Scrape wikipedia-science: 230 new, 860 updated, 1122 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_shaping-0.md

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+---
+title: "Problem shaping"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_shaping"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:51.817507+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue.  
+It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving. Problem shaping (or problem framing) often involves the application of critical thinking.
+Algorithmic approach to technical problems reformulation was introduced by G. S. Altshuller in ARIZ.
+
+
+== See also ==
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodromus-0.md

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+---
+title: "Prodromus"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodromus"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:52.988995+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A prodromus ('forerunner' or 'precursor') aka prodrome is a term used in the natural sciences to describe a preliminary publication intended as the basis for a later, more comprehensive work.
+It is also a medical term used for a premonitory symptom, that is, a symptom indicating the onset of a disease.
+The origin of the word is from the 19th century: via French from New Latin prodromus, from Greek prodromos, meaning forerunner.
+Nicolas Steno's De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus, one of the early treatises attempting to explain the occurrence of fossils in solid rock.
+Ludovico Marracci's Arabic edition and Latin translation of the Qur’an was published in 1698. His ‘Introduction’ (Prodromus) had been published seven years earlier.
+Other notable prodromi include Prodromus Entomology, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis.
+
+
+== See also ==
+White paper
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomimetic-0.md

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+---
+title: "Proteomimetic"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomimetic"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:54.236997+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Proteomimetics are molecules that mimic certain protein characteristics such as shape, binding properties or enzymatic activity. While conceptually linked to peptidomimetics which mimic short peptide sequences or secondary structures, proteomimetics recapitulate tertiary structures. This can involve the mimicry of entire protein domains or fragments thereof. Proteomimetic approaches can range from entirely abiotic scaffolds to specific main chain and side chain-modifications.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_phenomenon-0.md

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+---
+title: "Proteus phenomenon"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_phenomenon"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:55.430361+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Proteus phenomenon is the tendency in science for early replications of a work to contradict the original findings, a consequence of publication bias. It is akin to the winner's curse.
+The term was coined by John Ioannidis and Thomas A. Trikalinos in 2005 named after the Greek god Proteus who could rapidly change his appearance. A 2013 paper argued that the phenomenon might be "desirable or even optimal" from a scientific standpoint.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Reproducibility
+Reproducibility Project
+Metascience
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_lecture-0.md

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+---
+title: "Public lecture"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_lecture"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:56.728569+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A public lecture (also known as an open lecture) is one means employed for educating the public.  Gresham College, in London, has been providing free public lectures since its founding in 1597 through the will of Sir Thomas Gresham.  The Royal Society held its first ever meeting at Gresham College in November 1660, after one of Christopher Wren's lectures, and continued to meet there for the next fifty years.
+The Royal Institution of Great Britain has a long history of public lectures and demonstrations given by prominent experts in the field. In the 19th century, the popularity of the public lectures given by Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution was so great that the volume of carriage traffic in Albemarle Street caused it to become the first one-way street in London. The Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures for young people are nowadays also shown on television.  Alexander von Humboldt delivered a series of public lectures at the University of Berlin in the winter of 1827–1828, that formed the basis for his later work Kosmos.
+
+
+== Public autopsies ==
+Besides public lectures, public autopsies have been important in promoting knowledge of medicine.  The autopsy of Dr. Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, advocate of phrenology, was conducted in public, and his brain, skull, and heart were removed, preserved in jars of alcohol, and put on display to the public.   Public autopsies have verged on entertainment: American showman P. T. Barnum held a public autopsy of Joice Heth after her death. Heth was a woman whom Barnum had been featuring as being over 160 years old. Barnum charged 50 cents admission. The autopsy demonstrated that she was between 76 and 80 years old.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+"Heritage". The Royal Institution of Great Britain. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2005.
+"Review of 'The Showman and the Slave: Race, Death, and Memory in Barnum's America' by Benjamin Reiss". Gary Cross, Journal of American History. Archived from the original on 28 December 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2005.
+"Mind Games: A look at phrenology in the 1830s". Tom Kelleher, Research Historian, Old Sturbridge Visitor, Fall, 1997; pp. 13–15. Retrieved 26 January 2005.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
+
+
+== See also ==
+Collège de France
+Lecture
+List of public lecture series
+
+
+== External links ==
+Online Lectures. Webcasts
+Lecturefinder: Search academic and college grade lectures online.
+platformed.org: A New York-based organization advocating public lecture attendance.
+yovisto.com: An academic e-lecture search engine.
+Open Lectures and Talks : Find lists of UK public lectures and talks
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualimetry-0.md

