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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action-0.md

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+---
+title: "314 Action"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:01.261121+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+314 Action is a progressive political action committee (PAC) that seeks to elect science, technology, engineering, and mathematics-educated Democrats to higher office in the United States.
+The group gets its name from the first three digits of the mathematical constant pi (π).
+
+
+== History ==
+The organization was founded in 2016 by researcher Shaughnessy Naughton. Naughton is a business owner and a chemist who unsuccessfully ran for Congress as a Democrat in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district in 2014 and 2016. She founded the group due to her worry about the election of Donald Trump and Trump's refusal to name any climate change experts to his cabinet, claiming that Trump is "anti-science".
+314 Action has stated that the organization was inspired by EMILY's List, a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women to public office. The express goal is to increase the number of STEM-educated Democrats elected to public office. They have stated that they will only support Democrats, and will refuse to work with or contribute to any Republican candidate. Citing the Democratic Party's support of green politics, Naughton stated, "We felt we had to pick a team" arguing that science cannot remain above politics because "politics is not above bringing itself into science". As of 2024, they have exclusively supported Democratic candidates and organizations supporting them.
+In 2025, 314 Action announced plans to elect 100 new physicians to office by 2030. The campaign, "Guardians of Public Health" is co-chaired by Hawaii Governor Dr. Josh Green and Representative Lauren Underwood (IL-14).
+
+
+=== 2020 election ===
+
+In 2020, 314 Action endorsed 19 candidates for the U.S. House and U.S. Senate.
+In 2020, 314 Action stated their goal was to "shame" Republicans and their donors who did not take the COVID-19 pandemic seriously, particularly Ron DeSantis, Mike DeWine, and Greg Abbott. Resistance to mask mandates, social distancing, lockdowns, and mandatory vaccinations were cited.
+
+
+=== 2024 election ===
+314 Action spent $1.2 million on ads backing Maxine Dexter in her bid to succeed Earl Blumenauer, who retired from his seat representing Oregon's 3rd congressional district. The Intercept reported that these funds were provided by the pro-Israel lobbying group AIPAC, which opposed one of Dexter's opponents, Susheela Jayapal.
+More than a third of its $1.4 million in receipts reported in April 2024 came from a single donation from Michael Bloomberg. Both of Dexter's main primary opponents, Susheela Jayapal and Eddy Morales, alleged that 314 Action was acting as a front for Republican and pro-Israel interests attempting to conceal their involvement in the election. Bloomberg and Granieri are both strongly supportive of Israel and 314 Action's top three donors in April collectively contributed two-thirds of the group's funds. AIPAC's involvement was confirmed on June 20, with $1.3 million disbursed by UDP to the anti-Susheela Jayapal PAC Voters for Responsive Government, $1 million to 314 Action, and $100,000 to EDW Action Fund.
+In 2024, 314 Action supported seven STEM candidates who were newly elected to Congress, including Rep. John Mannion (NY-22), Rep. Janelle Bynum (OR-05), Rep. George Whitesides (CA-27), Rep. Maxine Dexter (OR-03), Rep. Herb Conaway (NJ-03), Rep. Luz Rivas (CA-29), and Rep. Kelly Morrison (MN-03).
+
+
+=== 2026 election ===
+314 Action endorsed Amy Acton in the 2026 Ohio gubernatorial race and Nirav D. Shah in the 2026 Maine gubernatorial race. They endorsed Annie Andrews in the 2026 United States Senate election in South Carolina.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Sources ==
+Astor, Maggie (January 13, 2019). "An Ocean Engineer and a Nuclear Physicist Walk Into Congress ..." New York Times.
+Goldberg, Emma (May 9, 2020). "Nightly Applause Is Nice, but Some Doctors Think Votes Would Be Nicer". New York Times.
+Harmon, Amy; Fountain, Henry (February 6, 2017). "In Age of Trump, Scientists Show Signs of a Political Pulse". New York Times.
+Koebler, Jason (January 10, 2017). "As a Response to Trump, This Group Is Drafting Scientists to Run for Office". Motherboard. Vice. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
+Marks, Joseph (May 20, 2019). "The Cybersecurity 202: These political candidates are running on their cybersecurity expertise". The Washington Post.
+Mukherjee, Sy (January 25, 2017). "Scientists Gear Up to Run for Office In a World of 'Alternate Facts". Fortune. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
+Yong, Ed (February 28, 2018). "Here's How The Scientists Running for Office Are Doing". The Atlantic.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists-0.md

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+---
+title: "500 Queer Scientists"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:02.494762+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+500 Queer Scientists is a visibility campaign for LGBTQ+ people working in the sciences. Queer scientists submit short descriptions of their lives to the organization; these are manually checked and proof-read before being posted to the group's website. In collating submissions, the organization intends to show queer people currently working in science that there are others like them, to provide role models for future generations of researchers, and to create a database that can be used when planning events to ensure representation.
+
+
+== History ==
+The group was founded in San Francisco on 4 June 2018, by Lauren Esposito, an arachnology professor at the California Academy of Sciences and Sean Vidal Edgerton, a science illustrator and evolutionary virologist at the academy. In the press release announcing its foundation, the organization referenced, as part of its motivation, a 2016 paper in the Journal of Homosexuality that found that, in 2013, more than 40% of respondents to a survey who identified as LGBTQ+ had not revealed that they were to their colleagues.  The campaign was inspired by the group 500 Women Scientists; the two groups are separate, but consider themselves to be "informally partnered".  At launch, the site contained 50 scientists' stories; within a week this had reached 250, and by 26 June there were 550.  The first stories were all written in English.
+In June 2019, they held an event with publisher Elsevier to mark World Pride.  The site had over 900 profiles by July 2019; in that month, the group was involved in organizing the second LGBTSTEM Day.
+
+
+== Recognition ==
+For founding 500 Queer Scientists, the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals awarded the 2019 Walt Westman Award to Lauren Esposito.
+
+
+== Notable people included ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+LGBT people in science
+500 Women Scientists
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+500 Queer Scientists

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists-0.md

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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:03.791480+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International-0.md

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+---
+title: "AOAC International"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:14.633210+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+AOAC International is a 501(c) non-profit scientific association with headquarters in Rockville, Maryland. It was founded in 1884 as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) and became AOAC International in 1991. It publishes standardized, chemical analysis methods designed to increase confidence in the results of chemical and microbiological analyses. Government agencies and civil organizations often require that laboratories use official AOAC methods. AOAC is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, and has approximately 3,000 members based in over 90 countries.
+
+
+== History ==
+AOAC International, informally AOAC, was founded September 8, 1884, as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), to establish uniform chemical analysis methods for analyzing fertilizers. In 1927, it was moved to the newly formed Food, Drug and Insecticide organization which become the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930.
+From its initial scope of analyzing fertilizer, the organization expanded the contents of its methods book to cover dairy products, pesticides, microbiological contamination and animal feeds, among others. In 1965, due to its increasing area of focus for analytical work, the name was changed to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The name was changed again to the Association of Analytical Communities to reflect the growing international involvement, and then in 1991 it became AOAC INTERNATIONAL, with AOAC no longer having any legal meaning. Control of the organization remained with the FDA until 1979 when it became completely independent, although it still has close links to both the FDA and the USDA.
+Full membership was limited to government analytical chemists until 1987 when membership was extended to industrial scientists. As well as government agencies, members, volunteers, and partners now also include people from academia, other international organizations, private laboratories, contract research organizations, instrument manufacturers, and rapid assay developers.
+
+
+== Activities ==
+AOAC International's technical contributions center on the creation, validation, and global publication of reliable analytical test methods. Their areas of focus include, but are not limited to, safety of foods, beverages, dietary supplements, fertilizers, animal feeds, soil and water, and veterinary drugs. The aim of the test methods is to evaluate the purity of materials used in the production of foodstuffs, and their ingredients. The development of these analytical methods in achieved as part of a range of programs operated by AOAC.
+
+
+== Core Programs ==
+
+
+=== Official Methods of Analysis ===
+The Official Methods of Analysis (OMA) program is AOAC's premier program for developing food testing analytical science methods that are recognized and legally defensible worldwide.
+
+
+=== AOAC Research Institute ===
+AOAC Research Institute (AOAC RI) Performance Tested Methods program develops, improves, and validates proprietary kit-based food safety testing methods.
+
+
+=== Proficiency Testing Program ===
+Proficiency Testing (PT) program helps labs compete in the global marketplace by demonstrating that through participation they meet the highest international standards for accuracy, reliability, and compliance.
+
+
+== Science and Professional Support Programs ==
+
+
+=== Cannabis Analytical Science Program ===
+Cannabis Analytical Science Program (CASP) is a forum where the science of hemp and cannabis analysis can be discussed and cannabis standards and methods developed.
+
+
+=== Analytical Solutions Forum ===
+Analytical Solutions Forum (ASF) brings global stakeholders together to identify emerging needs and technologies in scientific analysis of food and related products.
+
+
+=== Botanical Ingredients and Dietary Supplement Integrity Program ===
+AOAC’s Botanical Ingredient and Dietary Supplement Integrity (BIDSI) Program focuses on coordinating all future consensus-driven need for development, validation, and implementation of methods for the analysis of a wide range of botanical ingredients and dietary supplements.
+
+
+=== Stakeholder Program on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals ===
+Stakeholder Program on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals program (SPIFAN) develops consensus-based standards and methods to make infant formula and adult nutritionals safer for babies and adults to consume.
+
+
+=== Stakeholder Program on Agent Detection Assays ===
+Stakeholder Program on Agent Detection Assays (SPADA) brings together expert stakeholders from the biothreat community to foster a comprehensive and uniform approach to scientific analysis and detection of biothreat agents.
+
+
+=== AOAC INTERNATIONAL Microbiological Standards ===
+AOAC INTERNATIONAL Microbiological Standards (AIMS) program focuses on capability gaps in laboratory testing, emerging microbial threats to food safety, and developing standards for using cutting-edge technologies.
+
+
+=== Gluten & Food Allergens ===
+Gluten & Food Allergens (GFA) program focuses on coordinating all future consensus-driven need for development, validation, and implementation of methods for the analysis of a wide range of food-associated allergens and gluten.
+
+
+=== Training & Education ===
+Training & Education program offers scientific, regulatory, and professional development training courses in person at the Annual Meeting and Midyear Meeting and as online courses and webinars.
+
+
+== Meetings ==
+AOAC International holds an Annual Meeting & Conference, typically held in August or September of each year, which is moved around the United States and held in major cities. 
+
+
+== Sections ==
+AOAC International has 15 active sections; five in North America, and ten in the rest of the world, China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Thailand, Europe (excluding Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg), the Lowlands, Middle East and Africa, and Central and South America.
+
+
+== Publications ==
+AOAC has published the peer-reviewed Journal of AOAC International bimonthly since 1915. They also publish the Official Methods of Analysis (OMA) in hard copy and through the online database. The magazine Inside Laboratory Management is published online bimonthly for members.
+
+
+== Awards ==
+At its annual meeting, AOAC presents a range of awards for scientific excellence in standards development and for exceptional service to the association (including fellow). The association's highest honors include:
+
+The Harvey W. Wiley Award
+The William Horwitz Award
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences-0.md

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+---
+title: "Academy of Social Sciences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:33.366892+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Academy of Social Sciences (AcSS) is a representative body for social sciences in the United Kingdom. The academy promotes social science through its sponsorship of the Campaign for Social Science, its links with Government on a variety of matters, and its own policy work in issuing public comment, responding to official consultations, and organising meetings and events about social science. It confers the title of Fellow upon nominated social scientists following a process of peer review. The academy comprises over 1000 fellows and 41 learned societies based in the UK and Europe.
+
+
+== History and structure ==
+The academy's origins lie in the formation of a representative body for the social science learned societies in 1982, the Association of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences (ALSISS). From 1999 to 2007 it was called the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences before changing to its current name. The academy is run by a council of 21 members, with Professor Roger Goodman FAcSS as its current chair, and Professor Sir Ivor Crewe FAcSS, Master of University College, Oxford, as its current president. Seven council members are elected by the academy's fellows, 7 by its learned societies and seven are appointed. Since 2019, its chief executive has been Rita Gardner FAcSS.
+
+
+=== List of presidents ===
+
+2003–2008: Bhikhu Parekh, Baron Parekh
+2008–2013: Sir Howard Newby
+2014–2019: Sir Ivor Crewe
+2020–present: Roger Goodman
+
+
+== Advocacy ==
+The academy advocates social science by interacting with Government and other organisations, and co-ordinates the responses of social scientists to Government consultation documents. Past consultations include:
+
+Independent Review of Implementation of RCUK Policy on Open Access.
+Public Administration Select Committee Enquiry on 'Building Civil service Skills for the Future'
+The Office for National Statistics consultation on the future of the Census 
+The academy also puts forward suggestions to the Government about which social scientists should carry out its Foresight research projects, which look at important issues and how these might change over the next 20 to 80 years.
+A developing part of the academy's work is to bring researchers and organisations using research closer together to improve the evidence upon which public policy is based and to increase the impact of research.
+
+
+== Publications and events ==
+The academy has produced a series of "Making the Case for the Social Sciences" booklets which give examples of important social science research which has made a difference to policy or practice. These are: Wellbeing; Ageing; Sustainability; the Environment and Climate Change; Crime; Sport and Leisure; Management; Scotland; Longitudinal Studies, Mental Wellbeing, Wales and Dementia. Further titles are in preparation. The academy also publishes a cross-disciplinary peer-reviewed journal, Contemporary Social Science. The academy holds regular events, such as conferences on the ethics of social media research and the future of the Research Excellence Framework. It holds an annual lecture each summer, and its President's Lunch each winter. It also arranges (with the British Library) a public lecture series Enduring Ideas.
+
+
+== Fellows ==
+
+Part of the academy's work is to recognise social scientists who are held in esteem by their peer group and whose life and work have had an impact in advancing social science. They are nominated and the nominations are then subject to peer review. Fellows are academics, policy-makers and practitioners, and are entitled to use the letters "FAcSS" after their name. In November 2014 there were 1000 Fellows, just over 1% of the 90,000 total membership of the 41 learned society members of the academy.
+Fellows were previously known as academicians and used the post-nominal letter "AcSS". This was changed in July 2014 to bring the academy in line with other British learned societies.
+
+
+== Campaign for Social Science ==
+The Academy launched the Campaign for Social Science in January 2011 to advocate social science to Government and the general public. The Campaign is self-funded. It has campaigned for the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Scientific Adviser, promotes social science in the media and on the web, and organises roadshows around the country to emphasise the value and importance of social science.
+
+
+== Member societies ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+Campaign for Social Science
+Social Sciences, Humanities and the Arts for People and the Economy (SHAPE)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Sources ==
+Blunkett, David (4 February 2000). "Influence or irrelevance?". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
+Richards, Huw (24 December 1999). "Beyond the Tweed: where social scientists can raise their voices". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
+MacLeod, Donald (January 29, 2003). "Russell group applauds higher white paper". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
+The SAGE Encyclopedia of Higher Education (SAGE Publications, 2020)
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Campaign for Social Science Homepage
+Catalogue of the ALSISS archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines-0.md

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+---
+title: "Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:09.502495+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines (ASCAD), created on 1 September 2003 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, is an African cultural institution whose objective is to contribute to the development and influence of science, arts, African culture and that of the African diaspora. It is also aimed at economic growth and social progress. Its members include scientists, philosophers, writers, artists and inventors.
+The ASCAD has assumed the membership of the Fédération des Associations Scientfiiques de Côte d'Ivoire, a predecessor body Associate of International Council for Science (ICSU) since 1992.
+
+
+== Organisation ==
+The ASCAD is divided into several fields, each with a secretary: exact sciences, natural science, social science, legal science and art. It is, administratively, attached to the Ivorian Presidency.
+
+
+== Research Prize and scholarships ==
+Since 2011, ASCAD has been running a contest each year, with the winner receiving the "ASCAD Award of Excellence for Research" with a cash prize.
+In 2013, the first edition of the ASCAD Research Scholarships was launched. These scholarships are intended for those of scientific, cultural or artistic activities on national strategic interest.
+
+
+== Successive presidents ==
+Harris Memel-Fotê, from August 19, 2004 to May 11, 2008;
+Barthélémy Kotchy, former Vice President, President from December 11, 2008 to June 2015;
+Aïdara Daouda, from June 2015 to June 2018;
+Antoine Hauhouot Asseypo, since June 2018.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology-0.md

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+---
+title: "African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:12.127799+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (ASBCB) is a non-profit professional association dedicated to the advancement of bioinformatics and computational biology in Africa.
+
+
+== Origins ==
+ASBCB was established in February 2004 at a meeting in Cape Town, South Africa.
+
+
+== Activities ==
+The Society serves as an international forum and resource devoted to developing competence and expertise in bioinformatics and computational biology in Africa. It complements its activities with those of other international and national societies, associations and institutions, public and private, that have similar aims. It also promotes the standing of African bioinformatics and computational biology in the global arena through liaison and cooperation with other international bodies.
+
+
+=== Affiliation ===
+It is an affiliated regional group of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB).
+
+
+=== Supporting national activities ===
+The ASBCB supports the development of bioiniformatics and computational biology at a national level across Africa, including in Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
+
+
+=== International projects ===
+Many of the most important applications of bioininformatics  and computational biology in Africa relate to human genetic diversity, which does not match national boundaries. The ASBCB supports international projects with this focus, such as the H3ABioNet network. Although the H3BioNet project has finished it was successful in supporting the improvement of bioinformatics in Africa and continues to supply services to the African bioinformatics and computational biology community, including DSI-Africa (Data Science for Health Discovery and Innovation in Africa) which focuses on the data science techniques needed to manage the huge amount of data generated by current bioinformatics. H3ABioNet has also supported Introduction to Bionformatics Training(IBT) courses delivered remotely across Africa.
+In collaboration with the US National Center for Biotechnology Information and the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) the ASBCB has organised online activities to improve the skills of African scientists using the computational tools essential for bioinformatics These activities are part of those needed to increase proficiency in bioinformatics among African students. In conjunction with other panAfrican initiatives such as the African BioGenome Project the ASBCB supports initiatives needed to increase bioinformatics resources in Africa.
+
+
+=== Communities ===
+The ASBCB has extablished six Communities of Special Interest (COSIs) which reflect the different specialisations of members of the organisation, as well as emphasizing topics particularly relevant to Africa. These are:
+
+
+=== Conferences ===
+Since 2007 it has been hosting the ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics at different locations in Africa to bring together scientists working in bioinformatics from different African nations together with other international researchers in the field.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Bioinformatics is an extremely diverse and active field. See Bioinformatics below to read about its many directions.
+Because the application of bionformatics in Africa is very much related to regional human genetic diversity on that continent see also Human genetics below to learn more.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen-0.md

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+---
+title: "Agerskovgruppen"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:48.610652+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Agerskovgruppen (lit. 'The Agerskov Group') is an activist association of farmers in Denmark. It was formed in January 2011 by two Southern Jutland farmers, Jens Peter Aggesen and Thorkild Fink, who were dissatisfied with the regulation of agriculture resulting from water area plans and with Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Government's Green Growth Plan. The association takes its name from the village of Agerskov in Southern Jutland, and the historic Agerskov Inn is the association's base, where it holds some of its meetings.
+Agerskovgruppen has organized several tractor demonstrations over time and has threatened to block Copenhagen with tractors if the Parliament passes a CO2 tax on agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases.
+
+
+== Organization and Membership ==
+Agerskovgruppen was originally an informal network but was transformed into a formal association in 2020 when the group sued the state over a case concerning after-crop requirements. Except for a brief period in 2017, Jens Peter Aggesen has been the chairman throughout the years.
+As of 2024, the group has about 200 members. It has organized so-called storm meetings in Agerskov with between 250 and 800 participating farmers. In total, there are about 7,500 farmers in Denmark.
+
+
+== Activism ==
+The association is considered a more radical and activist agricultural organization compared to the dominant organization Landbrug & Fødevarer and Landsforeningen for Bæredygtigt Landbrug, which are themselves usually seen as a critical opposition to Landbrug & Fødevarer. Agerskovgruppen has therefore organized several tractor demonstrations, both in the local area and in Copenhagen.
+Some of Agerskovgruppen's members also pay membership fees to Bæredygtigt Landbrug. Agerskovgruppen's chairman Jens Peter Aggesen was previously a member of Bæredygtigt Landbrug but left in 2024 when BL introduced an ethical code for the association's meetings after Agerskovgruppen's vice-chairman Holger Iversen, at a meeting with economics professor Michael Svarer, chairman of the Svarer Committee on a green tax reform, had suggested that in earlier times someone like the professor would have been hanged.
+Agerskovgruppen does not trust calculations from biologists and climate experts about proposals to reduce agricultural emissions of nitrogen through fields to the sea and the effects of CO2 taxes. In 2024, the group threatened to move against Christiansborg and block Copenhagen with tractors if Parliament introduced a CO2 tax on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. 
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA-0.md

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+---
+title: "Agri SA"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:49.818006+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Agri SA (Agri South Africa) is the biggest agricultural organisations in South Africa established in 1904 and consists of provincial affiliates, commodity organisations and corporate members.
+
+
+== References ==

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+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:06.191454+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md

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+---
+title: "American Association for the Promotion of Social Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:34.580885+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865) was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, by several high-profile academics. Officers in the first years of the society included William B. Rogers, Thomas Hill, George S. Boutwell, Francis Lieber, Erastus O. Haven, Mary Eliot Parkman, David A. Wells, Emory Washburn, Caroline Healey Dall, Samuel Eliot, F. B. Sanborn, Joseph White, George Walker, Theodore W. Dwight, and James J. Higginson.
+In 1865, the group intended "to aid the development of social science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of promoting the amendment of laws, the advancement of education, the prevention and repression of crime, the reformation of criminals, and the progress of public morality, the adoption of sanitary regulations, and the diffusion of sound principles on questions of economy, trade, and finance. It will give attention to pauperism, and the topics related thereto; including the responsibility of the well-endowed and successful, the wise and educated, the honest and respectable, for the failures of others. It will aim to bring together the various societies and individuals now interested in these objects, for the purpose of obtaining by discussion the real elements of truth; by which doubts are removed, conflicting opinions harmonized, and a common ground afforded for treating wisely the great social problems of the day."
+The society divided itself into departments of inquiry (education; health; jurisprudence; economy, trade and finance) and laid out research questions to guide collection of the most pertinent "data required." The questions proposed for research reflected key issues of the time in American society: national debt and a national currency; taxation and revenue; labor and capital; hasty and excessive legislation; crime and punishment; the province of law in regard to education, public  health, and social morals; education of neglected and vicious children; relative value of classical and scientific instruction in schools and colleges; fine arts in education and industry; half-time system of instruction; quarantine considered in its relation to cholera; the tenement house; inspection of food and drugs; pork as an article of food; sewerage of great cities; and management of hospitals and insane asylums."
+Meetings took place in Boston at the State House (Oct. 1865) and the Lowell Institute (Dec. 1865); and in New York at the YMCA on 5th Ave. (Nov. 1867). In 1866, the group joined with the "Boston Social Science Association" to form a joint committee called the "American Social Science Association" (ASSA); the committee met in Boston's city hall to discuss school reform and other matters.  "The first annual meeting of the ASSA ... was ... held [in] 1868."
+
+
+== See also ==
+American Social Science Association
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Constitution, address, and list of members of the American Association for the Promotion of Social Science, with the questions proposed for discussion: to which are added minutes of the transactions of the association. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1866. Google books.
+Social Science Association: Fifth general meeting; the labor question; lodging-houses for working women. New York Times, Nov. 20, 1867
+Playing at philosophy. New York Times, Nov. 24, 1867
+F.B. Sanborn. History of the American Social Science Association in a Letter to Its Present Secretary, I.F. Russell, New York. Journal of Social Science. 1909. Google books

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "American Educational Research Association"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The American Educational Research Association (AERA, , AIR-ə) is an organization representing education researchers in the United States. 
+Founded in 1915, the organization represents a range of disciplines, including education, psychology, statistics, sociology, history, economics, philosophy, anthropology, and political science. 
+AERA reports a membership of approximately 25,000 education researchers including scientists, teachers, students, administrators, and policy professionals.
+According to the organization, its goal is to advance knowledge about education and promote the use of research in educational practices both nationally and abroad.
+
+== Early history ==
+
+AERA (originally known as National Association of Directors of Educational Research) was founded in New York in 1915. It was originally formed by eight individuals as an interest group within the NEA Department of Superintendence.  During its early years, the organization mainly focused on testing students' educational achievement. Membership grew as more faculty members from colleges of education nationwide joined and diversified the organization's research. In 1931, AERA became a department of the National Education Association. The association's eight founders – Burdette R. Buckingham, Albert Shiels, Leonard P. Ayres, Frank W. Ballou, Stuart A. Courtis, Edwin Hebden, George Melcher, and Joseph P. O'Hern – were all directors of education research in various parts of the United States. They met at the 1915 NEA Department of Superintendence annual meeting and came up with the idea of starting an organization to advance educational research. Their constitution was approved the following year.
+Early topics of interest for the AERA included research bureau operations, measurement techniques, and particular school situations. Active membership in the early association was reserved for research bureau directors and their assistants. The association's early years revolved around the annual convention, but it also published an internal quarterly newsletter, the Educational Research Bulletin.
+By the end of World War I in 1918, the association had 36 active members and four honorary members. Its influence on public policy grew, visible in the school districts that started to change student coursework and education practices as a result of standardized tests. Mental testing developments, primarily psychometrics as a result of the First World War, new sub-fields of education, and the growth of education research at the post-secondary level challenged the association to widen its mission. The association opened its membership to include anyone who could demonstrate their competence as a researcher, indicated by their published or unpublished work. In 1922, members voted to adopt the name Educational Research Association of America to represent their goal of increasing membership of American education researchers. According to the AERA, over the years that followed, membership saw a dramatic increase, particularly among university personnel which grew from 48% to 69% between the years 1923 and 1927.
+The association's original publication, the Journal of Educational Research, began in 1919.
+The ability of education research to guide education practitioners was a struggle throughout the association's beginnings, with only ambiguous known relationships between testing and learning outcomes. The association recognized the need to establish theoretical foundations for the field of education research. 
+In 1928, the association had changed its name to its current one as the American Educational Research Association.
+During the Great Depression, the association's public school affiliates struggled with tight budgets and uncertain employment, but at the same time, university education researchers dominated the field and emerged as a unique social entity. AERA officials grew their relationships with like-minded associations, and a new journal, the Review of Educational Research, began as a reference work, summarizing recent studies since 1931. While early topics in Review of Educational Research focused primarily on education psychology and administration, the publication broadened its coverage in the mid-1930s in response to diversification in the field.
+The role of education research in the progressive education movement was a source of contention between education researchers, some of whom felt that it should play an active role in policy issues, and others who felt that it should be used primarily for professional discourse. As the field continued to advance, much of the knowledge did not translate into practice, an issue that is still widely debated today. These divisions in the field made it difficult for education researchers to speak with one voice. Just prior to World War II, Review of Educational Research made the case that because science could not speak to goals and choices, education research should contribute as one important source of the many shaping American education.
+
+== Publications ==
+AERA publishes books and reports, along with sponsoring seven peer-reviewed journals:
+
+AERA Open
+American Educational Research Journal
+Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
+Educational Researcher
+Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (published jointly with the American Statistical Association)
+Review of Educational Research
+Review of Research in Education
+
+== Events ==
+AERA's Annual Meeting, held every spring, is one of the largest gathering of scholars in the education research field with approximately 14,000 participants. The five-day conference includes presentations of research studies across education disciplines at all levels. The average number of attendees from 2007 to 2017 was 14,967 attendees.
+AERA also hosts the annual Brown Lecture in Education Research which highlights the role of research in advancing equality in education. The first Brown Lecture was held in 2004 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

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+---
+title: "American Educational Research Association"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Education research and policy ==
+AERA participates in the open access movement. AERA currently offers Educational Researcher (journal) open access, as well as an Online Paper Repository and i-Presentation Gallery containing presentations from the 2010 Annual Meeting forward. An open access, peer-reviewed journal, AERA Open, launched in 2014.
+On the policy front, AERA is involved in revisions to the common rule. Executive Director Felice J. Levine served on the National Research Council committee charged with reviewing proposed regulations. The committee published its report in early 2014.
+AERA had helped to lead the social science research community to increase federal funding for education research, particularly research in the social and behavioral sciences.
+AERA selects and appoints scholars as AERA Fellows in a process based on peer nominations. This is an effort to convene researchers who are recognized for their contributions and contribute to the advancement of educational research. 
+In addition, AERA was active in the reauthorization of the Institute of Education Sciences bill, Strengthening Education through Research Act, which was advanced by the United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce in April 2014.
+
+== Education research initiatives ==
+AERA is involved in several education research initiatives, ranging from specific advocacy topics to supporting projects that serve the larger community. AERA supports the Education Research Conferences Program, which awards grants for conferences on selected research topics. AERA's Education Research Service Projects is designed to encourage researchers to offer their expertise to organizations and groups who may have a need but not the funds to engage their assistance.
+
+== Affirmative action court cases ==
+AERA participated in several U.S. court cases related to affirmative action by submitting amicus curiae briefs.
+One example is in 2013, AERA had submitted an amicus brief in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin addressing the use of education research in evaluating race-conscious admissions policies. The association submitted a further amicus brief on affirmative action in December 2015.
+In 2022, AERA submitted an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in the cases of Students for Fair Admissions, Inc., v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc., v. University of North Carolina, et al. supporting the consideration of race in admissions policies.
+
+== References ==
+
+== Further reading ==
+
+== External links ==
+American Educational Research Association

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "American Humanist Association"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The American Humanist Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that advances secular humanism.
+The American Humanist Association was founded in 1941 and currently provides legal assistance to defend the constitutional rights of secular and religious minorities, lobbies Congress on church-state separation and other issues, and maintains a grassroots network of 250 local affiliates and chapters that engage in social activism and community-building events. The AHA has several publications, including The Humanist, Free Mind, a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholastic journal, Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, and TheHumanist.com. The organization states that it has over 34,000 members.
+
+== History ==
+In 1927, an organization named the "Humanist Fellowship" was founded during a gathering in Chicago. In 1928, the Fellowship started publishing the New Humanist magazine with  H.G. Creel as its first editor. The New Humanist was published from 1928 to 1936. The first Humanist Manifesto was issued by a conference held at the University of Chicago in 1933. Signatories included John Dewey, but the majority were ministers (chiefly Unitarian) and theologians. They identified humanism as an ideology that espouses reason, ethics, and social and economic justice.
+By 1935, the Humanist Fellowship had become the "Humanist Press Association", the first national association of humanism in the United States.
+In July 1939, a group of Quakers, inspired by the 1933 Humanist Manifesto, incorporated the Humanist Society of Friends as a religious, educational, charitable nonprofit organization authorized to issue charters and train & ordain its own ministry. Upon ordination, these ministers were then accorded the same rights and privileges granted by law to priests, ministers, and rabbis of traditional theistic religions.
+In 1941, Curtis Reese led the reorganization and incorporation of the "Humanist Press Association" as the American Humanist Association. Along with its reorganization, the AHA began printing The Humanist magazine. The AHA was initially headquartered in Yellow Springs, Ohio, then San Francisco, California, and, in 1978, Amherst, New York. Subsequently, the AHA moved to Washington, D.C.
+In 1952, the AHA became a founding member of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
+The AHA was the first national membership organization to support abortion rights. Around the same time, the AHA partnered with the American Ethical Union (AEU) to help establish the rights of non-theistic conscientious objectors to the Vietnam War. In the late 1960s, the AHA also secured a religious tax exemption to support its celebrant program, allowing Humanist celebrants to officiate at weddings legally, perform chaplaincy functions, and enjoy the same rights as traditional clergy.
+In 1991, the AHA took control of the Humanist Society, a religious Humanist organization that now runs the celebrant program. After this transfer, the AHA commenced the process of jettisoning its religious tax exemption and resumed its exclusively educational status. Today the AHA U.S. Internal Revenue Service recognized the AHA as a nonprofit, tax exempt, 501(c)(3), publicly supported educational organization.
+Membership numbers are disputed, but Djupe and Olson place it as "definitely fewer than 50,000."  The AHA has over 575,000 followers on Facebook and over 42,000 followers on Twitter.
+
+== Adjuncts and affiliates ==
+The AHA is the supervising organization for various Humanist affiliates and adjunct organizations.
+
+=== Black Humanist Alliance ===
+The Black Humanist Alliance of the American Humanist Association was founded in 2016 as a pillar of its new "Initiatives for Social Justice". Like the Feminist Humanist Alliance and the LGBT Humanist Alliance, the Black Humanist Alliance uses an intersectional approach to addressing Black community issues. As its mission states, the BHA "concern ourselves with confronting expressions of religious hegemony in public policy," but is "also devoted to confronting social, economic, and political deprivations that disproportionately impact Black America due to centuries of culturally ingrained prejudices."
+
+=== Feminist Humanist Alliance ===
+The Feminist Humanist Alliance (formerly the Feminist Caucus) of the American Humanist Association was established in 1977 as a coalition of women and men within the AHA to work toward the advancement of women's rights and equality between the sexes in all aspects of society. Originally called the Women's Caucus, the new name was adopted in 1985 to represent all the caucus members and the caucus's goals. Over the years, members of the Caucus have advocated for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and participated in various public demonstrations, including marches for women's and civil rights. In 1982, the Caucus established its annual Humanist Heroine Award, presenting the initial award to Sonia Johnson. Others receiving the awards have included Tish Sommers, Christine Craft, and Fran Hosken. In 2012, the Caucus declared it would be organizing around two principal efforts: "Refocusing on passing the ERA" and "Promoting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights."
+In 2016, the Feminist Caucus reorganized as the Feminist Humanist Alliance as a component of their larger "Initiatives for Social Justice". As stated on its website, the "refinement in vision" emphasized "FHA's more active partnership with outreach programs and social justice campaigns with distinctly inclusive feminist objectives." Its current goal is to provide a "movement powered by and for women, transpeople, and genderqueer people to fight for social justice. We are united to create inclusive and diverse spaces for activists and allies locally and nationally."
+
+=== LGBTQ Humanist Alliance ===
+The LGBTQ Humanist Alliance (formerly LGBT Humanist Council) of the American Humanist Association is committed to advancing equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and their families. The alliance "seeks to cultivate safe and affirming communities, promote humanist values, and achieve full equality and social liberation of LGBTQ persons."
+Paralleling the Black Humanist Alliance and the Feminist Humanist Alliance, the Council reformed in 2016 as the LGBTQ Humanist Alliance as a larger part of the AHA's "Initiatives for Social Justice".

