Scrape wikipedia-science: 220 new, 860 updated, 1112 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWetWare-0.md

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+---
+title: "OpenWetWare"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWetWare"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:36.277616+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+OpenWetWare is a wiki whose mission is "to support open research, education, publication, and discussion in biological sciences and engineering."
+OpenWetWare was created by graduate students at MIT on April 20, 2005. Initially, it served as a private lab wiki for the labs of Drew Endy and Tom Knight at MIT. The site was opened up to allow any lab to join on June 22, 2005.  As of April 6, 2007, the site hosted 100 research laboratories from over 40 institutions, including Boston University, Brown University, Caltech, University of Cambridge, CNRS, Duke University, and many others. The server was shut down on April 15, 2025 due to a lack of funding, but returned on October 27th.
+In addition to laboratories, a number of scientific communities are based on the site, including synthetic biology, Mimulus, and the BioBricks Foundation. One scientific community is the iGEM community with over 60 different teams represented on June 28, 2013, including the NRP-UEA-Norwich team and the Groningen team.
+OpenWetWare runs on MediaWiki software on Linux servers. All content is available under free content licenses, specifically the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) and the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) license.
+
+
+== External links ==
+OpenWetWare
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_assessment-0.md

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+---
+title: "Open assessment"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_assessment"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:35.117763+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Open assessment is a method for making impact assessments where anyone can participate and contribute. Most open assessments have been made in Opasnet, which is a wiki-based web-workspace specifically designed for this purpose. The open assessment method has been developed in the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finnish: Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos) in Finland originally for providing guidance in complex environmental health problems. So far, it has been applied on e.g. air pollution and pollutants in fish.  Opasnet has won the World Summit Award Finland competition, the eGovernment and Institutions category.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Opasnet
+Health impact assessment
+Risk assessment
+Environmental health
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Description of open assessment in Opasnet

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_Radio_Frequency_Spectrum-0.md

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+---
+title: "Output Radio Frequency Spectrum"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_Radio_Frequency_Spectrum"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:37.609092+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+ORFS stands for Output RF Spectrum, where 'RF' stands for Radio Frequency.
+The acronym ORFS is used in the context of mobile communication systems, e.g., GSM. It stands for the relationship between (a) the frequency offset from the carrier and (b) the power, measured in a specific bandwidth and time, produced by the mobile station due to effects in modulation and power ramping and switching. ORFS measurements are defined and required in order to prove conformance by various institutions, e.g., the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or ETSI.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeos-0.md

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+---
+title: "Palaeos"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeos"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:38.863746+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Palaeos.com is a web site on biology, paleontology, phylogeny and geology and which covers the history of Earth. The site is well respected and has been used as a reference by professional paleontologists such as Michael J. Benton, the professor of vertebrate palaeontology in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol. It is frequently cited in Science Online.
+Palaeos.com was started by Toby White and Alan Kazlev; the pair were later joined by Chris Taylor, Mikko Haaramo of the Department of Geology at the University of Helsinki, and Chris Clowes. It features professional-level, yet readable articles about:
+
+Palaeontology, evolution and systematics
+Geochronology, earth systems and time scale
+Diversity of life and ecology
+The site's developers have started a wiki, Palaeos.org, which uses MediaWiki software to provide conventional voluntary membership.
+Some pages use images from websites run by David Peters, whose works sometimes considered as highly unreliable.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Palaeos.com
+Palaeos.org (wiki)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_(experimental)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Paradigm (experimental)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_(experimental)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:40.116638+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In the behavioural sciences (e.g. psychology, biology, neurosciences), an experimental paradigm is an experimental setup or way of conducting a certain type of experiment (a protocol) that is defined by certain fine-tuned standards, and often has a theoretical background. A paradigm in this technical sense, however, is not a way of thinking as it is in the epistemological meaning (paradigm).
+
+In the social sciences empiricist experimentation has independent [and dependent] variables and control conditions...What is the origin of the hypotheses which are studied? Given the basic design, the hypothesis and the particular conditions for the experiment, an experimental paradigm must be made up. The paradigm typically includes factors such as experimental instructions for the subjects, the physical design of the experiment room, and the rules for process of the trial or trials to be carried out.
+The more paradigms which are attempted, and the more variables within a single paradigm are attempted, with the same results, the more sure one is of the results, that, "the effect is a true one and not merely a product of artifacts engendered by the use of a particular paradigm." The three core factors of paradigm design may be considered: "(a) ...the 'nuts and bolts' of the paradigm itself...; (b) ...implementation concerns...; and (c) resources available."
+
+An experimental paradigm is a model of research that is copied by many researchers who all tend to use the same variables, start from the same assumptions, and use similar procedures. Those using the same paradigm tend to frame their questions similarly.
+For example, the stop-signal paradigm, "is a popular experimental paradigm to study response inhibition." The cooperative pulling paradigm is used to study cooperation. The weather prediction test is a paradigm used to study procedural learning. Other examples include Skinner boxes, rat mazes, and trajectory mapping.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Glossary of experimental design
+Randomized controlled trial
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+(2013) "Figure 1: Experimental paradigm" example, Nature.com.
+"Discovering Optimal Training Policies: A New Experimental Paradigm" .PPT, SlideServe.com.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_tilt-0.md

