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title: "Atmospheric chemistry observational databases"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry_observational_databases"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:32.580210+00:00"
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Over the last two centuries many environmental chemical observations have been made from a variety of ground-based, airborne, and orbital platforms and deposited in databases. Many of these databases are publicly available. All of the instruments mentioned in this article give online public access to their data. These observations are critical in developing our understanding of the Earth's atmosphere and issues such as climate change, ozone depletion and air quality. Some of the external links provide repositories of many of these datasets in one place. For example, the Cambridge Atmospheric Chemical Database, is a large database in a uniform ASCII format. Each observation is augmented with the meteorological conditions such as the temperature, potential temperature, geopotential height, and equivalent PV latitude.
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== Ground-based and balloon observations ==
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NDSC observations. The Network for the Detection for Stratospheric Change (NDSC) is a set of high-quality remote-sounding research stations for observing and understanding the physical and chemical state of the stratosphere. Ozone and key ozone-related chemical compounds and parameters are targeted for measurement. The NDSC is a major component of the international upper atmosphere research effort and has been endorsed by national and international scientific agencies, including the International Ozone Commission, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The primary instruments and measurements are: Ozone lidar (vertical profiles of ozone from the tropopause to at least 40 km altitude; in some cases tropospheric ozone will also be measured). Temperature lidar (vertical profiles of temperature from about 30 to 80 km). Aerosol lidar (vertical profiles of aerosol optical depth in the lower stratosphere). Water vapor lidar (vertical profiles of water vapor in the lower stratosphere). Ozone microwave (vertical profiles of stratospheric ozone from 20 to 70 km). H2O microwave (vertical profiles water vapor from about 20 to 80 km). ClO microwave (vertical profiles of ClO from about 25 to 45 km, depending on latitude). Ultraviolet/Visible spectrograph (column abundance of ozone, NO2, and, at some latitudes, OClO and BrO). Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (column abundances of a broad range of species including ozone, HCl, NO, NO2, ClONO2, and HNO3).
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MkIV observations. The MkIV Interferometer is a Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectrometer, designed and built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1984, to remotely sense the composition of the Earth's atmosphere by the technique of solar absorption spectrometry. This was born out of concern that man-made pollutants (e.g. chlorofluorocarbons, aircraft exhaust) might perturb the ozone layer. Since 1984, the MkIV Interferometer has participated in 3 NASA DC-8 polar aircraft campaigns, and has successfully completed 15 balloon flights. In addition, the MkIV Interferometer made over 900 days of ground-based observations from many different locations, including McMurdo, Antarctica in 1986.
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Sonde observations. The World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) is one of five World Data Centres which are part of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The WOUDC is operated by the Experimental Studies Division of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) — formerly Atmospheric Environment Service (AES), Environment Canada and is located in Toronto. The WOUDC began as the World Ozone Data Centre (WODC) in 1960 and produced its first data publication of Ozone Data for the World in 1964. In June 1992, the AES agreed to a request from the WMO to add ultraviolet radiation data to the WODC. The Data Centre has since been renamed to the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) with the two component parts: the WODC and the World Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WUDC).
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== Airborne observations ==
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Aircraft observations. Many aircraft campaigns have been conducted as part of the Suborbital Science Program and by the Earth Science Project Office an overview of these campaigns is available. The data can be accessed from the Earth Science Project Office archives.
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MOZAIC observations. The MOZAIC program (Measurement of OZone and water vapour by AIrbus in-service airCraft) was initiated in 1993 by European scientists, aircraft manufacturers and airlines to collect experimental data. Its goal is to help understand the atmosphere and how it is changing under the influence of human activity, with particular interest in the effects of aircraft. MOZAIC consists of automatic and regular measurements of ozone and water vapour by five long range passenger airliners flying all over the world. The aim is to build a large database of measurements to allow studies of chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere, and hence to validate global chemistry transport models. MOZAIC data provide, in particular, detailed ozone and water vapour climatologies at 9–12 km where subsonic aircraft emit most of their exhaust and which is a very critical domain (e.g. radiatively and S/T exchanges) still imperfectly described in existing models. This will be valuable to improve knowledge about the processes occurring in the upper troposphere/ lower stratosphere (UT/LS), and the model treatment of near tropopause chemistry and transport. The MOZAIC data is restricted access, to obtain access the forms need to be filled out.
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CARIBIC observations. The CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) project is an innovative scientific project to study and monitor important chemical and physical processes in the Earth's atmosphere. Detailed and extensive measurements are made during long distance flights on board the Airbus A340-600 "Leverkusen" (http://www.flightradar24.com/data/airplanes/D-AIHE/). We deploy an airfreight container with automated scientific apparatuses, which are connected to an air and particle (aerosol) inlet underneath the aircraft. In contrast to MOZAIC, CARIBIC is only installed on one aircraft, but it measures a much wider spectrum of atmospheric constituents (CARIBIC -> instrumentation). Both, CARIBIC and MOZAIC are integrated in IAGOS. Data exist from 1998-2002 and from 2004-today. It can be requested via CARIBIC -> data access.
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title: "Atmospheric chemistry observational databases"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry_observational_databases"
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category: "reference"
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
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== Space shuttle observations ==
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ATMOS observations. The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment (ATMOS) is an infrared spectrometer (a Fourier transform interferometer) that is designed to study the chemical composition of the atmosphere. In this section you will be able to read both general and detailed information as to why and how the instrument works. The ATMOS instrument has flown four times on the Space Shuttle since 1985. The predecessor to ATMOS, flown on aircraft and high-altitude balloon platforms, was born in the early 1970s out of concern for the effects of Super Sonic Transport exhaust products on the ozone layer. The experiment was redesigned for the Space Shuttle when the potential for ozone destruction by man-made chlorofluorocarbons was discovered and the need for global measurements became crucial.
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CRISTA observations. CRISTA is short for CRyogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere. It is a limb-scanning satellite experiment, designed and developed by the University of Wuppertal to measure infrared emissions of the Earth's atmosphere. Equipped with three telescopes and four spectrometers and cooled with liquid helium, CRISTA acquires global maps of temperature and atmospheric trace gases with very high horizontal and vertical resolution. The design enables the observation of small scale dynamical structures in the 15–150 km altitude region.
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== Satellite observations ==
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ACE observations. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite, also known as SCISAT-1, is a Canadian satellite that makes measurements of the Earth's atmosphere and follows in heritage of ATMOS.
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Aura observations. Aura flies in formation with the NASA EOS "A Train," a collection of several other satellites (Aqua, CALIPSO, CloudSat and the French PARASOL). Aura carries four instruments for studies of atmospheric chemistry: MLS, HIRDLS, TES and OMI.
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ILAS observations. ILAS (Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer) developed by MOE (the Ministry of the Environment) (formerly EA - Environment Agency of Japan) is boarded on ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite). On August 17, 1996, ADEOS was launched by the H-II rocket from the Tanegashima Space Center of Japan (ADEOS was renamed as "MIDORI") and stopped its operation on June 30, 1997. Data obtained by ILAS are processed, archived, and distributed by NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies).
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POAM observations. The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement II (POAM II) instrument was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to measure the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, aerosol extinction, and temperature. POAM II measures solar extinction in nine narrow band channels, covering the spectral range from approximately 350 to 1060 nm.
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Sulfate aerosol observations from SAGE and HALOE. The SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II) sensor was launched into a 57 degree inclination orbit aboard the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) in October 1984. During each sunrise and sunset encountered by the orbiting spacecraft, the instrument uses the solar occultation technique to measure attenuated solar radiation through the Earth's limb in seven channels centered at wavelengths ranging from 0.385 to 1.02 micrometers. The retrieval of stratospheric aerosol size distributions based on HALOE multi-wavelength particle extinction measurements was described by Hervig et al. [1998]. That approach yields unimodal lognormal size distributions, which describe the aerosol concentration versus radius using three parameters: total aerosol concentration, median radius, and distribution width. This site offers results based on the Hervig et al. [1998] technique, with one exception. The retrieval results reported here are based on sulfate refractive indices for 215 K, where Hervig et al. [1998] used room temperature indices adjusted to stratospheric temperatures using the Lorentz-Lorenz rule. Size distributions were only retrieved at altitudes above tropospheric cloud tops. Clouds were identified using techniques described by Hervig and McHugh [1999]. The HALOE size distributions are offered in NetCDF files containing data for a single year. The results are reported on a uniform altitude grid ranging from 6 to 33 km at 0.3 km spacing. The native HALOE altitude spacing is 0.3 km, so this interpolation has little or no effect on the data. The files report profile data including: altitude, pressure, temperature, aerosol concentration, median radius, distribution width, aerosol composition. Aerosol surface area and volume densities can be easily calculated from the size distribution parameters using the relationships given here.
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Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) observations. Data from the UARS is available from the GES Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The UARS satellite was launched in 1991 by the Space Shuttle Discovery. It is 35 feet (11 m) long, 15 feet (4.6 m) in diameter, weighs 13,000 pounds, and carries 10 instruments. UARS orbits at an altitude of 375 miles (604 km) with an orbital inclination of 57 degrees. UARS measured ozone and chemical compounds found in the ozone layer which affect ozone chemistry and processes. UARS also measured winds and temperatures in the stratosphere as well as the energy input from the Sun. Together, these helped define the role of the upper atmosphere in climate and climate variability.
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== Related observations ==
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Surface albedo. The surface reflectivity is of importance for atmospheric photolysis. Instruments such as the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) provide daily global fields.
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== See also ==
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Acid rain
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Atmospheric chemistry
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Greenhouse gas
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International Global Atmospheric Chemistry
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Ozone
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Pollution
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Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion
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== External links ==
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The British Atmospheric Data Centre.
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The Cambridge Atmospheric Chemical Database is a large database in a uniform ASCII format. Each observation is augmented with the meteorological conditions such as temperature, potential temperature, geopotential height, and equivalent PV latitude.
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GOME data.
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The NASA Earth Science Project Office archives.
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The NASA GSFC Distributed Active Archive Center.
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The NASA Langley Distributed Active Archive Center.
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The Network for the Detection for Stratospheric Change.
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NADIR NILU's Atmospheric Database for Interactive Retrieval.
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NOAA SBUV-2 data.
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The World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC).
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World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre on NOSA
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title: "Canadian government scientific research organizations"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_government_scientific_research_organizations"
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Expenditures by federal and provincial organizations on scientific research and development accounted for about 10% of all such spending in Canada in 2006. These organizations are active in natural and social science research, engineering research, industrial research and medical research.
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Below is a list of Canadian Federal and Provincial Government scientific research organizations as of January 2008. In some cases the agency mentioned is dedicated exclusively to scientific research, a good example being the National Research Council Canada. In other cases the organization conducts scientific research within the framework of a much larger mandate, such as the transportation research undertaken by the Transportation Development Centre in Montreal which occurs as part on the general transportation regulatory function of Transport Canada. While most of the organizations mentioned here are "brick and mortar", some, such as the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, are "virtual" and consist of dedicated groups of researchers who are geographically dispersed but remain in close contact through electronic means.
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Total funding for the organizations listed below amounted to about C$2.5 billion in 2006, or about 10% of all scientific research and development spending in Canada.
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== Federal organizations ==
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=== Devoted exclusively to scientific research ===
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Atomic Energy of Canada Limited - Ottawa, Ontario
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Chalk River Laboratories - Chalk River, Ontario
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Whiteshell Laboratories - Whiteshell, Manitoba
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Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility (virtual research institute) [decommissioned]
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Canadian Institutes of Health Research - HQ Ottawa, Ontario
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Institute of Aging
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Institute of Cancer Research
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Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health
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Institute of Gender and Health
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Institute of Genetics
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Institute of Health Services and Policy Research
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Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health
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Institute of Indigenous Peoples' Health
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Institute of Infection and Immunity
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Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis
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Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction
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Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes
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Institute of Population and Public Health
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Canadian Space Agency - St. Hubert, Quebec
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John H. Chapman Space Centre - St. Hubert, Quebec
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David Florida Laboratory - Ottawa, Ontario
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Defence Research and Development Canada - HQ Ottawa, Ontario
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Defence R&D Canada Suffield - Suffield, Alberta
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Defence R&D Canada Toronto - Toronto, Ontario
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Defence R&D Canada Ottawa - Ottawa, Ontario
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Defence R&D Canada Centre for Security Science - Ottawa, Ontario
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Defence R&D Canada Valcartier - Valcartier, Quebec
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Defence R&D Canada Atlantic - Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Defence R&D Canada Centre for Operational Research and Analysis - Ottawa, Ontario
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National Research Council of Canada - HQ Ottawa, Ontario
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Scientific research
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NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (NRC-HIA) - Penticton and Victoria, British Columbia
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NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (NRC-SIMS) - Ottawa (Sussex Drive) and Chalk River, Ontario
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NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (NRC-SIMS) - Chalk River, Ontario
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NRC National Institute for Nanotechnology (NRC-NINT) - Edmonton, Alberta
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NRC Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NRC-NMR) - Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario
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NRC Institute for Biological Sciences (NRC-IBS) - Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus) and Ottawa (Sussex Drive), Ontario
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NRC Biotechnology Research Institute (NRC-BRI)- Montreal, Quebec
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NRC Institute for Biodiagnostics (NRC-IBD) - Winnipeg, Manitoba: Calgary, Alberta: Halifax, Nova Scotia
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NRC Plant Biotechnology Institute (NRC-PBI) - Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences (NRC-IMB) - Halifax, Nova Scotia
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NRC Genomics and Health Initiative (NRC-GHI)
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NRC Institute for Nutrisciences and Health (NRC-INH) - Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
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Engineering research
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NRC Institute for Aerospace Research (NRC-IAR)- Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ottawa (Uplands Campus), Ontario: Montreal, Quebec
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NRC Centre for Surface Transportation Technology (NRC-CSTT) - Ottawa (Uplands Campus), Ontario
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NRC Canadian Hydraulics Centre (NRC-CHC)- Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario
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NRC Institute for Ocean Technology (NRC-IOT) - St.John's, Newfoundland
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NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences (NRC-IMS)- Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario
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NRC Industrial Materials Institute (NRC-IMI) - Boucherville, Quebec: London, Ontario: Saguenay (Chicoutimi), Quebec
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NRC Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology (NRC-ICPET) - Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario
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NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation (NRC-IFCI) - Vancouver, British Columbia
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NRC Institute for Information Technology (NRC-IIT) - Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario: Gatineau, Quebec: Fredericton, Moncton, Saint John, New Brunswick
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NRC Construction Research Centre - Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario: London, Ontario: Regina, Saskatchewan (Centre for Sustainable Infrastructure Research)
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NRC Imaging Network (Ottawa—based)
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Support institutes
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NRC Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (NRC-CISTI) - Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus)
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NRC Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP)- Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario and NRC-IRAP across Canada
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NRC Institute for National Measurement Standards (NRC-INMS) - Ottawa (Montreal Road Campus), Ontario
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_government_scientific_research_organizations"
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date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:36.331481+00:00"
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=== Conducting scientific research in support of a larger mandate ===
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Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - HQ, Ottawa, Ontario
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Research organizations
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Agassiz Research and Development Centre - Agassiz, British Columbia
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Summerland Research and Development Centre - Summerland, British Columbia
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Lacombe Research and Development Centre - Lacombe, Alberta
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Lethbridge Research and Development Centre - Lethbridge, Alberta
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Saskatoon Research and Development Centre - Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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Swift Current Research and Development Centre - Swift Current, Saskatchewan
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Brandon Research and Development Centre - Brandon, Manitoba
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Morden Research and Development Centre - Morden, Manitoba
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London Research and Development Centre - London, Ontario
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Ottawa Research and Development Centre - Ottawa, Ontario
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Guelph Research and Development Centre - Guelph, Ontario
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Harrow Research and Development Centre - Harrow, Ontario
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Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre - Sherbrooke (Lennoxville Sector), Quebec
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Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre - Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
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Quebec Research and Development Centre - Quebec, Quebec
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Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre - Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
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Fredericton Research and Development Centre - Fredericton, New Brunswick
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Charlottetown Research and Development Centre - Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
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Kentville Research and Development Centre - Kentville, Nova Scotia
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St John's Research and Development Centre - St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Ottawa, Ontario
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National Centre For Animal Disease
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Area Laboratories Network - Atlantic
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Area Laboratories Network - Quebec
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Area Laboratories Network - Ontario
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Area Laboratories Network - Western
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Canadian Grain Commission - Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Grain Research Laboratory
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Canadian Polar Commission - Ottawa, Ontario
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Communications Security Establishment - Ottawa, Ontario
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Cryptological research for Canadian government foreign signals intelligence gathering
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Canadian Forces Base Leitrim - Leitrim, Ontario
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Canadian Forces Base Masset - Masset, British Columbia
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Canadian Forces Base Alert - Alert, Nunavut
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Environment Canada - HQ, Gatineau, Quebec
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Canadian Ice Service
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Canadian Wildlife Service
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Meteorological Service of Canada
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Fisheries and Oceans Canada - HQ, Ottawa, Ontario
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Canadian Hydrographic Service
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Research institutes
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Institute of Ocean Sciences - Sidney, British Columbia
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Pacific Biological Station
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West Vancouver Laboratory
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Cultus Lake Salmon Research Laboratory - Cultus Lake, British Columbia
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Bayfield Institute -Burlington, Ontario
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Sea Lamprey Control Centre - Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
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Freshwater Institute Science Laboratory - Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Experimental Lakes Area - Kenora, Ontario
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Saqvaqjuac research camp - Kivalliq Region, Nunavut
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Resolute Bay Laboratories - Resolute Bay, Northwest Territories
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The Maurice Lamontagne Institute - Pointe aux Cenelles, Quebec
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St. Andrews Biological Station - St. Andrews, New Brunswick
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Bedford Institute of Oceanography - Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
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Otolith Research Laboratory
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Canadian Shark Research Laboratory
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Mactaquac Fish Culture Station - Mactaquac, New Brunswick
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Health Canada - Ottawa, Ontario
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Research institutes:
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Canadian Institutes of Health Research - Ottawa, Ontario
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Industry Canada - HQ, Ottawa, Ontario
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Communications Research Centre Canada - Ottawa, Ontario
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International Development Research Centre - Ottawa, Ontario
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Natural Resources Canada - HQ, Ottawa, Ontario
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Canadian Forest Service
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Research institutes
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Pacific Forestry Centre - Victoria, British Columbia
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Northern Forestry Centre - Edmonton, Alberta
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Great Lakes Forestry Centre - Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
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Laurentien Forestry Centre - Quebec, Quebec
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Atlantic Forestry Centre - Fredericton, New Brunswick
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Geological Survey of Canada - Ottawa, Ontario
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Geomatics Canada - Ottawa, Ontario
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Polar Continental Shelf Project, Ottawa, Ontario
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CANMET Energy Technology Centre - Ottawa, Ontario
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CANMET Energy Technology Centre - Devon, Alberta
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CANMET Energy Technology Centre - Varennes, Quebec
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CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory - Hamilton, Ontario
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Public Health Agency of Canada - HQ, Ottawa, Ontario
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Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control - Ottawa, Ontario
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Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control - Ottawa, Ontario
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Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses - Guelph, Ontario
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National Microbiology Laboratory - Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Centre for Health Promotion - Ottawa, Ontario
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Royal Canadian Mounted Police - HQ, Ottawa, Ontario
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Human Resources Assessment and Research - Ottawa, Ontario
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Forensic Science and Identification Services - Ottawa, Ontario
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Statistics Canada - Ottawa, Ontario
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Transport Canada - HQ, Ottawa, Ontario
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Transportation Development Centre - Montreal, Quebec
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== Provincial organizations ==
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Alberta
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InnoTech Alberta (formerly Alberta Research Council)
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Advanced Materials Laboratories
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Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
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Fuels and Lubricants Laboratory
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Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory
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Waste Materials Engineering Laboratory
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Papermaking Laboratory
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Telecommunications Research Laboratories - Research Areas
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TRLabs
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British Columbia
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BCIT Technology Centre - Vancouver, British Columbia
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Manitoba
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Food Development Centre
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Internet Innovation Centre
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre
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Centre for Cold-Ocean Research Engineering
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Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland
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Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre
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New Brunswick
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Research and Productivity Council - Fredericton, New Brunswick
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Nova Scotia
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Research Nova Scotia - Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Ontario
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Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation - Toronto, Ontario
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Research organizations
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Ontario Centres of Excellence
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Centre of Excellence for Communications and Information Technology
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Centre of Excellence for Earth and Environmental Technologies
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Centre of Excellence for Energy
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Centre of Excellence for Materials and Manufacturing
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Centre of Excellence for Photonics
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Ontario Institute for Cancer Research
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Regional Innovation Network Program
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Commercialization and funding organizations
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Early Researcher Awards
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The Health Technology Exchange
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Innovation Demonstration Fund
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International Strategic Opportunities Program
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Ontario Commercialization Investment Funds
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Ontario Fuel Cell Innovation Programme
|
||||
Ontario Research Commercialization Program
|
||||
Premiers Discovery Awards
|
||||
Prince Edward Island
|
||||
|
||||
Atlantic Technology Centre
|
||||
Food Technology Centre
|
||||
Prince Edward Island Analytical Laboratories
|
||||
Quebec
|
||||
|
||||
L'institut nationale de recherche scientifique (INRS) - Quebec, Quebec
|
||||
INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement
|
||||
INRS Energie, Materiaux et Telecommunications
|
||||
INRS Institut - Armand-Frappier
|
||||
INRS Urbanisation, Culture et Societe
|
||||
Centre de recherche informatique de Montréal
|
||||
Saskatchewan
|
||||
|
||||
Saskatchewan Research Council
|
||||
3D Virtual reality Centre
|
||||
SRC Analytical Laboratories
|
||||
Biofuels Test Centre
|
||||
Bova-Can Laboratories
|
||||
Fermentation Pilot Plant
|
||||
GenServe Laboratories
|
||||
Geoanalytical Laboratories
|
||||
Petroleum Analytical Laboratories
|
||||
Pipe Flow Technology Centre
|
||||
Transformer OilTesting Laboratory
|
||||
Saskatoon Research Centre - Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
|
||||
Northwest Territories
|
||||
|
||||
Aurora Research Institute - Inuvik, Northwest Territories
|
||||
Nunavut
|
||||
|
||||
Nunavut Research Institute
|
||||
Igloolik Research Centre
|
||||
Iqaliut Research Centre
|
||||
|
||||
== Expenditures on scientific research and development by sector ==
|
||||
Canadian gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) by performing sectors - 2006 estimates in C$ millions
|
||||
|
||||
Business enterprises: 14,850, 52.4%
|
||||
Higher education : 10,890, 38.4%
|
||||
Federal Government 2,145, 7.6%
|
||||
Provincial Government 345, 1.2%
|
||||
Provincial research organizations 127, 0.4%
|
||||
Total: 28,357, 100.0%
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Canadian university scientific research organizations
|
||||
Canadian industrial research and development organizations
|
||||
Science and technology in Canada
|
||||
Royal Society of Canada
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Government of Canada public website - CBC.ca, CBC News, "Federal Science tech spending continues to decline", 11 Dec 2007
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 1/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Expenditures by Canadian universities on scientific research and development accounted for about 40% of all spending on scientific research and development in Canada in 2006.
|
||||
Research in the natural and social sciences in Canada, with a few important exceptions, is almost exclusively funded by the Canadian taxpayer and is distributed to universities by five important federal funding agencies, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). Additional monies are also provided by the Canada Research Chairs organization, which provides financing for the staffing of research personnel at Canadian universities and the Canada Foundation for Innovation, which supports the acquisition of scientific research infrastructure by Canadian universities, colleges, research hospitals, and non-profit research institutions.
|
||||
In 2006, total spending on scientific and industrial research in Canada amounted to C$28.067 billion or about 2 percent of GDP. In 2006, Canadian universities spent C$10.890 billion on research and development, representing about 40 percent of all R&D spending in Canada and about .66 percent of Canada's GDP.
|
||||
Below are the names of those university institutions that carry out both natural and social science research, although the emphasis here is on the former. The largest part of funding from NSERC, is received by 15 universities, not surprisingly the largest in the country, which have formed an association named the U15. The list below ranks the members of this group in order of NSERC grant size. A number of thematically specialized virtual university research organizations, the Networks of Excellence, have been established and are listed here. Also included are the names of some particular research organizations and projects notable for their large size or for other characteristics. This is followed by a brief description of the expenditures on scientific research and development by sector. Finally the list includes those support organizations that fund scientific research at the university level or contribute to its success in other ways.
|
||||
|
||||
== U15 largest Canadian research universities ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Toronto ===
|
||||
|
||||
Toronto, Ontario.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 54,264
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 245
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research institutes ====
|
||||
Natural science research
|
||||
|
||||
Institute for Aerospace Studies
|
||||
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
|
||||
Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF)
|
||||
Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research
|
||||
Canadian Drosophila Microarray Centre
|
||||
Centre for Environment
|
||||
The Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences
|
||||
Proteomics Research Centre
|
||||
Engineering Research
|
||||
Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies
|
||||
Centre for Applied Power Electronics
|
||||
Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering
|
||||
Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute
|
||||
Emerging Communications Technology Institute
|
||||
Energenius Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology
|
||||
Hitachi Survey Research Centre
|
||||
Intelligent Transportation Systems
|
||||
Institute for Knowledge Innovation and Technology
|
||||
Centre for Landscape Research InterNetwork
|
||||
Lassonde Institute (Engineering Geoscience)
|
||||
Centre for Microelectronics Assembly and Packaging
|
||||
Molecular Design and Information Technology Center (MDIT)
|
||||
Centre for Nuclear Engineering
|
||||
Positron Emission Tomography Centre
|
||||
Pulp and Paper Centre
|
||||
Vector Institute
|
||||
Medical research
|
||||
|
||||
Sunnybrook Research Institute
|
||||
Institute of Medical Science
|
||||
Sunnybrook Centre for studies in Aging
|
||||
Banting and Best Diabetes Centre
|
||||
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
|
||||
Centre for Health Promotion
|
||||
Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre for Cardiovascular Research
|
||||
Institute for Human Development, Life Course and Aging
|
||||
Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine
|
||||
R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine
|
||||
Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress
|
||||
Centre for research in Neurodegenerative Diseases
|
||||
U of T Centre for the Study of Pain
|
||||
Sleep Medicine and Circadian Biology
|
||||
Social science research
|
||||
|
||||
Joint Centre for Bioethics
|
||||
Clarkson Centre for Business Effectiveness and Board Effectiveness
|
||||
Capital Markets Institute
|
||||
CERIS – The Ontario Metropolis Centre
|
||||
Institute for Competitiveness & Prosperity
|
||||
Centre of Criminology
|
||||
Centre for research in Education (Medical)
|
||||
International Centre for Educational Change
|
||||
G8 Information Centre
|
||||
Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
|
||||
Centre for Industrial Relations
|
||||
Centre for research into Information Studies
|
||||
Centre for Innovation Law and Policy
|
||||
Centre for Integrative and Anti-Racism Studies
|
||||
Institute for International Business
|
||||
Knowledge Media and Design Institute
|
||||
Laidlaw Centre (Institute of Child Study)
|
||||
Centre for Management of Technology and Entrepreneurship
|
||||
Centre for Media and Culture in Education
|
||||
Centre for Modern Language
|
||||
Multimedia Centre for Learning in the Humanities
|
||||
Munk Centre for International Studies
|
||||
Institute for Policy Analysis
|
||||
Centre de Recherches en éducation Franco-ontarienne
|
||||
Centre for Applied Social Research
|
||||
Atkinson Centre for Society and Child Development
|
||||
Imperial Oil Centre for Studies in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education
|
||||
Centre for Study of Education and Work
|
||||
Centre for the Study of the United States
|
||||
Centre for Teacher Development
|
||||
Centre for Technology and Social Development
|
||||
Transformative Learning Centre
|
||||
Centre for Urban and Community Studies
|
||||
Centre for Research in Women's Health
|
||||
Institute for Women's Studies and Gender Studies
|
||||
Centre for Women's Studies in Education
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of British Columbia ===
|
||||
|
||||
Vancouver, British Columbia.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 43,004
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 148
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research institutes ====
|
||||
Land & Food Systems
|
||||
|
||||
Avian Research Centre
|
||||
UBC Dairy Education and Research Centre
|
||||
UBC Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research (CAER)
|
||||
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO)
|
||||
Soil-Water Environmental Laboratory
|
||||
UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research
|
||||
Wine Research Centre
|
||||
Natural Science and Engineering
|
||||
|
||||
Institute for Aboriginal Health
|
||||
Institute for Applied Mathematics (IAM)
|
||||
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
|
||||
Institute of Health Promotion Research
|
||||
Institute of Mental Health
|
||||
Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS)
|
||||
Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies
|
||||
Rick Hansen Institute (RHI)
|
||||
Robotics & Intelligent Systems (IRIS)
|
||||
Sustainable Development Research Institute (SDRI)
|
||||
Institute for Systems Biology (ISB)
|
||||
Social Science
|
||||
|
||||
Institute of Asian Research
|
||||
BC Children's Hospital Research Institute
|
||||
English Language Institute (ELI)
|
||||
Institute for European Studies
|
||||
Human Early Learning Partnership
|
||||
Liu Institute for Global Issues
|
||||
Institute for Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI)
|
||||
UBC also operates 65 research centres.
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Alberta ===
|
||||
|
||||
Edmonton, Alberta.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003 C$M 36,291
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 100
|
||||
|
||||
==== Centres and institutes ====
|
||||
Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 2/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Alberta Poultry Research Centre
|
||||
Alberta Veterinary Research Institute (AVRI)
|
||||
Canada Science & Research Institute Inc (CSRI/Non Gov/Tr Labs Partner)
|
||||
Centre for Enhanced Forest Management (EFM)
|
||||
Dairy Research and Technology Centre (DRTC)
|
||||
Environmental Research and Studies Centre
|
||||
Material Culture Institute (MCI)
|
||||
Engineering
|
||||
|
||||
Alberta Centre for Surface Engineering and Science
|
||||
Construction Research Institute for Canada (CIRC)
|
||||
Imperial Oil Centre for Oil Sands Innovation
|
||||
Health Sciences Council
|
||||
|
||||
Alberta Centre on Aging
|
||||
Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition
|
||||
Community-University Partnership (CUP)
|
||||
The John Dossetor Health Ethics Centre
|
||||
Medicine and Dentistry
|
||||
|
||||
Alberta Asthma Centre
|
||||
Alberta Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases
|
||||
Alberta Diabetes Research Institute
|
||||
Alberta Institute for Viral Immunology (AIVI)
|
||||
Alberta Peptide Institute (API)
|
||||
Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre (ATAGC)
|
||||
Canadian VIGOUR Centre
|
||||
Centre for Health Evidence
|
||||
Centre for Neuroscience
|
||||
Digestive Health Care Centre for Colon Cancer (DHCCC)
|
||||
Glaxo Wellcome Heritage Research Institute
|
||||
Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre (MRDC)
|
||||
Muttart Diabetes Research & Training Centre
|
||||
Perinatal Research Group
|
||||
Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI)
|
||||
Nursing
|
||||
|
||||
Institute for Philosophical Nursing Research
|
||||
International Institute for Qualitative Methodology
|
||||
International Nursing Centre
|
||||
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
|
||||
|
||||
Centre for Community Pharmacy Research and Interdisciplinary Studies (c/COMPRIS)
|
||||
Noujaim Institute
|
||||
School of Public Health
|
||||
|
||||
Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research
|
||||
Centre for Health Promotion Studies
|
||||
Rehabilitation Medicine
|
||||
|
||||
Centre for Studies in Clinical Education (CSCE)
|
||||
Institute for Stuttering Treatment and Research (ISTAR)
|
||||
Rehabilitation Research Centre
|
||||
Science
|
||||
|
||||
Alberta Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS)
|
||||
Alberta Cooperative Conservation Research Unit
|
||||
Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science
|
||||
Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute
|
||||
Applied Mathematics Institute
|
||||
Centre for Mathematical Biology
|
||||
Centre for Particle Physics
|
||||
Institute for Geophysical Research (IGR)
|
||||
Institute for Space Science, Exploration and Technology (ISSET)
|
||||
Statistics Centre
|
||||
Theoretical Physics Institute
|
||||
|
||||
=== McGill University ===
|
||||
|
||||
Montreal, Quebec.