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+---
+title: "American Humanist Association"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Disaster Recovery ===
+In 2014, the American Humanist Association (AHA) and Foundation Beyond Belief (FBB) merged their respective charitable programs, Humanist Charities (established in 2005) and Humanist Crisis Response (established in 2011). AHA's Executive Director Roy Speckhardt commented, "This merger is a positive move that will grow the relief efforts of the humanist community. The end result will be more money directed to charitable activities, dispelling the false claim that nonbelievers don't give to charity."
+Now Foundation Beyond Belief's Disaster Recovery program serves as a focal point for the humanist response to major natural disasters and complex humanitarian crises worldwide. The program coordinates financial support and trains humanist volunteers to help impacted communities. The Disaster Recovery program is sustained through the ongoing partnership between FBB and AHA, and ensures that our community's efforts are centralized and efficient.
+Between 2014 and 2018, Humanist Disaster Recovery has raised over $250,000 for victims of the Syrian Refugee Crisis, Refugee Children of the U.S. Border, Tropical Cyclone Sam, the Nepal and Ecuadoran Earthquakes, Hurricane Matthew in Haiti, and Hurricanes Irma and Maria. In addition to grants for recovery efforts, volunteers have also helped rebuild homes and schools in the following locations: Columbia, South Carolina, after the effects of Hurricane Joaquin, in Denham Springs, Louisiana and Houston, Texas, after the flooding from Hurricane Harvey.
+
+=== Appignani Humanist Legal Center ===
+
+The association launched the Appignani Humanist Legal Center (AHLC) in 2006 to ensure that humanists' constitutional rights are represented in court. Through amicus activity, litigation, and legal advocacy, a team of cooperating lawyers, including Jim McCollum, Wendy Kaminer, and Michael Newdow, provides legal assistance by challenging perceived violations of the Establishment Clause.
+
+The AHLC's first independent litigation was filed on November 29, 2006, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. Attorney James Hurley, the AHLC lawyer serving as lead counsel, filed suit against the Palm Beach County Supervisor of Elections on behalf of Plaintiff Jerry Rabinowitz, whose polling place was a church in Delray Beach, Florida. The church featured numerous religious symbols, including signs exhorting people to "Make a Difference with God" and anti-abortion posters, which the AHLC claimed demonstrated a violation of the Establishment Clause. In the voting area, "Rabinowitz observed many religious symbols in plain view, surrounding the election judges and directly above the voting machines. He took photographs that will be entered in evidence." U.S. District Judge Donald M. Middlebrooks ruled that Jerry Rabinowitz did not have standing to challenge the placement of polling sites in churches and dismissed the case.
+In February 2014, AHA brought suit to force the removal of the Bladensburg Peace Cross, a war memorial honoring 49 residents of Prince George's County, Maryland, who died in World War I. AHA represented the plaintiffs, Mr. Lowe, who drives by the memorial "about once a month," and Fred Edwords, former AHA Executive Director. AHA argued that the presence of a Christian religious symbol on public property violates the First Amendment clause prohibiting the government from establishing a religion. Town officials feel the monument to have historic and patriotic significant to local residents.
+In March 2014, a Southern California woman reluctantly removed a roadside memorial from near a freeway ramp where her 19-year-old son was killed after the AHA contacted the city council, calling the cross on city-owned property a "serious constitutional violation".
+AHLC represented an atheist family who claimed that the equal rights amendment of the Massachusetts constitution prohibits mandatory daily recitations of the Pledge of Allegiance because the anthem contains the phrase "under God". In November 2012, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court permitted a direct appeal with oral arguments set for early 20th but, in May 2014, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the daily recitation of the phrase "under god" in the US Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the plaintiffs' equal protection rights under the Massachusetts Constitution.
+In February 2015, New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit challenging the Pledge of Allegiance, ruling that "...the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message." In a twenty-one-page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under (the association members') reasoning, the very constitution under which (the members) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which (association members) do not and cannot advance here."

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+---
+title: "American Humanist Association"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Advertising campaigns ==
+The American Humanist Association has received media attention for its various advertising campaigns; in 2010, the AHA's campaign was said to be more expensive than similar ad campaigns from the American Atheists and Freedom From Religion Foundation.
+In 2008, it ran ads on buses in Washington, D.C., that proclaimed "Why believe in a god? Just be good for goodness' sake", and since 2009, the organization has paid for billboard advertisements nationwide. One such billboard, which stated "No God... No Problem", was repeatedly vandalized.
+In 2010, it launched another ad campaign promoting Humanism, which The New York Times said was the "first (atheist campaign) to include spots on television and cable" and was described by CNN as the "largest, most extensive advertising campaign ever by a godless organization". The campaign featured violent or sexist quotes from holy books, contrasted with quotes from humanist thinkers, including physicist Albert Einstein, and was largely underwritten by Todd Stiefel, a retired pharmaceutical company executive.
+In late 2011 it launched a holiday billboard campaign, placing advertisements in 7 different cities: Kearny, New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; Cranston, Rhode Island; Bastrop, Louisiana; Oregon City, Oregon; College Station, Texas and Rochester Hills, Michigan", cities where AHA stated "atheists have experienced discrimination due to their lack of belief in a traditional god". The organization spent over $200,000 on their campaign, including a billboard reading "Yes, Virginia, there is no god."
+In November 2012, the AHA launched a national ad campaign to promote a new website, KidsWithoutGod.com, with ads using the slogans "I'm getting a bit old for imaginary friends" and "You're Not The Only One". The campaign included bus advertising in Washington, DC, a billboard in Moscow, Idaho, and online ads on the family of websites run by Cheezburger and Pandora Radio, as well as Facebook, Reddit, Google, and YouTube. Ads were turned down because of their content by Disney, Time for Kids and National Geographic Kids.
+
+== National Day of Reason ==
+The American Humanist Association and the Washington Area Secular Humanists created the National Day of Reason in 2003. In addition to serving as a holiday for secularists, the National Day of Reason was created in response to the unconstitutionality of the National Day of Prayer. According to the event organizers, the National Day of Prayer "violates the First Amendment of the United States Constitution because it asks federal, state, and local government entities to set aside tax dollar supported time and space to engage in religious ceremonies". Several organizations associated with the National Day of Reason have organized food drives and blood donations, while other groups have called for an end to prayer invocations at city meetings. Other organizations, such as the Oklahoma and Minnesota Atheists, have organized local secular celebrations as alternatives to the National Day of Prayer. Additionally, many individuals affiliated with these atheistic groups choose to protest the official National Day of Prayer.
+
+== Reason Rally ==
+In 2012, the American Humanist Association co-sponsored the Reason Rally, a national gathering of "humanists, atheists, freethinkers and nonbelievers from across the United States and abroad" in Washington, D.C. The rally, held on the National Mall, had speakers such as Richard Dawkins, James Randi, Adam Savage, and student activist Jessica Ahlqvist. According to the Huffington Post, the event's attendance was between 8,000 and 10,000, while the Atlantic reported nearly 20,000. The AHA also co-sponsored the 2016 Reason Rally at the Lincoln Memorial.
+
+== Famous awardees ==
+The American Humanist Association has named a "Humanist of the Year" annually since 1953. It has also granted other honors to numerous leading figures, including Salman Rushdie (Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism 2007),  Oliver Stone (Humanist Arts Award, 1996), Katharine Hepburn (Humanist Arts Award 1985), John Dewey (Humanist Pioneer Award, 1954), Jack Kevorkian (Humanist Hero Award, 1996) and Vashti McCollum (Distinguished Service Award, 1991).
+
+== Controversy ==
+In 2021, Richard Dawkins said on Twitter, "In 2015, Rachel Dolezal, a white chapter president of NAACP, was vilified for identifying as Black. Some men choose to identify as women, and some women choose to identify as men. You will be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Discuss." After receiving criticism for this tweet, Dawkins responded by saying, "I do not intend to disparage trans people. I see that my academic 'Discuss' question has been misconstrued as such, and I deplore this. It was also not my intent to ally in any way with Republican bigots in the US now exploiting this issue."
+In response to these comments, the American Humanist Association retracted Dawkins' 1996 Humanist of the Year Award. Robby Soave of Reason magazine criticized the retraction, saying, "The drive to punish dissenters from various orthodoxies is illiberal."
+
+== AHA's Humanists of the Year ==
+The AHA website presents the list of the following Humanists of the Year:
+
+== See also ==
+Humanism
+Secular humanism
+John Dewey
+Charles Francis Potter
+Bertrand Russell
+Louis Appignani
+List of general awards in the humanities
+
+== References ==
+
+== Further reading ==
+Garry, Patrick M. "When Anti-Establishment Becomes Exclusion: The Supreme Court's Opinion in American Legion v. American Humanist Association and the Flip Side of the Endorsement Test." Nebraska Law Review 98 (2019): 643+ [2].
+Hyde, M. Allison. "American Legion v. American Humanist Ass'n: Exempting Longstanding Governmental Religious Displays from Establishment Clause Scrutiny and How the Endorsement Test Could Have Prevented It." Maryland Law Review 79 (2019): 836+ online.
+Myers, Richard S. "American Legion v. American Humanist Association and the Future of the Establishment Clause." Ave Maria Law Review 19 (2021): 91–104. online Archived September 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine.
+Pinn, Anthony B., ed. By these hands: A documentary history of African American humanism (NYU Press, 2001).
+Pinn, Anthony B. The end of god-talk: An African American humanist theology (Oxford University Press, 2012).
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website
+"Edwin H. Wilson Papers of the American Humanist Association, 1913–1989". Special Collections Research Center. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2011.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "American Social Science Association"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:36.943348+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In 1865, at Boston, Massachusetts, a society for the study of social questions was organized and given the name  American Social Science Association. The group grew to where its membership totaled about 1,000 persons. About 30 corresponding members were located in Europe. It published annually the  Journal of Social Science and The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW).
+Members of the group worked in five departments:  
+
+Education and art
+Health
+Trade and finance
+Social economy
+Jurisprudence
+Language and Culture
+Multidisciplinary of Social Sciences
+In 1898, the society founded the National Institute of Arts and Letters which developed into the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
+In 1912, the society founded the National Institute of Social Sciences which absorbed the ASSA in 1928.
+
+
+== Notable people ==
+Lucy M. Hall (1843–1907), physician, writer; Vice President of the ASSA
+Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1831–1917), one of the founders and recording secretary 1865–1897
+
+
+== See also ==
+American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865), predecessor to the ASSA
+National Institute of Social Sciences (est. 1912)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Free public libraries: suggestions on their foundation and administration, with a selected list of books. Pemberton Square, Boston: American Social Science Association, 1871
+History of the ASSA and its incorporation

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists-0.md

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+---
+title: "American Society of Plant Biologists"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:51.009819+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) is a non-profit professional society for research and education in plant science with over 4,000 members world-wide. It was founded in 1924, as the American Society of Plant Physiologists (ASPP). The name was changed to the American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) as of 2001. Membership in the society is open to any person from any country who deals with physiology, molecular biology, environmental biology, cell biology and plant biophysics or related issues.
+The society publishes the peer-reviewed journals Plant Physiology (1926-) and  The Plant Cell (1989-) as well as ASPB News. The American Society of Plant Biologists also has partnered with the Society for Experimental Biology, and John Wiley & Sons to publish an online-only science journal Plant Direct.  In 2000, it published the first edition of the textbook Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants.
+The first President of the Society was Charles Albert Shull (1924–1925), with founder R. B. Harvey as Secretary-Treasurer.
+Other presidents of the Society include Harry Beevers (1961–1962) and Aubrey Naylor (1960–1961). The first woman to be president of the society was Elisabeth Gantt (1988–1989).
+
+
+== ASPB Awards ==
+The American Society of Plant Biologists confers several awards recognizing major contributions to plant biology, research, and service to the discipline. These include:
+
+The Charles Reid Barnes Life Membership Award is the oldest award of the ASPB. Established in 1925 at the Society’s first annual meeting through a gift from Charles Albert Shull, it honors plant physiologist Charles Reid Barnes. The award recognizes meritorious contributions to plant biology and confers lifetime membership in the Society.
+Stephen Hales Prize – honors the Reverend Stephen Hales for his pioneering contributions to plant biology, particularly those described in his 1727 book Vegetable Staticks. The prize is awarded annually to a member of the Society for notable contributions to plant biology. It was established in 1927, on the 250th anniversary of the birth of Stephen Hales. 
+Martin Gibbs Medal was established in 1993 and honors plant biochemist Martin Gibbs, who served as editor of Plant Physiology from 1963 to 1992. The medal is awarded biennially to a scientist whose work has pioneered advances that open new directions of investigation in the plant sciences.
+Charles Albert Shull Award – established in 1971 to recognize outstanding research in plant biology by an early-career scientist; named for plant physiologist Charles Albert Shull, who played a key role in the founding of the ASPB.
+Jane Silverthorne Early Career Award – established in 2005 to recognize exceptional independent contributions by scientists in the early stages of their careers. It was renamed in 2023 to honor Jane Silverthorne.
+The Society also administers numerous additional honors and fellowships recognizing achievements in research, education, mentoring, public service, and outreach in plant biology, with more than eighteen awards and programs in total.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-0.md

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+---
+title: "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies.
+As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor).
+APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system.
+
+== Angiosperm classification and the APG ==
+
+In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of systems (see List of systems of plant taxonomy). Different systems and their updates were generally favoured in different countries. Examples are the Engler system in continental Europe, the Bentham & Hooker system in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by Kew), the Takhtajan system in the former Soviet Union and countries within its sphere of influence and the Cronquist system in the United States.
+Before the availability of genetic evidence, the classification of angiosperms (also known as flowering plants, Angiospermae, Anthophyta or Magnoliophyta) was based on their morphology (particularly of their flower) and biochemistry (the kinds of chemical compounds in the plant).
+After the 1980s, detailed genetic evidence analysed by phylogenetic methods became available and while confirming or clarifying some relationships in existing classification systems, it radically changed others. This genetic evidence created a rapid increase in knowledge that led to many proposed changes; stability was "rudely shattered". This posed problems for all users of classification systems (including encyclopaedists). The impetus came from a major molecular study published in 1993 based on 5000 flowering plants and a photosynthesis gene (rbcL). This produced a number of surprising results in terms of the relationships between groupings of plants, for instance the dicotyledons were not supported as a distinct group. At first there was a reluctance to develop a new system based entirely on a single gene. However, subsequent work continued to support these findings. These research studies involved an unprecedented collaboration between a very large number of scientists. Therefore, rather than naming all the individual contributors a decision was made to adopt the name Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification, or APG for short. The first publication under this name was in 1998, and attracted considerable media attention. The intention was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification.
+As of 2016, three revisions have been published, in 2003 (APG II), in 2009 (APG III) and in 2016 (APG IV), each superseding the previous system. Thirteen researchers have been listed as authors to the three papers, and a further 43 as contributors (see Members of the APG below).
+A classification presents a view at a particular point in time, based on a particular state of research. Independent researchers, including members of the APG, continue to publish their own views on areas of angiosperm taxonomy. Classifications change, however inconvenient this is to users. However, the APG publications are increasingly regarded as an authoritative point of reference and the following are some examples of the influence of the APG system:
+
+A significant number of major herbaria, including Kew, are changing the order of their collections in accordance with APG.
+The influential World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (also from Kew) is being updated to the APG III system.
+In the United States in 2006, a photographic survey of the plants of the US and Canada is organized according to the APG II system.
+In the UK, the 2010 edition of the standard flora of the British Isles (by Stace) is based on the APG III system. The previous editions were based on the Cronquist system.
+
+== Principles of the APG system ==
+The principles of the APG's approach to classification were set out in the first paper of 1998, and have remained unchanged in subsequent revisions. Briefly, these are:
+
+The Linnean system of orders and families should be retained. "The family is central in flowering plant systematics." An ordinal classification of families is proposed as a "reference tool of broad utility". Orders are considered to be of particular value in teaching and in studying family relationships.
+Groups should be monophyletic (i.e. consist of all descendants of a common ancestor). The main reason why existing systems are rejected is because they do not have this property, they are not phylogenetic.
+A broad approach is taken to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families. Thus of orders, it is said that a limited number of larger orders will be more useful. Families containing only a single genus and orders containing only a single family are avoided where this is possible without violating the over-riding requirement for monophyly.
+Above or parallel to the level of orders and families, the term clades is used more freely. (Some clades have later been given formal names in a paper associated with the 2009 revision of the APG system.) The authors say that it is "not possible, nor is it desirable" to name all clades in a phylogenetic tree; however, systematists need to agree on names for some clades, particularly orders and families, to facilitate communication and discussion.
+For a detailed discussion on phylogenetic nomenclature, see Cantino et al. (2007).)
+
+== APG I (1998) ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-1.md

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+---
+title: "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The paper explained the authors' view that there is a need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above, but that existing classifications were "outdated". The main reason why existing systems were rejected was because they were not phylogenetic, i.e. not based on strictly monophyletic groups (groups which consist of all descendants of a common ancestor). An ordinal classification of flowering plant families was proposed as a "reference tool of broad utility". The broad approach adopted to defining the limits of orders resulted in the recognition of 40 orders, compared to, for example, 232 in Takhtajan's 1997 classification.
+In 1998 only a handful of families had been adequately studied, but the primary aim was to obtain a consensus on the naming of higher orders. Such a consensus proved relatively easy to achieve but the resultant tree was highly unresolved. That is, while the relationship of orders was established, their composition was not.
+Other features of the proposed classification included:
+
+Formal, scientific names are not used above the level of order, named clades being used instead. Thus eudicots and monocots are not given a formal rank on the grounds that "it is not yet clear at which level they should be recognized".
+A substantial number of taxa whose classification had traditionally been uncertain are given places, although there still remain 25 families of "uncertain position".
+Alternative classifications are provided for some groups, in which a number of families can either be regarded as separate or can be merged into a single larger family. For example, the Fumariaceae can either be treated as a separate family or as part of Papaveraceae.
+A major outcome of the classification was the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, monocots and dicots. The monocots were recognized as a clade, but the dicots were not, with a number of former dicots being placed in separate groups basal to both monocots and the remaining dicots, the eudicots or 'true dicots'. The overall scheme was relatively simple. This consisted of a grade consisting of isolated taxa (referred to as ANITA), followed by the major angiosperm radiation, clades of monocots, magnolids and eudicots. The last being a large clade with smaller subclades and two main groupings, rosids and asterids, each in turn having two major subclades.
+
+== APG II (2003) ==
+
+As the overall relationship between groups of flowering plants became clearer, the focus shifted to the family level, in particular those families generally accepted as problematic. Again, consensus was achieved relatively easily resulting in an updated classification at the family level. The second paper published by the APG in 2003 presented an update to the original classification of 1998. The authors stated that changes were proposed only when there was "substantial new evidence" which supported them.
+The classification continued the tradition of seeking broad circumscriptions of taxa, for example trying to place small families containing only one genus in a larger group. The authors stated that they have generally accepted the views of specialists, although noting that specialists "nearly always favour splitting of groups" regarded as too varied in their morphology.
+APG II continued and indeed extends the use of alternative 'bracketed' taxa allowing the choice of either a large family or a number of smaller ones. For example, the large family Asparagaceae includes seven 'bracketed' families which can either be considered as part of the Asparagaceae or as separate families.
+Some of the main changes in APG II were:
+
+New orders are proposed, particularly to accommodate the 'basal clades' left as families in the first system.
+Many of the previously unplaced families are now located within the system.
+Several major families are re-structured.
+In 2007, a paper was published giving a linear ordering of the families in APG II, suitable for ordering herbarium specimens, for example.
+
+== APG III (2009) ==
+
+The third paper from the APG updates the system described in the 2003 paper. The broad outline of the system remains unchanged, but the number of previously unplaced families and genera is significantly reduced. This requires the recognition of both new orders and new families compared to the previous classification. The number of orders goes up from 45 to 59; only 10 families are not placed in an order and only two of these (Apodanthaceae and Cynomoriaceae) are left entirely outside the classification. The authors say that they have tried to leave long-recognized families unchanged, while merging families with few genera. They "hope the classification [...] will not need much further change."
+A major change is that the paper discontinues the use of 'bracketed' families in favour of larger, more inclusive families. As a result, the APG III system contains only 415 families, rather than the 457 of APG II. For example, the agave family (Agavaceae) and the hyacinth family (Hyacinthaceae) are no longer regarded as distinct from the broader asparagus family (Asparagaceae). The authors say that alternative circumscriptions, as in APG I and II, are likely to cause confusion and that major herbaria which are re-arranging their collections in accordance with the APG approach have all agreed to use the more inclusive families. This approach is being increasingly used in collections in herbaria and botanic gardens.
+In the same volume of the journal, two related papers were published. One gives a linear ordering of the families in APG III; as with the linear ordering published for APG II, this is intended for ordering herbarium specimens, for example. The other paper gives, for the first time, a classification of the families in APG III which uses formal taxonomic ranks; previously only informal clade names were used above the ordinal level.
+
+== APG IV (2016) ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-2.md

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+---
+title: "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In the development of a fourth version there was some controversy over the methodology, and the development of a consensus proved more difficult than in previous iterations. In particular Peter Stevens questioned the validity of discussions regarding family delimitation in the absence of changes of phylogenetic relationships.
+Further progress was made by the use of large banks of genes, including those of plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal origin, such as that of Douglas Soltis and colleagues (2011). The fourth version was finally published in 2016. It arose from an international conference hosted at the Royal Botanical Gardens in September 2015 and also an online survey of botanists and other users. The broad outline of the system remains unchanged but several new orders are included (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), some new families are recognised (Kewaceae, Macarthuriaceae, Maundiaceae, Mazaceae, Microteaceae, Nyssaceae, Peraceae, Petenaeaceae and Petiveriaceae) and some previously recognised families are lumped (Aristolochiaceae now includes Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Restionaceae now re-includes Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; and Buxaceae now includes Haptanthaceae). Due to nomenclatural issues, the family name Asphodelaceae is used instead of Xanthorrhoeaceae, and Francoaceae is used instead of Melianthaceae (and now also includes Vivianiaceae). This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. Two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids are also included. APG IV also uses the linear approach (LAPG) as advocated by Haston et al. (2009) In a supplemental file Byng et al. provide an alphabetical list of families by orders.
+
+== Updates ==
+Peter Stevens, one of the authors of all four of the APG papers, maintains a web site, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APWeb), hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden, which has been regularly updated since 2001, and is a useful source for the latest research in angiosperm phylogeny which follows the APG approach. Other sources include the Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster and The Flowering Plants Handbook.
+
+== Members of the APG ==
+
+a = listed as an author; c = listed as a contributor
+
+== References ==
+
+== Bibliography ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Angiosperm Phylogeny Website hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden Website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage-0.md

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+---
+title: "Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:15.846334+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage (French: centre régional arabe pour le patrimoine mondial; Arabic: المركز الإقليمي العربي للتراث العالمي) is a Category 2 Centre under the auspices of UNESCO. It was founded as an autonomous and independent Bahraini public institution in 2010.
+The ARC-WH purpose is to reinforce the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region, by enhancing the knowledge of it, promoting the Operational Guidelines and the cooperating among the States Parties of the Arab States region.
+ARC-WH is meant to respond to the provisions of the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List is also intended to assist the implementation of the Global Training Strategy for World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Helsinki, 2001).
+ARC-WH has 19 member States: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
+The main objective of ARC-WH is to assist States Parties in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region along three main major axes : information, assistance, logistical & financial.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage was established by the Royal Decree issued on 16 December 2010, following the General Conference of UNESCO at its 35th session in 2009. The two legislative chambers ratified the agreement between UNESCO and the Government of Bahrain. The agreement following the decision of the General Conference (35th session)
+was signed in February 2010 by the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova and the Culture Minister of Bahrain Sh. Mai Bint Mohammed Al Khalifa.
+As of 23 December 2011, all formalities related to the Agreement were completed upon the receipt of the letter of enforcement by UNESCO. Following the entry into force of the Agreement, the first meeting of the Governing Board was held on 28 April 2012 for the approval of the internal regulations, recruit the founding team of the Centre and approve the first year work plan.
+
+
+== Activities ==
+ARC-WH will organize its activities along three main axes:
+1. The provision of information relating to the World Heritage Convention and its application, including development and management of an Arabic language website, the translation and publication of relevant documents, and promotion of the establishment of new conservation programmes at universities, in all the Arab region States.
+2. The provision of assistance to States Parties in the region to improve their ability to implement the WH Convention (including understanding of WH policy, concepts, rules of procedure, preparation of tentative lists, preparation of nominations, monitoring of state of conservation, education programmes etc.) by facilitating organization of appropriate WH
+training at ARC-WH’s premises or anywhere else in the region, and responding to State Party requests for assistance.
+3. The provision of logistical and financial support for regional activities in support of the WH Convention including hosting of meetings, conferences, training workshops or exhibitions in the region; the identification of appropriate facilities and services (lecture rooms, equipment, competent translators, etc.) for planned meetings for the WH Centre and other international institutions in the region, and the raising of funds to support World Heritage activities in the region.
+
+
+== Related International Agencies ==
+ARC-WH will meet its objectives in close coordination with existing international, regional and national agencies, initiatives
+and programmes concerned with World Heritage in the Arab States region including but not limited to:
+• international organizations such as ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, and in particular, its ATHAR programme to “protect and promote the rich cultural heritage in the Arab region”; IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature); ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)
+• regional organizations such as ALECSO (The Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization), Tunisia; ROPME (Regional Organisation for the Protection of the Marine Environment – Kuwait; UNEP, and PERSGA (Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden-Jeddah);
+• national conservation agencies (the various Departments and Directorates of Antiquities in the region), and national conservation organisations such as CULTNAT (Centre for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage), Egypt, affiliated with Bibliotheca Alexandrina and supported by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of Egypt), and CERKAS (Centre de Restauration et de Rehabilitation de zones atlasiques et sub-atlasiques), Morocco.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+arcwh.org Official ARC-WH website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering-0.md

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+---
+title: "Asia-Oceania Top University League on Engineering"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:18.345455+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Asia-Oceania Top University League on Engineering (abbreviated AOTULE, pronounced "our tool") is a league consisting of 13 engineering faculties within Asia and Oceania universities. AOTULE's mission is to improve the quality of its member's educational programs and promote research activity among members primarily through exchange of information between deans, faculty members and administration staff at its annual meeting. It also organizes graduate student research exchange programs and conferences where graduate students present their latest research results in an interdisciplinary format.
+
+
+== History ==
+The seeds for forming AOTULE began in 2006 with discussions between senior engineering faculty at Tokyo Institute of Technology and Monash University. to promote graduate engineering student mobility within Asia and Oceania universities similar to the ERASMUS+ program offered by EU universities that is funded by the European commission. AOTULE was subsequently founded in 2007 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, by holding its inaugural meeting where participating Engineering Deans signed a memorandum of understanding. Each Fall since 2007, an AOTULE member has organized and hosted the annual AOTULE student conference, administration staff and Dean's meeting as noted below.
+
+
+== Student research exchanges and overseas visits ==
+To promote student mobility, AOTULE members organize intra-AOTULE student short stays and research exchanges varying in length from one week at Chulalongkorn University to three months at Tokyo Institute of Technology. These exchanges facilitate global engineering, cross-cultural competencies, foreign language learning, and research experiences by students since the majority of AOTULE members' students live in countries where English is not the native language.  AOTULE members such as Tokyo Tech's School of Engineering have used AOTULE as a test bed for creating new research exchange programs that are later broaden to university-wide programs with research university partners in the US and EU. Recently, there has been growing numbers of double degree graduate programs signed between AOTULE member institutions to allow participating graduate students to obtain two degrees by completing graduation requirements at two institutions. This allows double degree participants an opportunity to learn more about the host country where they are studying, undertake a research project in greater depth and establish a greater network of peers than that provided by a short term exchanges.
+
+
+== Members ==
+
+
+== Notes ==
+At Bandung Institute of Technology participants are the School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, and Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
+At Hanoi University of Science and Technology there are 16 schools which are eligible to participate in AOTULE activities.
+At the former Tokyo Institute of Technology which became the Institute of Science Tokyo in October 2024, there are 3 schools of engineering that participate in AOTULE activities.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:03:05.365866+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:17.122125+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association for Chemoreception Sciences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:19.599171+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association for Chemoreception Sciences is an international professional society in the field of chemosensory science. It is a non-profit organization that seeks to promote and advance the interests of the science of senses such as taste and smell. In order to do this, it holds an annual meeting that is a scientific forum for the research community and also provides outreach to the public about olfaction (smell), gustation (taste) and chemesthesis (trigeminal chemosensation).
+The association was founded in 1978 by Maxwell M. Mozell, a neuroscientist at the State University of New York, with the help of a grant from the National Science Foundation. The first research meeting was held in Sarasota, Florida, in April 1979. Officers elected at the first meeting included Linda Bartoshuk, Rose Marie Pangborn and Gary Beauchamp.
+A meeting is held in April of each year that is attended by an international cohort of physicians and scientists. This annual meeting consists of presentations on olfaction, gustation, and chemesthesis, as well as workshops sponsored by the National Institute of Health.  Commercial exhibitors also attend the event.  The organization has enjoyed strong support from the National Institute on Deafness and Communicative Disorders. and its director. In collaboration with two other scientific societies focused on the chemical senses – the European Chemosensory Research Organization and the Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell – AChemS alternates as host of the quadrennial International Symposium for Olfaction and Taste. The last AChemS-hosted ISOT meeting took place in Portland, Oregon in August, 2020.
+In 2004, AChemS member Linda Buck and Richard Axel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system". To celebrate this honor, at the 2005 AChemS annual meeting, Buck and Axel were keynote speakers, recapping their research published in the journal Cell in 1991, which led to the Nobel award.
+Chemical Senses, the official journal of the association, is published by Oxford University Press. The editor is Dr. Steven Munger; it was edited by Maxwell Mozell from 1992 until 1998.
+The Association gives a series of annual awards, including the Max Mozell Award, the Barry Jacobs Memorial Award, the Don Tucker Memorial Award, the Ajinomoto Award, and the Polak Young Investigator Award. Travel awards are also given to diverse and young scientists to encourage their attendance at the meeting.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders
+European Chemosensory Research Organization
+Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell
+International Symposium for Olfaction and Taste

