Scrape wikipedia-science: 550 new, 880 updated, 1472 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_of_Spock-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bust of Spock"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_of_Spock"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:50.271524+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The bust of Spock is a bronze sculpture in the town of Vulcan in Alberta, Canada, placed at the corner of Centre Street and 2nd Avenue S. The monument consists of a bust of Spock, a character from science fiction television series Star Trek: The Original Series, portrayed by actor Leonard Nimoy. It also features a plaque with his handprint cast in bronze, performing the Vulcan salute. It was unveiled on April 23, 2010. The sculpture celebrates the coincidental similarity of the town's name to the fictional homeworld of extraterrestrial species of Vulcans, with Spock being its member.
+
+
+== History ==
+
+The monument dedicated to Spock, the one of main characters from science fiction television series Star Trek: The Original Series, was unveiled in Vulcan, Alberta, on April 23, 2010, by Leonard Nimoy, who portrayed him. The sculpture celebrates the coincidental similarity of the town's name to the fictional homeworld of extra-terrestrial species of Vulcans, with Spock being its member.
+During the ceremony, Nimoy left a handprint of his right hand, to be cast in bronze and later added to the monument. It was imprinted performing the Vulcan salute, with open hand, and fingers parted between the middle and ring. In the television series, it was recognisable gesture performed by Vulcans.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+The monument is placed in front of the building at 104 2nd Avenue S, near the corner with Centre Street. It consists of a bronze bust Spock, the one of main characters from science fiction television series Star Trek: The Original Series, portrayed by Leonard Nimoy. He is depicted as characterised in the television series, with pointed ears, sharp high-raised eyebrows and bowl cut with pointed sideburns, wearing a Starfleet uniform, with the badge on his chest. In front of the bust is place a plaque featuing the handprint of Nimoy's right hand, performing the Vulcan salute, with open hand, and fingers parted between the middle and ring finger.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Vulcan Starship FX6-1995-A, another sculpture in Vulcan, themed after Star Trek
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessons_in_Chemistry_(miniseries)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Lessons in Chemistry (miniseries)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessons_in_Chemistry_(miniseries)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:40.372728+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Lessons in Chemistry is an American period drama miniseries created by Lee Eisenberg, based on the novel of the same name by Bonnie Garmus. It stars Brie Larson as chemist Elizabeth Zott who begins hosting her own feminist cooking show in 1950s America.
+The series began streaming on Apple TV on  October 13, 2023 and ended November 22, 2023. It received positive reviews from critics, and received nominations for two Golden Globe Awards, Best Limited or Anthology Series and Best Actress – Miniseries for Larson. In 2024 Sarah Adina Smith won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television and Limited Series for directing the second episode "Her and Him".
+
+
+== Premise ==
+After being fired from her job as a lab tech, chemist Elizabeth Zott uses her new job hosting a 1950s television cooking show titled Supper at Six to educate housewives on scientific topics.
+
+
+== Cast ==
+
+
+=== Main ===
+Brie Larson as Elizabeth Zott
+Lewis Pullman as Calvin Evans
+Aja Naomi King as Harriet Sloane
+Stephanie Koenig as Fran Frask
+Patrick Walker as Reverend Curtis Wakely
+
+
+=== Recurring ===
+Derek Cecil as Dr. Robert Donatti
+Thomas Mann as Boryweitz
+Andy Daly as Dr. Richard Price
+Alice Halsey as Madeline Zott
+Amentii Sledge as Linda Sloane
+Yasir Hashim Lafond as James "Junior" Sloane
+Joshua Hoover as Anthony Powers
+Kevin Sussman as Walter Pine
+Marc Evan Jackson as Dr. Leland Mason
+Paul James as Charlie Sloane
+Rainn Wilson as Phil Lebensmal
+
+
+=== Guest ===
+Adam Bartley as Scientist
+Tate Ellington as Dr. Bates
+B. J. Novak as Six-Thirty (voice)
+Beau Bridges as Harry Wilson
+Jake Short as Ralph Bailey
+Ashley Monique Clark as Martha Wakely
+Rosemarie DeWitt as Avery Parker
+Shoo Shoo Parsells as Amanda Pine
+
+
+== Episodes ==
+
+
+== Production ==
+It was announced in January 2021 that Apple TV+ had issued a straight-to-series order for the show, with Brie Larson set to star and executive produce. The series began production by August 2022, with Lewis Pullman, Aja Naomi King, Stephanie Koenig, Patrick Walker, Thomas Mann, Kevin Sussman and Beau Bridges added to the cast.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+
+The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 86% approval rating with an average rating of 7.4/10, based on 69 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Touching on several hot button issues while benefiting immensely from a perfect pinch of Brie Larson, Lessons in Chemistry's ambitious ingredients add up to satisfying entertainment." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 68 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.
+
+
+== Accolades ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Lessons in Chemistry at Apple TV+
+Lessons in Chemistry at IMDb

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Madness-0.md

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+---
+title: "Murder Madness"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Madness"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:46.433005+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Murder Madness is a science fiction novel by American author Murray Leinster. It was first published in book form in 1931 by Brewer and Warren, marking Leinster's debut novel. Prior to its book publication, the story was serialized in four installments in the magazine Astounding SF beginning in May 1930.
