diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 889dec46b..c4ed4f8c7 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c54f49bdb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "314 Action" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:01.261121+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +314 Action is a progressive political action committee (PAC) that seeks to elect science, technology, engineering, and mathematics-educated Democrats to higher office in the United States. +The group gets its name from the first three digits of the mathematical constant pi (π). + + +== History == +The organization was founded in 2016 by researcher Shaughnessy Naughton. Naughton is a business owner and a chemist who unsuccessfully ran for Congress as a Democrat in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district in 2014 and 2016. She founded the group due to her worry about the election of Donald Trump and Trump's refusal to name any climate change experts to his cabinet, claiming that Trump is "anti-science". +314 Action has stated that the organization was inspired by EMILY's List, a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women to public office. The express goal is to increase the number of STEM-educated Democrats elected to public office. They have stated that they will only support Democrats, and will refuse to work with or contribute to any Republican candidate. Citing the Democratic Party's support of green politics, Naughton stated, "We felt we had to pick a team" arguing that science cannot remain above politics because "politics is not above bringing itself into science". As of 2024, they have exclusively supported Democratic candidates and organizations supporting them. +In 2025, 314 Action announced plans to elect 100 new physicians to office by 2030. The campaign, "Guardians of Public Health" is co-chaired by Hawaii Governor Dr. Josh Green and Representative Lauren Underwood (IL-14). + + +=== 2020 election === + +In 2020, 314 Action endorsed 19 candidates for the U.S. House and U.S. Senate. +In 2020, 314 Action stated their goal was to "shame" Republicans and their donors who did not take the COVID-19 pandemic seriously, particularly Ron DeSantis, Mike DeWine, and Greg Abbott. Resistance to mask mandates, social distancing, lockdowns, and mandatory vaccinations were cited. + + +=== 2024 election === +314 Action spent $1.2 million on ads backing Maxine Dexter in her bid to succeed Earl Blumenauer, who retired from his seat representing Oregon's 3rd congressional district. The Intercept reported that these funds were provided by the pro-Israel lobbying group AIPAC, which opposed one of Dexter's opponents, Susheela Jayapal. +More than a third of its $1.4 million in receipts reported in April 2024 came from a single donation from Michael Bloomberg. Both of Dexter's main primary opponents, Susheela Jayapal and Eddy Morales, alleged that 314 Action was acting as a front for Republican and pro-Israel interests attempting to conceal their involvement in the election. Bloomberg and Granieri are both strongly supportive of Israel and 314 Action's top three donors in April collectively contributed two-thirds of the group's funds. AIPAC's involvement was confirmed on June 20, with $1.3 million disbursed by UDP to the anti-Susheela Jayapal PAC Voters for Responsive Government, $1 million to 314 Action, and $100,000 to EDW Action Fund. +In 2024, 314 Action supported seven STEM candidates who were newly elected to Congress, including Rep. John Mannion (NY-22), Rep. Janelle Bynum (OR-05), Rep. George Whitesides (CA-27), Rep. Maxine Dexter (OR-03), Rep. Herb Conaway (NJ-03), Rep. Luz Rivas (CA-29), and Rep. Kelly Morrison (MN-03). + + +=== 2026 election === +314 Action endorsed Amy Acton in the 2026 Ohio gubernatorial race and Nirav D. Shah in the 2026 Maine gubernatorial race. They endorsed Annie Andrews in the 2026 United States Senate election in South Carolina. + + +== References == + + +== Sources == +Astor, Maggie (January 13, 2019). "An Ocean Engineer and a Nuclear Physicist Walk Into Congress ..." New York Times. +Goldberg, Emma (May 9, 2020). "Nightly Applause Is Nice, but Some Doctors Think Votes Would Be Nicer". New York Times. +Harmon, Amy; Fountain, Henry (February 6, 2017). "In Age of Trump, Scientists Show Signs of a Political Pulse". New York Times. +Koebler, Jason (January 10, 2017). "As a Response to Trump, This Group Is Drafting Scientists to Run for Office". Motherboard. Vice. Retrieved February 23, 2017. +Marks, Joseph (May 20, 2019). "The Cybersecurity 202: These political candidates are running on their cybersecurity expertise". The Washington Post. +Mukherjee, Sy (January 25, 2017). "Scientists Gear Up to Run for Office In a World of 'Alternate Facts". Fortune. Retrieved February 23, 2017. +Yong, Ed (February 28, 2018). "Here's How The Scientists Running for Office Are Doing". The Atlantic. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7e65488 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "500 Queer Scientists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:02.494762+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +500 Queer Scientists is a visibility campaign for LGBTQ+ people working in the sciences. Queer scientists submit short descriptions of their lives to the organization; these are manually checked and proof-read before being posted to the group's website. In collating submissions, the organization intends to show queer people currently working in science that there are others like them, to provide role models for future generations of researchers, and to create a database that can be used when planning events to ensure representation. + + +== History == +The group was founded in San Francisco on 4 June 2018, by Lauren Esposito, an arachnology professor at the California Academy of Sciences and Sean Vidal Edgerton, a science illustrator and evolutionary virologist at the academy. In the press release announcing its foundation, the organization referenced, as part of its motivation, a 2016 paper in the Journal of Homosexuality that found that, in 2013, more than 40% of respondents to a survey who identified as LGBTQ+ had not revealed that they were to their colleagues. The campaign was inspired by the group 500 Women Scientists; the two groups are separate, but consider themselves to be "informally partnered". At launch, the site contained 50 scientists' stories; within a week this had reached 250, and by 26 June there were 550. The first stories were all written in English. +In June 2019, they held an event with publisher Elsevier to mark World Pride. The site had over 900 profiles by July 2019; in that month, the group was involved in organizing the second LGBTSTEM Day. + + +== Recognition == +For founding 500 Queer Scientists, the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals awarded the 2019 Walt Westman Award to Lauren Esposito. + + +== Notable people included == + + +== See also == +LGBT people in science +500 Women Scientists + + +== References == + + +== External links == +500 Queer Scientists \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists-0.md index d22f11787..20d118711 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:09:12.758300+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:03.791480+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4877ed92a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +--- +title: "AOAC International" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:14.633210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +AOAC International is a 501(c) non-profit scientific association with headquarters in Rockville, Maryland. It was founded in 1884 as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) and became AOAC International in 1991. It publishes standardized, chemical analysis methods designed to increase confidence in the results of chemical and microbiological analyses. Government agencies and civil organizations often require that laboratories use official AOAC methods. AOAC is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, and has approximately 3,000 members based in over 90 countries. + + +== History == +AOAC International, informally AOAC, was founded September 8, 1884, as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), to establish uniform chemical analysis methods for analyzing fertilizers. In 1927, it was moved to the newly formed Food, Drug and Insecticide organization which become the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. +From its initial scope of analyzing fertilizer, the organization expanded the contents of its methods book to cover dairy products, pesticides, microbiological contamination and animal feeds, among others. In 1965, due to its increasing area of focus for analytical work, the name was changed to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The name was changed again to the Association of Analytical Communities to reflect the growing international involvement, and then in 1991 it became AOAC INTERNATIONAL, with AOAC no longer having any legal meaning. Control of the organization remained with the FDA until 1979 when it became completely independent, although it still has close links to both the FDA and the USDA. +Full membership was limited to government analytical chemists until 1987 when membership was extended to industrial scientists. As well as government agencies, members, volunteers, and partners now also include people from academia, other international organizations, private laboratories, contract research organizations, instrument manufacturers, and rapid assay developers. + + +== Activities == +AOAC International's technical contributions center on the creation, validation, and global publication of reliable analytical test methods. Their areas of focus include, but are not limited to, safety of foods, beverages, dietary supplements, fertilizers, animal feeds, soil and water, and veterinary drugs. The aim of the test methods is to evaluate the purity of materials used in the production of foodstuffs, and their ingredients. The development of these analytical methods in achieved as part of a range of programs operated by AOAC. + + +== Core Programs == + + +=== Official Methods of Analysis === +The Official Methods of Analysis (OMA) program is AOAC's premier program for developing food testing analytical science methods that are recognized and legally defensible worldwide. + + +=== AOAC Research Institute === +AOAC Research Institute (AOAC RI) Performance Tested Methods program develops, improves, and validates proprietary kit-based food safety testing methods. + + +=== Proficiency Testing Program === +Proficiency Testing (PT) program helps labs compete in the global marketplace by demonstrating that through participation they meet the highest international standards for accuracy, reliability, and compliance. + + +== Science and Professional Support Programs == + + +=== Cannabis Analytical Science Program === +Cannabis Analytical Science Program (CASP) is a forum where the science of hemp and cannabis analysis can be discussed and cannabis standards and methods developed. + + +=== Analytical Solutions Forum === +Analytical Solutions Forum (ASF) brings global stakeholders together to identify emerging needs and technologies in scientific analysis of food and related products. + + +=== Botanical Ingredients and Dietary Supplement Integrity Program === +AOAC’s Botanical Ingredient and Dietary Supplement Integrity (BIDSI) Program focuses on coordinating all future consensus-driven need for development, validation, and implementation of methods for the analysis of a wide range of botanical ingredients and dietary supplements. + + +=== Stakeholder Program on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals === +Stakeholder Program on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals program (SPIFAN) develops consensus-based standards and methods to make infant formula and adult nutritionals safer for babies and adults to consume. + + +=== Stakeholder Program on Agent Detection Assays === +Stakeholder Program on Agent Detection Assays (SPADA) brings together expert stakeholders from the biothreat community to foster a comprehensive and uniform approach to scientific analysis and detection of biothreat agents. + + +=== AOAC INTERNATIONAL Microbiological Standards === +AOAC INTERNATIONAL Microbiological Standards (AIMS) program focuses on capability gaps in laboratory testing, emerging microbial threats to food safety, and developing standards for using cutting-edge technologies. + + +=== Gluten & Food Allergens === +Gluten & Food Allergens (GFA) program focuses on coordinating all future consensus-driven need for development, validation, and implementation of methods for the analysis of a wide range of food-associated allergens and gluten. + + +=== Training & Education === +Training & Education program offers scientific, regulatory, and professional development training courses in person at the Annual Meeting and Midyear Meeting and as online courses and webinars. + + +== Meetings == +AOAC International holds an Annual Meeting & Conference, typically held in August or September of each year, which is moved around the United States and held in major cities. + + +== Sections == +AOAC International has 15 active sections; five in North America, and ten in the rest of the world, China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Thailand, Europe (excluding Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg), the Lowlands, Middle East and Africa, and Central and South America. + + +== Publications == +AOAC has published the peer-reviewed Journal of AOAC International bimonthly since 1915. They also publish the Official Methods of Analysis (OMA) in hard copy and through the online database. The magazine Inside Laboratory Management is published online bimonthly for members. + + +== Awards == +At its annual meeting, AOAC presents a range of awards for scientific excellence in standards development and for exceptional service to the association (including fellow). The association's highest honors include: + +The Harvey W. Wiley Award +The William Horwitz Award + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a3943e3d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "Academy of Social Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:33.366892+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Academy of Social Sciences (AcSS) is a representative body for social sciences in the United Kingdom. The academy promotes social science through its sponsorship of the Campaign for Social Science, its links with Government on a variety of matters, and its own policy work in issuing public comment, responding to official consultations, and organising meetings and events about social science. It confers the title of Fellow upon nominated social scientists following a process of peer review. The academy comprises over 1000 fellows and 41 learned societies based in the UK and Europe. + + +== History and structure == +The academy's origins lie in the formation of a representative body for the social science learned societies in 1982, the Association of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences (ALSISS). From 1999 to 2007 it was called the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences before changing to its current name. The academy is run by a council of 21 members, with Professor Roger Goodman FAcSS as its current chair, and Professor Sir Ivor Crewe FAcSS, Master of University College, Oxford, as its current president. Seven council members are elected by the academy's fellows, 7 by its learned societies and seven are appointed. Since 2019, its chief executive has been Rita Gardner FAcSS. + + +=== List of presidents === + +2003–2008: Bhikhu Parekh, Baron Parekh +2008–2013: Sir Howard Newby +2014–2019: Sir Ivor Crewe +2020–present: Roger Goodman + + +== Advocacy == +The academy advocates social science by interacting with Government and other organisations, and co-ordinates the responses of social scientists to Government consultation documents. Past consultations include: + +Independent Review of Implementation of RCUK Policy on Open Access. +Public Administration Select Committee Enquiry on 'Building Civil service Skills for the Future' +The Office for National Statistics consultation on the future of the Census +The academy also puts forward suggestions to the Government about which social scientists should carry out its Foresight research projects, which look at important issues and how these might change over the next 20 to 80 years. +A developing part of the academy's work is to bring researchers and organisations using research closer together to improve the evidence upon which public policy is based and to increase the impact of research. + + +== Publications and events == +The academy has produced a series of "Making the Case for the Social Sciences" booklets which give examples of important social science research which has made a difference to policy or practice. These are: Wellbeing; Ageing; Sustainability; the Environment and Climate Change; Crime; Sport and Leisure; Management; Scotland; Longitudinal Studies, Mental Wellbeing, Wales and Dementia. Further titles are in preparation. The academy also publishes a cross-disciplinary peer-reviewed journal, Contemporary Social Science. The academy holds regular events, such as conferences on the ethics of social media research and the future of the Research Excellence Framework. It holds an annual lecture each summer, and its President's Lunch each winter. It also arranges (with the British Library) a public lecture series Enduring Ideas. + + +== Fellows == + +Part of the academy's work is to recognise social scientists who are held in esteem by their peer group and whose life and work have had an impact in advancing social science. They are nominated and the nominations are then subject to peer review. Fellows are academics, policy-makers and practitioners, and are entitled to use the letters "FAcSS" after their name. In November 2014 there were 1000 Fellows, just over 1% of the 90,000 total membership of the 41 learned society members of the academy. +Fellows were previously known as academicians and used the post-nominal letter "AcSS". This was changed in July 2014 to bring the academy in line with other British learned societies. + + +== Campaign for Social Science == +The Academy launched the Campaign for Social Science in January 2011 to advocate social science to Government and the general public. The Campaign is self-funded. It has campaigned for the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Scientific Adviser, promotes social science in the media and on the web, and organises roadshows around the country to emphasise the value and importance of social science. + + +== Member societies == + + +== See also == +Campaign for Social Science +Social Sciences, Humanities and the Arts for People and the Economy (SHAPE) + + +== References == + + +== Sources == +Blunkett, David (4 February 2000). "Influence or irrelevance?". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2008-07-10. +Richards, Huw (24 December 1999). "Beyond the Tweed: where social scientists can raise their voices". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2008-07-10. +MacLeod, Donald (January 29, 2003). "Russell group applauds higher white paper". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-07-10. +The SAGE Encyclopedia of Higher Education (SAGE Publications, 2020) + + +== External links == +Official website +Campaign for Social Science Homepage +Catalogue of the ALSISS archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff135d0d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:09.502495+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines (ASCAD), created on 1 September 2003 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, is an African cultural institution whose objective is to contribute to the development and influence of science, arts, African culture and that of the African diaspora. It is also aimed at economic growth and social progress. Its members include scientists, philosophers, writers, artists and inventors. +The ASCAD has assumed the membership of the Fédération des Associations Scientfiiques de Côte d'Ivoire, a predecessor body Associate of International Council for Science (ICSU) since 1992. + + +== Organisation == +The ASCAD is divided into several fields, each with a secretary: exact sciences, natural science, social science, legal science and art. It is, administratively, attached to the Ivorian Presidency. + + +== Research Prize and scholarships == +Since 2011, ASCAD has been running a contest each year, with the winner receiving the "ASCAD Award of Excellence for Research" with a cash prize. +In 2013, the first edition of the ASCAD Research Scholarships was launched. These scholarships are intended for those of scientific, cultural or artistic activities on national strategic interest. + + +== Successive presidents == +Harris Memel-Fotê, from August 19, 2004 to May 11, 2008; +Barthélémy Kotchy, former Vice President, President from December 11, 2008 to June 2015; +Aïdara Daouda, from June 2015 to June 2018; +Antoine Hauhouot Asseypo, since June 2018. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a6074a2d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:12.127799+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (ASBCB) is a non-profit professional association dedicated to the advancement of bioinformatics and computational biology in Africa. + + +== Origins == +ASBCB was established in February 2004 at a meeting in Cape Town, South Africa. + + +== Activities == +The Society serves as an international forum and resource devoted to developing competence and expertise in bioinformatics and computational biology in Africa. It complements its activities with those of other international and national societies, associations and institutions, public and private, that have similar aims. It also promotes the standing of African bioinformatics and computational biology in the global arena through liaison and cooperation with other international bodies. + + +=== Affiliation === +It is an affiliated regional group of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). + + +=== Supporting national activities === +The ASBCB supports the development of bioiniformatics and computational biology at a national level across Africa, including in Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe. + + +=== International projects === +Many of the most important applications of bioininformatics and computational biology in Africa relate to human genetic diversity, which does not match national boundaries. The ASBCB supports international projects with this focus, such as the H3ABioNet network. Although the H3BioNet project has finished it was successful in supporting the improvement of bioinformatics in Africa and continues to supply services to the African bioinformatics and computational biology community, including DSI-Africa (Data Science for Health Discovery and Innovation in Africa) which focuses on the data science techniques needed to manage the huge amount of data generated by current bioinformatics. H3ABioNet has also supported Introduction to Bionformatics Training(IBT) courses delivered remotely across Africa. +In collaboration with the US National Center for Biotechnology Information and the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) the ASBCB has organised online activities to improve the skills of African scientists using the computational tools essential for bioinformatics These activities are part of those needed to increase proficiency in bioinformatics among African students. In conjunction with other panAfrican initiatives such as the African BioGenome Project the ASBCB supports initiatives needed to increase bioinformatics resources in Africa. + + +=== Communities === +The ASBCB has extablished six Communities of Special Interest (COSIs) which reflect the different specialisations of members of the organisation, as well as emphasizing topics particularly relevant to Africa. These are: + + +=== Conferences === +Since 2007 it has been hosting the ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics at different locations in Africa to bring together scientists working in bioinformatics from different African nations together with other international researchers in the field. + + +== See also == +Bioinformatics is an extremely diverse and active field. See Bioinformatics below to read about its many directions. +Because the application of bionformatics in Africa is very much related to regional human genetic diversity on that continent see also Human genetics below to learn more. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b2d368e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Agerskovgruppen" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:48.610652+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Agerskovgruppen (lit. 'The Agerskov Group') is an activist association of farmers in Denmark. It was formed in January 2011 by two Southern Jutland farmers, Jens Peter Aggesen and Thorkild Fink, who were dissatisfied with the regulation of agriculture resulting from water area plans and with Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Government's Green Growth Plan. The association takes its name from the village of Agerskov in Southern Jutland, and the historic Agerskov Inn is the association's base, where it holds some of its meetings. +Agerskovgruppen has organized several tractor demonstrations over time and has threatened to block Copenhagen with tractors if the Parliament passes a CO2 tax on agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases. + + +== Organization and Membership == +Agerskovgruppen was originally an informal network but was transformed into a formal association in 2020 when the group sued the state over a case concerning after-crop requirements. Except for a brief period in 2017, Jens Peter Aggesen has been the chairman throughout the years. +As of 2024, the group has about 200 members. It has organized so-called storm meetings in Agerskov with between 250 and 800 participating farmers. In total, there are about 7,500 farmers in Denmark. + + +== Activism == +The association is considered a more radical and activist agricultural organization compared to the dominant organization Landbrug & Fødevarer and Landsforeningen for Bæredygtigt Landbrug, which are themselves usually seen as a critical opposition to Landbrug & Fødevarer. Agerskovgruppen has therefore organized several tractor demonstrations, both in the local area and in Copenhagen. +Some of Agerskovgruppen's members also pay membership fees to Bæredygtigt Landbrug. Agerskovgruppen's chairman Jens Peter Aggesen was previously a member of Bæredygtigt Landbrug but left in 2024 when BL introduced an ethical code for the association's meetings after Agerskovgruppen's vice-chairman Holger Iversen, at a meeting with economics professor Michael Svarer, chairman of the Svarer Committee on a green tax reform, had suggested that in earlier times someone like the professor would have been hanged. +Agerskovgruppen does not trust calculations from biologists and climate experts about proposals to reduce agricultural emissions of nitrogen through fields to the sea and the effects of CO2 taxes. In 2024, the group threatened to move against Christiansborg and block Copenhagen with tractors if Parliament introduced a CO2 tax on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab11e4c62 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Agri SA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:49.818006+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Agri SA (Agri South Africa) is the biggest agricultural organisations in South Africa established in 1904 and consists of provincial affiliates, commodity organisations and corporate members. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-0.md index 6c0ea9908..ef98181a8 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:16:25.207611+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:06.191454+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-1.md index fcf4c16f4..07516425e 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:16:25.207611+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:06.191454+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb99b04d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "American Association for the Promotion of Social Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:34.580885+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865) was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, by several high-profile academics. Officers in the first years of the society included William B. Rogers, Thomas Hill, George S. Boutwell, Francis Lieber, Erastus O. Haven, Mary Eliot Parkman, David A. Wells, Emory Washburn, Caroline Healey Dall, Samuel Eliot, F. B. Sanborn, Joseph White, George Walker, Theodore W. Dwight, and James J. Higginson. +In 1865, the group intended "to aid the development of social science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of promoting the amendment of laws, the advancement of education, the prevention and repression of crime, the reformation of criminals, and the progress of public morality, the adoption of sanitary regulations, and the diffusion of sound principles on questions of economy, trade, and finance. It will give attention to pauperism, and the topics related thereto; including the responsibility of the well-endowed and successful, the wise and educated, the honest and respectable, for the failures of others. It will aim to bring together the various societies and individuals now interested in these objects, for the purpose of obtaining by discussion the real elements of truth; by which doubts are removed, conflicting opinions harmonized, and a common ground afforded for treating wisely the great social problems of the day." +The society divided itself into departments of inquiry (education; health; jurisprudence; economy, trade and finance) and laid out research questions to guide collection of the most pertinent "data required." The questions proposed for research reflected key issues of the time in American society: national debt and a national currency; taxation and revenue; labor and capital; hasty and excessive legislation; crime and punishment; the province of law in regard to education, public health, and social morals; education of neglected and vicious children; relative value of classical and scientific instruction in schools and colleges; fine arts in education and industry; half-time system of instruction; quarantine considered in its relation to cholera; the tenement house; inspection of food and drugs; pork as an article of food; sewerage of great cities; and management of hospitals and insane asylums." +Meetings took place in Boston at the State House (Oct. 1865) and the Lowell Institute (Dec. 1865); and in New York at the YMCA on 5th Ave. (Nov. 1867). In 1866, the group joined with the "Boston Social Science Association" to form a joint committee called the "American Social Science Association" (ASSA); the committee met in Boston's city hall to discuss school reform and other matters. "The first annual meeting of the ASSA ... was ... held [in] 1868." + + +== See also == +American Social Science Association + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Constitution, address, and list of members of the American Association for the Promotion of Social Science, with the questions proposed for discussion: to which are added minutes of the transactions of the association. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1866. Google books. +Social Science Association: Fifth general meeting; the labor question; lodging-houses for working women. New York Times, Nov. 20, 1867 +Playing at philosophy. New York Times, Nov. 24, 1867 +F.B. Sanborn. History of the American Social Science Association in a Letter to Its Present Secretary, I.F. Russell, New York. Journal of Social Science. 1909. Google books \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbedf14a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "American Educational Research Association" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The American Educational Research Association (AERA, , AIR-ə) is an organization representing education researchers in the United States. +Founded in 1915, the organization represents a range of disciplines, including education, psychology, statistics, sociology, history, economics, philosophy, anthropology, and political science. +AERA reports a membership of approximately 25,000 education researchers including scientists, teachers, students, administrators, and policy professionals. +According to the organization, its goal is to advance knowledge about education and promote the use of research in educational practices both nationally and abroad. + +== Early history == + +AERA (originally known as National Association of Directors of Educational Research) was founded in New York in 1915. It was originally formed by eight individuals as an interest group within the NEA Department of Superintendence. During its early years, the organization mainly focused on testing students' educational achievement. Membership grew as more faculty members from colleges of education nationwide joined and diversified the organization's research. In 1931, AERA became a department of the National Education Association. The association's eight founders – Burdette R. Buckingham, Albert Shiels, Leonard P. Ayres, Frank W. Ballou, Stuart A. Courtis, Edwin Hebden, George Melcher, and Joseph P. O'Hern – were all directors of education research in various parts of the United States. They met at the 1915 NEA Department of Superintendence annual meeting and came up with the idea of starting an organization to advance educational research. Their constitution was approved the following year. +Early topics of interest for the AERA included research bureau operations, measurement techniques, and particular school situations. Active membership in the early association was reserved for research bureau directors and their assistants. The association's early years revolved around the annual convention, but it also published an internal quarterly newsletter, the Educational Research Bulletin. +By the end of World War I in 1918, the association had 36 active members and four honorary members. Its influence on public policy grew, visible in the school districts that started to change student coursework and education practices as a result of standardized tests. Mental testing developments, primarily psychometrics as a result of the First World War, new sub-fields of education, and the growth of education research at the post-secondary level challenged the association to widen its mission. The association opened its membership to include anyone who could demonstrate their competence as a researcher, indicated by their published or unpublished work. In 1922, members voted to adopt the name Educational Research Association of America to represent their goal of increasing membership of American education researchers. According to the AERA, over the years that followed, membership saw a dramatic increase, particularly among university personnel which grew from 48% to 69% between the years 1923 and 1927. +The association's original publication, the Journal of Educational Research, began in 1919. +The ability of education research to guide education practitioners was a struggle throughout the association's beginnings, with only ambiguous known relationships between testing and learning outcomes. The association recognized the need to establish theoretical foundations for the field of education research. +In 1928, the association had changed its name to its current one as the American Educational Research Association. +During the Great Depression, the association's public school affiliates struggled with tight budgets and uncertain employment, but at the same time, university education researchers dominated the field and emerged as a unique social entity. AERA officials grew their relationships with like-minded associations, and a new journal, the Review of Educational Research, began as a reference work, summarizing recent studies since 1931. While early topics in Review of Educational Research focused primarily on education psychology and administration, the publication broadened its coverage in the mid-1930s in response to diversification in the field. +The role of education research in the progressive education movement was a source of contention between education researchers, some of whom felt that it should play an active role in policy issues, and others who felt that it should be used primarily for professional discourse. As the field continued to advance, much of the knowledge did not translate into practice, an issue that is still widely debated today. These divisions in the field made it difficult for education researchers to speak with one voice. Just prior to World War II, Review of Educational Research made the case