Scrape wikipedia-science: 11670 new, 3694 updated, 15754 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPAC-0.md

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+---
+title: "AMPAC"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPAC"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:21.901602+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+AMPAC is a general-purpose semiempirical quantum chemistry program.  It is marketed by Semichem, Inc. and was developed originally by Michael Dewar and his group.
+The first version of AMPAC (2.1) was made available in 1985 through the Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange (QCPE). Subsequent versions were released through the same source, representing minor updates and optimized versions for other platforms.
+In 1992, Semichem, Inc. was formed at Professor Dewar's urging to maintain and market the program. AMPAC 4.0 with Graphical User Interface was released in August of that year. Semichem's current version of AMPAC is 10.
+AMPAC current implements the SAM1, AM1, MNDO, MNDO/d, PM3, MNDOC MINDO/3, RM1 and PM6 semi-empirical methods and AMSOL and COSMO salvation models.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Quantum chemistry computer programs
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBS_(software)-0.md

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+---
+title: "APBS (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBS_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:23.138297+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+APBS (previously also Advanced Poisson-Boltzmann Solver) is a free and open-source software for solving the equations of continuum electrostatics intended primarily for the large biomolecular systems. It is available under the BSD license.
+PDB2PQR prepares the protein structure files from Protein Data Bank for use with APBS. The preparation steps include, but aren't limited to adding missing heavy atoms to the structures and assigning charges from a number of force fields. The output file format is PQR and that's where the name of the software comes from.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Official documentation
+APBS, PDB2PQR, and related software - GitHub

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCEND-0.md

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+---
+title: "ASCEND"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCEND"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:25.552081+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ASCEND is an open source, mathematical modelling chemical process modelling system developed at Carnegie Mellon University since late 1978. ASCEND is an acronym which stands for Advanced System for Computations in Engineering Design. Its main uses have been in the field of chemical process modelling although its capabilities are general. 
+ASCEND includes nonlinear algebraic solvers, differential/algebraic equation solvers, nonlinear optimization and modelling of multi-region 'conditional models'. Its matrix operations are supported by an efficient sparse matrix solver called mtx.
+ASCEND differs from earlier modelling systems because it separates the solving strategy from model building. So domain experts (people writing the models) and computational engineers (people writing the solver code) can work separately in developing ASCEND. Together with a number of other early modelling tools, its architecture helped to inspire newer languages such as Modelica. It was recognised for its flexible use of variables and parameters, which it always treats as solvable, if desired
+The software remains as an active open-source software project, and has been part of the Google Summer of Code programme in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 (under the Python Software Foundation) and has been accepted for the 2015 programme as well.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Art Westerberg
+AMPL
+APMonitor
+EMSO
+JModelica.org
+Modelica
+List of chemical process simulators
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASReml-0.md

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+---
+title: "ASReml"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASReml"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:26.763327+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ASReml is a statistical software package for fitting linear mixed models using restricted maximum likelihood, a technique commonly used in plant and animal breeding and quantitative genetics as well as other fields. It is notable for its ability to fit very large and complex data sets efficiently, due to its use of the average information algorithm and sparse matrix methods.
+It was originally developed by Arthur Gilmour.
+ASREML can be used in Windows, Linux, and as an add-on to S-PLUS and R.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ASReml home page
+ASReml "Cook book"
+Review at Scientific Computing World

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Recording_Kit-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Recording_Kit"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:16:59.288235+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:24.367080+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomistix_ToolKit-0.md

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+---
+title: "Atomistix ToolKit"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomistix_ToolKit"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:27.972006+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+QuantumATK (formerly Atomistix ToolKit or ATK) is a commercial software for atomic-scale modeling and simulation of nanosystems. The software was originally developed by Atomistix A/S, and was later acquired by QuantumWise following the Atomistix bankruptcy. QuantumWise was then acquired by Synopsys in 2017.
+Atomistix ToolKit is a further development of TranSIESTA-C, which in turn is based on the technology, models, and algorithms developed in the academic codes TranSIESTA, and McDCal, employing localized basis sets as developed in SIESTA.
+
+
+== Features ==
+Atomistix ToolKit combines density functional theory with non-equilibrium Green's functions for first principles electronic structure and transport calculations of 
+
+electrode—nanostructure—electrode systems (two-probe systems)
+molecules
+periodic systems (bulk crystals and nanotubes)
+The key features are
+
+Calculation of transport properties of two-probe systems under an applied bias voltage
+Calculation of energy spectra, wave functions, electron densities, atomic forces, effective potentials etc.
+Calculation of spin-polarized physical properties
+Geometry optimization
+A Python-based NanoLanguage scripting environment
+
+
+== See also ==
+Atomistix Virtual NanoLab — a graphical user interface
+NanoLanguage
+Atomistix
+Quantum chemistry computer programs
+Molecular mechanics programs
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+QuantumWise web site

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochem-0.md

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+---
+title: "Autochem"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochem"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:29.164711+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+AutoChem is NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documenter for chemically reactive systems written by David Lary between 1993 and the present. It was designed  primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry, and in particular, for chemical data assimilation.
+The user selects a set of chemical species. AutoChem then searches chemical reaction databases for these species and automatically constructs the ordinary differential equations (ODE) that describe the chemical system. AutoChem symbolically differentiates the time derivatives to give the Jacobian matrix, and symbolically differentiates the Jacobian matrix to give the Hessian matrix and the adjoint. The Jacobian matrix is required by many algorithms that solve the ordinary differential equations numerically, particular when the ODEs are stiff. The Hessian matrix and the adjoint are required for four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var). AutoChem documents the whole process in a set of LaTeX and PDF files.
+The reactions involving the user specified constituents are extracted by the first AutoChem preprocessor program called Pick. This subset of reactions is then used by the second AutoChem preprocessor program RoC (rate of change) to generate the time derivatives, Jacobian, and Hessian. Once the two preprocessor programs have run to completion all the Fortran 90 code has been generated that is necessary for modeling and assimilating the kinetic processes.
+A huge observational database of many different atmospheric constituents from a host of platforms are available from the AutoChem site.
+AutoChem has been used to perform long term chemical data assimilation of atmospheric chemistry. This assimilation was automatically documented by the AutoChem software and is available on line at CDACentral. Data quality is always an issue for chemical data assimilation, in particular the presence of biases. To identify and understand the biases it is useful to compare observations using probability distribution functions. Such an analysis is available on line at PDFCentral which was designed for the validation of observations from the NASA Aura satellite.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Chemical kinetics
+CHEMKIN
+Cantera
+Chemical WorkBench
+Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP)
+SpeedCHEM
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_Simulation-0.md

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+---
+title: "Autodesk Simulation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_Simulation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:30.387722+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Autodesk Simulation is a general-purpose multiphysics finite element analysis software package initially developed by ALGOR Incorporated and acquired by Autodesk in January 2009.
+
+It is intended for use with Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. It is distributed in a number of different core packages to cater to specific applications, such as mechanical event simulation and computational fluid dynamics.
+Under the ALGOR name, the software was used by scientists and engineers worldwide. It has found applications in aerospace.
+
+
+== Typical uses ==
+Typical uses include bending, mechanical contact, thermal (conduction, convection and radiation) fluid dynamics, and coupled or uncoupled multiphysics.
+
+
+== Materials and elements database ==
+Autodesk Simulation's library of material models includes metals and alloys, plastics, glass, foams, fabrics, elastomers, Concrete (with rebar), soils and user-defined materials.
+Autodesk Simulation's element library depends on the geometry and the type of analysis performed. It includes 8 and 4 node solid, 8 and 4 node shell, as well as beam and rod elements.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of computational fluid dynamics software
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Autodesk simulation products page

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Anatomical_Labeling-0.md

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+---
+title: "Automated Anatomical Labeling"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Anatomical_Labeling"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:31.568931+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) (or Anatomical Automatic Labeling) is a software package and digital atlas of the human brain.
+It is typically used in functional neuroimaging-based research to obtain neuroanatomical labels for the locations in 3-dimensional space where the measurements of some aspect of brain function were captured. In other words, it projects the divisions in the brain atlas onto brain-shaped volumes of functional data.
+It is developed by a French research group based in Caen and described further in the following scientific article:
+
+N. Tzourio-Mazoyer; B. Landeau; D. Papathanassiou; F. Crivello; O. Etard; N. Delcroix; Bernard Mazoyer & M. Joliot (January 2002). "Automated Anatomical Labeling of activations in SPM using a Macroscopic Anatomical Parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain". NeuroImage. 15 (1): 273–289. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978. hdl:1773/44951. PMID 11771995.
+The AAL program is dependent upon the Matlab and SPM programs, but the digital human brain atlas itself can also be found elsewhere—within the MRIcron program, for example.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Automated Anatomical Labeling at Cyceron.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Data_Inquiry_for_Oil_Spills-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Data_Inquiry_for_Oil_Spills"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:41:29.701815+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:32.822241+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_(software)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Avogadro (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:34.030804+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Avogadro is a molecule editor and visualizer designed for cross-platform use in computational chemistry, molecular modeling, bioinformatics, materials science, and related areas. It is extensible via a plugin architecture.
+
+
+== Features ==
+
+Molecule builder-editor for Windows, Linux, Unix, and macOS.
+All source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.
+Supported languages include: Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Polish.
+Supports multi-threaded rendering and computation.
+Plugin architecture for developers, including rendering, interactive tools, commands, and Python scripts.
+OpenBabel import of files, input generation for multiple computational chemistry packages, X-ray crystallography, and biomolecules.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Old website
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAST_2-0.md

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+---
+title: "BEAST 2"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAST_2"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:35.333220+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+BEAST 2 is a cross-platform program for Bayesian analysis of molecular sequences. Using MCMC, it estimates rooted, timed phylogenies using a range of substitution and clock models, and a variety of tree priors. There is an associated tool, called BEAUTi, for setting up standard analyses (which are specified using XML). BEAST 2 is a complete re-write of the earlier BEAST program (which is still actively developed and has recently been renamed BEASTX). A notable feature of BEAST 2 is the packaging system which has simplified the process of implementing novel models.
+Taming the BEAST is a community driven resource which teaches the use of BEAST 2 and related phylogenetic software.
+
+
+== BEAUti ==
+BEAUti stands for "Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Utility." It is a graphical user interface (GUI) that is used to create the input files for BEAST 2. It allows users to easily specify the various options and settings for their phylogenetic analysis, such as the data file, the model of molecular evolution, and the prior distributions of model parameters. BEAUti also allows users to specify the parameters for the MCMC analysis, such as the chain length and the sampling frequency. This makes it a user-friendly way to run BEAST 2, as it eliminates the need for users to manually edit XML input files.
+BEAUti allows users to easily install and manage different packages, such as models of molecular evolution or coalescent models. These packages can be installed directly from within BEAUti. This makes it easier to add new functionality to the analysis without needing to manually download and install the packages.
+
+
+== CBAN ==
+The Comprehensive BEAST Archive Network (CBAN) is the official repository for BEAST 2 packages. Packages in CBAN can be installed via BEAUti out of the box.
+
+
+== LinguaPhylo ==
+A related project is LinguaPhylo (LPhy). LPhy is a probabilistic programming language for defining phylogenetic analyses with a syntax similar to OpenBUGS. It provides a way to generate BEAST 2 XML files (and similar model specifications for other phylogenetics packages) without needing to write the XML by hand.
+
+
+== MASTER/remaster ==
+A particularly important package in the BEAST 2 ecosystems is remaster (formerly MASTER). Remaster is a tool for simulating population trajectories and phylogenies from birth-death and coalescent models. It is used in simulation studies to validate novel methodologies.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLUPF90-0.md