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association for Psychosocial Studies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:38.093325+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association for Psychosocial Studies (APS) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of psychosocial studies. The association publishes an academic journal, The Journal of Psychosocial Studies The Association for Psychosocial Studies was formed in 2013 in order to formalise and carry forward the work of developing Psychosocial Studies in the UK. The APS emerged from the Psychosocial Studies Network, which had organised annual conferences at the major university bases for Psychosocial Studies since 2008. The APS is a charitable trust and is recognised as a Learned Society by the Academy of Social Sciences.
+
+
+== Founding members ==
+Formed in 2013, the founding members of the association are: John Adlam, Phoebe Beedell, Tamara Bibby, Jo Brown, Rose Capdevila, Zoe Charalambous, Karen Ciclitira, Lita Crociani-Windland, Lynn Froggett, Stephen Frosh, Elizabeth Frost, Andi Fugard, Jason Glynos, Birgitta Haga Gripsrud, Rex Haigh, Ambrose Hogan, Paul Hoggett, Wendy Hollway, Shona Hunter, Rebecca Hutten, Luis Jiminez, David W. Jones, Warren Kinston, Helen Lucey, Jean McAvoy, James Martin, Claudia Megele, Yvonne Parry, Heather Price, Ellen Ramvi, Peter Redman, Barry Richards, Sasha Roseneil, Michael Rustin, Chris Scanlon, Gary Spencer-Humphrey, Paul Stenner, Jem Thomas, Isobel Urquhart, Julie Walsh, and Tom Wengraf.
+
+
+== Steering committee ==
+Lynn Froggett, Chair (University of Central Lancashire)
+David W. Jones, Honorary Treasurer & Communications Officer (The Open University)
+Jacob Johanssen, Honorary Membership Secretary (St. Mary's University)
+Elizabeth Frost (University of West of England)
+Luis Jiminez (University of East London)
+Claudia Lapping (University College London)
+Chris Scanlon (Consultant Psychotherapist and Group Analyst)
+Candida Yates (Bournemouth University)
+Lita Crociani-Windland
+Nini Fang
+Anthony Faramelli
+
+
+== Objectives ==
+The APS objectives are:
+
+the advancement of education and research in the field of Psychosocial Studies, and publication of the results of such research,
+the promotion of the field of Psychosocial Studies as an academic discipline and the dissemination of knowledge concerning Psychosocial Studies,
+the advancement of education for the public benefit in Psychosocial Studies across different disciplines and educational sectors,
+to contribute to the advancement of public health and well-being, particularly in relation to mental health.
+
+
+== Journal of Psychosocial Studies ==
+According to the Aims and Scope of the  journal, Psychosocial Studies draws on a range of disciplines to explore the interactive relationships between self, culture and society. While often focusing on affect and emotion, they explore the complexities of subjectivity and experience as it is lived and shaped in different contexts and settings. This approach is defined by a commitment to exploration of the links between the internal and external worlds; both the deeply personal and profoundly social.
+The journal seeks to publish "papers that bring a psychosocial perspective that might help us understand a range of contemporary social phenomena. This might be work on family life, welfare practices, criminal justice issues, youth work or cultural products (such as film, art and literature).
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association for Tourism in Higher Education"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:40.428321+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association for Tourism in Higher Education (ATHE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting tourism as a subject of study in the UK. It encourages high standards in learning, teaching and research. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association for Vertical Farming"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:52.162907+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association for Vertical Farming e. V. (AVF) is the global, non-profit organization that enables international exchange and cooperation in order to accelerate the development of the Indoor/Vertical Farming industry.
+Founded in Munich, Germany on July 18, 2013, it initially focused on mapping global urban farms and creating a glossary to simplify vertical farming methods for newcomers.
+The AVF hosts summits, workshops, and info days and collaborates with other organizations around the world.
+
+
+== Vision ==
+
+The AVF acknowledges that vertical farming in its current state can provide access to fresh, safe, and sufficient food, independent of climate and location. In the decades to come, where overpopulation and severe planetary changes challenge our current way of life, vertical farming will become a necessary solution in global food production.
+
+
+== History ==
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:23.067045+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC) is an American nonprofit organization for professional membership that aims to encourage research on consciousness in cognitive science, neuroscience, philosophy, and other relevant disciplines. The association aims to advance research about the nature, function, and underlying mechanisms of consciousness.
+
+
+== History ==
+The organization was created in 1994 in Berkeley. The original aim of the organization was to act as a framework by which the international academic community could generate meetings devoted to the academic study of consciousness. The original founding members included Bernard Baars, William Banks, George Buckner, David Chalmers, Stanley Klein, Bruce Mangan, Thomas Metzinger, David Rosenthal, and Patrick Wilken. Since 1994, the organization has put on eleven meetings and assumed many other activities, including an e-print archive and an online journal Psyche. However, the Psyche journal is no longer active.
+
+
+== Activities ==
+Since 1997, the ASSC has organized annual conferences to promote interaction and spread knowledge of scientific and philosophical advances in the field of consciousness research.
+In addition to organizing annual meetings, the association promotes the academic study of consciousness in a number of other ways:
+
+The official journal of the society is the open-access journal Neuroscience of Consciousness.
+The association published the open-access journal Psyche until 2010.
+The association provides a freely available e-print archive of papers relevant to the study of consciousness.
+The society also publishes occasional edited books on selected topics. To date three books have been published:
+Thomas Metzinger, ed. (2000). The Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13370-9.
+Axel Cleeremans, ed. (2003). The Unity of Consciousness: Binding, Integration, and Dissociation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850857-3.
+Steven Laureys, ed. (2005). Progress in Brain Research, The boundaries of consciousness: neurobiology and neuropathology. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51851-7.
+The society awards the annual William James Prize for an outstanding published contribution to the empirical or philosophical study of consciousness by a graduate student or postdoctoral scholar within five years of receiving a PhD or other advanced degree.
+
+
+== See also ==
+The Science of Consciousness
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ASSC homepage
+E-print archive containing work by members of the ASSC

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:39.263428+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ) is a cross-disciplinary organization of individuals whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world, founded in 1971.
+
+
+== Purpose ==
+The ASSJ comprises primarily academics, but also policy analysts, communal professionals, and activists whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world. Social scientific disciplines represented include sociology, social psychology, social anthropology, demography, contemporary history, social work, political science, economics, and Jewish education. Members work throughout the world but primarily in North America, Israel, and Europe.
+The ASSJ encourages and facilitates contact among researchers, supports the dissemination of research, and assists in the cultivation of younger scholars.
+
+
+== Past presidents ==
+Mervin F. Verbit (1971-1973)
+Marshall Sklare (1973-1975)
+Samuel Klausner (1975-1977)
+Celia Heller (1977-1979)
+Chaim Waxman (1979-1981)
+Harold Himmelfarb (1981-1983)
+Egon Mayer (1983-1988)
+Rela Mintz Geffen (1988-1990)
+Arnold Dashefsky (1990-1996)
+Allen Glicksman (1996-2000)
+Sherry Israel (2000-2005)
+Harriet Hartman (2005-2012)
+Steven M. Cohen (2012-2016)
+Leonard Saxe (2016-2020)
+Judit Bokser Liwerant (2020-2024)
+Ira Sheskin (2024-)
+
+
+== Past vice presidents ==
+Harriet Hartman
+Shaul Kelner (2005-2008)
+Sylvia Barack Fishman (2008-2012)
+Sergio DellaPergola (2012-2016)
+Sarah Benor (2016-2018)
+Judit Bokser Liwerant (2018-2020)
+Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz (2020-2023)
+Ariela Keysar (2023-)
+
+
+== Past treasurers ==
+Carmel Chiswick
+Gail Glicksman
+Bruce Phillips (2012-2015)
+Leonard Saxe (2015-2016)
+Matthew Boxer (2016-2021)
+Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz (2021-2024)
+Nadia Beider (2024-)
+
+
+== Past secretaries ==
+Uzi Rebhun
+Benjamin Phillips (2008-2010)
+Theodore Sasson (2010-2012)
+Matthew Boxer (2012-2016)
+Jennifer Thompson (2016-2020)
+Bruce Phillips (2020-2023)
+Ilana Horwitz (2023-2024)
+Amir Segal (2024-)
+
+
+== Past at-large members of the board ==
+Perla Aizencang
+Tobin Belzer
+Lila Corwin Berman
+Mijal Bitton
+Paul Burstein
+Barry Chiswick
+Steven M. Cohen
+Arnold Dashefsky
+Harriet Hartman
+Bethamie Horowitz
+Ilana Horwitz
+Ari Kelman
+Ariela Keysar
+Helen Kim
+Moshe Kornfeld
+Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz
+Dani Kranz
+Shawn Landres
+Lilach Lev Ari
+Laura Limonic
+Keren McGinity
+Bruce Phillips
+Riv-Ellen Prell
+Uzi Rebhun
+Sherry Rosen
+Leonard Saxe
+Randal Schnoor
+Ira Sheskin
+Ephraim Tabory
+Jennifer Thompson
+Dalia Wassner
+
+
+== Past student representatives to the board ==
+Mijal Bitton
+Matthew Boxer
+Shaul Kelner
+Moshe Kornfeld
+Amir Segal
+Meredith Woocher
+
+
+== Contemporary Jewry Journal ==
+The organization publishes a journal, Contemporary Jewry, several times a year with research articles that draw on a range of social scientific fields and methodologies.
+Editor-in-chief: Harriet Hartman
+Associate editor: Adina Bankier-Karp
+Book Review Editor: Ephraim Tabory
+Research Editor: Ira Sheskin
+
+
+== Book series ==
+Studies of Jews in Society
+Published in concert with Springer Nature, Studies of Jews in Society takes a broad perspective on social science to include anthropology, communications, demography, economics, education, ethnography, geography, history, politics, population, social psychology, and sociology. Books may rely on quantitative methods, qualitative methods, or both.
+The series is directed to social scientists and general scholars in Jewish studies as well as those generally interested in religion and ethnicity; academics who teach Jewish studies; undergraduates and graduate students in Jewish studies, sociologists interested in religion and ethnicity; and communal professionals and lay leaders who work in Jewish organizations and individuals. The style, while rigorous scientifically, is accessible to a general audience.
+Editor: Chaim Waxman
+
+
+== Awards ==
+The Marshall Sklare Award
+The Marshall Sklare Award is an annual honor of the Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ). The ASSJ seeks to recognize "a senior scholar who has made a significant scholarly contribution to the social scientific study of Jewry." In most cases, the recipient has given a scholarly address. In recent years, the honored scholar has presented the address at the annual meeting of the Association for Jewish Studies. The award is named after sociologist Marshall Sklare.
+Past recipients, fields of study, and the titles of their scholarly papers have been:
+
+Mandell L. Berman Service Award
+The ASSJ presents the Mandell L. Berman Service Award periodically to communal, civic and business leaders, applied and academic researchers, and philanthropists, for distinguished commitment to the social scientific study of Jews through service or financial support.
+
+Judit Bokser Liwerant Distinguished Early Career Award
+The ASSJ's Judit Bokser Liwerant Distinguished Early Career Award will be given periodically to a recent PhD (within the past ten years) whose work reflects excellence in the application of social science theories and methods to the study of contemporary Jewry.
+
+Arnold Dashefsky Graduate Student Paper Award
+This award recognizes outstanding research on contemporary Jewry by graduate students.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+ASSJ website
+ASSJ full-text publications on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
+Contemporary Jewry full text articles on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+title: "Association of Applied Geochemists"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:24.342292+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association of Applied Geochemists (AAG) is an international society that seeks to advance the study and application of geochemistry and represents scientists working in that field.
+
+
+== History ==
+The society was founded in 1970 as the Association of Exploration Geochemists.
+
+
+== Membership ==
+Members of the society are required to have worked in geochemistry for at least two years at the time of application; student members are admitted if they are enrolled in courses recognised by the Association. To become a voting member, or fellow, members must satisfy the society that they have adequate training and experience in the field. Membership in the society has been used to measure total numbers of working geochemists.
+
+
+== Activities ==
+
+
+=== Symposia ===
+The Association organizes a series of biennial International Applied Geochemistry Symposia (titled the International Geochemical Exploration Symposium until 2005), held recently in Oviedo, Spain, and Perth, Australia.
+
+
+=== Publications ===
+Shortly after its inauguration the society began publishing the Journal of Exploration Geochemistry in 1972. Today the society's flagship journal is Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, co-published with the Geological Society of London. The journal covers fields relating to the application of geochemistry to the exploration and study of mineral resources. It aims to promote interchange between exploration and environmental geochemistry. The journal is a hybrid open-access journal, publishing both subscription and open access articles.  It also publishes Explore, a newsletter, and co-publishes Elements, a membership magazine.
+
+
+=== Awards ===
+The Society awards the AAG Gold Medal to recognize a lifetime's achievement in or outstanding contribution to applied geochemistry. It also offers an annual student paper prize to reward student contributors of outstanding papers on geochemistry.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Geochemistry: Environment, Analysis, Exploration journal

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association of European Operational Research Societies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:26.832563+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) is a regional grouping within the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) whose aim is to promote Operational Research throughout Europe. It was established in 1975. The First European Conference on Operational Research (EURO I), was opened on the morning of 27 January 1975 at the Sheraton Hotel in Brussels.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+EURO is a nonprofit organization domiciled in Switzerland and is a member of Union of International Associations. EURO aims at the advancement of knowledge, interest and education in Operational Research by appropriate means, particularly by the exchange of information, the holding of meetings and conferences, the publication of books, papers, and journals, the
+awarding of prizes, and the promotion of early stage talents. The members of EURO are national Operational Research Societies which are full members of International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS). Its affairs are regulated by a Council consisting of representatives of all its members and an executive committee which constitutes its board of directors. The EURO statutes were first signed on 18th June 1976.
+The current EURO member societies are:
+
+
+== Activities ==
+EURO publishes scholarly journals and books about operational research, and organizes international conferences. It also bestows Awards, supports working groups, and organizes educational meetings.
+
+
+=== Publications ===
+EURO publishes 4 scholarly journals:
+
+European Journal of Operational Research
+EURO Journal on Computational Optimization
+EURO Journal on Decision Processes
+EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics
+and the book series EURO Advanced Tutorials in Operational Research.
+
+
+=== Awards ===
+
+EURO bestows a number of prizes:
+
+EURO Gold Medal. The highest distinction within OR in Europe is conferred for an outstanding contribution to the OR science.
+Distinguished Service Award, a recognition of distinguished service to EURO, the Association of European Operational Research Societies and to the profession of OR.
+Excellence in Practice Award, to recognize outstanding accomplishments in the practice of OR.
+Doctoral Dissertation Award, to recognize the OR contributions of PhD students or scientists having less than two years research experience since completing a PhD.
+Prize for OR for the Common Good, to honour outstanding accomplishments of OR for solving social-oriented problems.
+EURO Award for the Best EJOR Papers, to recognize the best papers published in the European Journal of Operational Research.
+
+
+=== Conferences and Meetings ===
+EURO organizes a number of different conferences and events throughout each year:
+
+The EURO-k Conferences are broadly oriented and take place yearly, with the exception of the years when there is an IFORS triennial conference. They are hosted by EURO member societies.
+EURO Mini Conferences  have the objective of assembling a limited number of specialists around a specific theme.
+EWG and FORUM Meetings are organized by each EURO Working Group and EURO Forums.
+The EURO Online Seminar Series  enhances the dissemination of OR and relevant topics through online channels.
+
+
+=== Working Groups and Forums ===
+EURO Working Groups are the organizational framework provided by EURO to groups of researchers and practitioners interested in a specific operational research topic. Each EURO Working Group holds at least one meeting per year, organizes sessions at conferences, publishes special issues of OR journals, and organizes conferences or seminars.
+Currently, EURO hosts 34 EWGs, with the most recent one launched in 2025: (EWGBAI), the EURO Working Group on Business Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (EWGBAI).
+The full list of all active EURO Working Groups:
+
+EURO working group on Agriculture and Forest Management EWG-AFM,
+EURO working group on Automated Timetabling PATAT,
+EURO working group on Behavioural OR BOR,
+EURO working group on Business Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Interfaces EWGBAI,
+EURO working group on Combinatorial Optimization ECCO,
+EURO working group on Commodities and Financial Modelling CFM,
+EURO working group on Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Medicine EWG-CBBM,
+EURO working group on Continuous Optimization EUROPT,
+EURO working group on Cutting and Packing ESICUP,
+EURO working group on Data Science meets Optimization EWG-DSO,
+EURO working group on Decision Support Systems EWG-DSS,
+EURO working group on Efficiency and Productivity Analysis EWG-EPA,
+EURO working group on Ethics and OR EWG-EOR,
+EURO working group on Experimental Economics E-CUBE,
+EURO working group on Health Services ORAHS,
+EURO working group on Humanitarian Operations HOpe,
+EURO Working Group on Locational Analysis EWGLA,
+EURO working group on Lot Sizing EWG-LS,
+EURO working group on Metaheuristics EU/ME,
+EURO working group on Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding EWG-MCDA,
+EURO working group on Network Optimization ENOG,
+EURO working group on Operations Research for Development EWG-ORD,
+EURO working group on OR in Sports EWG-ORS,
+EURO working group on Preference Handling EWG-PH,
+EURO working group on Pricing and Revenue Management EWG-PRM,
+EURO working group on Project Management and Scheduling EWG-PMS,
+EURO working group on Quantum OR EWG-QOR,
+EURO working group on Retail Operations EWG-RO,
+EURO working group on Stochastic Modelling STOCHMOD,
+EURO working group on Stochastic Optimization EWG-SO,
+EURO working group on Sustainable Development and Civil Engineering ORSDCE,
+EURO working group on Sustainable Supply Chains EWG-SSC,
+EURO working group on Transportation EWG-T,
+EURO working group on Vehicle Routing and Logistics VeRoLog,
+EURO Forums are groups tasked with progressing a specific initiative that supports the ongoing health and vitality of OR research and practice. A EURO Forum differentiates itself from a EURO Working Group by promoting the health and vitality of OR without tying itself to a specific research domain or methodology.
+EURO has four forums:
+
+WISDOM (Women In Society: Doing Operational Research and Management Science)
+EUROYoung
+EURO Practitioners' Forum
+OR Education Forum
+
+
+=== Education ===
+EURO organizes educational meetings throughout each year:
+
+EURO PhD Schools are an instrument to encourage the organization of post-graduate education initiatives for PhD students under a school format.
+EURO Summer/Winter Institutes provide an opportunity for around 25 early stage researchers to meet for about two weeks. Participants present their material, discuss it with others and with a handful of specially invited senior experts in the field, and finally prepare a paper to be considered for inclusion in a feature issue of an OR publication.
+
+
+=== Past Presidents ===
+
+1975-1978 - Hans-Jürgen Zimmermann
+1979-1980 - Birger Rapp
+1981-1982 - Rolfe Tomlinson
+1983-1984 - Jean-Pierre Brans
+1985-1986 - Bernard Roy
+1987-1988 - Dominique de Werra
+1989-1990 - Jakob Krarup
+1991-1992 - Jaap Spronk
+1993-1994 - Maurice Shutler
+1995-1996 - Paolo Toth
+1997-1998 - Jan Węglarz
+1999-2000 - Christoph Schneeweiß
+2001-2002 - Philippe Vincke
+2003-2004 - Laureano Escudero
+2005-2006 - Alexis Tsoukiàs
+2007-2008 - Martine Labbé
+2009-2010 - Valerie Belton
+2011-2012 - M. Grazia Speranza
+2013-2014 - Gerhard Wäscher
+2015-2016 - Elena Fernández
+2017-2018 - Richard Eglese
+2019-2020 - Immanuel Bomze
+2021-2022 - Marc Sevaux
+2023-2024 - Anita Schöbel
+2025-2026 - Frits Spieksma
+2027-2028 - Dolores Romero Morales
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:28.120178+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA) is an international, non-profit alliance focused on increasing food security by supporting smallholder agriculture and rural enterprise within healthy, sustainable and climate-smart landscapes.
+
+
+== Overview and focus ==
+AIRCA unites six international agricultural research and development centers which focus on a diverse mix of commodities, crops and issues including tropical agriculture, vegetable production, bamboo and rattan, insect pests, fertilizer use, underutilized crops, biosaline agriculture and sustainable development in mountains.
+The members of AIRCA address sustainable agriculture and the environment at the landscape level. The centers create solutions that take into account the diversity of interactions among people and the environment, agricultural and non-agricultural systems, the crossing of national boundaries and other factors that represent the entire context of agriculture.
+AIRCA members serve more than 60 countries comprising over 70% of the world’s population from across the Americas, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. The broad alliance has collective access to a wide variety of crops and ecosystems.
+The combined resources of AIRCA can be used to achieve 10 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015.
+
+
+== Relationship to CGIAR and FAO ==
+AIRCA member organizations work with crops of high economic, social, nutritional and ecological value. This complements and contrasts with the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the CGIAR who work primarily in staple crops.
+AIRCA does have some overlap with the CGIAR, however the CGIAR generally focuses more on agricultural research while AIRCA has more of a concentration on the implementation of agricultural research and development communication. AIRCA has a strong orientation toward problem solving at a system level, rather than a focus on a single commodity.
+
+
+== History ==
+AIRCA was launched on 2 March 2012 at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, Italy.
+It was publicly presented in Punta del Este, Uruguay, on 30 October 2012 during the second Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development.
+
+
+== Members ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-0.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+title: "Association of Polar Early Career Scientists"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:29.470612+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) is a worldwide association of early career scientists (undergraduate and graduate students, postdocs, and early career faculty) interested in the polar regions and the cryosphere generally. Its mission is to raise the profile of polar scientists by providing a continuum of leadership that is both internationally and interdisciplinarily focused, and to stimulate collaborative projects. Several countries (Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) have their own APECS chapters that focus on the needs and ideas of scholars country-wise.
+The APECS website serves as the main contact point for APECS members and provides forums for sharing news, connecting with other polar researchers, finding jobs, and announcing events relevant to polar research.
+APECS is an endorsed International Polar Year (IPY) project and is considered one of the major legacies of IPY.
+
+== History and motivation ==
+A crucial event in the formation of APECS was a meeting in Sånga Säby, Sweden, in September 2007. This meeting saw founders and members representatives of two key initiatives combine together under the name of APECS: the International Polar Year Youth Steering Committee (YSC) formed in 2005 and including several national YSC's, and a formative APECS, formed in 2006.
+
+=== International Polar Year Youth Steering Committee ===
+The International Polar Year (IPY) Youth Steering Committee (YSC) was founded in 2005 by Amber Church and Tyler Kuhn (co-chairs, Canada), Melianie Raymond (New Zealand), Jenny Baeseman (USA), Hugues Lantuit (Germany), Elie Verleyen (Belgium) and Stef Bokhorst (The Netherlands). Its aims were to ensure that IPY's goals included the next generation of polar researchers and the world's youth were met. The YSC was designed as a decentralized institution relying on national committees, which rapidly came to life in several countries, including Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, among others. Those committees rapidly gained independence and developed their own networks as exemplified by the creation of the UK Polar Network in 2007. A contributing factor to the success of the YSC's during the IPY was strong support from the IPY International Program Office (IPO), based in Cambridge, UK, who ensured that the goals of the YSC would be heard in the community of senior researchers. The roles of Dave Carlson and Rhian Salmon, in particular, were crucial.
+The YSC's focus was the creation, fostering and promotion of activities geared towards youth. It largely focused on the involvement of school children and young adults in polar literacy projects and strengthening the communication between students and young researchers. Progressively, a need for a broader, more encompassing organization specifically geared towards young researchers and early career scientists arose.
+
+=== Early APECS ===
+Discussions on IPY education and outreach forums, similar initiatives in other scientific realms and the encounter of like-minded people created an awareness of the need for an organization driven by and serving early career researchers, focused on science and career development, unlike the YSC. In the autumn of 2006, to address these needs, Jenny Baeseman (USA), Hugues Lantuit (Germany) and Rhian Salmon (UK) laid the grounds for the rationale, structure, connections and future activities of APECS. The acronym was coined at the time and a nascent APECS was launched massively in early 2007, at the start of the IPY with Baseman and Lantuit as co-directors.
+In March 2007, discussions were initiated by the directors with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) to offer APECS' services as representative of early career researchers in polar science. This early version of APECS then started evolving to serve better the needs of early career researchers interested in the polar regions and the wider cryosphere.
+The YSC's activities developed concurrently with many (if not most) of the early career researchers involved in both organizations. Its scope, however, was limited in time, since it mainly focused on creating activities during the 2007/2008 IPY. The need to ensure the continuation of successful initiatives and activities after the IPY led to brainstorming on post-IPY legacy. At the same time, the increase in young researcher initiatives in polar science started to create some confusion in the scientific community, questioning the structure, coordination and even the relevance of such organizations.
+
+=== Sånga Säby meeting ===
+To address these issues, a meeting was organized at Sånga Säby outside Stockholm, Sweden in September 2007 to bring together all these groups and prepare some long-term sustainable plans. The meeting was sponsored by the Swedish company Serla, the IPY IPO, and other international polar science entities. The key outcomes of this meeting were the decisions to merge these groups, including the YSC, into one organization, retaining the name of APECS, and that APECS should adapt its structure to reflect better the multifaceted nature of its membership. This established APECS as a legacy of the YSC and other IPY projects. A new structure was launched at the end of the meeting including working groups, an advisory committee, an interim Council of the 24 attending participants (see below), an interim Executive Committee elected by the council Kriss Rokkan Iversen (Norway), Narelle Baker (UK), Hugues Lantuit (Germany), Dan Pringle (USA), and José Xavier (Portugal), and Jen Baeseman (USA) was appointed as an interim director. Kriss Rokkan Iversen received unanimous support of all voters and appointed by the Executive Committee as the interim President of APECS.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-1.md

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+---
+title: "Association of Polar Early Career Scientists"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:29.470612+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== 2008-Present ===
+The Executive Committee and Director were charged with establishing APECS as an organization over the next 6–12 months. A report of activities in this period was made at the online APECS Council Meeting, 21 May 2008. Key progress included forming an international Advisory Committee of senior researchers and science administrators to provide guidance and support. A website was developed by in kind support from Iceland-based Arctic Portal through the generous support of director Halldór Jóhannsson. The website was established as a virtual home of APECS and amongst other features, includes study and job opportunities, meetings, news updates, and a discussion forum.
+The executive committee met in March 2008 in Akureyri, Iceland to address strategic planning for APECS and draft the documents that will help sustain this organization for year to come: the Terms of Reference and the Rules of Procedure. This meeting was coordinated by Halldór Jóhannsson and supported by the University of Akureyri, Northern Research Forum and the Arctic Portal.
+The ROP and TOR included a revision from the interim APECS structure to an open Council who elect an Executive Committee. The Council controls issues related to APECS governance and structure, and is expected to act on time scales of months – years. The Executive Committee is mandated by the Council with shorter time-scale decision making and running APECS on a day-to-day basis. (See the founding ROP and TOR for details.)
+The organization now has an International Directorate Office hosted at the University of Tromsø, Norway.
+
+== Membership ==
+The association represents people with a wide range of scientific expertise and interests including glaciology, geology, geodesy, anthropology, sociology, political science, atmospheric science, oceanography, polar biology, culture and heritage studies, linguistics, space studies, biogeochemistry, and paleontology.
+Membership in APECS is free and open to all early career scientists interested in natural and social sciences of the polar regions, from undergraduates through assistant professors or equivalent for non-academic positions. Participation by engineers and those interested in the cryosphere in general is also being sought. APECS encourages senior researchers to register on the APECS website and serve as mentors for the organization as well as post job openings and events at their institutions.
+
+== External links ==
+Association of Polar Early Career Scientists

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists-0.md

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+---
+title: "Association of Social Anthropologists"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:41.637397+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of social anthropology. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:31:36.831505+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:42.845987+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-0.md

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+---
+title: "Brights movement"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Brights movement is a social movement whose members, since 2003, refer to themselves as Brights and have a worldview of philosophical naturalism.
+Most Brights believe that public policies should be based on science (a body of knowledge obtained and tested by use of the scientific method). Brights are likely to oppose the practice of basing public policies on supernatural doctrines. Brights may therefore be described as secularists.
+
+== Terminology ==
+The Bright movement has proposed the following terminology:
+
+super (noun): someone whose worldview includes supernatural and/or mystical elements
+bright (noun): someone whose worldview is naturalistic (no supernatural and mystical elements)
+Bright: a bright who has registered on the Bright website as a member of the movement
+
+== History ==
+Paul Geisert, who coined the term bright and co-founded the bright movement is a one-time Chicago biology teacher, professor, entrepreneur and writer of learning materials. In deciding to attend the Godless Americans March on Washington in 2002, Geisert disliked the label "godless" because he thought it would alienate the general public to whom that term was synonymous with "evil". He sought a new, positive word that might be well accepted and improve the image of those who did not believe in the supernatural. A few weeks later, Geisert came up with the noun "bright" after brainstorming many ideas. He then ran into another room and told his wife: "I've got the word, and this is going to be big!"
+It was also co-founded by his wife, Mynga Futrell. Futrell remains director of the organization. Paul Geisert died November 17, 2020.
+After coming up with the term they pitched their idea to friends and decided to unveil their idea at an Atheist Alliance International conference in Tampa, Florida in Spring 2003. They called the organizers and got permission to present the idea. They made their proposal at the conference, which was attended by Richard Dawkins. They launched the Brights' Net website on June 4, 2003. The movement gained early publicity through articles by Richard Dawkins in The Guardian and Wired; and by Daniel Dennett in  The New York Times.
+The movement continued to grow and experienced accelerated registrations following media debate around New Atheism prompted by a series of book releases in late 2006 including The God Delusion, Breaking the Spell, God Is Not Great, The End of Faith and Letter to a Christian Nation. The movement has grown to be a constituency of over 78,000 Brights in 204 nations and territories. 
+
+== Brights ==
+Many, but not all, Brights also identify as atheist, antitheist, humanist (specifically secular humanist), freethinker, irreligionist, naturalist, materialist or physicalist, agnostic, skeptic, or even naturalistic pantheist. Even so, the "movement is not associated with any defined beliefs". The website Brights' Net says its goal is to include the umbrella term "bright" in the vocabulary of this existing "community of reason".
+However, "the broader intent is inclusive of the many-varied persons whose worldview is naturalistic", but are in the "general population" as opposed to associating solely with the "community of reason". Thus, persons who can declare their naturalistic worldview using the term bright extend beyond the familiar secularist categories as long as they do not hold theistic worldviews. Registrations even include some members of the clergy, such as Presbyterian ministers and a Church History Professor and ordained priest.
+Dawkins compares the coining of bright to the "triumph of consciousness-raising" from the term gay:
+
+Gay is succinct, uplifting, positive: an "up" word, where homosexual is a down word, and queer, faggot and pooftah are insults. Those of us who subscribe to no religion; those of us whose view of the universe is natural rather than supernatural; those of us who rejoice in the real and scorn the false comfort of the unreal, we need a word of our own, a word like "gay"[,] [...] a noun hijacked from an adjective, with its original meaning changed but not too much. Like gay, it should be catchy: a potentially prolific meme. Like gay, it should be positive, warm, cheerful, bright.
+Despite the explicit difference between the noun and adjective, there have been comments on the comparison. In his Wired article, Dawkins stated: "Whether there is a statistical tendency for brights (noun) to be bright (adjective) is a matter for research".
+Notable people who have self-identified as brights at one time or another include: biologists Richard Dawkins and Richard J. Roberts; cognitive scientist Steven Pinker; philosophers Daniel Dennett and  Massimo Pigliucci; stage magicians and debunkers James Randi and Penn & Teller; Amy Alkon; Sheldon Glashow; Babu Gogineni; Edwin Kagin; Mel Lipman; Piergiorgio Odifreddi; and Air America Radio talk show host Lionel.
+
+=== Contrasted with supers ===
+Daniel Dennett suggests in his book Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon that if non-naturalists are concerned with connotations of the word "Bright", then they should invent an equally positive sounding word for themselves, like "Supers" (i.e., one whose world view contains supernaturalism). He also suggested this during his presentation at the Atheist Alliance International convention in 2007. Geisert and Futrell maintain that the neologism has always had a kinship with the Enlightenment, an era which celebrated the possibilities of science and a certain amount of free inquiry. They have endorsed the use of super as the antonym to bright.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-1.md