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 133
|
||||
Number of Canada Excellence Research Chairs – 2
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 34,984
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research facilities ====
|
||||
Downtown Campus – Faculty of Science and Faculty of Engineering
|
||||
Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Engineering:
|
||||
|
||||
Bone and Periodontal Research, Centre for
|
||||
Advanced Materials, McGill Institute for (MIAM)
|
||||
Biodiversity Science, Quebec Centre for
|
||||
Bioinformatics, McGill Centre for
|
||||
Brain, Language and Music, Centre for Research on (CRBLM)
|
||||
Cell Imaging and Analysis Network (CIAN)
|
||||
Comparative Medicine and Animal Resources Centre
|
||||
Developmental Biology Research Initiative (DBRI)
|
||||
Experimental Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory for (LE3)
|
||||
High Energy Physics, Centre for
|
||||
Institut des sciences mathématiques de Montréal (ISM)
|
||||
Intelligent Machines, Centre for (CIM)
|
||||
Music, Media and Technology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in (CIRMMT)
|
||||
Pain, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on
|
||||
Physics of Materials, Centre for the (CPM)
|
||||
Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Centre for (CSACS)
|
||||
Sustainability in Engineering and Design, Trottier Institute for
|
||||
Aerospace Engineering, McGill Institute for
|
||||
High Field NMR Facility
|
||||
Nanotools Microfab Laboratory
|
||||
Phytotron
|
||||
Redpath Museum
|
||||
Sheldon Biotechnology Centre
|
||||
Advanced Systems & Technologies on Communications, Centre for (SYTAcom)
|
||||
Water Resources Management, Brace Centre for
|
||||
Intelligent Machines, Centre for (CIM)
|
||||
McGill Metals Processing Centre
|
||||
Trottier Institute for Sustainability in Engineering and Design (TISED)
|
||||
Downtown Campus – Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry
|
||||
|
||||
Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain
|
||||
Anesthesia Research Unit
|
||||
Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre
|
||||
Biomedical Ethics Unit
|
||||
Centre for Advanced Bone and Periodontal Research
|
||||
Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine (CAMBAM)
|
||||
Centre for Bone and Periodontal Research
|
||||
Centre for Bioinformatics
|
||||
Centre for Biorecognition and Biosensors
|
||||
Centre of Genomics and Policy
|
||||
Centre for Research in Neuroscience
|
||||
Centre for Nursing Research
|
||||
Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music
|
||||
Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development
|
||||
Centre for Structural Biology (GRASP Research Group)
|
||||
Comparative Medicine and Animal Resources Centre
|
||||
Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre (CFTRc)
|
||||
Douglas Mental Health University Institute
|
||||
Facility for Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR)
|
||||
Institute for Health and Social Policy
|
||||
J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases
|
||||
Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (McGill AIDS Centre)
|
||||
Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health
|
||||
McGill Centre for Studies in Aging
|
||||
McGill International TB Centre
|
||||
McGill Centre for Translational Research in Cancer
|
||||
McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics (MCCHE)
|
||||
McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre
|
||||
Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre
|
||||
Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital
|
||||
Research Institute MUHC
|
||||
Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre
|
||||
Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning
|
||||
The Network for Oral and Bone Health Research
|
||||
Macdonald campus
|
||||
|
||||
Bioresource Engineering Machine Shop
|
||||
CT Scanning Laboratory for Agricultural and Environmental Research
|
||||
Ecological Agriculture Projects
|
||||
Fermentation and Bioprocessing Laboratory
|
||||
Flow Cytometry Core Facility
|
||||
Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory
|
||||
Macdonald Campus Farm
|
||||
J.S. Marshall Radar Observatory
|
||||
Mary Emily Clinical Nutrition Unit
|
||||
McGill University Herbarium
|
||||
Morgan Arboretum
|
||||
Pilot Plant
|
||||
Plant Science Field Research Facilities
|
||||
Plant Science Research Greenhouses and Phytorium
|
||||
Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory
|
||||
The Trace Metal Analysis Laboratory
|
||||
Off campus
|
||||
|
||||
Bellairs Research Institute (Barbados)
|
||||
Gault Nature Reserve (Mont-Saint-Hilaire)
|
||||
Mont-Saint-Hilaire Nature Conservation Centre
|
||||
McGill Arctic Research Station
|
||||
McGill Sub-Arctic Research Station
|
||||
Molson Nature Reserve (Ste-Anne de Bellevue)
|
||||
Wilder and Helen Penfield Nature Reserve (Lake Memphrémagog)
|
||||
Interuniversity/ Interinstitutional(based at McGill or elsewhere)
|
||||
CLUMEQ Supercomputer Centre
|
||||
Coriolis II (Rimouski)
|
||||
Huntsman Marine Science Centre
|
||||
McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre
|
||||
Pulp and Paper Research Institute – Canada (PAPRICAN)
|
||||
Quebec Interuniversity Centre for Social Statistics (QICSS)
|
||||
Centre for the Study of Learning and Performance (CSLP)
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Waterloo ===
|
||||
|
||||
Waterloo, Ontario
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 29,763
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 48
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 3/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research centres and institutes ====
|
||||
Canadian Centre of Arts & Technology (CCAT)
|
||||
Canadian Centre for Cultural Innovation (CCCI)
|
||||
Centre for Accounting Research & Education (CARE)
|
||||
Centre for Advanced Studies in Finance (CASF)
|
||||
Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies at Waterloo (CATT)
|
||||
Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research (CACR)
|
||||
Centre for Business, Entrepreneurship & Technology (CBET)
|
||||
Centre for Computational Mathematics in Industry & Commerce (CCMIC)
|
||||
Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR)
|
||||
Centre for Cultural Management (CCM)
|
||||
Centre for Education in Mathematics & Computing (CEMC)
|
||||
Centre for Mental Health Research (CMHR)
|
||||
Centre for Molecular Beams & Laser Chemistry
|
||||
Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience
|
||||
Heritage Resource Centre
|
||||
Institute for Computer Research (ICR)
|
||||
Institute for Innovation Research (IIR)
|
||||
Institute for Polymer Research (IPR)
|
||||
Institute for Quantitative Finance & Insurance (IQFI)
|
||||
Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC)
|
||||
Institute for Risk Research (IRR)
|
||||
Institute for Vision Science & Technology (IVST)
|
||||
Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
|
||||
Institute of Insurance and Pension Research (IIPR)
|
||||
Integrated Centre for Visualization, Design & Manufacturing (ICVDM)
|
||||
Mid-Size City Research Centre (MCRC)
|
||||
Nortel Networks Institute for Advanced Information Technology (NNI)
|
||||
Schlegel – UW Research Institute for Aging (RIA)
|
||||
Survey Research Centre (SRC)
|
||||
Waterloo Centre for the Advancement of Co-operative Education (WatCACE)
|
||||
Waterloo Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
|
||||
Waterloo Centre for Automotive Research (WatCAR)
|
||||
Waterloo Centre for German Studies
|
||||
Waterloo Institute for Groundwater Research (WIGR)
|
||||
Waterloo Institute for Health Informatics Research (WIHIR)
|
||||
University of Waterloo Management of Integrated Manufacturing Systems Research Group (WATMIMS)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Université Laval ===
|
||||
|
||||
Québec, Québec
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 28,128
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 80
|
||||
|
||||
==== Network of Centres of Excellence ====
|
||||
ArcticNet
|
||||
Geoide
|
||||
Canadian Institute for Photonic Innovations
|
||||
|
||||
==== Instituts de recherche ====
|
||||
Institut des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels (INAF)
|
||||
Institut d'éthique appliquée (IDÉA)
|
||||
Institut d'études anciennes (IEA)
|
||||
Institut Hydro-Québec en environnement, développement et société (IHQEDS)
|
||||
Institut québécois des hautes études internationales (IQHEI)
|
||||
Institut sur le patrimoine culturel (IPAC)
|
||||
Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés (IVPSA)
|
||||
Institut Technologies de l'Information et Sociétés (ITIS)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Centres de recherche ====
|
||||
Centre d'analyse des politiques publiques (CAPP)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en aménagement et développement (CRAD)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en biologie de la reproduction (CRBR)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en cancérologie (CRC)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en économie agroalimentaire (CRÉA)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en endocrinologie moléculaire et oncologique (CREMO)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en géomatique (CRG)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en horticulture (CRH)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en infectiologie (CRI)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en modélisation, information et décision (CERMID)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en neurosciences (CRN)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie (CRRI)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en sciences et ingénierie des macromolécules (CERSIM)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en sciences et technologie du lait (STELA)
|
||||
Centre de recherche et d'intervention sur la réussite scolaire (CRIRES)
|
||||
Centre de recherche et d'intervention sur l'éducation et la vie au travail (CRIEVAT)
|
||||
Centre de recherche Hôpital Laval
|
||||
Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la violence familiale et la violence faite aux femmes (CRI-VIFF)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la littérature et la culture québécoises (CRILCQ)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la mondialisation et le travail (CRIMT)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur l'adaptation des jeunes et des familles à risque (JEFAR)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur l'aluminium (REGAL-LAVAL)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur le bois (CRB)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur le cerveau, le comportement et la neuropsychiatrie (CRCN)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur le métabolisme énergétique (CREME)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur les infrastructures en béton (CRIB)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur les maladies lipidiques (CRML)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur les propriétés des interfaces et la catalyse (CERPIC)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur les technologies de l'organisation réseau (CENTOR)
|
||||
Centre de recherche Université Laval-Robert-Giffard (CRULRG)
|
||||
Centre de santé et de services sociaux de la Vieille-Capitale (CLSC Haute-Ville-Des-** Rivières) (CSSSVC)
|
||||
Centre d'édition et de documentation Fonds Gustave-Guillaume (FGG)
|
||||
Centre d'étude de la forêt (CEF)
|
||||
Centre d'études interaméricaines (CEI)
|
||||
Centre d'études Marie-de-l'Incarnation (CEMI)
|
||||
Centre d'études nordiques (CEN)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence pour la santé buccodentaire et le vieillissement
|
||||
Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL)
|
||||
Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec (CHA)
|
||||
Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CHUQ)
|
||||
Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale (CIRRIS)
|
||||
Centre interdisciplinaire de recherches sur les activités langagières (CIRAL)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur le saumon atlantique (CIRSA)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire d'études et de recherches autochthones (CIÉRA)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises (CIEQ)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire d'études sur les lettres, les arts et les traditions (CELAT)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire en calcul mathématique algébrique (CICMA)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire sur le risque, les politiques économiques et l'emploi (CIRPÉE)
|
||||
Centre jeunesse de Québec (CJQ)
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Saskatchewan ===
|
||||
|
||||
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2006/7 C$M 26.5
|
||||
All Research Funding 2006/7 C$M 140.6
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 40
|
||||
|
||||
==== Internal Research Centers and Institutes (partial list) ====
|
||||
Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture
|
||||
Canadian Centre for Nuclear Innovation
|
||||
Centre for High Performance Computing
|
||||
Global Institute for Food Security
|
||||
Institute For Computer and Information Technology
|
||||
Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies
|
||||
Saskatchewan Drug Research Institute
|
||||
Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre
|
||||
Subatomic Physics Institute
|
||||
Toxicology Centre
|
||||
Plasma Physics Laboratory
|
||||
Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory
|
||||
Research Centers and Institutes Operating with Independent Boards from The University
|
||||
Canadian Light Source – Synchrotron light source operated as a national facility
|
||||
Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit, Inc.
|
||||
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization- Vaccine Research with Level 3 laboratory
|
||||
|
||||
=== Université de Montréal ===
|
||||
|
||||
Montreal, Quebec.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 21,759
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 93
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 4/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Centres de recherche ====
|
||||
Agora Jules Dupuit (AJD)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre Canadien d'études allemandes et européennes (CCEAE)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre d'études et de recherches internationales (CERIUM)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre d'études ethniques des universités montréalaises (CEETUM)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre d'étude des religions de l'Université de Montréal (CERUM)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en neuromique (CEN)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre d'excellence pour le développement des jeunes enfants (CEDJE)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre de droit des affaires et du commerce international (CDACI)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre de formation et d'expertise en recherche en administration des services infirmiers (FERASI)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre de recherche en droit public (CRDP)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre de recherche en éthique de l'Université de Montréal (CREUM)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition (CERNEC)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en reproduction animale (CRRA)
|
||||
Centre de recherche en sciences neurologiques (CRSN)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la violence familiale et la violence faite aux ** femmes (CRI-VIFF)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les aggressions ** sexuelles (CRIPCAS)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les technologies émergentes (CITÉ)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la littérature et la culture québécoises (CRILCQ/U.Montréal)
|
||||
Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la mondialisation et le travail (CRIMT)
|
||||
Centre de recherche Léa-Roback sur les inégalités sociales de santé de Montréal
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur l'intermédialité (CRI)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur les politiques et le développement social (CPDS)
|
||||
Centre de recherche sur les transports (CRT)
|
||||
Centre de recherches mathématiques (CRM)
|
||||
Centre des langues patrimoniales (CLP)
|
||||
Centre international de criminologie comparée (CICC)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire d'études démographiques (CIED)
|
||||
Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative CIREQ-CRDE
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en toxicologie (CIRTOX)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre interuniversitaire québécois de statistiques sociales (CIQSS)
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Centre Robert-Cedergren de l'Université de Montréal
|
||||
Centre d'excellence en Équipe de recherche et d'action en santé mentale et culture (ÉRASME)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Groupes de recherche ====
|
||||
Groupe d'astrophysique de l'Université de Montréal
|
||||
Groupe d'étude des protéines membranaires (GÉPROM)
|
||||
Groupe d'étude et de recherche sur la sécurité internationale (GERSI)
|
||||
Groupe de physique des particules (GPP)
|
||||
Groupe de physique numérique (PhysNum)
|
||||
Groupe de physique numérique des matériaux
|
||||
Groupe de recherche DÉFI Apprentissage (GDA)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche Diversité Urbaine (GRDU)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en architecture urbaine (GRAU)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en conception assistée par ordinateur (GRCAO)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en conservation de l'environnement bâti (GRCEB)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en gestion thérapeutique (GRGT)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en linguistique du texte (GRELT)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en médecine équine du Québec (GREMEQ)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en modélisation biomédicale (GRMB)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en physique et technologie des couches minces (GCM)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en sciences de la vision (GRSV)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche en toxicologie humaine (TOXHUM)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche et d'action sur la victimisation des enfants – Alliance de recherche ** pour le développement des enfants dans leur communauté (GRAVE-ARDEC)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche et développement en gestion informatisée de la santé animale (DSA R&D)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche IF (GRIF)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche interdépartemental sur les conditions d'enseignement et d'apprentissage ** (GRICEA)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé (GRIS)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en sciences infirmières de Montréal (GRISIM)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en tutoriel intelligent (GRITI)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche Language, Organisation et Gouvernance (LOG)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur l'apprentissage et l'évaluation multimédias interactifs (GRAEMI)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur l'avènement et la formation des institutions cinématographique et ** scénique (GRAFICS)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur l'Amérique latine (GRAL)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur l'inadaptation psychosociale chez l'enfant (GRIP)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur la démographie québécoise (GRDQ)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux autonome (GRSNA)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur les animaux de compagnie (GRAC)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur les aspects sociaux de la santé et de la prévention (GRASP)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur les environnements de travail (GRET)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur les jeunes et les médias (GRJM)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP)
|
||||
Groupe de recherche universitaire sur le médicament (GRUM)
|
||||
Immigration et métropoles, Centre de recherche interuniversitaire de Montréal sur l'immigration, l'intégration et la dynamique urbaine
|
||||
|
||||
==== Institutes de recherche ====
|
||||
Institut d'études européennes de l'Université de Montréal et de l'Université McGill
|
||||
Institut de biotechnologie vétérinaire et alimentaire (IBVA)
|
||||
Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV)
|
||||
Institut de recherche en immunologie et en cancérologie de l'Université de Montréal (IRIC)
|
||||
Institut international de recherche en éthique biomédicale (IIREB)
|
||||
Mila (research institute)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Laboratoires de recherche ====
|
||||
Laboratoire d'intégration des technologies informatiques à l'enseignement médical (LITIEM)
|
||||
Laboratoire d'étude de l'architecture potentielle (LEAP)
|
||||
Laboratoire de muséographie
|
||||
Laboratoire de recherche et d'intervention portant sur les politiques et les professions en ** éducation (LABRIPROF)
|
||||
Laboratoire de recherche sur les musiques du monde (LRMM)
|
||||
Laboratoire de recherches métaboliques sur le foie et l'exercice
|
||||
Laboratoire LexUM
|
||||
|
||||
==== Observatoires de recherche ====
|
||||
Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST)
|
||||
Observatoire du mont Mégantic (OMM)
|
||||
Observatoire international de la création musicale (OICM)
|
||||
Observatoire SITQ du développement urbain et immobilier
|
||||
Observatoire sur la ville intérieure
|
||||
|
||||
==== Réseaux de recherche ====
|
||||
Calcul Québec
|
||||
Réseau Biocontrôle
|
||||
Réseau de calcul et de modélisation mathématique (RCM2)
|
||||
Réseau québécois de recherche en synthèse organique (RQRSO)
|
||||
Unité de santé internationale (USI)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Centres de recherche hospitaliers ====
|
||||
Centre de recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (ICM)
|
||||
Centre de recherche de l'Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal
|
||||
Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal
|
||||
Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur
|
||||
Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'UdeM (CRCHUM)
|
||||
Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine
|
||||
Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin de l'Hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine
|
||||
Centre de recherche Guy-Bernier Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont
|
||||
Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR)
|
||||
Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)
|
||||
Laboratoire de génétique et médecine génomique en inflammation
|
||||
Service de recherche de l'hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 5/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Queen's University ===
|
||||
Kingston, Ontario
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 21,571
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 54
|
||||
|
||||
==== University centres and institutes ====
|
||||
Centre for Neuroscience Studies (formerly Centre for the Study of Molecular Neuroscience)
|
||||
Centre for Water and the Environment
|
||||
GeoEngineering Centre
|
||||
High Performance Computing Virtual Laboratory (HPCVL)
|
||||
Human Mobility Research Centre
|
||||
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute
|
||||
Southern African Research Centre
|
||||
|
||||
==== Faculty centres and institutes ====
|
||||
Cancer Research Institute
|
||||
Cancer Clinical Trials Division
|
||||
Cancer Biology & Genetics Division
|
||||
Cancer Care & Epidemiology Division
|
||||
Centre for Health Services and Policy Research
|
||||
Centre for International Relations Charles Pentland
|
||||
Centre for Manufacturing of Advanced Ceramics and Nanomaterials Vladimir Krstic
|
||||
Centre for Studies in Primary Care Richard Birtwhistle
|
||||
Centre for the Study of Democracy
|
||||
Fuel Cell Research Centre
|
||||
John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy
|
||||
Industrial Relations Centre
|
||||
Institute for Intergovernmental Relations Thomas Courchene
|
||||
The Monieson Centre Yolande Chan
|
||||
Surveillance Studies Centre, David Murakami Wood
|
||||
|
||||
=== McMaster University ===
|
||||
Hamilton, Ontario.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 20,694
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 62
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research institutes ====
|
||||
Origins Institute
|
||||
McMaster Institute for Applied Radiation Sciences(McIARS)
|
||||
McMaster Institute for Energy Studies
|
||||
McMaster Institute of Environment & Health
|
||||
Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition
|
||||
McMaster Institute for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
|
||||
McMaster Institute for Polymer Production Technology
|
||||
McMaster Manufacturing Research Institute
|
||||
McMaster Palaeogenetics Institute (MPI)
|
||||
Population Health Research Institute (PHRI)
|
||||
Research Institute for Quantitative Studies in Economics & Population
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research centres ====
|
||||
Antimicrobial Research Centre
|
||||
Bertrand Russell Research Centre
|
||||
Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research
|
||||
Canadian Cochrane Centre
|
||||
CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research
|
||||
Centre for Advanced Polymer Processing & Design
|
||||
Centre for Electrophotonic Materials & Devices
|
||||
Centre for Functional Genomics
|
||||
Centre for Gene Therapeutics
|
||||
Centre for Evaluation of Medicines
|
||||
Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis
|
||||
Centre for Minimal Access Surgery
|
||||
Centre for Peace Studies
|
||||
Centre for Spatial Analysis
|
||||
Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre (St. Joseph's Hospital)
|
||||
Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health
|
||||
Henderson Research Centre
|
||||
Management of Innovation & New Technology Research Centre
|
||||
Mohawk-McMaster Institute for Applied Health Sciences
|
||||
McMaster Centre for Automotive Materials
|
||||
McMaster Ancient DNA Centre
|
||||
McMaster Centre for Pulp & Paper Research
|
||||
McMaster eBusiness Research Centre (MeRC)
|
||||
Network for Evaluation of Education and Training Technologies
|
||||
Offord Centre for Child Studies
|
||||
Population Health Research Institute
|
||||
R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Gerontological Health Research
|
||||
Research Centre for the Promotion of Women's Health
|
||||
Statistics Canada Research Data Centre
|
||||
Steel Research Centre
|
||||
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research facilities ====
|
||||
Adaptive Systems Laboratory
|
||||
Applied Dynamics Laboratory
|
||||
Canadian International Labour Network
|
||||
Canadian Workers & Social Cohesion in a Global Era
|
||||
Communications Research Laboratory
|
||||
Earthquake Engineering Research Group
|
||||
Ecowise: The McMaster Eco-Research Program for Hamilton Harbour
|
||||
Flow Cytometry Facility
|
||||
Generalized Electronic Learning Group
|
||||
Geographical Information Systems Laboratory
|
||||
Health & Social Services Utilization Research Unit
|
||||
Health Information Research Unit
|
||||
High Throughput Screening Laboratory
|
||||
Independence and Economic Security of the Older Population
|
||||
Intestinal Disease Research Program
|
||||
Machining Systems Laboratory
|
||||
McMaster Advanced Control Consortium
|
||||
McMaster Experimental Economics Laboratory
|
||||
McMaster Health Sciences International
|
||||
McMaster Membrane Research Group
|
||||
McMaster Nuclear Reactor
|
||||
McMaster Working Group on the Middle Ages and Renaissance
|
||||
Mobix Lab
|
||||
Nursing Effectiveness, Utilization & Outcomes Research Unit
|
||||
Power Research Laboratory
|
||||
Program for Educational Research and Development
|
||||
Program in Policy Decision Making
|
||||
Robotics and Manufacturing Research Laboratory
|
||||
SHARCNET
|
||||
Smooth Muscle Research Program
|
||||
Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population
|
||||
Software Engineering Research Group
|
||||
Supportive Cancer Care Research Unit
|
||||
Water Resources Environmental Information Systems Laboratory
|
||||
Walter W. Smeltzer Corrosion Laboratory
|
||||
William J. McCallion Planetarium
|
||||
Work Function Unit at the School of Rehabilitation Science
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Manitoba ===
|
||||
|
||||
Winnipeg, Manitoba
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2009/10 C$M 19.9
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 44
|
||||
|
||||
==== University research centres, institutes, facilities and groups ====
|
||||
Aerospace Materials Engineering Facility
|
||||
Applied Electromagnetics Facility
|
||||
Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (with St. Boniface General Hospital and Agriculture and Agri-food Canada)
|
||||
Canadian Wheat Board Centre for Grain Storage Research
|
||||
Centre for Aboriginal Health Research (with Health Sciences Centre)
|
||||
Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology (C.A.S.T.)
|
||||
Centre for Defence and Security Studies
|
||||
Centre for Earth Observation Science (CEOS)
|
||||
Centre for Global Public Health
|
||||
Centre for Globalization and Cultural Studies
|
||||
Centre for Hellenic Civilization
|
||||
Centre for Higher Education Research and Development (CHERD)
|
||||
Centre for Human Models of Disease
|
||||
Centre for Professional and Applied Ethics
|
||||
Centre for the Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis
|
||||
Centre on Aging
|
||||
Crystallography and Mineralogy Research Facility
|
||||
Digital Image Analysis Facility
|
||||
Great-West Life Manitoba Breast Cancer Research and Diagnosis Centre (with CancerCare Manitoba)
|
||||
Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute
|
||||
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (with St. Boniface General Hospital)
|
||||
Institute for the Humanities
|
||||
Institute of Industrial Mathematical Sciences
|
||||
Internet Innovation Centre
|
||||
Legal Research Institute
|
||||
Manitoba Centre for Health Policy
|
||||
Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology (with Health Sciences Centre)
|
||||
Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology (with CancerCare Manitoba)
|
||||
Manitoba Centre for Nursing and Health Research (MCNHR)
|
||||
Manitoba Institute for Materials
|
||||
Manitoba Regional Materials and Surface Characterization Facility
|
||||
Manitoba Research Data Centre
|
||||
National Centre for Livestock and the Environment
|
||||
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Facility
|
||||
RESOLVE (Prairie Research Network on Family Violence)
|
||||
Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
|
||||
Spinal Cord Research Centre
|
||||
Transport Institute
|
||||
Winnipeg Institute for Theoretical Physics (with University of Winnipeg)
|
||||
W.R. McQuade Structural Engineering Laboratory
|
||||
Research groups include:
|
||||
|
||||
Aquatic Biology Research Group
|
||||
Community Acquired Infections Research Group
|
||||
Composite Materials and Structures Group
|
||||
Developmental Health Research Group
|
||||
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Group
|
||||
Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Group
|
||||
|
||||
==== Centres of Excellence ====
|
||||
Allergen
|
||||
ArcticNet
|
||||
Auto21
|
||||
Canadian Arthritis Network
|
||||
Canadian Stroke Network
|
||||
Canadian Water Network
|
||||
GEOIDE
|
||||
Graphics, Animation and New Media Canada
|
||||
PrioNet Canada
|
||||
MITACS
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Calgary ===
|
||||
|
||||
Calgary, Alberta.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 19,714
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 75
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 6/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== University research institutes and centres ====
|
||||
Alberta Global Forum
|
||||
Calgary Centre for Financial Research – under development
|
||||
Calgary Centre for Innovative Technology (CCIT)
|
||||
Calgary Institute for the Humanities]
|
||||
Canadian Centre for the Study of Higher Education
|
||||
Centre for Advanced Technologies of Life Sciences (CAT)
|
||||
Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education (CBRE)
|
||||
Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE)
|
||||
Centre for Gifted Education
|
||||
Centre for Health and Policy Studies (CHAPS)
|
||||
Centre for Information Security and Cryptography
|
||||
Centre for Innovation Studies (THECIS)
|
||||
Centre for Mathematics in Life Sciences
|
||||
Centre for Microsystems Engineering (CME)
|
||||
Centre for Military and Strategic Studies (CMSS)
|
||||
Centre for Public Interest Accounting (CPIA)
|
||||
Centre for Research in the Fine Arts (CRFA)
|
||||
Centre for Social Work Research and Development
|
||||
iNFORMATICS Research Centre
|
||||
Institute for Advanced Policy Research
|
||||
Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics
|
||||
Institute for Gender Research
|
||||
Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (formerly the Institute for Quantum Information Science)
|
||||
Institute for Space Research
|
||||
Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy
|
||||
Institute for United States Policy Research
|
||||
Institute of Professional Communication (IPC)
|
||||
International Institute for Resource Industries and Sustainable Studies (IRIS)
|
||||
Kananaskis Field Stations
|
||||
Language Research Centre
|
||||
Latin American Research Centre (LARC)
|
||||
Markin Institute for Public Health
|
||||
Pipeline Engineering Centre (PEC)
|
||||
Risk Studies Centre
|
||||
World Tourism Education and Research Centre
|
||||
|
||||
==== Partnerships, institutes and centres ====
|
||||
Alberta Bone & Joint Health Institute
|
||||
Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre
|
||||
Alberta Gaming Research Institute (AGRI)
|
||||
Alberta Sulpher Research Ltd.