+
+
+== Plot summary ==
+The story centers on a brilliant but ruthless scientist who develops a chemical agent capable of inducing madness in anyone who is exposed to it. Seeking to manipulate society and seize global power, he spreads the drug covertly, causing widespread fear and chaos. The narrative follows a group of protagonists, including journalists and law enforcement figures, who gradually uncover his scheme and attempt to stop him before civilization collapses.
+The novel explores the consequences of scientific hubris, the moral implications of controlling human behavior, and the social instability that arises when fear and irrationality are unleashed on a population. Leinster’s story blends elements of suspense, adventure, and early speculative science fiction.
+
+
+== Characters ==
+**The Villain** – The unnamed scientist who invents the madness-inducing drug and seeks to dominate the world.
+**Protagonists** – A team of investigators and journalists working to expose and halt the villain's plan.
+**Supporting Figures** – Citizens affected by the drug, whose reactions illustrate the societal impact of the villain's scheme.
+
+
+== Themes ==
+Power and control – the dangers of unchecked ambition and manipulation.
+Science and ethics – the moral responsibility of scientists in society.
+Madness and social chaos – the fragility of social order under psychological manipulation.
+
+
+== Publication history ==
+Serialized in Astounding SF, 1930, across four issues.
+First hardcover edition published by Brewer and Warren in 1931.
+
+
+== Reception and significance ==
+Although not as well-known as some of Leinster's later works, Murder Madness is considered an early example of science fiction exploring psychological control, dystopian elements, and mind-altering technology. The novel has been noted by historians for its imaginative premise and its contribution to the development of speculative fiction in the early 20th century.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Stableford, Brian (2004). Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810863085.
+Ashley, Mike (2000). The Time Machines: The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0853234507.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Murder Madness title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
+ Murder Madness public domain audiobook at LibriVox

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Marie-Victorin_Kirouac-0.md

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+---
+title: "Statue of Marie-Victorin Kirouac"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Marie-Victorin_Kirouac"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:42.757185+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Marie-Victorin Statue (French: Monument au Frère Marie-Victorin, pronounced [mɔnymɑ̃ o fʁɛʁ maʁi viktɔʁɛ̃]), created by Sylvia Daoust, is a monument in the Botanical Garden of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 
+The monument to Brother Marie-Victorin (Marie-Victorin Kirouac) was unveiled by Maurice Duplessis and Paul-Émile Léger on September 18, 1954.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ Media related to Statue of Brother Marie-Victorin at Wikimedia Commons
+Inauguration de la statue du frère Marie-Victorin

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Invisible Man"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:39.100039+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Invisible Man is an 1897 science fiction novel by H. G. Wells. Originally serialised in Pearson's Weekly in 1897, it was published as a novel the same year. The Invisible Man to whom the title refers is Griffin, a scientist who has devoted himself to research into optics and invents a way to change a body's refractive index to that of air so that it neither absorbs nor reflects light. He carries out this procedure on himself and renders himself invisible, but fails in his attempt to reverse it. A practitioner of random and irresponsible violence, Griffin has become an iconic character in horror fiction.
+While its predecessors, The Time Machine and The Island of Doctor Moreau, were written using first-person narrators, Wells adopts a third-person objective point of view in The Invisible Man. The novel is considered influential, and helped establish Wells as the "father of science fiction".
+
+== Plot summary ==
+A man named Griffin arrives at an inn owned by Mr. and Mrs. Hall of the English village of Iping, West Sussex, during a snowstorm. He wears a wide-brimmed hat, a long-sleeved, thick coat and gloves; his face is hidden entirely by bandages except for a prosthetic nose. He is reclusive, irascible, unfriendly, and introverted. He demands to be left alone and spends most of his time in his rooms working with chemicals and laboratory apparatus, only venturing out at night. He causes a lot of accidents, but when Mrs. Hall addresses this, Griffin demands that the cost of the damage be put on his bill. While he is staying at the inn, hundreds of glass bottles arrive. His odd behaviour becomes the talk of the village, with many theorizing as to his origins.
+Meanwhile, a burglary occurs in the village, but no suspect is found. Running short of money, Griffin is unable to pay for his lodging and meals. When his landlady threatens to kick him out, he reveals his invisibility to her in a fit of anger. An attempt to apprehend him by the police is thwarted when he undresses to take advantage of his invisibility, fights off his would-be captors, and flees.
+At the South Downs, Griffin coerces a tramp, Thomas Marvel, to become his assistant. With Marvel, he returns to the village to recover three notebooks that contain records of his experiments. Marvel attempts to betray Griffin, who threatens to kill him. Marvel escapes to the seaside town of Port Burdock, pursued to an inn by Griffin, who is shot by one of the bar patrons.
+Griffin takes shelter in a nearby house that turns out to belong to Dr. Kemp, a former acquaintance from medical school. To Kemp, he reveals his true identity: an albino former medical student who left medicine to devote himself to the science of optics.