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+---
+title: "BLUPF90"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLUPF90"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:38.883003+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The BLUPF90 family of programs is a statistical software package used in quantitative genetics for animal and plant breeding. It can fit mixed models using restricted maximum likelihood as well as Gibbs sampling to estimate variance components, and predict breeding values via best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP).
+Coded in Fortran, it can perform genomic selection on hundreds of thousands of genotyped individuals.
+Compiled versions of BLUPF90 are freely available for research, and can be used on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. There also exists an add-on to R (programming language).
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+BLUPF90 home page

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerophon_program-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bellerophon program"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerophon_program"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:36.543235+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Bellerophon is a computer program for detecting chimeric sequences in multiple sequence datasets by an adaptation of partial treeing analysis. Bellerophon was specifically developed to detect 16S rRNA gene chimeras in PCR-clone libraries of environmental samples, but can be applied to other nucleotide sequence alignments. 
+
+
+== External links ==
+Interactive bellerophon web server
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigDFT-0.md

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+---
+title: "BigDFT"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigDFT"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:37.714242+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+BigDFT is a free software package for physicists and chemists, distributed under the GNU General Public License, whose main program allows the total energy, charge density, and electronic structure of systems made of electrons and nuclei (molecules and periodic/crystalline solids) to be calculated within density functional theory (DFT), using pseudopotentials, and a wavelet basis.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+BigDFT implements density functional theory (DFT) by solving the Kohn–Sham equations describing the electrons in a material, expanded in a Daubechies wavelet basis set and using a self-consistent direct minimization or Davidson diagonalisation methods to determine the energy minimum. Computational efficiency is achieved through the use of fast short convolutions 
+and pseudopotentials to describe core electrons. In addition to total energy, forces and stresses are also calculated so that geometry optimizations and ab initio molecular dynamics may be carried out.
+The Daubechies wavelet basis sets are an orthogonal systematic basis set as plane wave basis set but has the great advantage to allow adapted mesh with different levels of resolutions (see multi-resolution analysis). Interpolating scaling functions are used also to solve the Poisson's equation with different boundary conditions as isolated or surface systems.
+BigDFT was among the first massively parallel density functional theory codes which benefited from graphics processing units (GPU) using CUDA and then OpenCL languages.
+Because the Daubechies wavelets have a compact support, the Hamiltonian application can be done locally which permits to have a  linear scaling in function of the number of atoms instead of a cubic scaling for traditional DFT software.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+BigDFT web site

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_(software)-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_(software)"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:10:48.484045+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:41.420117+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.a.R.-0.md

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+---
+title: "C.a.R."
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.a.R."
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:42.587198+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+C.a.R. (Compass and Ruler), also known as Z.u.L. (Zirkel und Lineal), is a free and open source interactive geometry app that can do geometrical constructions in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry.
+The software is Java based.
+The author is René Grothmann of the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.
+It is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
+
+
+== Assignments ==
+Assignments make possible to create Java applets, for a construction exercises.
+These applets can be used from the command line using the AppletViewer.
+(Previously, they could be run in a browser, but Java support in browsers has been disabled in recent years.)
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+GeoGebra
+CaRMetal
+Compass-and-straightedge construction
+
+
+== External links ==
+C.a.R.
+History of the C.a.R.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADPAC-0.md

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+---
+title: "CADPAC"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADPAC"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:45.097303+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CADPAC, the Cambridge Analytic Derivatives Package, is a suite of programs for ab initio computational chemistry calculations. It has been developed by R. D. Amos with contributions from I. L. Alberts, J. S. Andrews, S. M. Colwell, N. C. Handy, D. Jayatilaka, P. J. Knowles, R. Kobayashi, K. E. Laidig, G. Laming, A. M. Lee, P. E. Maslen, C. W. Murray, J. E. Rice, E. D. Simandiras, A. J. Stone, M.-D. Su and D. J. Tozer. at the University of Cambridge since 1981. It is capable of molecular Hartree–Fock calculations, Møller–Plesset calculations, various other correlated calculations and density functional theory calculations.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Quantum chemistry computer programs
+
+
+== External links ==
+CADPAC web site at the Wayback Machine (archived October 24, 2015)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASINO-0.md

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+---
+title: "CASINO"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASINO"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:51.207676+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CASINO is a quantum Monte Carlo program that was originally developed in the Theory of Condensed Matter group at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.  CASINO can be used to perform variational quantum Monte Carlo and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the energy and distribution of electrons in atoms, molecules and crystals.
+The principal authors of this program are R. J. Needs, M. D. Towler, N. D. Drummond and P. Lopez Rios.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Quantum chemistry computer programs
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+CASINO homepage

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-DEM_model-0.md

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+---
+title: "CFD-DEM model"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-DEM_model"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:52.409727+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A CFD-DEM model is suitable for the modeling or simulation of fluid-solids or fluid-particles systems. In a typical CFD-DEM model, the phase motion of discrete solids or particles is obtained by the Discrete Element Method (DEM) which applies Newton's laws of motion to every particle and the flow of continuum fluid is described by the local averaged Navier–Stokes equations that can be solved by the traditional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The model is first proposed by Tsuji et al. The interactions between the fluid phase and solids phase is better modeled according to Newton's third law.
+
+
+== Software ==
+Open source and non-commercial software:
+
+The open source CFD software OpenFOAM includes particle methods, including DEM, and solvers that couple CFD-DEM.
+CFDEMcoupling (DCS Computing GmbH) couples CFD from OpenFOAM with open source DEM software, LIGGGHTS.
+MFiX(Open Source multiphase flow simulation package).
+The commercial software Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is an integrated multiphysics solution capable of CFD-DEM coupling involving single or multiphase flow, chemical reactions, electromagnetism and heat transfer
+
+
+== Parallelization ==
+OpenMP has been shown to be more efficient in performing coupled CFD-DEM calculations in parallel framework as compared to MPI by Amritkar et al.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-FASTRAN-0.md

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+---
+title: "CFD-FASTRAN"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-FASTRAN"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:53.645918+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CFD-FASTRAN is a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package developed by Applied Materials for aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic applications. 
+CFD-FASTRAN was used by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa to simulate the release of a missile from the outboard pylon of the BAE Hawk Mk120 at transonic speeds where shockwaves dominate the flowfield. The software was used to calculate the carriage loads, which are structural dynamic responses from the ejection forces, and model the loads on the missile in free-flight.
+The software was used to predict supercooled droplet impingement on helicopter blades by the Institute for Aerospace Research. This is progress towards simulating ice formation on rotating helicopter blades.
+CFD-FASTRAN was used to study the aerodynamic performance of a hypersonic vehicle powered by scramjet engines. Flow conditions were simulated at various angles of attack at Mach 5.85.
+Two-dimensional numerical flow simulations were performed with CFD-FASTRAN to compare the effects of a combined jet flap and Coanda jet on a supercritical airfoil. The results showed that the combined jet flap provided the best performance.
+CFD-FASTRAN was used to simulate flow past helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight conditions. The predictions matched the experimental data.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of computational fluid dynamics software
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLHEP-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+title: "CLHEP"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLHEP"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:57.269253+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CLHEP (short for A Class Library for High Energy Physics) is a C++ library that provides utility classes for general numerical programming, vector arithmetic, geometry, pseudorandom number generation, and linear algebra, specifically targeted for high energy physics simulation and analysis software.
+The project is hosted by CERN and currently managed by a collaboration of researchers from CERN and other physics research laboratories and academic institutions.  According to the project's website, CLHEP is in maintenance mode (accepting bug fixes but no further development is expected).
+CLHEP was proposed by Swedish physicist Leif Lönnblad in 1992 at a Conference on Computing in High-Energy Physics.  Lönnblad is still involved in maintaining CLHEP.
+The project has more recently accepted contributions from other projects built on top of CLHEP, including the physics packages Geant4 and ZOOM, and the BaBar experiment at SLAC.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Geant4, a software using CLHEP
+FreeHEP, a similar library to CLHEP
+COLT, a Java package for High Performance Scientific and Technical Computing, provided by CERN.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Project CLHEP website
+CLHEP User Guide
+CLHEP at CERN

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COART-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+title: "COART"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COART"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:03.312905+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+COART (Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Radiative Transfer code) - COART is established on the Coupled DIScrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (Coupled DISORT or CDISORT) code, developed from DISORT. It is designed to simulate radiance (including water-leaving radiance) and irradiance (flux) at any levels in the atmosphere and ocean consistently.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes
+Atmospheric radiative transfer codes
+
+
+== References ==
+
+Jin, Z., T.P. Charlock, K. Rutledge, K. Stamnes, and Y. Wang, An analytical solution of radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system with rough surface. Appl. Opt., 45, 7443-7455, 2006.
+Jin, Z., and K. Stamnes, Radiative transfer in nonuniformly refracting layered media: atmosphere-ocean system, Appl. Opt., 33, 431-442, 1994.
+
+
+== External links ==
+More information on COART
+COART online: https://clouds.larc.nasa.gov/jin/coart.html
+Ocean Albedo Look-up-table generated by COART: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1bVUcTBiZ1B7KhcnYeJiz-zFmpzGtrele?usp=sharing

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COGO-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "COGO"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COGO"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:05.719609+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+COGO is a suite of programs used in civil engineering for modelling horizontal and vertical alignments and solving coordinate geometry problems. Cogo alignments are used as controls for the geometric design of roads, railways, and stream relocations or restorations.
+COGO was originally a subsystem of MIT's Integrated Civil Engineering System (ICES), developed in the 1960s. Other ICES subsystems included STRUDL, BRIDGE, LEASE, PROJECT, ROADS and TRANSET, and the internal languages ICETRAN and CDL. Evolved versions of COGO are still widely used.
+Some basic types of elements of COGO are points, Euler spirals, lines and horizontal curves (circular arcs).
+More complex elements can be developed such as alignments or chains which are made up of a combination of points, curves or spirals.
+
+
+== References ==
+"Engineer's Guide to ICES COGO I", R67-46, Civil Engineering Dept MIT (Aug 1967)
+"An Integrated Computer System for Engineering Problem Solving", D. Roos, Proc SJCC 27(2), AFIPS (Spring 1965). Sammet 1969, pp. 615–620.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSOL_Multiphysics-0.md