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+---
+title: "Brights movement"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Symbol ==
+The Brights' avatar represents a celestial body viewed from space. As there is no up or down or right or left in outer space, the arrangement of planet and darkness and starlight is changeable. Although the symbol is open to the viewer's interpretation, it is generally meant to invoke transition and a sense of gradual illumination. The intentional ambiguity of the avatar is meant to symbolically reflect an important question: Is the future of humankind becoming luminous or more dim? The Brights aspire "to take the promising route, whereby the imagery brings to mind a gradually increasing illumination for this earth of ours, an escalation of enlightenment". This optimistic interpretation of the Brights' symbol is summarized by the motto "Embrightenment Now!".
+
+== Name controversy ==
+The movement has been criticised by some (both religious and non-religious) who have objected to the adoption of the title "bright" because they believe it suggests that the individuals with a naturalistic worldview are more intelligent ("brighter") than non-naturalists, such as philosophical skeptics or idealists, believers in the paranormal, philosophical theists, or the religious. For example, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry published an article by Chris Mooney titled "Not Too 'Bright'" in which he stated that although he agreed with the movement, Richard Dawkins's and Daniel Dennett's "campaign to rename religious unbelievers 'brights' could use some rethinking" because of the possibility that the term would be misinterpreted. The journalist and noted atheist Christopher Hitchens likewise found it a "cringe-making proposal that atheists should conceitedly nominate themselves to be called 'brights'".
+In response to this, Daniel Dennett has stated:
+
+There was also a negative response, largely objecting to the term that had been chosen [not by me]: bright, which seemed to imply that others were dim or stupid. But the term, modeled on the highly successful hijacking of the ordinary word "gay" by homosexuals, does not have to have that implication. Those who are not gays are not necessarily glum; they're straight. Those who are not brights are not necessarily dim.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+The Brights' Net. The originating hub of the Brights' constituency.
+Teaching About Religion in Public Schools: Worldview Education, for which Geisert provided consultation.
+thebrightsnet. YouTube
+Bright. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners.
+Wajnryb, Ruth (31 January 2004). "The future is oh-so non-adjectivally bright". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 November 2018.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-0.md

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+---
+title: "British Academy of Management"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British Academy of Management (BAM) is a British learned society dedicated to advancing the academic discipline of management in the United Kingdom. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. 
+The academy runs two flagship peer-reviewed academic journals: the British Journal of Management and the International Journal of Management Reviews as well as an annual conference. Its headquarters are in London, United Kingdom.
+
+== History ==
+
+=== Foundation ===
+The British Academy of Management was founded in 1986, exactly 50 years after the AoM was formed in Chicago. Sir Cary Cooper was its first President and Andrew Pettigrew was its first chairman. During the AoM conference in San Diego in 1985 they realize the lack of a multidisciplinary association in the UK and decided to establish BAM.
+The biggest challenges for this new organisation were to set up a constitution and to exercise good governance through a strong executive committee. The inaugural conference of BAM was at the University of Warwick in 1987. This was organised by Andrew Pettigrew. With over 200 delegates, the conference had an immediate success.
+
+=== Early days ===
+From the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, the management of the academy was still based on an amateur approach, because of the moving from one place to another. The nomadic life of the BAM office and the lack of a centralized system meant that outgoing chairpersons packaged the documents and sent them on to the institution of the new chair. Sometimes, this delivery arrived without all the key papers. BAM headquarters had to be moved from one city to another for a bit more than a decade, until they found a stable home in 2002 in London. Thus, the records eventually delivered to HQ were not very comprehensive.
+
+=== Conferences ===
+In the 1990s, BAM struggled to find conference venues, and to attract persons due to the fact that the attendance was low. As the time passed there was a growth in both domestic and international attendance, especially from Europe. At this time, it was observed that the conferences were more about social interaction than about the discussion of serious research. Combining both consistently high academic quality and the fun factor became a priority by the late 1990s.
+The first BAM Workshop took place on 5 January 1989 entitled ‘Organisation and Strategic Decision Making’ at Bradford Management Centre, University of Bradford. It had 69 participants who came from England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Brazil, US, China and France. It was organised by Richard Butler, Richard Pike and John Sharp.
+
+=== First BAM journal ===
+BAM's founders wanted to start publishing a journal. Cary Cooper managed one of the AoM divisions that had its own journal and he suggested that BAM should do the same.  Cooper coordinated a small group from Council who interviewed a number of  publishing companies for a five-year contract, John Wiley won the first contract. The British Journal of Management (BJM) was launched in early 1990 and had 4 issues a year running into 64 pages. The General Editor was David Otley and the Associate Editors were John Burgoyne, John McGee, Roy Payne, Nigel Piercy and Roy Rothwell. BJM purpose was to receive articles from a full range of business and management disciplines and to have a multi and inter disciplinary orientation.
+
+=== Formation of special interest groups ===
+One of the significant changes to BAM's structure happened in 1999 with the formation of Special Interest Groups (SIGs). The aim of the SIGs was to encourage greater member participation and to provide a more diverse range of activities for members. The first SIGs were Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Management Consultancy but Learning and Knowledge, Interorganisational Relations, Performance Management, Philosophy of Management, Research Methodology, Creativity and Creative Industries and E-Business soon joined them. The SIG structure proved a thriving way to organise BAM's  conferences, offering richer benefits for the membership. SIGs also provided new opportunities for less experienced academics to play active roles in the academy. There are now 23 SIGs representing the full field of management studies.
+
+=== International Journal of Management Reviews ===
+The success of the British Journal of Management (BJM) was joined by BAM's acquisition of the International Journal of Management Reviews (IJMR). Cary Cooper and Alan Pearson had been the first editors.
+
+== Governance ==
+The British Academy of Management has an executive committee and a Council. It is a Registered Charity (no. 1117999) and is a Company (no. 05869337) Limited by  Guarantee and registered in England and Wales.
+
+=== BAM Executive ===
+An executive committee, is elected to develop the strategy, work with Council and ensure an effective implementation of the chosen strategy. In 2014 the leadership team was remodelled. This consist of a President, a chair, five elected vice-chair portfolios and an appointed Treasurer. In January 2018 BAM's first CEO, Madeleine Barrows, was appointed to work with the Executive to develop and implement strategy and to lead the office team.
+
+President: Professor Nic Beech
+Chair: Professor Katy Mason
+Treasurer: Dr Neil Pyper
+Vice Chairs:
+Equality, Diversity and Inclusivity: Professor Martyna Śliwa
+Research and Publications: Professor Emma Bell, Professor Nelarine Cornelius
+Academic Affairs of Conference and Capacity Building: Professor Nicholas O'Regan, Professor Helen Shipton
+Special Interest Groups: Professor Maureen Meadows, Professor Savvas Papagiannidis
+Management Knowledge and Education: Professor Lisa Anderson, Professor Mark Loon
+
+=== BAM Council ===
+The council, which comprises approximately 50 people elected for a minimum of 3 years by the general membership, or co-opted by the Executive, represents the interests of the membership and contributes to the activities of the learned society through working with the Vice-Chairs. The role of Council is to elaborate strategy and policy, and to implement strategy in conjunction with the Executive and Academy office.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-1.md

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+---
+title: "British Academy of Management"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Special interest groups ==
+Special interest groups (SIGs) are networks of researchers that are focused in a specific area of management research. They organize events throughout the year and provide the members with an academic forum for the discussion on relevant topics.
+SIGs are run by BAM members, with support from the BAM office. They organise workshop and events on topics relevant to their research area, and take the lead in managing the academic programme at the annual BAM Conference.
+Here are the 23 SIG networks:
+
+Corporate Governance
+Cultural and Creative Industries
+e-Business and e-Government
+Entrepreneurship
+Financial Management
+Gender in Management
+Human Resource Management
+Identity
+Innovation
+Inter-Organizational Collaboration: partnerships, alliances and networks
+International Business and International Management
+Knowledge and Learning
+Leadership and Leadership Development
+Management and Business History
+Marketing and Retail
+Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management
+Organisational Psychology
+Organisational Transformation, Change and Development
+Performance Management
+Research Methodology
+Strategy
+Sustainable and Responsible Business
+
+== Annual conference ==
+The British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference is for business and management scholars.
+
+== Journals ==
+
+=== British Journal of Management ===
+ The British Journal of Management (BJM) is the official journal of the British Academy of Management. It is published four times a year (plus an annual supplement), welcoming papers that make inter-disciplinary or multi-disciplinary contributions, as well as research from within the traditional disciplines and managerial functions.
+BJM has a 2021 impact factor of 7.450, ranked 41 out of 154 in the Business category and 48 out of 228 in the Management category.
+The current Editors-in-Chief are Riikka Sarala of UNC Greensboro, United States, Shuang Ren of Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom, and Paul Hibbert of University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
+
+=== International Journal of Management Reviews ===
+ The International Journal of Management Reviews (IJMR) is the official journal of the British Academy of Management. It is published four times a year . The journal includes all main subjects of management sub-discipline - from accounting and entrepreneurship to strategy and technology management. Each issue is composed of five or six review articles which examine all the relevant literature published on a specific aspect of the sub-discipline.
+IJMR has a 2019 impact factor of 8.631, ranked 5th out of 226 in the Management category and 5th out of 152 in the Business category.
+The Co-Editors in Chief of the International Journal of Management Reviews are Dr Dermot Breslin (University of Sheffield), Professor Jamie Callahan (Northumbria University), Dr Marian Iszatt-White (Lancaster University), with Professor Catherine Bailey (King's College London).
+
+== Associated organisations ==
+Academy of Social Sciences (ACSS)
+Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS)
+Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM)
+Academy of Management (AoM)
+British Academy
+British Library
+Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM)
+Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD)
+Chartered Management Institute (CMI)
+Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
+European Academy of Management (EURAM)
+Higher Education Academy (HEA)
+Indian Academy of Management (INDAM)
+Irish Academy of Management (IAM)
+Institute of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE)
+The Society for the Advancement of Management Studies (SAMS)
+Società Italiana di Management (SIMA)
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "British Accounting & Finance Association"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:45.240643+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British Accounting and Finance Association (BAFA) is a learned society and research organisation dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and understanding of accounting, finance and financial management. It has over 750 members and edits the British Accounting Review, an academic journal.
+The association is a UK registered charity no. 299527.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+BAFA promotes the development of innovative approaches to research and teaching in accounting and finance, and celebrates the breadth and diversity of research by UK and international researchers.
+It collaborates with other organisations, such as the Academy of Social Sciences, the British Academy, and professional accounting bodies, to promote accounting and finance as a social science that influences professional practice and affects the economy and society.
+In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the British Accounting Review, BAFA hosts an annual conference in April that attracts academics and professionals from around the world.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Association of University Teachers of Accounting (AUTA) was formed in 1947 with Donald Cousins as its first Chairman. It held its inaugural meeting in December of that year at a time when the UK’s first accounting professorships were being created and accountancy was becoming recognised as a subject for scholarly study. The AUTA followed in the footsteps of the Accounting Research Organisation, which had been established in 1936, although it had ceased activities by 1941. Harold Edey had an important role in the early years, in particular ensuring that the academic study of accounting was given value by the profession.
+As a result of the small number of both researchers and teachers in accounting during the 1960s – Parker (1997, p. 45) lists a mere 21 in the whole country – and because of a distinct lack of engagement at the time from the profession, the organisation almost disappeared. However, it was given a new lease of life later in that decade when the AUTA News Review was set up (although a Newsletter had existed on a more ad hoc basis since its first issue in 1948 with Will Baxter its Editor). This publication was renamed the AUTA Review in 1974 and it then became the British Accounting Review in 1984.
+Around the same time, a set of regional associations were also established, which allowed universities outside London to establish their own research foci in the accounting area. The Scottish Accountants Group ran their initial conference in April 1967 while the Northern Accountants Group also first met in that month with its first conference organised by Robert Parker taking place in October of the same year. By the end of the next decade, South-eastern and South-western groups had also been formed.
+Two of BAFA’s other sub-committees, the Conference of Professors of Accounting and Finance (CPAF) and the Committee of Departments of Accounting and Finance (CDAF) were both established in 1987 as the Conference of Professors of Accounting and the Committee of Heads of Accounting in Polytechnics respectively, although the latter was initially organised as a separate entity to the AUTA.
+The tradition of holding a broad-based conference in April with location moving around the United Kingdom began in 1949 in Birmingham. The organisation stopped holding conferences from 1959 to 1970 but these began again in 1971 with 62 attendees, and have been held annually since then with participant numbers growing to over 300. The conference has included a Doctoral Colloquium since 1990.
+The AUTA became the British Accounting Association (BAA) in 1984 and the most recent chapter in the history of the organisation began in April 2012 when the BAA changed its name to the British Accounting and Finance Association (BAFA) to better match its wider remit spanning finance and financial management as well as accounting.
+
+
+== Membership ==
+BAFA has over 750 members, comprising academics, students and accounting professionals. There are two levels of membership: ordinary and honorary.
+Ordinary membership is by application and is open to anyone with an interest in research in accounting and finance.
+Honorary membership is conferred by the executive committee, in recognition of services to accounting, finance and/or financial management education and research which are deemed worthy of recognition by the association.
+BAFA is not a qualifying body for the purposes of practising accounting and finance.
+
+
+== The British Accounting Review ==
+The British Accounting Review is the official journal of the British Accounting and Finance Association.  It publishes original scholarly papers covering the whole spectrum of accounting and finance.
+The journal allows original research to reach academics, students, professional bodies and their members, accounting and auditing standards bodies, financial regulators and government departments.
+Research contributions must demonstrate the use of rigorous and appropriate research methodologies, and use high quality data for empirical studies.
+All papers published are subject to a minimum of double blind review.
+The joint editors are currently Professors Nathan Joseph and Alan Lowe.
+
+
+== Groups ==
+
+
+=== BAFA Sub-committees ===
+There are two BAFA sub-committees:
+
+Committee for Departments of Accounting and Finance (CDAF)
+CDAF is concerned with matters of national importance in the management of University departments of Accounting and Finance, focusing upon issues of curriculum, quality assurance, academic management, professional body links and staff development.
+
+Conference of Professors of Accounting and Finance (CPAF)
+CPAF provides a forum for the discussion of strategic matters of relevance to academics in accounting and finance. Most members are professors, but exceptionally they may be the most senior academic in an HEI without any Professors in Accounting or Finance. CPAF holds an annual conference in September.
+
+
+=== Regional Groups ===
+Northern Area Group
+Scottish Group
+South East Area Group
+South West Area Group
+Each group hosts its own local events.
+
+
+=== Special Interest Groups ===
+BAFA runs a number of groups that address specific subject areas. They are:
+
+Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies Special Interest Group
+Accounting Education Special Interest Group
+Auditing Special Interest Group (ASIG)
+Corporate Governance Special Interest Group
+Financial Accounting and Reporting Special Interest Group
+Financial Markets and Institutions Special Interest Group
+Interdisciplinary Perspectives Special Interest Group
+Public Services and Charities Special Interest Group
+Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing Special Interest Group
+
+
+== BAFA Awards ==
+BAFA makes three awards annually:  the Distinguished Academic Award (DAA), the Lifetime Achievement Award (LAA), and the Distinguished Contribution Award (DCA).
+The DAA is presented to an individual who has made a substantial and direct contribution to UK academic accounting and finance life, while the LAA is awarded to one or more individuals who have made a substantial and direct contributions to UK academic accounting and finance over the course of their careers.
+The DCA was launched in 2016 to recognise non-academics who have made a significant contribution to the profession and to BAFA.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies-0.md

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+---
+title: "British Association for American Studies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:46.437750+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British Association for American Studies is a learned society in the field of American studies. It was founded in 1955. It produces the Journal of American Studies, American Studies in Britain, US Studies Online, BAAS Paperbacks, and Resources for American Studies.
+It has produced many of its own publications, as well as many in partnership with Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh University Press, and Microform Academic Publishers.
+
+
+== BAAS Chairs past and present ==
+Frank Thistlethwaite 1955–59
+Herbert Nicholas 1959–62
+Marcus Cunliffe 1962–65
+Esmond Wright 1965–68
+Maldwyn Jones 1968–71
+George Shepperson 1971–74
+Harry Allen 1974–77
+Peter Parish 1977–80
+Dennis Welland 1980–83
+Charlotte Erickson 1983–86
+Howard Temperley 1986–89
+Bob Burchell 1989–92
+Richard King 1992–95
+Judie Newman 1995–98
+Philip Davies 1998–2004
+Simon Newman 2004–2007
+Heidi Macpherson 2007–2010
+Martin Halliwell 2010–2013
+Susan Currell 2013–2016
+Brian Ward 2016–2019
+Cara Rodway 2019–2022
+Lydia Plath 2022- 2025
+Michael Collins 2025 -
+
+
+== See also ==
+American studies in the United Kingdom
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education-0.md

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+---
+title: "British Association for International and Comparative Education"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:47.566874+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British Association for International and Comparative Education (BAICE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting teaching, research, policy and development in all aspects of international and comparative education. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. The association runs an academic journal, Compare.
+The current Chair of BAICE is Dr Tejendra Pherali from the Institute of Education, UCL. The current Vice chair is Dr Alison Buckler from The Open University. The current Secretary is Dr Jennifer Jomafuvwe Agbaire from the Centre for International Education (CIE) at the University of Sussex. The current President of BAICE is Professor Paul Morris from the Institute of Education, UCL.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Records of the British Association for International and Comparative Education (formerly the British Comparative and International Education Society) at University College London
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies-0.md

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+---
+title: "British Association for Slavonic & East European Studies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:48.734910+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies (BASEES) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the study of Russia, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences.
+It was formed in 1988 or 1989 through a merger of the British Universities Association of Slavists (BUAS; created 1956) and the National Association for Soviet and East European Studies (NASEES; created 1967, funded by the Ford Foundation and Shell), two founding members of the International Council for Central and East European Studies. Its first president until 1991 was the economist and foreign policy adviser Michael Kaser, who had also initially chaired the NASEES from 1967 to 1973. Until 1992, it was called the British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies (BASSEES).
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "British Educational Research Association"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:49.904367+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British Educational Research Association (BERA) is a membership association and learned society committed to advancing research quality, building research capacity and fostering research engagement. BERA's aim is to inform the development of policy and practice by promoting the best quality evidence produced by educational research. 
+
+
+== History ==
+Founded in 1974, BERA has since expanded into an internationally renowned association with over 3,000 members. BERA is not discipline-specific and has members from a  wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, theoretical orientations, methodological approaches, sectoral interests and institutional affiliations.
+BERA holds a major international conference each year alongside a series of events, and publishes high quality research in peer-reviewed journals, reports, book series and the BERA Blog. BERA has an array of awards and fellowships, provides grants for research, support the career development of educational researchers and creates  an active peer community organised around networks, forums and special interest groups. 
+BERA is a registered charity and is governed by an elected council, with its president serving a two-year term, and managed by a small office team based in London. 
+BERA holds conferences, publishes research, and pays for research. Their publications includes: "reports of experiments and surveys, discussions of conceptual and methodological issues and of underlying assumptions in educational research, accounts of research in progress, and book reviews."
+
+
+== Publications and awards ==
+
+
+=== Publications ===
+Research Intelligence
+British Educational Research Journal
+British Journal of Educational Technology
+Review of Education
+The Curriculum Journal
+BERA Ethical Guidelines
+They have irregularly published material, and discontinued material that can be purchased from some book companies.
+
+
+=== Awards and funding ===
+BERA Small Grants Fund
+BERA Equality in Education Award
+BERA Academic Citizen of the Year
+Educational Book of the Year
+BERA Public Engagement and Impact Award
+BERA Undergraduate Award
+BERA Doctoral Thesis Award
+BERA Masters Dissertation Award
+BERA Brian Simon Fund
+BERA Doctoral Fellowship
+BERA John Nisbet Fellowship
+BCF Curriculum Investigation Grant
+BJET Fellowship
+BERJ Editor's Choice Award
+Curriculum Journal Editor's Choice Award
+Review of Education Editor's Choice Award
+Conference Best Paper Awards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+BERA Home page
+Catalogue of the BERA archives

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "British International Studies Association"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:51.074199+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British International Studies Association (BISA) is a learned society that promotes the study of international relations and related subjects through teaching, research, and facilitation of contact between scholars. BISA has an international membership of over 1,500 members, with over 80 countries represented. Chair is  Mark Webber (University of Birmingham). He succeeded Richard Whitman (University of Kent), who served as chair until 2015. The national office is based at the University of Birmingham.
+BISA is a member society of the Academy of Social Sciences.
+
+
+== Foundation ==
+In Jan 1974 an inaugural meeting was held at the 14th Bailey Conference on International Studies at the University of Surrey, and at that time, a draft interim constitution was agreed. The interim executive committee consisted of Alastair Francis Buchan (chairman), RJ Jones (secretary), Susan Strange (treasurer), PA Reynolds, G Goodwin, D Wrightman, CM Mason, T Taylor, A James and J Spence.
+
+
+== Publications ==
+Review of International Studies
+European Journal of International Security
+The book series Cambridge Studies in International Relations in collaboration with Cambridge University Press
+
+
+== Annual prizes ==
+BISA awards the following prizes at its annual international conference:
+
+Distinguished Contribution Prize
+Michael Nicholson Thesis Prize
+Susan Strange Book Prize
+PG BISA Teaching Excellence Prize
+BISA Teaching Excellence Prize
+Best Article in Review of International Studies
+
+
+== Working groups ==
+Working groups are formed by members to enable collaboration and networking in specific subfields. There are currently about 30 groups focusing on specific areas of study and collaboration.
+
+
+== Funding ==
+The association makes available funding via a variety of routes, working group funding, conference bursaries, founders fund awards, postgraduate network funding etc. Introduced in 2015, BISA also offers funding for Early Career Researchers’ projects with grants of up to £3,000.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "British Science Association"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The British Science Association (BSA) is a charity and learned society founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science. Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA). The current Chief Executive is Hannah Russell. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals. The BSA "envisions a society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn." and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building. The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognise and encourage people to be involved in science. These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, For Thought, The Ideas Fund, along with regional and local events.
+
+== History ==
+
+=== Foundation ===
+
+The Association was founded in 1831 and modelled on the German Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. It was founded during post-war reconstruction after the Peninsula war to improve the advancement of science in England. The prime mover (who is regarded as the main founder) was Reverend William Vernon Harcourt, following a suggestion by Sir David Brewster, who was disillusioned with the elitist and conservative attitude of the Royal Society. Charles Babbage, William Whewell and J. F. W. Johnston are also considered to be founding members. The first meeting was held in York (at the Yorkshire Museum) on Tuesday 27 September 1831 with various scientific papers being presented on the following days. It was chaired by Viscount Milton, president of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and "upwards of 300 gentlemen" attended the meeting. The Preston Mercury recorded that those gathered consisted of "persons of distinction from various parts of the kingdom, together with several of the gentry of Yorkshire and the members of philosopher societies in this country". The newspaper published the names of over a hundred of those attending and these included, amongst others, eighteen clergymen, eleven doctors, four knights, two Viscounts and one Lord.
+From that date onwards a meeting was held annually at a place chosen at a previous meeting. In 1832, for example, the meeting was held in Oxford, chaired by Reverend Dr William Buckland. By this stage the Association had four sections: Physics (including Mathematics and Mechanical Arts), Chemistry (including Mineralogy and Chemical Arts), Geology (including Geography) and Natural History.
+During this second meeting, the first objects and rules of the Association were published. Objects included systematically directing the acquisition of scientific knowledge, spreading this knowledge as well as discussion between scientists across the world, and to focus on furthering science by removing obstacles to progress. The rules established included what constituted a member of the Association, the fee to remain a member, and the process for future meetings. They also include dividing the members into different committees. These committees separated members into their preferred subject matter, and were to recommend investigations into areas of interest, then report on these findings, as well as progress in their science at the annual meetings.
+Additional sections were added throughout the years by either splitting off part of an original section, like making Geography and Ethnology its own section apart from Geology in 1851, or by defining a new subject area of discussion, such as Anthropology in 1869.
+A very important decision in the Association's history was made in 1842 when it was resolved to create a "physical observatory".   A building that became well known as the Kew Observatory was taken on for the purpose and Francis Ronalds was chosen as the inaugural Honorary Director.  Kew Observatory quickly became one of the most renowned meteorological and geomagnetic observatories in the world. The Association relinquished control of the Kew Observatory in 1871 to the management of the Royal Society, after a large donation to grant the observatory its independence.
+In 1872, the Association purchased its first central office in London, acquiring four rooms at 22 Albemarle Street. This office was intended to be a resource for members of the Association.
+One of the most famous events linked to the Association Meeting was an exchange between Thomas Henry Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in 1860 (see the 1860 Oxford evolution debate). Although it is often described as a "debate", the exchange occurred after the presentation of a paper by Prof Draper of New York, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during the week) and the subsequent discussion involved a number of other participants (although Wilberforce and Huxley were the most prominent). Although a number of newspapers made passing references to the exchange, it was not until later that it was accorded greater significance in the evolution debate.
+
+=== Electrical standards ===
+One of the most important contributions of the British Association was the establishment of standards for electrical usage: the ohm as the unit of electrical resistance, the volt as the unit of electrical potential, and the ampere as the unit of electrical current. A need for standards arose with the submarine telegraph industry. Practitioners came to use their own standards established by wire coils: "By the late 1850s, Clark, Varley, Bright, Smith and other leading British cable engineers were using calibrated resistance coils on a regular basis and were beginning to use calibrated condensers as well."
+The undertaking was suggested to the BA by William Thomson, and its success was due to the use of Thomson's mirror galvanometer. Josiah Latimer Clark and Fleeming Jenkin made preparations. Thomson, with his students, found that impure copper, contaminated with arsenic, introduced significant extra resistance. The chemist Augustus Matthiessen contributed an appendix (A) to the final 1873 report that showed temperature-dependence of alloys.

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+---
+title: "British Science Association"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The natural relation between these units are clearly, that a unit of electromotive force between two points of a conductor separated by a unit of resistance shall produce unit current, and that this current in a unit of time convey a unit quantity of electricity.
+The unit system was "absolute" since it agreed with previously accepted units of work, or energy:
+
+The unit current of electricity, in passing through a conductor of unit resistance, does a unit of work or its equivalent in a unit of time.
+
+=== Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature ===
+In 1888, at a meeting of the British Association in Bath, the Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature suggested three new units: the kine for velocity, equal to 1 centimeter per second; the bole for momentum, equal to 1 gram times 1 kine; and the barad for pressure, equal to 1 dyne per square centimeter. The London Electrical Review called the new units "an abomination, and wholly unnecessary" and attributed their creation to a "craze" for naming new units. William Henry Preece noted in 1891 that he had only seen one instance of use of the new units. By 1913, the units had fallen entirely out of use.
+
+=== Other ===
+The Association was parodied by English novelist Charles Dickens as 'The Mudfog Society for the Advancement of Everything' in The Mudfog Papers (1837–38).
+In 1878 a committee of the Association recommended against constructing Charles Babbage's analytical engine, due to concerns about the current state of the machine's lack of complete working drawings, the machine's potential cost to produce, the machine's durability during repeated use, how and what the machine will actually be utilized for, and that more work would need to be done to bring the design up to a standard at which it is guaranteed to work.
+The Association introduced the British Association (usually termed "BA") screw threads, a series of screw thread standards in sizes from 0.25 mm up to 6 mm, in 1882. The standards were based on the metric system, although they had to be re-defined in imperial terms for use by UK industry.  The standard was modified in 1884 to restrict significant figures for the metric counterpart of diameter and pitch of the screw in the published table, as well as not designating screws by their number of threads per inch, and instead giving an approximation due to considerable actual differences in manufactured screws.
+In 1889, a member of the Rational Dress Society, Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, stunned the proceedings of a meeting of the Association in Newcastle upon Tyne by organizing an impromptu session where she introduced rational dress to a wide audience, her speech being noted in newspapers across Britain.
+In 1903, microscopist and astronomer Washington Teasdale died whilst attending the annual meeting.
+
+== Perception of science in the UK ==
+The Association's main aim is to make science more relevant, representative and connected to society.
+At the beginning of the Great Depression, the Association's focus began to shift their purpose to account for not only scientific progress, but the social aspects of such progress. In the Association's 1931 meeting, the president General Jan Christiaan Smuts ended his address by the proposal of linking science and ethics together but provided no means to actuate his ideas. In the following years, debate began as to whom the responsibilities of scientists fell upon. The Association adopted a resolution in 1934 that dedicated efforts to better balance scientific advancement with social progress.
+J.D. Bernal, a member of the Royal Society and the British Association, wrote The Social Function of Science in 1939, describing a need to correctly utilize science for society and the importance of its public perception. The idea of the public perception of science was furthered in 1985 when the Royal Society published a report titled The Public Understanding of Science. 
+
+In the report, a committee of the Royal Society determined that it was scientists' duty to communicate to and educate the public. Lord George Porter, then president of the Royal Society, British Association, and director of the Royal Institution, created the Committee on the Public Understanding of Science, or COPUS, to promote public understanding of science.