|
||||
Alberta Synchrotron Institute (ASI)
|
||||
Arctic Institute of North America
|
||||
Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre
|
||||
Banff International Research Station]
|
||||
Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI)]
|
||||
Canadian Institute of Resources Law
|
||||
Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family
|
||||
Centre for Leadership and Learning
|
||||
Hotchkiss Brain Institute
|
||||
Institute of Health Economics (IHE)
|
||||
Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation
|
||||
Institute of Maternal and Child Health
|
||||
Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
|
||||
Macleod Institute for Environmental Analysis
|
||||
McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health
|
||||
Pacific Institute for Mathematical Sciences
|
||||
Pine Creek Research Centre for Sustainable Water Resources
|
||||
Prairie Regional Data Centre
|
||||
Research and Education for Solutions to Violence and Abuse (RESOLVE)
|
||||
Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute
|
||||
Telecommunications Research Laboratories (TRLabs)
|
||||
Van Horne Institute for International Transportation
|
||||
Vocational and Rehabilitation Research Institute, The (VRRI)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Centres of Excellence ====
|
||||
AUTO21
|
||||
Canadian Arthritis Network
|
||||
Canadian Bacterial Diseases Network (CBDN)
|
||||
Canadian Genetic Diseases Network (CGDN)
|
||||
Canadian Language & Literacy Research Network
|
||||
Canadian Stroke Network (CSN)
|
||||
Canadian Water Network (CWN)
|
||||
Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS)
|
||||
Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS)
|
||||
Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems
|
||||
Micronet – Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems
|
||||
PrioNet Canada
|
||||
PENCE Inc. Protein Engineering Network
|
||||
Stem Cell Network (STEMNet)
|
||||
Sustainable Forest Management Network (SFM)
|
||||
TeleLearning Network
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Western Ontario ===
|
||||
|
||||
London, Ontario.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 17,288
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 61
|
||||
|
||||
==== Science research centres and facilities ====
|
||||
The Biotron Institute for Experimental Climate Change Research
|
||||
CCP Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chemical Physics
|
||||
ERW Environmental Research Western
|
||||
ISW Interface Science Western
|
||||
Laboratory for Stable Isotope Science
|
||||
The Nanofabrication Laboratory
|
||||
ORCCA Ontario Research Centre for Computer Algebra
|
||||
POLARIS Portable Observatories for Lithosphere Analysis and Research
|
||||
SHARCNET Shared Hierarchical Academic Research Computing Network
|
||||
SSW Surface Science Western
|
||||
WINS Western Institute for Nanomaterials Science
|
||||
|
||||
==== Engineering research centres ====
|
||||
Advanced Fluid Mechanics Research Group
|
||||
Biomaterials and Medical Devices Research Group BM2D
|
||||
Biomedical Engineering
|
||||
Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory
|
||||
Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre (CREC)
|
||||
Concurrent Engineering and Agile Manufacturing
|
||||
ECE Robotics and Real-Time Systems Lab
|
||||
Environmental Research Western
|
||||
Facility for Intelligent Decision Support (FIDS)
|
||||
Geotechnical Research Centre
|
||||
Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR)
|
||||
Multi-Disciplinary Accident Research Team
|
||||
Optomechatronics Research Laboratory
|
||||
SHARCNet
|
||||
The Three Little Pigs Research Project at The Insurance Research Lab for Better Homes
|
||||
Western Fluidization Group
|
||||
|
||||
==== Health science research facilities ====
|
||||
Faculty Research Centres
|
||||
National Centre for Audiology
|
||||
Canadian Centre for Activity & Aging
|
||||
www.uwo.ca/actage
|
||||
www.ccaa-outreach.com
|
||||
International Centre for Olympic Studies
|
||||
Additional Research Facilities
|
||||
Kid Skills Research Laboratory
|
||||
National Rowing Centre
|
||||
Nursing Research Unit
|
||||
Western Qualitative Health Research Network
|
||||
The R. Samuel McLaughlin Foundation Exercise & Pregnancy Laboratory (EPL)
|
||||
Research Facilities
|
||||
School of Communication Sciences & Disorders
|
||||
School of Kinesiology
|
||||
School of Nursing
|
||||
School of Occupational Therapy
|
||||
School of Physical Therapy
|
||||
Canadian Language & Literacy Research Network (CLLRNet)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Social science research centres and research groups ====
|
||||
Aging and Health Research Centre
|
||||
Allan O'Brien Multilevel Governance Laboratory
|
||||
American Studies
|
||||
Animal Cognition Research Group
|
||||
Behavioural Neuroendocrinology Research Group
|
||||
Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network (collaborative)
|
||||
Centre for Avian Physiology, Neurobiology and Behavior
|
||||
Centre for the Brain and Mind
|
||||
Centre for the Study of International Economic Relations (CSIER)
|
||||
Centre for the Study of Theory and Criticism
|
||||
Child Development Research Facility
|
||||
CIBC Human Capital and Productivity Project
|
||||
CIHR Group for Action and Perception
|
||||
Culture, Cognition and Behavior Research Group (a collaboration with Sociology and Anthropology)
|
||||
Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction
|
||||
Intergroup Relations and Social Justice Research Group
|
||||
Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group
|
||||
Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy Research Group
|
||||
Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict Research Group
|
||||
Philosophy and Psychology Research Group (a collaboration with Philosophy)
|
||||
Political Economy Research Group (PERG)
|
||||
Population Studies Centre
|
||||
Psychoneuroimmunology Research Group
|
||||
Research Unit for Work and Productivity
|
||||
RBC Financial Group Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI)
|
||||
Self-Regulation Research Group (collaboration for Social, Development, Clinical and Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience areas)
|
||||
The Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium
|
||||
Transition Economies Research Forum (TERF)
|
||||
Workforce Aging in the New Economy
|
||||
|
||||
==== Affiliated research institutes ====
|
||||
Robarts Research Institute
|
||||
Lawson Health Research Institute
|
||||
London Regional Cancer Program
|
||||
|
||||
=== Dalhousie University ===
|
||||
Halifax, Nova Scotia.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 14,839
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 50
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 7/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research centres, institutes, and groups ====
|
||||
Atlantic Centre of Excellence for Women's Health
|
||||
Atlantic Health Promotion Research Centre
|
||||
Atlantic Institute of Criminology
|
||||
Atlantic Research Data Centre (ARDC)
|
||||
Centre for African Studies
|
||||
Centre for Foreign Policy Studies
|
||||
Dalhousie Infectious Disease Research Alliance (DIDRA)
|
||||
Dalhousie Inflammation Group
|
||||
Dalhousie Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit
|
||||
Energy at Dalhousie
|
||||
Health Law Institute
|
||||
International Ocean Institute
|
||||
Law and Technology Institute
|
||||
Marine and Environmental Law Institute
|
||||
Neuroscience Institute
|
||||
Pediatric Pain Research Lab
|
||||
Population Health Research Unit (PHRU)
|
||||
Institute for Research in Materials
|
||||
|
||||
==== Technical research facilities ====
|
||||
Aquatron
|
||||
Atlantic Region Magnetic Resonance Centre
|
||||
Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT)
|
||||
Canadian Residential Energy End-use Data and Analysis Center (CREEDAC)
|
||||
Centre for Water Resources Studies (CWRS)
|
||||
Cosmogenic Nuclide Exposure Dating Facility
|
||||
Minerals Engineering Centre (MEC)
|
||||
Nova Scotia CAD/CAM Centre (NSCCC)
|
||||
Slowpoke Facility
|
||||
Trace Analysis Research Centre (TARC)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Affiliated research organizations ====
|
||||
IWK Health Centre
|
||||
Global Information Networking Institute
|
||||
The Nova Scotia Hospital,
|
||||
QEII Health Sciences Centre
|
||||
Saint John Regional Hospital
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Ottawa ===
|
||||
|
||||
Ottawa, Ontario.
|
||||
NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 14,127
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 49
|
||||
|
||||
==== uOttawa research centres and institutes ====
|
||||
Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)
|
||||
Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
|
||||
Centre for Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Management
|
||||
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Citizenship and Minority Studies (CIRCEM)
|
||||
Centre for Neural Dynamics
|
||||
Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
|
||||
Centre for Research in Photonics
|
||||
Centre for Research on Educational and Community Services (CRECS)
|
||||
Centre for Research on Environmental Microbiology (CREM)
|
||||
Centre for Research on French Canadian Culture
|
||||
Centre on Governance
|
||||
CGA Accounting Research Centre
|
||||
CGA Tax Research Centre
|
||||
Human Rights Research and Education Centre
|
||||
Institute for the Prevention of Crime (IPC)
|
||||
Institute of Canadian Studies
|
||||
Institute of Population Health
|
||||
Institute of the Environment
|
||||
Institute for Science, Society and Policy
|
||||
Institute of Women's Studies
|
||||
Research Centre for Sport in Canadian Society
|
||||
University of Ottawa Centre for Neuromuscular Disease
|
||||
|
||||
==== Affiliated research institutes ====
|
||||
Kidney Research Centre
|
||||
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI)
|
||||
University of Ottawa Eye Institute
|
||||
The Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre
|
||||
University of Ottawa Heart Institute
|
||||
Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute
|
||||
Institute of Mental Health Research
|
||||
Élisabeth Bruyère Research Institute
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of Guelph ===
|
||||
|
||||
Guelph, Ontario.
|
||||
Number of Canada Research Chairs – 39
|
||||
UoG ranks 14th among the top 50 research universities in Canada, but is not a member of U15.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Research Centres, Institutes and Groups ====
|
||||
Guelph-Waterloo Center for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry (GWC2)
|
||||
Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute (GWPI)
|
||||
Advanced Analysis Centre
|
||||
Advanced Foods and Materials Network (AFMNet)
|
||||
Advanced Robotics & Intelligent Systems Lab
|
||||
Agri-Technology Commercialization Centre
|
||||
Aquaculture Centre
|
||||
AquaSanitas – A Centre for Water Safety and Security
|
||||
Arboretum Gene Bank
|
||||
Axelrod Institute of Ichthyology
|
||||
Bioconversion Network
|
||||
Biophysics Interdepartmental Group (BIG)
|
||||
Biodiversity Institute of Ontario
|
||||
Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
|
||||
Business Development Office
|
||||
Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare
|
||||
Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy and Competitive Research Network
|
||||
Canadian Arthritis Network Core Facility
|
||||
Canadian Co-operative Wildlife Health Centre
|
||||
Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network
|
||||
Canadian Pollination Initiative
|
||||
Canadian Research Institute in Food Safety (CRIFS)
|
||||
Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability
|
||||
Centre for Biodiversity Genomics
|
||||
Centre for Food and Soft Materials Science
|
||||
Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock
|
||||
Centre for Land and Water Stewardship
|
||||
Centre for Nutrition Modelling
|
||||
Centre for Psychological Services
|
||||
Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses
|
||||
Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility
|
||||
Couple and Family Therapy Centre
|
||||
Electrochemical Technology Centre
|
||||
Food Safety Network
|
||||
Genomics Facility/Advanced Analysis Centre
|
||||
Guelph Food Technology Centre (GFTC)
|
||||
Guelph Transgenic Plant Research Complex
|
||||
Guelph Turfgrass Institute (GTI)
|
||||
Hagen Aqualab
|
||||
Health and Performance Centre
|
||||
Human Nutraceutical Research Unit
|
||||
Institute for Comparative Cancer Investigation
|
||||
Institute for Robotics & Intelligent Systems
|
||||
International Leadership Research Network
|
||||
Laboratory Services
|
||||
Landscape Architecture Community Outreach Centre
|
||||
Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems
|
||||
Metals in the Human Environment Research Network
|
||||
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Centre
|
||||
Organization and Management Solution
|
||||
Ontario Rural Wastewater Centre
|
||||
Poultry Welfare Centre
|
||||
Research Programs (U of G / OMAFRA enhanced partnership)
|
||||
Shared Hierarchical Academic Research Computing Network
|
||||
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
|
||||
TransCanada Institute
|
||||
Urban Systems Environment Design Centre
|
||||
Veterinary Teaching Hospital
|
||||
Weather Innovation Centre
|
||||
|
||||
== Networks of Centers of Excellence ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Canadian university scientific research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 8/8
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_university_scientific_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:35.071794+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Health and life sciences ===
|
||||
Accel-Rx Health Sciences Accelerator – Accel-Rx (2014–2019) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
|
||||
Aging Gracefully across Environments using Technology to Support Wellness, Engagement and Long Life – AGE-WELL (2014–2019) – Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario,
|
||||
Allergy, Genes and Environment Network – AllerGen (2004–2019) – McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
|
||||
Biotherapeutics for Cancer Treatment – BioCanRx (2014–2019) – Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario,
|
||||
Canadian Frailty Network – CFN (2012–2017) – Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario,
|
||||
Canadian Glycomics Network – GlycoNet (2014–2019) – University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
|
||||
Cardiac Arrhythmia Network of Canada – CANet (2014–2019) – Western University, London, Ontario,
|
||||
CellCAN Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Network – CellCAN (2014–2018) – Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Quebec,
|
||||
Centre for Commercialization of Cancer Immunotherapy – C3i (2016–2021) – Montréal, Quebec,
|
||||
Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine – CCRM (2011–2017) – Toronto, Ontario,
|
||||
Centre for Drug Research and Development – CDRD (2008–2018) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
|
||||
Centre for Imaging Technology Commercialization – CIMTEC (2011–2018) – London, Ontario,
|
||||
Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization – CPDC (2008–2018) – Hamilton, Ontario,
|
||||
Centre for Surgical Invention and Innovation – CSII (2009–2017) – Hamilton, Ontario,
|
||||
Centre for the Commercialization of Antibodies and Biologics – CCAB (2014–2019) – Toronto, Ontario,
|
||||
Children and Youth in Challenging Contexts – CYCC (2011–2019) – Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
|
||||
CQDM (2009–2017) – Montréal, Quebec,
|
||||
Exactis Innovation – Exactis (2014–2019) – Montreal, Quebec,
|
||||
MedDev Commercialization Centre – MDCC (2014–2019) – University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario,
|
||||
NEOMED (2014–2018) – Montréal, Quebec,
|
||||
NeuroDevNet (2009–2019) – University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
|
||||
Pan-Provincial Vaccine Enterprise – PREVENT (2008–2017) – Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
|
||||
Promoting Relationships and Eliminating Violence Network – PREVNet (2005–2009) – Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario and York University, Toronto, Ontario,
|
||||
Stem Cell Network – SCN (2000–2011) – University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,
|
||||
The Prostate Centre's Translational Research Initiative for Accelerated Discovery and Development – PC-TRiADD (2008–2018) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
|
||||
Translating Emergency Knowledge for Kids – TREKK (2011–Present) – University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
|
||||
|
||||
=== Information and communication ===
|
||||
Canadian Digital Media Network – CDMN (2009–2019) – Kitchener, Ontario,
|
||||
Centre of Excellence in Next Generation Networks – CENGN (2014–2019) – Ottawa, Ontario,
|
||||
MiQro Innovation Collaborative Centre – C2MI (2011–20121) – Bromont, Quebec,
|
||||
Smart Cybersecurity Network – SERENE-RISC (2014–2018) – Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec,
|
||||
Wavefront (2011–20121) – Vancouver, British Columbia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Environment ===
|
||||
ArcticNet (2003–2018) – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec
|
||||
Canadian Water Network – CWN (2001–2017) – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
|
||||
Green Aviation Research and Development Network – GARDN (2009–2018) – Montréal, Quebec,
|
||||
Marine Environmental, Observation, Prediction and Response Network – MEOPAR (2012–2017) – Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
|
||||
Ocean Networks Canada Innovation Centre – ONC Innovation Centre (2009–2018) – Victoria, British Columbia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Natural resources ===
|
||||
BioFuelNet (2012–2017) – McGill University, Montréal, Quebec,
|
||||
Leading Operational Observations and Knowledge for the North – LOOKNorth (2011–2020) – St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador,
|
||||
TECTERRA (2009–2016) – Calgary, Alberta,
|
||||
Ultra Deep Mining Network – UDMN (2014–2018) – Sudbury, Ontario
|
||||
|
||||
=== Manufacturing and engineering ===
|
||||
Refined Manufacturing Acceleration Process – ReMAP (2014–2018) – Toronto, Ontario
|
||||
|
||||
=== Cross-sectoral ===
|
||||
Advanced Applied Physics Solutions Inc. – AAPS (2008–2017) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
|
||||
GreenCentre Canada – GCC (2009–2019) – Kingston, Ontario,
|
||||
India-Canada Centre for Innovative Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Accelerate Community Transformation and Sustainability – IC-IMPACTS (2012–2017), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
|
||||
MaRS Innovation – MI (2008–2017) – Toronto, Ontario,
|
||||
Natural Products Canada – NPC (2016–2021) – Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
|
||||
|
||||
== Notable university-related research organizations and projects ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Domestic ===
|
||||
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
|
||||
Organization for the theoretical study of gravity, quantum mechanics and cosmology
|
||||
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research – HQ, Toronto, Ontario
|
||||
A virtual institute for the study of cosmology, gravity, geology, biology, nanotechnology and other advanced scientific topics
|
||||
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory – Sudbury, Ontario
|
||||
Underground observatory for the study of neutrinos
|
||||
Tri-University Meson Facility (TRIUMF) – University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
|
||||
Particle accelerator for the study of mesons
|
||||
Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science (ROPOS)
|
||||
Robotic study of Canada's Pacific Ocean floor
|
||||
Lithoprobe
|
||||
Canada's largest earth sciences project involving researchers from universities, the private sector and the federal government.
|
||||
Globec Canada
|
||||
Project for the study of the effect of environmental change on ocean life.
|
||||
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
|
||||
A key medical research centre with a focus on cancer research, specifically the use of oncolytic viruses.
|
||||
|
||||
=== International ===
|
||||
High Energy Physics – CERN (Geneva) the Large Hadron Collider and the Atlas Experiment
|
||||
Canada's participation in the world's largest physics project coordinated by the TRIUMF Particle Physics Research Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
|
||||
The Gemini Project
|
||||
Canada's participation in the construction of large astronomical telescopes in Hawaii and Chile.
|
||||
Canada and the Ocean Drilling Project
|
||||
Canada's participation in an international programme studying the Earth's crust under the oceans.
|
||||
The North Water Project
|
||||
Canada's participation in an international project studying open water areas of the Arctic Ocean
|
||||
|
||||
== Research and development expenditures in Canada by sector ==
|
||||
Canadian Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) by Performing Sectors – 2006 Estimates, C$ Millions
|
||||
|
||||
Business Enterprises: 14,850, 52.4%
|
||||
Higher Education: 10,890, 38.4%
|
||||
Federal Government: 2,145, 7.6%
|
||||
Provincial Government: 345, 1.2%
|
||||
Provincial Research Organizations: 127, 0.4%
|
||||
Total: 28,357, 100.0%
|
||||
|
||||
== Support organizations ==
|
||||
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for Canadian university research)
|
||||
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
|
||||
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for Canadian university research)
|
||||
Canada Research Chair – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for special Canadian university research staffing)
|
||||
Canadian Foundation for Innovation – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for research infrastructure for Canadian universities, colleges, research hospitals, and non-profit research institutions)
|
||||
CANARIE, Canadian Advanced Network and Research for Industry and Education
|
||||
Foundations in Canada – This is a list of philanthropic organizations in Canada. A number of these organization make financial contributions to university research in Canada.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Canadian government scientific research organizations
|
||||
Canadian industrial research and development organizations
|
||||
U15 (universities)
|
||||
List of Canadian nuclear facilities
|
||||
Science and technology in Canada
|
||||
Royal Society of Canada
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Public web site of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
|
||||
NSERC.gc.ca
|
||||
Web sites for the "Group of Thirteen" Canada's largest research universities
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_number"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:59:06.253893+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:17.143071+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "IUCN protected area categories"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:47.158801+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
IUCN protected area categories, or IUCN protected area management categories, are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
|
||||
The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of the world's natural environment and biodiversity. The IUCN has developed the protected area management categories system to define, record and classify the wide variety of specific aims and concerns when categorising protected areas and their objectives. Further supplementary guidelines have been developed specific to marine protected areas (MPAs).
|
||||
This categorisation method is recognised on a global scale by national governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
|
||||
|
||||
== Categories ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Category I ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Category Ia – strict nature reserve ====
|
||||
A strict nature reserve (IUCN Category Ia) is an area which is protected from all but light human use in order to protect its biodiversity and also possibly its geological/geomorphological features. These areas are often home to dense native ecosystems where all human disturbance except scientific study, environmental monitoring and education is prohibited. Because these areas are so strictly protected, they provide ideal pristine environments that enable measurement of external human influence by means of comparison with other areas.
|
||||
In some cases, strict nature reserves are of spiritual significance for surrounding communities and are also protected for this reason. The people engaged in the practice of their faith within the region have the right to continue to do so, providing it aligns with the area's conservation and management objectives.
|
||||
Human impacts on strict nature reserves are increasingly difficult to prevent because climate and air pollution and newly emerging diseases do not stop at the boundaries of protected areas. If perpetual intervention is required to maintain these strict guidelines, the area will often fall into category IV or V.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Category Ib – wilderness area ====
|
||||
|
||||
A wilderness area (IUCN Category Ib) is similar to a strict nature reserve, but generally larger and protected in a slightly less stringent manner.
|
||||
These areas are a protected domain in which biodiversity and ecosystem processes (including evolution) are allowed to flourish or experience restoration if previously disturbed by human activity. These are areas which may buffer against the effects of climate change and protect threatened species and ecological communities.
|
||||
Human visitation is limited to a minimum, often allowing only those who are willing to travel of their own devices (by foot, by ski, or by boat), but this offers a unique opportunity to experience wilderness that has not been interfered with. Wilderness areas can be classified as such only if they are devoid of modern infrastructure, though they allow human activity to the level of sustaining indigenous groups and their cultural and spiritual values within their wilderness-based lifestyles.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Category II – national park ===
|
||||
|
||||
A IUCN Category II area is similar to a wilderness area in its size and its main objective of protecting functioning ecosystems. However, category II areas tend to be more lenient with human visitation and its supporting infrastructure. Category II areas are managed in a way that may contribute to local economies through promoting educational and recreational tourism on a scale that will not reduce the effectiveness of conservation efforts.
|
||||
Despite "national park" being the common name of category II, not all protected areas titled "national park" fit the criteria for category II, and not all category II areas are called national parks.
|
||||
The surrounding areas of a category II site may be for consumptive or non-consumptive use but should nevertheless act as a barrier for the defence of the protected area's native species and communities to enable them to sustain themselves in the long term.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Category III – natural monument or feature ===
|
||||
|
||||
A natural monument or feature (IUCN Category III) is a comparatively smaller area that is specifically allocated to protect a natural monument and its surrounding habitats. These monuments can be natural in the fullest sense or include elements that have been influenced or introduced by humans. The latter should hold biodiversity associations or could otherwise be classified as a historical or spiritual site, though this distinction can be quite difficult to ascertain.
|
||||
To be categorised as a natural monument or feature by IUCN's guidelines, the protected area could include natural geological or geomorphological features, culturally-influenced natural features, natural cultural sites, or cultural sites with associated ecology. The classification then falls into two subcategories: those in which the biodiversity is uniquely related to the conditions of the natural feature and those in which the current levels of biodiversity are dependent on the presence of the sacred sites that have created an essentially modified ecosystem.
|
||||
Natural monuments or features often play a smaller but key ecological role in the operations of broader conservation objectives. They have a high cultural or spiritual value that can be utilised to gain support of conservation challenges by allowing higher visitation or recreational rights, therefore offering an incentive for the preservation of the site.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Category IV – habitat or species management area ===
|
||||
|
||||
A habitat or species management area (IUCN Category IV) is similar to a natural monument or feature, but focuses on more specific areas of conservation (though size is not necessarily a distinguishing feature), like an identifiable species or habitat that requires continuous protection rather than that of a natural feature. These protected areas will be sufficiently controlled to ensure the maintenance, conservation, and restoration of particular species and habitats—possibly through traditional means—and public education of such areas is widely encouraged as part of the management objectives.
|
||||
Habitat or species management areas may exist as a fraction of a wider ecosystem or protected area and may require varying levels of active protection. Management measures may include (but are not limited to) the prevention of poaching, creation of artificial habitats, halting natural succession, and supplementary feeding practices.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "IUCN protected area categories"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:47.158801+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Category V – protected landscape or seascape ===
|
||||
A protected landscape or protected seascape (IUCN Category V) covers a body of land or ocean with an explicit natural conservation plan, but usually also accommodates a range of for-profit activities.
|
||||
The main objective is to safeguard regions that have built up a distinct and valuable ecological, biological, cultural, or scenic character. In contrast with previous categories, Category V permits surrounding communities to interact more with the area, contributing to the area's sustainable management and engaging with its natural and cultural heritage.
|
||||
Landscapes and seascapes that fall into this category should represent an integral balance between people and nature and can sustain activities such as traditional agricultural and forestry systems on conditions that ensure the continued protection or ecological restoration of the area.
|
||||
Category V is one of the more flexible classifications of protected areas. As a result, protected landscapes and seascapes may be able to accommodate contemporary developments, such as ecotourism, at the same time as maintaining the historical management practices that may procure the sustainability of agrobiodiversity and aquatic biodiversity.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Category VI – protected area with sustainable use of natural resources ===
|
||||
|
||||
Though human involvement is a large factor in the management of these protected areas, developments are not intended to allow for widescale industrial production. The IUCN recommends that a proportion of the land mass remain in its natural condition—a decision to be made on a national level, usually with specificity to each protected area. Governance has to be developed to adapt the diverse—and possibly growing—range of interests that arise from the production of sustainable natural resources.
|
||||
Category VI may be particularly suitable to vast areas that already have a low level of human occupation or in which local communities and their traditional practices have had little permanent impact on the environmental health of the region. This differs from category V in that it is not the result of long-term human interaction that has had a transformative effect on surrounding ecosystems.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
UNEP-WCMC — United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
|
||||
World Commission on Protected Areas
|
||||
World Database on Protected Areas
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
IUCN: World Commission on Protected Areas
|
||||
Database of Protected Areas
|
||||
IUCN Databases
|
||||
136
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles-0.md
Normal file
136
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Index of conservation articles"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:37.189423+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is an index of conservation topics. It is an alphabetical index of articles relating to conservation biology and conservation of the natural environment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== A ==
|
||||
Abiotic stress - Adaptive management - Adventive plant - Aerial-seeding - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - Agroecology - American Prairie Foundation - Anti-whaling - Assisted migration - Assisted migration of forests in North America
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== B ==
|
||||
Biodegradation - Biodiversity - Biodiversity action plan - Biodiversity hotspot - Biogenic - Biodiversity Outcomes Framework - Biogeographic realm - Biogeography - Bioinformatics - Biological integrity - Biomagnification - Biomaterial - Biome - Biomimicry - Biomonitoring - Biophilia hypothesis - Biophilic design - Biopiracy - Bioregion - Bioregionalism - Biosafety - Biosalinity - Biosecurity - Biosphere - Biosphere reserve - Biostatistics - Biosurvey - Biotechnology - Bioterrorism - Biotransference - Bird conservation - Blue-listed - Bottom trawling - Buffer zone
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== C ==
|
||||
Captive breeding - Cave conservation - Charismatic megafauna - CITES - Common species - Community-based conservation - Compassionate conservation - Conference of Governors - Conservation agriculture - Conservation area - Conservation authority - Conservation biology - Conservation Commons - Conservation community - Conservation dependent - Conservation designation - Conservation development - Conservation easement - Conservation ethic - Conservation grazing - Conservation headland - Conservation land trust – Conservation management system - Conservation movement - Conservation of American bison - Conservation park - Conservation photography - Conservation psychology - Conservation-reliant species - Conservation status - Conservation welfare - Convention on Biological Diversity - COTES - Critically endangered species - Cross-boundary subsidy - Cross-fostering (conservation of resources)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== D ==
|
||||
Data deficient - Debt-for-nature swap - Deforestation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== E ==
|
||||
Ecoregion - Ecosystem restoration - Ecosystem services - Ecological crisis - Ecological island - Ecological niche - Ecological selection - Ecotone - Edge effect - Endangered species - Endangered species recovery plan - Endemic Bird Area - Endemism - Environmental stewardship - Evolutionarily Significant Unit - Extinction - Extinction event - Ex-situ conservation - Extinct in the wild - Extinction threshold
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== F ==
|
||||
Flagship species - Forest fragmentation - Fortress conservation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== G ==
|
||||
Gaia theory - Gaia philosophy - Gaian - Game Warden - GPS Wildlife Tracking - GRANK - Gap analysis - Genetic pollution - Genetic erosion - Global strategy for plant conservation - Greenprinting
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== H ==
|
||||
Habitat - Habitat fragmentation - Habitat conservation - Habitat destruction - Habitat fragmentation - Habitats Directive
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== I ==
|
||||
Illegal logging - Important Bird Area - In-situ conservation - Index of biological integrity - Indianapolis Prize - Indigenous and community conserved area - The Institute for Bird Populations - Integrated Conservation and Development Project - Invader potential - Island restoration
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== K ==
|
||||
Keystone species
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== L ==
|
||||
Landscape-scale conservation - Lists of ecoregions by country - List of extinct birds - List of solar energy topics - List of threatened species of the Philippines - Local nature reserve - Logging - Latent extinction risk - Lower risk
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== M ==
|
||||
Marine Protected Area - Marine conservation - Marine park - Marine reserve - Marxan - Millennium Seed Bank Partnership - Minimal impact code - Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation - Monarch butterfly conservation in California
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== N ==
|
||||
National Cleanup Day - National Conservation Commission - National Conservation Exposition - National marine conservation area - National nature reserve - National park - NATURA 2000 - Natural heritage - Natural monument – Nature reserve - Nest box - North American Game Warden Museum
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== O ==
|
||||
Old growth forest - Operation Wallacea
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== P ==
|
||||
Penguin sweater - Pollinator decline - Protected area
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== R ==
|
||||
Ramsar site - Rare species - Red-listed - Regional Forest Agreement - Regional Red List - Reforestation - Reintroduction - Resource management - Restoration ecology - Rewilding - Roadless area conservation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== S ==
|
||||
Scaling pattern of occupancy - Seedbank - Site based conservation - Site of Nature Conservation Interest - Site of Special Scientific Interest - Small population size - Soil salination - Soils retrogression and degradation - Solar air conditioning - Solar energy - Solar thermal energy - Shifting baseline syndrome - Soil conservation - Source-sink dynamics - Special Area of Conservation - Special Protection Area - Species richness - Species Survival Plan - Species of concern - Species translocation - Stewardship cessation Strict nature reserve - Subnational rank - Sustainability - Sustainable forest management - Sustainable habitat - Sustainable industries - Sustainable procurement - Sustainable seafood - Sustainable yield
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== T ==
|
||||
Terraforming - Terrestrial ecoregion - The Nature Conservancy - 30 by 30 - Threatened species - Trail ethics - Translocation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== U ==
|
||||
Urban biosphere reserve
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== V ==
|
||||
Variable retention - Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology - Vulnerable species
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== W ==
|
||||
Water Conservation Order - Waterbar - Waterway restoration - Weed - Wetland conservation - Wilderness area - Wildlife corridor - Wildlife Conservation Society - Wildlife reserve - Wildlife trade - Woodland management - World Cleanup Day - World Commission on Protected Areas - World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival - World Heritage Site - World Network of Biosphere Reserves
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Z ==
|
||||
Zoo - Zoogeography
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Conventions, protocols, panels and summits ==
|
||||
Biosafety protocol - Montreal 2000
|
||||
Convention on Biological Diversity
|
||||
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
|
||||
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
|
||||
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
|
||||
Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
|
||||
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat - Ramsar Convention
|
||||
Earth Summit 2002 (World Summit on Sustainable Development), Johannesburg 2002
|
||||
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|
||||
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
|
||||
International Seabed Authority
|
||||
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
|
||||
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
|
||||
IUCN protected area categories
|
||||
IUCN Red List
|
||||
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
|
||||
World Commission on Protected Areas - WCPA
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== United Nations bodies ==
|
||||
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC)
|
||||
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
|
||||
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
|
||||
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Index of environmental articles
|
||||
List of endangered species
|
||||
List of environmental issues
|
||||
List of invasive species
|
||||
Environmental agreements
|
||||
Environmentalism
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of Arctic research programs"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arctic_research_programs"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:31.370560+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of Arctic research programs:
|
||||
|
||||
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
|
||||
Arctic and Northern Studies at University of Alaska Fairbanks
|
||||
Arctic Centre, University of Lapland
|
||||
The Arctic Institute | Center for Circumpolar Security Studies
|
||||
Arctic Institute of North America
|
||||
Arctic Research Consortium of the United States
|
||||
Arctic Research Foundation
|
||||
Arctic Research Office
|
||||
Arctic Submarine Laboratory
|
||||
Arctic Technology Centre
|
||||
Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS)
|
||||
Byrd Polar Research Center
|
||||
Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network
|
||||
Centre for Polar Observation & Modelling
|
||||
Circumarctic Environmental Observatories Network
|
||||
Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research
|
||||
EISCAT
|
||||
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
|
||||
|
||||
Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research
|
||||
Institute of Arctic Biology
|
||||
International Arctic Buoy Program
|
||||
International Arctic Research Center
|
||||
International Arctic Science Committee
|
||||
Malaurie Institute of Arctic Research Monaco-UVSQ
|
||||
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
|
||||
North Greenland Ice Core Project
|
||||
National Snow and Ice Data Center
|
||||
QUEEN
|
||||
|
||||
SCICEX
|
||||
Scott Polar Research Institute
|
||||
Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean
|
||||
United States Arctic Research Commission
|
||||
University of the Arctic
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of research stations in the Arctic
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of British bingo nicknames"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_bingo_nicknames"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:12.021324+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In the game of bingo in the United Kingdom, callers announcing the numbers have traditionally used some nicknames to refer to particular numbers if they are drawn. The nicknames are sometimes known by the rhyming phrase 'bingo lingo', and there are rhymes for each number from 1 to 90, some of which date back to 1900. Some traditional games went up to 100. In some clubs, the 'bingo caller' will say the number, with the assembled players intoning the rhyme in a call and response manner, in others, the caller will say the rhyme and the players chant the number. One purpose of the nicknames is to allow called numbers to be clearly understood in a noisy environment. In 2003, Butlins holiday camps introduced some more modern calls devised by a professor of popular culture in an attempt to bring fresh interest to bingo.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Calls ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Citations ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sources ===
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of DNA nanotechnology research groups"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DNA_nanotechnology_research_groups"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:41.392106+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This list of DNA nanotechnology research groups gives a partial overview of academic research organisations in the field of DNA nanotechnology, sorted geographically. Any sufficiently notable research group (which in general can be considered as any group having published in well regarded, high impact factor journals) should be listed here, along with a brief description of their research.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== North America ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Asia ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Europe ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
112
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISBN_registration_groups-0.md
Normal file
112
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISBN_registration_groups-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of ISBN registration groups"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISBN_registration_groups"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:19.769731+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The registration group or identifier group is the second element in a 13-digit ISBN (first element in a 10-digit ISBN) and indicates the country, geographic region, or language area where a book was published. The element ranges from one to five numerical digits.