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+---
+title: "COMSOL Multiphysics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSOL_Multiphysics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:09.358009+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+COMSOL Multiphysics is a finite element analyzer, solver, and simulation software package for various physics and engineering applications, especially coupled phenomena and multiphysics. The software facilitates conventional physics-based user interfaces and coupled systems of partial differential equations (PDEs). COMSOL Multiphysics provides an IDE and unified workflow for electrical, mechanical, fluid, acoustics, and chemical applications.
+Beside the classical problems that can be addressed with application modules, the core Multiphysics package can be used to solve PDEs in weak form. An API for Java and MATLAB can be used to control the software externally. The program also serves as an application builder for physics applications. Several modules are available for COMSOL, categorized according to the applications areas of Electrical, Mechanical, Fluid, Acoustic, Chemical, Multipurpose, and Interfacing.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Finite element method
+Multiphysics
+List of computer simulation software
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORSIKA-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+title: "CORSIKA"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORSIKA"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:11.800904+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for KAscade) is a physics computer software for simulation of extensive air showers induced by high energy cosmic rays, i.e. protons and atomic nuclei, as well as Gamma rays (photons), electrons, and neutrinos. It may be used up to and beyond the highest energies of 100 EeV.
+In the current version the program utilizes the hadronic interaction models EPOS, QGSJET, and DPMJET, which are based on Gribov-Regge theory, and SIBYLL based on a minijet model for high
+energies. Hadronic interactions at lower energies are described either by the GHEISHA module, by FLUKA, or by the UrQMD model. Electromagnetic interactions are treated by an adapted version of the  EGS4 code,
+customized by including the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect relevant at higher energies.
+It can be used to simulate the generation of Cherenkov radiation, radio emission (Askaryan radiation), and atmospheric neutrinos.
+A complete rewrite of CORSIKA in C++ named CORSIKA 8 is currently work in progress.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Extensive Air Shower Simulations with CORSIKA and the Influence of High-Energy Hadronic Interaction Models by Heck, D. at, oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/0103073 at arXiv
+The Automated Air Shower Generation with CORSIKA at the Computing Center of IN2P3 PS
+Recent Extensions to the Air Shower Simulation Program CORSIKA, proceedings of the 25th ICRC.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSILAB-0.md

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+---
+title: "COSILAB"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSILAB"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:13.921877+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+COSILAB is a software tool for solving complex chemical kinetics problems. It is used worldwide in research and industry, in particular in automotive, combustion, and chemical processing applications.
+Problems to be solved by COSILAB may involve thousands of reactions amongst hundreds of species for practically any mixture composition, pressure and temperature. Its computational capabilities allow for a complex chemical reaction to be studied in detail, including intermediate compounds, trace compounds and pollutants.
+Whilst complex chemistry is accounted for, chemical reactor or combustion geometries that can be handled by COSILAB are relatively simple. For the purpose of ``real-life" simulations this limitation can be overcome, however, by using a library of pre-compiled subroutines and functions, that one can link to their own code written in Fortran, the C programming language or C++. In this way, it is possible to develop fully two-dimensional or three-dimensional CFD or computational fluid dynamics codes that are able to capture fairly realistic geometries.
+The development of codes like COSILAB is motivated by a worldwide attempt to keep the environment clean and to save—or at least make best use of—the continuously diminishing fossil fuel resources.
+
+
+== External links ==
+United States Environmental Protection Agency on NOX
+World Energy Council
+Softpredict's COSILAB page,

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAC-II-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "CRAC-II"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAC-II"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:15.546601+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CRAC-II is both a computer code (titled Calculation of Reactor Accident Consequences) and the 1982 report of the simulation results performed by Sandia National Laboratories for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The report is sometimes referred to as the CRAC-II report because it is the computer program used in the calculations, but the report is also known as the 1982 Sandia Siting Study or as NUREG/CR-2239. The computer program MACCS2 has since replaced CRAC-II for the consequences of radioactive release.
+CRAC-II has been declared to be obsolete and will be replaced by the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses study.
+The CRAC-II simulations calculated the possible consequences of a worst-case accident under worst-case conditions (a so-called "class-9 accident") for several different U.S. nuclear power plants. In the Sandia Siting Study, the Indian Point Energy Center was calculated to have the largest possible consequences for an SST1 (spectrum of source terms) release, with estimated maximum possible casualty numbers of around 50,000 deaths, 150,000 injuries, and property damage of $274 Billion to $314 Billion (based on figures at the time of the report in 1982). The Sandia Siting Study, however, is commonly misused as a risk analysis, which it is not. It is a sensitivity analysis of different amounts of radioactive releases and an SST1 release is now generally considered not a credible accident (see below).
+Another significant report is the 1991 NUREG-1150 calculations, which is a more-rigorous risk assessment of five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants.
+
+
+== Followup study ==
+As the NRC was preparing NUREG-1437, Supplement 56, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants Supplement 56 Regarding Fermi Nuclear Power Plant", it solicited comments on the proposed report. In response to comments specifically mentioning the CRAC-II study, the NRC wrote:
+"The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has devoted considerable research resources, both in the past and currently, to evaluating accidents and the possible public consequences of severe reactor accidents. The NRC's most recent studies have confirmed that early research into the topic led to extremely conservative consequence analyses that generate 
+invalid results for attempting to quantify the possible effects of very unlikely severe accidents. In particular, these previous studies did not reflect current plant design, operation, accident management strategies or security enhancements. They often used unnecessarily conservative estimates or assumptions concerning possible damage to the reactor core, the possible radioactive contamination that could be released, and possible failures of the reactor vessel and containment buildings. These previous studies also failed to realistically model the effect of emergency preparedness. The NRC performed a state-of-the-art assessment of possible
+severe accidents as part of its ongoing effort to evaluate the consequences of such accidents."
+This study was published as "NUREG–1935, State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses Report" in 2012.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Nuclear accidents in the United States
+Nuclear safety in the U.S.
+Nuclear power
+RELAP5-3D
+WASH-740 (1957)
+WASH-1400 (1975)
+NUREG-1150 (1991)
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYANA_(software)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "CYANA (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYANA_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:19.264214+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CYANA (combined assignment and dynamics algorithm for NMR applications) is a program for automated structure calculation of biological macromolecules on the basis of conformational constraints from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The combination of automated nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy  (NOESY) cross peak assignment, structure calculation with a fast torsion angle dynamics algorithm.
+The CYANA package includes the previous DYANA system, that uses simulated annealing combined with molecular dynamics
+in torsion angle space (torsion angle dynamics). The target function used as the potential energy, and system can move away from local minima of the target function because it is coupled to a temperature bath which is cooled down slowly from its initial high temperature.
+Software is written in standard Fortran 77 and also has an interactive command language that allows the use of Fortran 77 mathematical and character expressions, macros, control flows and parallelization. Standard protocols are also written in this command language and can be modified by user without changing the source code.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Wiki Cyana
+INCLAN Manual

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabri_Geometry-0.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabri_Geometry"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:04:26.544805+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:43.887595+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Algebra_System-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cambridge Algebra System"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Algebra_System"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:46.280220+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cambridge Algebra System (CAMAL) is a computer algebra system written in Cambridge University by David Barton, Steve Bourne, and John Fitch. It was initially used for computations in celestial mechanics and general relativity. The foundation code was written in Titan computer assembler.  In 1973, when Titan was replaced with an IBM System/370 Model 165, it was rewritten in ALGOL 68C and then BCPL where it could run on IBM mainframes and assorted microcomputers.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantera_(software)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+title: "Cantera (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantera_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:47.537498+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cantera is an open-source chemical kinetics software used for solving chemically reacting laminar flows. It has been used as a third-party library in external reacting flow simulation codes, such as FUEGO and CADS, using Fortran, C++, etc. to evaluate properties and chemical source terms that appear in the application's governing equations. Cantera was originally written and developed by Prof. Dave Goodwin of California Institute of Technology. It is written in C++ and can be used from C++, Python, Matlab and Fortran.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Chemical kinetics
+Autochem
+CHEMKIN
+Chemical WorkBench
+Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Cantera Github repository
+Online documentation for Cantera
+Presentation on Cantera features at 2006 NSF workshop
+Download link

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartes_du_Ciel-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: "Cartes du Ciel"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartes_du_Ciel"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:48.798674+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cartes du Ciel ("CDC" and "SkyChart") is a free and open source planetarium program for Linux, macOS, and Windows. With the change to version 3, Linux has been added as a target platform, licensing has changed from freeware to GPLv2 and the project moved to a new website.
+CDC includes the ability to control computerized GoTo telescope mounts, is ASCOM and INDI compliant, and supports the USNO's UCAC catalogs and ESA Gaia data, along with numerous other catalogs and utilities.
+The "red bulb" feature is useful when using software outside on a laptop on a dark night.
+According to the programmer, Patrick Chevalley, it was released as freeware because "I’d rather see amateurs spend their money for a new eyepiece than for astronomy software".
+Chevalley has also created a lunar atlas program, Virtual Moon Atlas, which is also free and open source software.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Version 2 (archived)
+Version 4

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartopedia-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+title: "Cartopedia"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartopedia"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:50.029844+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cartopedia: The Ultimate World Reference Atlas was an atlas program originally published by Dorling Kindersley Multimedia in 1995.  It featured interactive world maps and graphs and charts of international statistics, and served as a reference guide for students and geographers.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Bookpage review

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(software)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+title: "Cinderella (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:54.796607+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Cinderella is a proprietary interactive geometry software, written in Java.
+
+
+== History ==
+Cinderella was initially developed by Jürgen Richter-Gebert and Henry Crapo and was used to input incidence theorems and conjectures for automatic theorem proving using the binomial proving method by Richter-Gebert. The initial software was created in Objective-C on the NeXT platform. 
+In 1996, the software was rewritten in Java from scratch by Jürgen Richter-Gebert and Ulrich Kortenkamp. It still included the binomial prover, but was not suitable for classroom teaching as it still was prototypical. This version won the Multimedia Innovation Award at Learntec '97 in Karlsruhe, Germany. Due to this attention the German educational software publisher Heureka-Klett and the scientific publisher Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, agreed to produce a commercial version of the software. The school version of Cinderella 1.0 was published in 1998, including about 150 examples, animations and exercises created with Cinderella, the university version was released in 1999.
+In 2006, a new version of Cinderella, Cinderella.2, was published in an online-only version. The printed manual for the now current version 2.6 was published by Springer-Verlag in 2012.
+In 2013, the pro version of Cinderella was made freely available.
+
+
+== Features ==
+Interactive geometry and analysis takes place in the realm of euclidean geometry, spherical geometry or hyperbolic geometry. It includes a physics simulation engine (with real gravity on Apple computers) and a scripting language. An export to blog feature allows for a 1-click publication on the web of a figure. It is currently mainly used in universities in Germany but its ease of use makes it suitable for usage at primary and secondary level as well.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Cinderella official website
+Public Beta version
+Online Documentation
+CindyJS, a reimplementation in JavaScript