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+---
+title: "British Science Association"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Professor Sir George Porter became the president in September 1985. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 along with Manfred Eigen, and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. When asked about the scientific literacy of Britain, he stated that Britain was the least educated country compared to all the other advanced countries. His idea to solve this problem would be to start scientific education for children at the age of 4. He says his reason for such an early age is because that is the age when children are the most curious, and implementing science at that age will help them gain curiosity towards all disciplines of science. When asked why public ignorance to science matters, his response wasIt matters because among those who are scientifically illiterate are some of those who are in power, people who lead us in politics, in civil service, in the media, in the church, often in industry and sometimes even in education. Think, for example, about the enormous influence of scientific knowledge on one's whole philosophy of life, even one's religion. It is no more permissible for the archbishops of today, who advise their flocks on how to interpret the Scriptures, to ignore the findings of Watson and Crick, than it was right for clerics of the last century to ignore the work of Darwin. Science today is all-pervasive. Without some scientific and technical education, it is becoming impossible even to vote responsibly on matters of health, energy, defense or education. So unless things change, we shall soon live in a country that is backward not only in its technology and standard of living but in its cultural vitality too. It is wrong to suppose that by foregoing technological and scientific education we shall somehow become a nation of artists, writers or philosophers instead. These two aspects of culture have never been divorced from each other throughout our history. Every renaissance, every period that showed a flowering of civilization, advanced simultaneously in the arts and sciences, and in technology too.
+Sir Kenneth Durham, former director of research at Unilever, on becoming president in August 1987 followed on from Sir George Porter saying that science teachers needed extra pay to overcome the scarcity of mathematics and physics teachers in secondary schools, and that "unless we deal with this as matter of urgency, the outlook for our manufacturing future is bleak". He regretted that headmasters and careers masters had for many years followed 'the cult of Oxbridge' because "it carried more prestige to read classics at Oxbridge and go into the Civil Service or banking, than to read engineering at, say, Salford, and go into manufacturing industry". He said that reporting of sciences gave good coverage to medical science, but that "nevertheless, editors ought to be sensitive to developments in areas such as solid state physics, astro-physics, colloid science, molecular biology, transmission of stimuli along nerve fibres, and so on, and that newspaper editors were in danger of waiting for disasters before the scientific factors involved in the incidents were explained.
+
+In September 2001 Sir William Stewart, as outgoing president, warned that universities faced "dumbing down" and thatwe can deliver social inclusiveness, and the best universities, but not both from a limited amount of money. We run the risk of doing neither well. Universities are underfunded, and must not be seen simply as a substitute for National Service to keep youngsters off the dole queue... [Adding,] scientists have to be careful and consider the full implications of what they are seeking to achieve. The problem with some clever people is that they find cleverer ways of being stupid.
+In the year 2000, Sir Peter Williams had put together a panel to discuss the shortage of physics majors. A physicist called Derek Raine had stated that he has had multiple firms call him up asking for physics majors. The report they made stated that it is critical that they increase the number of physics teachers, or it will have a detrimental effect on the number of future engineers and scientists.
+
+=== British Science Festival ===
+The Association's major emphasis in recent decades has been on public engagement in science. Its annual meeting, now called the British Science Festival, is the largest public showcase for science in the UK and attracts a great deal of media attention. It is held at UK universities in early September for one week, with visits to science-related local cultural attractions.
+The 2010 Festival, held in Birmingham with Aston University as lead University partner, featured a prank event: the unveiling of Dulcis foetidus, a fictional plant purported to emit a pungent odour. An experiment in herd mentality, some audience members were induced into believing they could smell it. 
+The Festival has also been the home to protest and debate. In 1970 there were protestors over the use of science for weapons.
+
+=== Science Communication Conference ===
+The Association organised and held the annual Science Communication Conference for over ten years. It was the largest conference of its kind in the UK, and addressed the key issues facing science communicators. In 2015, the BSA introduced a new series of smaller events for science communicators, designed to address the same issues as the Science Communication Conference but for a more targeted audience.
+
+=== British Science Week ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-3.md

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+---
+title: "British Science Association"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In addition to the British Science Festival, the British Science Association organises the British Science Week (formerly National Science & Engineering Week), an opportunity for people of all ages to get involved in science, engineering, technology and maths activities, originating as the National Week of Science, Engineering and Technology.
+The Association also has a young people's programme, the CREST Awards which seeks to involve school students in science beyond the school curriculum, and to encourage them to consider higher education and careers in science.
+Huxley Summit
+Named after Thomas Huxley, the Huxley Summit is a leadership event run by the British Science Association, where 250 of the most influential people in the UK are brought together to discuss scientific and social challenges that the UK faces in the 21st century and to develop a link between scientists and non-scientists to ensure that science can be understood by society as a whole. On 8 November 2016, the British Science Association held the very first Huxley Summit at BAFTA, London. The theme of the summit was "Trust in the 21st Century" and how that would affect the future of science, innovation, and business.
+Media Fellowship Schemes
+The British Science Association's Media Fellowship provides the opportunity for practicing scientists, clinicians, and engineers to spend a period of time working at media outlets such as the Guardian, BBC Breakfast or The Londonist. After their time with the media placement, the fellows attend the British Science Festival which will offer these practitioners valuable working experience with a range of media organizations along with learning from a wide range of public engagement activities and be able to network with academics, journalists and science communicators.
+
+== CREST Awards ==
+CREST Awards is the British Science Association's scheme to encourage students aged 5–19 to get involved with STEM projects and encourage scientific thinking. Awards range from Star Awards (targeted at those aged 5–7) to Gold Awards (targeted to those aged 16–19). Overall, 30,000 awards are undertaken annually. Many students who do CREST Awards, especially Silver and Gold Awards which require 30 and 70 hours of work respectively, enter competitions like the UK Big Bang Fair.
+
+== Patrons and Presidents of the British Science Association ==
+Traditionally the president is elected at the meeting usually held in August/September for a one-year term and gives a presidential address upon retiring. The honour of the presidency is traditionally bestowed only once per individual. Written sources that give the year of presidency as a single year generally mean the year in which the presidential address is given. In 1926/1927 the association's patron was King George V and the president was his son Edward, Prince of Wales.  The vice-presidents for the Leeds meeting at this time included City of Leeds Alderman Charles Lupton and his brother, The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of Leeds Hugh Lupton. The husband of the brothers' first cousin once removed - Lord Airedale of Gledhow -   was also a vice-president at the Leeds meeting.
+
+== List of annual meetings ==
+1831 (1st meeting) York, England.
+1832 (2nd meeting) Oxford, England.
+
+2013 (174th meeting) Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
+2014 (175th meeting) Birmingham, England.
+2015 (176th meeting) Bradford, England
+2016 (177th meeting) Swansea, Wales
+2017 (178th meeting) Brighton, England
+2018 (179th meeting) Hull, England
+2019 (180th meeting) Coventry, England
+2020 No meeting due to the COVID pandemic
+2021 (181st meeting) Chelmsford, Essex, England
+2022 (182nd meeting) Leicester, England
+2023 (183rd meeting) Exeter, England
+2024 (184th meeting) East London, England
+2025 (185th meeting) Liverpool, England
+2026 (186th meeting) Southampton, England
+
+== Structure ==
+The organisation is administered from the Wellcome Wolfson Building at the Science Museum, London in South Kensington in Kensington and Chelsea, within a few feet of the northern boundary with the City of Westminster (in which most of the neighbouring Imperial College London is resident).
+
+== See also ==
+1860 Oxford evolution debate
+American Association for the Advancement of Science
+Association of British Science Writers
+Café Scientifique
+EuroScience
+Glossary of astronomy
+Glossary of biology
+Glossary of chemistry
+Glossary of engineering
+Glossary of physics
+Guildhall Lectures
+National Science Week
+Royal Institution
+Royal Society
+Scandinavian Scientist Conference (1839–1936)
+Science Abstracts
+Science Festival
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+ Media related to British Association at Wikimedia Commons
+British Science Association
+British Science Festival
+British Science Association: Our history
+Digitised Reports 1833–1937, Biodiversity Heritage Library
+Reports of the meetings 1877–90 are available on Gallica
+The University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services holds some papers of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
+
+=== Video clips ===
+British Science Association YouTube channel

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-0.md

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+---
+title: "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a bi-monthly, nontechnical academic journal, published by an organization of the same name. The organization named "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" is a nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity. It publishes content both at a free-access website and through the journal. The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former Manhattan Project scientists as the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago immediately following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The organization is also the keeper of the symbolic Doomsday Clock, the time of which is announced each January.
+
+== Background ==
+One of the driving forces behind the creation of the Bulletin was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy and rapid technological change at the dawn of the Atomic Age. In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the Bulletin to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers of the nuclear arms race they knew was coming and about the destruction that atomic war could bring about. To convey the particular peril posed by nuclear weapons, the Bulletin devised the Doomsday Clock in 1947, with an original setting of seven minutes to midnight.
+The minute hand of the Clock first moved closer to midnight in response to changing world events in 1949, following the first Soviet nuclear test. The Clock has been set forward and back over the years as circumstances have changed; as of 2026, it is set at 85 seconds to midnight. The Doomsday Clock is used to represent threats to humanity from a variety of sources: nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, climate change, and disruptive technologies. 
+In 2015, the Bulletin unveiled its Doomsday Dashboard, an interactive infographic that illustrates some of the data the Bulletin's Science and Security Board takes into account when deciding the time of the Clock each year. As of August 2018, the Bulletin's Board of Sponsors boasts 14 Nobel Laureates.
+In the 1950s, the Bulletin was involved in the formation of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, annual conferences of scientists concerned about nuclear proliferation, and, more broadly, the role of science in modern society.
+
+== History ==
+In late 1945, scientists from the University of Chicago who had been involved in the Manhattan Project that had created the A-bomb formed a group using the name "Atomic Scientists of Chicago" and started publishing a newsletter titled Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago. The words of Chicago were dropped as of the seventh issue, of March 15, 1946, to reflect "the increasingly broad nature of the contents of, and the wider geographical distribution of the contributors to, the Bulletin". The founder and first editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists was biophysicist Eugene Rabinowitch (1901–1973). He founded the magazine, then a newsletter, with physicist Hyman Goldsmith. Rabinowitch was a professor of botany and biophysics at the University of Illinois and was also a founding member of the Continuing Committee for the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. In addition to Rabinowitch and Goldsmith, contributors have included: Morton Grodzins, Hans Bethe, Anatoli Blagonravov, Max Born, Harrison Brown, Stuart Chase, Brock Chisholm, E.U. Condon, Albert Einstein, E.K. Fedorov, Bernard T. Feld, James Franck, Ralph E. Lapp, Richard S. Leghorn, J. Robert Oppenheimer (first chairman of the board of the organization), Lord Boyd Orr, Michael Polanyi, Louis Ridenour, Bertrand Russell, Nikolay Semyonov, Leó Szilárd, Edward Teller, A.V. Topchiev, Harold C. Urey, Paul Weiss, James L. Tuck, among many others.
+In 1949, the Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science incorporated as a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization to serve as the parent organization and fundraising mechanism of the Bulletin. In 2003, the board of directors voted to change the foundation's name to Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
+
+== Purpose ==
+The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons. The intention was to educate fellow scientists about the relationship between their world of science and the world of national and international politics. A second was to help the American people understand what nuclear energy and its possible applications to war meant. The Bulletin contributors believed the atom bomb would only be the first of many dangers. The aim of the Bulletin was to carry out the long, sustained effort of educating people about the realities of the scientific age.
+
+== Doomsday Clock ==

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+---
+title: "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the Bulletin. The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result, Bulletin co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist Martyl Langsdorf to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine. Langsdorf, who was married to Manhattan Project physicist Alexander Langsdorf, first considered using the symbol for uranium but then realized that a clock would better convey "a sense of urgency." The resultant Doomsday Clock, which only has bullets labeling the numbers in the upper left hand corner, has been featured on the cover of the Bulletin many times since its creation.
+The proximity of the minute hand to midnight has been the Bulletin leadership's way of warning the public about manmade threats to humanity; the Clock is a metaphor, not a prediction. That is, the time on the clock is not to be interpreted as actual time. When it began in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight; in 1953, when the Soviet Union continued to test more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight.  This proximity to midnight of the Doomsday Clock during the early 1950s shows the concern that the Bulletin contributors had about the Soviet Union and the nuclear arms race. The warnings of the Bulletin continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and the focus of the efforts shifted slightly from warning about the dangers of nuclear war to the necessity of disarmament. In 2007, the leadership began taking anthropogenic climate change into account in its Clock discussions. Throughout the history of the Doomsday Clock, it has moved closer to midnight, and farther away, depending upon the status of the world at that time.  The Clock has been getting closer to midnight since 1991, when it was set to 17 minutes to midnight, after the United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on nuclear arms reductions.
+As of January 27, 2026, the Doomsday Clock stands at 85 seconds to midnight. It is the closest approach to midnight, exceeding that of 1953, 2018, 2020, 2023, and most recently 2025. The decision to move the hand of the Clock is made by the Bulletin's Science and Security Board, which meets in person twice a year, with subcommittees meeting more often; the announcement of the decision is made every January. Each November, prior to the Science and Security Board's fall discussion, the Bulletin hosts an annual dinner and meeting in Chicago; both events are open to the public. Reflecting international events dangerous to humankind, the Clock has been adjusted 27 times since its inception in 1947, when it was initially set to seven minutes to midnight (11:53pm).
+
+== Online editions ==
+The Bulletin has had a public-access website available online for some years, with a subscription magazine that comes out 6 times per year and is currently published by Taylor & Francis Online. An e-newsletter is also available without charge by signing up via the Bulletin website.
+Backfiles of the subscription magazine are available in the John A. Simpson Collection. The backfile from the first (1945) issue through the November 1998 issue of the Bulletin has also been made available free of charge via Google Books.
+November/December 2008 was the last print edition of the Bulletin, which became all-digital only that year. SAGE Publications began publishing the Bulletin's subscription magazine in September 2010; Taylor & Francis took over from Sage in January 2016.
+
+== Indexing ==
+The journal is indexed in the Journal Citation Reports, which states that the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.9, ranking it 44th out of 166 journals in the category "International Relations" and 26th out of 67 journals in the category "Social Issues".
+
+== See also ==
+Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
+Franck Report
+List of international relations journals
+Richard Garwin
+
+== Notes and references ==
+The records of the Bulletin are kept at the Special Collections Research Center of the University of Chicago Library.
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website 
+"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
+The John A. Simpson Archive at Taylor & Francis
+Digitized Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists on Google Books

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES-0.md

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+---
+title: "CRISES"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:00.504827+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Laboratoire CRISES (or Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires en sciences humaines et sociales) is a French research centre in humanities and social sciences, founded in Montpellier, France, in January 2009.
+It brings together about 100 scholars and 200 PhD students working in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences : History, History of Art, Archaeology, Classics, Fine Arts, Law, Political Sciences, Economy, Spanish and French Literature, Educational Sciences, Ethnology, Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, Theology. The director of Crises is, for the time being, Frédéric Rousseau (elected in 2008, December), Professor of Contemporary History, University of Montpellier.
+
+
+== References and sources ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

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+---
+title: "Campaign for Science and Engineering"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:12.161132+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) is a non-profit organisation that is the UK's leading independent advocate for science and engineering.  It focuses on arguing for more research funding, promoting a high-tech and knowledge-based economy, highlighting the need for top-quality science and maths education at all levels, and scrutinising the mechanisms by which government uses science and evidence.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Campaign for Science and Engineering was founded as Save British Science (SBS) in January 1986. The organisation started out when 1,500 scientists banded together to pay for an advert in The Times.  It called on the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher to 'Save British Science'. The organisation changed its name to the Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) in 2005.
+
+
+== Structure ==
+CaSE is based in London. It receives its funding from over 100 member organisations, which currently include companies such as Astra Zeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Johnson Matthey; universities such as the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge; learned and professional societies such as the Royal Society of Biology, Institute of Physics and Royal Society of Chemistry; and charities including Cancer Research UK. CaSE also has a large number of individual members. 
+CaSE employs a team of staff who are led by the executive director. It also has a board of directors who meet several times each year to discuss CaSE's strategy and set its campaigning priorities, as well as being responsible for governance and financial management of the organisation. Dr Robert Sorrell is the current chair of the board.
+
+
+== Activity ==
+CaSE focuses its activity in five priority areas; People and Skills, Investment, Political Engagement, Public Opinion, and Research System delivering independent analysis and recommendations for action in reports in these areas. Following the 2016 Brexit referendum, it has been a strong voice in the areas of immigration, collaboration and regulation which are of particular concern to the science and engineering sector.
+In 2010, CaSE played a key role in the Science is Vital campaign, which lobbied against cuts to the UK science budget in the Comprehensive Spending Review of October that year. The science budget was frozen in the final review.  In 2017 CaSE called for increase in R&D investment and the government subsequently committed to increasing spending to 2.4% of GDP by 2027. Other successes include lobbying for amendments to the HE and Research Bill in 2016.
+In 2023 CaSE published major pieces of work into Public Attitudes to Research and Development, and the Skills needs of a more innovative UK. 
+CaSE holds regular meetings with representatives from its member organisations to inform its work, alongside sustained political engagement. This include meeting directly with MPs and Peers, submitting evidence to Select Committee Inquiries and being invited to speak at conference and panel events. 
+CaSE also holds an annual lecture which is given by prominent scientific or political figures including Jo Johnson, then Universities and Science Minister, in 2016, Professor Ellen Stofan, then NASA Chief Scientist in 2014, Professor Anne Glover CBE, then EU Chief Scientific Advisor in 2013, and Sir Patrick Vallance, then UK Government Chief Scientific Advisor in 2019.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Campaign for Science and Engineering website
+Campaign for Science and Engineering blog

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+---
+title: "Campaign for Social Science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:52.255293+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Campaign for Social Science was launched in 2011 to advocate social science to the UK Government and to the public, at a time of significant change in the higher education system. It campaigns for the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Science Advisor, promotes social science in the media and on the web, and organises roadshows and other events to emphasise the value of social science.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Campaign was established by the Academy of Social Sciences and was formally launched at the House of Lords in January 2011, at an event that featured speakers including Trevor Phillips, Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, Polly Toynbee, the Guardian columnist, and David Willetts, the then Universities and Science Minister in the Coalition Government.
+
+
+== Structure and funding ==
+The Campaign's Board is chaired by James Wilsdon, Professor of Research Policy, Department of Politics, Director of Impact and Engagement, Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Sheffield and founding director of the Science Policy Centre at the Royal Society. Other members are:
+Stephen Anderson, executive director of the Academy of Social Sciences;
+Nick Bibby, Communications Officer at the Centre on Constitutional Change, University of Edinburgh;
+Dr Jacqui Briggs, FAcSS, Head of School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lincoln;
+Rachel Neaman, CEO, Corsham Institute;
+Professor Colin Copus FAcSS, Professor of Local Politics and Director of the Local Governance Research Unit, De Montfort University;
+Professor Rick Delbridge FAcSS, Dean of Research, Innovation & Enterprise, Cardiff University, and Professor of Organizational Analysis, Cardiff Business School;  
+Barbara Doig, FAcSS, former Scottish Executive Chief Researcher;
+Dr Claire Donovan, Reader in the Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University London;
+Professor Patrick Dunleavy FAcSS, Professor of Political Science and Public Policy Chair, London School of Economics and Political Science; 
+Professor Jon Glasby FAcSS, Professor of Health and Social Care and Head of School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham;
+John Goddard OBE FAcSS, Emeritus Professor of Regional Development Studies at Newcastle University;
+Desiree Lopez, CEO of TNS BMRB; 
+Ziyad Marar, Executive Vice President and Global Publishing Director at SAGE;
+Professor Andrew Russell, Professor of Politics, University of Manchester;
+Dr Olivia Stevenson, Public Policy Impact Facilitator with the Office of the Vice-Provost (Research), University College London;
+Professor Neil Ward FAcSS, Pro Vice Chancellor of the University of East Anglia;
+Sharon Witherspoon MBE FAcSS, former Director of the Nuffield Foundation and Acting Head of Policy at the Academy of Social Sciences and its Campaign for Social Science;
+Dr Milly Zimeta, freelance journalist, writer and lecturer at the University of Roehampton.
+The Campaign receives no state funding, and relies on donations and sponsorship; among its sponsors are 50 universities, 23 learned societies, six publishers and two charities.
+
+
+== Lobbying ==
+The Campaign has urged the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Science Advisor, which was removed in 2010 when the role was downgraded and split between two people who also have other responsibilities. The Campaign made its case to the House of Lords Science Select Committee on Science and Technology, which issued a report in February 2012 calling for the post to be reinstated.
+
+
+== Events ==
+As of December 2013, the Campaign had held 19 roadshows at universities around the UK to emphasise the value and importance of social science and to encourage support and donations.
+With the Academy of Social Sciences, the Campaign organised a conference on the 2011 England riots at Gresham College, London, in October 2011, and a public discussion on the future of universities, at the University of East London in October 2011. The Campaign held a launch for the latest booklet in its Making the Case for the Social Sciences, in November 2013, on mental wellbeing; speakers including Professor Lord Richard Layard and Andy Burnham, Shadow Secretary of State for Health.
+
+
+== Publicity ==
+The Campaign promotes social science in the media, with letters and articles published in the Times Higher Education magazine and The Guardian newspaper on issues such as the Chief Social Science Advisor and the need for closer relations between social scientists and government. 
+
+In October 2013 the Campaign released a report saying that social science graduates had a higher employment rate 3.5 years after the end of their degrees than did science or arts-humanities graduates.
+In February 2015 it released The Business of People, a report into social science and society.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Campaign for Social Science Homepage
+Academy Homepage

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-0.md

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+---
+title: "Center for Inquiry"
+chunk: 1/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Center for Inquiry (CFI) is a U.S. nonprofit advocacy group that works to mitigate belief in pseudoscience and the paranormal and to fight the influence of religion in government.
+
+== History ==
+The Center for Inquiry was established in 1991 by atheist philosopher and author Paul Kurtz. It brought together two organizations: the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (founded by Kurtz in 1976) and the Council for Secular Humanism (founded by Kurtz in 1980). The Center for Inquiry Inc was registered as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization in April 2001.
+Kurtz, a humanist who founded CFI to offer a positive alternative to religion, led the organization for thirty years. In 2009, Kurtz said he was forced out of CFI after conflict with Ronald A. Lindsay, a corporate lawyer hired to become CEO in 2008.
+Robyn Blumner succeeded Lindsay as CEO in January 2016 when CFI announced that it was merging with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.
+
+== Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ==
+
+Through the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), and its journal, Skeptical Inquirer magazine, published by the Center for Inquiry, CSI examines evidential claims of the paranormal or supernormal, including psychics, ghosts, telepathy, clairvoyance, UFOs, and creationism. It also hosts the CSICon.
+They also examine pseudoscientific claims involving vaccines, cellphones, power lines, GMOs, and alternative medicine. In the area of religion, they examine beliefs that involve testable claims, such as faith healing and creationism, but stay away from untestable religious beliefs such as the existence of God.
+The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), then known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), was, alongside magician and prominent skeptic James Randi, sued by TV celebrity Uri Geller in the 1990s after Randi told a newspaper interviewer that Geller's tricks "are the kind that used to be on the back of cereal boxes when I was a kid." The case ran for several years, and was ultimately settled in 1995 with Geller ordered to pay the legal costs of Randi and CSICOP.
+
+=== The Center for Inquiry Investigations Group ===
+
+The Investigations Group (Formerly the Independent Investigations Group), a volunteer group based at CFI Los Angeles, undertakes experimental testing of fringe claims. It was founded by James Underdown, who is currently executive director of CFI West and a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. The Group offers a cash prize of US$500,000 for successful demonstration of supernatural effects. This prize had been previously raised to US$250,000 when the IIG re-branded as the Center for Inquiry Investigations Group (CFIIG) in 2020 before it was raised again to the current amount.
+The IIG Awards (known as "Iggies") are presented for "scientific and critical thinking in mainstream entertainment". IIG has investigated, among other things, power bracelets, psychic detectives, and a 'telepathic wonder dog'.
+
+== Religion, ethics, and society ==
+
+The center promotes critical inquiry into the foundations and social effects of the world religions. Since 1983, initially through its connection with Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion, it has focused on such issues as fundamentalism in Christianity and Islam, humanistic alternatives to religious ethics, and religious sources of political violence. It has taken part in protests against religious persecution around the world and opposes religious privilege, for example benefits for clergy in the US Tax Code. In 2014 and 2017, respectively, the CFI won two lawsuits compelling the states of Illinois and Indiana to allow weddings to be performed by officiants who are neither religious clergy nor government officials. A similar lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of marriage law in Texas was dismissed in August 2019.
+CFI actively supports secular interests, such as secular state education. It organizes conferences, such as Women In Secularism and a conference focused on freethought advocate Robert Ingersoll. CFI has provided meeting and conference facilities to other skeptical organizations, for example an atheist of color conference on social justice.
+CFI also undertakes atheist education and support activities, for example sending freethought books to prisoners as part of its Freethought Books Project.
+CFI is active in advocating free speech, and in promoting secular government. It speaks against institutional religion in the armed forces.
+Free Inquiry is published by the Center for Inquiry, in association with the Council for Secular Humanism (CSH). As of July, 2024, the magazine was edited by Ronald Lindsay.
+
+== Publications ==
+
+The results of research and activities supported by the center and its affiliates are published and distributed to the public in seventeen separate national and international magazines, journals, and newsletters. Among them are CSH's Free Inquiry and Secular Humanist Bulletin, and CSI's Skeptical Inquirer, CFI's American Rationalist. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice and Philo, a journal covering philosophical issues, are no longer being published.
+In June 2020, CFI announced the "newly launched CFI online publication", Pensar, "the Spanish language magazine for science, reason, and freethought." It is published by Alejandro Borgo, director of CFI Argentina.
+CFI has produced the weekly radio show and podcast, Point of Inquiry, since 2005. Episodes are available free for download from iTunes. Its current hosts, as of June 2020, are Leighann Lord and James Underdown. Notable guests have included Steven Pinker, Neil deGrasse Tyson and Richard Dawkins.
+
+== Projects and programs ==
+
+=== Secular Rescue ===
+The Center for Inquiry has an emergency fund called Secular Rescue, formerly known as the Freethought Emergency Fund. Between 2015 and 2018, Secular Rescue helped thirty individuals fleeing anti-secular regimes gain asylum.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-1.md

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+---
+title: "Center for Inquiry"
+chunk: 2/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Office of Public Policy ===
+The Office of Public Policy (OPP) is the Washington, D.C., political arm of the Center for Inquiry. The OPP's mandate is to lobby Congress and the Administration on issues related to science and secularism. This includes defending the separation of church and state, promoting science and reason as the basis of public policy, and advancing secular values.
+The OPP publishes position statements on its subjects of interest. Examples have included acupuncture, climate change, contraception and intelligent design. The Office is an active participant in legal matters, providing experts for Congress testimony and amicus briefs in Supreme Court cases. It publishes a list of bills it considers of interest as they pass through the U.S. legislative process.
+
+=== "Science and the Public" Master of Education program ===
+In partnership with the Graduate School of Education at the State University of New York at Buffalo, CFI offers an accredited Master of Education program in Science and the Public, available entirely online. Aimed at students preparing for careers in research, science education, public policy, science journalism, or further study in sociology, history, and philosophy of science, science communication, education, or public administration, the program explores the methods and outlook of science as they intersect with public culture, scientific literacy, and public policy.
+
+=== Quackwatch ===
+In February 2020, Quackwatch, founded by Stephen Barrett, became part of CFI, which announced it plans to maintain its various websites and to receive Barrett's library later in the year.
+
+=== ScienceSaves ===
+ScienceSaves is a nationwide pro-science campaign to generate an appreciation for the role of science. National Science Appreciation Day started in 2022 and is part of the ScienceSaves initiative and happens annually on March 26. In 2022, CFI got proclamations declaring March 26 as National Science Appreciation Day from more than a dozen states.
+
+=== Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science ===
+
+This program provides teachers with tools to teach evolution.
+
+== Richard Dawkins Award ==
+
+The Richard Dawkins Award is an annual award that was presented by the Atheist Alliance of America up until July 2019, when it moved to the Center for Inquiry (CFI). According to the CFI press release, "The recipient will be a distinguished individual from the worlds of science, scholarship, education or entertainment, who publicly proclaims the values of secularism and rationalism, upholding scientific truth wherever it may lead". The award has been presented since 2003, and is named after Richard Dawkins, an English evolutionary biologist who was named the world's top thinker in a 2013 reader's poll of Prospect magazine.
+
+== Past projects and programs ==
+The following projects and programs are no longer active.
+
+=== Camp Inquiry ===
+The Center for Inquiry organized an annual summer camp for children called Camp Inquiry, focusing on scientific literacy, critical thinking, naturalism, the arts, humanities, and humanist ethical development. Camp Inquiry has been described as "a summer camp for kids with questions" where spooky stories were followed by "reverse engineering sessions" as the participants were encouraged to determine the cause of an apparently supernatural experience. Camp Inquiry has been criticised as "Jesus Camp in reverse"; its organisers countered that the camp is not exclusive to atheist children and that campers are encouraged to draw their own conclusions based on empirical and critical thinking.
+
+=== CFI Institute ===
+The Center for Inquiry Institute offered undergraduate level online courses, seminars, and workshops in critical thinking and the scientific outlook and its implications for religion, human values, and the borderlands of science. In addition to transferable undergraduate credit through the University at Buffalo system, CFI offered a thirty-credit-hour Certificate of Proficiency in Critical Inquiry. The three-year curriculum plan offered summer sessions at the main campus at the University at Buffalo in Amherst, New York.
+
+=== Medicine and health ===
+The Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health (CSMMH) stimulated critical scientific scrutiny of New Age medicine and the schools of psychotherapy. It supported naturalistic addiction recovery practices through Secular Organizations for Sobriety. CFI challenges the claims of alternative medicine and advocates a scientific basis for healthcare. CSMMH papers have covered topics such as pseudoscience in autism treatments and in psychiatry.
+
+=== Naturalism Research Project ===
+CFI also ran the Naturalism Research Project, a major effort to develop the theoretical and practical applications of philosophical naturalism. As part of this project, CFI's libraries, research facilities, and conference areas were available to scientists and scholars to advance the understanding of science's methodologies and conclusions about naturalism.
+Activities of the Naturalism Research Project included lectures and seminars by visiting fellows and scholars; academic conferences; and support CFI publications of important research. Among the central issues of naturalism include the exploration of varieties of naturalism; problems in philosophy of science; the methodologies of scientific inquiry; naturalism and humanism; naturalistic ethics; planetary ethics; and naturalism and the biosciences.
+
+== Organization and locations ==
+
+CFI is a nonprofit body registered as a charity in the United States. It has 17 locations in the U.S., and has 16 international branches or affiliated organizations. The organization has Centers For Inquiry in Amherst, New York (its headquarters), Los Angeles, The Steve Allen Theater,  New York City, Tampa Bay, Washington, D.C., Indiana, Austin, Chicago, San Francisco and Michigan.
+
+=== International activities ===
+CFI has branches, representation or affiliated organizations in countries around the world. It organizes its international activities under the banner Center For Inquiry Transnational. In addition, CFI holds consultative status to the United Nations as an NGO under the UN Economic and Social Council. The center participates in UN Human Rights Council debates, for example a debate on the subject of female genital mutilation during 2014.
+
+=== University exchange programs ===
+International programs exist in Germany (Rossdorf), France (Nice), Spain (Bilbao), Poland (Warsaw), Nigeria (Ibadan), Uganda (Kampala), Kenya (Nairobi), Nepal (Kathmandu), India (Pune and Hyderabad), Egypt (Cairo), China (Beijing), New Zealand (Auckland), Peru (Lima), Argentina (Buenos Aires), Senegal (Dakar), Zambia (Lusaka), and Bangladesh (Dhaka).
+
+=== Centre for Inquiry Canada ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-2.md

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+---
+title: "Center for Inquiry"
+chunk: 3/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+CFI Canada (CFIC) is the Canadian branch of CFI Transnational, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Justin Trottier served as National Executive Director from 2007 to 2011. Originally established and supported in part by CFI Transnational, CFI Canada has become an independent Canadian national organization with several provincial branches. CFI Canada has branches in Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatoon, Calgary, Okanagan (Kelowna), and Vancouver.
+
+== Affiliate organizations ==
+
+=== List of affiliates ===
+Organizations affiliated with the Center for Inquiry include:
+
+Centre for Inquiry Canada
+Centre for Inquiry UK
+Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (see below)
+Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI)
+Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion (CSER)
+Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health Practice (CSMMH)
+International Academy of Humanism
+Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
+
+=== Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society ===
+The Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS) is an organization of writers that promotes the ideas of secularism, democracy and human rights within Islamic society. Founded in 1998 by former Muslims, the best known being Ibn Warraq, the group aims to combat theologically driven fanaticism, violence and terrorism. The organization subscribes to the rule of secular law, freedom of speech and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It does not promote any belief system or religious dogma.
+
+== In the media ==
+CFI participates in media debates on science, health, religion and its other areas of interest. Its "Keep Healthcare Safe and Secular" campaign promotes scientifically sound healthcare. It has been an outspoken critic of dubious and unscientific healthcare practices, and engages in public debate on the merit and legality of controversial medical techniques. In 2014, CEO Ron Lindsay publicly criticized Stanislaw Burzynski's controversial Texas cancer clinic.
+CFI campaigns for a secular society, for example in opposing the addition of prayer text on public property. The center supports secular and free speech initiatives.
+On November 14, 2006, the CFI opened its Office of Public Policy in Washington, DC, and issued a declaration "In Defense of Science and Secularism", which calls for public policy to be based on science rather than faith. The next day The Washington Post ran an article about it entitled "Think Tank Will Promote Thinking".
+In 2011, video expert James Underdown of IIG and CFI Los Angeles did an experiment for "Miracle Detective" Oprah Winfrey Network which replicated exactly the angelic apparition that people claim cured a 14-year-old severely disabled child at Presbyterian Hemby Children's Hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina. The "angel" was sunlight from a hidden window, and the girl remained handicapped.
+
+=== Consumer fraud lawsuits against CVS and Walmart ===
+In July 2018, CFI filed suit against CVS in the District of Columbia for consumer fraud over its sale and marketing of ineffective homeopathic medicine. The lawsuit in part accused the CVS of deceiving consumers through its misrepresentation of homeopathy's safety and effectiveness, wasting customers' money and putting their health at risk. Nicholas Little, CFI's Vice President and General Counsel said, "CVS is taking cynical advantage of their customers' confusion and trust in the CVS brand, and putting their health at risk to make a profit and they can't claim ignorance. If the people in charge of the country's largest pharmacy don't know that homeopathy is bunk, they should be kept as far away from the American healthcare system as possible." In May 2019, CFI announced that they have filed a similar suit against Walmart for their range of homeopathic products. In July 2019, CFI announced that the Stiefel Freethought Foundation was contributing an additional $150,000 to the previously committed $100,000 to support the two lawsuits. In 2020 both cases were dismissed. In September 2022 the District of Columbia's Court of Appeals revived the lawsuits.
+
+=== Lack of racial diversity on its board of directors ===
+In 2016, the atheist Sikivu Hutchinson criticized the merger of the secular organizations Center for Inquiry and the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, which gave Richard Dawkins a seat on the board of directors of the Center for Inquiry. Her criticism was that both organizations had all white boards of directors.
+
+=== Wyndgate Country Club and Richard Dawkins, 2011 ===
+During Richard Dawkins' October 2011 book tour, Center for Inquiry – the tour's sponsor – signed a contract with Wyndgate Country Club in Rochester Hills, Michigan, as the venue site. After seeing an interview with Dawkins on The O'Reilly Factor, an official at the club cancelled Dawkins' appearance. Dawkins said that the country club official accepted Bill O'Reilly's "twisted" interpretation of his book The Magic of Reality without having read it personally. Sean Faircloth said that cancelling the reading "really violates the basic principles of America ... The Civil Rights Act ... prohibits discrimination based on race or religious viewpoint. ... [Dawkins has] published numerous books ... to explain science to the public, so it's rather an affront, to reason in general, to shun him as they did." CFI Michigan executive director Jeff Seaver stated that "This action by The Wyndgate illustrates the kind of bias and bigotry that nonbelievers encounter all the time." Following the cancellation, protests and legal action by CFI against the Wyndgate Country Club were pursued. In 2013 this case was settled in favor of the Center For Inquiry.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-3.md