|
||||
In 2007, the length of an ISBN changed from 10 to 13 digits, and a new 3-digit prefix (978 or 979) was added in front of 10-digit ISBNs.
|
||||
The following registration groups are compatible with or without a 978- prefix:
|
||||
|
||||
0–5
|
||||
600–639
|
||||
65–66
|
||||
69990–69999
|
||||
7
|
||||
80–94
|
||||
950–989
|
||||
9900–9989
|
||||
99900–99999
|
||||
The following must have a 979- prefix:
|
||||
|
||||
(979-0 is reserved for International Standard Music Numbers for sheet music)
|
||||
979-10 through 979-13
|
||||
979-8
|
||||
Shorter registration group numbers are generally used for countries or regions with greater publishing volume. Because a longer number leaves room for fewer publishers and ISBNs, several countries have more than one number assigned. On the other hand, some countries (Australia, Switzerland, Fiji) have no unique number because they fall in a broader geographic region or language area.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== With 10-digit ISBN or 978- prefix ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Prefixes of length 1 ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Prefixes of length 2 ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Prefixes of length 3 ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Prefixes of length 4 ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Prefixes of length 5 ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Distribution ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Countries by language area ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Countries in broader registration groups ===
|
||||
5: former USSR (14)
|
||||
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
|
||||
80: former Czechoslovakia (2)
|
||||
Czech Republic, Slovakia
|
||||
86: former Yugoslavia (7)
|
||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Republika Srpska, Serbia, Slovenia
|
||||
976: Caribbean Community (5)
|
||||
The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
|
||||
982: South Pacific (14)
|
||||
Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Countries with no exclusive registration group ===
|
||||
18 countries
|
||||
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Czech Republic, Eswatini, Germany, Gibraltar, Ireland, New Zealand, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Zimbabwe
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Countries with multiple registration groups ===
|
||||
In parentheses, how many numbers are available.
|
||||
Countries with over one million numbers are highlighted.
|
||||
|
||||
Two (52 countries)
|
||||
Andorra (2×104), Bahrain (2×104), Benin (2×104), Bhutan (2×104), Bosnia and Herzegovina (20×104), Botswana (2×104), Brazil (2000×104), Brunei (2×104), Bulgaria (200×104), Colombia (200×104), Cyprus (20×104), Dominican Republic (11×104), Egypt (200×104), Ethiopia (2×104), Faroe Islands (2×104), Finland (200×104), Ghana (20×104), Greece (200×104), Honduras (2×104), Hong Kong (200×104), Hungary (200×104), Iceland (20×104), India (2000×104), Jordan (20×104), Kazakhstan (110×104), Kenya (20×104), Latvia (20×104), Lebanon (110×104), Luxembourg (2×104), Malawi (2×104), Montenegro (20×104), Myanmar (2×104), Netherlands (2000×104), Nicaragua (2×104), North Macedonia (110×104), Oman (2×104), Pakistan (200×104), Peru (110×104), Philippines (200×104), Portugal (200×104), Qatar (11×104), Saudi Arabia (110×104), Seychelles (2×104), Singapore (110×104), Sri Lanka (200×104), Sudan (2×104), Uganda (20×104), Ukraine (200×104), Uruguay (20×104), Uzbekistan (20×104), Vietnam (200×104), Zambia (11×104)
|
||||
Three (21 countries)
|
||||
Argentina (300×104), Armenia (12×104), Cambodia (12×104), Costa Rica (30×104), Ecuador (30×104), El Salvador (3×104), Georgia (12×104), Guatemala (12×104), Haiti (3×104), Iran (300×104), Kuwait (12×104), Lithuania (120×104), Malaysia (300×104), Mexico (300×104), Morocco (30×104), Namibia (3×104), Romania (300×104), Taiwan (300×104), Tanzania (30×104), Thailand (300×104), Tunisia (30×104)
|
||||
Four (12 countries)
|
||||
Albania (13×104), Algeria (40×104), Bolivia (13×104), Estonia (40×104), Indonesia (400×104), Macau (4×104), Malta (13×104), Nepal (22×104), Paraguay (4×104), Republika Srpska (4×104), Tajikistan (13×104), Turkey (310×104)
|
||||
Five (2 countries)
|
||||
Mauritius (203×104), Mongolia (14×104)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== ISBN vs UN ===
|
||||
UN countries not part of ISBN (37)
|
||||
Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly "99951-"), Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (formerly "99902-"), Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Mauritania, Monaco, Mozambique, Niger, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, East Timor, Togo, Turkmenistan, Yemen
|
||||
ISBN agencies not part of the UN (10)
|
||||
Bermuda, Curaçao, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Kosovo, Macau, Palestine, Republic of Srpska, Taiwan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== With 979- prefix ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
International Standard Book Number
|
||||
International Standard Serial Number
|
||||
List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes
|
||||
List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
International ISBN Agency - Ranges
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of National Wildlife Refuges established for endangered species"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Wildlife_Refuges_established_for_endangered_species"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:52.021938+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of National Wildlife Refuges established specifically for the protection of one or more endangered species on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of academic statistical associations"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_statistical_associations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:28.836651+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. This is a list of academic statistical associations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== International statistical societies ==
|
||||
Calcutta Statistical Association
|
||||
Institute of Mathematical Statistics
|
||||
International Biometric Society
|
||||
International Society for Bayesian Analysis
|
||||
International Statistical Institute (ISI)
|
||||
Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== National statistical societies ==
|
||||
American Statistical Association
|
||||
Indian Statistical Institute
|
||||
Irish Statistical Association
|
||||
Italian society of economics demography and statistics (SIEDS)
|
||||
Royal Statistical Society (RSS of London)
|
||||
Statistical Society of Australia
|
||||
Statistical Society of Canada
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Regional societies ==
|
||||
University Statisticians of the Southern Experiment Stations (USA)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Statistical honor societies ==
|
||||
Mu Sigma Rho (USA)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Official statistics
|
||||
Statistics
|
||||
List of statistical topics
|
||||
List of national and international statistical services
|
||||
List of mathematical societies
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
International Statistical Agencies (list by US Census Bureau)
|
||||
List of scholarly societies - Statistics
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of airborne wind energy organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airborne_wind_energy_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:29.973741+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of airborne wind energy or kite-energy organizations that are advancing airborne wind energy systems (AWES).
|
||||
In 2011 there were over 40 organizations involved worldwide, but this number has increased to over 60 in 2017.
|
||||
Categories of kite-energy or airborne-wind-energy organizations that are forming the nascent industry: education, academic, non-profit, for-profit, communication, research, original kite-energy equipment manufacturer, kite-line manufacturer, industry-wide association, history, testing, forum entity, library, cooperative, consortium, group, club, school, training school.
|
||||
Generation by kite-energy systems may involve pumping, electricity generators flown in the upper flying system (flygen), electric generators situated on the land or sea or on board a vessel (groundgen), simple lifting of objects (lifting), pulling hulls or other objects (traction), or transportation; systems generate energy to do special tasks. Systems may be scaled from tiny to utility size.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Organizations ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_by_number_of_legs"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:56:58.669142+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:48.428358+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bioinformatics_institutions"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:55:13.409161+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:33.801986+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of cat documentaries, television series and cartoons"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cat_documentaries,_television_series_and_cartoons"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:34.681061+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
List of cat documentaries, television series and cartoons includes serious documentaries, television series and cartoons, in alphabetical order, related to cats .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Documentaries ==
|
||||
Cat Empire: Docuseries (2021), Ubique Film
|
||||
Cats: Caressing the Tiger (1991), National Geographic
|
||||
Cats: Choosing, Caring and Training (2008), Revolution LLC
|
||||
Kedi (2016), Termite Films
|
||||
The Lion in Your Living Room (2015), Canadian Broadcasting Company
|
||||
Science of Cats (2014), National Geographic
|
||||
Secret Life of Cats (2014), National Geographic
|
||||
The Standard of Perfection: Show Cats (2009), Public Broadcasting Service
|
||||
Understanding Cats (2009), Public Broadcasting Service
|
||||
The World of Cats (2008), Columbia River Entertainment
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Big cats documentaries ===
|
||||
Big Cats (2018, 3 episodes), BBC
|
||||
Lions of Darkness (1993) National Geographic
|
||||
Lions of the African Night (1987) National Geographic
|
||||
Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness (2020, 7 episodes), Netflix
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Documentary and reality series ===
|
||||
Cats 101 (2009–2012), Animal Planet
|
||||
My Cat from Hell (2011–2016), Animal Planet
|
||||
Must Love Cats (2011–2012), Animal Planet
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Cartoons ==
|
||||
Garfield (1978–present; TV series 1988–1994, 2009–2016, 2019–2020), Universal Press Syndicate
|
||||
Heathcliff (1980–1981, 1984–1985), Ruby-Spears Productions, et al.
|
||||
The Itchy & Scratchy Show (1988–1997, as an element of The Simpsons), 20th Television
|
||||
Krazy Kat (1913–1944), King Features Syndicate
|
||||
The Ren and Stimpy Show (1991-1996, 2003, 2024-present), Nickelodeon
|
||||
Simon's Cat (2008–present), Simon's Cat Ltd
|
||||
Space Cats (1991-1992), Marvel Productions, et al.
|
||||
The Secret Lives of Waldo Kitty (1975), Filmation
|
||||
SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron (1993-1994), Hanna-Barbera
|
||||
Tom and Jerry (1940–1958, 1961–1962, 1963–1967, 1975, 1980–1982, 1990–1993, 2006–2008, 2014–2021), Hanna-Barbera, et al.
|
||||
Top Cat (1961–1962), Hanna-Barbera
|
||||
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995-1997), Felix the Cat Productions, et al.
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_engineering_societies"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:00:16.445936+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:37.549412+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_societies"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:00:15.181072+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:38.791225+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of common household pests"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_household_pests"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:56.020269+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of common household pests – undesired animals that have a history of living, invading, causing damage, eating human foods, acting as disease vectors or causing other harms in human habitation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Mammals ==
|
||||
Mice
|
||||
Field mice
|
||||
House mice
|
||||
Possums
|
||||
Brushtail possum
|
||||
Ringtail possum
|
||||
Rats
|
||||
Black rats
|
||||
Brown rats
|
||||
Wood rats
|
||||
Cotton rats
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Invertebrates ==
|
||||
Ants
|
||||
Argentine ants
|
||||
Carpenter ants
|
||||
Fire ants
|
||||
Odorous house ants
|
||||
Pharaoh ants
|
||||
Thief ants
|
||||
Bed bugs
|
||||
Beetles
|
||||
Woodworms
|
||||
Death watch beetles
|
||||
Furniture beetles
|
||||
Weevils
|
||||
Maize weevil
|
||||
Rice weevil
|
||||
Carpet beetles
|
||||
Fur beetles
|
||||
Varied carpet beetles
|
||||
Spider beetles
|
||||
Mealworm beetles
|
||||
Centipedes
|
||||
House centipedes
|
||||
Cockroaches
|
||||
Brown-banded cockroaches
|
||||
German cockroaches
|
||||
American cockroaches
|
||||
Oriental cockroaches
|
||||
Dust mites
|
||||
Earwigs
|
||||
Crickets
|
||||
House crickets
|
||||
Firebrats
|
||||
Flies
|
||||
Bottle flies
|
||||
Blue bottle flies
|
||||
Green bottle flies
|
||||
House flies
|
||||
Fruit flies
|
||||
Drain flies
|
||||
Phorid flies
|
||||
Gnats (Fungus gnats)
|
||||
Mosquitoes
|
||||
Moths
|
||||
Almond moths
|
||||
Indianmeal moths
|
||||
Clothes moths
|
||||
Common clothes moths
|
||||
Brown house moths
|
||||
Paper Lice
|
||||
Red spiders
|
||||
Silverfish
|
||||
Spiders
|
||||
Termites
|
||||
Dampwood termites
|
||||
Subterranean termites
|
||||
Woodlouse
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Home-stored product entomology
|
||||
List of notifiable diseases
|
||||
Noxious weed
|
||||
Pest (organism)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:29.505100+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:40.109147+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:02:29.505100+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:40.109147+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:14.717462+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Predictions of apocalyptic events that will result in the extinction of humanity, a collapse of civilization, or the destruction of the planet have been made since at least the beginning of the Common Era. Most predictions are related to Abrahamic religions, often standing for or similar to the eschatological events described in their scriptures. Christian predictions typically refer to events like the Rapture, Great Tribulation, Last Judgment, and the Second Coming of Christ. End-time events are normally predicted to occur within the lifetime of the person making the prediction and are usually made using the Bible—in particular the New Testament—as either the primary or exclusive source for the predictions. This often takes the form of mathematical calculations, such as trying to calculate the point in time where it will have been 6,000 years since the supposed creation of the Earth by the Abrahamic God, which according to the Talmud marks the deadline for the Messiah to appear. Predictions of the end from natural events have also been theorised by various scientists and scientific groups. While these predictions are generally accepted as plausible within the scientific community, the events and phenomena are not expected to occur for hundreds of thousands, or even billions, of years from now.
|
||||
Little research has been carried out into the reasons people have made apocalyptic predictions in modern times. Historically, such predictions have been made for the purpose of diverting attention from actual crises like poverty and war, pushing political agendas, or promoting hatred of certain groups; antisemitism was a popular theme of Christian apocalyptic predictions in medieval times, while some French and Lutheran depictions of the apocalypse were known to feature English and Catholic antagonists, respectively. According to psychologists, possible explanations for why people believe in modern apocalyptic predictions include: mentally reducing the actual danger in the world to a single and definable source; an innate human fascination with fear; personality traits of paranoia and powerlessness; and a modern romanticism related to end-times, resulting from its portrayal in contemporary fiction. The prevalence of Abrahamic religions throughout modern history is said to have created a culture that encourages the embracement of a future drastically different from the present. Such a culture is credited for the rise in popularity of predictions that are more secular in nature, such as the 2012 phenomenon, while maintaining the centuries-old theme that a powerful force will bring about the end of humanity.
|
||||
In 2012, opinion polls conducted across 20 countries found that over 14% of people believe the world will end in their lifetime, with percentages ranging from 6% of people in France to 22% in the United States and Turkey. Belief in the apocalypse is most prevalent in people with lower levels of education, lower household incomes, and those under the age of 35. In the United Kingdom in 2015, 23% of the general public believed the apocalypse was likely to occur in their lifetime, compared to 10% of experts from the Global Challenges Foundation. The general public believed the likeliest cause would be nuclear war, while experts thought it would be artificial intelligence. Only 3% of Britons thought the end would be caused by the Last Judgement, compared with 16% of Americans. Up to 3% of the people surveyed in both the UK and the US thought the apocalypse would be caused by zombies or alien invasion.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Past predictions ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== First millennium CE ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 11th–15th centuries ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 16th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 17th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 18th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 19th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 20th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== 21st century ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Future predictions ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Scientific far future predictions ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bibliography ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Apocalyptic predictions (archived) on ReligiousTolerance
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of food safety organisations"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:42.636722+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of organizations and associated posts which are related to food safety, either as a primary interest or through statutory responsibility. National organizations are grouped by the UN geoscheme.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Africa ==
|
||||
Africa Food Safety Forum (AFSF)
|
||||
African Food Safety Network (AFoSaN)
|
||||
The Food Safety and Quality Authority of The Gambia (FSQA)
|
||||
Tanzanian Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA)
|
||||
Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA)
|
||||
Moroccan National Office of Food Safety (ONSSA)
|
||||
South African National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS)
|
||||
Egyptian Food Safety Authority
|
||||
Ghana Food and Drugs Authority
|
||||
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
|
||||
Nigerian Food and Drugs Authority
|
||||
National Agency For Food And Drug Administration and Control [1]
|
||||
Kaduna State Livestock Regulatory Authority
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Americas ==
|
||||
Argentina
|
||||
Minister of Economy
|
||||
Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing and Food
|
||||
National Food Safety and Quality Service (SENASA) Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria
|
||||
Brazil
|
||||
Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) [2]
|
||||
Canada
|
||||
Minister of Agriculture
|
||||
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)
|
||||
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
|
||||
Minister of Health
|
||||
Health Canada
|
||||
Health Products and Food Branch
|
||||
Guelph Food Technology Centre (Canada)
|
||||
United States of America
|
||||
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
|
||||
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
|
||||
International Food Protection Training Institute (IFPTI)
|
||||
Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
|
||||
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
|
||||
Under Secretary for Food Safety
|
||||
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Asia ==
|
||||
Bangladesh
|
||||
Bangladesh Food Safety Authority (BFSA)
|
||||
Burma
|
||||
Food and Drug Administration (Burma)
|
||||
China
|
||||
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
|
||||
State Food and Drug Administration
|
||||
Hong Kong SAR
|
||||
Centre for Food Safety
|
||||
India
|
||||
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
|
||||
Food and Drug Administration, Maharashtra State
|
||||
Indonesia
|
||||
National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia
|
||||
Iran
|
||||
Food and Drug Administration
|
||||
Kazakhstan
|
||||
Islamic Organisation for Food Security
|
||||
Malaysia
|
||||
Ministry of Health (MOH)
|
||||
Food Safety and Quality Division (FSQD)
|
||||
Nepal
|
||||
Department of Livestock Services
|
||||
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development
|
||||
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control
|
||||
Philippines
|
||||
Food and Drug Administration (Philippines)
|
||||
South Korea
|
||||
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS)
|
||||
Minister for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs
|
||||
Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs
|
||||
Office for Healthcare Policy
|
||||
Taiwan
|
||||
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW)
|
||||
Food and Drug Administration (TFDA)
|
||||
Saudi Arabia
|
||||
Saudi Food and Drug Authority
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Europe ==
|
||||
Multinational
|
||||
European Union
|
||||
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (EU)
|
||||
European Food Safety Authority
|
||||
SAFE FOODS
|
||||
Food Safety Promotion Board
|
||||
Belgium
|
||||
Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain
|
||||
France
|
||||
Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail
|
||||
Greece
|
||||
Hellenic Food Authority
|
||||
Germany
|
||||
Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection
|
||||
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
|
||||
Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit
|
||||
Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung
|
||||
Italy
|
||||
Ministry of Health
|
||||
Netherlands
|
||||
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature (LVVN)
|
||||
Nederlandse Voedsel en Waren Autoriteit (NVWA)
|
||||
Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS)
|
||||
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RiVM)
|
||||
Stichting Voedingscentrum Nederland
|
||||
Norway
|
||||
Minister of Agriculture and Food
|
||||
Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food Landbruks- og matdepartementet
|
||||
Norwegian Food Safety Authority Mattilsynet
|
||||
Portugal
|
||||
Ministry of Economy
|
||||
Economic and Food Safety Authority Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica, ASAE
|
||||
Spain
|
||||
Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, Gobierno de España
|
||||
Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN)
|
||||
United Kingdom
|
||||
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
|
||||
Animal Health
|
||||
Pesticides Safety Directorate
|
||||
UK Government Decontamination Service
|
||||
Veterinary Medicines Directorate
|
||||
Food Standards Agency
|
||||
British Retail Consortium (BRC)
|
||||
Advisory committee on the microbiological safety of food
|
||||
Food Standards Scotland
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Oceania ==
|
||||
Multinational
|
||||
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)
|
||||
Australia
|
||||
Minister for Agriculture, Drought and Emergency Management
|
||||
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
|
||||
Government of New South Wales
|
||||
Minister for Primary Industries (NSW)
|
||||
New South Wales Food Authority
|
||||
New Zealand
|
||||
Minister for Food Safety
|
||||
New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of genetics research organizations"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetics_research_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:45.290288+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of organizations involved in genetics research.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Africa ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Kenya ===
|
||||
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Namibia ===
|
||||
The Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory (Cheetah Conservation Fund), Otjiwarongo
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Asia ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Malaysia ===
|
||||
Malaysian Genomics Resource Centre (MGRC)
|
||||
Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC)
|
||||
Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute (MGVI)
|
||||
Medical Genetics Unit, Universiti Putra Malaysia
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Pakistan ===
|
||||
IBGE
|
||||
Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== China ===
|
||||
BGI Group
|
||||
Chinese National Human Genome Center
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== India ===
|
||||
Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
|
||||
DNA Labs India
|
||||
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Iran ===
|
||||
Royan Institute
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Philippines ===
|
||||
Philippine Genome Center
|
||||
International Rice Research Institute
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Singapore ===
|
||||
Genome Institute of Singapore
|
||||
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Taiwan ===
|
||||
National Health Research Institutes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Japan ===
|
||||
National Institute of Genetics
|
||||
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology
|
||||
RIKEN
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Arab Emirates ===
|
||||
DNA Labs UAE
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Europe ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Germany ===
|
||||
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Italy ===
|
||||
Bioversity International
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sweden ===
|
||||
Science for Life Laboratory
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Kingdom ===
|
||||
The Genome Analysis Centre
|
||||
Wellcome Sanger Institute
|
||||
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (University of Oxford)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Russia ===
|
||||
Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RCMG), Moscow
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== North America ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Canada ===
|
||||
The Centre for Applied Genomics (University of Toronto)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== United States ===
|
||||
Arizona
|
||||
Translational Genomics Research Institute
|
||||
California
|
||||
Arc Institute
|
||||
Clear Labs
|
||||
Genetic Information Research Institute
|
||||
Joint Genome Institute (U.S. Department of Energy)
|
||||
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
|
||||
Illinois
|
||||
Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign)
|
||||
Maine
|
||||
The Jackson Laboratory
|
||||
Maryland
|
||||
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
|
||||
J. Craig Venter Institute
|
||||
Kennedy Krieger Institute
|
||||
National Human Genome Research Institute
|
||||
USC Institute Of Translational Genomics
|
||||
Massachusetts
|
||||
Broad Institute (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University)
|
||||
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
|
||||
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
|
||||
Missouri
|
||||
McDonnell Genome Institute (Washington University in St. Louis)
|
||||
New Mexico
|
||||
National Center for Genome Resources
|
||||
New York
|
||||
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
|
||||
Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology (Icahn School of Medicine)
|
||||
New York Genome Center
|
||||
International Society for Transgenic Technologies
|
||||
North Carolina
|
||||
Metabolon, Inc
|
||||
South Carolina
|
||||
Clemson Center for Human Genetics
|
||||
Greenwood Genetic Center
|
||||
Texas
|
||||
Human Genome Sequencing Center (Baylor College of Medicine)
|
||||
Utah
|
||||
ARUP Laboratories (University of Utah)
|
||||
Washington
|
||||
NW Genomics Center (University of Washington)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Oceania ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australia ===
|
||||
Australian Genomics Health Alliance
|
||||
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
|
||||
Garvan Institute of Medical Research
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== South America ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Brazil ===
|
||||
Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL), São Paulo
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Genetic research watchdog organizations ==
|
||||
GeneWatch, UK
|
||||
Council for Responsible Genetics, US
|
||||
Sunshine Project, Hamburg, Germany, and Austin, Texas
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:06:25.762472+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:46.580100+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:15:15.595697+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:47.828029+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:15:15.595697+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:47.828029+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
123
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers-0.md
Normal file
123
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of glaciers"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:39.696555+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A glacier (US: GLAY-shər) or (UK: ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climate changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change. There are about 198,000 to 200,000 glaciers in the world.
|
||||
Catalogs of glaciers include:
|
||||
|
||||
World Glacier Inventory
|
||||
World Glacier Monitoring Service
|
||||
Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) Glacier Database
|
||||
Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Glaciers by continent ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Africa ===
|
||||
|
||||
Africa, specifically East Africa, has contained glacial regions, possibly as far back as the last glacier maximum 10 to 15 thousand years ago. Seasonal snow does exist on the highest peaks of East Africa as well as in the Drakensberg Range of South Africa, the Stormberg Mountains, and the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Currently, the only remaining glaciers on the continent exist on Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, and the Rwenzori.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Antarctica ===
|
||||
|
||||
There are many glaciers in the Antarctic. This set of lists does not include ice sheets, ice caps or ice fields, such as the Antarctic ice sheet, but includes glacial features that are defined by their flow, rather than general bodies of ice. The lists include outlet glaciers, valley glaciers, cirque glaciers, tidewater glaciers and ice streams. Ice streams are a type of glacier and many of them have "glacier" in their name, e.g. Pine Island Glacier. Ice shelves are listed separately in the List of Antarctic ice shelves. For the purposes of these lists, the Antarctic is defined as any latitude further south than 60° (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty System).
|
||||
There are also glaciers in the subantarctic. This includes one snow field (Murray Snowfield). Snow fields are not glaciers in the strict sense of the word, but they are commonly found at the accumulation zone or head of a glacier. For the purposes of this list, Antarctica is defined as any latitude further south than 60° (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Asia ===
|
||||
|
||||
List of glaciers in Bhutan
|
||||
List of glaciers in India
|
||||
List of glaciers in Nepal
|
||||
List of glaciers in Pakistan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Europe ===
|
||||
|
||||
The majority of Europe's glaciers are found in the Alps, Caucasus and the Scandinavian Mountains (mostly Norway) as well as in Iceland. Iceland has the largest glacier in Europe, Vatnajökull Glacier, that covers between 8,100 and 8,300 km2 in area and 3,100 km3 in volume. Norway alone has more than 2500 glaciers (including very small ones) covering an estimated 1% of mainland Norway's surface area. Several of mainland Europe's biggest glaciers are found here including; Jostedalsbreen (the largest in mainland Europe at 487 km2), Vestre Svartisen (221 km2), Søndre Folgefonna (168 km2) and Østre Svartisen (148 km2). The two Svartisen glaciers used to be one connected entity during the Little Ice Age but has since separated.
|
||||
|
||||
List of glaciers in Iceland
|
||||
List of glaciers in Norway
|
||||
List of glaciers in Svalbard
|
||||
List of glaciers in Russia
|
||||
List of glaciers in Switzerland
|
||||
Southernmost glacial mass in Europe
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== North America ===
|
||||
|
||||
There are a number of glaciers existing in North America, currently or in recent centuries. In the United States, these glaciers are located in nine states, all in the Rocky Mountains or further west. The southernmost named glacier among them is the Lilliput Glacier in Tulare County, east of the Central Valley of California.
|
||||
Mexico has about two dozen glaciers, all of which are located on Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl), Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, the three tallest mountains in the country.
|
||||
|
||||
List of glaciers in Canada
|
||||
List of glaciers in Greenland
|
||||
List of glaciers in Mexico
|
||||
List of glaciers in the United States
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Oceania ===
|
||||
|
||||
No glaciers remain on the Australia mainland or Tasmania. A few, like the Heard Island glaciers are located in the territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands in the southern Indian Ocean.
|
||||
New Guinea has the Puncak Jaya glacier.
|
||||
New Zealand contains many glaciers, mostly located near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps in the South Island. They are classed as mid-latitude mountain glaciers. There are eighteen small glaciers in the North Island on Mount Ruapehu.
|
||||
An inventory of South Island glaciers compiled in the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least one hectare (2.5 acres). Approximately one sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares. These include:
|
||||
|
||||
Fox Glacier
|
||||
Franz Josef Glacier
|
||||
Hooker Glacier
|
||||
Mueller Glacier
|
||||
Murchison Glacier
|
||||
Tasman Glacier
|
||||
Volta Glacier
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== South America ===
|
||||
|
||||
Glaciers in South America develop exclusively on the Andes and are subject of the Andes various climatic regimes namely the Tropical Andes, Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. Apart from this there is a wide range of latitudes on which glaciers develop from 5000 m in the Altiplano mountains and volcanoes to reaching sealevel as tidewater glaciers from San Rafael Lagoon (45° S) and southwards. South America hosts two large ice fields, the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields, of which the latter is the second largest contiguous body of glaciers in extrapolar regions.
|
||||
The glaciers of Venezuela are located in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Mérida. In 1910, maps made by the explorer Alfredo Jahn showed the Sierra Nevada glaciers covering about 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres). An ice trade at that time saw ice men or hieleros transporting glacier ice by mule or on foot to Mérida for sale, a six hour journey.
|
||||
Venezuela's glacier coverage shrank to about 280 hectares (700 acres) in 1952, and 80 hectares (200 acres) in 1985.
|
||||
The last remaining glacier, located on Pico Humboldt, was estimated to cover 10 hectares (25 acres) in 2011.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Remote islands ==
|
||||
|
||||
Christensen Glacier – Bouvet Island, Atlantic Ocean
|
||||
Cook Glacier – Kerguelen Islands, Indian Ocean
|
||||
Fortuna Glacier – South Georgia Island, Atlantic Ocean
|
||||
Jacka Glacier – Anzac Peak, Heard Island, Indian Ocean
|
||||
Mawson Peak – Heard Island, Indian Ocean
|
||||
Posadowsky Glacier – Bouvet Island, Atlantic Ocean
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of longest glaciers on Earth in non-polar regions ==
|
||||
The following is the list of longest glaciers in the non-polar regions, generally regarded as between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south latitude, though some definitions expand it slightly.
|
||||
|
||||
Vanch-Yakh Glacier, Tajikistan – 77 km (48 mi)
|
||||
Siachen Glacier, Ladakh controlled by India, near India–Pakistan border – 70 km (43 mi) when measuring from Indira Col or 76 km (47 mi) using the longest route as is done when determining river lengths
|
||||
Biafo Glacier, Pakistan – 67 km (42 mi)
|
||||
Brüg Glacier, Chile – 66 km (41 mi)
|
||||
Baltoro Glacier, Pakistan – 63 km (39 mi)
|
||||
South Inylchek Glacier, China and Kyrgyzstan – 60.5 km (37.6 mi)
|
||||
Batura Glacier, Pakistan – 57 km (35 mi)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Cryoseism
|
||||
Glacier growing
|
||||
Glaciers on Mars
|
||||
Ice dam
|
||||
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
|
||||
Ice field
|
||||
Snow field
|
||||
Rock glacier
|
||||
Sag (geology)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_group-0_ISBN_publisher_codes"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:09.633484+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A list of publisher codes for (978) International Standard Book Numbers with a group code of zero.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Assignment ==
|
||||
The group-0 publisher codes are assigned as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 2-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 3-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
(Note: the status of codes not listed in this table is unclear; please help fill the gaps.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 4-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
(Note: many codes are not yet listed in this table; please help fill the gaps.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 5-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
(Note: many codes are not yet listed in this table; please help fill the gaps.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 6-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
(Note: many codes are not yet listed in this table; please help fill the gaps.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 7-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
(Note: many codes are not yet listed in this table; please help fill the gaps.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes
|
||||
List of ISBN identifier groups
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation
|
||||
http://www.books-by-isbn.com/
|
||||
List of 2 and 3-digit publisher codes for ISBNs that start with a 0 from http://blog.openlibrary.org/2009/07/20/isbn-publisher-codes/ where there is also a complete list of publisher codes for ISBNs that start with a 0 or 1.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_group-1_ISBN_publisher_codes"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:10.811646+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A list of publisher codes for (978) International Standard Book Numbers with a group code of one. (Data from published items by these publishers.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Assignment ==
|
||||
The group-1 publisher codes are assigned as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 2-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 3-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 4-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 5-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 6-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== 7-digit publisher codes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes
|
||||
List of ISBN identifier groups
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation
|
||||
http://www.books-by-isbn.com/
|
||||
http://www.books-by-isbn.com/cg-english_speaking_area_1.html
|
||||
List of 2 and 3-digit publisher codes for ISBNs that start with a 0 from http://blog.openlibrary.org/2009/07/20/isbn-publisher-codes/ where there is also a complete list of publisher codes for ISBNs that start with a 0 or 1.