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CircuiTikZ-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+title: "CircuiTikZ"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CircuiTikZ"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:55.999538+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CircuiTikZ is a TikZ add-on for typesetting circuit diagrams in a TeX environment such as LaTeX. It was started by Massimo Redaelli in 2007 when he had to create exams at the Polytechnic University of Milan as a research assistant. After he left University in 2010 the project began to stumble. From 2015 on the further development mainly takes place at the Institute for Electronics Engineering of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.
+CircuiTikZ is widely used for publications and books in the academic environment of electronics.
+CircuiTikZ is released under the LaTeX Project Public License and/or the GNU General Public License.
+
+
+== See also ==
+PSTricks
+List of TeX extensions
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+CircuiTikZ at GitHub
+CircuiTikZ at CTAN
+Stackexchange questions tagged circuitikz.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Data_Analysis_Tool-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+title: "Climate Data Analysis Tool"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Data_Analysis_Tool"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:58.453371+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Climate Data Analysis Tool (CDAT) is plotting software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology.
+CDAT is a software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology to display meteorological fields such as pressure, temperature, or wind speeds. It allows to read gridded meteorological data in different formats such as netCDF or GRIB and plot time series of displays from several identical datasets with differing times. It is similar in scope to GrADS but with more extensive user interface and capabilities.
+
+
+== External links ==
+https://web.archive.org/web/20130728204121/http://www2-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cdat

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Data_Exchange-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "Climate Data Exchange"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Data_Exchange"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:59.599495+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Climate Data Exchange (CDX) is a JPL software framework, built on the Apache Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT) software, for sharing climate data and models.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+https://web.archive.org/web/20090803225237/http://cdx.jpl.nasa.gov/
+http://oodt.apache.org

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_manager-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "Clone manager"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_manager"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:00.777196+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Clone Manager is a commercial bioinformatics software work suite of Sci-Ed, that supports molecular biologists with data management and allows them to perform certain in silico preanalysis.
+This type of bioinformatics software is used for managing, analyzing and visualizing DNA and protein sequence data essential for molecular biology.
+For enzyme read control, sequence processing of identical individuals, cloning simulation, graphic map drawing, primer design and analysis, global and local sequence alignment, similarity search, laboratory scale sequence assembly projects A comprehensive set of tools.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+http://www.scied.com Sci-Ed homepage
+https://www.tegakari.net/en/2020/07/clone-manager/ Data management/analysis software "Clone Manager" for gene research in molecular biology

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn3D-0.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn3D"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:10:54.478349+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:02.034127+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_Analysis_Toolkit-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+title: "Coding Analysis Toolkit"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_Analysis_Toolkit"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:04.526137+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CAT or Coding Analysis Toolkit was a web-based suite of CAQDAS tools. It is free and open source software, and is developed by the Qualitative Data Analysis Program of the University of Pittsburgh. According to the CAT website, the tool was decommissioned on September 13, 2020.
+CAT is able to import Atlas.ti data, but also has an internal coding module. It was designed to use keystrokes and automation as opposed to mouse clicks, to speed up CAQDAS tasks.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Coding Analysis Toolkit

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompHEP-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "CompHEP"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompHEP"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:06.939229+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CompHEP is a software package for automatic computations in high energy physics from Lagrangians to collision events or particle decays.
+CompHEP is based on quantum theory of gauge fields, namely it uses the technique of squared Feynman diagrams at the tree-level approximation. By default, CompHEP includes the Standard Model Lagrangian in the unitarity and 't Hooft-Feynman gauges and several MSSM models. However users can create new physical models, based on different Lagrangians. There is a special tool for that - LanHEP. CompHEP is able to compute basically the LO cross sections and distributions with several particles in the final state (up to 6-7). It can take into account, if necessary, all QCD and EW diagrams, masses of fermions and bosons and widths of unstable particles. Processes computed by means of CompHEP can be interfaced to the Monte-Carlo generators PYTHIA and HERWIG as new external processes.
+The CompHEP project started in 1989 in Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) of Moscow State University. During the 1990s this package was developed, and now it is a powerful tool for automatic computations of collision processes. The CompHEP program has been used in the past for many studies in many experimental groups as shown schematically in the scheme
+Due to an intuitive graphical interface CompHEP is a very useful tool for education in particle and nuclear physics.
+
+
+== External links ==
+official CompHEP page
+manual for version 3.3
+Boos, E.; Bunichev, V.; Dubinin, M.; Dudko, L.; Edneral, V.; Ilyin, V.; Kryukov, A.; Savrin, V.; Semenov, A.; Sherstnev, A. (2004). "CompHEP 4.4—automatic computations from Lagrangians to events". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 534 (1–2). Elsevier BV: 250–259. arXiv:hep-ph/0403113. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.07.096. ISSN 0168-9002.
+Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Stored_Ambulatory_Record-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+title: "Computer Stored Ambulatory Record"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Stored_Ambulatory_Record"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:08.129128+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+COmputer STored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR) is an electronic medical record using the MUMPS programming language.  It was developed by the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1968 and 1971 for Harvard Community Health Plan by Octo Barnett and Jerome Grossman.
+
+
+== References ==
+Hattwick, Michael A. W. Computer Stored Ambulatory Record Systems in Real Life Practice. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1979 October 17; 761–764.
+Barnett, G. Octo. Computer-stored ambulatory record (COSTAR). 1976.
+Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Medical Informatics for Better and Safer Health Care. Research in Action, Issue 6. June 2002
+Kerlin, Barbara D (1986). Dissemination of COSTAR: Promises and Realities. Journal of Medical Systems  doi:10.1007/BF00992821
+Clinfowiki - COmputer STored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_algorithm-0.md

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+---
+title: "Cone algorithm"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_algorithm"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:10.589680+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In computational geometry, the cone algorithm is an algorithm for identifying the particles that are near the surface of an object composed of discrete particles.  Its applications include computational surface science and computational nanoscience. The cone algorithm was first described in a publication about nanogold in 2005.
+The cone algorithm works well with clusters in condensed phases, including solid and liquid phases. It can handle the situations when one configuration includes multiple clusters or when holes exist inside clusters. It can also be applied to a cluster iteratively to identify multiple sub-surface layers.
+
+
+== References ==
+Yanting Wang, S. Teitel, and Christoph Dellago (2005), Melting of Icosahedral Gold Nanoclusters from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.  Journal of Chemical Physics vol. 122, pp 214722–214738. doi:10.1063/1.1917756
+
+
+== External links ==
+Cone Algorithm — Generic surface particle identification algorithm, Yanting Wang.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_(geodemography)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Crucible (geodemography)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_(geodemography)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:16.793924+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Crucible is a geodemography computer system created by the United Kingdom-based grocery company Tesco. The system is run by a subsidiary Dunnhumby. The system collects information from the company's loyalty program, "Clubcard", as well as aggregating information from other geodemographic databases and other sources. The system has been used to sell customer information to other companies in the UK, leading to accusations in 2005 that the company, with its large share of the UK shopping sector, has become too powerful.
+
+
+== References ==
+Guardian article on Crucible
+Another Guardian article on Crucible
+
+
+== External links ==
+dunnhumby

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography_and_NMR_system-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+title: "Crystallography and NMR system"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography_and_NMR_system"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:17.993006+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CNS or Crystallography and NMR system, is a software library for computational structural biology. It is an offshoot of X-PLOR and uses much of the same syntax. It is used in the fields of X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy of biological macromolecules.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+The program's webpage and reference manual

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAP_(software)-0.md

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+---
+title: "DAP (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAP_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:21.576898+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DAP is a statistics and graphics program based on the C programming language that performs data management, analysis, and C-style graphical visualization tasks without requiring complex syntax. Its name is an acronym for Data Analysis and Presentation.
+DAP was written to be a free replacement for SAS, but users are assumed to have a basic familiarity with the C programming language in order to permit greater flexibility.
+It has been designed to be used on large data sets and is primarily used in statistical consulting practices.
+However, even with its clear benefits, DAP hasn't been updated since 2014 and hasn't seen widespread use when compared to other statistical analysis programs.
+
+
+== Features ==
+DAP is a command line driven program. Below are various features that DAP can perform.
+DAP can compute means and percentiles, correlation, & ANOVA from data sets. This includes Unbalanced as well as Crossed, Nested ANOVA. It can also be used to create scatterplots, line graphs and histograms of data. This can include split plots, treatment combinations, as well as latin squares.
+DAP can perform linear regression and can utilize regressions to build linear models. In addition to linear regression, DAP can also perform logistic regression analysis as well. There's a variety of other analysis that DAP can do as well including building loglinear models as well as Logit models for linear-by-linear association.
+In terms of models, DAP can create mixed balanced and unbalanced models as well as random unbalanced models.
+It has been designed so as to cope with very large data sets; even when the size of the data exceeds the size of the computer's memory because the program processes files one line at a time rather than reading entire files into memory.
+
+
+== Applications ==
+Industry Uses
+
+Statistical Consulting Practices
+Low-level Statistical Analysis
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+Comparison of statistical packages
+gretl
+PSPP
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Sources ==
+Greve, Georg C. F. (2001). "Brave GNU World - Issue #33". Georg's Brave GNU World - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF). FSF. Retrieved 2022-07-23. Dap has been used for about three years now, so it has been thoroughly tested and can be recommended to interested users
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+administrative page

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCMTK-0.md

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+---
+title: "DCMTK"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCMTK"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:26.379891+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The DICOM Toolkit (DCMTK) is a collection of software libraries and utilities that implement the DICOM standard. It is primarily developed by the German organization OFFIS.
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Eichelberg, Marco; Riesmeier, Joerg; Wilkens, Thomas; Hewett, Andrew J.; Barth, Andreas; Jensch, Peter (2004-04-19). Ratib, Osman M.; Huang, H. K. (eds.). "Ten years of medical imaging standardization and prototypical implementation: the DICOM standard and the OFFIS DICOM toolkit (DCMTK)". Journal of Medical Imaging. Medical Imaging 2004: PACS and Imaging Informatics. 5371: 57. Bibcode:2004SPIE.5371...57E. doi:10.1117/12.534853.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECIPHER_(software)-0.md