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+---
+title: "Center for Inquiry"
+chunk: 4/4
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== CSH actions against faith-based initiatives ===
+In 2007, CSH sued the Florida Department of Corrections (DOC) to block the use of state funds in contracts to faith-based programs for released inmates, claiming that this use is prohibited under the "No Aid" provision or Blaine amendment of the Florida constitution. The initial decision found in favor of the DOC but, on appeal, the case was remanded in 2010 on just the issue of the unconstitutionality of appropriating state funds for this purpose.
+While this case was in progress, after the appellate finding, Republican legislators began an effort to amend the Florida constitution to remove the language of the Blaine amendment, succeeding in 2011 to place the measure on the 2012 ballot as amendment 8. The ballot measure failed.
+In 2015, CHS (now CFI) and the state (along with its co-defendants) both filed for summary judgement. The court granted the state's motion in January, 2016, allowing the contested contracting practice to continue. After consideration, CFI announced in February, 2016, that it would not appeal.
+
+=== Heckled at the UN ===
+CFI representative Josephine Macintosh was repeatedly interrupted and heckled by the delegation from Saudi Arabia whilst presenting the center's position on censorship at the UN Human Rights Council. CFI advocated free speech, and opposed the punishment by Saudi authorities of Raif Badawi for running an Internet forum, whom they accused of atheism and liberalism. CFI's statement was supported by the American, Canadian, Irish, and French delegates.
+
+=== Blasphemy Day ===
+
+Blasphemy Rights Day International encourages individuals and groups to openly express their criticism of or outright contempt for religion. It was founded in 2009 by the Center for Inquiry. A student contacted the Center for Inquiry in Amherst, New York, to present the idea, which CFI then supported. Ronald Lindsay, president and CEO of the Center for Inquiry, said regarding Blasphemy Day, "We think religious beliefs should be subject to examination and criticism just as political beliefs are, but we have a taboo on religion", in an interview with CNN. It takes place every September 30 to coincide with the anniversary of the publications of the controversial Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons.
+Blasphemy Day and CFI's related Blasphemy Contests started (in CFI's own words) "a firestorm of controversy". The use of confrontational free speech has been a topic of debate within the Humanist movement and cited as an example of a wider move towards New Atheism and away from the more conciliatory approach historically associated with Humanism.
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website
+Point of Inquiry, radio show/podcast
+McQuaig, Dr. Angie. "How Camp Inquiry introduces kids to the principles of humanism". Free Inuiry. 8. 4. Council for Secular Humanism. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-0.md

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+---
+title: "Center for Science in the Public Interest"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a Washington, D.C.–based non-profit watchdog and consumer advocacy group.
+
+== History and funding ==
+CSPI is a consumer advocacy organization. Its focus is nutrition and health, food safety, and alcohol policy. CSPI was founded in 1971 by the microbiologist Michael F. Jacobson, along with the meteorologist James Sullivan and the chemist Albert Fritsch, two fellow scientists from Ralph Nader's Center for the Study of Responsive Law. In the early days, CSPI focused on various aspects such as nutrition, environmental issues, and nuclear energy. However, after the 1977 departure of Fritsch and Sullivan, CSPI began to focus largely on nutrition and food safety and began publishing nutritional analyses and critiques.
+CSPI has 501(c)(3) status. Its chief source of income is its Nutrition Action Healthletter, which has about 900,000 subscribers and does not accept advertising. The organization receives about 5 to 10 percent of its $17 million annual budget from grants by private foundations.
+CSPI has more than sixty staff members and an annual budget from over $20 million.
+Jacobson now serves as a Senior Scientist at CSPI, with Peter G. Lurie acting as the organization's current President.
+
+== Programs and campaigns ==
+
+=== Nutrition and food labeling ===
+CSPI advocates for clearer nutrition and food labeling. 
+For example, labeling of "low-fat" or "heart healthy" foods in restaurants must now meet specific requirements established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as of May 2, 1997.
+In 1994, the group first brought the issue of high saturated fat in movie popcorn to the public attention.
+In 1975, CSPI published a "White Paper on Infant Feeding Practices" aimed at criticizing the commercial baby food industry's products and advertising. The White Paper started a formalized, political discussion of issues surrounding early introduction of solid foods and the extraordinarily processed ingredients in commercial baby food. CSPI took particular issue with the modified starches, excessive sugar and salt additions, and presence of nitrates in baby food products. In addition, the White Paper criticized branding and advertisements on products, which they argued lead mothers to believe that solid foods ought to be introduced earlier in an infant's diet.
+In 1989, CSPI was instrumental in convincing fast-food restaurants to stop using animal fat for frying. They would later campaign against the use of trans fats.
+CSPI's 1994 petition led to the FDA's 2003 regulation requiring trans fat to be disclosed on food labels. CSPI's 2004 petition, as well as a later one from a University of Illinois professor, led to the FDA's ban of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, the major source of artificial trans fat.
+In 1998, the Center published a report entitled Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health. It examined statistics relating to the soaring consumption of soft drinks, particularly by children, and the consequent health ramifications including tooth decay, nutritional depletion, obesity, type 2 (formerly known as "adult-onset") diabetes, and heart disease. It also reviewed soft drink marketing and made various recommendations aimed at reducing soft drink consumption, in schools and elsewhere. A second, updated edition of the report was published in 2005. Among the actions they advocate are taxing soft drinks. As of 2018, a sugary drink tax exists in Berkeley, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Boulder, Colorado; San Francisco, California; Oakland, California; Albany, California; and Cook County, Illinois. Seattle introduced a city-wide comprehensive sugary drinks tax in 2019. CSPI followed up with a 2013 petition calling on the FDA to limit the sugar content of soft drinks and to set voluntary targets for sugar levels in other foods with added sugars.
+In 2003, it worked with lawyer John F. Banzhaf III to pressure ice cream retailers to display nutritional information about their products.
+In January 2016, the Center released a report entitled "Seeing Red - Time for Action on Food Dyes" which criticized the continued use of artificial food coloring in the United States. The report estimated that over half a million children in the United States suffer adverse behavioral reactions as a result of ingesting food dyes, with an estimated cost exceeding $5 billion per year, citing data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The report urges the FDA to take action to ban or curtail the use of such dyes. CSPI has urged companies to replace synthetic colorings with natural ones, and Mars, General Mills, and other major food manufacturers  have begun doing so.
+
+=== School foods ===
+CSPI has worked since the 1970s to improve the nutritional quality of school meals, and remove soda and unhealthy foods from school vending machines, snack bars, and a la carte lines. Despite pushback from the soda and snack food industries, CSPI successfully worked with a number of local school districts and states to pass policies in the early 2000s to restrict the sale of soda and other unhealthy snack foods in schools. In 2004, CSPI worked with members of the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity (NANA) (a CSPI-led coalition) to include a provision in the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 to ensure all local school districts develop a nutrition and physical activity wellness policy by 2006.
+In 2010, CSPI and NANA led the successful effort to pass the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, a landmark law to improve child nutrition programs. The law (enacted December 13, 2010) authorized the U.S. Department of Agriculture to update the nutrition standards for snacks and beverages sold in schools through vending machines, a la carte lines, school stores, fundraisers, and other school venues. CSPI worked with NANA to mobilize support for the updated nutrition standards and urge the USDA to adopt strong final school nutrition standards (released in June 2013). Despite opposition from some members of Congress and the potato and pizza industries (which lobbied for unlimited french fries and ketchup as a vegetable in school meals) CSPI and NANA's efforts also resulted in strong nutrition standards for school lunches.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-1.md

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+---
+title: "Center for Science in the Public Interest"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Food safety ===
+One of CSPI's largest projects is its Food Safety Initiative, directed to reduce food contamination and foodborne illness. In addition to publishing Outbreak Alert!, a compilation of food-borne illnesses and outbreaks, the project advocated for the Food Safety Modernization Act, which was signed into law in 2011. The law refocused government attention on preventing food contamination rather than on identifying problems after they caused outbreaks of illnesses.
+
+=== Food Day: October 24 ===
+
+Between 2011 and 2016, CSPI sponsored Food Day, a nationwide celebration of healthy, affordable, and sustainably produced food and a grassroots campaign for better food policies.
+Food Day's goal was to help people "Eat Real", which the project defined as cutting back on sugar drinks, overly salted packaged foods, and fatty, factory-farmed meats in favor of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and sustainably raised protein. This annual event involved some of the country's most prominent food activists, united by a vision of food that is healthy, affordable, and produced with care for the environment, farm animals, and the people who grow, harvest, and serve it.
+Across the country, several thousand events took place each year, from community festivals in Denver, Savannah, and New York City, to a national conference in Washington, D.C., to thousands of school activities in Portland, Minneapolis, and elsewhere.
+
+=== Alcohol Policies Project ===
+The group's "Alcohol Policies Project", now discontinued, advocated against what it considers adverse societal influences of alcohol, such as marketing campaigns that target young drinkers, and promoted turning self-imposed advertising bans by alcohol industry groups into law.
+In 1985 CSPI organized Project SMART (Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and Television). It generated huge public interest, a petition campaign that obtained a million signatures, and congressional hearings. Members of the media joined the project, such as syndicated columnist Colman McCarthy. However, strong opposition from the alcoholic beverage and advertising industries ultimately prevailed.
+The Alcohol Policies Project organized the "Campaign for Alcohol-Free Sports TV". Launched in 2003 with the support of at least 80 other local and national groups, the campaign asked schools to pledge to prohibit alcohol advertising on local sports programming and to work toward eliminating alcohol advertising from televised college sports programs. It also sought Congressional support for such a prohibition. CSPI also sponsored Project SMART—Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and TV—which called for federal bans on marketing. The project gathered more than 1 million signatures on a petition, which it presented to Congress at a hearing. That effort was unsuccessful.
+In addition, CSPI has pressured alcoholic beverage companies with lawsuits. In one such lawsuit, filed in September 2008, the Center "sue[d] MillerCoors Brewing Company over its malt beverage Sparks, arguing that the caffeine and guarana in the drink are additives that have not been approved by the FDA," and that the combination of those ingredients with alcohol resulted in "more drunk driving, more injuries, and more sexual assaults."
+
+== Trans fats ==
+During the 1980s, CSPI's campaign "Saturated Fat Attack" advocated the replacement of beef tallow, palm oil and coconut oil in processed foods and restaurant foods with fats containing less saturated fatty acids. CSPI assumed that trans fats were benign. In a 1986 book entitled The Fast-Food Guide, it praised chains such as KFC that had converted to partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are lower in saturated fat but high in trans fat. As a result of this pressure, many restaurants such as McDonald's made the switch.
+After new scientific research in the early 1990s found that trans fat increased the risk of heart disease, CSPI revoked their position and began a successful two-decades-long effort to ban artificial trans fat. From the mid-1990s onward, however, CSPI identified trans fats as the greater public health danger. CSPI executive director Michael Jacobson went on record saying, "Twenty years ago, scientists (including me) thought trans [fat] was innocuous. Since then, we've learned otherwise."
+In response, three trade groups – the National Restaurant Association, the National Association of Margarine Manufacturers and the Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils – "said the evidence [on trans fat] was contradictory and inconclusive, and accused [CSPI] of jumping to a premature conclusion."
+In 1994, CSPI petitioned the FDA to require trans fat to be added to Nutrition Facts labels, and in 2004, with stronger evidence of trans fat's harmfulness, CSPI petitioned FDA to ban partially hydrogenated oil, the source of most artificial trans fat. In 2003 FDA required trans fat to be labeled, and in 2015 FDA banned the use of partially hydrogenated oil.
+
+== Criticism ==
+Former U.S. Representative Bob Barr (a Republican, and later Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States) accused CSPI of pursuing "a pre-existing political agenda" and pointed to individual responsibility for dietary choices. Cato Institute scholar Walter Olson wrote that the group's "longtime shtick is to complain that businesses like McDonald's, rather than our own choices, are to blame for rising obesity," and called CSPI's suit against McDonald's for using toys to encourage young children to ask for the company's Happy Meals on behalf of a California mother a "new low in responsible parenting."
+In 2002, the Center for Consumer Freedom, a group founded by Richard Berman that opposed government regulation, published a series of print and radio ads designed in part to drive traffic to the CCF website that provided additional critical information about CSPI. A San Francisco Chronicle article identified CSPI as "one of two groups singled out [by the CCF] for full-on attack," and said, "What's not mentioned on the [CCF] Web site is that it's one of a cluster of such nonprofits started... by Berman."
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Brody, Jane E. (January 1, 2018). "They Took On the Food Giants — and Won". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
+"Center for Science in the Public Interest". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales-0.md

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+---
+title: "Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:53.441827+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The CEDEJ (Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales Eng.:Centre for Economic, Judicial, and Social Study and Documentation) is a French sponsored research center located in Cairo (Egypt), created in 1968. The Cedej has the status of a "Joint Entity of French Research Institutes Abroad" (UMIFRE, Unité Mixte des Instituts français de recherche à l’étranger) and is under the aegis of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research). Karine Bennafla is its director since September 2015.
+It has published numerous books and periodicals in all fields of social sciences in Egypt, the Sudan and the Arabic world. Among these, Egypte/Monde arabe, published from 1990, which is online in full text on the portal revues.org.
+It includes a social sciences library of more than 35,000 books, most of them in Arabic; a database of geolocated statistics; and a collection of old and new maps of Egypt and its cities.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+This article is based on a translation of fr:CEDEJ on French language Wikipedia.
+Cedej's website
+Egypte/Monde arabe website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research-0.md

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+---
+title: "Centre for Independent Social Research"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:54.603324+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Centre for Independent Social Research (CISR) is a nongovernmental research institute in Russia working in four main areas: Social research projects; professional development of young sociologists; the formation of professional networks in the social sciences; Sociological expertise and consultations. The CISR activities are financed mainly through Russian and international scientific funds and philanthropic organizations. Since 2001, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation has been a partner of CISR.
+
+
+== History ==
+The thought of establishing an independent sociological center first arose in the late 1980s and was the idea of Viktor Voronkov and Oleg Vite, who, at the time, were employees of the Leningrad division of the Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Sociology. Inspired by the rapid social and political changes taking place in the country, they gathered a group of enthusiasts and started conducting their own independent research projects. Edward Fomin, Elena Zdravomyslova, and Ingrid Oswald actively participated in the practical fulfillment of this idea. They all shared a desire to create a flexible, democratic research structure that would be capable of responding to the demands of a quickly changing Russian society and of promoting the integration of Russian sociologists into the international sociological community. The Center actually began working a few years before it was legally registered in 1991.
+In 1994, the Center acquired a converted apartment office on Vasileostrovsky Island. CISR conducted various research projects, and became a visible actor in the Russian and international sociological communities. In 2000, CISR was able to acquire new office space on Ligovsky Prospect thanks to a grant from the Ford Foundation. The next year (2001), CISR received its first institutional grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
+In June 2015 Russia's Ministry of Justice added the Centre to the so-called list of "foreign agent".
+
+
+== Contribution to the Scientific Discussion ==
+Employees of the Center worked to ensure that the constructivist approach (marginal for Russia in the 1990s) and qualitative methods were included in Russian researchers’ arsenal. This was made possible by several factors: holding international methodological conferences such as “The Biographical Method of Studying Post-Socialistic Societies (1996),” carrying out educational projects focused on the popularization of qualitative methods for research among young sociologists, and publishing books detailing the results of empirical studies, including “The Construction of Ethnicity: Ethnic Communities in St. Petersburg (1998).” Continuing the tradition of researching relevant social processes, developing new approaches to social research, and integrating into the international community, CISR has organized several conferences: The Social Sciences, Racial Discourse, and Discriminatory Practices (2004); The Biographical Method in the Study of Post-Socialist Societies: 10 Years Later (2006); The Russian Field: A look from Abroad (2009).
+In 2004, CISR initiated the creation of the Convention of Independent Sociological Centers of Russia (CISC) which united around 20 research organizations. Under the direction of the Convention, the first two books of the series Qualitative Methods in Social Research were published: I. Shteinberg, T. Shanin, E. Kovalev, A. Levinson Qualitative Methods. Sociological Field Studies and a collection of articles Leave in Order to Stay: the Sociologist in the Field.
+Since 1998, CISR has been partners with the Heinrich Boell Foundation (Moscow/Berlin) working to create a scholarship program for talented young researchers. In 2000, the German-Russian Forum and the Robert Bosch Foundation awarded CISR a commemorative medal for their “contribution to the training of young researchers.
+
+
+== Organisational structure ==
+CISR employs 22 individuals: 12 hold Ph.Ds., several others are working on their dissertations. Professional areas of research include:
+
+Migration, ethnicity, and nationalism
+Borders and border communities
+Gender studies
+Ecological sociology
+Social studies of the economy
+Law and Society
+Urban studies
+
+
+== Notes ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta-0.md

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+---
+title: "Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:55.830680+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC) is a social science and humanities research and teaching institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
+
+
+== History ==
+Established in 1973 jointly by the Indian Council of Social Science Research and Government of West Bengal, the Centre is one of the top social sciences think tanks of India. The centre was founded by Professor S. Nurul Hasan, when he was the education minister of India. Professor Barun De was appointed as its first director.
+
+
+== Academics ==
+
+
+=== Centre ===
+The centre specializes in post-colonial, subaltern studies and cultural studies research.
+
+
+=== Museum ===
+The museum, called Jadunath Sarkar Resource Centre and Museum, houses an extensive collection of vernacular medium primary and secondary literature.
+
+
+=== Research ===
+They have various journals published consistently. They also feature a scholarly journal in collaboration with Sage Publications known as the Media Watch.
+
+
+== Administration ==
+The Centre is administered by a chairman, director and registrar.
+
+
+== Location ==
+Initially located in Jadunath Bhavan, the former residence of Sir Jadunath Sarkar at 10, Jadunath Sarkar Road (earlier Lake Terrace), Calcutta, the research centre is now located in a new building in Patuli, Calcutta. The resource centre and museum continue to remain in the historian's former residence.
+
+
+== Notable faculty (past and present) ==
+Amiya Bagchi
+Partha Chatterjee
+Dipesh Chakrabarty
+Barun De
+Amitav Ghosh
+Ramchandra Guha
+Sugata Marjit
+Gyanendra Pandey
+Surajit Chandra Sinha
+Tapati Guha-Thakurta
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities-0.md

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+---
+title: "Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:57.007521+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities (CREA) was founded in 1991 by a current professor of Sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa of West University of Timișoara and also a recognized researcher in Europe in the Social Science area, Ramon Flecha. After Ramon Flecha's resignation as the Director of CREA, in 2006; Marta Soler, Doctor by Harvard, a current Professor of Sociological Theory, assumed the post. Nowadays, the name of the research centre has changed for this other CREA-Community of Researchers on Excellence for All. CREA, one of the centres that first joined the Scientific Park of Barcelona (University of Barcelona); is interdisciplinary;  multicultural and open accepting different ideologies, religions, lifestyles, sexual orientations; transparent, since its knowledge is at everyone's disposal; and it is a centre where the validity of arguments prevails over the positions of power of their members, creating, in this way, an environment of an egalitarian dialogue. This centre is formed by University research professors, researchers and professional collaborators of diverse disciplines (sociology, pedagogy, economy, mathematics, communication, biology, etc).
+
+
+== Dissolution ==
+In December 2025, CREA announced its dissolution in a statement published on its official social media channels. The announcement came shortly after the University of Barcelona referred an ongoing investigation into alleged misconduct involving the group’s founder, Ramón Flecha, and other affiliated academics to the Public Prosecutor’s Office, citing the seriousness of the allegations and preliminary findings from an internal expert commission.
+
+
+== Methodology ==
+All the research CREA carries out is done with the direct collaboration of the subjects researched, using the critical communicative methodology. The subject of research is directly included providing its interpretations, experiences and opinions, enriching, in this way, the research. It is about facilitating the participation of the researched in the research through an egalitarian dialogue with the researcher where validity claims prevail over power ones.
+
+
+== Lines of research ==
+The Research Centre carries out both international and national projects in developing the following lines of research:
+
+Dialogic Theories (including the Critical Communicative Research Methodology and Speech Acts, Social uses of the information and Communication technologies)
+Cultural Groups (Roma, Arab- Muslim and Jewish community) and migration
+Learning Communities
+Gender (Gender Violence)
+Governance and Active Citizenship
+
+
+== Groups ==
+And from the lines of research described above, five groups were created by CREA:
+
+Roma Studies Group
+Jewish Studies Group
+Alhiwar Arab-Muslim Group
+Interreligious Dialogue
+SAFO CREA Women’s Group
+
+
+== International dimension ==
+CREA is internationally well-known for its international research oriented to overcoming inequalities; already present in Europe and in various countries such as Brazil, United States, Korea or Australia. Concretely, from its origins, CREA has collaborated with international research groups, as well as with different authors of the Scientific International Community. Some of the seminars were held with important authors such as: Paulo Freire (1994), Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck Gernsheim (1998), Alain Touraine (1999), Jon Elster (2001), Judith Butler (2001), Alejandro Portes (2002), Gordon Wells (2003), John Searle (2003) or Gary Orfield (2003).
+Different members of CREA have given lectures and seminars at several universities in Brazil, United States, Germany, Australia, Korea and others. Ramon Flecha participated in The Harvard Education Forum celebrated on February 27, 1998; in honor of Paulo Freire, alongside important international referents such as: Noam Chomsky (Institute Professor and Professor of Linguistics, MIT), Eileen de los Reyes (Moderator, Assistant Professor HGSE), Carolyn Higgins (Earlhm College), Yamila Hussein (HGSE master's degree candidate), Donaldo Macedo (UMass Boston), Nancy Richardson (associate dean for ministry, Harvard Divinity School), Ira Shor (City College of New York).
+As another example, in 2008, professor of Sociological Theory and director of CREA, Marta Soler, gave two lectures about literary gatherings and Community involvement for social change and about the role of critical communicative methodology in overcoming social exclusion. He also led a seminar at the Havens Center for Study of Social of Structure and Social Change, in the University of Wisconsin- Madison.
+
+
+== Controversies ==
+Since the mid-2000s, the research group CREA has been involved in several public controversies. In 2004 and 2006, complaints regarding its internal functioning and alleged coercive practices were examined by Spanish prosecutors, who ultimately dismissed the cases due to lack of criminal evidence, while recommending internal changes after identifying discriminatory practices against some members. In later years, CREA’s research methods were also publicly questioned by academic sociologists.
+In 2016, the University of Barcelona referred seven complaints from students and faculty members to the public prosecutor, alleging sect-like behavior, psychological manipulation, and invasion of privacy within CREA. These complaints were dismissed in 2017 due to insufficient evidence to pursue criminal action. CREA stated that the accusations were part of a defamation campaign related to its research on gender-based violence and sexual harassment in universities.
+In 2025, new allegations emerged involving claims of sexual harassment, abuse of power, and coercive behavior linked to members of CREA and its founder, Ramón Flecha. Fourteen women filed formal complaints with the University of Barcelona, accusing him of maintaining sexual relationships with junior researchers and students. As a result, an academic distinction awarded to CREA’s director, Marta Soler, was provisionally suspended.
+During the same period, the Spanish Sociological Federation issued a public statement condemning the allegations related to the environment of the CREA group, and several research groups publicly expressed concern about CREA’s links with the Catalan Sociological Association, announcing that they would refrain from participating in its conferences unless safeguards against abusive practices were ensured. Subsequently, the Institute of Catalan Studies suspended the governing board and activities of the Catalan Sociological Association due to its links with CREA and opened an internal investigation.
+In December 2025, after receiving a total of sixteen complaints describing “very serious sexual, vexatious, and intimidating conduct” and characterizing CREA as a “high-control coercive group”, the University of Barcelona referred the case to the public prosecutor.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Critical communicative methodology
+Dialogic learning
+CREA struggle against VAW in Universities 
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Gómez, J., Latorre A., Sánchez M., Flecha R. (2006): Metodología Comunicativa Crítica. Barcelona: El Roure.
+Puigvert, L. (2014). Preventive Socialization of Gender Violence Moving Forward Using the Communicative Methodology of Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(7), 839–843. doi: 10.1177/1077800414537221
+Vieites, M. (September 28, 2006). Los Sueños son posibles. Mejorar la realidad sin sueños es imposible. Escuela, 3.717 (1.075), 26- 27.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities (CREA) Archived 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 13 January 2010. Official Website of CREA (Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities).
+Soler, M. (2008). Beyond Bourdieu: Community Involvement for Social Change- Audio. Havens Center. University of Wisconsin- Madison, retrieved 13 January 2010.
+Soler, M. (2008). Overcoming Social Exclusion: The Role of Critical Communicative Methodology- Audio. Havens Center. University of Wisconsin- Madison., retrieved 13 January 2010.

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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md

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+---
+title: "Colonial Social Science Research Council"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:58.178184+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Colonial Social Science Research Council (CSSRC) was an expert panel established in the United Kingdom in 1944 under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940 in order to advise the Secretary of State for the Colonies on research funding in sociology and anthropology relating to colonial development. In 1949 it was chaired by Alexander Carr-Saunders and its members consisted of Frank Debenham, Raymond Firth, Harry Hodson, Margery Perham, Arnold Plant,  Margaret Helen Read, Godfrey Thomson, and Ralph Lilley Turner.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== Further reading ==
+Mills, David (2002). "British Anthropology at the End of Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Colonial Social Science Research Council, 1944-1962". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines. 6 (1/6): 161–188. doi:10.3917/rhsh.006.0161.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt-0.md

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+---
+title: "Corey Tutt"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:42.234443+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Corey Aden Tutt  is an Aboriginal Australian STEM professional, author, social entrepreneur and the founder of DeadlyScience, an initiative that provides STEM resources to remote schools throughout Australia. In 2020 he was named the NSW Young Australian of the Year.
+
+
+== Early life ==
+Tutt grew up in the Illawarra, New South Wales, and is of Kamilaroi heritage. He attended Dapto High School, where his favourite subjects were science, agriculture, and history.
+In 2011, after a close friend committed suicide,  Tutt became a travelling alpaca shearer throughout Australia and New Zealand, before eventually rediscovering his love for science.
+
+
+== Career ==
+
+Tutt began his career as a zookeeper on the NSW South Coast, then spent time as an alpaca shearer travelling throughout Australia and New Zealand.
+In 2018, Tutt founded DeadlyScience to "provide science books and early reading material to remote schools in Australia".
+In 2019, he started working as a research assistant at the University of Sydney's Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use.
+In 2022, Tutt authored the award-winning best seller, The First Scientists: Deadly Inventions and Innovations from Australia's First Peoples, illustrated by Archibald Prize-winning artist Blak Douglas. 
+In 2023 Tutt arranged for seven Yorta Yorta students from Shepparton in Victoria to meet seven-time Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton.
+In June 2023, Tutt released This Book Thinks Ya Deadly, featuring the profiles of 80 Blakfellas who are doing deadly things across sport, art, activism and science, through to politics, education and literature. The book is illustrated by Molly Hunt.
+Caution! This Book Contains Deadly Reptiles, illustrated by Ben Williams, was published in 2025.
+
+
+== DeadlyScience ==
+Tutt founded DeadlyScience while working at Sydney University. Originally working two jobs to fund DeadlyScience, he set up a gofundme page that attracted over A$240,000 in donations, after realising that there was a school in remote Australia who had only fifteen books in their library. Starting off by sending his own books and other resources, including telescopes to remote schools, Tutt started coordinating donated resources, including books from high-profile scientists such as Brian Cox and Karl Kruszelnicki. By 2020 he had delivered 7,000 books and 200 telescopes to over 100 schools and foundations. He wants to encourage Indigenous students in remote communities to pursue a career in STEM.
+He particularly wants to ensure that every remote Australian school has resources that tell the true history of Australia's first scientists, such as Bruce Pascoe's book, Dark Emu.
+From 2019, Tutt founded a series of Deadly Junior Scientist Awards, aimed at inspiring Indigenous students to engage with STEM and to examine local wildlife and land in a scientific way.
+In 2020, DeadlyScience began assisting with rebuilding schools affected by devastating bush fires which ravaged most of the South Coast of New South Wales. They did this by providing books and resources to schools that have been destroyed by fire. DeadlyScience also successfully raised A$7,000 for Broome Primary School in Western Australia that was burnt down by an arson attack. Tutt said on the ABC Nightlife program "Schools are the heartbeat of our community and for our community in Broome we stand with you during this dark time".
+In 2020 he was awarded NSW Young Australian of the Year.
+In 2021 Tutt led a project to provide food and educational supplies to Aboriginal families in NSW struggling with COVID-19. During the floods on the Mid-north coast of NSW in 2021, when Telegraph Point Public School was destroyed by flooding, Tutt donated books to replace the books lost by the school.
+During the 2021 COVID-19 outbreak in NSW, Tutt led a social media campaign to support kids and families doing it tough in lockdown, and sent books to families.
+Tutt appeared on Wil Anderson's podcast Wilosphy, in which he spoke about overcoming trauma as a child to create DeadlyScience.
+By October 2021, DeadlyScience had distributed more than 25,000 books and other STEM resources to over 110 communities around the country.
+In April 2022 Tutt worked with McLaren Formula One team and software company Smartsheet to feature the  DeadlyScience logo on the side of both McLaren cars for the Grand Prix in Melbourne.
+In 2022 DeadlyScience donated Lego to over 200 schools across Australia.
+In November 2022 Tutt organised a bus for Cabbage Tree Island School after the devastating floods that destroyed their school. Tutt also gave every child, from three schools devastated by the floods, a brand new book so they would not lose their passions for STEM.
+
+
+== Other roles and activities ==
+Tutt is a member of the equity and diversity committee at Science & Technology Australia.
+As of 2021, Tutt was playing rugby union for the Port Macquarie Pirates.
+
+
+== Recognition and awards ==
+2019: AMP Foundation Tomorrow Maker
+2019: STEM Champion Award, in the 2019 Indigenous STEM Awards
+2020: ABC Trailblazer Heywire
+2020: Indigenous STEM Champion CSIRO
+2020: NSW Young Australian of the Year
+2020: One of ten Human Rights Heroes at the substitute Human Rights Awards
+2021: The Australian Museum's Eureka Prize for STEM Inclusion, with Team DeadlyScience:
+2022: Finalist, NSW/ACT Indigenous Achievement Award
+2022: Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM)
+2022: The First Scientists: Deadly Inventions and Innovations from Australia's First Peoples, winner, Book of the Year for Younger Children at the Australian Book Industry Awards
+2023: The First Scientists: Deadly Inventions and Innovations from Australia's First Peoples, winner, Children's Book of the Year and shortlisted for the Indigenous writers' prize, both at the NSW Premier's Literary Awards
+2026: Shortlisted for the Victorian Premier's Prize for Children's Literature for Caution! This Book Contains Deadly Reptiles
+2026: Shortlisted for the Children's Book of the Year Award: Edith Pownall Award for Caution! This Book Contains Deadly Reptiles
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+DeadlyScience

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md

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+---
+title: "Council for Science and Technology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:16.992234+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Council for Science and Technology (CST) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government. Its role is to give advice on issues that cut across government departments to the Prime Minister. It was established in 1993 and reconstituted in 2003. It is based in London.
+
+
+== Evolution ==
+From the 1970s, reforms to government science support drew funding back into departments which had new chief scientists and reduced the role of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser (GCSA). In order to direct this, a central committee was formed to set priorities for applied research in parallel to the advisory board for the research councils (ABRC) which advised on basic research. The advisory functions now in the CST were performed by the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD), from 1976 to 1987, and the Advisory Council on Science and Technology (ACOST) from 1987 to 1993 which included defence as well as civil research.
+The CST was formed in 1993 to advise the prime minister, bringing departmental chief scientists into the council and absorbing the ABRC into government. The aim of the CST was set out in a white paper on science policy which recognised the role of government in funding major investments, and working internationally on the largest projects. But it also saw science as driving innovation and economic growth in a partnership with industry, which funded at least half of science. The CST was expected to integrate expertise with the new technology foresight work of the Office of Science and Technology and advise on the balance of government research.
+Periodic reviews have been conducted since the CST was formed, most significantly in 2003. The Royal Society responded to the call for evidence to suggest adopting the independent co-chair model used in the USA. Although the review itself specified two options, an independent chair or the GCSA chairing, the government response chose the co-chair model used today. The 2003 review also saw a change to include wider societal expertise, covering economics, health, and ethics which could better identify policy implications and the extent of the impact of innovation.
+
+
+== Membership ==
+The Council has 19 independent members appointed by the Prime Minister, including the presidents of the four UK-wide national academies (ex-officio), and other independent experts across a broad range of expertise in science, technology, engineering  and innovation.
+
+The Council is headed by two co-chairs, an independent Co-Chair Lord Browne of Madingley who chairs meetings where advice is being developed, and Dame Angela McLean, the Government Chief Scientific Adviser and head of the Government Office for Science, who chairs meetings reporting its advice to government. Previous independent co-chairs include Dame Nancy Rothwell and Dame Janet Finch.
+Scotland has its own Scottish Science Advisory Council, so despite an intention to include devolved representation and provide advice across the UK, to the First Minister of Scotland and the First Minister for Wales, the CST now advises the prime minister only.
+
+
+== Advice ==
+Advice is frequently published in the form of letters to the prime minister, including a series of recommendations, but also in reports or meetings. Examples include the recommendation to found the Alan Turing Institute as a national centre for data science research in their 2013 letter 'the age of algorithms' and the 2014 recommendation to establish a regulatory sandbox at the FCA to support FinTech innovation.
+
+As well as advice on the prospects of specific innovation, CST makes reports about the structure and strategy for the applied science ecosystem, and the approach to science advice for policy. For example, the report on dialogue with the public in 2005 recommended that dialogue inform policy by challenging the thinking of policymakers and scientists who contribute to policy making, as well as that of the public stakeholders and special interest groups.
+Government responded that this would be embedded, and made a commitment to learn from experiences, as recommended.
+In 2024 CST made a joint statement on shared science and technology priorities with its US counterpart, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS-0.md