+Griffin tells the story of how he invented chemicals capable of rendering bodies invisible, which he first tried on a cat, then himself, how he burned down the boarding house he was staying in to cover his tracks, found himself ill-equipped to survive in the open, stole clothes from a theatrical supply shop on Drury Lane, and then headed to Iping to attempt to reverse the invisibility. Having been driven insane by the procedure and his experiences, Griffin now imagines that he can make Kemp his secret confederate, describing a plan to use his invisibility to terrorise the nation.
+Kemp has already denounced Griffin to the local authorities, led by Port Burdock's chief of police, Colonel Adye, and waits for help to arrive while listening to this wild proposal. When Adye and his men arrive, Griffin fights his way out and the next day leaves a note announcing that Kemp will be the first man to be killed in the "Reign of Terror". Kemp tries to organise a plan to use himself as bait to trap the invisible man, but a note that he sends is stolen from his servant by Griffin. During the chase, Griffin arms himself with an iron bar and kills a bystander.
+Griffin shoots Adye, then breaks into Kemp's house. Adye's constables fend him off and Kemp bolts for the town, where the locals come to his aid. Still obsessed with killing Kemp, Griffin nearly strangles him but is cornered, seized, and beaten by the enraged mob, his last words a cry for mercy. Kemp urges the mob to stand away and tries to save Griffin's life, though unsuccessfully. Griffin's battered body becomes visible as he dies. A policeman has someone cover Griffin's face with a sheet.
+It is later revealed that Marvel has secretly kept Griffin's notes and—with the help of the stolen money— becomes a successful businessman, running the "Invisible Man Inn". However, when not running his inn, Marvel tries to decipher the notes, in the hope of one day recreating Griffin's work. However, because pages were accidentally washed clean, and the remaining notes are coded in Greek and Latin, and Marvel has no comprehension of even the basic mathematical symbols he sees in the notes, this is unlikely.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man-1.md

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+---
+title: "The Invisible Man"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:39.100039+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Background ==
+According to John Sutherland, Wells and his contemporaries such as Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson and Rudyard Kipling "essentially wrote boy's books for grown-ups." Sutherland identifies The Invisible Man as one such book. Wells said that his inspiration for the novella was "The Perils of Invisibility", one of the Bab Ballads by W. S. Gilbert, which includes the couplet "Old Peter vanished like a shot/but then – his suit of clothes did not." Another influence on The Invisible Man was Plato's Republic, a book which had a significant effect on Wells when he read it as an adolescent. In the second book of the Republic, Glaucon recounts the legend of the Ring of Gyges, which posits that, if a man were made invisible and could act with impunity, he would "go about among men with the powers of a god." Wells wrote the original version of the tale between March and June 1896. This version was a 25,000 word short story titled "The Man at the Coach and Horses" with which Wells was dissatisfied, so he extended it.
+
+== Scientific accuracy ==
+Russian writer Yakov I. Perelman pointed out in Physics Can Be Fun (1913) that from a scientific point of view, a man made invisible by Griffin's method should have been blind because a human eye works by absorbing incoming light, not letting it through completely. Wells seems to show some awareness of this problem in Chapter 20, where the eyes of an otherwise invisible cat retain visible retinas.
+
+== Legacy ==
+
+The Invisible Man has been adapted for, and referred to in, film, television, audio drama, and comics. Allen Grove, professor of English at Alfred University states,
+
+The Invisible Man has a wealth of progeny. The novel was adapted into comic book form by Classics Illustrated in the 1950s, and by Marvel Comics in 1976. Many writers and film-makers also created sequels to the story, something the novel’s ambiguous ending encourages. Over a dozen movies and television series are based on the novel, including a 1933 James Whale film and a 1984 series by the BBC. The novel has been adapted for radio numerous times, including a 2017 audio version starring John Hurt as the invisible man. It was adapted by playwright Arthur Yorinks in 2009 for WNYC's The Greene Space setting the multimedia play in a New York City homeless shelter. The cultural pervasiveness of The Invisible Man has led to everything from his cameo in an episode of Tom and Jerry to the Queen song "The Invisible Man".
+
+== See also ==
+
+The War of the Worlds – 1898 science fiction novel by H. G. Wells
+The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz – 1910 novel by Jules Verne
+
+== References ==
+
+== Bibliography ==
+Wells, H. G. (1996), The Invisible Man, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283195-X
+Wells, H. G. (2017a), The Invisible Man, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-870267-2
+
+== External links ==
+
+The Invisible Man at Standard Ebooks
+ The Invisible Man at Project Gutenberg
+ The Invisible Man public domain audiobook at LibriVox
+3 may 2006 guardian article about Milton and Nicorovici's invention
+Horror-Wood: Invisible Man films
+Complete copy of The Invisible Man by HG Wells in HTML, ASCII and WORD, archived from the original on 18 April 2021

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Lost World (Doyle novel)"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:41.529856+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Lost World is an adventure and science fiction novel by British writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle recounting an expedition to a remote plateau in the Amazon basin of South America where dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals still survive, along with a tribe of vicious ape-like creatures that are in conflict with a group of indigenous Indians. The work introduces the character of Professor Challenger, who leads the expedition (and who would appear in later Conan Doyle stories), and is narrated in the first person by the journalist member (Edward Malone) of the exploration party. The Lost World appeared in serial form in the Strand Magazine, illustrated by New-Zealand-born artist Harry Rountree, during the months of April through November 1912 and also was serialized in magazines in the United States from March to November 1912. Hodder & Stoughton published the first book edition in October 1912 in Great Britain (London), with printings as well in the United States (New York) and in Canada (Toronto). 