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+---
+title: "DECIPHER (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECIPHER_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:27.611831+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DECIPHER is a software that can be used to decipher and manage biological sequences efficiently using the programming language R.
+
+
+== Features ==
+Sequence databases: import, maintain, view, and export, and interact with a massive number of sequences.
+Homology finding: rapidly query sequences for homologous hits among a set of target sequences or genomes.  Cluster into groups of related sequences.
+Multiple sequence alignment: align sequences of DNA, RNA, or amino acids.
+Genome alignment: find and align the syntenic regions of multiple genomes.
+Oligonucleotide design: primer design for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), probe design for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or DNA microarrays.
+Manipulate sequences: trim low quality regions, correct frameshifts, reorient nucleotides, determine consensus, or digest with restriction enzymes.
+Analyze sequences: find chimeras, detect repeats, predict secondary structure, classify into a taxonomy of organisms or functions, create phylogenetic trees, and ancestral reconstruction.
+Gene finding: predict coding and non-coding genes in a genome, extract them from the genome, and export them to a file.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIVA-GIS-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+title: "DIVA-GIS"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIVA-GIS"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:36.060210+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DIVA-GIS is a free geographic information system software program used for the analysis of geographic data, especially species occurrence data. The software was first designed for application to the study of the distribution of plants, especially crop wild relatives such as wild potatoes.
+
+
+== Development ==
+DIVA-GIS was mainly developed by Robert Hijmans, Edwin Rojas, Marianna Cruz and Luigi Guarino. Its development was supported by the International Potato Center in Peru, the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California at Berkeley, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and the FAO. DIVA-GIS has a wide range of tools for evaluation of mapping and modeling of habitats. There is a command-line version of the program that has been developed, AVID-GIS.
+
+
+== Formats ==
+DIVA-GIS can process data in standard GIS formats, including data from ESRI's ArcGIS programs. The program runs on Windows and OS X. DIVA raster files generated may be imported and exported into R or the modeling program Maxent.
+
+
+== References ==
+Guarino, L.; Jarvis, A.; Hijmans, R. J.; Maxted, N. (2002). "36. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources". In Engels, J. M. M.; Ramanatha Rao, V.; Brown, A. H. D.; Jackson, M. T. (eds.). Managing Plant Genetic Diversity (PDF). IPGRI. pp. 387–404. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
+Hijmans, R. J.; Guarino, L.; Cruz, M.; Rojas, E. (2001). "Computer tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data: 1. DIVA-GIS" (PDF). Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (127): 15–19. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
+Hijmans, R. J.; Guarino, L.; M., Prem (January 2012). "DIVA-GIS Version 7.5 Manual" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(program)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "Dalton (program)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(program)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:20.450814+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dalton (named after John Dalton) is an ab initio quantum chemistry computer program suite, consisting of the Dalton and LSDalton programs. The Dalton suite is capable of calculating various molecular properties using the Hartree–Fock, MP2, MCSCF and coupled cluster theories. Version 2.0 of DALTON added support for density functional theory calculations. There are many authors, including Trygve Helgaker, Poul Jørgensen and Kenneth Ruud.
+Dalton switched to the open source GNU LGPL licence in August 2017.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Quantum chemistry software
+Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
+
+
+== External links ==
+Dalton project homepage
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataScene-0.md

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+---
+title: "DataScene"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataScene"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:25.201827+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DataScene is a scientific graphing, animation, data analysis, and real-time data monitoring software package. It was developed with the Common Language Infrastructure technology and the GDI+ graphics library. With the two Common Language Runtime engines - the .Net and Mono frameworks - DataScene runs on all major operating systems.
+With DataScene, the user can plot 39 types 2D & 3D graphs (e.g., Area graph, Bar graph, Boxplot graph, Pie graph, Line graph, Histogram graph, Surface graph, Polar graph, Water Fall graph, etc.), manipulate, print, and export graphs to various formats (e.g., Bitmap, WMF/EMF, JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, PostScript, and PDF), analyze data with different mathematical methods (fitting curves, calculating statics, FFT, etc.), create chart animations for presentations (e.g. with PowerPoint), classes, and web pages, and monitor and chart real-time data.
+
+
+== History ==
+DataScene was first released (version 1.0) in March 2009 for the Windows platform and the .Net 2.0 framework. Since version 2.0, DataScene has been ported to the Mono framework 2.6 and all Linux and Unix/X11 operating systems. 
+Cyberwit offers free licensing for the Express edition of DataScene.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+DataScene official website
+Video tutorials

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Documentation_Initiative-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "Data Documentation Initiative"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Documentation_Initiative"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:22.787580+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Data Documentation Initiative (also known as DDI) is an international standard for describing surveys, questionnaires, statistical data files, and social sciences study-level information. This information is described as metadata by the standard.
+Begun in 1995, the effort brings together data professionals from around the world to develop the standard. The DDI specification, most often expressed in XML, provides a format for content, exchange, and preservation of questionnaire and data file information. DDI supports the description, storage, and distribution of social science data, creating an international specification that is machine-actionable and web-friendly.
+Version 2 (also called "Codebook") of the DDI standard has been implemented in the Dataverse data repository and the data archives of the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. The latest version 3.3 (also called "Lifecycle") of the DDI standard was released in 2020.
+
+
+== Member Institutions ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Colectica
+Metadata standards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+DDI Project
+Official website
+DDI Tools
+
+
+=== Related software/tools ===
+Colectica
+CSM's XCONVERT
+IHSN Microdata Management Toolkit
+Nesstar Publisher (development was discontinued and Nesstar reached end-of-life status in 2022)
+SDA to XML
+SPSSOMS2DDI
+The Dataverse Project
+Scholars Portal's Dataverse Data Explorer v.2
+Rich Data Services.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataplot-0.md

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+---
+title: "Dataplot"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataplot"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:23.998860+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dataplot is a public domain software system for scientific visualization and statistical analysis. It was developed and is being maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Dataplot's source code is available and in public domain.
+
+
+== External links ==
+NIST website
+NIST SED website
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Learning_Studio-0.md

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+---
+title: "Deep Learning Studio"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Learning_Studio"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:28.882940+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Deep Learning Studio is a software tool that aims to simplify the creation of deep learning models used in artificial intelligence. It is compatible with a number of open-source programming frameworks popularly used in artificial neural networks, including MXNet and Google's TensorFlow.
+Prior to the release of Deep Learning Studio in January 2017, proficiency in Python, among other programming languages, was essential in developing effective deep learning models. Deep Learning Studio sought to simplify the model creation process through a visual, drag-and-drop interface and the application of pre-trained learning models on available data.
+Irving, Texas–based Deep Cognition Inc. is the developer behind Deep Learning Studio. In 2017, the software allowed Deep Cognition to become a finalist for Best Innovation in Deep Learning in the Alconics Awards, which are given annually to the best artificial intelligence software.
+Deep Cognition launched version 2.0 of Deep Learning Studio at NVIDIA's GTC 2018 Conference in San Jose, California.
+Fremont, California–based computing products supplier Exxact Corp provides desktop computers specifically built to handle Deep Learning Studio workloads.
+
+
+== Features ==
+Source:
+Deep Learning Studio is available in two versions: Desktop and Cloud, both of which are free software. The Desktop version is available on Windows and Ubuntu. The Cloud version is available in single-user and multi-user configurations. A Deep Cognition account is needed to access the Cloud version. Account registration is free.
+Deep Learning Studio can import existing Keras models; it also takes a data set as an input.
+Deep Learning Studio's AutoML feature allows automatic generation of deep learning models. More advanced users may choose to generate their own models using various types of layers and neural networks.
+Deep Learning Studio also has a library of loss functions and optimizers for use in hyperparameter tuning, a traditionally complicated area in neural network programming.
+Generated models can be trained using either CPUs or GPUs. Trained models can then be used for predictive analytics.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Artificial intelligence
+Artificial neural network
+Data mining
+Deep learning
+Machine learning
+Predictive analytics
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Official blog

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroscope-0.md

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+---
+title: "Dendroscope"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroscope"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:30.061735+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dendroscope is an interactive computer software program written in Java for viewing Phylogenetic trees. This program is designed to view trees of all sizes and is very useful for creating figures. Dendroscope can be used for a variety of analyses of molecular data sets but is particularly designed for metagenomics or analyses of uncultured environmental samples.   
+It was developed by Daniel Huson and his colleagues at the University of Tübingen in Germany, who also created SplitsTree.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of phylogenetic tree visualization software
+SplitsTree
+MEGAN
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Dendroscope homepage
+List of phylogeny software, hosted at the University of Washington

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue-Assisted_Visual_Environment_for_Geoinformation-0.md

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+---
+title: "Dialogue-Assisted Visual Environment for Geoinformation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue-Assisted_Visual_Environment_for_Geoinformation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:31.239215+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Dialogue-Assisted Visual Environment for Geoinformation (DAVE_G) is an interface to the GIS system that allows people to use gestures and voice commands to retrieve maps. It is being developed by researchers from Pennsylvania State University. The interface is still in its prototype stage but the first generation of the software can already zoom into an area requested by the user, as well as display information about local landmarks, hospitals, emergency shelters, and flooded areas. The software currently uses text displayed on a terminal to respond to users' input or to ask for confirmation, but eventually it is planned to use speech to respond. As of 2005, the team of researchers who developed DAVE_G were preparing a demonstration of the system for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey that would help the agency to deal with spills of oil or hazardous chemicals.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipmeter_Advisor-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+title: "Dipmeter Advisor"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipmeter_Advisor"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:32.458695+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Dipmeter Advisor was an early expert system developed in the 1980s by Schlumberger  with the help of artificial-intelligence workers at MIT to aid in the analysis of data gathered during oil exploration. The Advisor was generally not merely an inference engine and a knowledge base of ~90 rules, but generally was a full-fledged workstation, running on one of Xerox's 1100 Dolphin Lisp machines (or in general on Xerox's "1100 Series Scientific Information Processors" line) and written in INTERLISP-D, with a pattern recognition layer which in turn fed a GUI menu-driven interface. It was developed by a number of people, including Reid G. Smith, James D. Baker, and Robert L. Young.
+It was primarily influential not because of any great technical leaps, but rather because it was so successful for Schlumberger's oil divisions and because it was one of the few success stories of the AI bubble to receive wide publicity before the AI winter.
+The AI rules of the Dipmeter Advisor were primarily derived from Al Gilreath, a Schlumberger interpretation engineer who developed the "red, green, blue" pattern method of dipmeter interpretation.
+Unfortunately, this method had limited application in more complex geological environments outside the Gulf Coast, and the Dipmeter Advisor was primarily used within Schlumberger as a graphical display tool to assist interpretation by trained geoscientists, rather than as an AI tool for use by novice interpreters. However, the tool pioneered a new approach to workstation-assisted graphical interpretation of geological information.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Other sources ==
+The AI Business: The commercial uses of artificial intelligence, ed. Patrick Winston and Karen A. Prendergast. ISBN 0-262-73077-4
+"The Dipmeter Advisor: Interpretation of Geological Signals" – Randall Davis, Howard Austin, Ingrid Carlbom, Bud Frawley, Paul Pruchnik, Rich Sneiderman, J. A. Gilreath.
+
+
+== External links ==
+"The design of the Dipmeter Advisor system" -(at the ACM's website)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_(software)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "Dirac (software)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_(software)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:33.697948+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dirac (named after Paul Dirac; own notation DIRAC) is a relativistic ab initio quantum chemistry program. The full name is Program for Atomic and Molecular Direct Iterative Relativistic All-electron Calculations, in short PAM DIRAC. It is capable of calculating various molecular properties using the Hartree–Fock, MP2, density functional theory, configuration interaction and coupled cluster electronic structure theories. Dirac is one of the most successful general-purpose quantum chemistry packages that provides accurate description of relativistic effects in molecules, using the Dirac equation as its starting point. The program is available in source code form, see DIRAC Homepage for download information.
+The most recent version,
+DIRAC25, was released on March 25, 2025.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Quantum chemistry software
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+DIRAC Homepage