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+---
+title: "DAD-IS"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:53.391709+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+DAD-IS is the acronym for the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System, a tool developed and maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a part of its programme for management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. It includes a searchable database of information on animal breeds.
+
+
+== Overview ==
+The FAO began to collect data on animal breeds in 1982. The first version of DAD-IS was launched in 1996 and the software has been updated several times; the fourth version was launched in 2017.
+DAD-IS includes a searchable database of information about animal breeds, the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources. It contains information on breed characteristics, uses, geographic distribution and demographics; more than 4000 images; and tools for generating user-defined reports; and has a multilingual interface and content. It also provides contact information for the national and regional coordinators for the programme. Data is collected and entered by each country's National Coordinator via web-based data-entry screens available in several languages.
+The data is used for reporting on the global status and trends of animal genetic resources, including the data for indicators 2.5.1b (number of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities) and 2.5.2 (proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction) of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
+
+
+== Breeds in the global databank ==
+The database lists breeds of 37 different mammalian and avian livestock species. In September 2022 it held data on 11555 mammalian and 3758 avian national breed populations, representing a global total of 8859 breeds, of which 595 (7%) were reported as extinct. Local breeds (found in only one region) made up 7739 entries, while 1120 were transboundary breeds (found in more than one region).
+In 2022 a total of 7153 local breeds were listed – 4954 mammalian and 2199 avian – and 555 transboundary breeds (458 mammalian and 97 avian).
+
+
+== Risk status ==
+The FAO uses the information about population sizes to classify breeds according to risk of extinction. The risk classes are: "at risk" ("critical", "critical-maintained", "endangered", "endangered-maintained" and "vulnerable"), "not at risk" and "extinct".
+Approximately 27% of breeds (about 2350) are either classified as being at risk of extinction or are already extinct. A further 54% are classified as unknown risk status; these include breeds for which no population data has been reported in the last 10 years.
+
+
+== Notes ==
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Website
+National coordinators

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin-0.md

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+---
+title: "Deborah Zarin"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:29.830773+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Deborah Zarin is a program director at the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University. She was formerly a scientist at the National Institutes of Health and the director of ClinicalTrials.gov.
+Zarin has a reputation as an advocate for open data.
+In 2014 Zarin accepted a visiting scholar appointment at the Stanford University School of Medicine to research the quality of scientific investigations.
+
+
+== Bibliography ==
+Ross, J. S.; Tse, T.; Zarin, D. A.; Xu, H.; Zhou, L.; Krumholz, H. M. (2012). "Publication of NIH funded trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: cross sectional analysis". BMJ. 344 (jan03 1): d7292–d7292. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7292. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 3623605. PMID 22214755.
+"Is a Trial For You?", an article from 2005 in The Washington Post
+Zarin, Deborah A. (2013). "Participant-Level Data and the New Frontier in Trial Transparency". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (5): 468–469. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1307268. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23902488.
+Zarin, D. A.; Tse, T.; Williams, R. J.; Rajakannan, T. (2017). "Update on Trial Registration 11 Years after the ICMJE Policy Was Established". New England Journal of Medicine. 376: 383–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1601330. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 5813248.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+profile at NIH
+September 2014 interview at the Knoepfler Lab Stem Cell Blog

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association-0.md

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+---
+title: "Development Studies Association"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:01.686396+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Development Studies Association (DSA) is a scholarly society. It was formally established at the National Development Research Glasgow Conference in 1978 and currently has 35 institutional members (primarily UK University departments/research centres with some development organisations) and 400 individual and student members. It is governed by a Council made up of academics and practitioners working in international development elected at the Annual General Meeting.
+The DSA aims to advance knowledge of the alternative processes and methods of socio-economic change, through supporting high quality research, teaching and practice in international development.  Its strategic objectives are to:
+i) Mobilise collective capacity and knowledge
+ii) Nurture the next generation
+iii) Invest in development infrastructure in the UK and beyond.
+Two key activities are its annual conference and its study groups.
+The DSA annual conference gathers together scholars, practitioners, policy makers and other commentators to focus upon major contemporary international development issues in the largest gathering in the UK of the development community.
+DSA Study Groups facilitate interaction and networking within the development studies community and encourage the development of new ideas contributing to ongoing debates about development in the UK and Ireland.  The study groups are sustained by active development studies professionals and usually meet at the Annual Conference and at specially convened meetings around the country.
+
+
+== History ==
+Tribe, Mike (2009) A Short History of the Development Studies Association, Journal of International Development, Volume 21, Issue 6  (p 732–741)
+
+
+== Affiliations ==
+The DSA is affiliated to the  European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI).
+
+
+== Related associations ==
+Developing Areas Research Group (DARG—within the Royal Geographical Society)
+British International Studies Association (BISA—within the Political Studies Association)
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies-0.md

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+---
+title: "Duke University Center for International Studies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:02.888423+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Duke University Center for International Studies (DUCIS) is an international studies national resource center housed within the John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies on Duke University's west campus.
+The current director is Gilbert W. Merkx. The executive director is Rob Sikorski.
+
+
+== Languages ==
+The Duke University Center for International Studies provides salary support for instruction in Persian, Polish, Romanian, Turkish and Wolof. It provides additional academic year and summer funding for students to study a wider range of critical languages including Arabic, Czech, Hungarian and Russian.
+
+
+== Programs ==
+DUCIS' public programs include the University Seminar on Global Governance and Democracy, a popular evening seminar series which draws speakers from across the globe, to present in-progress research on a variety of subjects, ranging from transnational banking trends, to regional election reform, to international concepts of justice.
+The Duke University Center for International Studies is home to two national organizations: the Association of International Education Administrators and the Council of National Resource Centers.
+
+
+== External links ==
+Duke University Center for International Studies Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
+DUCIS Podcasts on iTunes U (requires iTunes)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation-0.md

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+---
+title: "Dynasty Foundation"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:18.137948+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Dynasty Foundation was Russia's only private funder of scientific research. It was created by VympelCom founder Dmitry Zimin in 2002. After the Russian Ministry of Justice added Dynasty to its list of foreign agents in 2015 due to Zimin's own contributions coming from his foreign bank account, the Foundation decided to shut down.
+
+
+== History ==
+Dynasty Foundation was founded in 2002 by telecommunications businessman and philanthropist Dmitry Zimin.
+The priority areas of the Foundation's activities were the development of fundamental science and education in Russia, the creation of conditions for the work of scientists in their homeland, the popularization of science and education.
+Dynasty has supported the research of young biologists, physicists, and mathematicians; science programs for high-school students in academic institutions; and training for science teachers, among other programs. Dynasty also funded the translation of popular science literature, founded a book award for these writers, and supported lectures and festivals that promoted scientific knowledge.
+The first program of the foundation was launched in 2002 - grants and scholarships for students and young physicists.
+In 2007, for the first time in Russian history, the foundation was turned over to a board of trustees appointed from members of the public.
+In 2012 at the initiative of the Dynasty Foundation, the first School of Molecular and Theoretical Biology for high school students was held on the basis of the laboratories of Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research (PSCBI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
+In 2013, Dmitry Zimin was awarded the Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy, becoming the first Russian philanthropist to receive it.
+In 2015, Zimin was awarded a national prize "For Faithfulness to Science" in the category "For Patronage of Science" for significant contribution in popularizing science and supporting the scientific community.
+Dynasty Foundation was designated a "foreign agent" in 2015. The cause given was Dynasty's support for the organization Liberal Mission, which held lectures on modern politics in 2014, and founder Zimin's contributions to the fund coming from his foreign bank account. Rather than carry the label, the board decided to liquidate the Foundation.
+The registration of Dynasty sparked protests from Russia's Presidential Human Rights Council, which called upon the Plenum of the Supreme Court to examine the practice of the courts in the application of the law.
+In 2016, D. Zimin, together with his son Boris, founded the international non-profit organization "Zimin Foundation", which provides support for education and science in different countries of the world.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+https://web.archive.org/web/20190725163324/http://www.dynastyfdn.com/english/ (archived website)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-0.md

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+---
+title: "Earth System Governance Project"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:04.136451+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Earth System Governance Project (ESG Project) is a global research network that "aims to advance knowledge at the interface between global environmental change and governance. The network connects and mobilizes scholars from the social sciences and humanities researching at local and global scales".
+The ESG Project has its origins in an international program called the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. In its current form, the ESG Project began in January 2009. Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty, senior research fellows and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental change.
+The Climate Change Leadership Unit at Uppsala University in Sweden is currently hosting the ESG Project secretariat, called the International Project Office (IPO). The ESG Project IPO has previously been hosted at the United Nations University in Bonn, Germany (2009–2012), Lund University in Sweden (2012–2018), and Utrecht University in the Netherlands (2019–2024).
+
+== Aims ==
+The ESG Project aims to "Expand the global mobilization of earth system governance researchers; stimulate and facilitate research collaborations; Inform and advise at the science-policy interface."
+The project also examines problems of the global commons, as well as more local problems such as air pollution, water pollution, desertification and soil degradation. Due to natural interdependencies, local environmental pollution can be transformed into global changes. Therefore, the ESG Project looks at institutions and governance processes both local and globally.
+
+== Structure ==
+
+=== Members ===
+
+The ESG Project currently (at the end of 2024) has 599 members (also called research fellows), from 57 countries across all continents. In total, there are around 6000 scholars, professionals and students who engage with the network indirectly via social media and the newsletter. This global network of experts consists of people from different academic and cultural backgrounds.
+
+=== Secretariat ===
+The secretariat, called the International Project Office (IPO) is hosted by the Climate Change Leadership Unit at the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
+The secretariat ensures the functioning of this virtual international network. It is the focal point for management and administration, as well as for the communication and network development efforts of the ESG Project.
+
+=== Scientific steering committee and chairs ===
+The ESG Project operates under the direction of a Scientific Steering Committee (SSC). The role of this committee is to guide the implementation of the Earth System Governance Science Plan. For the first ten years, until 2018, the committee was chaired by Frank Biermann, the network's founder. Since 2019, the committee relies on system of rotating leadership, with two co-chairs elected for two years. The SSC currently has 13 members (as of August 2025) from diverse disciplines and geographical regions.
+
+=== Science and implementation plans ===
+An international group of experts came together in 2006 in the Scientific Planning Committee, chaired by Frank Biermann. This committee wrote the first Science and Implementation Plan (SIP) drawing on input for various drafts discussed at global events and conferences. Many scholars and practitioners contributed ideas, advice, and feedback. In 2009, this first SIP was published. In this plan, conceptual problems, cross-cutting themes, flagship projects, and policy relevance were outlined in detail.
+Beginning in 2015, discussions were held at ESG Project conferences around a new SIP. In 2016 a group of lead authors was selected. After extensive review by the ESG Project's members, the second Science and Implementation Plan was launched at the 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance.
+
+== Funding sources ==
+The National Science Foundation of the United States provided about US$15,000 each year since 2015 via Future Earth, an international research platform. This money supports annual meetings of the scientific steering committee.
+The project does not charge membership fees. Several universities support the project financially, as does the Earth System Governance Foundation. This foundation is a "non-profit charitable organization under Dutch law, created to help channel support from a variety of sources to the earth system governance research community".
+Funding for the secretariat, the IPO, has been provided from the universities that so far have hosted the secretariat:
+
+2009: in the first year, the secretariat was located within the secretariat of the International Human Dimensions Programme
+2009 to 2011: United Nations University in Bonn, Germany
+2011 to 2018: Lund University, Sweden (with support by the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies)
+2019 to 2024: Utrecht University in The Netherlands (with core funding by Utrecht's Faculty of Geosciences)
+2025 - ongoing: Uppsala University in Sweden (with support from the Climate Change Leadership unit, UUniCORN, and primarily, Zennström Philanthropies).
+
+== Activities ==
+
+=== Global networking with research centers ===
+The ESG Project is supported by a global alliance of ESG Research Centers. Currently, 18 universities and institutes are involved. Many of these universities have hosted the annual conferences of the ESG Project, including the universities of East Anglia, VU Amsterdam, Australian National University in Canberra, Colorado State University, Lund University, University of Nairobi, Radboud University Nijmegen, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Toronto, and Utrecht University.
+
+=== Publications ===
+There are four major publication series of the ESG Project:

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+---
+title: "Earth System Governance Project"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:04.136451+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Earth System Governance Journal was launched in 2019 (an open access publication with Elsevier). There are 25 volumes as of August 2025. The journal is open access and designed to integrate discourses from local to global in governance research, with a focus on earth-system processes. According to the journal's publisher, the CiteScore of this journal is currently 10.2 and its Impact Factor is 4.6. The journal's h-index is 23.
+The book series on earth system governance by the MIT Press is designed to publish key research findings from members of the Earth System Governance Project and others, with a preference for cutting-edge monographs. Books in this series offer perspectives from a variety of disciplines, levels of governance and methods with the common aim to analyze current systems of earth system governance with a view to increased understanding and possible improvements and reform.
+The Cambridge Elements series on Earth System Governance focuses on current governance research relevant for practitioners and scientists. The series is aimed at providing ideas for policy improvements and analyses of socio-ecological systems by interdisciplinary and influential scholars.
+To mark the 10-year anniversity of the ESG Project, the Project collaborated with Cambridge University Press to summarize research conclusions in 2019. Eleven books were published in this series.
+
+=== Organizing conferences ===
+
+Since 2007, the ESG Project has organized major scientific conferences on topics of governance and global environmental change:
+
+2007 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: 'Earth System Governance: Theories and Strategies for Sustainability'.
+2008 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change: 'Long-Term Policies: Governing Social-Ecological Change'.
+2009 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: 'Earth System Governance: People, Places, and the Planet'.
+2010 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: 'Social dimensions of environmental change and governance'.
+2011 Colorado Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Crossing Boundaries and Building Bridges'.
+2012 Lund Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Towards Just and Legitimate Earth System Governance'.
+2013 Tokyo Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Complex Architectures, Multiple Agents'.
+2014 Norwich Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Allocation and Access in the Anthropocene'.
+2015 Canberra Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Democracy and Resilience in the Anthropocene'.
+2016 Nairobi Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Confronting Complexity and Inequality'.
+2017 Lund Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Allocation & Access in a Warming and Increasingly Unequal World'. This conference was co-hosted by Lund University during its 350-year celebration.
+2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Governing Global Sustainability in a Complex World'.
+2019 Mexico Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Urgent Transformations and Earth System Governance: Towards Sustainability and Justice'.
+In 2020, Bratislava was meant to be the host, but the conference was rescheduled for 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
+2022 Toronto Conference: 'Bridging Sciences and Societies for Sustainability Transformations'.
+2023 Nijmegen, The Netherlands: 'Radboud Conference on Earth System Governance'.
+2024 Online event: Earth System Governance Forum on 'Re-imagining Earth System Governance in an Era of Polycrisis'.
+2025 Johannesburg, South Africa in a collaboration between the Transformations Community and the ESG Project: ‘Navigating Sustainability Transformations Towards Justice and Equity’.
+
+=== Organizing taskforces and working groups ===
+Taskforces are formal groups that mobilize scholars to collaboratively engage with key issues of governance of the environment and sustainability, within a well-defined research area and in alignment with the Earth System Governance research agenda. Taskforces are community-driven, commonly led by senior Research Fellows or Lead Faculty. There are currently nine active task forces:  Earth-Space Governance, Planetary Justice, Earth System Law, Ocean Governance,  Anticipatory Governance, Sustainable Development Goals, Knowledge Cumulation, Climate Governance, and Governance of Nature and Biodiversity.
+Working groups are flexible research collaborations with more narrow or specific focus areas and commonly with limited time horizons. These groups either bring together a sub-community within a Taskforce or else are self-standing and mobilize scholars to study an unexplored area of earth system governance research. There are currently eight active Working Groups: Governance of Social-Ecological Systems, Decarbonization, Planetary Health Justice, Democracy, Urban, Asia-Pacific, Carbon Removal and Environment, Representation and Rights.
+
+=== Interacting with affiliated projects ===
+In addition to its core activities, such as conferences, taskforces and working groups, the ESG Project interacts with many smaller research projects that have been formally affiliated with the larger network. Such affiliated projects are formally accepted by the ESG Project's scientific steering committee, and its research findings are typically discussed at the annual conferences of the ESG Project.
+Some of the affiliated projects specifically focus on the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, for example the GlobalGoals Project (from 2020 to 2025, funded by the European Research Council through an Advanced Grant awarded to Professor Frank Biermann).
+Examples of other affiliated projects that are current (as of 2024) or recently completed include:
+
+Sustainability Governance of China’s Global Infrastructure Investments (SGAIN)
+SocioEconomic Systems and Earth Systems
+Transformations Community
+Governing the EU’s Climate and Energy Transition in Turbulent Times (GOVTRAN) (2018 to 2021, funded by Erasmus+ programme of the European Union)
+LO-ACT: Low Carbon Action in Ordinary Cities, a five-year project that started in 2019 and was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
+Climate Backlash: Contentious Reactions to Policy Action (BACKLASH), a five-year project that started in 2021, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.
+GreenDeal-NET: Governing the EU's Transition towards Climate Neutrality and Sustainability, formed in 2022 and co-funded through the EU's Erasmus+ programme

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-2.md

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+---
+title: "Earth System Governance Project"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:04.136451+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Impacts ==
+The ESG Project does not take policy positions as a network. However, its lead scientists have initiated many activities to support political decision-making and inform policy makers. For example, in 2011, the lead faculty of the ESG Project launched a global assessment on international environmental governance. This publication drew on ongoing research on the institutional framework for sustainable development in the period leading up to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro. The outcome was an article in Science in 2012, written by 33 leading scholars from the ESG Project as a blueprint for reform of strengthening earth system governance.
+In 2011, more than twenty Nobel Prize laureates, several leading policy-makers and renowned thinkers on global sustainability met for the Third Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. The Nobel Laureate Symposium concluded with the Stockholm Memorandum. This document mentioned earth system governance prominently and called for "strengthening of earth system governance as a priority for coherent global action". It was submitted to the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability appointed by the UN Secretary General and fed into the preparations for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).
+In 2014, the then project's chair Frank Biermann was invited to speak in the United Nations General Assembly during an Interactive Dialogue on Harmony with Nature. This fed into the Harmony with Nature report of the Secretary-General of the UN.
+In 2022, members of the ESG Project, along with many natural scientists, took the initiative to call for an "International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering". The authors demand that "Governments and the United Nations need to take effective political control and restrict the development of solar geoengineering technologies before it is too late."
+In general, there is widespread support for the ESG Project in the scientific community, which is reflected in the size of the research network and in various publications by experts.
+
+== Challenges ==
+The ongoing funding of the secretariat (International Project Office) is a challenge from time to time, just like it is for many other knowledge networks or alliances.
+
+== History ==
+In 2001, four global change research programs (DIVERSITAS, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), World Climate Research Programme, and International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) agreed to intensify co-operation through setting up an overarching Earth System Science Partnership. The research communities represented in this partnership said in the 2001 Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change that the earth system now operates "well outside the normal state exhibited over the past 500,000 years" and that "human activity is generating change that extends well beyond natural variability—in some cases, alarmingly so—and at rates that continue to accelerate." To cope with this challenge, the four global change research programs have called "urgently" for strategies for Earth System management.
+In March 2007, the Scientific Committee of the IHDP mandated the drafting of the Science Plan of the ESG Project. The IHDP was the overarching social science program in the field at that time. For this drafting work a Scientific Planning Committee was appointed and chaired by Professor Frank Biermann, who was affiliated with VU University Amsterdam. This committee drafted in 2006-2008 the ESG Project's first Science and Implementation Plan. Biermann also became in 2009 the chair of the Scientific Steering Committee, until he stepped down in 2018. Since then, the Project is led by a Scientific Steering Committee that operates with rotating co-chairs.
+The ESG Project builds on the results of an earlier long-term research program, the IHDP core project "Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change" (IDGEC). In 2009, the ESG Project began.
+Since the termination of the IHDP in 2014, the ESG Project operates independently as an international, self-funded research alliance.
+In 2015 the ESG Project became affiliated with of the overarching international research platform Future Earth. However, links between Future Earth and the ESG Project have remained weak.
+
+== See also ==
+Earth System Science Partnership
+Environmental governance
+Global Carbon Project
+Global governance
+Global Land Project
+World Climate Research Programme
+Urbanization and Global Environmental Change Project
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+ESG Project

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management-0.md

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+---
+title: "European Academy of Management"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:05.302781+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The European Academy of Management (EURAM), founded in 2001, is a learned society dedicated to the advancement of the academic discipline of management in the Europe. It is a member of the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management network. EURAM runs the European Management Review, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons, annual conferences for business and management scholars, and training programmes for PhD students, Post-Docs, Research Directors, and Business School Executives.
+It is an organization associated with the Academy of Management since inception and also with the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management.
+
+
+== History ==
+The European Academy of Management (EURAM) was founded in 2001 and its head office is in Brussels, Belgium. The first EURAM Annual Conference was titled European Management Research: Trends and Challenges and was hosted by the IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain. EURAM has continued to develop programs and activities to accompany members throughout their professional career life-cycle. Additional initiatives include the creation of the European Management Review in 2003;  the Doctoral Consortium started in 2006; Strategic Interest Groups launched in 2009; the European Directors of Research program started in 2009; and the junior faculty program, the EURAM Early Career Colloquium, launched in 2010.
+
+
+== Governance structure ==
+
+
+=== EURAM Board ===
+Chairperson: Niels Noorderhaven, Tilburg University
+President: Professor Alessandro Zattoni, LUISS University
+Board Members:
+
+Professor Niels Noorderhaven, Chairperson
+Professor Alessandro Zattoni, President
+Professor Dorota Dobija, Kozminski University
+Professor Dieter Bögenhold, University of Klagenfurt
+Professor Lucrezia Songini, SDA Bocconi School of Management & Eastern Piedmont University
+Professor Hamid Kazeroony, North-West University, S. Africa
+Professor Anabel Fernandez Mesa, University of Valencia
+Professor Peter McKiernan, University of Strathclyde
+Luisa Jaffé, Executive Officer, ex officio member
+
+
+== Editors of the European Management Review ==
+Anna Grandori, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
+Michael Morley, Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Ireland
+
+
+== Special Interest Groups (SIGs) ==
+At EURAM, Special Interest Groups are organised networks of researchers focused on a specific subfields of management scholarship. Launched in 2009, SIGs are run by members and organize workshops, seminars, conferences throughout the year. The SIGs also organise dedicated tracks at the annual EURAM conferences.
+Currently there are 13 standing SIGs at EURAM:
+
+Business for Society
+Corporate Governance
+Entrepreneurship
+Family Business Research
+Gender, Race and Diversity in Organisations
+Innovation
+International Management
+Managing Sport
+Organisational Behaviour
+Project Organising
+Public and Non-Profit Management
+Research Methods and Research Practice
+Strategic Management
+
+
+== Journal ==
+European Management Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the European Academy of Management. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, Social Sciences Citation Index, Scopus, ProQuest databases, and EBSCO databases. 
+According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has an increased 2021 impact factor of 3.000, ranking it 165th out of 228 journals in the category "Management". Though thus clearly a third-tier (Q3) journal, the journal remains classified as a second-tier (Q2) journal in the 2021 Chartered Association of Business Schools Academic Journal Guide ranking.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+European Academy of Management

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes-0.md

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+---
+title: "European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:06.483574+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes or EADI is the professional body for development studies and area studies in Europe. In 2010 it had about 300 members in 27 countries. It publishes a journal, the European Journal of Development Research, and every three years holds a general conference. Through the International Accreditation Council for Global Development Studies and Research it provides accreditation for Master's degree programmes; the council is a member of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education. The association receives funding from various sources including membership fees and core funding from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany. Members include the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, the International Institute of Social Studies and the Nordic Africa Institute.
+
+
+== History ==
+The association was founded 1975 in Linz. It was originally based in Vienna, before moving to Tilburg (1982) and Geneva (1988). Since 2000, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, hosted by the German Development Institute, InWEnt and the Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung. The Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH (INWENT), the German Development Institute and the Center for Development Research (ZEF) jointly took over the patronage at the new seat of the association.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy-0.md

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+---
+title: "Evidence For Democracy"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:19.372306+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Evidence for Democracy (E4D) is a non-partisan Canadian non-profit organization which advocates for evidence-based policy-making in the government. It was co-founded by Katie Gibbs (executive director) and Scott Findlay in 2012.
+
+
+== History ==
+In July 2012, prior to forming E4D, Katie Gibbs was one of the organizers for the Death of Evidence protest in Ottawa. Over 2,000 scientists and supporters attended the protest, which was in the form of a mock funeral, to protest then Prime Minister Stephen Harper's government funding cuts to basic science research and in response to Bill C-38. The protest's success prompted Gibbs to co-found E4D.
+
+
+== Organization ==
+E4D advocates for evidence-based policy-making and to build a national culture where science and evidence are valued. E4D primarily launches issue-based campaigns to address current issues which affect science, alongside panels, lectures, workshops and documentary screenings, to provide knowledge and skill-based training to the scientific community, as well as the broader public.
+
+
+== Notable campaigns ==
+On 16 September 2013, E4D collaborated with local organizers to hold Stand Up for Science protests in 17 cities (including Toronto and Vancouver), to voice concerns for the state of science in Canada. Previous science advocacy, coupled with the Stand Up for Science protests across Canada, helped place science as a key campaign issue in the 2015 Canadian federal elections.
+In March 2016, the Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada and E4D submitted an open letter with over 5,000 Canadians signatures, to the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Minister Navdeep Bains, and Minister Kirsty Duncan, to safeguard government scientists' right to speak through collective agreements. In July 2018, following lobbying, the Canadian federal government introduced guidelines for scientific integrity.
+In September 2017, E4D launched a petition, on behalf of the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), to advocate for funding for PEARL's research into Canadian atmospheric climate science. As a result of this petition and lobbying from others, the Canadian government allocated $1.6 million to allow PEARL's continued operation until fall of 2019. E4D is currently campaigning for long-term PEARL funding, and to re-introduce funding for the six Canadian climate science projects (members of the Climate Change and Atmospheric Research program) which lost their funding.
+Throughout 2018, E4D collaborated with local organizers to host the March for Science in 10 Canadian cities (St. John's, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Windsor, Winnipeg, Regina, Vancouver and Victoria) on Saturday 14 April 2018. In mid-2018, E4D partnered with others to launch a campaign to return environmental and natural resource decision-making to public interest, advocating for the public to contact their representative and the Minister of the Environment and Climate Change Strategy. This campaign aims to address the British Columbia government's professional reliance system.
+On 8 August 2019, a call to vote for science was published by The Narwhal. This campaign was also promoted by the E4D just because they stand for funding structures, integration of science into policy and transparency and openness.
+During March 2023, virtual weekly video sessions were presented as part of the organization's Evidence Matters campaign. Recordings are available on YouTube.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:03.114679+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:14.579094+00:00"
 instance: "kb-cron"
 ---
 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform-0.md

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+---
+title: "FAO GM Foods Platform"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:54.561474+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The FAO GM Foods Platform is a web platform where participating countries can share information on their assessments of the safety of genetically modified (recombinant-DNA) foods and feeds based on the Codex Alimentarius. It also allows for sharing of assessments of low-level GMO contamination (LLP, low-level presence).
+The platform was set up by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and was launched at the FAO headquarters in Rome on 1 July 2013. The information uploaded to the platform is freely available to be read.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Agerskovgruppen
+Global Aquaculture Alliance
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-0.md

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+---
+title: "Federation of American Scientists"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure. FAS was founded in 1945 by a group of scientists, some of whom had previously contributed to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project. The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate the global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.
+With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. FAS projects are organized in three main programs: nuclear security, government secrecy, and biosecurity. FAS has played a role in the control of atomic energy and weapons, as well as better international monitoring of atomic activities.
+
+== History ==
+FAS was founded as the Federation of Atomic Scientists on November 30, 1945, by a group of scientists and engineers associated with the Manhattan Project, including personnel from the Oak Ridge and Los Alamos sites. Among the founding members were David Hawkins, Melba Phillips, and Robert R. Wilson. 
+Its early mission was to support the McMahon Act of 1946, educate the public, press, politicians, and policy-makers, and promote international transparency and nuclear disarmament. The group was frustrated with the control of the nation's nuclear arsenal and advocated for public control of the nuclear arsenal. A group of the early members of the Federation of American Scientists went to Washington, D.C., and set up there sending letters to representatives in the House of Representatives and in the Senate to request support for their original goal not to support the May-Johnson Bill. The group of scientists were opposed to the fact that, under the proposed May-Johnson Bill, the United States military would have the majority of control over the development and control of atomic weapons. Working with congressmen, they worked to create the bill that brought forth the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The Atomic Energy Commission oversaw the research into atomic energy and atomic weapons. On January 6, 1946, FAS changed its name to the Federation of American Scientists, but its purpose remained the same—to agitate for the international control of atomic energy and its devotion to peaceful uses, public promotion of science and the freedom and integrity of scientists and scientific research. For this purpose, permanent headquarters were set up in Washington, D.C., and contacts were established with the several branches of government, the United Nations, professional and private organizations, and influential persons. The explosion of postwar political activism demonstrated by the group became known as the "scientists' movement" with the basis of being unhappy with the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons. During this movement, the idea was also established that no defense against an atomic bomb was feasible in the near future. Using these two ideas, the FAS proposed the United States and other technologically advanced nations had to work in unison to create a solution that would not end in complete destruction.
+In 1946, the FAS worked with the Ad Council to broadcast a list of facts regarding the state of the United Nations atomic energy negotiations as well as the American proposal for atomic development. In a rare example of an effort to simply give listeners facts with little to no political or personal bias, the scientists at FAS were able to broadcast this information to the public in hopes of informing the public to be "armed with the facts — instead of swayed by emotions or prejudices." Throughout the course of trying to give the public information, the FAS attempted to coordinate with PR agencies to better connect with the audience. Most of these plans fell through as the agencies typically did not see eye-to-eye with members of the FAS. Scientists realized the importance of getting their point across, but conveying that to someone who had little to no background knowledge on the subject of atomic energy proved to be a challenge, a challenge that would stick with the FAS for many years. Many scientists from more localized organizations had comments like "We have failed. The people have not understood us or our foreign policy would have changed."
+By 1948, the Federation had grown to twenty local associations, with 2,500 members, and had been instrumental in the passage of the McMahon Act and the National Science Foundation, and had influenced the American position in the United Nations with regard to international control of atomic energy and disarmament.
+In addition to influencing government policy, it undertook a program of public education on the nature and control of atomic energy through lectures, films, exhibits, and the distribution of literature, coordinating its own activities with that of member organizations through the issue of memorandum, policy statements, information sheets, and newsletters.
+Nearly ninety percent of Manhattan Project personnel were in approval of the FAS, with few comparing the group to a "scientists' lobby."