+
+When he was working on The Lost World, Doyle explained to his editor Herbert Greenhough Smith: "My ambition is to do for the boys' book what Sherlock Holmes did for the detective story". Doyle cast the novel in the mode of the popular 19th century "boy’s adventure story" genre of Robert Louis Stevenson and H. Rider Haggard, but written to appeal to adults as well, as declared in his opening epigraph:
+In developing the novel, Doyle drew on factual sources such as zoologist Ray Lankester's book Extinct Animals and the accounts of explorers, most notably his friend Percy Fawcett. He also took direct inspiration from earlier fictional works by Jules Verne (in particular, Journey to the Center of the Earth, in which humans encounter prehistoric creatures living deep inside the planet), and British adventure fantasies about finding lost kingdoms and mysterious ancient civilizations in faraway locations such as Haggard's King Solomon's Mines and She: A History of Adventure. Adding to the mix, Doyle skillfully integrated humor into the story, satirizing, among other things, academic rivalries and sensational journalism—including a Foreword announcing withdrawal of a supposed injunction and libel suit against publication of the book by Professor Challenger.
+The public success of The Lost World (which was translated into multiple languages soon after), boosted by the popularity of the silent motion picture version from 1925, led to the term "lost world" being extended to an entire subgenre of earlier and later adventure, fantasy, and science fiction works set in distant or hidden locations where ancient creatures, races, or civilizations continue to exist in modern times. The Lost World is widely considered one of Conan Doyle’s best novels for its exciting narrative, imaginative setting, and vivid characters, setting a standard for similar later adventure stories. It has never been out of print.
+
+== Plot summary ==
+
+Edward Malone, a young reporter for the Daily Gazette, asks his editor for a dangerous assignment to impress the woman he loves, Gladys, who wishes for a great man capable of brave deeds and actions. His task is to approach the notorious Professor Challenger. The subject is to be his recent South American expedition which is surrounded by controversy. Malone masquerades as an earnest student to get in with the professor. However, Challenger sees through the masquerade, and after confirming Malone’s scientific knowledge is non-existent, erupts in anger and forcibly throws him out.
+However, Malone earns his respect by refusing to press charges with a policeman who saw his violent ejection into the street. Challenger ushers him back inside and, extracting promises of confidentiality, eventually reveals he has discovered living dinosaurs in South America, following up an expedition by a now-deceased previous American explorer named Maple White. At a tumultuous public meeting in which Challenger experiences further ridicule (most notably from a professional rival, Professor Summerlee), Malone volunteers for an expedition to verify the discoveries. His companions are to be Professor Summerlee, and Lord John Roxton, an adventurous hunter who helped end slavery on the Amazon; the notches on his rifle showing how many slavers he killed doing so.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)-1.md

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+---
+title: "The Lost World (Doyle novel)"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:41.529856+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Running the gauntlet of hostile tribes, the expedition finally reaches the lost world with the aid of indigenous guides, who are superstitiously scared of the area. Summerlee retains his arrogance and his skepticism, until a pterodactyl flies down and is seen by all at close range, as it steals the companions’ dinner. After this, Summerlee apologises to Challenger.
+The group explores the entire base of the plateau to find a way to the top and discover that a former route up is now blocked by a rock slide. They also encounter human bones at one spot at the base of the cliff, identified as James Colver, Maple White’s companion, who, it would seem, somehow fell to his death. With the cliffs to the plateau apparently unscalable, an adjacent pinnacle is climbable but separated by a wide gap. Challenger determines that a tall tree on the pinnacle can be cut down and used as a bridge, which allows the four explorers to cross over to the plateau. However, they are almost immediately trapped on the other side, thanks to the treachery of one of their hired porters, Gomez—who, as it turns out, is a former slaver whose brother had previously been killed by Roxton during his anti-slavery activities. He takes his revenge by dropping the tree off the cliff, stranding the explorers on the plateau. Roxton shoots and kills Gomez, and the other guide is subsequently killed by another porter, a formerly enslaved black man named Zambo, who remains loyal to the party: but the latter is unable to do much more to help, other than send some of the company's supplies over by rope. 
+The explorers investigate the wonders of the lost world, finding a herd of Iguanodons in a glade. They narrowly escape an attack from pterodactyls after the party comes upon a rookery around a swampy pit in a former volcanic blow-hole. Although barely escaping with their lives, Roxton takes great interest in nearby blue clay deposits.
+At night a ferocious theropod is about to break through the protective fence of thorn bushes built around their camp; Roxton averts disaster by bravely dashing at it, thrusting a blazing torch at its face to scare it away.