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+---
+title: "Qualimetry"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualimetry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:57.995916+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Qualimetry is a scientific discipline which concerns itself with the methods and problems of quantification of the quality of any object: things or processes, whether natural or man-made, products of labour or nature, whether living or inanimate,  etc.
+It is a scientific theory of the quantitative determination of quality developed in the former USSR by G.G.Azgaldov and currently used in development of Russian standards (GOST),  etc.
+
+
+== Discussion ==
+"The term qualimetry (from the Latin quale, “of what kind”), which designates a scientific discipline studying the methodology and problems of quantitative assessment of the quality of any kind of object (primarily, products), was first used in 1968.  That this initiative was timely and justifiable was borne out by a series of international scholarly conferences fully or partly devoted to issues of qualimetry, e.g., in Moscow, Oslo, Varna, Yerevan, Madrid or Tallinn. 
+The term qualimetry is being gradually admitted into the scientific and engineering vocabularies of many countries. According to Google, tens of thousands of references to publications in 32 languages contain this term. " 
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVER_Initiative-0.md

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+---
+title: "RECOVER Initiative"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVER_Initiative"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:00.353603+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The RECOVER Initiative is a research program run by the United States National Institutes of Health that aims to understand the causes of, discover treatments for and prevent Long COVID. RECOVER's initial studies were observational, but others focused on pathology of treatments have been performed. Plans for a series of treatment studies were announced in July 2023.
+
+
+== Funding ==
+A December 2020 allocation by Congress funded the creation of the program with $1.15 billion USD. In February 2024, the program received a further infusion of $515 million USD, extending the program until 2028.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent_bottle-0.md

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+---
+title: "Reagent bottle"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent_bottle"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:59.195121+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Reagent bottles, also known as media bottles or graduated bottles, are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers. They are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves. Some reagent bottles are tinted amber (actinic), brown or red to protect light-sensitive chemical compounds from visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation which may alter them; other bottles are tinted blue (cobalt glass) or uranium green for decorative purposes - mostly vintage apothecary sets, from centuries in which a doctor or apothecary was a prominent figure. The bottles are called "graduated" when they have marks on the sides indicating the approximate (often with a 10% error) amount of liquid at a given level within the container. A reagent bottle is a type of laboratory glassware. The term "reagent" refers to a substance that is part of a chemical reaction (or an ingredient of which), and "media" is the plural form of "medium" which refers to the liquid or gas which a reaction happens within, or is a processing chemical tool such as (for example) a flux.
+Several companies produce reagent bottles, including Wheaton, Kimble, Corning, Schott AG, Sklárny Moravia and trademark glass names include Pyrex, Kimax, Duran, Boro and Bomex.
+Common bottle sizes include 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 2000 ml. Older bottles and those for expensive or medical chemicals, can be found of capacities well under 100 ml. 
+The selection of caps and stoppers that reagent bottles are closed with are as important as the material the bottles are made of, and the decision as to which cap to use is dependent on the material stored in the container, and the amount of heat which the cap can be subject to. Common cap sizes include 33-430 (33mm), 38-430 (38mm), and GL 45 (45mm). Caps range in size from narrow mouthed to wide mouthed and often a glass or plastic funnel is needed to properly fill a reagent bottle from a larger or equal sized container's mouth. Reagent bottle caps used for microbiology are commonly said to be "autoclavable".
+Antique or vintage reagent bottles tend to resemble the classic apothecary bottle and have a glass stopper, very often not of a standard size, so very old bottles and samples should be stored with care, as replacing a missing glass stopper would require dedicated glassworking.
+Reagent bottles are subject to regulations and are required to meet global scientific standards.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Boston round (bottle)
+
+
+== References ==
+Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, ISBN 1-930268-25-4
+Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalized_variable_theory-0.md

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+---
+title: "Regionalized variable theory"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalized_variable_theory"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:01.601690+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Regionalized variable theory (RVT) is a geostatistical method used for interpolation in space.
+The concept of the theory is that interpolation from points in space should not be based on a smooth continuous object. It should be, however, based on a stochastic model that takes into consideration the various trends in the original set of points. The theory considers that within any dataset, three types of relationships can be detected:
+
+Structural part, which is also called the trend.
+Correlated variation.
+Uncorrelated variation, or noise.
+After defining the above three relationships, RVT then applies the first law of geography, in order to predict the unknown values of points. The major application of this theory is the Kriging method for interpolation.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+David, MICHEL, ed. (1977-01-01), "Chapter 5 - Theoretical Basis of the Approach: The Theory of Regionalized Variables", Developments in Geomathematics, Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier, vol.2, pp. 91–114, retrieved 2022-01-23

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_group-0.md

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+---
+title: "Research group"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_group"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:02.770933+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A research group is a group of researchers often from the same faculty, specialized on the same subject, working together on the issue or topic.
+The success of a research group depends on several factors: clearly defined goals, research emphasis, group climate, participative governance, decentralized organization, communication, resources, recruitment, selection, and leadership.
+Research groups may be mistaken for study groups, which tend to be more casual and more frequently used by younger students.
+
+
+== References ==