that because science could not speak to goals and choices, education research should contribute as one important source of the many shaping American education. + +== Publications == +AERA publishes books and reports, along with sponsoring seven peer-reviewed journals: + +AERA Open +American Educational Research Journal +Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis +Educational Researcher +Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (published jointly with the American Statistical Association) +Review of Educational Research +Review of Research in Education + +== Events == +AERA's Annual Meeting, held every spring, is one of the largest gathering of scholars in the education research field with approximately 14,000 participants. The five-day conference includes presentations of research studies across education disciplines at all levels. The average number of attendees from 2007 to 2017 was 14,967 attendees. +AERA also hosts the annual Brown Lecture in Education Research which highlights the role of research in advancing equality in education. The first Brown Lecture was held in 2004 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30be21ba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "American Educational Research Association" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Education research and policy == +AERA participates in the open access movement. AERA currently offers Educational Researcher (journal) open access, as well as an Online Paper Repository and i-Presentation Gallery containing presentations from the 2010 Annual Meeting forward. An open access, peer-reviewed journal, AERA Open, launched in 2014. +On the policy front, AERA is involved in revisions to the common rule. Executive Director Felice J. Levine served on the National Research Council committee charged with reviewing proposed regulations. The committee published its report in early 2014. +AERA had helped to lead the social science research community to increase federal funding for education research, particularly research in the social and behavioral sciences. +AERA selects and appoints scholars as AERA Fellows in a process based on peer nominations. This is an effort to convene researchers who are recognized for their contributions and contribute to the advancement of educational research. +In addition, AERA was active in the reauthorization of the Institute of Education Sciences bill, Strengthening Education through Research Act, which was advanced by the United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce in April 2014. + +== Education research initiatives == +AERA is involved in several education research initiatives, ranging from specific advocacy topics to supporting projects that serve the larger community. AERA supports the Education Research Conferences Program, which awards grants for conferences on selected research topics. AERA's Education Research Service Projects is designed to encourage researchers to offer their expertise to organizations and groups who may have a need but not the funds to engage their assistance. + +== Affirmative action court cases == +AERA participated in several U.S. court cases related to affirmative action by submitting amicus curiae briefs. +One example is in 2013, AERA had submitted an amicus brief in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin addressing the use of education research in evaluating race-conscious admissions policies. The association submitted a further amicus brief on affirmative action in December 2015. +In 2022, AERA submitted an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in the cases of Students for Fair Admissions, Inc., v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc., v. University of North Carolina, et al. supporting the consideration of race in admissions policies. + +== References == + +== Further reading == + +== External links == +American Educational Research Association \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6d03552f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "American Humanist Association" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The American Humanist Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that advances secular humanism. +The American Humanist Association was founded in 1941 and currently provides legal assistance to defend the constitutional rights of secular and religious minorities, lobbies Congress on church-state separation and other issues, and maintains a grassroots network of 250 local affiliates and chapters that engage in social activism and community-building events. The AHA has several publications, including The Humanist, Free Mind, a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholastic journal, Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, and TheHumanist.com. The organization states that it has over 34,000 members. + +== History == +In 1927, an organization named the "Humanist Fellowship" was founded during a gathering in Chicago. In 1928, the Fellowship started publishing the New Humanist magazine with H.G. Creel as its first editor. The New Humanist was published from 1928 to 1936. The first Humanist Manifesto was issued by a conference held at the University of Chicago in 1933. Signatories included John Dewey, but the majority were ministers (chiefly Unitarian) and theologians. They identified humanism as an ideology that espouses reason, ethics, and social and economic justice. +By 1935, the Humanist Fellowship had become the "Humanist Press Association", the first national association of humanism in the United States. +In July 1939, a group of Quakers, inspired by the 1933 Humanist Manifesto, incorporated the Humanist Society of Friends as a religious, educational, charitable nonprofit organization authorized to issue charters and train & ordain its own ministry. Upon ordination, these ministers were then accorded the same rights and privileges granted by law to priests, ministers, and rabbis of traditional theistic religions. +In 1941, Curtis Reese led the reorganization and incorporation of the "Humanist Press Association" as the American Humanist Association. Along with its reorganization, the AHA began printing The Humanist magazine. The AHA was initially headquartered in Yellow Springs, Ohio, then San Francisco, California, and, in 1978, Amherst, New York. Subsequently, the AHA moved to Washington, D.C. +In 1952, the AHA became a founding member of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) in Amsterdam, Netherlands. +The AHA was the first national membership organization to support abortion rights. Around the same time, the AHA partnered with the American Ethical Union (AEU) to help establish the rights of non-theistic conscientious objectors to the Vietnam War. In the late 1960s, the AHA also secured a religious tax exemption to support its celebrant program, allowing Humanist celebrants to officiate at weddings legally, perform chaplaincy functions, and enjoy the same rights as traditional clergy. +In 1991, the AHA took control of the Humanist Society, a religious Humanist organization that now runs the celebrant program. After this transfer, the AHA commenced the process of jettisoning its religious tax exemption and resumed its exclusively educational status. Today the AHA U.S. Internal Revenue Service recognized the AHA as a nonprofit, tax exempt, 501(c)(3), publicly supported educational organization. +Membership numbers are disputed, but Djupe and Olson place it as "definitely fewer than 50,000." The AHA has over 575,000 followers on Facebook and over 42,000 followers on Twitter. + +== Adjuncts and affiliates == +The AHA is the supervising organization for various Humanist affiliates and adjunct organizations. + +=== Black Humanist Alliance === +The Black Humanist Alliance of the American Humanist Association was founded in 2016 as a pillar of its new "Initiatives for Social Justice". Like the Feminist Humanist Alliance and the LGBT Humanist Alliance, the Black Humanist Alliance uses an intersectional approach to addressing Black community issues. As its mission states, the BHA "concern ourselves with confronting expressions of religious hegemony in public policy," but is "also devoted to confronting social, economic, and political deprivations that disproportionately impact Black America due to centuries of culturally ingrained prejudices." + +=== Feminist Humanist Alliance === +The Feminist Humanist Alliance (formerly the Feminist Caucus) of the American Humanist Association was established in 1977 as a coalition of women and men within the AHA to work toward the advancement of women's rights and equality between the sexes in all aspects of society. Originally called the Women's Caucus, the new name was adopted in 1985 to represent all the caucus members and the caucus's goals. Over the years, members of the Caucus have advocated for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and participated in various public demonstrations, including marches for women's and civil rights. In 1982, the Caucus established its annual Humanist Heroine Award, presenting the initial award to Sonia Johnson. Others receiving the awards have included Tish Sommers, Christine Craft, and Fran Hosken. In 2012, the Caucus declared it would be organizing around two principal efforts: "Refocusing on passing the ERA" and "Promoting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." +In 2016, the Feminist Caucus reorganized as the Feminist Humanist Alliance as a component of their larger "Initiatives for Social Justice". As stated on its website, the "refinement in vision" emphasized "FHA's more active partnership with outreach programs and social justice campaigns with distinctly inclusive feminist objectives." Its current goal is to provide a "movement powered by and for women, transpeople, and genderqueer people to fight for social justice. We are united to create inclusive and diverse spaces for activists and allies locally and nationally." + +=== LGBTQ Humanist Alliance === +The LGBTQ Humanist Alliance (formerly LGBT Humanist Council) of the American Humanist Association is committed to advancing equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and their families. The alliance "seeks to cultivate safe and affirming communities, promote humanist values, and achieve full equality and social liberation of LGBTQ persons." +Paralleling the Black Humanist Alliance and the Feminist Humanist Alliance, the Council reformed in 2016 as the LGBTQ Humanist Alliance as a larger part of the AHA's "Initiatives for Social Justice". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40435adf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "American Humanist Association" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Disaster Recovery === +In 2014, the American Humanist Association (AHA) and Foundation Beyond Belief (FBB) merged their respective charitable programs, Humanist Charities (established in 2005) and Humanist Crisis Response (established in 2011). AHA's Executive Director Roy Speckhardt commented, "This merger is a positive move that will grow the relief efforts of the humanist community. The end result will be more money directed to charitable activities, dispelling the false claim that nonbelievers don't give to charity." +Now Foundation Beyond Belief's Disaster Recovery program serves as a focal point for the humanist response to major natural disasters and complex humanitarian crises worldwide. The program coordinates financial support and trains humanist volunteers to help impacted communities. The Disaster Recovery program is sustained through the ongoing partnership between FBB and AHA, and ensures that our community's efforts are centralized and efficient. +Between 2014 and 2018, Humanist Disaster Recovery has raised over $250,000 for victims of the Syrian Refugee Crisis, Refugee Children of the U.S. Border, Tropical Cyclone Sam, the Nepal and Ecuadoran Earthquakes, Hurricane Matthew in Haiti, and Hurricanes Irma and Maria. In addition to grants for recovery efforts, volunteers have also helped rebuild homes and schools in the following locations: Columbia, South Carolina, after the effects of Hurricane Joaquin, in Denham Springs, Louisiana and Houston, Texas, after the flooding from Hurricane Harvey. + +=== Appignani Humanist Legal Center === + +The association launched the Appignani Humanist Legal Center (AHLC) in 2006 to ensure that humanists' constitutional rights are represented in court. Through amicus activity, litigation, and legal advocacy, a team of cooperating lawyers, including Jim McCollum, Wendy Kaminer, and Michael Newdow, provides legal assistance by challenging perceived violations of the Establishment Clause. + +The AHLC's first independent litigation was filed on November 29, 2006, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. Attorney James Hurley, the AHLC lawyer serving as lead counsel, filed suit against the Palm Beach County Supervisor of Elections on behalf of Plaintiff Jerry Rabinowitz, whose polling place was a church in Delray Beach, Florida. The church featured numerous religious symbols, including signs exhorting people to "Make a Difference with God" and anti-abortion posters, which the AHLC claimed demonstrated a violation of the Establishment Clause. In the voting area, "Rabinowitz observed many religious symbols in plain view, surrounding the election judges and directly above the voting machines. He took photographs that will be entered in evidence." U.S. District Judge Donald M. Middlebrooks ruled that Jerry Rabinowitz did not have standing to challenge the placement of polling sites in churches and dismissed the case. +In February 2014, AHA brought suit to force the removal of the Bladensburg Peace Cross, a war memorial honoring 49 residents of Prince George's County, Maryland, who died in World War I. AHA represented the plaintiffs, Mr. Lowe, who drives by the memorial "about once a month," and Fred Edwords, former AHA Executive Director. AHA argued that the presence of a Christian religious symbol on public property violates the First Amendment clause prohibiting the government from establishing a religion. Town officials feel the monument to have historic and patriotic significant to local residents. +In March 2014, a Southern California woman reluctantly removed a roadside memorial from near a freeway ramp where her 19-year-old son was killed after the AHA contacted the city council, calling the cross on city-owned property a "serious constitutional violation". +AHLC represented an atheist family who claimed that the equal rights amendment of the Massachusetts constitution prohibits mandatory daily recitations of the Pledge of Allegiance because the anthem contains the phrase "under God". In November 2012, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court permitted a direct appeal with oral arguments set for early 20th but, in May 2014, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the daily recitation of the phrase "under god" in the US Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the plaintiffs' equal protection rights under the Massachusetts Constitution. +In February 2015, New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit challenging the Pledge of Allegiance, ruling that "...the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message." In a twenty-one-page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under (the association members') reasoning, the very constitution under which (the members) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which (association members) do not and cannot advance here." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da02e9170 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +title: "American Humanist Association" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Advertising campaigns == +The American Humanist Association has received media attention for its various advertising campaigns; in 2010, the AHA's campaign was said to be more expensive than similar ad campaigns from the American Atheists and Freedom From Religion Foundation. +In 2008, it ran ads on buses in Washington, D.C., that proclaimed "Why believe in a god? Just be good for goodness' sake", and since 2009, the organization has paid for billboard advertisements nationwide. One such billboard, which stated "No God... No Problem", was repeatedly vandalized. +In 2010, it launched another ad campaign promoting Humanism, which The New York Times said was the "first (atheist campaign) to include spots on television and cable" and was described by CNN as the "largest, most extensive advertising campaign ever by a godless organization". The campaign featured violent or sexist quotes from holy books, contrasted with quotes from humanist thinkers, including physicist Albert Einstein, and was largely underwritten by Todd Stiefel, a retired pharmaceutical company executive. +In late 2011 it launched a holiday billboard campaign, placing advertisements in 7 different cities: Kearny, New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; Cranston, Rhode Island; Bastrop, Louisiana; Oregon City, Oregon; College Station, Texas and Rochester Hills, Michigan", cities where AHA stated "atheists have experienced discrimination due to their lack of belief in a traditional god". The organization spent over $200,000 on their campaign, including a billboard reading "Yes, Virginia, there is no god." +In November 2012, the AHA launched a national ad campaign to promote a new website, KidsWithoutGod.com, with ads using the slogans "I'm getting a bit old for imaginary friends" and "You're Not The Only One". The campaign included bus advertising in Washington, DC, a billboard in Moscow, Idaho, and online ads on the family of websites run by Cheezburger and Pandora Radio, as well as Facebook, Reddit, Google, and YouTube. Ads were turned down because of their content by Disney, Time for Kids and National Geographic Kids. + +== National Day of Reason == +The American Humanist Association and the Washington Area Secular Humanists created the National Day of Reason in 2003. In addition to serving as a holiday for secularists, the National Day of Reason was created in response to the unconstitutionality of the National Day of Prayer. According to the event organizers, the National Day of Prayer "violates the First Amendment of the United States Constitution because it asks federal, state, and local government entities to set aside tax dollar supported time and space to engage in religious ceremonies". Several organizations associated with the National Day of Reason have organized food drives and blood donations, while other groups have called for an end to prayer invocations at city meetings. Other organizations, such as the Oklahoma and Minnesota Atheists, have organized local secular celebrations as alternatives to the National Day of Prayer. Additionally, many individuals affiliated with these atheistic groups choose to protest the official National Day of Prayer. + +== Reason Rally == +In 2012, the American Humanist Association co-sponsored the Reason Rally, a national gathering of "humanists, atheists, freethinkers and nonbelievers from across the United States and abroad" in Washington, D.C. The rally, held on the National Mall, had speakers such as Richard Dawkins, James Randi, Adam Savage, and student activist Jessica Ahlqvist. According to the Huffington Post, the event's attendance was between 8,000 and 10,000, while the Atlantic reported nearly 20,000. The AHA also co-sponsored the 2016 Reason Rally at the Lincoln Memorial. + +== Famous awardees == +The American Humanist Association has named a "Humanist of the Year" annually since 1953. It has also granted other honors to numerous leading figures, including Salman Rushdie (Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism 2007), Oliver Stone (Humanist Arts Award, 1996), Katharine Hepburn (Humanist Arts Award 1985), John Dewey (Humanist Pioneer Award, 1954), Jack Kevorkian (Humanist Hero Award, 1996) and Vashti McCollum (Distinguished Service Award, 1991). + +== Controversy == +In 2021, Richard Dawkins said on Twitter, "In 2015, Rachel Dolezal, a white chapter president of NAACP, was vilified for identifying as Black. Some men choose to identify as women, and some women choose to identify as men. You will be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Discuss." After receiving criticism for this tweet, Dawkins responded by saying, "I do not intend to disparage trans people. I see that my academic 'Discuss' question has been misconstrued as such, and I deplore this. It was also not my intent to ally in any way with Republican bigots in the US now exploiting this issue." +In response to these comments, the American Humanist Association retracted Dawkins' 1996 Humanist of the Year Award. Robby Soave of Reason magazine criticized the retraction, saying, "The drive to punish dissenters from various orthodoxies is illiberal." + +== AHA's Humanists of the Year == +The AHA website presents the list of the following Humanists of the Year: + +== See also == +Humanism +Secular humanism +John Dewey +Charles Francis Potter +Bertrand Russell +Louis Appignani +List of general awards in the humanities + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Garry, Patrick M. "When Anti-Establishment Becomes Exclusion: The Supreme Court's Opinion in American Legion v. American Humanist Association and the Flip Side of the Endorsement Test." Nebraska Law Review 98 (2019): 643+ [2]. +Hyde, M. Allison. "American Legion v. American Humanist Ass'n: Exempting Longstanding Governmental Religious Displays from Establishment Clause Scrutiny and How the Endorsement Test Could Have Prevented It." Maryland Law Review 79 (2019): 836+ online. +Myers, Richard S. "American Legion v. American Humanist Association and the Future of the Establishment Clause." Ave Maria Law Review 19 (2021): 91–104. online Archived September 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. +Pinn, Anthony B., ed. By these hands: A documentary history of African American humanism (NYU Press, 2001). +Pinn, Anthony B. The end of god-talk: An African American humanist theology (Oxford University Press, 2012). + +== External links == + +Official website +"Edwin H. Wilson Papers of the American Humanist Association, 1913–1989". Special Collections Research Center. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2011. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbf5a9f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "American Social Science Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:36.943348+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In 1865, at Boston, Massachusetts, a society for the study of social questions was organized and given the name American Social Science Association. The group grew to where its membership totaled about 1,000 persons. About 30 corresponding members were located in Europe. It published annually the Journal of Social Science and The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW). +Members of the group worked in five departments: + +Education and art +Health +Trade and finance +Social economy +Jurisprudence +Language and Culture +Multidisciplinary of Social Sciences +In 1898, the society founded the National Institute of Arts and Letters which developed into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. +In 1912, the society founded the National Institute of Social Sciences which absorbed the ASSA in 1928. + + +== Notable people == +Lucy M. Hall (1843–1907), physician, writer; Vice President of the ASSA +Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1831–1917), one of the founders and recording secretary 1865–1897 + + +== See also == +American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865), predecessor to the ASSA +National Institute of Social Sciences (est. 1912) + + +== References == + +This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) + + +== Further reading == +Free public libraries: suggestions on their foundation and administration, with a selected list of books. Pemberton Square, Boston: American Social Science Association, 1871 +History of the ASSA and its incorporation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5f793273 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "American Society of Plant Biologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:51.009819+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) is a non-profit professional society for research and education in plant science with over 4,000 members world-wide. It was founded in 1924, as the American Society of Plant Physiologists (ASPP). The name was changed to the American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) as of 2001. Membership in the society is open to any person from any country