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Oceanographic_Data_Systems-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+---
+title: "Distributed Oceanographic Data Systems"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Oceanographic_Data_Systems"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:34.841777+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Distributed Oceanographic Data Systems, or DODS, is a type of server that allows sharing data with remote users or between DODS servers. It is developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and is based upon the OPeNDAP data transport architecture.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDLUT-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+title: "EDLUT"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDLUT"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:42.062025+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+EDLUT (Event-Driven LookUp Table) is a computer application for simulating networks of spiking neurons.
+It was developed in the University of Granada and source code was released under GNU GPL version 3.
+EDLUT uses event-driven simulation scheme and lookup tables to efficiently simulate medium or large spiking neural networks.
+This allows this application to simulate detailed biological neuron models and to interface with experimental setups (such as a robotic arm) in real time.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENVI-met-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+title: "ENVI-met"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENVI-met"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:46.979642+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ENVI-met is a microscale three-dimensional software model for simulating complex urban environments based on the fundamental laws of fluid mechanics (wind field), thermodynamics (temperature calculations) and general atmospheric physics (for example, turbulence prediction). Unlike models that focus on individual aspects such as mean radiant temperature or wind flows and turbulence, ENVI-met is the first software of its kind to simulate all interactions between building and ground surfaces, plants and ambient air. Typical areas of application are architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning.
+
+
+== In science ==
+In science, ENVI-met is used in an interdisciplinary way to investigate the influences of progressive urbanisation - for example due to land sealing, surface materials used and changed urban topographies - on the urban microclimate and human health, and to enable climate-appropriate planning.
+
+
+== Company formation ==
+The software model has been continuously developed since 1994 by the German geographer and climatologist Michael Bruse. In 2014, Michael Bruse and Daniela Bruse founded ENVI-met GmbH. Since 2018, the geographer and co-author of the software Helge Simon has been a partner in the company. In addition, Tim Sinsel has become stable contributor to the ENVI-met software. In 2024, ENVI-met was acquired by the Finnish company One Click LCA and became part of their software portfolio.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Urban climate
+Climate change
+Urban heat island
+Urban forestry
+Urban Studies
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOn-0.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOn"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:11:19.475402+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:48.238867+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESASky-0.md

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+---
+title: "ESASky"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESASky"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:50.695194+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ESASky  is a web-based tool developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) to provide access to astronomical data. It aims to offer a user-friendly interface for exploring various datasets, including images, catalogues, and spectra, collected from ESA missions like Planck, Herschel, Gaia, HST, XMM-Newton, and INTEGRAL, among others. Additionally, ESASky incorporates data from other projects such as NASA's Chandra and JAXA's Suzaku, enhancing its scope and utility.
+
+
+== Details ==
+ESASky can generate all-sky maps using the Hierarchical Progressive Surveys (HiPS) technology. These maps are constructed from actual observations gathered by different missions and allow users to visualize and compare imaging observations across multiple wavelengths. This capability enables astronomers to gain insights into celestial objects and phenomena spanning a wide range of wavelengths.
+ESASky is also designed to facilitate data exploration by allowing users to overlay footprints of different datasets, providing a comprehensive view of multiwavelength observations for specific celestial sources or regions of interest. This feature enables researchers to analyze data from various missions and projects simultaneously, enhancing their ability to study astrophysical phenomena comprehensively.
+ESASky was designed to simplify data discovery and retrieval by offering efficient search functionalities and allowing users to filter and preview data before downloading. It is intended to streamline the process of accessing astronomical data, aiming to reduce the need to navigate through individual mission archives.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ESASky Homepage

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESyPred3D-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+title: "ESyPred3D"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESyPred3D"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:51.854899+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ESyPred3D is an automated homology modeling program. Alignments are obtained by combining, weighting and screening the results of several multiple alignment programs. The final three-dimensional structure is built using the modeling package MODELLER.
+
+
+== Method ==
+To perform homology modeling, the ESyPred3D program first searches for a template (a similar sequence of known structure), before aligning the query and template sequences. EsyPred3D then build the 3D models using the alignment and the template structure, before assessing the final 3D model.
+The query and the template sequences are aligned using a consensus alignment method. Different multiple sequence alignments are built using different alignment programs on two sets of sequences including the query and the template sequence.
+The consensus method uses a neural network to find the best aligned residues and analyzing all possible combinations using a dead end elimination algorithm.
+The final 3D model is built from the target-template alignment and the 3D structure of the template using MODELLER. MODELLER is also used to build the missing loops.
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of protein structure prediction software
+Protein structure prediction
+Homology modeling
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ESyPred3D web server

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXC_code-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "EXC code"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXC_code"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:53.087091+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+EXC is a condensed matter physics many-body theory software package implementing the Bethe–Salpeter equation in frequency-reciprocal space and on a plane wave basis set. Its purpose is to calculate, ab initio, dielectric and optical properties, like absorption, reflectivity, refraction index, electron and X-ray energy loss, for a large variety of systems, ranging from bulk systems, surfaces, to clusters or atoms. It is distributed under the GNU/GPL license.
+
+
+== See also ==
+ABINIT
+DP code
+YAMBO code
+PWscf
+Quantum chemistry computer programs
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth3D-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+title: "Earth3D"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth3D"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:38.431520+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Earth3D was developed as part of a diploma thesis of Dominique Andre Gunia at 
+Braunschweig University of Technology to display a virtual globe of the earth. It was developed before Google bought Keyhole, Inc and changed their product into Google Earth. Earth3D downloads its data (satellite imagery and height data) from a server while the user navigates around. The data itself is saved in a Quadtree. It uses data from NASA, USGS, the CIA and the city of Osnabrück.
+One of the strengths of Earth3D is the capacity of showing meteorological phenomena, like Low-pressure areas, anticyclones, etc. in near-real time.
+The original version of Earth3D was developed using Trolltech's QT framework. Later a version built with Java and JOGL was developed, but the demand for a Java-based version was very low. This may be because NASA's WorldWind also had an open source Java version, so most people wanted to use a C++ based globe in their applications. That was the reason why a minimalized version, the Earth3dlib, was developed. It contains only the most necessary functions to display the earth itself and to add one's own visualizations to it.
+All these three projects can be retrieved from SourceForge's CVS (C++) or Subversion (Java) repository.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Marble, a free software of a virtual globe that allows the user to choose among the Earth, the Moon, Venus, Mars and other planets.
+World Wind, virtual Earth globe open-source developed by NASA.
+OpenStreetMap, collaborative project to create free and editable maps.
+Comparison of web map services
+Neogeography
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+World 3D Maps Earth

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EarthBrowser-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: "EarthBrowser"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EarthBrowser"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:39.607252+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+EarthBrowser was a virtual globe software developed by Lunar software. It was available online as a Flash application or could be installed locally as an AIR application. It focused mainly on visualising geophysical information such as weather, earthquakes, clouds, weather conditions, etc. It showed the earth as satellite images.
+EarthBrowser was originally developed in 1996 by Matt Giger, a University of Oregon graduate student, under the name Planet Earth. It was one of the first applications to show real-time patterns (including weather, earthquakes, and volcanic activity) on a virtual globe. It was largely superseded by the introduction of Keyhole Markup Language, used by most current virtual globe software.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_clock-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+---
+title: "Earth clock"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_clock"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:37.235208+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Earth Clock is a computer program that will display a map of the Earth showing the zones where is day and where is night. It was released by Xentax Foundation on February 7, 2004, and programmed by Arjan Dikhoff. Its source code can be found at SourceForge.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoDrive-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: "EcoDrive"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoDrive"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:40.832821+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+EcoDrive is free software codeveloped by Microsoft and Fiat. It was unveiled at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, and its aim was to allow drivers to reduce their fuel consumption and pollution emissions. It was available for Fiat 500 and Fiat Grande Punto and in 2009 throughout the whole Fiat range equipped with Blue&Me.
+The EcoDrive user application was written using Adobe Air to facilitate cross-platform use by the UK consulting firm AKQA. When the car is driven, EcoDrive collects all the data about CO2 emission and fuel consumption. Additionally, EcoDrive allows users to receive driving tips on how to achieve a lower environmental impact.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Speaks_Statistics-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+title: "Emacs Speaks Statistics"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Speaks_Statistics"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:43.327609+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Emacs Speaks Statistics (ESS) is an Emacs package for programming in statistical languages. It adds two types of modes to emacs:
+
+ESS modes for editing statistical languages like R, SAS and Julia; and
+inferior ESS (iESS) modes for interacting with statistical processes like R and SAS.
+Modes of types (1) and (2) work seamlessly together. In addition, modes of type (1) provide the capability to submit a batch job for statistical packages like SAS, BUGS or JAGS when an interactive session is unwanted due to the potentially lengthy time required for the task to complete.
+With Emacs Speaks Statistics, the user can conveniently edit statistical language commands in one emacs buffer, and execute the code in a second. There are a number of advantages of doing data analysis using Emacs/ESS in this way, rather than interacting with R, S-PLUS or other software directly. First, as indicated above, ESS provides a convenient way of writing and executing code without frequently switching between programs. This also encourages the good practice of keeping a record of one's data analysis, equivalent to working from do-files in Stata. Third, since emacs is also an able editor of LaTeX files, it facilitates the integration of data analysis and written text with Sweave.
+
+
+== External links ==
+ESS is freely available for download from the ESS website, which also contains documentation and links to a mailing list.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(program)-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+---
+title: "Empire (program)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(program)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:44.545369+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Empire is a computer software for semiempirical Molecular Orbital calculations designed to run in parallel on multi-core desktop computers and on massively parallel supercomputers. Empire is used to calculate chemical structures and is able to calculate large systems such as proteins .
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Equation_Solver-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+title: "Engineering Equation Solver"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Equation_Solver"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:45.760934+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is a commercial software package used for solution of systems of simultaneous non-linear equations. It provides many useful specialized functions and equations for the solution of thermodynamics and heat transfer problems, making it a useful and widely used program for mechanical engineers working in these fields. EES stores thermodynamic properties, which eliminates iterative problem solving by hand through the use of code that calls properties at the specified thermodynamic properties. EES performs the iterative solving, eliminating the tedious and time-consuming task of acquiring thermodynamic properties with its built-in functions.
+EES also includes parametric tables that allow the user to compare a number of variables at a time. Parametric tables can also be used to generate plots. EES can also integrate, both as a command in code and in tables. EES also provides optimization tools that minimize or maximize a chosen variable by varying a number of other variables. Lookup tables can be created to store information that can be accessed by a call in the code. EES code allows the user to input equations in any order and obtain a solution, but also can contain if-then statements, which can also be nested within each other to create if-then-else statements. Users can write functions for use in their code, and also procedures, which are functions with multiple outputs. 
+Adjusting the preferences allows the user choose a unit system, specify stop criteria, including the number of iterations, and also enable/disable unit checking and recommending units, among other options. Users can also specify guess values and variable limits to aid the iterative solving process and help EES quickly and successfully find a solution.
+The program is developed by F-Chart Software, a commercial spin-off of Prof Sanford A Klein from Department of Mechanical Engineering
+University of Wisconsin-Madison.
+EES is included as attached software for a number of undergraduate thermodynamics, heat-transfer and fluid mechanics textbooks from McGraw-Hill.
+It integrates closely with the dynamic system simulation package TRNSYS, by some of the same authors.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official site