+
+ 
+The night after, Malone ventures out alone and studies fauna near the central lake; including Glyptodons, Irish elks, and a Stegosaurus. He barely escapes a Megalosaurus and falls into a deep pit dug to trap and impale animals while running in the dark; proof of humans on the plateau.
+
+After climbing out of the pit, Malone returns to the camp to find the others missing and signs of a violent attack. The following morning, Roxton arrives after escaping the race of "ape-men" that captured the party on the night that Malone visited the central lake. While in captivity, they discovered that a tribe of indigenous people, with whom the "ape-men" are at war, inhabit the other side of the plateau.
+Roxton and Malone take their rifles to mount a rescue. They arrive at the village of the ape-men and see an Indian hurled off the cliff to the delight of the hairy creatures. Professor Challenger apparently enjoys special status as a captive because of his physical resemblance to the king of the ape-men, and tries in vain to save Summerlee from a similar death. Lord Roxton shoots the king dead at the start of the rescue attack, and he and Malone fire repeatedly, preventing the ape-men from throwing Summerlee and the remaining captured tribe members over the edge. 
+One of the saved Indians is a young prince of the tribe and the surviving tribe members take the party back to their village. With the help of the explorers’ firepower, they return to defeat the "ape-men", slaughtering all the adult males, with most being driven off the cliff. After witnessing the power of their guns, the tribe wishes to keep the explorers on the plateau. During their time with the tribe, Roxton plans how to capture a pterodactyl chick at Challenger's request, using a protective wooden cage against the adult pterodactyls. Wanting to leave and return to civilization, the explorers are helped by the young prince they saved, who gives them a crude map of the caves in the hillside near the tribe. With the map, the explorers are able to find a tunnel leading back to the outside world. They escape by night, descending on a rope. 
+Upon return to England, many detractors continue to dismiss the expedition's account, until, at a public meeting at Queen's Hall Challenger produces the young pterodactyl as proof, transfixing the audience and leaving them in no doubt of the truth. The explorers are instantly feted as heroes, and on a wave of adulation find themselves carried shoulder-high from the hall by cheering crowds. The pterodactyl, in the confusion, makes its escape and is witnessed several times at different locations around London, causing consternation wherever it goes, but is last seen heading off to the southwest in the probable direction of its home.
+At a private celebratory dinner, Roxton reveals to the others that the blue clay contained diamonds. He had been tipped off to the possibility, by the recollection of a similar feature in South Africa, and managed to extract about £200,000 worth (£23 million in 2021), which is to be split between them. Challenger plans to open a private museum with his share. Summerlee plans to retire and categorise fossils. Malone returns to his love, Gladys, hoping she will recognise his achievements. Instead, he finds she has now changed her mind and married a very ordinary man instead, an insignificant clerk. Astonished at this turn of events, and with nothing to keep him in London, he decides to accompany Roxton back to the lost world, which the explorers earlier had named "Maple White Land" in honour of the American who found it.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)-2.md

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+---
+title: "The Lost World (Doyle novel)"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:41.529856+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Characters ==
+Professor George Edward Challenger – An energetic British zoologist with a volatile temper; his hairy, burly body and his thick beard are a source of humor in the story, including a resemblance to the king of the ape-men, who treats him like a brother after he is captured
+Edward D. Malone – A reporter at the Daily Gazette of Irish background; an athletic rugby player
+McArdle – Malone's editor at the Daily Gazette
+Professor Summerlee – An older British zoologist who is skeptical of Challenger’s claims
+Lord John Roxton – A widely traveled adventurer and skilled big-game hunter, an opponent of slavery
+Gomez – Brother to an enslaver whom Roxton killed
+Manuel – Gomez's friend
+Zambo – South American black man loyal to the explorers
+Gladys Hungerton – Edward Malone's love interest
+Jessie Challenger – Challenger's wife, who objects to his belligerent behavior
+Maple White – Deceased explorer who discovered the lost world
+The Accala Indians – The native human inhabitants of the lost world plateau
+
+== Prehistoric animals encountered ==
+Iguanodon – Large plant-eating dinosaurs: "they looked like monstrous kangaroos, twenty feet in length, and with skins like black crocodiles"; treated like cattle by the tribe of Indians living on the plateau.
+Unidentified theropod – Large meat-eating dinosaurs that Challenger and Summerlee debate if they are Megalosaurus or Allosaurus; oddly described as: "In shape they were like horrible toads, and moved in a succession of springs, but in size they were of an incredible bulk, larger than the largest elephant"; their "blotched and warty skins were of a curious fish-like iridescence."
+Stegosaurus – Armored plant-eating dinosaur, sketched by Maple White in his notebook, sighted by Malone near the lake at night.
+Pterodactyls – Pterosaurs or flying reptiles; Challenger and Summerlee debate if they were Pterodactylus or Dimorphodon.
+Plesiosaurus – Long-necked swimming reptile seen on the shore of the lake, much to Summerlee's delight
+Ichthyosaurus – Fish-like aquatic reptile caught in a net in the lake by the tribe.
+Megaloceros – Described as a huge deer resembling the "Irish elk" but without using a scientific name.