who deals with physiology, molecular biology, environmental biology, cell biology and plant biophysics or related issues. +The society publishes the peer-reviewed journals Plant Physiology (1926-) and The Plant Cell (1989-) as well as ASPB News. The American Society of Plant Biologists also has partnered with the Society for Experimental Biology, and John Wiley & Sons to publish an online-only science journal Plant Direct. In 2000, it published the first edition of the textbook Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. +The first President of the Society was Charles Albert Shull (1924–1925), with founder R. B. Harvey as Secretary-Treasurer. +Other presidents of the Society include Harry Beevers (1961–1962) and Aubrey Naylor (1960–1961). The first woman to be president of the society was Elisabeth Gantt (1988–1989). + + +== ASPB Awards == +The American Society of Plant Biologists confers several awards recognizing major contributions to plant biology, research, and service to the discipline. These include: + +The Charles Reid Barnes Life Membership Award is the oldest award of the ASPB. Established in 1925 at the Society’s first annual meeting through a gift from Charles Albert Shull, it honors plant physiologist Charles Reid Barnes. The award recognizes meritorious contributions to plant biology and confers lifetime membership in the Society. +Stephen Hales Prize – honors the Reverend Stephen Hales for his pioneering contributions to plant biology, particularly those described in his 1727 book Vegetable Staticks. The prize is awarded annually to a member of the Society for notable contributions to plant biology. It was established in 1927, on the 250th anniversary of the birth of Stephen Hales. +Martin Gibbs Medal was established in 1993 and honors plant biochemist Martin Gibbs, who served as editor of Plant Physiology from 1963 to 1992. The medal is awarded biennially to a scientist whose work has pioneered advances that open new directions of investigation in the plant sciences. +Charles Albert Shull Award – established in 1971 to recognize outstanding research in plant biology by an early-career scientist; named for plant physiologist Charles Albert Shull, who played a key role in the founding of the ASPB. +Jane Silverthorne Early Career Award – established in 2005 to recognize exceptional independent contributions by scientists in the early stages of their careers. It was renamed in 2023 to honor Jane Silverthorne. +The Society also administers numerous additional honors and fellowships recognizing achievements in research, education, mentoring, public service, and outreach in plant biology, with more than eighteen awards and programs in total. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68c843c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. +As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor). +APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system. + +== Angiosperm classification and the APG == + +In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of systems (see List of systems of plant taxonomy). Different systems and their updates were generally favoured in different countries. Examples are the Engler system in continental Europe, the Bentham & Hooker system in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by Kew), the Takhtajan system in the former Soviet Union and countries within its sphere of influence and the Cronquist system in the United States. +Before the availability of genetic evidence, the classification of angiosperms (also known as flowering plants, Angiospermae, Anthophyta or Magnoliophyta) was based on their morphology (particularly of their flower) and biochemistry (the kinds of chemical compounds in the plant). +After the 1980s, detailed genetic evidence analysed by phylogenetic methods became available and while confirming or clarifying some relationships in existing classification systems, it radically changed others. This genetic evidence created a rapid increase in knowledge that led to many proposed changes; stability was "rudely shattered". This posed problems for all users of classification systems (including encyclopaedists). The impetus came from a major molecular study published in 1993 based on 5000 flowering plants and a photosynthesis gene (rbcL). This produced a number of surprising results in terms of the relationships between groupings of plants, for instance the dicotyledons were not supported as a distinct group. At first there was a reluctance to develop a new system based entirely on a single gene. However, subsequent work continued to support these findings. These research studies involved an unprecedented collaboration between a very large number of scientists. Therefore, rather than naming all the individual contributors a decision was made to adopt the name Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification, or APG for short. The first publication under this name was in 1998, and attracted considerable media attention. The intention was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. +As of 2016, three revisions have been published, in 2003 (APG II), in 2009 (APG III) and in 2016 (APG IV), each superseding the previous system. Thirteen researchers have been listed as authors to the three papers, and a further 43 as contributors (see Members of the APG below). +A classification presents a view at a particular point in time, based on a particular state of research. Independent researchers, including members of the APG, continue to publish their own views on areas of angiosperm taxonomy. Classifications change, however inconvenient this is to users. However, the APG publications are increasingly regarded as an authoritative point of reference and the following are some examples of the influence of the APG system: + +A significant number of major herbaria, including Kew, are changing the order of their collections in accordance with APG. +The influential World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (also from Kew) is being updated to the APG III system. +In the United States in 2006, a photographic survey of the plants of the US and Canada is organized according to the APG II system. +In the UK, the 2010 edition of the standard flora of the British Isles (by Stace) is based on the APG III system. The previous editions were based on the Cronquist system. + +== Principles of the APG system == +The principles of the APG's approach to classification were set out in the first paper of 1998, and have remained unchanged in subsequent revisions. Briefly, these are: + +The Linnean system of orders and families should be retained. "The family is central in flowering plant systematics." An ordinal classification of families is proposed as a "reference tool of broad utility". Orders are considered to be of particular value in teaching and in studying family relationships. +Groups should be monophyletic (i.e. consist of all descendants of a common ancestor). The main reason why existing systems are rejected is because they do not have this property, they are not phylogenetic. +A broad approach is taken to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families. Thus of orders, it is said that a limited number of larger orders will be more useful. Families containing only a single genus and orders containing only a single family are avoided where this is possible without violating the over-riding requirement for monophyly. +Above or parallel to the level of orders and families, the term clades is used more freely. (Some clades have later been given formal names in a paper associated with the 2009 revision of the APG system.) The authors say that it is "not possible, nor is it desirable" to name all clades in a phylogenetic tree; however, systematists need to agree on names for some clades, particularly orders and families, to facilitate communication and discussion. +For a detailed discussion on phylogenetic nomenclature, see Cantino et al. (2007).) + +== APG I (1998) == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4323f65e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The paper explained the authors' view that there is a need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above, but that existing classifications were "outdated". The main reason why existing systems were rejected was because they were not phylogenetic, i.e. not based on strictly monophyletic groups (groups which consist of all descendants of a common ancestor). An ordinal classification of flowering plant families was proposed as a "reference tool of broad utility". The broad approach adopted to defining the limits of orders resulted in the recognition of 40 orders, compared to, for example, 232 in Takhtajan's 1997 classification. +In 1998 only a handful of families had been adequately studied, but the primary aim was to obtain a consensus on the naming of higher orders. Such a consensus proved relatively easy to achieve but the resultant tree was highly unresolved. That is, while the relationship of orders was established, their composition was not. +Other features of the proposed classification included: + +Formal, scientific names are not used above the level of order, named clades being used instead. Thus eudicots and monocots are not given a formal rank on the grounds that "it is not yet clear at which level they should be recognized". +A substantial number of taxa whose classification had traditionally been uncertain are given places, although there still remain 25 families of "uncertain position". +Alternative classifications are provided for some groups, in which a number of families can either be regarded as separate or can be merged into a single larger family. For example, the Fumariaceae can either be treated as a separate family or as part of Papaveraceae. +A major outcome of the classification was the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, monocots and dicots. The monocots were recognized as a clade, but the dicots were not, with a number of former dicots being placed in separate groups basal to both monocots and the remaining dicots, the eudicots or 'true dicots'. The overall scheme was relatively simple. This consisted of a grade consisting of isolated taxa (referred to as ANITA), followed by the major angiosperm radiation, clades of monocots, magnolids and eudicots. The last being a large clade with smaller subclades and two main groupings, rosids and asterids, each in turn having two major subclades. + +== APG II (2003) == + +As the overall relationship between groups of flowering plants became clearer, the focus shifted to the family level, in particular those families generally accepted as problematic. Again, consensus was achieved relatively easily resulting in an updated classification at the family level. The second paper published by the APG in 2003 presented an update to the original classification of 1998. The authors stated that changes were proposed only when there was "substantial new evidence" which supported them. +The classification continued the tradition of seeking broad circumscriptions of taxa, for example trying to place small families containing only one genus in a larger group. The authors stated that they have generally accepted the views of specialists, although noting that specialists "nearly always favour splitting of groups" regarded as too varied in their morphology. +APG II continued and indeed extends the use of alternative 'bracketed' taxa allowing the choice of either a large family or a number of smaller ones. For example, the large family Asparagaceae includes seven 'bracketed' families which can either be considered as part of the Asparagaceae or as separate families. +Some of the main changes in APG II were: + +New orders are proposed, particularly to accommodate the 'basal clades' left as families in the first system. +Many of the previously unplaced families are now located within the system. +Several major families are re-structured. +In 2007, a paper was published giving a linear ordering of the families in APG II, suitable for ordering herbarium specimens, for example. + +== APG III (2009) == + +The third paper from the APG updates the system described in the 2003 paper. The broad outline of the system remains unchanged, but the number of previously unplaced families and genera is significantly reduced. This requires the recognition of both new orders and new families compared