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_habitats_of_principal_importance_in_Wales"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:56:43.643305+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:40.968477+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbaria"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:56:49.087516+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:45.907753+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbaria_in_Europe"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:56:44.957745+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:42.184594+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbaria_in_North_America"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:56:46.406363+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:43.376729+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbaria_in_Turkey"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:56:47.752683+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:44.619963+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integer_sequences-0.md
Normal file
31
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integer_sequences-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of integer sequences"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integer_sequences"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:18.511115+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of notable integer sequences with links to their entries in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== General ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Figurate numbers ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Types of primes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Base-dependent ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
OEIS core sequences
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Index to OEIS
|
||||
112
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths-0.md
Normal file
112
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of long-distance footpaths"
|
||||
chunk: 1/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:49.672015+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of some long-distance footpaths used for walking and hiking.
|
||||
|
||||
== Africa ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Lesotho ===
|
||||
3 Ranges Trail: 288.3 km (179.1 mi) a hiking trail that passes three mountain ranges, namely Thaba Putsoa Range, Central Range and ends at Drakensburg Range. It starts at Lesotho lowest point, at the confluence of Makhaleng and Senqu and ends at the country's highest point, Thabana Ntlenyane (3482m).
|
||||
|
||||
=== Namibia ===
|
||||
|
||||
Fish River Canyon: 90 km (56 mi) route in the ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park
|
||||
|
||||
=== South Africa ===
|
||||
Otter Trail: 44 km (27 mi) section of the Garden Route along the Cape coast
|
||||
Drakensberg Grand Traverse: rugged 205 km (127 mi) trek in KwaZulu-Natal
|
||||
|
||||
=== Egypt ===
|
||||
Sinai Trail: 250 km (160 mi) thru-hike from Nuweiba to Mount Catherine
|
||||
|
||||
=== Uganda ===
|
||||
Sir Samuel and Lady Florence Baker Trail: 575 km (357 mi) trek through northern Uganda
|
||||
|
||||
== Asia ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bangladesh ===
|
||||
Jhiri Path: ascent of Keokradong, one of the highest mountains in Bangladesh.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bhutan ===
|
||||
Snowman Trek: 328 km (204 mi) trek through high passes near the border with Tibet [1]
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hong Kong ===
|
||||
|
||||
Hong Kong Trail: 50 km (31 mi) across Hong Kong Island
|
||||
Lantau Trail: 70 km (43 mi) on Lantau Island
|
||||
Wilson Trail: 78 km (48 mi) from Stanley, Hong Kong Island to Nam Chung, New Territories
|
||||
|
||||
MacLehose Trail: 100 km (62 mi) from Sai Kung to Tuen Mun
|
||||
|
||||
=== Georgia ===
|
||||
Transcaucasian Trail: 300 km (190 mi) of trail over Georgia and Armenia
|
||||
|
||||
=== India ===
|
||||
Great Lakes Trek: 90 km (56 mi), Himalayan trek, from Sonamarg to Naranag.
|
||||
The Dang: 90 km (56 mi), The route follows the path of the King of the Dangs, from his residence to the Mount Mary Steps via his favourite den at the foot of his Sea Breeze residence.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Israel ===
|
||||
Israel National Trail: 1,000 km (620 mi) from Dan to Eilat, covering many historic and scenic points
|
||||
Jerusalem Trail: 40 km (25 mi) trail, connecting the Israel National Trail with Jerusalem
|
||||
Jesus Trail: 65 km (40 mi) in the Galilee region, connecting important sites from the life of Jesus. The trail begins in Nazareth and passes through Sepphoris, Cana, the horns of Hattin, Arbel Cliffs, Capernaum, Tabgha, the Mount of Beatitudes, the Jordan River, and Mount Tabor.
|
||||
Golan Trail: 130 km (81 mi) from Mt. Hermon to the Sea of Galilee
|
||||
Sea to sea trail: 70 km (43 mi) from the sea of Galilee to the Mediterranean Sea
|
||||
Valley of the springs Trail (Emek HaMaayanot): 140 km (87 mi) around the Valley of springs near the Sea of Galilee
|
||||
Haifa Wadis Trail: 50 km (31 mi) trail connecting the Israel National Trail with Haifa and its surroundings
|
||||
|
||||
=== Japan ===
|
||||
|
||||
Hokkaidō Nature Trail: 4,585 km (2,849 mi) all over the island of Hokkaidō (in planning)
|
||||
Tōhoku Nature Trail: 4,374 km (2,718 mi) within Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata and Fukushima prefectures
|
||||
Chubu Hokuriku Nature Trail: 4,029 km (2,504 mi) within Gunma, Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Nagano, Gifu and Shiga prefectures
|
||||
Kantō Fureai Trail: 1,665 km (1,035 mi) within Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tōkyō and Kanagawa prefectures. Also known as the Capital Region Nature Trail.
|
||||
Tōkaidō Nature Trail: 1,697 km (1,054 mi) from Tokyo to Osaka via Kanagawa, Yamanashi, Shizuoka, Aichi, Shiga, Gifu, Mie, Kyōto and Nara prefectures
|
||||
Kinki Nature Trail: 3,291 km (2,045 mi) within Fukui, Mie, Shiga, Kyōto, Osaka, Hyōgo, Nara, Wakayama and Tottori prefectures
|
||||
Chugoku Nature Trail: 2,211 km (1,374 mi) within Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima and Yamaguchi prefectures
|
||||
Shikoku Nature Trail: 1,637 km (1,017 mi) within Ehime, Tokushima, Kagawa and Kōchi prefectures
|
||||
Kyushu Nature Trail: 2,587 km (1,607 mi) within Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures
|
||||
Michinoku Coastal Trail: 1,025 km (637 mi) within Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures
|
||||
Japan is also home to several lengthy pilgrimage routes, such as the 1,200 km (750 mi) Shikoku Pilgrimage that visits 88 temples and Mount Kōya. Today these temples and shrines are easily accessible by car and mass transit, but many visitors choose to walk the traditional routes.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Jordan ===
|
||||
Jordan Trail: 600 km (370 mi) north-south, cross country from Um Qais to Aqaba
|
||||
|
||||
=== Lebanon ===
|
||||
Lebanon Mountain Trail, a 26-day 440 km (270 mi) trail through Mount Lebanon
|
||||
|
||||
=== Myanmar ===
|
||||
Hkakabo Razi Trail, climbing the highest peak in Myanmar, in Khakaborazi National Park, and various footpaths in Putao
|
||||
|
||||
=== Nepal ===
|
||||
|
||||
Trek to Everest Base Camp, an 18-day trail to the base camp of Mt. Everest
|
||||
230 km (140 mi) Annapurna Circuit, a 3-week loop trek through the Annapurna range
|
||||
277 km (172 mi) Manaslu Circuit Trek, a 3-week loop trek through the adjacent range to the Annapurna region—the Manaslu region. (see Manaslu Circuit at WikiVoyage)
|
||||
The Great Himalaya Trail is a proposed 4,500 km (2,800 mi) trail from Namche Barwa, Tibet to Nanga Parbat, Pakistan, with sections in Bhutan, China, and India. It uses existing trails, many of which are trekking, trade, or pilgrimage routes, but no new trails have been built. Starting near Kanchenjunga in the east and ending in Humla in the west, the Nepal section has been walked and documented and is about 1,600 km (990 mi).
|
||||
|
||||
=== Russia ===
|
||||
Great Baikal Trail
|
||||
Frolikha Adventure Coastline Track F.A.C.T.: 100 km (62 mi) trail at the northern tip of Lake Baikal
|
||||
Doroga v Lavru: 120 km from Moscow to Sergiev Posad.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sri Lanka ===
|
||||
The Pekoe Trail: 300 km, a 22-stage hike through Sri Lanka's tea plantations.
|
||||
|
||||
=== South Korea ===
|
||||
Korea Dulle Trail: 4,500 km (2,800 mi) trail around the country mainland
|
||||
Seoul Trail: 156.5 km (97.2 mi) trail around Seoul
|
||||
Jeju Olle Trail: 437 km (272 mi) trail around Jeju Island
|
||||
Baekdudaegan Trail: 750 km (470 mi) along the ridge of the Baekdudaegan range
|
||||
|
||||
=== Taiwan ===
|
||||
Taipei Grand Trail
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tajikistan ===
|
||||
Pamir Trail – 1297 km (806 mi) trail from Shring to Vrang
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of long-distance footpaths"
|
||||
chunk: 2/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:49.672015+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Türkiye ===
|
||||
Sufi Trail – 801 km (498 mi) trail from Istanbul to Konya, following the Ottoman Sultans Hajj route
|
||||
Lycian Way – 540 km (340 mi) trail around the south coast of Turkey
|
||||
Saint Paul Trail – 500 km (310 mi) trail following St Paul's 1st journey
|
||||
Sultans Trail runs 2,200 km (1,400 mi) from Vienna through the Balkans, terminating in Istanbul
|
||||
Kaçkar Trails – 8 multi-day trails in Northeast Turkey
|
||||
Evliya Çelebi Way – the first part of Evliya's route to Mecca in the 17th century
|
||||
Phrygian Way – three separate trekking and cycling trails of total 506 km (314 mi) in the Phrygian Valleys, western Turkey,[2]
|
||||
Carian Trail – 800 km (500 mi) hugging the south-west coast of Turkey
|
||||
|
||||
== Europe ==
|
||||
Some of the best known footpaths in Europe are joined by 12 designated European long-distance paths over some 70,000 km (43,000 mi). Some other popular international routes include:
|
||||
|
||||
GR (Grande Randonnée) footpaths in Belgium, France, Spain and the Netherlands
|
||||
Tour du Mont Blanc, circling the Mont Blanc massif in Italy, Switzerland, and France. It covers a distance of roughly 170 km (110 mi) with 10 km (6.2 mi) of elevation change.
|
||||
Haute Randonnée Pyrénéenne (HRP), 800 km (500 mi) along the length of the Pyrenees in France, Spain and Andorra
|
||||
Nordkalottleden Trail (Kalottireitti), 800 km (500 mi) in the northernmost parts of Finland, Sweden, and Norway (Lapland)
|
||||
St James's Way (Camino de Santiago de Compostela), with 2,530 km (1,570 mi) commonly walked through France and Spain, but also including old pilgrimage routes from as far afield as Poland and Portugal
|
||||
Peaks of the Balkans Trail, 192 km (119 mi) through Montenegro, Albania and Kosovo in the Accursed Mountains
|
||||
Sultans Trail 2,200 km (1,400 mi) in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey
|
||||
|
||||
5,000 km (3,100 mi) The Via Alpina network of Alpine trails
|
||||
1,500 km (930 mi) Red Trail [3]
|
||||
Violet Trail
|
||||
Yellow Trail
|
||||
Green Trail
|
||||
Blue Trail
|
||||
Via Francigena from Canterbury to Rome
|
||||
it:Tratturo L'Aquila-Foggia from L'Aquila (Abruzzo region, Italy) to Foggia (Puglia region, Italy). At 244 km (152 mi), Tratturo Magno is the longest and the most important ancient route, traversed by shepherds in Transhumance
|
||||
The Via Dinarica from Slovenia to Montenegro via the Dinaric Alps connects Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The trail connects with Kosovo and Albania via the High Scardus Trail.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Austria ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== "10 great Austrian long-distance trails" ====
|
||||
North Alpine Trail 01 from Vienna or Lake Neusiedl to Lake Constance
|
||||
Central Alpine Trail 02 from Hainburg an der Donau to Feldkirch
|
||||
South Alpine Trail 03 from Bad Radkersburg to Sillian
|
||||
Pre-Alpine Trail 04 from Vienna to Salzburg and continued via Bavaria to Bregenz
|
||||
Nord-South-Trail 05 from Nebelstein to Eibiswald
|
||||
Pilgrimage Trails to Mariazell 06 connecting Eisenstadt, Vienna, Nebelstein, Linz, Salzburg, Klagenfurt and Eibiswald with Mariazell
|
||||
East-Austrian Borderland Trail 07 from Nebelstein to Bad Radkersburg
|
||||
Eisenwurzentrail 08 connecting the northernmost and the southernmost points of Austria
|
||||
Salzsteig Trail 09 following an old salt smugglers' route from Sternstein to Arnoldstein
|
||||
|
||||
Ruperti Trail 10 from Bärenstein to Nassfeld
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other important trails ====
|
||||
Arnoweg around the state of Salzburg
|
||||
Alpe Adria Trail, Austria, Slovenia, Italy
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bulgaria ===
|
||||
Kom-Emine 600 km (370 mi), from Mount Kom to Cape Emine (part of European walking route E3)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Czechia ===
|
||||
Polish–Czech Friendship Trail: trail along the Polish and Czech border in the Sudetes
|
||||
Czech Trail: first official Czech thru-hike trail, divided into a northern and southern branch, totaling 2,000 km (1243 mi)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Denmark ===
|
||||
Hærvejen, an ancient trail on the Jutland Peninsula.
|
||||
Øhavsstien 220 km (140 mi) around the archipelago of southern Denmark Fünen.
|
||||
Gendarmstien, 74 km (46 mi) following the border between Germany and Denmark.
|
||||
Bornholm Rundt. A walk around of the island of Bornholm (120 km (75 mi)).
|
||||
Camønoen A walk on the island of Møn (175 km (109 mi)).
|
||||
Sjællandsleden is a trail around Sjælland.
|
||||
Kyst til kyst stien A 140 km long hike across Jutland from Blåvandshuk to Vejle Map
|
||||
|
||||
=== Estonia ===
|
||||
Peraküla-Aegviidu-Ähijärve, 820 km (510 mi) from North-East to South-West Estonia
|
||||
Oandu-Aegviidu-Ikla, 375 km (233 mi) from North to South Estonia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Finland ===
|
||||
The Karhunkierros Trail (80 km (50 mi), External link) in the municipalities of Kuusamo and Salla, Oulanka National Park, Lapland
|
||||
The Peuran polku Trail: (115 km (71 mi), External link) in the municipalities of Kivijärvi, Kinnula, Perho, Lestijärvi and Reisjärvi in Central Finland, Central Ostrobothnia, and Northern Ostrobothnia—a part of European walking route E6
|
||||
|
||||
=== France ===
|
||||
Sentier de Grande Randonnée (GR)
|
||||
Haute Randonnée Pyrénéenne (HRP): High Pyrenees Trail, along the border with Spain.
|
||||
The Tour du Lot: a circuit of over 500 km (310 mi) around the Department of the Lot's periphery.
|
||||
Sentier Métropolitain: urban and suburban hiking routes, that allow their users to discover a metropolitan territory in several days of hiking.
|
||||
Hexatrek: a 3000 km trail linking France's main mountain ranges.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Germany ===
|
||||
125
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@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of long-distance footpaths"
|
||||
chunk: 3/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:49.672015+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Barbarossaweg: Korbach to Kyffhäuserdenkmal (332 km (206 mi))
|
||||
Bergischer Weg: Essen to Königswinter (137 km (85 mi))
|
||||
Birkenhainer Strasse: Hanau to Gemünden am Main (71 km (44 mi))
|
||||
Bonifatiusweg: Mainz to Fulda (180 km (110 mi))
|
||||
Christine-Koch-Weg: Menden to Bad Laasphe (123 km (76 mi))
|
||||
Eselsweg: Schlüchtern to Großheubach (111 km (69 mi))
|
||||
König-Ludwig-Weg: Berg am Starnberger See to Füssen (120 km (75 mi))
|
||||
Maximiliansweg: Lindau to Berchtesgaden (350 km (220 mi))
|
||||
Moselhöhenweg: Trier to Koblenz
|
||||
Pandurensteig: Waldmuenchen to Passau
|
||||
Rennsteig: Hörsel to Blankenstein/Saale through the Thuringian Forest (169 km (105 mi))
|
||||
Rheinburgenweg Trail: Bingen to Koblenz to Rüdesheim am Rhein (c.200 km (120 mi))
|
||||
Rheinhöhenweg Trail: Bonn to Alsheim/Wiesbaden (530 km (330 mi))
|
||||
Rheinsteig: Bonn to Wiesbaden (320 km (200 mi))
|
||||
Westweg (Black Forest western ridgeway): Pforzheim to Basel (279 km (173 mi))
|
||||
Mittelweg (Black Forest central ridgeway): Pforzheim to Waldshut (233 km (145 mi))
|
||||
Ostweg (Black Forest eastern ridgeway): Pforzheim to Schaffhausen (238 km (148 mi))
|
||||
Black Forest North Perimeter Way: Mühlacker to Karlsruhe (71 km (44 mi))
|
||||
Two Valleys Trail: round hiking trail from/to Waldkirch (106 km (66 mi))
|
||||
|
||||
Freiburg-Lake Constance Black Forest Trail: Freiburg to Konstanz (183 km (114 mi))
|
||||
Saar-Hunsrück-Steig: Trier to Saarschleife in Mettlach or Idar-Oberstein 9 (180 km (110 mi))
|
||||
Westfalenwanderweg: Hattingen to Altenbergen (216 km (134 mi))
|
||||
Goldsteig: Marktredwitz to Passau (660 km (410 mi))
|
||||
|
||||
=== Greece ===
|
||||
European walking route E4 (Florina to Agios Nikolaos)
|
||||
European walking route E6 (Igoumenitsa to Alexandroupoli)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hungary ===
|
||||
National Blue Trail: 1,168 km (726 mi) connecting several World Heritage Sites
|
||||
|
||||
=== Iceland ===
|
||||
Laugavegur: 80 km (50 mi) from Landmannalaugar to Skógar via Thórsmörk mountain ridge
|
||||
|
||||
=== Italy ===
|
||||
|
||||
Grand Italian Trail (Sentiero Italia): nationwide trail of more than 6,000 km (3,700 mi) length
|
||||
Via Francigena: pilgrimage route across Italy to Rome from France
|
||||
Emilia-Romagna: Via degli Dei is a path 135 km (84 mi) that crosses the Apennines from Bologna to Florence.
|
||||
Dolomites:
|
||||
Dolomites Classical High Route (no.1) from Braies Lake to Belluno
|
||||
High Route of the Legends (no.2) from Brixen to Feltre
|
||||
Dolomites High Route of the Chamoi (no.3) from Villabassa to Longarone
|
||||
Dolomites Grohmann's High Route (no.4) from San Candido in Pusteria to Pieve di Cadore
|
||||
Dolomites Titans's High Route (no.5) from Sesto in Pusteria to Pieve di Cadore
|
||||
Dolomites High Route of Silence (no.6) from Pieve d'Alpago to Vittorio Veneto
|
||||
Dolomites Patera's High Route (no.7) from Ponte nelle Alpi to Tambre d'Alpago
|
||||
Dolomites High Route of the Heroes (no.8) from Feltre to Bassano del Grappa
|
||||
Dolomites High Route (n. 9): the Trasversale from Bolzano to Santo Stefano di Cadore
|
||||
Dolomites High Route (n. 10) of Giudicarie from Bolzano to the Garda Lake
|
||||
Liguria:
|
||||
Liguria: From Portovenere to Camogli hiking trail along the sea
|
||||
Alta Via dei Monti Liguri
|
||||
Sentiero Azzurro is a trail along a rugged portion of coast on the Italian Riviera that connects the five towns known as the Cinque Terre in Liguria, Italy
|
||||
Lombardy
|
||||
Il Sentiero del Viandante The "Wayfarer's trail" from Lecco to Colico on the east side of Lake Como.
|
||||
Il Sentiero delle 4 Valli The "Four Valleys Path" between Lake Como and Lake Lugano
|
||||
La Via dei Monti Lariani: The Monti Lariani trail on the west side of Lake Como, from Cernobbio to Sorico
|
||||
Piedmont
|
||||
Grande Traversata delle Alpi (GTA): 55 days in the Alps of Piedmont
|
||||
Tuscany
|
||||
Grande Escursione Appenninica (Great Apennines Walk): largely along the ridge of the Apennine Mountains
|
||||
Sardinia
|
||||
Selvaggio Blu
|
||||
Sicily
|
||||
Magna Via Francigena: from Palermo to Agrigento
|
||||
|
||||
=== Montenegro ===
|
||||
Primorska planinarska transverzala (Coastal Mountain Transversal), from Herceg Novi to Bar, 180 km (110 mi)
|
||||
Crnogorska Transverzala (Montenegrin Transversal), from Durmitor to Kučka Krajina, 140 km (87 mi)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Netherlands ===
|
||||
|
||||
Zevenwoudenpad from Lauwersoog to Steenwijk (200 km (120 mi))
|
||||
Pionierspad from Steenwijk to Muiden (200 km (120 mi))
|
||||
Floris V-pad from Amsterdam to Bergen op Zoom (245 km (152 mi))
|
||||
Trekvogelpad from Bergen aan Zee to Enschede (380 km (240 mi))
|
||||
Marskramerpad from Bad Bentheim to Den Haag (360 km (220 mi))
|
||||
Maarten van Rossumpad from 's-Hertogenbosch to Ommen (308 km (191 mi))
|
||||
Deltapad from Sluis to Hook of Holland (237 km (147 mi))
|
||||
Hollands Kustpad from Hook of Holland to Den Helder (213 km (132 mi))
|
||||
Friese Kustpad from Stavoren to Lauwersoog (131 km (81 mi))
|
||||
Wad- en Wierdenpad from Lauwersoog to Nieuweschans (123 km (76 mi))
|
||||
Oeverloperpad from Rotterdam Europoort to Leerdam (232 km (144 mi))
|
||||
Lingepad from Leerdam to Nijmegen (German border) (98 km (61 mi))
|
||||
Pelgrimspad from Amsterdam to Maastricht (453 km (281 mi))
|
||||
Zuiderzeepad from Enkhuizen to Stavoren (400 km (250 mi))
|
||||
Pieterpad from Pieterburen to the Sint Pietersberg (492 km (306 mi))
|
||||
Noaberpad from Nieuweschans to Emmerich (363 km (226 mi))
|
||||
Grenslandpad from Sluis to Thorn (363 km (226 mi))
|
||||
Overijssels Havezatenpad from Oldenzaal to Steenwijk (272 km (169 mi))
|
||||
Peellandpad from 's-Hertogenbosch to Roermond (160 km (99 mi))
|
||||
Airbornepad from the Belgian border to Arnhem
|
||||
|
||||
=== Norway ===
|
||||
Bergen Trail (Norwegian: Bergensstien): 441 km (274 mi) from Oslo to Bergen
|
||||
Jotunheimen Trail (Norwegian: Jotunheimstien): 320 km (200 mi) from downtown Oslo to Lake Gjende in Jotunheimen
|
||||
Nordkalottruta (Finnish: Kalottireitti, Swedish: Nordkalottleden): 800 km (500 mi) from Kautokeino (located in Finnmark, Northern Norway) to Sulitjelma (Norway) or alternately Kvikkjokk (Sweden)
|
||||
Rondane Trail (Norwegian: Rondanestien): 437 km (272 mi) from downtown Oslo to Hjerkinn
|
||||
|
||||
=== Poland ===
|
||||
|
||||
Główny Szlak Sudecki (Main Sudety Trail): 440 km (270 mi) in Sudetes Mountains from Świeradów Zdrój to Prudnik
|
||||
Główny Szlak Beskidzki (Main Beskidy Trail): 519 km (322 mi) in Beskids Mountains, from Wołosate to Ustroń, the longest public trail in Poland
|
||||
Polish - Czech Friendship Trail: trail along the Polish and Czech border in Sudetes
|
||||
|
||||
=== Portugal ===
|
||||
Fisherman's Trail: 226 km (140 mi) along the cliffs of southern Portugal
|
||||
Rota Vicentina
|
||||
|
||||
=== Republic of Ireland ===
|
||||
|
||||
=== Romania ===
|
||||
Via Transilvanica - Length: 1,428 km (887 mi)
|
||||
125
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths-3.md
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@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of long-distance footpaths"
|
||||
chunk: 4/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:49.672015+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Serbia ===
|
||||
The Fruška Gora Transversal (Serbian: Fruškogorska Transverzala) – circular trail around Fruška Gora mountain – 160 km (100 mi)
|
||||
The Small Toplica Transversal (Serbian: Mala Toplička Transverzala) – 122 km (76 mi)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Slovakia ===
|
||||
The SNP Heroes Trail, 770 km (480 mi) from Dukla Pass to Devín, across mountainous regions of Slovakia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Slovenia ===
|
||||
Slovenian Mountain Hiking Trail 599 km (372 mi) from east (Maribor) to west (Ankaran)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Spain ===
|
||||
|
||||
Way of St. James (Spanish: El Camino de Santiago)
|
||||
Route of the Monasteries of Valencia (Spanish: Ruta de los Monasterios de Valencia)
|
||||
Grande Randonnée 7 (GR 7): From Tarifa to the mountain cabin of Fontferrera, part of the E4 route.
|
||||
Grande Randonnée 11 (GR 11): Pyrenees Trail, staying within Spain.
|
||||
Haute Randonnée Pyrénéenne (HRP): High Pyrenees Trail, along the border with France.
|
||||
Way of the Lighthouses: 200 km (120 mi) along the coastline from Malpica to Fisterra, in Galicia (Spain)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sweden ===
|
||||
Kungsleden, 425 km (264 mi) from the northern extremity of the country
|
||||
Sörmlandsleden 1,000 km (620 mi) of winding paths through the county of Sörmland.
|
||||
Bohusleden 360 km (220 mi) past at Göteborg, Uddevalla, Munkedal and ends finally in Strömstad
|
||||
Ingegerdsleden, 110 km (68 mi), pilgrimage route in county of Uppland between Uppsala Cathedral and Stockholm Cathedral.
|
||||
Skåneleden, more than 1,000 km (620 mi) long path through the province of Scania. Part of the North Sea Trail.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Switzerland ===
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Kingdom ===
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the best-known National Trails in England and Wales include:
|
||||
|
||||
Cleveland Way, 177 km (110 mi) on the moors and coastline of North Yorkshire
|
||||
Offa's Dyke Path, 285 km (177 mi) along the Anglo–Welsh border
|
||||
Pembrokeshire Coast Path, 299 km (186 mi) through the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park in southeast Wales
|
||||
Pennine Way, 431 km (268 mi) through northern England to the Scottish border
|
||||
South West Coast Path, 1,014 km (630 mi) along the Devon and Cornwall coasts
|
||||
The Wales Coast Path follows the entire coastline of the country over some 1,400 km (870 mi).
|
||||
Scotland's Great Trails is a network of 29 paths primarily used by hikers.
|
||||
|
||||
== North America ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Canada ===
|
||||
The Trans-Canada Trail is a trail system of over 24,000 km (15,000 mi) extending throughout Canada
|
||||
|
||||
==== Western Canada ====
|
||||
Alexander MacKenzie Heritage Trail (or Blackwater Trail), 420 km (260 mi) in British Columbia
|
||||
Chilkoot Trail, 53 km (33 mi) in British Columbia and Alaska, USA
|
||||
Great Divide Trail, 1,200 km (750 mi) in the Canadian Rockies straddling Alberta and British Columbia
|
||||
Juan de Fuca Trail (47 km (29 mi)) and West Coast Trail 75 km (47 mi) on Vancouver Island, BC
|
||||
Monkman Pass Memorial Trail, 63 km (39 mi) in British Columbia
|
||||
Sunshine Coast Trail, 180 km (110 mi) in British Columbia
|
||||
Vancouver Island Trail, 800 km (500 mi) in British Columbia
|
||||
|
||||
==== Ontario ====
|
||||
Bruce Trail, 890 km (550 mi) via the Niagara Escarpment through southern Ontario
|
||||
Capital Pathway, 220 km (140 mi) around the National Capital Region
|
||||
La Cloche Silhouette Trail, 78 km (48 mi) in the La Cloche Mountains of Killarney Provincial Park
|
||||
Rideau Trail, 387 km (240 mi) linking Ottawa and Kingston
|
||||
Voyageur Hiking Trail, 600 km (370 mi) along the coastlines of Lakes Superior and Huron
|
||||
Mantario Trail, 63 km (39 mi) in southeastern Manitoba and Ontario
|
||||
|
||||
==== Quebec ====
|
||||
Sentier des Caps, 51 km (32 mi)
|
||||
Traversée de Charlevoix, 105 km (65 mi)
|
||||
Vallée Bras-du-Nord, 50.3 km (31.3 mi)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Atlantic Canada ====
|
||||
East Coast Trail, 540 km (340 mi) in Newfoundland
|
||||
Fundy Footpath, 41 km (25 mi) in New Brunswick
|
||||
International Appalachian Trail, 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from the US border via New Brunswick, the Gaspé Peninsula, and through Newfoundland and Labrador by ferry
|
||||
|
||||
=== Greenland ===
|
||||
Arctic Circle Trail, some 165 km (103 mi) in an ice-free patch of western Greenland
|
||||
|
||||
=== Panama ===
|
||||
TransPanama Trail, 1,100 km (700 miles)
|
||||
|
||||
=== United States ===
|
||||
Three famous north–south trails spanning the USA comprise the Triple Crown of Hiking:
|
||||
Appalachian Trail, 3,500 km (2,200 mi) long connecting Georgia and Maine via the Appalachian Mountains and other mountain ranges
|
||||
Continental Divide Trail, 5,000 km (3,100 mi) running from Mexico to Canada through New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana
|
||||
Pacific Crest Trail, 4,270 km (2,653 mi) from Mexico to Canada via the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges of the West Coast
|
||||
Other popular trails include:
|
||||
|
||||
John Muir Trail in central California, mostly along the Pacific Crest Trail in the central Sierra, 340 km (210 mi)
|
||||
Tahoe Rim Trail in California and Nevada, 266 km (165 mi)
|
||||
Long Trail through Vermont, 438 km (272 mi)
|
||||
Pacific Northwest Trail from the Washington coast to the North American continental divide in Montana, 1,900 km (1,200 mi)
|
||||
Colorado Trail from southwestern Colorado to the Denver suburbs, 782 km (486 mi)
|
||||
Arizona Trail running the length of the state north - south, 1,270 km (789 mi)
|
||||
Ouachita National Recreation Trail in Oklahoma and Arkansas, 359 km (223 mi)
|
||||
River to River Trail in southern Illinois, 260 km (160 mi)
|
||||
Florida Trail running the length of the state, 1,600 km (1,000 mi) built with some 480 km (300 mi) planned
|
||||
|
||||
== Oceania ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australia ===
|
||||
|
||||
=== New Zealand ===
|
||||
|
||||
Te Araroa, 3,000 km (1,900 mi) stretching from Cape Reinga in the north of New Zealand to Bluff in the south.