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erable-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+title: "Erable"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erable"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:49.485499+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Erable is a computer algebra system (CAS) for a family of Hewlett-Packard graphing scientific calculators of the HP 40, 48 and HP 49/50 series.
+
+
+== History ==
+Originally named ALGB in 1993, it was developed by the French mathematician Bernard Parisse for the HP 48SX. Over time, the system integrated a lot of functionality from another math pack for the HP 48 series, ALG48 by Mika Heiskanen and Claude-Nicolas Fiechter. At some point, ALGB was renamed into Erable, a French play-on-words on another CAS named Maple. Compatible with the HP 48S, 48SX, 48G, 48GX, and 48G+, Erable became one of the "must-have" software packages to be installed by advanced users of these calculators.
+When Hewlett-Packard developed the HP 49G in 1999, the Erable and ALG48 packages became an integral part of the calculator's firmware, now just named HP49 CAS.
+As HP CAS it also showed up in the HP 40G, 40gs, 49g+, 48gII and 50g and was maintained by Parisse up to 2006.
+Based on his experiences with Erable, Parisse started developing a new and more general CAS system named Xcas / Giac in 2000. It is written in C++ rather than System RPL. This system was integrated into the HP Prime in 2013 under a dual-license scheme.
+
+
+== Versions ==
+The last stable stand-alone version of Erable for the HP 48 series is 3.024 (1998-08-06), with source code as of 1998-07-14 available under the GNU GPL. The latest beta versions for these calculators are 3.117 (1998-10-17) and 3.201 (1999-02-07).
+Parts of the CAS system for the HP 49/50 series (version 4) were released as open-source under the LGPL (since some parts of the CAS, which are copyrighted by Hewlett-Packard, remain proprietary software) and were maintained by Parisse up to 2006-02-02 (for firmware 2.14), and 2006-09-19 (for firmware 2.15 (2009-04-21) and 2.16 (2012-04-26)).
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+Comparison of computer algebra systems
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_prescription_software-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "Exercise prescription software"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_prescription_software"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:54.308160+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Exercise prescription software is a branch of computer software designed to aid in the construction of exercise programmes or regimes for patients who require some kind of ongoing rehabilitation.
+Exercise prescription is common in physiotherapy practices where traditionally patients would be given a printed handout with diagrams and instructions describing any rehabilitation exercises. As high speed internet becomes prevalent in the home, and paperless offices are more desirable, prescribed exercises may be e-mailed to patients. diagrams may be replaced by instructional videos,  and new technologies (apps for mobile devices, wearable devices, and online support forums) have expanded the ways in which exercise may be prescribed and monitored.
+In addition to traditional software tools, recent advancements have introduced AI-based systems to the realm of exercise prescription software. These systems use real-world exercise data, heart rate metrics, and other health indicators to tailor exercise prescriptions, thereby enhancing the precision and effectiveness of rehabilitation programs. Such developments represent a significant shift towards more personalized and data-driven approaches in exercise prescription and monitoring.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Exercise is Medicine
+Exercise prescription
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Computational_Chemistry_Environment-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+title: "Extensible Computational Chemistry Environment"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Computational_Chemistry_Environment"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:55.522184+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Extensible Computational Chemistry Environment (ECCE, pronounced "etch-ā") provides a sophisticated graphical user interface, scientific visualization tools, and the underlying data management framework enabling scientists to efficiently set up calculations and store, retrieve, and analyze the rapidly growing volumes of data produced by computational chemistry studies.
+
+
+== Major features ==
+Support for building molecular models.
+Graphical user interface to a broad range of electronic structure theory types. Supported codes currently include NWChem, GAMESS (UK), Gaussian 03, Gaussian 98, and Amica. Other codes are registered based on user requirements.
+Graphical user interface for basis set selection.
+Remote submission of calculations to UNIX and Linux workstations, Linux clusters, and supercomputers. Supported queue management systems include PBS, LSF, NQE/NQS, LoadLeveler and Maui Scheduler.
+Three-dimensional visualization and graphical display of molecular data properties while jobs are running and after completion.  Molecular orbitals and vibrational frequencies are among the properties displayed.
+Support for importing results from NWChem, Gaussian 94, Gaussian 98, and Gaussian 03 calculations run outside of the ECCE environment.
+Extensive web-based help.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ECCE homepage
+Git Hub source code

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EzMol-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+title: "EzMol"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EzMol"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:56.773697+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Ezmol, stylized EzMol, is a web server for molecular modelling.
+
+
+== About ==
+Ezmol is a molecular modeling web server for the visualisation of protein molecules. It has a limited selection of visualisation options for the most common requirements of molecular visualisation, enabling the rapid production of images through a wizard-style interface, without the use of command-line syntax. It is developed and maintained by Professor Michael Sternberg's group at The Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London and was published in the Journal of Molecular Biology in 2018.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Official promotional video

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDMNES-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+title: "FDMNES"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDMNES"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:14:59.261840+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The FDMNES program calculates the spectra of different spectroscopies related to the real or virtual absorption of x-ray in material. It gives the absorption cross sections of photons around the ionization edge, that is in the energy range of XANES. The calculation is performed with all conditions of rectilinear or circular polarization. In the same way, it calculates the structure factors and intensities of anomalous or resonant diffraction spectra (DAFS or RXS).
+The code uses two techniques of monoelectronic calculations. The first one is based on the Finite Difference Method (FDM) to solve the Schrödinger equation. In that way the shape of the potential is free and in particular avoid the muffin-tin approximation. The second one uses the Green formalism (multiple scattering) on a muffin- tin potential. This approach can be less precise but is faster.
+FDMNES is used as external program to calculate basic spectra for XANES fitting using FitIt.
+It can also be used to calculate X-ray Raman scattering spectra.
+
+
+== References ==
+Joly, Y. (2001-03-13). "X-ray absorption near-edge structure calculations beyond the muffin-tin approximation". Physical Review B. 63 (12) 125120. American Physical Society (APS). Bibcode:2001PhRvB..63l5120J. doi:10.1103/physrevb.63.125120. ISSN 0163-1829.
+
+
+== External links ==
+FDMNES home page

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLUKA-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+title: "FLUKA"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLUKA"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:04.071922+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+FLUKA (an acronym for Fluktuierende Kaskade) is a fully integrated Monte Carlo simulation package for the interaction and transport of particles and nuclei in matter. 
+FLUKA has many applications in particle physics, high energy experimental physics and engineering, shielding, detector and telescope design, cosmic ray studies, dosimetry, medical physics, radiobiology. A recent line of development concerns hadron therapy. As of 2022 FLUKA allowed simulation of interactions of photons with energy 100 eV and above.
+It is the standard tool used in radiation protection studies in the CERN particle accelerator laboratory.
+FLUKA software code is used by Epcard, which is a software program for simulating radiation exposure on airline flights.
+The first version of FLUKA was developed in the 1960s by Johannes Ranft. FLUKA makes use of combinatorial geometry.
+
+
+== Comparison with other codes ==
+MCNPX is slower than FLUKA.
+Geant4 is slower than FLUKA.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Würl, Matthias (30 May 2016). "3.1 The FLUKA Monte Carlo Code". Towards Offline PET Monitoring at a Cyclotron-Based Proton Therapy Facility: Experiments and Monte Carlo Simulations. Springer. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-3-658-13168-5.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official site of FLUKA collaboration
+FLUKA on the CERN bulletin
+Physics software used to fight cancer

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret_Data_Visualization_and_Analysis-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: "Ferret Data Visualization and Analysis"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret_Data_Visualization_and_Analysis"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:00.416718+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Ferret is an interactive computer visualization and analysis environment designed to meet the needs of oceanographers and meteorologists analyzing large and complex gridded data sets. Ferret offers a Mathematica-like approach to analysis; new variables may be defined interactively as mathematical expressions involving data set variables. Calculations may be applied over arbitrarily shaped regions. Fully documented graphics are produced with a single command. It runs on most Unix and Linux systems using X Window for display, and on Windows XP/NT/9x.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Ferret official site

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Map-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+title: "Field-Map"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Map"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:01.603725+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Field-Map is a proprietary integrated tool designed for programmatic field data collection from IFER – Monitoring and Mapping Solutions, Ltd.
+It is mainly used for the allocation of forest ecosystems and data collection during field analysis. This application is able to work with relational databases, and provides seamless communication with external devices such as GPS, laser rangefinders and for national forest inventories in Ireland, Cape Verde, Czech Republic, Belgium, Slovakia, Hungary and Russia 
+
+
+== References ==
+
+In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, GIS Aids Statistical Forest Inventory. Retrieved on 2009-13-3.
+
+
+== External links ==
+IFER page for the product

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexAID-0.md

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+---
+title: "FlexAID"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexAID"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:02.821387+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+FlexAID is a molecular docking software that can use small molecules and peptides as ligands and proteins and nucleic acids as docking targets. As the name suggests, FlexAID supports full ligand flexibility as well side-chain flexibility of the target. It does using a soft scoring function based on the complementarity of the two surfaces (ligand and target).
+FlexAID has been shown to outperform existing widely used software such as AutoDock Vina and FlexX in the prediction of binding poses. This is particularly true in cases where target flexibility is crucial, such as is likely to be the case when using homology models. The source code is available on GitHub under Apache License.
+
+
+== Graphical user interface ==
+A PyMOL plugin for FlexAID, NRGsuite, has also been developed by the original authors.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Docking (molecular)
+Virtual screening
+List of protein-ligand docking software
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+— Najmanovich Research Group resources