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+---
+title: "Federation of American Scientists"
+chunk: 2/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Mission ===
+The mission of FAS is to promote a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. This mission was established early on and was deemed necessary for the federation, as decisions made by the United States during the conception of the FAS were critical in terms of shaping international relations. The FAS wanted the public to become more critical and aware of the government, in order to monitor the decisions that were made to ensure that they matched what the public actually wanted. The FAS would act to inform the public about how destructive the improper use of atomic energy could be and emphasize the need to enforce international control of atomic weapons and energy.
+
+=== Membership ===
+In 1969, the FAS had a rough annual budget of $7,000 and relied on mostly volunteer staff. In 1970 Jeremy J. Stone was selected as president of the organization and was the only staff member for the next 5 years. Due to Stone being the president and only member of the organization he influenced the future and direction of the organization heavily. With an increased budget in the 1990s FAS was able to employ a staff of about a dozen people and expand membership of the organization.
+In the mid-1980s, the FAS began relying more heavily on professional staff and analysts, and journalists rather than famous scientists as it did previously in its history. The organization shifted toward public information and transparency in the government and away from secrecy in covert projects and finances. In 2000 Henry C. Kelly, a former senior scientist in the Office of Technology Assessment and science policy adviser in the Clinton administration, became the new president. He further pursued the goals of the program of bolstering science in policy and focusing on using that science to further benefit the public. During his eight-year tenure as president, FAS received significant funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, including a $2.5 million grant for Creative and Effective Institutions.
+In a 2002 survey conducted within the FAS, it was found that nearly thirty percent of members were physicists. While the next largest fields represented were medicine, biology, engineering, and chemistry. With the latter four fields making up another sixty one percent of the total member population. Members also received complementary copies of "Secrecy News", an electronic newsletter regarding government secrecy and intelligence.
+
+=== Funding from the MacArthur Foundation ===
+Federation of American Scientists was awarded $10,586,000 between 1984 and 2017, including 25 grants in International Peace & Security, MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions, and Nuclear Challenges. In 2004, the Federation of American Scientists received their largest grant from the MacArthur Foundation of $2,400,000 in support of everything that they do.
+
+=== Leadership History ===
+Jeremy Stone, CEO, 1970-2000
+Charles Ferguson, President, 2010-2017
+
+=== Board Members ===
+Joel Primack, board member, lead FAS's 1988 effort to end the Soviet Union’s nuclear reactor-powered satellite program
+
+== Programs and projects ==
+
+=== Nuclear Information Project ===
+The Nuclear Information Project covers nuclear weapons and arms control and the nuclear fuel cycle. The project provides the general public and policy-makers with information and analysis on the status, number, and operation of nuclear weapons, the policies that guide their potential use and nuclear arms control. The project is run by Hans M. Kristensen.
+The Nuclear Information Project publishes yearly counts of global nuclear forces in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists' "Nuclear Notebook" column. The Nuclear Notebook counts and analyzes international nuclear arsenals using open source research methodology. The estimates in the Nuclear Notebook often accurately count warhead inventories, down to the number, and, according to the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, represent an "authoritative accounting of global nuclear warheads compiled by top experts".
+The Nuclear Information Project conducts other open source investigations into nuclear weapons outside of the Nuclear Notebook. In addition to publishing on the Strategic Security blog, fellows also publish in Forbes.
+
+=== Day One Project and Policy Entrepreneurship ===
+FAS's "Day One Project" crowdsources "science-based policy innovations that can appeal to lawmakers on both sides of the aisle" ready for implementation on "day one" of the next U.S. presidential administration, a project begun in 2019.
+
+== Legacy programs and projects ==
+
+=== Project on Government Secrecy ===
+"From 1991 to 2021, the FAS Project on Government Secrecy worked to challenge excessive government secrecy and to promote public oversight in national security affairs"..."The Project was directed by Steven Aftergood with the support of grants from the Open Society Foundations, the CS Fund, the Bauman Foundation, the Stewart R. Mott Foundation, the Knight Foundation, the HKH Foundation, the Rockefeller Family Fund, and others."
+The Project on Government Secrecy worked to promote public access to government information and to illuminate the apparatus of government secrecy, including national security classification and declassification policies. The project also published previously undisclosed or hard-to-find government documents of public policy interest, as well as resources on intelligence policy.
+Declassified documents, as well as Congressional Research Service reports, are archived on the Secrecy News blog.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+title: "Federation of American Scientists"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== Biosecurity Program ===
+A molecular biologist, Dr. Hatch Rosenberg was a founder of the Federation of American Scientists’ Working Group on Biological and Chemical Weapons and a former adviser to the Clinton White House when the anthrax scare startled an America that had recently been wounded by the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.
+The Biosecurity Program concentrates on researching and advocating policies that balance science and security without compromising national security or scientific progress. This includes preventing the misuse of research and promoting the public understanding of the real threats from biological and chemical weapons. The Federation of American Scientists also concentrates on researching and keeping the public informed on genetic engineering and genetic modification as a subset of their biosecurity program. One of their major concerns is resistance that species can develop to certain modifications from genetic resistance or from the use of antibiotics.
+The big concerns with biosecurity are accidental biological threats, intentional malicious biological threats, and natural biological threat occurrences. Because of these threats the Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) was set up.
+The Virtual Biosecurity Center provides and promotes biosecurity information, education, best practices and collaboration. Additionally, VBC offers significant news and events regarding biosecurity, a regularly updated education center and library, a global forum on Bio risks, an online informative policy tool, empowering partnerships among other professional biosecurity communities around the world, scheduled global conferences to raise awareness and develop plans for current and future biosecurity issues, as well as partnerships to tighten the gap between the scientific, public health, intelligence and law enforcement communities.
+
+=== Learning Technologies Program ===
+The Learning Technologies Program (LTP) focused on ways to use innovative technologies to improve how people teach and learn. The LTP created prototype games and learning tools and assembled collaborative projects consisting of non-governmental organization, design professionals, and community leaders to undertake innovative education initiatives at both the national and local level.
+The Project worked to help create learning tools to bring about major gains in learning and training. The major project of the Program is Immune Attack, a fully 3-D game in which high school students discover the inner workings of the body's circulatory and immune systems, as they pilot a tiny drone through the bloodstream to fight microscopic invaders.
+
+== FAS Public Service Awards ==
+The FAS Public Service Awards, established in 1971, recognize outstanding work in science policy and culture.
+
+=== Winners ===
+
+==== 2023 ====
+Alondra Nelson — Former acting director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, whose recognized for her leadership in A.I. regulation and advancing equity in STEM fields
+Christopher Nolan — British-American filmmaker, whose biographical thriller film Oppenheimer (2023) depicted the scientists who formed the FAS to communicate the dangers of nuclear weapons to the public
+Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) — United States senators who sponsored the CHIPS and Science Act, which was hailed by the FAS as representing a "historic investment" in the American future
+Alexa White — Co-founder of the AYA Research Institute and recipient of the FAS' inaugural Policy Entrepreneurship Award, aimed at honoring an emerging leader in the world of science policy
+
+== See also ==
+British American Security Information Council
+Union of Concerned Scientists
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website 
+FAS's channel on YouTube
+"Federation of Atomic Scientists". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:58:53.181534+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:21.796446+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées-0.md

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+---
+title: "Fichier des personnes décédées"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:15.709298+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Fichier des personnes décédées (transl. Register of deceased persons) is a central register of persons who have died in France since 1970. It is maintained by the national statistics bureau Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee). Since October 2019, the register has been accessible online free of charge and without registration.
+
+
+== Data in the register ==
+The register contains deaths since 1970, inclusively. For the current year, there are monthly and quarterly files. For past years, the data are summarised in one file per calendar year.
+Each entry concerns one person and contains the surname, first names, sex, date of birth, the Insee code of the place of birth (or country of birth for those born abroad), the name of the place of birth (for those born abroad also the name of the country of birth), the date of death, the Insee code of the place of death and the number in the death register of the respective municipality. The text fields contain only capital letters without diacritics.
+Each data set is included in the file that corresponds to its date of processing at the Insee, not the date of death. The law gives French civil registry offices one week to report deaths to the Insee. For reports submitted in paper form by traditional mail, postal delivery and processing at the statistics bureau will cause an additional delay before the data are recorded. Public holidays or other circumstances affecting the work of the authorities involved may also cause delays. A file of the register published by Insee for a given period therefore usually contains a significant number of entries for previous reporting periods; conversely, not all deaths occurring during the reporting period are included in the file for that period. For example, the monthly file for March 2020 contained about 8,700 entries concerning deaths before 1 March, but the file was missing 9,500 cases of deaths in March that were not recorded until April.
+For this reason, the numbers of deaths listed in the monthly files of the death register do not correspond to consolidated death statistics per period, such as the figures published by the Insee since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, broken down by département.
+
+
+== Access ==
+Until 2017, access to the central death register was available only to certain commercial genealogy services, which Insee charged about 7,000 euros per year. Access subsequently became free of charge, but remained restricted to authorized companies bound by a licensing agreement with Insee.
+However, on 17 May 2019, the French state's commission in charge of questions related to freedom of information and access to official data, CADA (Commission d'accès aux documents administratifs), decided at the request of a genealogical association that the central death register must immediately be made publicly accessible. The commission argued that the register was a set of administrative documents not containing any personal data in need of protection, since the persons concerned were not alive anymore. This sets the register apart from other civil status databases such as birth and marriage registers, for which a protection period of 75 years applies in France. For the same reason, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation was not applicable, according to CADA.
+Following this decision, the Insee made the data freely available in October 2019 under the Open License for French government data. Today, they are accessible from at least two official web portals: the French state's open data portal data.gouv.fr and the Insee website, insee.fr. There is no legal guarantee for the correctness of the data.
+On data.gouv.fr and on insee.fr the data can be downloaded as text files, although the file formats are not identical on both sites. Neither of the two sites offers search and display functionality for the data, and the Insee encoding of places is not resolved. However, since the further use of the data is not significantly restricted by the license terms, several genealogy services and other web service providers, such as Geneanet or Filae, offer all this functionality on their web portals. Some of these services require registration and/or a subscription, while others, such as deces.matchid.io, can be accessed free of charge and without registration.
+
+
+== External links ==
+deces.matchID.io: search the register and display results
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare-0.md

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 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare"
 category: "reference"
 tags: "science, encyclopedia"
-date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:04.405239+00:00"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:16.915793+00:00"
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data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-0.md

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+---
+title: "Financial Instrument Global Identifier"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) /ˈfɪ.gi/ (formerly Bloomberg Global Identifier (BBGID)) is an open standard, unique identifier of financial instruments that can be assigned to instruments including common stock, options, derivatives, futures, corporate and government bonds, municipals, currencies, and mortgage products.
+
+== History ==
+In 2009, Bloomberg released Bloomberg’s Open Symbology ("BSYM"), a system for identifying financial instruments across asset classes.
+As of 2014 the name and identifier called 'Bloomberg Global Identifier' (BBGID) was replaced in full and adopted by the Object Management Group and Bloomberg with the standard renamed as the 'Financial Instrument Global Identifier' (FIGI).
+The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) standard was given "approved status" by the Object Management Group (OMG) Architecture Board as of September 2015.
+
+=== Adoption ===
+FIGIs have been adopted in the market data feeds of the following exchanges:
+
+Ace Commodity Exchange (ACE)
+Banja Luka Stock Exchange
+Bermuda Stock Exchange
+Bucharest Stock Exchange
+Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE), formerly the Canadian National Stock Exchange (CNSX)
+Euro-TLX
+Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)
+FTSE Real-Time Index (FTSE)
+Hi-MTF Multilateral Trading Facilities (Hi-MTF)
+Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (ICDX)
+Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE)
+Mercari
+Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX)
+National Stock Exchange of Australia (NSX)
+National Stock Exchange of India (NSE)
+New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
+OneChicago - ONE Chicago Stock Exchange
+Osaka Securities Exchange (OSE)
+PURE Canadian Stock Exchange
+Quote MTF
+SIM Venture Securities Exchange (SIM VSE)
+The Stock Exchange of Mauritius
+FIGIs have been adopted for use by the following regulators and/or been included in related Regulatory Technical Standards:
+
+Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)
+Solvency II
+AIFMD
+
+=== Additional notable adoption ===
+March 19, 2010: NYSE Euronext. April 2010 distribution of BBGIDs along with their own proprietary security identifiers on all of their data products globally.
+March 21, 2010: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). BBGIDs accepted to uniquely identify securities reported to its U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) mandated Trade Reporting And Compliance Engine (TRACE) program.
+June 27, 2011: ACE Commodity Exchange in India. Became the first exchange in Asia to adopt the identifiers.
+April 18, 2012: Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (ICDX)
+September 15–19, 2014: Object Management Group. Adopted a new standard Financial Instrument Global Identifier developed from the BBGID specification and is fully compatible with all existing issued BBGIDs.
+November 14, 2014: SIX Financial Information's Valordata Feed (VDF) and Market Data Feed (MDF)
+May 14, 2014: Nasdaq OMX Group's Nasdaq Last Sale Plus ("NLS Plus"). NLS Plus provides real-time, intraday last sale data for all securities traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market Nasdaq OMX BXSM, NASDAQ OMX PSXSM and the FINRA/NASDAQ Trade Reporting Facility.
+10 Dec 2014: RIMES adopts FIGI
+October 9, 2014: Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) standard adopted by OMG.
+May 2020: FIGI approved by Brazil Association of Technical Standards organization (ABNT)
+December 2020: OMG accepts Kaiko as second certified provider of FIGI.
+July 2021: FIGI standard approved by X9 as US standard.
+October 2021: Kaiko issues first series of FIGIs covering crypto assets; coverage added to OpenFIGI.com.
+June 2022: SEC Adopts Amendments Form 13F; allows FIGI to be included in 13F reporting.
+August 2024: United States FSOC Agencies publish proposed rule to include FIGI as an open standard for regulatory reporting complying with the Financial Data Transparency Act (FDTA) of 2022
+
+== Description ==
+The FIGI structure is defined and copyrighted by the Object Management Group. Bloomberg L.P. is the Registration Authority and Certified Provider of the standard. FIGI have been created for more than 300 million unique securities, representing most asset classes of the financial markets. The FIGI is a 12-character alpha-numerical code that does not contain information characterizing financial instruments, but serves for uniform unique global identification. Once issued, a FIGI is never reused and represents the same instrument in perpetuity.
+Unique FIGIs identify securities as well as individual exchanges on which they trade. Composite FIGIs are also issued to represent unique securities across related exchanges. For instance, Apple Inc. common stock trades on 14 exchanges in the United States. There exists a unique FIGI to identify the common stock on each individual exchange, but also a composite FIGI to represent the company's common stock traded on United States exchanges.
+
+=== Equity Levels of Assignment ===
+Global Share Class Level
+Country Composite Level
+Exchange/Venue Level   
+
+=== FIGI Structure ===
+
+A FIGI consists of three parts: A two-character prefix, a 'G' as the third character; an eight character alpha-numeric code which does not contain English vowels "A", "E", "I", "O", or "U"; and a single check digit.
+In total, the encoding supports more than 852 billion potential values, under the initial BBG prefix.  In total, there are over 330 trillion potential available identifiers.
+
+=== Structural Rules ===
+The permissible characters for use within a FIGI are a subset of ISO 8859-1 as follows:
+
+All upper case ISO 8859-1 consonant (including Y).
+The single-digit integers 0 – 9.
+While the string itself is semantically meaningless, there is a specific structure that is used. The syntax rules for the
+twelve characters are as follows:
+
+Characters 1 and 2:
+   * Any combination of upper case consonants with the following exceptions:
+   * BS, BM, GG, GB, GH, KY, VG

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+---
+title: "Financial Instrument Global Identifier"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The purpose of the restriction is to reduce the chances that the resulting identifier may be identical to an ISIN string. (Strictly speaking, a duplicate is not a problem as the strings designate different things, but care has been taken to reduce ambiguity.) The way that ISIN is constructed is that the first two characters correspond to the country of issuance. The third character, depending on the issuing organization, is typically a numeral. However, in the case of the United Kingdom, the letter "G" is assigned. As we are using the letter "G" as our third character (see below), the only combinations that may come up within ISIN that only incorporates consonants are BSG (Bahamas), BMG (Bermuda), GGG (Guernsey), GBG (United Kingdom) and VGG (British Virgin Islands). The reason for this is that the United Kingdom issues ISIN numbers for entities within its broader jurisdiction.
+
+Character 3:
+   * The upper case letter G (for "global")
+
+Characters 4 – 11:
+   * Any combination of upper case consonants and the numerals 0 – 9
+
+Character 12:
+   * A check digit (0 – 9) which is calculated as follows:
+
+Letters are converted to integers using a letter to integer look-up table provided in section 7.2.1 of the specification. Using the first 11 characters and beginning at the last character, map the character to its specific integer value from the look-up table, if the character is already a digit, use that value. Then, working right to left, multiply every second integer by two. Next, separate numbers greater than 10 into two separate digits (e.g., 57 becomes 5 and 7) add up all the integer values, each less than 10 now. Finally, subtract that summed value from the next higher integer ending in zero (e.g., If the summed value is 72, then 80 is the next higher integer ending in 0, and the check digit is 8). If the summed value of the digits is a number ending in zero, then the check digit is also zero.
+This process is similar to other financial instrument identifier check digit calculations but specifically chosen to reduce the chances of other schemes from validating versus this FIGI scheme.
+
+=== Issuance ===
+Unique FIGIs are published by Bloomberg L.P. and datasets are both searchable and available for download via the Bloomberg OpenFIGI website. FIGIs are never reused and once issued, represent an instrument in perpetuity. An instrument's FIGI never changes as a result of any corporate action. Any interested parties may request access to the bulk and individual lookup facilities, regardless of any existing relationship with Bloomberg L.P. or lack thereof.
+FIGIs are assigned to unique financial instruments on a proactive basis.  Where a FIGI has not been assigned for any reason, a request can be submitted to have an identifier assigned, as long as the request is in line with the standard and stated assignment rules.
+FIGIs can often be mapped to other unique identifiers, such as equity and index option ticker symbols.
+
+== License ==
+FIGIs and the associated metadata defined in the standard are released free into the public domain with no commercial terms or restrictions on usage.  The OMG standard is governed through the Open Source MIT License.
+
+== See also ==
+Open Data
+Object Management Group
+Globally unique identifier
+International Securities Identification Number
+
+== References ==
+
+== Further reading ==
+"Allocation Rules for the Bloomberg Global ID (BBGID)," April 2017 (version: 29.30)
+
+== External links ==
+OpenFIGI.com

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md

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+---
+title: "Foundation for Science and Technology"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:22.986925+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Foundation for Science and Technology is a British charity, providing a neutral platform for debate of policy issues that have a science, technology or innovation element.
+Established in 1977, the Foundation brings together Parliamentarians, civil servants, industrialists, researchers, learned societies, charities and others. It convenes monthly discussion events at the Royal Society, publishes a journal three times a year, hosts a weekly podcast and has recently started to produce a blog on relevant science and technology policy issues. Recent topics of discussion include international research collaboration post- Brexit, facial recognition technologies and their ethics, and digital health data. For the most up to date information regarding events, blogs and podcasts, follow the @FoundSciTech Twitter page.
+The foundation also organises the Foundation Future Leaders Programme, supporting mid- career professionals from universities, industry and the civil service, meeting regularly to develop links and further their understanding of how science and research are conducted, and how they feed into the policy process. In addition, the Foundation provides guidance on governance issues to Professional and Learned Societies.
+The Foundation is directed by a council and board of trustees, chaired by The Rt Hon the Lord Willetts FRS. The Chief Executive of the Foundation is Gavin Costigan. Day to day the foundation is run by a small team of professionals, located in Westminster, London. The Foundation finances its activities by a mixture of subscriptions from member organisations, part-sponsorship of its events, and grants and donations. This enables it to run most of its activities free of charge for participants.
+
+
+== References ==
+The Foundation for Science and Technology website 
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Foundation for Science and Technology on LinkedIn

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-0.md

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+---
+title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation"
+chunk: 1/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Freedom from Religion Foundation (FFRF) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for atheists, agnostics, and nontheists. 
+Formed in 1976, FFRF promotes the separation of church and state, and challenges the legitimacy of federal and state government support for faith-based programs, such as chaplaincy services. It supports groups such as nonreligious students and clergy who want to leave their faith.
+
+== History ==
+
+The FFRF was co-founded by Anne Nicol Gaylor and her daughter, Annie Laurie Gaylor, in 1976 and was incorporated nationally on April 15, 1978, who split with Madalyn Murray O'Hair's American Atheists, in response to O'Hair's antisemitism. The organization was supported by over 19,000 members in 2012 and operated from an 1855-era building in Madison, Wisconsin, that once served as a church rectory.
+In March 2011, FFRF, along with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, began The Clergy Project, a confidential on-line community that supports clergy as they leave their faith. In 2012, it gave its first Freedom from Religion Foundation and Clergy Project "Hardship Grant" to Jerry DeWitt, a former pastor who left the ministry to join the atheist movement.
+FFRF provides financial support to the Secular Student Alliance, an organization that has affiliate groups for nonreligious students on college campuses.
+In 2015, FFRF announced Nonbelief Relief, a related organization that obtained and later gave up its federal tax-exempt status. Nonbelief Relief lost a lawsuit against the IRS because it lacked standing to challenge the Form 990 exemption that applies to churches. Nonbelief Relief is a humanitarian agency for atheists, agnostics, freethinkers, and their supporters. Nonbelief Relief was created by the executive board of FFRF to remediate conditions of human suffering and injustice on a global scale, whether the result of natural disasters, human actions or adherence to religious dogma.
+On 7 November 2024, Kat Grant published an article titled "What is a woman", on Freethought Now!, a website operated by the FFRF. The article argued that "any attempt to define womanhood on biological terms is inadequate" and that "a woman is whoever she says she is". In response, Jerry Coyne wrote a rebuttal titled "Biology Is Not Bigotry", defending the "biological definition of 'woman' based on gamete type". Coyne's rebuttal was initially published on Freethought Now!. However, the FFRF later retracted Coyne's page. On 27 December, the FFRF published a statement saying that "Publishing this post was an error of judgment, and we have decided to remove it as it does not reflect our values or principles". In response, Coyne, Steven Pinker, and Richard Dawkins resigned from the honorary board in objection to what they considered the problematic gender-ideological capture of the institute. Coyne stated that LGBTQ people have rights, but some of the desired rights are in conflict with rights of other groups in society. As a result of the division over the issues, FFRF dissolved the honorary board.
+
+== Media and publications ==
+The FFRF publishes a newspaper, Freethought Today, ten times a year. Since 2006, as the Freethought Radio Network, FFRF has produced the Freethought Radio show, an hour-long show broadcast live on WXXM-FM Saturdays at 11 a.m. CDT. It had also been broadcast on Air America before that service ceased operation in March 2010. The show is hosted by the co-presidents of FFRF, Dan Barker and Annie Laurie Gaylor. Regular features include "Theocracy Alert" and "Freethinkers Almanac". The latter highlights historic freethinkers, many of whom are also songwriters. The show's intro and outro make use of John Lennon's Imagine song.
+Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-president of the FFRF, is the author of the nonfiction book on clergy child sexual abuse scandals Betrayal of Trust: Clergy Abuse of Children (out of print) and the editor of Women Without Superstition: No Gods – No Masters and the anthology Woe to the Women. She edited the FFRF newspaper Freethought Today until July 2008. Her husband, Dan Barker, author of Losing Faith in Faith: From Preacher to Atheist, Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists, The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God, Life Driven Purpose, God: The Most Unpleasant Character in all Fiction, and Just Pretend: A Freethought Book for Children, is a musician and songwriter, a former Pentecostal Christian minister, and co-president of FFRF.
+
+== Litigation and issues ==
+
+=== Social programs ===
+
+==== Social services ====
+
+In June 2004, the FFRF challenged the constitutionality of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. The Foundation's complaint alleged that "the use of money appropriated by Congress under Article I, section 8, to fund conferences that various executive branch agencies hold to promote President Bush's 'Faith-Based and Community Initiatives'" conflicted with the First Amendment. The suit "contended that the defendant officials violated the Establishment Clause by organizing national and regional conferences at which faith-based organizations allegedly 'are singled out as being particularly worthy of federal funding because of their religious orientation, and the belief in God is extolled as distinguishing the claimed effectiveness of faith-based social services.'" The FFRF also alleged that "the defendant officials 'engage in myriad activities, such as making public appearances and giving speeches, throughout the United States, intended to promote and advocate for funding for faith-based organizations." The FFRF further asserted, "Congressional appropriations [are] used to support the activities of the defendants."
+In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that taxpayers do not have the right to challenge the constitutionality of expenditures made by the executive branch.
+In May 2007, the FFRF, on behalf of Indiana taxpayers, challenged the creation of a chaplaincy pilot program for the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration (FSSA). The FSSA hired Pastor Michael L. Latham, a Baptist minister, in 2006, at a salary of $60,000 a year. In September 2007, in response to the FFRF's suit, Indiana ended the program.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-1.md

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+---
+title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation"
+chunk: 2/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+==== Health care ====
+In April 2003, the FFRF, on behalf of Montana residents, sued the Montana Office of Rural Health and its executive director David M. Young along with the Montana State University-Bozeman and the Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. It was alleged that Young favored faith-based nursing parish programs for state funding. In October 2004, the Federal District Court for the District of Montana held that the state's "direct and preferential funding of inherently and pervasively religious parish nursing programs was undertaken for the impermissible purpose, and has the impermissible effect, of favoring and advancing the integration of religion into the provision of secular health care services." According to the court, the state funding of faith-based healthcare violated the First Amendment.
+In April 2006, the FFRF sued to challenge the pervasive integration of "spirituality" into health care by the Department of Veteran Affairs. Specifically stating that the practice of asking patients about their religion in spiritual assessments, the use of chaplains to treat patients, and drug and alcohol treatment programs that incorporate religion violated the separation of state and church. The case was later dismissed after the Hein decision because of lack of standing.
+
+==== Education ====
+In 2001, the FFRF, on behalf of anonymous plaintiffs, sued the Rhea County School District. The plaintiffs alleged that weekly bible classes were being held for all students in the elementary schools. In June 2004, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a district judgment holding that it was unconstitutional for the school district to "teach the Bible as literal truth" to students.
+In March 2005, the FFRF filed suit against the University of Minnesota because of its involvement with the Minnesota Faith Health Consortium, a partnership with Luther Seminary, which is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, and Fairview Health Services, stating that state taxpayer funds are helping to fund a faith-based organization. In September 2005, the University agreed to end the partnership and to cease teaching "courses on the intersection of faith and health", with the FFRF agreeing to drop its lawsuit.
+In April 2005, the FFRF filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Education because of its distribution of funds to the Alaska Christian College, a Bible college run by the Evangelical Covenant Church of Alaska. The foundation stated that in the students' first year at the college, they take only religious-based courses, and finish that year with a Certificate of Biblical Studies. The college, the foundation says, "does not offer traditional college courses, such as math or English". In October 2005 the FFRF and the U.S. Department of Education settled the lawsuit, with the Department of Education agreeing to suspend the $435,000 federal grant from 2005 and unspent portions of grants from the previous year.
+A December 2020 article by Hemant Mehta outlined recent FFRF efforts. FFRF argues to limit official role of Pastor Mark Thornton at Boise State.  A letter sent by the FFRF Staff Attorney Chris Line included:
+"Boise State football players have no government-imposed burden on their religion, so there is no need – or legitimate legal reason – for Boise State to provide a chaplain for them."
+Legal Counsel for the University responded with the following:
+"We have been in communication with the Athletic Department to provide some education about this issue and to ensure measures are taken now and in the future to resolve the issue and establish appropriate constitutional boundaries. Mr. Thornton did not travel with the football team to our recent game in Wyoming and the university will no longer include a chaplain in its travel party. Written references to Mr. Thornton as the chaplain of the football team have been or are in the process of being removed and no future references will be made in writing or otherwise."
+Mehta continues: "None of that means students can't seek Thornton out on their own. They've always been free to do that. But Thornton can't – and shouldn't – have any sort of official role there."
+
+==== Criminal justice programs ====
+In October 2000, the FFRF brought suit, as taxpayers in the state of Wisconsin, against Faith Works located in Milwaukee. Their case stated that a faith-based addiction-treatment program should not be used as a court-ordered treatment program using taxpayer funds. In January 2002, the ruling was decided in the FFRF's favor; that receiving hundreds of thousands of dollars in public money is in violation of the Establishment Clause. The judge wrote "Because I find that the Department of Workforce Development's grant to Faith Works constitutes unrestricted, direct funding of an organization that engages in religious indoctrination, I conclude that this funding stream violates the establishment clause." On Appeal, in April 2003, the Seventh Circuit later ruled against the FFRF on the narrower issue of whether prisoners joining specific faith-based programs on their own free will are coerced by government endorsement of religion.
+The FFRF brought a suit against the awarding of a federal grant to MentorKids USA, a group providing mentors to children of prisoners, alleging that only Christian mentors were hired and that they were to give monthly reports on the children's religious activities. In January 2005, the court vacated HHS's funding of this group citing "federal funds have been used by the MentorKids program to advance religion in violation of the Establishment Clause".
+In May 2006, the FFRF filed suit against the Federal Bureau of Prisons alleging that its decision to fund not only multi-faith-based but also single-faith-based programs violated constitutional standards for separation of state and church. The parties later agreed to a dismissal of that claim, but additional counts within the lawsuit, alleging separate violations, continued.
+
+=== Religion in the public sphere ===

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-2.md

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+---
+title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation"
+chunk: 3/5
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+==== Employment issues ====
+In 1995, the FFRF sued the state of Wisconsin for designating Good Friday as a state legal holiday. In 1996, the federal district court ruled that Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday was indeed a First Amendment violation because, in reference to Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday law, the "promotion of Christianity is the primary purpose of the law."
+
+==== Public funding ====
+FFRF opposed the city of Versailles, Kentucky helping a church get federal funding to create a local disaster relief center.
+The FFRF is filing a lawsuit on behalf of four residents against the state of South Carolina to oppose the funding to Christian Learning Centers of Greenville County to build a private religious school, and the FFRF is challenging that it is unconstitutional.
+
+==== Religious displays on public property ====
+In December 2007, the FFRF, on behalf of a group of concerned Green Bay residents and invoking the First Amendment rights of all of the city's residents, sued the city because of the placement of a nativity scene at Green Bay's city hall. Before the case was heard, the city removed the nativity scene. The judge then dismissed the suit, citing lack of jurisdiction. Since the nativity scene already was removed and a moratorium imposed on future such displays, there remained no basis for continued dispute. He went on to say, "the plaintiffs have already won. ... the Plaintiffs have won a concrete victory that changes the circumstances on the ground."
+In 2011, in response to the refusal of the city of Warren, Michigan, to remove a nativity display in the civic center, the FFRF sought to place a winter solstice display. The mayor refused the request and the FFRF brought suit. The suit was dismissed by Judge Zatkoff of the U.S. District Court; the dismissal was upheld by the U.S. 6th Circuit Court in 2013.
+In September 2011, the FFRF, along with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), sued the Giles County, Virginia, school district on behalf of anonymous plaintiffs. A display of the Ten Commandments had been placed beside a copy of the U.S. Constitution at Giles County public schools. Prior to the suit, in January and June 2011, the FFRF and the ACLU had sent letters to the school board requesting removal of the display. The school superintendent ordered that the displays of the Ten Commandments be removed. The Giles County school board met in June 2011 and voted to overturn the superintendent's decision to remove the display. After the suit was filed, the school board in 2012 agreed to remove the display and to pay attorneys' fees.
+In November 2011, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker referred to the Capitol's Christmas tree as a "Christmas tree" instead of a "holiday tree". The FFRF, which opposed prior efforts to restore the name to "Christmas tree" objected to the title.
+In May 2012, the FFRF, acting on a complaint from a resident, asked the city of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, to remove a Latin cross from a World War I and II memorial on public land. The city refused to do so. The FFRF states that it is currently looking for a plaintiff in the area to represent for a suit, which the FFRF have yet to do, citing the difficulty with another case that occurred with another plaintiff in the state, Jessica Ahlquist, in the case Ahlquist v. Cranston.
+On July 24, 2012, after receiving a letter from the FFRF, the Steubenville, Ohio, city council decided to remove the image of the Christ the King Chapel at the Franciscan University of Steubenville from its town logo.
+In August 2012, the FFRF, on behalf of a resident, threatened a lawsuit challenging a Latin cross that had been displayed on top of the water tower of Whiteville, Tennessee. After the FFRF wrote three initial letters, but before the lawsuit was filed, the town removed one arm of the cross. The removal cost the town $4,000, and as part of the settlement the town paid $20,000 in the FFRF's attorneys fees. The town also agreed never to replace the missing arm and not to place other crosses on public property.
+In August 2012, the FFRF, on behalf of a Montana resident, sued the United States Forest Service. A special use permit for the placement of a statue of Jesus on federal land was granted in 1954 at the request of the Knights of Columbus. The Forest Service continued to grant renewals of the permit until 2010. When the Service declined to renew, the Knights declined to remove the statue citing "tradition" and the "historical" value of the statue. After on-line protests the statue was allowed to stay and the permit granted. The FFRF filed suit in February 2012. In June 2013, a federal judge found in favor of the defendants, allowing the statue to remain. In August 2013, the FFRF filed an appeal of the decision. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected FFRF's arguments and upheld the memorial.
+In 2012, the FFRF wrote several letters to Prudhommes Restaurant, in Columbia, Pennsylvania, explaining that offering a 10% discount to Sunday patrons who present a church bulletin is a violation of state and federal law, specifically the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The individual who brought the matter to the FFRF's attention has filed a discrimination complaint with the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission. The FFRF was only involved in an advisory capacity. The Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission entered a final order allowing the restaurant to continue the church bulletin discount.
+A lighted cross in a public park in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, was removed by the borough in 2018 after complaints from FFRF. Not far from the park a solar-powered 28-foot cross was erected by a local resident on his own property.
+
+==== Prayer in government/schools ====