+Glyptodon – Described as like large armadillos, but without using a scientific name.
+Toxodon – Described as a: "giant ten-foot guinea pig, with projecting chisel teeth."
+Smilodon – Mentioned to been a possible candidate for the attack of the Iguanodon.
+Phorusrhacos – A giant flightless predatory bird called "phororacos" that chases and attacks Challenger; killed by Lord Roxton, who takes the skull as a trophy.
+Ape-men – Anthropoid apes covered in reddish hair, described as: "an advance upon the pithecanthropus of Java, and as coming therefore nearer than any known form to that hypothetical creation, the missing link."
+Unidentified insectivore reptilian – Described as a "Scaly ant-eater" with no further explanation.
+
+== References in other works ==
+
+In addition to lending its title to this subgenre, the title of Doyle's work was reused by Michael Crichton in his 1995 novel The Lost World, a sequel to Jurassic Park, and its film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park.
+Greg Bear's 1998 novel Dinosaur Summer is a sequel to The Lost World, set in an alternate history 1947. In the context of Bear's novel, The Lost World was a nonfiction work published by Doyle as recounted to him by Professor Challenger.
+
+== References to actual history, geography and current science ==
+ 
+Doyle was aware of his good friend Percy Harrison Fawcett's expedition to the Huanchaca Plateau in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia. Fawcett organised several expeditions to delimit the border between Bolivia and Brazil – an area of potential conflict between both countries. Doyle attended Fawcett's lecture to the Royal Geographical Society on 13 February 1911 and was impressed by the tale about the remote "province of Caupolican" (present day Huanchaca Plateau) in Bolivia – a dangerous area with impenetrable forests, where Fawcett saw "monstrous tracks of unknown origin".
+The characters of Ed Malone and Lord John Roxton were modelled, respectively, on the journalist E. D. Morel and the diplomat Roger Casement, leaders of the Congo Free State reform campaign (the Congo Reform Association), which Doyle supported. In 1911, just when Doyle was writing the book, Casement made a second such anti-slavery reform campaign in the Amazonian part of Peru. It is possible that Malone was also based on Bertram Fletcher Robinson, a close friend of Doyle's, because like Robinson, Malone was raised in the West Country, exceeded six feet in height, became an accomplished rugby union player, worked as a London-based journalist, and he loved a woman called Gladys. Furthermore, Fletcher Robinson and Fawcett both attended Newton Abbot Proprietary School between 1882 and 1885, which was a small institution, so they were likely acquainted with each other.
+Fawcett wrote in his posthumously published memoirs: "Monsters from the dawn of Man's existence might still roam these heights unchallenged, imprisoned and protected by unscalable cliffs. So thought Conan Doyle when later in London I spoke of these hills and showed photographs of them.  He mentioned an idea for a novel on Central South America and asked for information, which I told him I should be glad to supply.  The fruit of it was his Lost World in 1912, appearing as a serial in the Strand Magazine, and subsequently in the form of a book that achieved widespread popularity."
+
+A 1996 Science Fiction Studies review of an annotated edition of the novel suggested that another inspiration for the story may have been the 1890s contested political history of the Pacaraima Mountains plateaux, and Mount Roraima in particular.
+
+== Film, television, and radio adaptations ==
+
+=== Film ===
+Theatrical films:
+
+The Lost World (1925; film)
+The Lost World (1960; film)
+Direct-to-video films:
+
+The Lost World (1992; film)
+Return to the Lost World (1992; sequel film)
+The Lost World (1998; film)
+King of the Lost World (2005)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)-3.md

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+---
+title: "The Lost World (Doyle novel)"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:41.529856+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Television ===
+Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World (1999–2002; TV series)
+Dinosaur Island (2002 animated film)
+Adventures in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World (2002) (Canadian-French-Luxembourger animated series)
+The Lost World (2001; television film)
+
+=== Documentary ===
+The Real Lost World (2006)
+
+=== Audio ===
+The Lost World (1944; radio)
+John Dickson Carr as Narrator (all characters)
+The Lost World (1949; BBC Light Programme radio serial)
+With Abraham Sofaer, Ivor Barnard, Lewis Stringer, Cyril Gardiner
+Dinosaurs! (1966, an audio dramatic version of The Lost World adapted and directed by Ronald Liss and recorded by permission of the Estate of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; MGM/Leo the Lion Records C/CH-1016)
+Basil Rathbone as Professor Challenger
+Leo Marion as Dr. Summerlee
+Peter Fernandez as Edward Malone
+(The character of Lord John Roxton was not included in this adaptation.)
+The Lost World (1975 BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial)
+Francis de Wolff as Professor Challenger
+Gerald Harper as Lord John Roxton
+Kevin McHugh as Edward Malone
+Carleton Hobbs as Professor Summerlee
+The Lost World (2011; BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial)
+David Robb as Professor Challenger
+Jamie Glover as Lord John Roxton
+Jonathan Forbes as Edward Malone
+Jasmine Hyde as Dr. Diana Summerlee (a female substitute for Professor Summerlee in the original novel)
+Jane Whittenshaw as Edith Challenger
+Nyasha Hatendi as Maple White
+Vinicius Salles as Querioz
+
+== See also ==
+Lost world
+1912 in science fiction
+Up (2009 film)
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+The Lost World title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
+The Lost World at Standard Ebooks
+
+ The Lost World at Project Gutenberg.