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+---
+title: "Pen tilt"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_tilt"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:41.351949+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Pen tilt refers to the angle of a writing instrument during handwriting and drawing, which can vary over time. In a coordinate system which is determined by the writing surface plane 
+  
+    
+      
+        {
+        X
+        ,
+        Y
+        }
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \{X,Y\}}
+  
+ and the vertical pen-tip movement along the 
+  
+    
+      
+        {
+        Z
+        }
+      
+    
+    {\displaystyle \{Z\}}
+  
+ axis, all three two-dimensional planes can be discerned, and the angular signals can be delivered by a digitizer. It is part of the ISO/IEC standard 19794-7 for biometric data in signatures.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Graphonomics
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenom_(electron_microscope)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Phenom (electron microscope)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenom_(electron_microscope)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:42.596701+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Phenom is a small, table-top sized scanning electron microscope (SEM) originally developed by Philips and FEI and further developed by Phenom-World.
+
+
+== Features ==
+The microscope features a combination of optical and electron-optical images; the optical image enables a "Neverlost" function so operators may navigate to any point on the sample. Sample loading takes place in four seconds (to obtain the CMOS overview image) and 30 seconds into the vacuum space via rapid transfer technology (no conventional load lock). 
+The Phenom system user interface is controlled with a touch screen. It achieves magnifications of up to 100,000 times with a resolution of down to 15 nm. An optional fully integrated X-ray analysis (EDS) system shows the composition of the sample in a few seconds..
+
+
+== Gallery ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+US Patent #7906762 - Compact scanning electron microscope
+Publication in: Systems Research Forum (SRF) Vol. 1 (2006) of the Stevens Institute of technology

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezo_ignition-0.md

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+---
+title: "Piezo ignition"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezo_ignition"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:44.098770+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Piezo ignition is a type of ignition that is used in portable camping stoves, gas grills and some lighters. Piezo ignition uses the principle of piezoelectricity, which is the electric charge that accumulates in some materials in response to mechanical deformation. It consists of a small, spring-loaded hammer which, when a button is pressed, hits a crystal of PZT. This sudden forceful deformation produces a high voltage and subsequent electrical discharge, which ignites the gas.
+No external electric connection is required, though wires are sometimes used to place the sparking location away from the crystal itself. Piezo ignition systems can be operated by either a lever, push-button or built into the control knob. An electric spark is usually generated once per turn of the knob or press of the button. Eventually, the crystal will no longer be able to emit an electric discharge. However, this takes a long time — piezoelectric igniters usually stop sparking after several tens of thousands of strikes.
+The most common material used in piezo ignition systems is lead zirconate titanate (PZT). However, other materials such as quartz and certain types of ceramics can also exhibit piezoelectric properties. These materials generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress.
+The piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880. The application of this effect in ignition systems began to be explored in the mid-20th century, leading to the development of modern piezo ignition devices.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Piezo Disassembly — Exposing the piezo element in a barbecue lighter.
+Piezo Igniter Life — A destructive test of igniter lifetime.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_trough-0.md

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+---
+title: "Pneumatic trough"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_trough"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:45.311972+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+A pneumatic trough is a piece of laboratory apparatus used for collecting gases, such as hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. It is mainly made of glass or various fibres and are of various sizes. It was invented by Stephen Hales.
+
+
+== Description ==
+Four items are required for gas collection with a pneumatic trough:
+
+The trough itself, which is a large glass dish or a similar container.
+A gas bottle (or bulb), to hold the gas collected.
+A way to support the gas bottle or bulb, such as a beehive shelf or a hanger (as with Stephen Hales' design).
+A liquid in the trough.
+
+
+=== Liquid ===
+Pneumatic troughs require a liquid such as water. Scientists also have used mercury in pneumatic troughs, but usually only for the collection of water-soluble gases. Health and safety issues surrounding mercury generally prohibit its use in modern-day pneumatic troughs.
+
+
+== Usage ==
+
+The bottle is filled with water, inverted, and placed into the pneumatic trough already containing water. The outlet tube from the gas-generating apparatus is inserted into the opening of the bottle so that gas can bubble up through it, displacing the water within.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Eudiometer
+Pneumatic chemistry
+Joseph Priestley
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Parascandola, John; Ihde, Aaron (1969). "History of the Pneumatic Trough". Isis. 60 (3): 351–361. doi:10.1086/350503. S2CID 144799335.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_similitude-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_similitude"
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 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:44:52.932326+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:46.558647+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---