|
||||
New Zealand Great Walks, ten popular backcountry hikes
|
||||
|
||||
== Central and South America ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Argentina ===
|
||||
Los Glaciares
|
||||
Various options to Laguna Torre, Cerro FitzRoy, or even out onto the Southern Patagonian Ice Field
|
||||
Huella Andina
|
||||
570 km (350 mi) from Alumine Lake to Baggilt lake
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bolivia ===
|
||||
Cordillera Real (Bolivia)
|
||||
106 km (66 mi) 7-day Illampu Circuit
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of long-distance footpaths"
|
||||
chunk: 5/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:49.672015+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Brazil ===
|
||||
Atlantic Forest Trail 4,270 km (2,400 mi) follows the Serra do Mar mountain range, crossing five Brazilian States and connecting 10 national parks, and many historical trails and traditional communities. (very hard trail)
|
||||
Transmantiqueira Trail
|
||||
1,200 km (750 mi) crosses the Mantiqueira range in a west–east direction (very hard trail)
|
||||
Petrópolis Teresópolis Traverse
|
||||
36 km (22 mi) between Petrópolis and Teresópolis (medium to hard trail)
|
||||
Transcarioca Trail
|
||||
183 km (114 mi) in Rio de Janeiro city (medium to hard trail)
|
||||
Caminho da Fé
|
||||
538 km (334 mi). There are 3 different starting points:
|
||||
from Sao Carlos to Aparecida, São Paulo
|
||||
or from Cravinhos to Aparecida
|
||||
or from Mococa to Aparecida
|
||||
|
||||
=== Costa Rica ===
|
||||
280 km from Atlantic to Pacific coasts of Costa Rica
|
||||
|
||||
El Camino de Costa Rica
|
||||
|
||||
=== Chile ===
|
||||
Central Chile and Patagonia
|
||||
3,000 km (1,900 mi) Greater Patagonian Trail from the capital Santiago de Chile to the Southern Patagonian Ice Field.
|
||||
Magallanes
|
||||
118 km (73 mi). Full circuit of Torres del Paine, including Valle del Francés and access to the base of Torres del Paine.
|
||||
Dientes de Navarino Circuit ≈53 km (33 mi). 3‑7 days. Starts out of Puerto Williams. Access from mainland Chile by ferry from Punta Areas, plane or from Ushuaia.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Peru ===
|
||||
|
||||
Cordillera Blanca and Huayhuash mountain range near Huaráz
|
||||
30 km (19 mi) 10- to 14-day trek on the Huayhuash Circuit
|
||||
52 km (32 mi) 3- to 4-day "W" Circuit Santa Cruz trek
|
||||
94 km (58 mi) 6- to 10-day Alpamayo Circuit, full "O" Circuit
|
||||
Sacred Valley & Vilcanota mountain range near Cuzco
|
||||
88 km (55 mi) for the longest Mollepata variant of the Inca trail, with options for a single day to more than six days, all ending at Machu Picchu
|
||||
32 km (20 mi) Cachora to Choquequirao trek
|
||||
80 km (50 mi) 5- to 6-day trek on Ausangate Circuit
|
||||
Colca Canyon near Arequipa
|
||||
60 km (37 mi) 5-day trek around Canyon or other single-day and multi-day hikes
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_constants"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
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|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:15:41.282048+00:00"
|
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:15:42.523701+00:00"
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:16.194620+00:00"
|
||||
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|
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|
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
title: "List of nature conservation organizations"
|
||||
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||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_conservation_organizations"
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of nature conservation organisations that primarily aim to protect species, their habitats, and ecosystems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of international conservation organisations ==
|
||||
African Wildlife Foundation - ensuring that wildlife and wild lands thrive in modern Africa
|
||||
Bat Conservation International - working to conserve the world's bats and their habitats
|
||||
BirdLife International - a global partnership of organisations that strive to conserve birds
|
||||
Center for Biological Diversity - protecting endangered species through legal action, petitions, media and activism
|
||||
Conservation International - secure the critical benefits that nature provides to humanity
|
||||
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust - mission to save species from extinction
|
||||
EcoHealth Alliance - protecting the health of people, animals, and the environment from emerging infectious diseases
|
||||
Fauna and Flora International - safeguard the future of southern Africa's large mammal populations
|
||||
Greenpeace - raising environmental issues to public knowledge
|
||||
International Anti-Poaching Foundation - created a structured military-like approach to conservation in Africa
|
||||
International Union for Conservation of Nature - a partnership of 1400 organisations working in the field of nature conservation
|
||||
MarAlliance - non-profit that supports the effective management and conservation of large marine wildlife and their critical habitats with the support of dependent communities.
|
||||
National Audubon Society - non-profit environmental organisation dedicated to conservation
|
||||
Ocean Conservancy - formulate ocean policy based on saving ocean.
|
||||
Population Balance - uses humane education to advocate for ecocentrism.
|
||||
Rainforest Action Network - preserves forests, protects the climate and upholds human rights
|
||||
Rainforest Alliance - provision of an environmental certification on forestry and agriculture
|
||||
Rainforest Foundation Fund - preserving rainforest by defending the rights of the indigenous peoples
|
||||
Rainforest Foundation UK - preserving rainforest by defending the rights of the indigenous peoples
|
||||
Rainforest Partnership - links communities in Latin American rainforests to partner communities in the United States
|
||||
Rainforest Trust - focused on the purchase of tropical lands
|
||||
Rare - helps communities adopt sustainable behaviors toward their environment
|
||||
The Nature Conservancy - largest environmental nonprofit by assets and revenue in the world.
|
||||
Wildlife Conservation Network - protecting endangered species and preserving their natural habitats.
|
||||
Wildlife Conservation Society - saves wildlife and wild places worldwide with programs in 60 countries; also manages five New York City wildlife parks including the Bronx Zoo
|
||||
World Wide Fund for Nature, also known as World Wildlife Fund - international conservation
|
||||
Zoological Society of London - devoted to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== List of national or local conservation organisations ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Africa (and offshore islands) ===
|
||||
Tanzania Environmental Conservation Society (TECOSO Tanzania) - advancing environmental preservation, social and economic development sustainability in Tanzania
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Americas ===
|
||||
Ancient Forest Alliance - conserving old growth forests in British Columbia, Canada
|
||||
American Prairie Foundation - building large wildlife reserve in Montana, United States
|
||||
Appalachian Trail Conservancy - Appalachian National Scenic Trail from Maine to Georgia
|
||||
California Coastal Conservancy - government agency that manages coastline resources
|
||||
Cape Ann Vernal Pond Team - nonprofit devoted to vernal pond conservation and education in Massachusetts
|
||||
Central Park Conservancy - manages 843 acre Central Park under a contract with City of New York
|
||||
Comunidad Inti Wara Yassi - Bolivian non-governmental organisation
|
||||
Conservancy of Southwest Florida
|
||||
Conserving Carolina
|
||||
Defenders of Wildlife - works to protect all native animals and plants throughout North America
|
||||
Ducks Unlimited
|
||||
Golden State Salmon Association - works to restore California's salmon
|
||||
Great Swamp Watershed Association
|
||||
Izaak Walton League of America - devoted to conservation in the United States
|
||||
The Land Conservancy of British Columbia (TLC) - land trust modeled after the National Trust of Britain
|
||||
Miami Conservancy District - Ohio agency that manages flood control of the Great Miami River
|
||||
National Wildlife Federation - conservation education and advocacy for Northern American Wildlife
|
||||
Nature Conservancy of Canada - help protect Canada's most important lands, waters and wildlife
|
||||
Open Space Institute - conservation organisation and think tank in the Eastern United States
|
||||
Pheasants Forever - conserving wildlife habitat suitable for pheasants.
|
||||
Point Blue Conservation Science - advancing conservation through bird and ecosystem research
|
||||
Rails-to-Trails Conservancy (RTC) - converted 13,150 miles (21,160 km) of former rail lines to trails
|
||||
Santa Lucia Conservancy - land trust and conservation community protecting 18,000 acres in California
|
||||
Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy - dedicated to the acquisition of land for conservation in California
|
||||
Sierra Nevada Conservancy - state conservancy in California
|
||||
Sierra Club
|
||||
The Conservation Fund - to pursue environmental preservation and economic development in the United States
|
||||
Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
|
||||
Urban Bird Foundation - to protect, defend, rescue and conserve bird life
|
||||
Western Pennsylvania Conservancy - 200,000 acres (800 km2)
|
||||
Whaleman Foundation - protection of cetaceans
|
||||
Wild Salmon Center - identifies and protects the best salmon ecosystems of the Pacific Rim (extends to Japan)
|
||||
Wolf River Conservancy - protects the Wolf River in Tennessee
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Asia ===
|
||||
Conservancy Association - Hong Kong's oldest non-governmental environmental organisation
|
||||
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
|
||||
North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power - Chinese public university
|
||||
Wildlife Research and Conservation Trust - undertakes field research to promote the conservation of wildlife in India
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australia/Oceania ===
|
||||
Blue Mountains Conservation Society - NGO, conservation of Greater Blue Mountains area in Australia
|
||||
BirdLife Australia - Australian ornithological conservation organisation
|
||||
Department of Conservation (New Zealand)
|
||||
Live Ocean - New Zealand Marine conservation charity
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Europe ===
|
||||
European Wildlife - conserve biological diversity with non-state reserves
|
||||
Federal Agency for Nature Conservation - Germany
|
||||
National Trust of Britain
|
||||
Pro Natura - 650 nature reserves in Switzerland (250 square kilometers)
|
||||
Ukraine Nature Conservation Society
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Cave conservancies ===
|
||||
To see organisations that are specialized land trusts managing caves and karst features in the United States, refer to Cave conservancies.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of environmental organizations
|
||||
List of population concern organizations
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
82
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Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of numbers"
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
category: "reference"
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|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:08.279774+00:00"
|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of notable numbers and articles about them. The list does not contain all numbers in existence as most of the number sets are infinite. Numbers may be included in the list based on their mathematical, historical or cultural notability, but all numbers have qualities that could arguably make them notable. Even the smallest "uninteresting" number is paradoxically interesting for that very property. This is known as the interesting number paradox.
|
||||
The definition of what is classed as a number is rather diffuse and based on historical distinctions. For example, the pair of numbers (3,4) is commonly regarded as a number when it is in the form of a complex number (3+4i), but not when it is in the form of a vector (3,4). This list will also be categorized with the standard convention of types of numbers.
|
||||
This list focuses on numbers as mathematical objects and is not a list of numerals, which are linguistic devices: nouns, adjectives, or adverbs that designate numbers. The distinction is drawn between the number five (an abstract object equal to 2+3), and the numeral five (the noun referring to the number).
|
||||
|
||||
== Natural numbers ==
|
||||
|
||||
Natural numbers are a subset of the integers and are of historical and pedagogical value as they can be used for counting and often have ethno-cultural significance (see below). Beyond this, natural numbers are widely used as a building block for other number systems including the integers, rational numbers and real numbers. Natural numbers are those used for counting (as in "there are six coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the third largest city in the country"). In common language, words used for counting are "cardinal numbers" and words used for ordering are "ordinal numbers". Defined by the Peano axioms, the natural numbers form an infinitely large set. Often referred to as "the naturals", the natural numbers are usually symbolised by a boldface N (or blackboard bold
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \mathbb {\mathbb {N} } }
|
||||
|
||||
, Unicode U+2115 ℕ DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N).
|
||||
The inclusion of 0 in the set of natural numbers is ambiguous and subject to individual definitions. In set theory and computer science, 0 is typically considered a natural number. In number theory, it usually is not. The ambiguity can be solved with the terms "non-negative integers", which includes 0, and "positive integers", which does not.
|
||||
Natural numbers may be used as cardinal numbers, which may go by various names. Natural numbers may also be used as ordinal numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mathematical significance ===
|
||||
Natural numbers may have properties specific to the individual number or may be part of a set (such as prime numbers) of numbers with a particular property.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Cultural or practical significance ===
|
||||
Along with their mathematical properties, many integers have cultural significance or are also notable for their use in computing and measurement. As mathematical properties (such as divisibility) can confer practical utility, there may be interplay and connections between the cultural or practical significance of an integer and its mathematical properties.
|
||||
|
||||
== Classes of natural numbers ==
|
||||
Subsets of the natural numbers, such as the prime numbers, may be grouped into sets, for instance based on the divisibility of their members. Infinitely many such sets are possible. A list of notable classes of natural numbers may be found at classes of natural numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Prime numbers ===
|
||||
|
||||
A prime number is a positive integer which has exactly two divisors: 1 and itself.
|
||||
The first 100 prime numbers are:
|
||||
|
||||
=== Highly composite numbers ===
|
||||
|
||||
A highly composite number (HCN) is a positive integer with more divisors than any smaller positive integer. They are often used in geometry, grouping and time measurement.
|
||||
The first 20 highly composite numbers are:
|
||||
1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 720, 840, 1260, 1680, 2520, 5040, 7560
|
||||
|
||||
=== Perfect numbers ===
|
||||
|
||||
A perfect number is an integer that is the sum of its positive proper divisors (all divisors except itself).
|
||||
The first 10 perfect numbers:
|
||||
|
||||
== Integers ==
|
||||
|
||||
The integers are a set of numbers commonly encountered in arithmetic and number theory. There are many subsets of the integers, including the natural numbers, prime numbers, perfect numbers, etc. Many integers are notable for their mathematical properties. Integers are usually symbolised by a boldface Z (or blackboard bold
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Z
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \mathbb {\mathbb {Z} } }
|
||||
|
||||
, Unicode U+2124 ℤ DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Z); this became the symbol for the integers based on the German word for "numbers" (Zahlen).
|
||||
Notable integers include −1, the additive inverse of unity, and 0, the additive identity.
|
||||
As with the natural numbers, the integers may also have cultural or practical significance. For instance, −40 is the equal point in the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.
|
||||
|
||||
=== SI prefixes ===
|
||||
One important use of integers is in orders of magnitude. A power of 10 is a number 10k, where k is an integer. For instance, with k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., the appropriate powers of ten are 1, 10, 100, 1000, ... Powers of ten can also be fractional: for instance, k = -3 gives 1/1000, or 0.001. This is used in scientific notation, real numbers are written in the form m × 10n. The number 394,000 is written in this form as 3.94 × 105.
|
||||
Integers are used as prefixes in the SI system. A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or fraction of the unit. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to the unit symbol. The prefix kilo-, for example, may be added to gram to indicate multiplication by one thousand: one kilogram is equal to one thousand grams. The prefix milli-, likewise, may be added to metre to indicate division by one thousand; one millimetre is equal to one thousandth of a metre.
|
||||
|
||||
== Rational numbers ==
|
||||
313
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@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of numbers"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:08.279774+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, a numerator p and a non-zero denominator q. Since q may be equal to 1, every integer is trivially a rational number. The set of all rational numbers, often referred to as "the rationals", the field of rationals or the field of rational numbers is usually denoted by a boldface Q (or blackboard bold
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Q
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
|
||||
|
||||
, Unicode U+211A ℚ DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Q); it was thus denoted in 1895 by Giuseppe Peano after quoziente, Italian for "quotient".
|
||||
Rational numbers such as 0.12 can be represented in infinitely many ways, e.g. zero-point-one-two (0.12), three twenty-fifths (3/25), nine seventy-fifths (9/75), etc. This can be mitigated by representing rational numbers in a canonical form as an irreducible fraction.
|
||||
A list of rational numbers is shown below. The names of fractions can be found at numeral (linguistics).
|
||||
|
||||
== Real numbers ==
|
||||
Real numbers are least upper bounds of sets of rational numbers that are bounded above, or greatest lower bounds of sets of rational numbers that are bounded below, or limits of convergent sequences of rational numbers. Real numbers that are not rational numbers are called irrational numbers. The real numbers are categorised as algebraic numbers (which are the root of a polynomial with rational coefficients) or transcendental numbers, which are not; all rational numbers are algebraic.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Algebraic numbers ===
|
||||
|
||||
=== Transcendental numbers ===
|
||||
|
||||
=== Irrational but not known to be transcendental ===
|
||||
Some numbers are known to be irrational numbers, but have not been proven to be transcendental. This differs from the algebraic numbers, which are known not to be transcendental.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Real but not known to be irrational, nor transcendental ===
|
||||
For some numbers, it is not known whether they are algebraic or transcendental. The following list includes real numbers that have not been proved to be irrational, nor transcendental.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Numbers not known with high precision ===
|
||||
|
||||
Some real numbers, including transcendental numbers, are not known with high precision.
|
||||
|
||||
The constant in the Berry–Esseen Theorem: 0.4097 < C < 0.4748
|
||||
De Bruijn–Newman constant: 0 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.2
|
||||
Chaitin's constants Ω, which are transcendental and provably impossible to compute.
|
||||
Bloch's constant (also 2nd Landau's constant): 0.4332 < B < 0.4719
|
||||
1st Landau's constant: 0.5 < L < 0.5433
|
||||
3rd Landau's constant: 0.5 < A ≤ 0.7853
|
||||
Grothendieck constant: 1.67 < k < 1.79
|
||||
Romanov's constant in Romanov's theorem: 0.107648 < d < 0.49094093, Romanov conjectured that it is 0.434
|
||||
|
||||
== Hypercomplex numbers ==
|
||||
|
||||
Hypercomplex number is a term for an element of a unital algebra over the field of real numbers. The complex numbers are often symbolised by a boldface C (or blackboard bold
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
C
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \mathbb {\mathbb {C} } }
|
||||
|
||||
, Unicode U+2102 ℂ DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL C), while the set of quaternions is denoted by a boldface H (or blackboard bold
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
H
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }
|
||||
|
||||
, Unicode U+210D ℍ DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL H).
|
||||
|
||||
=== Algebraic complex numbers ===
|
||||
Imaginary unit:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
i
|
||||
=
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
−
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\textstyle i={\sqrt {-1}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nth roots of unity:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ξ
|
||||
|
||||
n
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
k
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=
|
||||
cos
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
π
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
k
|
||||
n
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+
|
||||
i
|
||||
sin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
π
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
k
|
||||
n
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\textstyle \xi _{n}^{k}=\cos {\bigl (}2\pi {\frac {k}{n}}{\bigr )}+i\sin {\bigl (}2\pi {\frac {k}{n}}{\bigr )}}
|
||||
|
||||
, while
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
0
|
||||
≤
|
||||
k
|
||||
≤
|
||||
n
|
||||
−
|
||||
10
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\textstyle 0\leq k\leq n-10}
|
||||
|
||||
, GCD(k, n) = 1
|
||||
|
||||
=== Other hypercomplex numbers ===
|
||||
The quaternions
|
||||
The octonions
|
||||
The sedenions
|
||||
The trigintaduonions
|
||||
The dual numbers (with an infinitesimal)
|
||||
|
||||
== Transfinite numbers ==
|
||||
|
||||
Transfinite numbers are numbers that are "infinite" in the sense that they are larger than all finite numbers, yet not necessarily absolutely infinite.
|
||||
|
||||
Aleph-null: ℵ0, the smallest infinite cardinal, and the cardinality of
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
N
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }
|
||||
|
||||
, the set of natural numbers
|
||||
Aleph-one: ℵ1, the cardinality of ω1, the set of all countable ordinal numbers
|
||||
Beth-one:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ℶ
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \beth _{1}}
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
c
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c}}}
|
||||
|
||||
, the cardinality of the continuum 2ℵ0
|
||||
Omega: ω, the smallest infinite ordinal
|
||||
|
||||
== Numbers representing physical quantities ==
|
||||
|
||||
Physical quantities that appear in the universe are often described using physical constants.
|
||||
|
||||
Avogadro constant: NA = 6.02214076×1023 mol−1
|
||||
Electron mass: me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg
|
||||
Fine-structure constant: α = 0.0072973525643(11)
|
||||
Gravitational constant: G = 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2
|
||||
Molar mass constant: Mu = 1.00000000105(31)×10−3 kg⋅mol−1
|
||||
Planck constant: h = 6.62607015×10−34 J⋅Hz−1
|
||||
Rydberg constant: R∞ = 10973731.568157(12) m−1
|
||||
Speed of light in vacuum: c = 299792458 m⋅s−1
|
||||
Vacuum permittivity: ε0 = 8.8541878188(14)×10−12 F⋅m−1
|
||||
|
||||
== Numbers representing geographical and astronomical distances ==
|
||||
6378.137, the average equatorial radius of Earth in kilometers (following GRS 80 and WGS 84 standards).
|
||||
40075.0167, the length of the Equator in kilometers (following GRS 80 and WGS 84 standards).
|
||||
384399, the semi-major axis of the orbit of the Moon, in kilometers, roughly the distance between the center of Earth and that of the Moon.
|
||||
149597870700, the average distance between the Earth and the Sun or Astronomical Unit (AU), in meters.
|
||||
9460730472580800, one light-year, the distance travelled by light in one Julian year, in meters.
|
||||
30856775814913673, the distance of one parsec, another astronomical unit, in whole meters.
|
||||
|
||||
== Numbers without specific values ==
|
||||
|
||||
Many languages have words expressing indefinite and fictitious numbers—inexact terms of indefinite size, used for comic effect, for exaggeration, as placeholder names, or when precision is unnecessary or undesirable. One technical term for such words is "non-numerical vague quantifier". Such words designed to indicate large quantities can be called "indefinite hyperbolic numerals".
|
||||
|
||||
== Named numbers ==
|
||||
Hardy–Ramanujan number, 1729
|
||||
Kaprekar's constant, 6174
|
||||
Eddington number, ~1080
|
||||
Googol, 10100
|
||||
Shannon number
|
||||
Centillion, 10303
|
||||
Skewes's number
|
||||
Googolplex, 10(10100)
|
||||
Mega/Circle(2)
|
||||
Moser's number
|
||||
Graham's number
|
||||
TREE(3)
|
||||
SSCG(3)
|
||||
Rayo's number
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Finch, Steven R. (2003), "Anmol Kumar Singh", Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94), Cambridge University Press, pp. 130–133, ISBN 0521818052
|
||||
Apéry, Roger (1979), "Irrationalité de
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ζ
|
||||
(
|
||||
2
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \zeta (2)}
|
||||
|
||||
et
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ζ
|
||||
(
|
||||
3
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\displaystyle \zeta (3)}
|
||||
|
||||
", Astérisque, 61: 11–13.
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-7167-4447-3
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500
|
||||
Name of a Number
|
||||
See how to write big numbers
|
||||
About big numbers at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 November 2010)
|
||||
Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page
|
||||
Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney
|
||||
Names for Large Numbers, in How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement by Russ Rowlett
|
||||
What's Special About This Number? (from 0 to 9999)
|
||||
74
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems-0.md
Normal file
74
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of numeral systems"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:25.906324+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
There are many different numeral systems, that is, writing systems for expressing numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== By culture / time period ==
|
||||
"A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. Some systems have two bases, a smaller (subbase) and a larger (base); an example is Roman numerals, which are organized by fives (V=5, L=50, D=500, the subbase) and tens (X=10, C=100, M=1,000, the base).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== By type of notation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Numeral systems are classified here as to whether they use positional notation (also known as place-value notation), and further categorized by radix or base.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Standard positional numeral systems ===
|
||||
|
||||
The common names are derived somewhat arbitrarily from a mix of Latin and Greek, in some cases including roots from both languages within a single name. There have been some proposals for standardisation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Non-standard positional numeral systems ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Bijective numeration ====
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Signed-digit representation ====
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Complex bases ====
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Non-integer bases ====
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== n-adic number ====
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Mixed radix ====
|
||||
Factorial number system {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...}
|
||||
Even double factorial number system {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...}
|
||||
Odd double factorial number system {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ...}
|
||||
Primorial number system {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...}
|
||||
Fibonorial number system {1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...}
|
||||
{60, 60, 24, 7} in timekeeping
|
||||
{60, 60, 24, 30 (or 31 or 28 or 29), 12, 10, 10, 10} in timekeeping
|
||||
(12, 20) traditional English monetary system (£sd)
|
||||
(20, 18, 13) Maya timekeeping
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other ====
|
||||
Quote notation
|
||||
Redundant binary representation
|
||||
Hereditary base-n notation
|
||||
Asymmetric numeral systems optimized for non-uniform probability distribution of symbols
|
||||
Combinatorial number system
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Non-positional notation ===
|
||||
|
||||
All known numeral systems developed before the Babylonian numerals are non-positional, as are many developed later, such as the Roman numerals. The French Cistercian monks created their own numeral system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parasitic_organisms"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:57:36.434419+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:59.799352+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
50
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pine_barrens-0.md
Normal file
50
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pine_barrens-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of pine barrens"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pine_barrens"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:01.262537+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following is a list of pine barrens.
|
||||
|
||||
Canada
|
||||
Kaladar Jack Pine Barrens in Ontario
|
||||
United States
|
||||
Kentucky
|
||||
Hi Lewis Pine Barrens State Nature Preserve
|
||||
Maine
|
||||
Waterboro Barrens Preserve
|
||||
Hollis Plains
|
||||
Massachusetts
|
||||
Plymouth Pinelands
|
||||
Michigan
|
||||
Huron National Forest
|
||||
New Hampshire
|
||||
Ossipee Pine Barrens
|
||||
Concord Pine Barrens
|
||||
New Jersey
|
||||
Pine Barrens
|
||||
New York
|
||||
Albany Pine Bush
|
||||
Altona Flat Rock Jack Pine Barrens
|
||||
Long Island Central Pine Barrens
|
||||
Rome Sand Plains
|
||||
Shawangunk Ridge
|
||||
Pennsylvania
|
||||
Long Pond Barrens
|
||||
Scotia Barrens
|
||||
Rhode Island
|
||||
Kingston Pine Barrens
|
||||
West Virginia
|
||||
North Fork Mountain
|
||||
Wisconsin
|
||||
Great Lakes Barrens
|
||||
Moquah Barrens Research Natural Area
|
||||
Northwest Wisconsin Pine Barrens
|
||||
Gotham Jack Pine Barrens
|
||||
Spread Eagle Barrens
|
||||
Virginia
|
||||
Zuni Pine Barrens
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:23.923371+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:22.349003+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:23.923371+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:22.349003+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:23.923371+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:22.349003+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:23.923371+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:22.349003+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:23.923371+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:22.349003+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 6/6
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:23.923371+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:22.349003+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of schools and organizations related to forensic entomology"
|
||||
chunk: 1/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_and_organizations_related_to_forensic_entomology"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:43.882414+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Forensic entomology is the study of insects related to humans. There are three areas associated with forensic entomology: urban entomology, stored products entomology, and mediocriminal entomology. This list concerns only the area of mediocriminology and the schools and organizations associated with it. Mediocriminology is the interaction of the criminal justice system and the use of insects for investigations pertaining to the deaths of humans. This is a growing science in which nations around the world are partaking in research to expand its applications. The following list of schools and organizations is not comprehensive due to the ever-changing nature of forensic entomology.
|
||||
|
||||
== Schools ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Texas A&M University ===
|
||||
Texas A&M University's Entomology Department announced the Forensic and Investigative Science Program November 23, 2007 as a means to prepare students to address and solve problems through the use of various techniques, including forensic entomology. This program offers the first B.S. in this field in Texas. The staff consists of several professors and lecturers, most notably Dr. Jeff Tomberlin, assistant professor since fall 2007 and member of the American Board of Forensic Entomology Certified Entomologists and University of Georgia graduate with a Ph.D. in entomology. Another noteworthy entomologist at Texas A&M is Adrienne Brundage, a lecturer since spring 2008 with an M.S. in organismal biology, with experience in many aspects of crime scene investigation as relating to entomology.
|
||||
The facilities for entomology at Texas A&M include the Heep Center, housing the Department of Entomology, the Entomology Research Laboratory, the Biological Control Facility, as well as the USDA Entomology Research Facility. The Science of Forensic Entomology course presents students with a closer look at insects as applied to forensics, with a focus on investigations, and their impact in the court of law. Applied Forensic Entomology is the corresponding lab to the previous class with hands-on application of practices involved in investigations of human and animals deaths.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Michigan State University ===
|
||||
Michigan State University offers an educational tour at a facility they call the "Bug House". The Bug House tours present audiences with information about bugs.
|
||||
|
||||
=== University of California, Davis ===
|
||||
Faculty and graduate students in the Entomology Department at UC Davis have contributed to local and national forensic investigations as well as general research and leadership in forensic entomology. The resources and services at the Bohart Museum of Entomology are also typically used in support of these activities. A minor degree program in forensic entomology is currently offered through the Department of Entomology. Professor-researcher Robert B. Kimsey is the current president-elect of the North American Forensic Entomology Association and regularly teaches ENT 158, Forensic Entomology, which is offered during the spring quarter.
|
||||
|
||||
== Organizations ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of schools and organizations related to forensic entomology"
|
||||
chunk: 2/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_and_organizations_related_to_forensic_entomology"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:43.882414+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australian Entomological Society ===
|
||||
The Australian Entomological Society (AES) now with more than six hundred members, is one of the most prevalent biological science organizations in Australia. AES began August 17, 1965 and had its first public meeting in Melbourne in January 1967. The meeting was coordinated by Ian Mackerras, who put forth four important goals to inspire the success of the AES, these goals included: "Acquiring wealth, setting a high attainable standard of excellence, having a clear central purpose and source of inspiration, and finally existing as a group for what the group can give back to society, not what it can get" (from the AES Website).Now led by current president Phil Weinstein (2017), AES members consists of about seventy-five percent professionals and around twenty five percent amateurs. Membership is not restricted to any one person they just have to be interested in the study of insects. A person must also gain two nominations by financial members to finally be inducted into the group. The AES includes a number of affiliates such as, The Entomological Society of Queensland, The entomological Society of New South Wales, and The Entomological Society of Victoria. The AES also consists of business firms who have sustained membership.
|
||||
The AES bestows itself on teaching the adolescence of Australia about entomology. Student members of the AES are able to get together with well-known entomologists to help familiarize themselves with issues pertaining to entomology. Such meetings help to further the early entomologists career. The AES awards prizes and even research grants for the young entrepreneur. The Phil Carne Prize is intent on recognizing superior research on entomological issues. The Phil Carne Prize is restricted to those attending or enrolled in an Australian University, however the entrants do not have to be a member of the AES to obtain this prestiges award. The only requirement the writer must abide by is, their topic must relate to an entomological topic.