+The Lost World (1925) available for free download from Internet Archive.
+ The Lost World public domain audiobook at LibriVox
+The Lost World (1912) available at Internet Archive.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists)-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Martians (scientists)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:44.067011+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+"The Martians" (Hungarian: "A marslakók") were a group of prominent scientists (mostly, but not exclusively, physicists and mathematicians) of Hungarian Jewish descent who emigrated from Europe to the United States in the early half of the 20th century.
+Leo Szilard jokingly suggested that Hungary was a front for aliens from Mars. In an answer to the question of why there is no evidence of intelligent life beyond Earth (called the Fermi paradox) despite its high probability of existence, Szilárd responded: "They are already here among us –  they just call themselves Hungarians." This account is featured in György Marx's book The Voice of the Martians.
+
+
+== Men included in the description ==
+Individuals considered members of The Martians group include:
+
+
+== Origin of the name ==
+
+The original story from György Marx's book The Voice of the Martians:
+
+The universe is vast, containing myriads of stars ... likely to have planets circling around them. ... The simplest living things will multiply, evolve by natural selection and become more complicated till eventually active, thinking creatures will emerge. ... Yearning for fresh worlds ... they should spread out all over the Galaxy. These highly exceptional and talented people could hardly overlook such a beautiful place as our Earth. –  "And so," Fermi came to his overwhelming question, "if all this has been happening, they should have arrived here by now, so where are they?" –  It was Leo Szilard, a man with an impish sense of humor, who supplied the perfect reply to the Fermi Paradox: "They are among us," he said, "but they call themselves Hungarians."
+When the question was put to Edward Teller –  who was particularly proud of his monogram, E.T. (abbreviation of extraterrestrial) –  he looked worried, and said: "Von Kármán must have been talking."
+According to György Marx, the extraterrestrial origin of the Hungarian scientists is proved by the fact that the names of Leó Szilárd, John von Neumann, and Theodore von Kármán cannot be found on the map of Budapest, but craters can be found on the Moon bearing their names: Szilard, Von Neumann, Von Kármán, and a crater on Mars, Von Kármán.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Hungarian diaspora
+Hungarian mathematics
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+György Marx (2000). A marslakók érkezése (Arrival of the Martians). Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 456. ISBN 963-05-7723-2.
+Hargittai, István (2006). The Martians of Science: Five Physicists Who Changed the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-19-517845-6.
+Marton, Kati (2006). The Great Escape: Nine Jews Who Fled Hitler and Changed the World. United States: Simon & Schuster. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-74-326115-9.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monstrumologist-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Monstrumologist"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monstrumologist"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:45.202623+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Monstrumologist is a young adult horror novel written by American author Rick Yancey. It was published on September 22, 2009 by Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing. It is the first book in The Monstrumologist series, followed by The Curse of the Wendigo. The story follows Will Henry, an orphaned assistant to Dr. Pellinore Warthrop, a man who specializes in monstrumology, the study of monsters.
+The novel received the 2010 Michael L. Printz Honor Award for excellence in young adult literature.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+The review in Publishers Weekly said, "Yancey's elegant depiction of an America plagued with monsters, human and otherwise, spares no grisly detail. ... Horror lovers will be rapt." The reviewer in the School Library Journal wrote "Though the pace sometimes falters beneath the weight of Will's verbose observations, the author folds surprising depth and twists into the plot and cast alike, crafts icky bits that can be regarded as comically over-the-top (or not), and all in all dishes up an escapade fully 'capable,' as Will puts it, 'of fulfilling our curious and baffling need for a marauding horror of malicious intent'".
+
+
+== Sequels ==
+The monstrumologist had three  subsequent books in the saga. These books are The Curse of the Wendigo published in 2010, The Isle of Blood published in 2011 and The Final Descent in 2013.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutty_Professor-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Nutty Professor"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutty_Professor"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:47.656081+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Nutty Professor may refer to:
+
+The Nutty Professor (1963 film), a comedy directed by and starring Jerry Lewis
+The Nutty Professor (1996 film), a comedy starring Eddie Murphy
+The Nutty Professor (soundtrack), soundtrack album for the 1996 film
+The Nutty Professor (2008 film), animated comedy and sequel to the 1963 film
+The Nutty Professor (character), the titular character in the above media
+The Nutty Professor (franchise), encompassing the above media and their sequels

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platonic_Permutation-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Platonic Permutation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platonic_Permutation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:04:48.950959+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+"The Platonic Permutation" is the ninth episode of the ninth season of The Big Bang Theory. The 192nd episode overall, it first aired on CBS on November 19, 2015. The story follows the characters throughout Thanksgiving. The first storyline explores Sheldon and Amy's relationship as they meet-up, after being broken up. The next subplot follows Bernadette, Raj, Emily and Howard where they volunteer at a soup kitchen and the last follows Leonard and Penny after they have a minor conflict as Penny forgets Leonard's birthday.
