfit is developed using Silverfrost Limited's FTN95 Fortran Compiler and is currently featured on their website as a showcased application. The graphical functionality in Simfit has been released as a Fortran library called Simdem which allows the programmer to produce charts and graphs with just a few lines of Fortran. A version of Simdem is shipped with the Windows version of the NAG Fortran Builder.
A Spanish-language version of Simfit is maintained by a team in Salamanca.
At Version 8.1.1 a simplified version of simfit called sv_simfit designed for first-time users is bundled with the main simfit package.
== References ==
== External links ==
Main Website
Website of the Silverfrost version
Website of the Spanish version

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date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:13:46.428893+00:00"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:17:40.531701+00:00"
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title: "Simulated fluorescence process algorithm"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:17:41.719430+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
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The Simulated Fluorescence Process (SFP) is a computing algorithm used for scientific visualization of 3D data from, for example, fluorescence microscopes. By modeling a physical light/matter interaction process, an image can be computed which shows the data as it would have appeared in reality when viewed under these conditions.
== Principle ==
The algorithm considers a virtual light source producing excitation light that illuminates the object. This casts shadows either on parts of the object itself or on other objects below it. The interaction between the excitation light and the object provokes the emission light, which also interacts with the object before it finally reaches the eye of the viewer.
== See also ==
Computer graphics lighting
Rendering (computer graphics)
== References ==
== External links ==
Freeware SFP renderer

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