|
||||
The AES has many objectives in their role of the advancement of knowledge in the entomological field. The objectives are met by publishing a journal, a report to all members and affiliates, scientific seminars, research grants, and awards for different contests. Different competitions are offered to better the knowledge of members and non-members in the entomology field. For example, an illustration and photographic competition is held annually. This contest is said to promote and acknowledge excellence for entomological illustrations. This contest includes three categories the student illustration section, the open illustration section, and the photographic section. Awards given out by the AES include the Mackerras medal which is given out every two years. The recipient must be under age fifty and had “demonstrated excellence: in entomology. Honorary life awards also recognize those with outstanding achievements, some recipients include” Dr. Bruce Champ, Dr. Gordon Hooper, Dr. Fred J.D McDonald, and Dr. Courtenay N. Smithers.
|
||||
Two of the AES’s important publications include the Austral Entomology and Myrmecia. The Australian Journal of Entomology is what the AES call its "Flagship publication". This Journal promotes the study of biology, ecology, taxonomy, and control of insects and arachnids within Australia. The journal has been known to publish original, peer reviewed research, and many other forms of articles. The journal's current editor-in-chief is Dr. Michael Braby. The internal publication Myrmecia is produced quarterly. This publication reports on the activities and research projects of the group and new members who have just recently joined Myrmecia's editor; its chief is Dr. Sonya Broughton.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Overseas Chinese Entomologists Association ===
|
||||
OCEA, Overseas Chinese Entomologists Association (http://www.go-to-ocea.org), is a non-profit organization. OCEA is set up to help interactions and cooperation among Chinese entomologists around the world. OCEA also helps in providing job opportunities as well as research institutions in China. It was first established in 1988 and holds an annual meeting each year, which takes place during the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America.
|
||||
OCEA is now expanding its network to more individuals as well as other organizations to aid in the advancement of the science of entomology. Many Chinese and non-Chinese entomologists work closely together to exchange information related to the science of entomology, this is especially true for the entomologist in the U.S.
|
||||
OCEA is composed of volunteers and its membership is unrestricted. Anyone who is applying for membership will have to agree to the OCEA Bylaws and pay an annual membership fee. All members have equal status and all have the right to participate in elections (to elect or to be elected) for any elected office. OCEA members also have the right to freely express opinions, make proposals, enjoy all privileges and benefits that OCEA may offer and of course the right to vote in the decision-making process. OCEA members must follow the rules and regulations and abide by the procedures of democratic operations. Currently, OCEA has around 200 members.
|
||||
The executive board and the advisory board govern OCEA. The executive board is composed of the president, the president-elect, the immediate-past president, the treasurer and the secretary. The president shall serve as the chair of the board. The term of the president shall be one year with re-election for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The treasurer shall collect, receive, and be in charge of all the funds of OCEA and file IRS forms. The secretary shall keep and archive all OCEA documents including the Bylaws, brochures, and resolutions. The president for the year 2008 is Qisheng Song from the Department of Entomology at the University of Missouri. The vice president and president elect is Qingquan (Quentin) Fang from the Department of Biology at Georgia Southern University. The past president (2007) was Qing-He Zhang.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of schools and organizations related to forensic entomology"
|
||||
chunk: 3/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_and_organizations_related_to_forensic_entomology"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:43.882414+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== European Association for Forensic Entomology ===
|
||||
EAFE, European Association for Forensic Entomology, was founded in 2002 and vastly growing in size. There are close to about 100 members and 41 associate members. The aim of EAFE is to encourage the advancement of forensic entomology all through Europe and to encourage co-operation with related international bodies. According to EAFE, “This growth reflects the growing interest by the forensic and entomological community in forensic entomology, but at the same time highlights the need for guidelines for the science and support for it from an association like EAFE". EAFE provides its services as a professional partner for police and legal authorities. EAFE holds regular meetings and workshops in order to raise awareness and knowledge of their science.
|
||||
The annual meeting are held in order to advance education and training, as well as to fine tune the framework of the association i.e. Constitution, membership, etc.
|
||||
In order to become a member of EAFE one must meet certain criteria such as their profession. You must be a qualified scientist, pathologist or someone with a medical or forensic background who is readily active in the field of entomology. One must also be within the EU. For anyone who does not fall within these criteria an Associate Membership status is open to people who are willing to contribute to the work of EAFE. Also membership is on a personal basis.
|
||||
The board governs the EAFE, and is composed of 4 officers and 2 members. One president, one vice president, one secretary, one organizer and 2 members. Jens Amendt is currently (as of 2008) the president of E.A.F.E. The president shall be elected for 1 year with a possibility to be re-elected each year. The other members but the organizer of the next meeting shall be elected for two years with a possibility to be re-elected.
|
||||
The EAFE website includes large amounts of information for anyone who is interested in the field of entomology. Specifically they have links to websites that will aid in the identification of insects, mainly Diptera. More features are available to members only.
|
||||
|
||||
=== North American Forensic Entomology Association ===
|
||||
NAFEA hosts annual meeting on the field.
|
||||
|
||||
== Conclusion ==
|
||||
The number of schools and organizations associated with forensic entomology is ever growing, making homicides and other manors of human deaths easier to help solve. The ever-growing numbers of universities studying forensic entomology constantly contribute their research to forensic entomologists to help aid them in solving crimes. The organizations worldwide promote the study of entomology by targeting younger individuals in hopes of further increasing the number of forensic entomologists.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Forensic Science
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Chanault, Edith. "Hot Topics." Texas IPM. 16 Nov. 2007. Texas A&M University. 27 Feb. 2008 [2].
|
||||
Fletcher, M J. "The Website for the Australian Entomological Society." 25 Feb. 2008. AES. 16 Feb. 2008 [3].
|
||||
"Insect Systematics." Discover Entomology. 2004. Texas A&M University. 14 Feb. 2008 [4].
|
||||
Merritt, Richard W. "American Board of Forensic Entomology." 2008. Michigan State University. 1 Mar. 2008 [5].
|
||||
"Recent News." Overseas Chinese Entomologists Association. 16 Feb. 2008. OCEA. 30 Jan. 2008 [6].
|
||||
"Welcome." European Association for Forensic Entomology. 2 Jan. 2008. EAFE. 7 Feb. 2008 [7].
|
||||
Wells, Jeffery D. "North American Forensic Entomological Society." 2007. NAFEA. 15 March 2008 [<http://www.nafea.net/].
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
http://www.ent.msu.edu/
|
||||
http://new.eafe.org/identification.htm
|
||||
http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/Hort/ascu/myrmecia/society.htm
|
||||
http://www.forensicentomology.com/index.html
|
||||
http://www.go-to-ocea.org/home
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/4
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_bodies_explicitly_rejecting_intelligent_design"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:33:18.025962+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:49.158508+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_bodies_explicitly_rejecting_intelligent_design"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:33:18.025962+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:49.158508+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_bodies_explicitly_rejecting_intelligent_design"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:33:18.025962+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:49.158508+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_bodies_explicitly_rejecting_intelligent_design"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:33:18.025962+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:49.158508+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of the seven natural wonders of Georgia (U.S. state)"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_seven_natural_wonders_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:05.357691+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia are considered to be:
|
||||
|
||||
Amicalola Falls
|
||||
Okefenokee Swamp
|
||||
Providence Canyon
|
||||
Radium Springs
|
||||
Stone Mountain
|
||||
Tallulah Gorge
|
||||
Warm Springs
|
||||
|
||||
The first list of natural wonders was compiled by state librarian Ella May Thornton and published in the Atlanta Georgian magazine on December 26, 1926. That first list included:
|
||||
|
||||
Amicalola Falls
|
||||
Jekyll Island Forest
|
||||
Marble vein in Longswamp Valley in Pickens County
|
||||
Okefenokee Swamp
|
||||
Stone Mountain
|
||||
Tallulah Gorge
|
||||
Warm Springs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Georgia Encyclopedia
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:50.610585+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:27.311797+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_numbers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:17:50.610585+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:27.311797+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany-0.md
Normal file
26
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Natural regions of Germany"
|
||||
chunk: 1/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:38.455696+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This division of Germany into major natural regions takes account primarily of geomorphological, geological, hydrological, and pedological criteria in order to divide the country into large, physical units with a common geographical basis. Political boundaries play no part in this, apart from defining the national border.
|
||||
In addition to a division of Germany by natural regions, the federal authorities have also produced a division by so-called landscape areas (Landschaftsräume) that is based more on human utilisation of various regions and so has clearly different boundaries.
|
||||
|
||||
== Groundwork by the Federal Institute of Regional Studies (BfL) ==
|
||||
The natural region classification of Germany, as used today by the Federal Office for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz or BfN) and by most state institutions, is largely based on the work in producing the Handbook of Natural Region Divisions of Germany between the years 1953 to 1962. This divided the present federal territory (then West and East Germany) into 86 so-called major landscape unit groups (Haupteinheitgruppen) each with a two-digit number between 01 and 90. These, in turn, were subdivided into up to ten, in some cases more, major landscape units (Haupteinheiten), each with a three-digit number. The handbook was accompanied by 1:100,000 scale mapping and, in the updated 1960 map, the major landscape unit groups were bundled together into major regions (Großregionen).
|
||||
As a result, a regional classification of Germany emerged with five (since 1976: six) primary landscape regions (naturräumliche Großregionen 1. Ordnung), divided into 18 (since 1964: 19) secondary landscape regions (naturräumliche Großregionen 2. Ordnung). The major unit groups form, in effect, the third or tertiary level, of landscape regions and the major units form the fourth level. Many secondary landscape regions only have one major unit group (Mecklenburg Coastal Lowland, Harz, Thuringian Basin, Upper Main-Upper Palatine Hills, Southern Alpine Foreland), others group well-known major regions together (Rhenish Massif, South German Scarplands); others are entirely new groupings.
|
||||
In the subsequent work at 1:200,000 scale that lasted until the 1990s, that further split the landscape regions into a fifth and lower levels (using the three-digits numbers supplemented with further numbers placed after a decimal comma), it became apparent that the boundaries of major regions at the second and third levels had to be corrected in several places and, in individual cases, were no longer compatible with boundaries of the major unit groups. This has no impact on the numbering system of the lower levels, however.
|
||||
|
||||
== New Classification by the Federal Office for Nature Conservation (BfN) ==
|
||||
From 1992 to 1994, Axel Ssymank revised the major unit groups 01-90 under the direction of the BfN. Most groups retained their boundaries, however, in some cases two to four major units groups according to the handbook were combined, whilst in the North and Baltic Seas, one old group was divided into four new ones.
|
||||
The numbering of the new units, D01 to D73, is entirely new and runs from north to south not, as in the handbook, from south to north. So it is not compatible with the numbers of the main and subordinate landscape units, which is why it has not been adopted by the state institutions. Even the BfN has largely followed the older system in the handbook in its landscape fact files (Landschaftssteckbriefe).
|
||||
Ssymank combined the natural regions into eight so-called great landscapes (Großlandschaften), which are rather less finely divided than the secondary main regions (Großregionen 2. Ordnung) of the BfL. The only discrepancy between the two systems is the division of the North German Plain into western and eastern parts, which is based on their climatic division into Atlantic and Continental areas. The boundary runs randomly east of landscape units D22, D24, D28, D31, and D33. These great landscape definitions have yet to be used in the literature.
|
||||
|
||||
== List of major landscape regions - levels 1 to 3 ==
|
||||
Germany can be divided into three major geographical regions: the Northern Lowland or North German Plain, the Central Uplands, and the Alps running roughly west to east across the country.
|
||||
The official major landscape groups, which more or less correspond to the tertiary level of major landscape regions, are grouped following the primary and secondary landscape region system. These subdivisions largely correspond to the publications of the Institute for Regional Studies (BfL) since 1960 which are:
|
||||
186
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany-1.md
Normal file
186
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Natural regions of Germany"
|
||||
chunk: 2/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:38.455696+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The first version by Heinrich Müller-Miny appeared in the updated handbook map, the overview maps of the individual map sheets from 1960 and in the ninth edition of the handbook (1962)
|
||||
In the map sheets from publication year 1964 this version was slightly changed:
|
||||
The Upper Palatine-Upper Main Hills (Oberpfälzisch-Obermainische Hügelland) was raised from the third to the second level.
|
||||
The secondary landscape region of Lössbörden was expanded, especially in the west.
|
||||
There was another change in the map sheets from 1979 (Sheet 182 Burghausen) until their last publication (Sheet München and Tegernsee 1994):
|
||||
The primary landscape region, Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge), was divided in two into Mittelgebirgsschwelle and Schichtstufenland
|
||||
The classification of the Natural regions in Saxony, published after that of the Institute for Regional Studies and continually revised, allocates the larger northern part of the major unit group of Upper Lusatia (Oberlausitz) to the Lössbörden, so that only the Lusatian Mountains (Lausitzer Bergland) in the south remains within the Central Uplands.
|
||||
For clarity the first and second levels of the major landscape regions are organised from north to south and from west to east. Within a secondary or tertiary landscape region the list follows the numerical order in the handbook; the BfN's numbers are given in brackets. Tertiary major landscape regions are shown in bold italics. Maps, all to the same scale, are shown to the right of the lists.
|
||||
For clarity, the English names for the natural regions are given; German names may be found at the relevant article. The English names are primarily based on Dickinson (1964) and Elkins (1972) where their classification corresponds closely to the handbook's. In such cases the source of the English name is referenced.
|
||||
The seven major regions are: the Northeast German Plain, the Northwest German Plain, the Western Central Uplands, the Eastern Central Uplands, the South German Scarplands, the Alpine Foreland, and the North and Baltic Seas.
|
||||
|
||||
=== North and Baltic Seas ===
|
||||
This is a list, exceptionally, of the three-figure major landscape units of group 90, because this de facto corresponds to the tertiary major landscape regions.
|
||||
|
||||
==== North Sea ====
|
||||
|
||||
900 German Bight (less island of Heligoland) (D70)
|
||||
901 Dogger Bank and adjacent Central North Sea (D71)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Baltic Sea ====
|
||||
902 Western Baltic (D72)
|
||||
903 Eastern Baltic (D73)
|
||||
|
||||
=== North German Plain ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Marshland ====
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
|
||||
61 Lower Ems and Weser Marshes (D25)
|
||||
67 Lower Elbe Marsh (D24)
|
||||
68 Schleswig-Holstein Marsh (D21)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian Littoral ====
|
||||
|
||||
71 Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian Littoral (D01)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Mecklenburg Coastal Lowland ====
|
||||
Sources:
|
||||
|
||||
70 Schleswig-Holstein Uplands (D23)
|
||||
Northeast Mecklenburg Plain and Szczecin Lagoon (D02)
|
||||
72 Mecklenburg Ground Moraine Lowland
|
||||
73 Szczecin Lagoon or Lower Oder Plain
|
||||
74 Hinterland of the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau (D 03)
|
||||
75 Mecklenburg Lake Plateau, Mecklenburg Lake Upland or Mecklenburg-Brandenburg Lake Plateau (D04)
|
||||
(to 80 Oder Valley (D07))
|
||||
major landscape units 800 and 801
|
||||
|
||||
==== Central North German Plain ====
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
|
||||
Ems-Weser Geest
|
||||
Dümmer and Ems-Hunte Geest (D30)
|
||||
58 Dümmer Geest Lowland
|
||||
59 Ems-Hunte Geest
|
||||
60 East Frisian Geest (D26)
|
||||
62 Weser-Aller Plains and Geest (D31)
|
||||
North Elbe Geest
|
||||
63 Stade Geest (D27)
|
||||
64 Lüneburg Heath (D28)
|
||||
69 Schleswig-Holstein Geest (D22)
|
||||
|
||||
East German Lakeland and Heathland
|
||||
Mecklenburg-Brandenburg Plateaux and Upland (D05)
|
||||
76 South-western foreland of the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau
|
||||
77 North Brandenburg Plateaux and Upland
|
||||
78 Luchland
|
||||
79 East Brandenburg Plateau (D06)
|
||||
(to 80 Oder Valley (D07))
|
||||
major landscape units 802 and 803
|
||||
Brandenburg Heath and Lake District (D12)
|
||||
81 Central Brandenburg Plateaux and Lowlands
|
||||
82 East Brandenburg Heath and Lake District
|
||||
Lusatian Basin and Spreewald (D08)
|
||||
83 Spreewald
|
||||
84 Lower Lusatian Heath
|
||||
85 Fläming Heath (D11)
|
||||
86 Wendland and Altmark (D29)
|
||||
87 Middle Elbe Plain (D09)
|
||||
88 Middle Elbe Plains and Heath or Elbe-Mulde Plain (D10)
|
||||
89 Upper Lusatian Plateau (D13)
|
||||
|
||||
54 Westphalian Lowland or Westphalian Basin (D34)
|
||||
Lower Rhine Plain and Cologne Lowland (D35)
|
||||
55 Cologne Lowland or Lower Rhine Bay
|
||||
57 Lower Rhine Plain
|
||||
|
||||
==== Loess Belt ====
|
||||
Sources:
|
||||
|
||||
(to 44 Upper Lusatia (D14))
|
||||
440 Neiß region
|
||||
442 East Lusatian Foothills
|
||||
443 West Lusatian Hills,
|
||||
444 Upper Lusatian Gefilde
|
||||
Saxon Lowland and Saxon Uplands (D19)
|
||||
45 Saxon Uplands, Saxon Hills or Ore Mountain Foreland
|
||||
46 Saxon Lowland (incl. Leipzig Land)
|
||||
50 Central German Black Earth Region (also: Eastern Harz Foreland and Börde; D20)
|
||||
51 North Harz Foreland (D33)
|
||||
52 Lower Saxony Börde (D32)
|
||||
(to 37 Weser-Leine Uplands)
|
||||
(to 378 Calenberg Uplands
|
||||
378.02 Kleinenbremener Basin
|
||||
(to 53 Lower Weser Uplands
|
||||
533 Lübbecke Loessland
|
||||
|
||||
=== Central Uplands ===
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
|
||||
==== Rhenish Massif ====
|
||||
|
||||
Arranged from west to east and internally from north to south)
|
||||
|
||||
Eifel (incl. Venn Foreland) (D45)
|
||||
56 Venn Foreland
|
||||
28 West Eifel
|
||||
27 East Eifel
|
||||
25 Moselle Valley (D43)
|
||||
24 Hunsrück (D42)
|
||||
29 Middle Rhine Valley (D44)
|
||||
33 Sauerland (Süder Uplands) (D38)
|
||||
32 Westerwald (D39)
|
||||
31 Lahn Valley (D40)
|
||||
30 Taunus (D41)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Weser Uplands and Hesse Lowlands and Highlands ====
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
|
||||
(arranged from north to south and from west to east)
|
||||
|
||||
Lower Saxon Hills (including the Weser and Leine Uplands) (D36)
|
||||
53 Lower Weser Uplands
|
||||
36 Upper Weser Uplands
|
||||
37 Weser-Leine Uplands
|
||||
Hesse Highlands
|
||||
34 West Hesse Highlands (D46)
|
||||
35 East Hesse Highlands (D47)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Harz ====
|
||||
38 Harz (D37)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Thuringian Basin ====
|
||||
47/8 Thuringian Basin (and peripheral uplands) (D18)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Eastern Central Uplands ====
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
|
||||
Thuringian-Franconian Highlands (incl. the Vogtland)
|
||||
39 Thuringian-Franconian Highlands (D48)
|
||||
41 Vogtland (D17)
|
||||
42 Ore Mountains (D16)
|
||||
Western Sudetes
|
||||
43 Saxon-Bohemian Chalk Sandstone Region (D15)
|
||||
(to 44 Upper Lusatia (D14))
|
||||
major landscape unit 441 Lusatian Mountains
|
||||
40 Upper Palatine-Bavarian Forest (D63)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Scarplands on either side of the Upper Rhine Valley ===
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
|
||||
==== Palatine-Saarland Scarplands ====
|
||||
|
||||
Division from north to south and from west to east
|
||||
|
||||
Lorraine Trias-Lias Region
|
||||
26 Gutland (Bitburg Land) (D49)
|
||||
(to 18 Palatine-Saarland Muschelkalk Region (D50))
|
||||
major landscape units 182 and 183
|
||||
19 Saar-Nahe Hills or Uplands (D52)
|
||||
18 Palatine-Saarland Muschelkalk Region excl. Merzig Muschelkalk Plateau (D50)
|
||||
17 Palatine Forest (the Haardt) (D51)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Upper Rhine Plain ====
|
||||
|
||||
Divided from north to south.
|
||||
166
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany-2.md
Normal file
166
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany-2.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Natural regions of Germany"
|
||||
chunk: 3/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Germany"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:38.455696+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Upper Rhine Plain (D53)
|
||||
23 Rhine-Main Basin
|
||||
22 Northern Upper Rhine Plain
|
||||
21 Middle Upper Rhine Plain
|
||||
20 Southern Upper Rhine Plain
|
||||
|
||||
==== South German Scarplands ====
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
(arranged by escarpments Grundgebirge/Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk, Keuper-Lias and Malm from north to south, internally from west to east.
|
||||
|
||||
14 Odenwald-Spessart-Rhön (D55)
|
||||
15 Black Forest (D54)
|
||||
Swabian-Franconian Gäue
|
||||
12 Neckar and Tauber Gäu Plateaus (D57)
|
||||
13 Main Franconia Plateau (D56)
|
||||
Swabian-Franconian Keuper-Lias Lands
|
||||
10 Swabian Keuper-Lias Lands (D58)
|
||||
11 Franconian Keuper-Lias Lands (D59)
|
||||
Swabian-Franconian Jura
|
||||
09 Swabian Jura (D60)
|
||||
08 Franconian Jura (D61)
|
||||
16 Upper Rhine Region (Dinkelberg and Upper Rhine Valley) (D69)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Upper Palatine-Upper Main Hills ====
|
||||
07 Upper Palatine-Upper Main Hills (D62)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Alpine Foreland ===
|
||||
Source:
|
||||
arranged from north to south and from west to east)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Northern Alpine Foreland ====
|
||||
|
||||
04 Iller-Lech Plateau (D64)
|
||||
Lower Bavarian Upland and Isar-Inn Gravel Plateau (D65)
|
||||
06 Lower Bavarian Upland
|
||||
05 Isar-Inn Gravel Plateau
|
||||
|
||||
==== Southern Alpine Foreland ====
|
||||
Pre-Alpine Hills and Moorland (= Southern Alpine Foreland; D66)
|
||||
03 Subalpine New Moraine Land
|
||||
02* Nagelfluh Hills and Basins between Lake Constance and Wertach
|
||||
|
||||
=== Alps ===
|
||||
The following 3 groups were still counted as part of (ex-)group 02 in the Handbook; the German sections form D67 (BfN).
|
||||
|
||||
==== Nagelfluh Mountains of the Appenzell Alps ====
|
||||
|
||||
(to 02 Nagelfluh Hills and Basins – Alpine Foreland)
|
||||
Molasse Ridges of St. Gallen–Appenzell (northeast of St. Peterzell 1170 m; CH)
|
||||
(to 96 Swiss and Allgäu Nagelfluh Ridges)
|
||||
Gäbris Ridges (Speer 1,950 m; CH)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Lower Bregenz Forest ====
|
||||
(to 02 Nagelfluh Hills and Basins – Alpine Foreland)
|
||||
020 Pfänder (Hirschberg 1,095 m; D and A)
|
||||
021.0–5 with 021.2 Sulzberg (1,041 m; A)
|
||||
(to 96 Swiss and Allgäu Nagelfluh Ridges)
|
||||
960 Allgäu Nagelfluh Ridge (Rindalphorn 1,822 m)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Swabian-Bavarian Pre-alps ====
|
||||
(to 90 Basins and valleys between the main Alpine groups)
|
||||
(to 900 Basins and valleys in the western Vorarlberg-Allgäu Alps)
|
||||
(to 902 Inn Valley)
|
||||
902.4 Basins of Kiefer Fields and Inn Valley
|
||||
908 Inzell Basin
|
||||
|
||||
(to93 Northern Limestone Eastern Alps)
|
||||
(930 Basins and valleys between the main groups of the Northern Limestone Eastern Alps (part))
|
||||
935 Bavarian-Tyrolean Intermediate Limestone Alps (less 935.7)
|
||||
936 Border mountains of the Northern Limestone-Eastern Alps or Limestone Alp Border Mountains or Limestone Border Mountains
|
||||
(to 94 Flysch Alps)
|
||||
(to 941 East Allgäu Flysch Alps)
|
||||
941.1 Mountains around the Wertacher Hörnle
|
||||
941.2 Bayerstädter Kopf-Alpspitz-Edelsberg Group
|
||||
942 Trauchgau-Murnau (Ammergau) Flysch Alps
|
||||
943 Tölz-Tegernsee-Chiemgau Flysch Alps
|
||||
944 Western Salzburg Flysch Alps
|
||||
(to 95 Northern Limestone Western Alps)
|
||||
(to 950 Vorarlberg-Allgäu Quintner and Schrattenkalkgewölbe)
|
||||
950.0 Grünten (1,738 m)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Austrian Pre-Alps ====
|
||||
Only the western end of the group, which lies entirely in Austria, was studied.
|
||||
|
||||
(to 93 Northern Limestone Eastern Alps)
|
||||
937 (unnamed)
|
||||
(to 94 Flysch Alps)
|
||||
945 Eastern Salzburg Flysch Alps
|
||||
|
||||
==== Northern Limestone Alps (west) ====
|
||||
The following group was counted as (ex-)group 01 in the Handbook; the German parts near Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen belong to D68 (BfN).
|
||||
|
||||
(to 90 Basins and valleys between the main Alpine groups)
|
||||
Rhine Valley
|
||||
Illtal
|
||||
900 Basins and valleys in the western part of the Vorarlberg-Allgäu Alps
|
||||
901 Oberstdorf Basin and side valleys (Illertal and Basins and valleys in the eastern part of the Vorarlberg-Allgäu Alps)
|
||||
902 Inn Valley (less 902.4)
|
||||
|
||||
(to 93 Northern Limestone Eastern Alps)
|
||||
930 Basins and valleys between the main groups of the Northern Limestone Eastern Alps (partly)
|
||||
931 Allgäu Alps
|
||||
932 Lechtal Alps
|
||||
933 Inn Valley Riffkalkketten (less 333.7)
|
||||
(to 94 Flysch Alps)
|
||||
940 Vorarlberg and West Allgäu Flysch Alps
|
||||
(to 941 East Allgäu Flysch Alps)
|
||||
941.0 Flysch Mountains around the Imberger Horn
|
||||
(to 95 Northern Limestone Western Alps)
|
||||
Alpstein Group (up to 2,502 m)
|
||||
Rätikon (up to 2,964 m)
|
||||
950 Vorarlberg-Allgäu Quintner and Schrattenkalkgewölbe (less 950.0)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Northern Limestone Alps (east) ====
|
||||
The following group was counted as part of (ex-)group 01 in the Handbook; the German parts near Berchtesgaden belong accordingly to D68 (BfN).
|
||||
Most of the group lies in Austria.
|
||||
|
||||
(to 90 Basins and valleys between the main groups of the Alps)
|
||||
909 Salzach-Saalach Alpine Perimeter Bay
|
||||
|
||||
93 Northern Limestone Eastern Alps
|
||||
930 Basins and valleys between the main groups of the Northern Limestone Eastern Alps(in places)
|
||||
(to 933 Inn Valley Riffkalkketten)
|
||||
|
||||
933.7 Kaisergebirge (up to 2,344 m)
|
||||
934 Salzburg Plateau Limestone Alps
|
||||
(to 935 Bavarian-Tyrolean Intermediate Limestone Alps)
|
||||
935.7 Kirchdorf Dolomite Alps
|
||||
|
||||
==== Central Alps ====
|
||||
The Central Alps lies completely outside of Germany and are only mapped at the fringes.
|
||||
|
||||
91 Eastern Central Alps
|
||||
92 Slate Alps of the Northern Greywacke Zone
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Geography of Germany
|
||||
List of natural regions in Schleswig-Holstein
|
||||
Natural regions of Saxony
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Sources ==
|
||||
Dickinson, Robert E. (1964). Germany: A regional and economic geography (2nd ed.). London: Methuen. p. 84.
|
||||
Elkins, T.H. (1972). Germany (3rd ed.). London: Chatto & Windus, 1972. ASIN B0011Z9KJA.
|
||||
Incorporation of the old major geographical units 010-903 into the new natural regions D01-D73 by the BfN
|
||||
Kohl, Horst; Marcinek, Joachim and Nitz, Bernhard (1986). Geography of the German Democratic Republic, VEB Hermann Haack, Gotha. ISBN 978-3-7301-0522-1
|
||||
Meynen, Emil (ed.) Handbuch der naturräumlichen Gliederung Deutschlands. Selbstverlag der Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde, Remagen, 1953-1962 (Part 1, contains issues 1–5), ISBN B0000BJ19E
|
||||
Meynen, Emil (ed.) Handbuch der naturräumlichen Gliederung Deutschlands. Selbstverlag der Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde, Remagen, 1959-1962 (Part 2, contains issues 6–9), ISBN B0000BJ19F
|
||||
Ssymank, A. Neue Anforderungen im europäischen Naturschutz. Das Schutzgebietssystem Natura 2000 und die "FFH-Richtlinie der EU". – Zeitschrift „Natur und Landschaft“ Jg. 69. 1994, Heft 9: S. 395–406. Bonn-Bad Godesberg. ISSN 0028-0615
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
BfN-Landschaftssteckbriefe (Description of Natural Regions under the old classification scheme)
|
||||
Interaktive Kartendienste des BfN ("Landscapes" map service based on the old system)
|
||||
Natural regions of Germany with major units (old and new system)
|
||||
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_Nature-0.md
Normal file
46
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_Nature-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "New 7 Wonders of Nature"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_Nature"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:58.591022+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
New 7 Wonders of Nature (2007–2011) was an initiative started in 2007 to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen by people through a global poll. It was the second in a series of Internet-based polls led by Swiss-born Canadian Bernard Weber and organized by the New 7 Wonders Foundation a Swiss-based foundation which Weber founded. The initiative followed an earlier New 7 Wonders of the World campaign and attracted 100 million votes from around the world before voting finished on November 11, 2011.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Stages of the campaign ==
|
||||
|
||||
The New 7 Wonders of Nature campaign started in 2007, immediately after the campaign to elect the man-made New 7 Wonders of the World, in which more than 100 million votes were cast. From over 440 participants representing over 220 countries and through a national qualification and race to become one of the Top 77, as well as the recommendations of the Panel of Experts led by Prof. Federico Mayor, the list of 28 "Official Finalist Candidates" was determined. Voting until November 2011, during which time the New 7 Wonders World Tour planned to visit each of the finalists to allow them to present themselves to the voters across the globe.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Criticisms ==
|
||||
Indonesia's Vice-Minister for Tourism said the company running the New 7 Wonders campaign used underhanded tactics, threatening to remove Indonesia's Komodo National Park from the list if Indonesia refused to host a declaration ceremony for $35M. Nothing in the New 7 Wonders voting procedure prohibited repetitive voting, making the results subject to government and tourism industry campaigns to vote often for local sites with the financial incentive of increased tourism.