+"The Platonic Permutation" features a guest appearance of South-African American entrepreneur and business magnate, Elon Musk as himself. Critics had mixed reviews of the episode. Critics praised Sheldon and Amy's storyline, but were critical of the other two subplots and Musk's appearance.
+
+
+== Plot ==
+With Sheldon Cooper and Amy Farrah Fowler still broken up and all of his friends busy for Thanksgiving, Sheldon tries to give Amy tickets he bought them to Thanksgiving dinner at the aquarium, but Amy suggests they can still go as friends. Along the way, Sheldon asks Amy questions about her current dating life and plays a game about fish. Despite the initial awkwardness, Amy answers his questions, and the two reconnect as friends.
+Bernadette Rostenkowski, Raj Koothrappali and Emily Sweeney drag Howard Wolowitz to a soup kitchen to volunteer for the day, after Howard lies about going there to avoid Sheldon. At the soup kitchen, Howard encounters Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX, and they bond over their interest in space travel.
+Meanwhile, Leonard Hofstadter and Penny prepare Thanksgiving dinner at home for the gang. When he realizes she does not know his birthday, he proceeds to list personal things he knows about her but accidentally reveals his knowing that she hates the orange lingerie he bought her, which she only disclosed in her journal. To apologize for reading it without permission, Leonard dances in the lingerie, asking Penny to post an image of him onto her social media as punishment. Howard, Raj, Bernadette, and Emily arrive at the apartment around this time, to Leonard's embarrassment.
+Later, Amy tells Sheldon she is ready to be his girlfriend again, but Sheldon declines, telling her that getting over their breakup was too difficult, but that he wishes to remain friends. Amy accepts but is disappointed by this.
+
+
+== Production ==
+The story was completed by Jim Reynolds, Jeremy Howe, and Tara Hernandez while the teleplay was written by Steve Holland, Maria Ferrari, and Adam Faberman. The episode was directed by Mark Cendrowski. It features a guest appearance of Wayne Wilderson as Travis, in addition to South African Canadian-American entrepreneur and business magnate, Elon Musk as himself.
+It first aired in the US on CBS on November 19, 2015, and first aired in the UK on E4 on December 17, 2015.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+
+
+=== Ratings ===
+The episode was watched live by 15.19 million viewers, and had a ratings share of 3.8, during its original broadcast in the US. The 7-day data showed the episode received a total of 21.23 million viewers. Its UK premiere received 2.285 million viewers (7 day data), with the expanded 28 day data receiving 2.515 million viewers, making it the most watched program on E4 for the week.
+
+
+=== Critical response ===
+
+"The Platonic Permutation" received mixed reviews from critics. Critics praised Sheldon and Amy's storyline but were critical of the other two subplots. IGN's Jesse Schedeen said of Sheldon and Amy's storyline saved the episode from "total mediocrity". Caroline Preece of Den of Geek praised Sheldon and Amy's storyline as well, saying the resolutions of the other two subplots had "left something to be desired". Digital Spy's Tom Eames said of "The Platonic Permutation": "Aside from a couple of sweet scenes with Sheldon and Amy, this was one of those episodes where you'd have a better time if you just looked at the photos and caught up on the synopsis on Wikipedia".
+Schedeen opined that the soup kitchen storyline had potential but ultimately said it lacked humor. He and Eames criticized the lack of message for viewers about being thankful or generous and said that Howard's selfishness is instead rewarded by meeting Elon Musk. Preece was critical of the subplot saying Howard was "misused" by "providing lazy comedic relief to compensate for some of the more dramatic things" the show has done in "The Platonic Permutation" and the wider season.
+Schedeen criticized Musk's appearance by saying he was not put to "very good use" and that his interactions with Howard were stiff and awkward. Eames concurred calling his appearance a "bit pointless and self-indulgent" and criticized his acting abilities.
+Schedeen said the Leonard and Penny's subplot was mildly more entertaining than that of the soup kitchen but said parts of it felt repetitive. Eames concurred calling the storyline "mildly funny".
+Schedeen praised Sheldon and Amy's storyline it was a "welcome way of bringing Sheldon and Amy back together without needlessly pushing them back into each other's arms". Eames and Schedeen praised the rare downbeat ending for the series when Sheldon declined to be Amy's boyfriend. Eames opined that it was revitalizing to see "Sheldon act so mature by admitting that getting over Amy was the one thing he hasn't 'excelled at', and deciding to stay just friends", calling it "one of the most realistic moments the show has ever had". Eames felt more focus should have been given to this storyline calling the other two "lazy and boring".
+
+
+=== Awards ===
+At the Art Directors Guild Awards 2015, John Shaffner (production designer), along with Francoise Cherry-Cohen (set designer), and Ann Shea (set decorator) won the  Excellence in Production Design Award - Multi-Camera Television Series award for The Big Bang Theory for their work on "The Platonic Permutation", "The Skywalker Incursion", and "The Mystery Date Observation".
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+"The Platonic Permutation" at IMDb