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framsticks-0.md

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+---
+title: "Framsticks"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framsticks"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:05.242913+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Framsticks is a 3D freeware Artificial Life simulator.  Organisms consisting of physical structures ("bodies") and control structures ("brains") evolve over time against a user's predefined fitness landscape (for instance, evolving for speed), or spontaneously coevolve in a complex environment. Evolution of organisms occurs primarily through artificial selection, where an intelligent selector chooses the selection parameters and mutation rates. Also the organisms rate of crossing-over can be chosen thus reflecting the sharing of genes by mating in nature. The simulated organisms have genetic scripts inspired by DNA found in living organisms in nature. A user can isolate a particular organism in the gene pool and edit its genotype. Framsticks allows users to design organisms or manually edit the living genetic code of an organism. Users have the ability to seed the environment with energy orbs that the organisms convert to energy and material. Depending on how the organism does in its lifespan determines the future of the virtual gene pool. Gene pools can be exported and shared.
+
+
+== Bodies ==
+The bodies are made up of various building blocks that are assembled according to a genetic script. Building blocks include: a rotator, hinge, muscle, structure, and receptor.
+
+
+== Brains ==
+The brains are neural networks that show up as a network of firing neurons. The genetic script serves as the blueprints for the exact assembly and functioning of the neural network.
+
+
+== World ==
+The world or ‘universe’ can be set to height-field editable as blocks and/or steep planes, ‘water’, flat, or a combination of all these and be edited by user as map in simple text-format. It has adjustable gravitation and water level.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Digital organism
+Artificial life
+List of other Alife Simulators
+
+
+== External links ==
+Framsticks home page
+Worlds and Organisms sample gallery
+Comparison of Different Encodings for Simulated 3D Agents

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_solver-0.md

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 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:06.526976+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAMESS_(UK)-0.md

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+---
+title: "GAMESS (UK)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAMESS_(UK)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:07.755056+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System (GAMESS-UK) is a computer software program for computational chemistry. The original code split in 1981 into GAMESS-UK and GAMESS (US) variants, which now differ significantly. Many of the early developments in the UK version arose from the earlier UK based ATMOL program, which, unlike GAMESS, lacked analytical gradients for geometry optimisation.
+GAMESS-UK can perform many general computational chemistry calculations, including Hartree–Fock method, Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2 & MP3), coupled cluster (CCSD & CCSD(T)), density functional theory (DFT), configuration interaction (CI), and other advanced electronic structure methods. Calculation of valence bond wave functions are possible by the TURTLE code, due to J. H. van Lenthe.
+
+
+== See also ==
+CP2K
+GAMESS (US)
+Gaussian (software)
+MOLCAS
+MOLPRO
+MPQC
+NWChem
+PSI (computational chemistry) (Psi3)
+Firefly (computer program)
+Q-Chem
+Quantum chemistry computer programs
+
+
+== References ==
+Guest *, Martyn F.; Bush, Ian J.; Van Dam, Huub J. J.; Sherwood, Paul; Thomas, Jens M. H.; Van Lenthe, Joop H.; Havenith, Remco W. A.; Kendrick, John (2005). "The GAMESS-UK structure package: algorithms, developments and applications". Molecular Physics. 103 (6–8): 719–747. arXiv:1506.05421. Bibcode:2005MolPh.103..719G. doi:10.1080/00268970512331340592.  This is one of the most cited chemistry papers
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDCM-0.md

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+---
+title: "GDCM"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDCM"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:08.933943+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Grassroots DICOM or GDCM (originally called GNU DiCoM; the name was changed at a request for integration in ITK, followed by a change in license), is a cross-platform library written in C++ for DICOM medical files. It is automatically wrapped to Python/C#/Java & PHP (using SWIG). It supports RAW, JPEG (lossy/lossless), J2K, JPEG-LS, RLE and deflated. It also comes with DICOM Part 3,6 & 7 of the standard as XML files. It can be used to build a JPIP or WADO server.
+Since release 2.2.0 the toolkit comes with an SCU implementation for:
+
+C-ECHO
+C-STORE
+C-FIND
+C-MOVE
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+ImageMagick
+VTK
+ITK
+CMake
+OpenJPEG
+IJG JPEG
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+SourceForge project page
+Historical GDCM 1.x page

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEUP-0.md

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+---
+title: "GEUP"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEUP"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:12.709631+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+GEUP is a commercial interactive geometry software program on windows, similar to Cabri Geometry. Originally using the Spanish language, it was programmed by Ramón
+Alvarez Galván. Recent versions include support for three-dimensional geometry.
+
+
+== History ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Galván Fernández, Carmen (2003), "Algunas actividades con GEUP" (PDF), Números, 54: 31–40.
+
+
+== External links ==
+GEUP.net

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAPE-0.md

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+---
+title: "GRAPE"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAPE"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:20.164953+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+GRAPE, or GRAphics Programming Environment is a software development environment for mathematical visualization, especially differential geometry and continuum mechanics. In 1994, it won the European Academic Software Award.
+The term graphical refers to the applications; the programming itself is mostly based on C. GRAPE was developed by the University of Bonn in Germany and is available for free for non-commercial purposes. It has not been developed actively since 1998.
+
+
+== qfix Grape ==
+Another graphical programming environment called GRAPE is developed by qfix and the University of Ulm. Here, it is used as a graphical tool for developing object oriented programs for controlling autonomous mobile robots. After arranging graphical program entities to receive the desired flow chart, the graphical program can be translated to source code (e.g. C++). A modular interface makes the environment easy to extend, so additional classes can be integrated or different flowchart-to-code translator or compilers can be used.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+official homepage (University of Bonn)
+Homepage qfix robotics
+qfix Grape Archived 2016-03-15 at the Wayback Machine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYRO-0.md

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+---
+title: "GYRO"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYRO"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:21.372616+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+GYRO is a computational plasma physics code developed and maintained at General Atomics.  It solves the 5-D coupled gyrokinetic-Maxwell equations using a combination of finite difference, finite element and spectral methods.  Given plasma equilibrium data, GYRO can determine the rate of turbulent transport of particles, momentum and energy.
+
+
+== External links ==
+GYRO Homepage at General Atomics Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecode-0.md

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+---
+title: "Gecode"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecode"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:10.161545+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Gecode (for Generic Constraint Development Environment) is a software library for solving Constraint satisfaction problems. It is programmed in C++ and distributed as free software under the permissive MIT license. Gecode has bindings for several programming languages such as Prolog, Python and Ruby, and an interface to the AMPL modeling language.
+The development of Gecode has been led by Christian Schulte, but has been contributed to by many other researchers and programmers, including 
+Denys Duchier, 
+Filip Konvicka, 
+Gabor Szokoli, 
+Guido Tack, 
+Håkan Kjellerstrand, 
+Mikael Lagerkvist, 
+Patrick Pekczynski, 
+Raphael Reischuk, and 
+Tias Guns.
+The first release of Gecode was in December 2005. Since then, Gecode has rapidly become prominent constraint programming systems. Contributing factors include its execution performance, extensibility, distribution as free and open-source software under a permissive licence, and implementation in a widely used programming language. In addition to its standalone use, its extensibility and licensing makes it highly suitable for use on other projects. Gecode has been ported to several language, for instance, Gelisp is a wrapper of Gecode for Lisp.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+Speeding up constraint propagation. Christian Schulte and Peter J. Stuckey, In Wallace, 2004, pages 619–633.
+Compiling and Executing Declarative Modeling Languages to Gecode. Raffaele Cipriano, Agostino Dovier, Jacopo Mauro. Conference: International Conference on Logic Programming/Joint International Conference and Symposium on Logic Programming - ICLP(JICSLP), pp. 744–748, 2008
+Monadic Constraint Programming with Gecode. Pieter Wuille, Tom Schrijvers. Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Constraint Modelling and Reformulation pages:171-185. International workshop on Constraint Modelling and Reformulation. Lisbon, 20 September 2009.
+A hybrid solver for large neighborhood search: Mixing Gecode and EasyLocal++. Raffaele Cipriano, Luca Di Gaspero, Agostino Dovier. Conference: Hybrid Metaheuristics - HM, pp. 141–155, 2009. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04918-7_11
+
+
+== External links ==
+Gecode home site
+Christian Schulte Archived 2014-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, lead developer of Gecode.
+Constraint Propagation Archived 2009-04-19 at the Wayback Machine - Dissertation by Guido Tack explaining the theory and implementation of Gecode

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensim-0.md

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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:11.443957+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghemical-0.md

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+---
+title: "Ghemical"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghemical"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:13.903737+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Ghemical is a computational chemistry software package written in C++ and released under the GNU General Public License. The program has graphical user interface based on GTK+2 and supports quantum mechanical and molecular mechanic models, with geometry optimization, molecular dynamics, and a large set of visualization tools. Ghemical relies on external code to provide the quantum-mechanical calculations — MOPAC provides the semi-empirical MNDO, MINDO, AM1, and PM3 methods, and MPQC methods based on Hartree–Fock calculations.
+The chemical expert system is based on OpenBabel, which provides basis functionality like atom typing, rotamer generation and import/export of chemical file formats.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Open Babel — chemical expert system
+XDrawChem — 2D drawing program, also based on Open Babel
+Molecule editor
+Avogadro (software)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Ghemical home page
+Ghemical version that interfaces GAMESS (US)
+Ghemical plugin for Bioclipse
+A Guide to Ghemical in finnish (in Finnish)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_(docking)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Glide (docking)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_(docking)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:15.114301+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Glide is a molecular modeling software for docking of small molecules into proteins and other biopolymers. It was developed by Schrödinger, Inc.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmsh-0.md

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+---
+title: "Gmsh"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmsh"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:16.339518+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Gmsh is a finite-element mesh generator developed by Christophe Geuzaine and Jean-François Remacle. Released under the GNU General Public License, Gmsh is free software.
+Gmsh contains 5 modules: for geometry description, meshing, solving and post-processing. Gmsh supports parametric input and has advanced visualization mechanisms. Since version 3.0, Gmsh supports full constructive solid geometry features, based on Open Cascade Technology.
+A modified version of Gmsh is integrated with SwiftComp, a general-purpose multiscale modeling software. The modified version, called Gmsh4SC, is compiled and deployed on the Composites Design and Manufacturing HUB (cdmHUB).
+
+
+== Interfaces ==
+Various graphical user interfaces exist that integrate Gmsh into their workflow:
+
+A Matlab interface available with FEATool Multiphysics.
+The Mesh and FEM Workbenches of FreeCAD support Gmsh for meshing inside the program, along with other meshers like Netgen.
+
+
+== See also ==
+TetGen
+Salome (software)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Gmsh website
+Official Gmsh Documentation
+Gmsh Tutorials by Dolfyn Archived 2019-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
+Gmsh Matlab and FEATool GUI and CLI integration

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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:18.940194+00:00"
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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:15:22.604946+00:00"
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