|
||||
Although New 7 Wonders is a non-profit organization that under US law has absolutely no disclosure of accounts, many activities related to administering voting and other logistical duties are run by the for-profit organization New Open World Corporation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Winners ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Finalists ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Top 77 ==
|
||||
|
||||
Note. The list contains those eligible who were considered by the experts, the 77 main nominees, minus the 28 finalists, minus the 6 of those who were not eligible due to the rules of participation, that is 43.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
New 7 Wonders Cities
|
||||
New 7 Wonders of the World
|
||||
Wonders of the World
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Official website
|
||||
TV segment on Canada AM where travel expert Loren Christie explains the voting procedure
|
||||
51
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cascade_Range-0.md
Normal file
51
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cascade_Range-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of the Cascade Range"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cascade_Range"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:57.324967+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Cascade Range:
|
||||
The Cascade Range, or Cascades, is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. It includes both non-volcanic mountains, such as many of those in the North Cascades, and the notable volcanoes known as the High Cascades. The small part of the range in British Columbia is referred to as the Canadian Cascades or, locally, as the Cascade Mountains. The highest peak in the range is Mount Rainier in Washington at 14,411 feet (4,392 m).
|
||||
The Cascades are part of the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. All of the eruptions in the contiguous United States over the last 200 years have been from the Cascade Volcanoes. The two most recent were Lassen Peak from 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Minor eruptions of Mount St. Helens have also occurred since, most recently from 2004 to 2008. The Cascade Range is a part of the American Cordillera, a nearly continuous chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that form the western "backbone" of North, Central, and South America.
|
||||
This article contains a list of volcanoes and a list of protected areas associated with the Cascade Range (northern portion of the Sierra Nevada range and east of the West Coast and Pacific Ocean, and west of the Canadian Rockies / Rocky Mountains chain) of the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States, on the continent of North America.
|
||||
|
||||
== Volcanoes ==
|
||||
|
||||
Volcanoes south of the Fraser River in the Cascade Volcanic Arc (a geological term) belong to the Cascade Range (a geographic term). Peaks are listed north to south.
|
||||
|
||||
=== North Cascades ===
|
||||
|
||||
Coquihalla Mountain (southern British Columbia) — highest peak in the Bedded Range. It is a major preserved stratovolcano in the Pemberton Volcanic Belt, an extinct portion of the Canadian Cascade Arc.
|
||||
Mount Baker (Near the United States-Canada border) — highest peak in northern Washington. It is an active volcano. Steam activity from its crater occurs relatively frequently. Mount Baker is one of the snowiest places on Earth; in 1999 the ski area (on a subsidiary peak) recorded the world's greatest single-season snowfall: 1,140 in (29,000 mm).
|
||||
Glacier Peak (northern Washington) — secluded and relatively inaccessible peak. Contrary to its name, its glacial cover is not that extensive. The volcano is surprisingly small in volume, and gets most of its height by having grown atop a nonvolcanic ridge.
|
||||
|
||||
=== High Cascades ===
|
||||
|
||||
Mount Rainier (southeast of Tacoma, Washington) — highest peak in the Cascades, it dominates the surrounding landscape. There is no other higher peak northward until the Yukon-Alaska-BC border apex beyond the Alsek River.
|
||||
Mount St. Helens (southern Washington) — Erupted in 1980, leveling forests to the north of the mountain and sending ash across the northwest. The northern part of the mountain was destroyed in the blast (1980 Mount St. Helens eruption).
|
||||
Mount Adams (east of Mount St. Helens) — the second highest peak in Washington and third highest in the Cascade Range.
|
||||
Mount Hood (northern Oregon) — the highest peak in Oregon and arguably the most frequently climbed major peak in the Cascades.
|
||||
Mount Jefferson (northcentral Oregon) — the second highest peak in Oregon.
|
||||
Three Fingered Jack (northcentral Oregon) — Highly eroded Pleistocene volcano.
|
||||
Mount Washington (between Santiam and McKenzie passes) — a highly eroded shield volcano.
|
||||
Three Sisters (near the city of Bend, Oregon) — South Sister is the highest and youngest, with a well-defined crater. Middle Sister is more pyramidal and eroded. North Sister is the oldest and has a crumbling rock pinnacle.
|
||||
Broken Top (to the southeast of South Sister) — a highly eroded extinct stratovolcano. Contains Bend and Crook Glaciers.
|
||||
Newberry Volcano — isolated caldera with two crater lakes. Very variable lavas. Flows from here have reached the city of Bend.
|
||||
Mount Bachelor (near Three Sisters) — a geologically young (less than 15,000 years) shield-to-stratovolcano which is now the site of a popular ski resort. (Mt. Bachelor ski area)
|
||||
Diamond Peak (south of Willamette Pass) — a 8,744 ft (2,665 m) volcano composed of 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of basaltic andesite.
|
||||
Mount Bailey (north of Mount Mazama)
|
||||
Mount Thielsen (east of Mount Bailey) — highly eroded volcano with a prominent spire, making it the Lightning Rod of the Cascades.
|
||||
Mount Mazama (southern Oregon) — better known for its Crater Lake, which is a caldera formed by a catastrophic eruption which took out most of the summit roughly 6,900 years ago. Mount Mazama is estimated to have been about 11,000 ft (3,400 m) elevation prior to the blast.
|
||||
Mount Scott (southern Oregon) — on the southeastern flank of Crater Lake. At 8,929 ft (2,722 m) elevation, this small stratovolcano is the highest peak in Crater Lake National Park.
|
||||
Mount McLoughlin (near Klamath Falls, Oregon) — presents a symmetrical appearance when viewed from Klamath Lake.
|
||||
Medicine Lake Volcano — a shield volcano in northern California which is the largest volcano by volume in the Cascades.
|
||||
Mount Shasta (northern California) — second highest peak in the Cascades. Can be seen in the Sacramento Valley as far as 140 mi (230 km) away, as it is a dominating feature of the region.
|
||||
Lassen Peak (south of Mount Shasta) — southernmost volcano in the Cascades and the most easily climbed peak in the Cascades. It erupted from 1914 to 1921, and like Mount Shasta, it too can be seen in the Sacramento Valley, up to 120 mi (190 km) away. Lowest Peak because the Cascades extend from it.
|
||||
|
||||
== Protected areas ==
|
||||
|
||||
There are four U.S. National Parks in the Cascade Range, one National Scenic Area, and many U.S. National Monuments, U.S. Wilderness Areas, and U.S. National Forests. Each classification protects the various glaciers, volcanoes, geothermal fields, rivers, lakes, forests, and wildlife to varying degrees.
|
||||
56
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cascade_Range-1.md
Normal file
56
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cascade_Range-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of the Cascade Range"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cascade_Range"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:18:57.324967+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== National parks ===
|
||||
Lassen Volcanic National Park was established in 1916 while its namesake peak was erupting. The park includes the most extensive and active thermal areas in the United States outside Yellowstone National Park.
|
||||
Crater Lake National Park preserves the remains of Mount Mazama, a large volcano that imploded thousands of years ago, forming a caldera that was later filled with rain and ground water, later to be known as Crater Lake.
|
||||
Mount Rainier National Park surrounds the Cascades' highest volcano, Mount Rainier, which in turn is covered by the largest glacier system in the United States south of Alaska.
|
||||
North Cascades National Park was carved out of a primitive part of the range composed of ancient metamorphic and sedimentary rock. Mount Baker and Glacier Peak are nearby.
|
||||
|
||||
=== National Scenic Areas ===
|
||||
Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area
|
||||
|
||||
=== National monuments ===
|
||||
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was formed following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in order to preserve the devastated area and give scientists a chance to study its recovery.
|
||||
Newberry National Volcanic Monument includes the area around Newberry Volcano in central Oregon.
|
||||
Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument is located in southern Oregon at the junction of the Cascades and the Siskiyou Mountains.
|
||||
Lava Beds National Monument in California lies on the northeast flank of the Medicine Lake Volcano and is the site of the largest concentration of lava tubes in the United States.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Provincial Parks ===
|
||||
|
||||
Skagit Valley Provincial Park
|
||||
E. C. Manning Provincial Park
|
||||
Cascade Recreation Area
|
||||
Cathedral Provincial Park and Protected Area
|
||||
Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park
|
||||
Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park
|
||||
Coquihalla Summit Recreation Area
|
||||
Silver Lake Provincial Park
|
||||
Nicolum River Provincial Park
|
||||
Skihist Provincial Park
|
||||
Bridal Veil Falls Provincial Park
|
||||
Cultus Lake Provincial Park
|
||||
|
||||
=== Wilderness areas ===
|
||||
|
||||
== Natural history ==
|
||||
Cascades Ecoregion
|
||||
Ecology of the North Cascades
|
||||
Flora of the Cascade Range
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
Central and Southern Cascades Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
|
||||
Eastern Cascades Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
|
||||
Cascade Mountains Leeward Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
|
||||
British Columbia Mainland Coastal Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
|
||||
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Dwight Watson Photographs
|
||||
41
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_codes-0.md
Normal file
41
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_codes-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Recycling codes"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_codes"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:24.672496+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Recycling codes are used to identify the materials out of which the item is made, to facilitate easier recycling process. The presence on an item of a recycling code, a chasing arrows logo, or a resin code, is not an automatic indicator that a material is recyclable; it is an explanation of what the item is made of. Codes have been developed for batteries, biomatter/organic material, glass, metals, paper, and plastics. Various countries have adopted different codes. For example, the table below shows the polymer resin (plastic) codes. In the United States there are fewer, because ABS is placed with "others" in group 7.
|
||||
A number of countries have a finer-grained system with more recycling codes. For example, China's polymer identification system has seven different classifications of plastic, five different symbols for post-consumer paths, and 140 identification codes. The lack of a code system in some countries has encouraged those who fabricate their own plastic products, such as RepRap and other prosumer 3-D printer users, to adopt a voluntary recycling code based on the more comprehensive Chinese system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Resin identification codes and codes defined by the European Commission ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Chinese codes for plastics products ==
|
||||
The Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SAC) has defined material codes for different types of plastics in the document GB 16288-2008. The numbers are consistent with RIC up to #6.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Alternative recycling labels ==
|
||||
The following recycling label projects are designed with the consumer in mind while SPI or Resin Identification Codes are designed to be recognized by waste sorting facilities. They provide an alternative that eliminates confusion as people often mistake any resin code to be recyclable, but this is not necessarily true. The recyclability of the numbers depends on the abilities of the facilities in the community. Thus, they are not all automatically recyclable.
|
||||
How2Recycle is a project that started in 2008. The label provides information about the packaging material and clearly indicates whether it is recyclable, partially or totally. If it is not recyclable at all, it is shown by a diagonal line going through the recycling label.
|
||||
OPRL is a not-for-profit organisation that provides simple, consistent 'recycle' & 'refill' labels for retailer & brand packaging in the UK market. The labels clearly state whether the packaging is recyclable or not, helping consumers recycle better, more often.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Resin identification code
|
||||
Japanese recycling symbols
|
||||
Waste hierarchy
|
||||
Waste management
|
||||
Food safe symbol
|
||||
Bag It (documentary)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Packaging Material Codes Includes lists of material codes in Germany.
|
||||
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders-0.md
Normal file
24
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Seven Natural Wonders"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:03.022217+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Seven Natural Wonders is a television series that was broadcast on BBC Two from 3 May to 20 June 2005. The programme takes an area of England each week and, from votes by the people living in that area, shows the 'seven natural wonders' of that area in a programme.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Episodes and locations ==
|
||||
|
||||
The series covered eight regions of England, having originated as a 'local' television project.
|
||||
There was also a series, looking at a similar selection of 'man-made' wonders for each of eleven regions of England.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Seven Natural Wonders at BBC Online
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Seven Natural Wonders of Africa"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:04.178354+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Seven Natural Wonders of Africa was a competition where the seven were selected by voting on February 11, 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Seven Wonders of Africa ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Wonders of the World (disambiguation)
|
||||
Wonders of the World
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
39
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Canada-0.md
Normal file
39
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Canada-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Seven Wonders of Canada"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Canada"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:06.576406+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Seven Wonders of Canada was a 2007 competition sponsored by CBC Television's The National and CBC Radio One's Sounds Like Canada. They sought to determine Canada's "seven wonders" by receiving nominations from viewers, and then from on-line voting of the short list. After the vote, a panel of judges, Ra McGuire, Roy MacGregor and Roberta L. Jamieson, picked the winners based on geographic and poetic criteria. Their seven picks were revealed on The National on June 7, 2007, making the official Seven Wonders of Canada, the Canoe, the Igloo, Niagara Falls, Old Quebec City, Pier 21 Halifax, Prairie Skies, and the Rockies. CBC anchor Peter Mansbridge commented on the top winner, “it’s hard to imagine Canada being Canada without the canoe. Explorers, missionaries, fur traders and First Nations—they’re all linked by this subtle and simple craft. To many, the quintessential Canadian experience begins by picking up a paddle. That’s why the canoe is one of the seven wonders” (Osler 2014). There were over 25,000 nominations and 1 million votes cast, according to the CBC website. The top audience votes were the Sleeping Giant, Niagara Falls, the Bay of Fundy, Nahanni National Park Reserve, the Northern Lights, the Rockies, and the Cabot Trail. The CBC website has a dedicated section for the Seven Wonders of Canada (https://www.cbc.ca/sevenwonders/index.html).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== CBC's Seven Wonders of Canada ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Top seven in voting ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Full voting results
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Short list ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Wonders of the World (disambiguation)
|
||||
Wonders of the World
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Ra McGuire; Roy MacGregor; Roberta L. Jamieson (2007). "Judges' Choices for The Seven Wonders of Canada". CBC News. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
|
||||
"Top 7 Audience Selections for the Seven Wonders of Canada". CBC News. 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
|
||||
Sanford, Osler (2013). Canoe Crossings: Understanding the Craft that Helped Shape British Columbia. Heritage House Publishing, Victoria, British Columbia.
|
||||
CBC website, Seven Wonders of Canada. https://www.cbc.ca/sevenwonders/index.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Significance of numbers in Judaism"
|
||||
chunk: 1/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_of_numbers_in_Judaism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:21.096993+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Various numbers play a significant role in Jewish texts or practice. Some such numbers were used as mnemonics to help remember concepts, while other numbers were considered to have intrinsic significance or allusive meaning.
|
||||
The song Echad Mi Yodea ("who knows one?"), sung at the Passover Seder, is known for recounting a religious concept or practice associated with each of the first 13 numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
== In Jewish History ==
|
||||
In Jewish historical study, numbers were believed to be a means for understanding the divine. This marriage between the symbolic and the physical found its pinnacle in the creation of the Tabernacle. The numerical dimensions of the temple are a "microcosm of creation ... that God used to create the Olamot-Universes."
|
||||
In the thought system of Maharal, each number has a consistent philosophical meaning:
|
||||
|
||||
unity.
|
||||
dualism and multiplicity.
|
||||
the unity between two extremes.
|
||||
multiplicity in two directions, like the cardinal directions.
|
||||
the center point which unifies those four extremes.
|
||||
multiplicity in three dimensions.
|
||||
the center point which unifies all of nature, as with Shabbat.
|
||||
the supernatural realm which feeds nature, and the striving of man for a connection with the supernatural.
|
||||
the most complete multiplicity, including division between the natural and supernatural.
|
||||
the final unification between natural and supernatural.
|
||||
|
||||
== 1 ==
|
||||
Echad Mi Yodea begins with the line "One is Hashem, in the heavens and the earth - אחד אלוהינו שבשמיים ובארץ." The monotheistic nature of normative Judaism, referenced also as the "oneness of God," is a common theme in Jewish liturgy—such as the central prayer—as well as Rabbinic literature. Maimonides writes in the 13 Principles of Faith that
|
||||
|
||||
God, the Cause of all, is one. This does not mean one as in one of a pair, nor one like a species (which encompasses many individuals), nor one as in an object that is made up of many elements, nor as a single simple object that is infinitely divisible. Rather, God is a unity, unlike any other possible unity.
|
||||
|
||||
== 2 ==
|
||||
Two "defines the concept of evenness," and can represent God's relationship with humanity or the people Israel. It is also linked to the two tablets of the covenant (such as in Echad Mi Yodea) and the two inclinations; the yetzer hara and yetzer hatov.
|
||||
On Shabbat, it's traditional to light two candles; one to represent keeping (שמור) the Sabbath, and the other to represent remembering (זכור) it. There are several common re-interpretations of this custom. The two candles may also represent husband and wife, the second soul received on Shabbat, or the division between light and dark in the creation story.
|
||||
|
||||
== 3 ==
|
||||
Three are the Fathers (Patriarchs) - שלושה אבות (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob)
|
||||
The three sons of Noah (Ham, Shem and Japheth)
|
||||
Number of aliyot on a non-Yom Tov Monday and Thursday Torah reading and number of aliyot in Shabbat Mincha
|
||||
The Holy of Holies occupied one-third of the area of the Temple (and previously, Tabernacle)
|
||||
The angels declared that God was "Holy, holy, holy" for a total of three times
|
||||
The Priestly Blessing contains three sections
|
||||
On the third day the Jewish people received the Torah
|
||||
|
||||
== 4 ==
|
||||
Four are the Mothers (Matriarchs) - ארבע אימהות (Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah)
|
||||
The number of aliyot on Rosh Chodesh
|
||||
At the Passover Seder four cups of wine are drunk, and four expressions of redemption are recited
|
||||
Both the heavens and earth were described as having four sides or corners, similar to the cardinal directions.
|
||||
During the Passover Seder, the youngest child asks the famous Four Questions about the Exodus. Also during the Passover Seder, there are four sons who demand different answers.
|
||||
|
||||
== 5 ==
|
||||
Five are the books of the Torah - חמישה חומשי תורה
|
||||
Of the Ten Commandments, five commandments were written on each of the two tablets as believed by Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel. Although the Sages believe each tablet had all 10 commandments on them
|
||||
The sections of the book of Psalms
|
||||
The number of knots in the tzitzit
|
||||
Number of aliyot on Yom Tov that does not coincide with Shabbat
|
||||
Five species of grain
|
||||
|
||||
== 6 ==
|
||||
Six are the books of the Mishnah - שישה סידרי משנה
|
||||
The six working days of the week
|
||||
The six days of Creation
|
||||
|
||||
== 7 ==
|
||||
Number of days in the weekly cycle including counting of the Sabbath - שיבעה ימי שבתא
|
||||
According to a midrash, "All sevens are beloved": There are seven terms for the heavens and seven terms for the earth; Enoch was the seventh generation from Adam; Moses was the seventh generation from Abraham; David was the seventh son in his family; Asa (who called out to God) was the seventh generation of Israelite kings; the seventh day (Shabbat), month (Tishrei), year (shmita) and shmita (jubilee) all have special religious status.
|
||||
The Seven Laws of Noah
|
||||
The Seven Species of the Land of Israel
|
||||
The counting of the Omer consists of seven weeks, each of seven days
|
||||
Number of blessings in the Sheva Brachot
|
||||
The red heifer passage discusses seven items of purification, each mentioned seven times.
|
||||
A woman in niddah following menstruation must count seven "clean days" prior to immersion in the mikvah
|
||||
Acts of atonement and purification were accompanied by a sevenfold sprinkling
|
||||
The menorah in the Temple had seven lamps
|
||||
The shiva mourning period is seven days
|
||||
Number of days of Sukkot and Pesach (Israel)
|
||||
Number of blessings in the Amidah of Shabbat, Yom Tov, and all Musaf prayers (except Rosh Hashanah)
|
||||
Number of aliyot on Shabbat
|
||||
There were seven of every pure animal in Noah's Ark
|
||||
The number seven is said to symbolize completion, association with God, or the covenant of holiness and sanctification
|
||||
Moses died on the seventh of Adar
|
||||
Jacob bowed to Esau seven times upon meeting him (Genesis, 33:3)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Significance of numbers in Judaism"
|
||||
chunk: 2/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_of_numbers_in_Judaism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:21.096993+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== 8 ==
|
||||
Eight are the days of the circumcision - שמונה ימי מילה
|
||||
Total number of days of Yom Tov in a year in Israel
|
||||
Number of days of Chanukah
|
||||
8 days of sukkos
|
||||
Number of days of Pesach (Diaspora)
|
||||
According to the Zohar, the number eight signifies new beginnings because the eighth day was the first day after creation when God returned to work; the week began again.
|
||||
|
||||
== 9 ==
|
||||
The first nine days of the Hebrew month of Av are collectively known as "The Nine Days" (Tisha HaYamim), and are a period of semi-mourning leading up to Tisha B'Av, the ninth day of Av on which both Temples in Jerusalem were destroyed
|
||||
|
||||
== 10 ==
|
||||
The Ten Commandments - עשרה דיבריא
|
||||
The ten Plagues of Egypt
|
||||
Ten Jewish people form a minyan
|
||||
There are ten Sefirot (human and Godly characteristics) depicted in Kabbalah
|
||||
According to the Mishna, the world was created by ten divine utterances; ten generations passed between Adam and Noah and between Noah and Abraham; Abraham received ten trials from God; the Israelites received ten trials in the desert; there were ten plagues in Egypt; ten miracles occurred in the Temple; ten apparently supernatural phenomena were created during twilight in the sixth day of creation. The number ten in this Mishna indicates a large number (e.g. the Mishna declares that Abraham's willingness to undergo ten trials "indicates his love for God").
|
||||
Yud is the tenth letter in the Hebrew alefbet that links unity (Yeḥudi) with God (Yhwh) and the Jew (Yehudi).
|
||||
|
||||
== 11 ==
|
||||
Eleven are the stars of the Joseph's dream - אחד עשר כוכביא
|
||||
There are eleven spices in the Incense offering
|
||||
|
||||
== 12 ==
|
||||
Twelve are the tribes of Israel - שנים עשר שיבטיא
|
||||
Ritual items frequently came in twelves to represent the role of each tribe. The high priest's breastplate (hoshen) had twelve precious stones embedded within them, representing the 12 tribes. Elijah built his altar with 12 stones to represent the tribes, Moses built 12 pillars at Sinai representing the tribes, and Joshua erected twelve memorial stones at the Jordan River representing the tribes.
|
||||
"All of God's creations are equal in number to the 12 tribes: 12 astrological signs, 12 months, 12 hours of the day, 12 hours of the night, 12 stones that Aaron [the high priest] would wear."
|
||||
The Temple Mount could be accessed through twelve gates
|
||||
Age of Bat Mitzvah, when a Jewish female becomes obligated to follow Jewish law
|
||||
There were twelve loaves of show-bread on the shulchan (table) in the Beit Hamikdash
|
||||
Sons of Jacob
|
||||
Number of springs of water Elim
|
||||
|
||||
== 13 ==
|
||||
Thirteen are the attributes of Hashem - שלושה עשר מידיא
|
||||
Age of Bar Mitzvah, when a Jewish male becomes obligated to follow Jewish law
|
||||
Jewish principles of faith according to Maimonides
|
||||
Hermeneutic rules of Rabbi Ishmael
|
||||
Number of days of Yom Tov in a year (Diaspora)
|
||||
Months in a leap year on the Hebrew calendar
|
||||
|
||||
== 14 ==
|
||||
The number of books in the Mishnah Torah, also entitled Yad Hahazaka in which the word Yad has gematria 14
|
||||
|
||||
== 15 ==
|
||||
The number of steps in the Passover Seder
|
||||
One of two numbers that is written differently from the conventions of writing numbers in Hebrew in order to avoid writing the name of God. The other is 16.
|
||||
The number of words in the Priestly Blessing
|
||||
The date of many Jewish Holidays, including: Pesach, Sukkot, Tu B'Shevat, and Tu B'Av
|
||||
The number of chapters in Psalms that begin with the words Shir Hama'alos
|
||||
|
||||
== 16 ==
|
||||
One of two numbers that is written differently from the conventions of writing numbers in Hebrew in order to avoid writing the name of God. The other is 15.
|
||||
|
||||
== 18 ==
|
||||
Gematria of "chai", the Hebrew word for life. Multiples of this number are considered good luck and are often used in gift giving.
|
||||
The Amidah is also known as "Shemoneh Esreh" ("Eighteen"), due to originally having 18 blessings, though a 19th blessing was later added
|
||||
|
||||
== 19 ==
|
||||
The number of years in a cycle of the Hebrew calendar, after which the date on the lunar calendar matches the date on the solar calendar
|
||||
Blessings in the weekday Amidah
|
||||
|
||||
== 20 ==
|
||||
Minimum age to join the Israelite army
|
||||
In halakhah, the death penalty was only carried out if the offender was at least 20 years old
|
||||
|
||||
== 22 ==
|
||||
The number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet
|
||||
The number of the almond blossoms on the menorah
|
||||
|
||||
== 24 ==
|
||||
Total number of books in the Tanakh
|
||||
Twenty-four priestly gifts
|
||||
24 priestly divisions
|
||||
24 questions that Reish Lakish would ask Rabbi Yochanan
|
||||
24 blessings recited in the Amidah on fast days
|
||||
24,000 people that died in the plague that Pinchas stopped
|
||||
24,000 students of Rabbi Akiva that died
|
||||
|
||||
== 26 ==
|
||||
Gematria of the Tetragrammaton
|
||||
|
||||
== 28 ==
|
||||
The number of Hebrew letters in Genesis 1:1
|
||||
|
||||
== 30 ==
|
||||
The number of days in some months of the Hebrew calendar
|
||||
|
||||
== 33 ==
|
||||
The 33rd day of the Omer, on which Lag BaOmer falls
|
||||
|
||||
== 36 ==
|
||||
The world is said to be sustained by the merit of 36 hidden righteous individuals. And it is the double of 18 - See above
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Significance of numbers in Judaism"
|
||||
chunk: 3/3
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_of_numbers_in_Judaism"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:21.096993+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== 40 ==
|
||||
Moses stayed on mount Sinai for 40 days after the giving of Torah. After the golden calf, he spend there another 40 days (and nights)
|
||||
The number of days the spies were in the land of Canaan
|
||||
Years in the desert—a generation
|
||||
Just as Mozes, the reign of king David and Solomon was also 40 years
|
||||
Days and nights of rain during the flood that occurred at the time of Noah
|
||||
Isaac's age at marriage to Rebecca
|
||||
Esau's age at marriage to his first two wives
|
||||
Number of days Jonah prophesies will pass before Nineveh is destroyed. (They repent)
|
||||
A mikveh must contain at least 40 se'ah (volume measurement) of water
|
||||
Number of years of the reign of David, Solomon, and the most righteous judges in the book of Judges
|
||||
Number of lashes for one who transgresses a commandment
|
||||
Number of days which the Torah was given
|
||||
Number of weeks a person is formed in their mother's womb
|
||||
Number of curses on Adam
|
||||
Minimum age at which a man could join the Sanhedrin
|
||||
|
||||
== 42 ==
|
||||
Letters in one of God's Divine Names
|
||||
42 cities that refugees (See Cities of Refuge) can go to when they kill accidentally
|
||||
There were 42 journeys of the sons of Israel through the desert
|
||||
42 Juveniles mauled by 2 she bears at Bethel after identifying prophet Elisha as 'Baldy' (head uncovered)
|
||||
|
||||
== 50 ==
|
||||
The 50th year of the sabbatical cycle was the Jubilee year
|
||||
|
||||
== 54 ==
|
||||
The Torah is divided into 54 weekly Torah portions
|
||||
|
||||
== 60 ==
|
||||
Considered the beginning of old age (Rashi, Leviticus 27:7)
|
||||
|
||||
== 70 ==
|
||||
The 70 nations of the world (Generations of Noah)
|
||||
Members of the Sanhedrin
|
||||
Lifespan of King David
|
||||
Years between the destruction of the first and construction of the Second Temple
|
||||
Number of date-palms at Elim
|
||||
Number of members of Jacob's family who descended to Egypt
|
||||
Number of the Jewish elders led by Moshe
|
||||
|
||||
== 86 ==
|
||||
The gematria of Elohim (אלהים)
|
||||
|
||||
== 130 ==
|
||||
The age of Jochebed when she gave birth to Moses.
|
||||
The 130 shekels of silver was offered during the dedication of the altar.
|
||||
|
||||
== 137 ==
|
||||
The number of years Ishmael, Levi and Amram (the father of Mozes) lived.
|
||||
See Gen. 25:17, Ex. 6:16 and 6:20.
|
||||
|
||||
It is the gematria of the word קבלה / Kabbalah.
|
||||
[See also the book: "137: Jung, Pauli, and the Pursuit of a Scientific Obsession".]
|
||||
|
||||
== 176 ==
|
||||
The amount of verses in Psalm 119, the longest Psalm in the entire Tanakh.
|
||||
The amount of verses found in Parashat Naso, the longest of the weekly Torah portions.
|
||||
The number of pages in the Gemara of Bava Batra, the most of any tractate in the Babylonian Talmud.
|
||||
|
||||
== 248 ==
|
||||
Number of positive commandments
|
||||
Number of limbs (איברים) in man's body
|
||||
Number of words in the three paragraphs of the Shema (שמע)
|
||||
|
||||
== 314 ==
|
||||
The gematria of Shaddai, one of God's names
|
||||
|
||||
== 318 ==
|
||||
Number of men Abraham took to battle against the 4 kings (Genesis 14:14); also gematria of Eliezer (Abraham's servant)
|
||||
|
||||
== 365 ==
|
||||
Length of the solar calendar (which has significance in Judaism)
|
||||
Number of prohibitive commandments
|
||||
Number of arteries in the body
|
||||
|
||||
== 374 ==
|
||||
Total number of years the First Temple stood
|
||||
|
||||
== 400 ==
|
||||
The amount of shekalim Abraham paid Ephron (Bereishit 23:15)
|
||||
The amount of men with Esav
|
||||
Years in Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
== 613 ==
|
||||
The 613 commandments, the number of mitzvot in the Torah
|
||||
|
||||
== 620 ==
|
||||
The total number of mitzvot, including those of Torah and Rabbinic origin.
|
||||
|
||||
== 600,000 ==
|
||||
The number of Jewish men of military age that were present at mount Sinai when the giving of the Torah happened.
|
||||
The number of Jewish men needed for the blessing of "Chacham HaRazim".
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Bible code, a purported set of secret messages encoded within the Torah.
|
||||
Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
|
||||
Chronology of the Bible
|
||||
Gematria
|
||||
Hebrew calendar
|
||||
Hebrew numerals
|
||||
Jewish symbolism
|
||||
Notarikon, a method of deriving a word by using each of its initial letters.
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Kaplan, Rabbi Aryeh (1990). Sutton, Abraham (ed.). Inner Space. Brooklyn, NY: Moznaim. p. 254. ISBN 0-940118-56-4. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
|
||||
Ganz, Yaffa (1981). Who Knows One?: A Book of Jewish Numbers. Nanuet, NY: Feldheim Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 0-87306-285-X. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
|
||||
Samuel, Gabriella (2007). The Kabbalah Handbook: A Concise Encyclopedia of Terms and Concepts in Jewish Mysticism. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-58542-560-0. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
|
||||
Dosick, Wayne (1995). Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition, and Practice. New York: HarperCollins. p. 155. ISBN 0-06-062179-6. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
|
||||
Kaplan, Aryeh (1997). Sefer Yetzirah. New York: Weiser Books. p. 424. ISBN 0-87728-855-0. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
|
||||
Coleman, Wade (2008). Sepher Sapphires, A Treatise On Gematria The Magical Language. Fraternity of the Hidden Light. ISBN 978-0981897707.
|
||||
Rashi, The Sapirstein edition (1999). Book of Shemos, Parashas Mishpatim. p.307. ISBN 978-1-57819-326-4.
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_divisors"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:13:57.922976+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:15.893082+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_prime_factors"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:16:21.457299+00:00"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:19:23.562059+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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