to the previous classification. The number of orders goes up from 45 to 59; only 10 families are not placed in an order and only two of these (Apodanthaceae and Cynomoriaceae) are left entirely outside the classification. The authors say that they have tried to leave long-recognized families unchanged, while merging families with few genera. They "hope the classification [...] will not need much further change." +A major change is that the paper discontinues the use of 'bracketed' families in favour of larger, more inclusive families. As a result, the APG III system contains only 415 families, rather than the 457 of APG II. For example, the agave family (Agavaceae) and the hyacinth family (Hyacinthaceae) are no longer regarded as distinct from the broader asparagus family (Asparagaceae). The authors say that alternative circumscriptions, as in APG I and II, are likely to cause confusion and that major herbaria which are re-arranging their collections in accordance with the APG approach have all agreed to use the more inclusive families. This approach is being increasingly used in collections in herbaria and botanic gardens. +In the same volume of the journal, two related papers were published. One gives a linear ordering of the families in APG III; as with the linear ordering published for APG II, this is intended for ordering herbarium specimens, for example. The other paper gives, for the first time, a classification of the families in APG III which uses formal taxonomic ranks; previously only informal clade names were used above the ordinal level. + +== APG IV (2016) == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..061ff1426 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In the development of a fourth version there was some controversy over the methodology, and the development of a consensus proved more difficult than in previous iterations. In particular Peter Stevens questioned the validity of discussions regarding family delimitation in the absence of changes of phylogenetic relationships. +Further progress was made by the use of large banks of genes, including those of plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal origin, such as that of Douglas Soltis and colleagues (2011). The fourth version was finally published in 2016. It arose from an international conference hosted at the Royal Botanical Gardens in September 2015 and also an online survey of botanists and other users. The broad outline of the system remains unchanged but several new orders are included (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), some new families are recognised (Kewaceae, Macarthuriaceae, Maundiaceae, Mazaceae, Microteaceae, Nyssaceae, Peraceae, Petenaeaceae and Petiveriaceae) and some previously recognised families are lumped (Aristolochiaceae now includes Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Restionaceae now re-includes Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; and Buxaceae now includes Haptanthaceae). Due to nomenclatural issues, the family name Asphodelaceae is used instead of Xanthorrhoeaceae, and Francoaceae is used instead of Melianthaceae (and now also includes Vivianiaceae). This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. Two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids are also included. APG IV also uses the linear approach (LAPG) as advocated by Haston et al. (2009) In a supplemental file Byng et al. provide an alphabetical list of families by orders. + +== Updates == +Peter Stevens, one of the authors of all four of the APG papers, maintains a web site, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APWeb), hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden, which has been regularly updated since 2001, and is a useful source for the latest research in angiosperm phylogeny which follows the APG approach. Other sources include the Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster and The Flowering Plants Handbook. + +== Members of the APG == + +a = listed as an author; c = listed as a contributor + +== References == + +== Bibliography == + +== External links == + +Angiosperm Phylogeny Website hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden Website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4353be79d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:15.846334+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage (French: centre régional arabe pour le patrimoine mondial; Arabic: المركز الإقليمي العربي للتراث العالمي) is a Category 2 Centre under the auspices of UNESCO. It was founded as an autonomous and independent Bahraini public institution in 2010. +The ARC-WH purpose is to reinforce the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region, by enhancing the knowledge of it, promoting the Operational Guidelines and the cooperating among the States Parties of the Arab States region. +ARC-WH is meant to respond to the provisions of the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List is also intended to assist the implementation of the Global Training Strategy for World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Helsinki, 2001). +ARC-WH has 19 member States: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. +The main objective of ARC-WH is to assist States Parties in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region along three main major axes : information, assistance, logistical & financial. + + +== History == +The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage was established by the Royal Decree issued on 16 December 2010, following the General Conference of UNESCO at its 35th session in 2009. The two legislative chambers ratified the agreement between UNESCO and the Government of Bahrain. The agreement following the decision of the General Conference (35th session) +was signed in February 2010 by the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova and the Culture Minister of Bahrain Sh. Mai Bint Mohammed Al Khalifa. +As of 23 December 2011, all formalities related to the Agreement were completed upon the receipt of the letter of enforcement by UNESCO. Following the entry into force of the Agreement, the first meeting of the Governing Board was held on 28 April 2012 for the approval of the internal regulations, recruit the founding team of the Centre and approve the first year work plan. + + +== Activities == +ARC-WH will organize its activities along three main axes: +1. The provision of information relating to the World Heritage Convention and its application, including development and management of an Arabic language website, the translation and publication of relevant documents, and promotion of the establishment of new conservation programmes at universities, in all the Arab region States. +2. The provision of assistance to States Parties in the region to improve their ability to implement the WH Convention (including understanding of WH policy, concepts, rules of procedure, preparation of tentative lists, preparation of nominations, monitoring of state of conservation, education programmes etc.) by facilitating organization of appropriate WH +training at ARC-WH’s premises or anywhere else in the region, and responding to State Party requests for assistance. +3. The provision of logistical and financial support for regional activities in support of the WH Convention including hosting of meetings, conferences, training workshops or exhibitions in the region; the identification of appropriate facilities and services (lecture rooms, equipment, competent translators, etc.) for planned meetings for the WH Centre and other international institutions in the region, and the raising of funds to support World Heritage activities in the region. + + +== Related International Agencies == +ARC-WH will meet its objectives in close coordination with existing international, regional and national agencies, initiatives +and programmes concerned with World Heritage in the Arab States region including but not limited to: +• international organizations such as ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, and in particular, its ATHAR programme to “protect and promote the rich cultural heritage in the Arab region”; IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature); ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) +• regional organizations such as ALECSO (The Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization), Tunisia; ROPME (Regional Organisation for the Protection of the Marine Environment – Kuwait; UNEP, and PERSGA (Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden-Jeddah); +• national conservation agencies (the various Departments and Directorates of Antiquities in the region), and national conservation organisations such as CULTNAT (Centre for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage), Egypt, affiliated with Bibliotheca Alexandrina and supported by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of Egypt), and CERKAS (Centre de Restauration et de Rehabilitation de zones atlasiques et sub-atlasiques), Morocco. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +arcwh.org Official ARC-WH website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80060056d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Asia-Oceania Top University League on Engineering" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:18.345455+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Asia-Oceania Top University League on Engineering (abbreviated AOTULE, pronounced "our tool") is a league consisting of 13 engineering faculties within Asia and Oceania universities. AOTULE's mission is to improve the quality of its member's educational programs and promote research activity among members primarily through exchange of information between deans, faculty members and administration staff at its annual meeting. It also organizes graduate student research exchange programs and conferences where graduate students present their latest research results in an interdisciplinary format. + + +== History == +The seeds for forming AOTULE began in 2006 with discussions between senior engineering faculty at Tokyo Institute of Technology and Monash University. to promote graduate engineering student mobility within Asia and Oceania universities similar to the ERASMUS+ program offered by EU universities that is funded by the European commission. AOTULE was subsequently founded in 2007 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, by holding its inaugural meeting where participating Engineering Deans signed a memorandum of understanding. Each Fall since 2007, an AOTULE member has organized and hosted the annual AOTULE student conference, administration staff and Dean's meeting as noted below. + + +== Student research exchanges and overseas visits == +To promote student mobility, AOTULE members organize intra-AOTULE student short stays and research exchanges varying in length from one week at Chulalongkorn University to three months at Tokyo Institute of Technology. These exchanges facilitate global engineering, cross-cultural competencies, foreign language learning, and research experiences by students since the majority of AOTULE members' students live in countries where English is not the native language. AOTULE members such as Tokyo Tech's School of Engineering have used AOTULE as a test bed for creating new research exchange programs that are later broaden to university-wide programs with research university partners in the US and EU. Recently, there has been growing numbers of double degree graduate programs signed between AOTULE member institutions to allow participating graduate students to obtain two degrees by completing graduation requirements at two institutions. This allows double degree participants an opportunity to learn more about the host country where they are studying, undertake a research project in greater depth and establish a greater network of peers than that provided by a short term exchanges. + + +== Members == + + +== Notes == +At Bandung Institute of Technology participants are the School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, and Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering. +At Hanoi University of Science and Technology there are 16 schools which are eligible to participate in AOTULE activities. +At the former Tokyo Institute of Technology which became the Institute of Science Tokyo in October 2024, there are 3 schools of engineering that participate in AOTULE activities. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres-0.md index 41a818840..2c57274ac 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:03:05.365866+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:17.122125+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08328e4b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Association for Chemoreception Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:19.599171+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association for Chemoreception Sciences is an international professional society in the field of chemosensory science. It is a non-profit organization that seeks to promote and advance the interests of the science of senses such as taste and smell. In order to do this, it holds an annual meeting that is a scientific forum for the research community and also provides outreach to the public about olfaction (smell), gustation (taste) and chemesthesis (trigeminal chemosensation). +The association was founded in 1978 by Maxwell M. Mozell, a neuroscientist at the State University of New York, with the help of a grant from the National Science Foundation. The first research meeting was held in Sarasota, Florida, in April 1979. Officers elected at the first meeting included Linda Bartoshuk, Rose Marie Pangborn and Gary Beauchamp. +A meeting is held in April of each year that is attended by an international cohort of physicians and scientists. This annual meeting consists of presentations on olfaction, gustation, and chemesthesis, as well as workshops sponsored by the National Institute of Health. Commercial exhibitors also attend the event. The organization has enjoyed strong support from the National Institute on Deafness and Communicative Disorders. and its director. In collaboration with two other scientific societies focused on the chemical senses – the European Chemosensory Research Organization and the Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell – AChemS alternates as host of the quadrennial International Symposium for Olfaction and Taste. The last AChemS-hosted ISOT meeting took place in Portland, Oregon in August, 2020. +In 2004, AChemS member Linda Buck and Richard Axel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system". To celebrate this honor, at the 2005 AChemS annual meeting, Buck and Axel were keynote speakers, recapping their research published in the journal Cell in 1991, which led to the Nobel award. +Chemical Senses, the official journal of the association, is published by Oxford University Press. The editor is Dr. Steven Munger; it was edited by Maxwell Mozell from 1992 until 1998. +The Association gives a series of annual awards, including the Max Mozell Award, the Barry Jacobs Memorial Award, the Don Tucker Memorial Award, the Ajinomoto Award, and the Polak Young Investigator Award. Travel awards are also given to diverse and young scientists to encourage their attendance at the meeting. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders +European Chemosensory Research Organization +Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell +International Symposium for Olfaction and Taste \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fb94d1b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Association for Psychosocial Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:38.093325+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association for Psychosocial Studies (APS) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of psychosocial studies. The association publishes an academic journal, The Journal of Psychosocial Studies The Association for Psychosocial Studies was formed in 2013 in order to formalise and carry forward the work of developing Psychosocial Studies in the UK. The APS emerged from the Psychosocial Studies Network, which had organised annual conferences at the major university bases for Psychosocial Studies since 2008. The APS is a charitable trust and is recognised as a Learned Society by the Academy of Social Sciences. + + +== Founding members == +Formed in 2013, the founding members of the association are: John Adlam, Phoebe Beedell, Tamara Bibby, Jo Brown, Rose Capdevila, Zoe Charalambous, Karen Ciclitira, Lita Crociani-Windland, Lynn Froggett, Stephen Frosh, Elizabeth Frost, Andi Fugard, Jason Glynos, Birgitta Haga Gripsrud, Rex Haigh, Ambrose Hogan, Paul Hoggett, Wendy Hollway, Shona Hunter, Rebecca Hutten, Luis Jiminez, David W. Jones, Warren Kinston, Helen Lucey, Jean McAvoy, James Martin, Claudia Megele, Yvonne Parry, Heather Price, Ellen Ramvi, Peter Redman, Barry Richards, Sasha Roseneil, Michael Rustin, Chris Scanlon, Gary Spencer-Humphrey, Paul Stenner, Jem Thomas, Isobel Urquhart, Julie Walsh, and Tom Wengraf. + + +== Steering committee == +Lynn Froggett, Chair (University of Central Lancashire) +David W. Jones, Honorary Treasurer & Communications Officer (The Open University) +Jacob Johanssen, Honorary Membership Secretary (St. Mary's University) +Elizabeth Frost (University of West of England) +Luis Jiminez (University of East London) +Claudia Lapping (University College London) +Chris Scanlon (Consultant Psychotherapist and Group Analyst) +Candida Yates (Bournemouth University) +Lita Crociani-Windland +Nini Fang +Anthony Faramelli + + +== Objectives == +The APS objectives are: + +the advancement of education and research in the field of Psychosocial Studies, and publication of the results of such research, +the promotion of the field of Psychosocial Studies as an academic discipline and the dissemination of knowledge concerning Psychosocial Studies, +the advancement of education for the public benefit in Psychosocial Studies across different disciplines and educational sectors, +to contribute to the advancement of public health and well-being, particularly in relation to mental health. + + +== Journal of Psychosocial Studies == +According to the Aims and Scope of the journal, Psychosocial Studies draws on a range of disciplines to explore the interactive relationships between self, culture and society. While often focusing on affect and emotion, they explore the complexities of subjectivity and experience as it is lived and shaped in different contexts and settings. This approach is defined by a commitment to exploration of the links between the internal and external worlds; both the deeply personal and profoundly social. +The journal seeks to publish "papers that bring a psychosocial perspective that might help us understand a range of contemporary social phenomena. This might be work on family life, welfare practices, criminal justice issues, youth work or cultural products (such as film, art and literature). + + +== External links == +Official website + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb4825127 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Association for Tourism in Higher Education" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:40.428321+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association for Tourism in Higher Education (ATHE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting tourism as a subject of study in the UK. It encourages high standards in learning, teaching and research. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. + + +== External links == +Official website + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a82a86c7d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Association for Vertical Farming" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:52.162907+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association for Vertical Farming e. V. (AVF) is the global, non-profit organization that enables international exchange and cooperation in order to accelerate the development of the Indoor/Vertical Farming industry. +Founded in Munich, Germany on July 18, 2013, it initially focused on mapping global urban farms and creating a glossary to simplify vertical farming methods for newcomers. +The AVF hosts summits, workshops, and info days and collaborates with other organizations around the world. + + +== Vision == + +The AVF acknowledges that vertical farming in its current state can provide access to fresh, safe, and sufficient food, independent of climate and location. In the decades to come, where overpopulation and severe planetary changes challenge our current way of life, vertical farming will become a necessary solution in global food production. + + +== History == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93369ad17 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:23.067045+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC) is an American nonprofit organization for professional membership that aims to encourage research on consciousness in cognitive science, neuroscience, philosophy, and other relevant disciplines. The association aims to advance research about the nature, function, and underlying mechanisms of consciousness. + + +== History == +The organization was created in 1994 in Berkeley. The original aim of the organization was to act as a framework by which the international academic community could generate meetings devoted to the academic study of consciousness. The original founding members included Bernard Baars, William Banks, George Buckner, David Chalmers, Stanley Klein, Bruce Mangan, Thomas Metzinger, David Rosenthal, and Patrick Wilken. Since 1994, the organization has put on eleven meetings and assumed many other activities, including an e-print archive and an online journal Psyche. However, the Psyche journal is no longer active. + + +== Activities == +Since 1997, the ASSC has organized annual conferences to promote interaction and spread knowledge of scientific and philosophical advances in the field of consciousness research. +In addition to organizing annual meetings, the association promotes the academic study of consciousness in a number of other ways: + +The official journal of the society is the open-access journal Neuroscience of Consciousness. +The association published the open-access journal Psyche until 2010. +The association provides a freely available e-print archive of papers relevant to the study of consciousness. +The society also publishes occasional edited books on selected topics. To date three books have been published: +Thomas Metzinger, ed. (2000). The Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13370-9. +Axel Cleeremans, ed. (2003). The Unity of Consciousness: Binding, Integration, and Dissociation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850857-3. +Steven Laureys, ed. (2005). Progress in Brain Research, The boundaries of consciousness: neurobiology and neuropathology. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51851-7. +The society awards the annual William James Prize for an outstanding published contribution to the empirical or philosophical study of consciousness by a graduate student or postdoctoral scholar within five years of receiving a PhD or other advanced degree. + + +== See also == +The Science of Consciousness + + +== References == + + +== External links == +ASSC homepage +E-print archive containing work by members of the ASSC \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7469f25b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +--- +title: "Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:39.263428+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ) is a cross-disciplinary organization of individuals whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world, founded in 1971. + + +== Purpose == +The ASSJ comprises primarily academics, but also policy analysts, communal professionals, and activists whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world. Social scientific disciplines represented include sociology, social psychology, social anthropology, demography, contemporary history, social work, political science, economics, and Jewish education. Members work throughout the world but primarily in North America, Israel, and Europe. +The ASSJ encourages and facilitates contact among researchers, supports the dissemination of research, and assists in the cultivation of younger scholars. + + +== Past presidents == +Mervin F. Verbit (1971-1973) +Marshall Sklare (1973-1975) +Samuel Klausner (1975-1977) +Celia Heller (1977-1979) +Chaim Waxman (1979-1981) +Harold Himmelfarb (1981-1983) +Egon Mayer (1983-1988) +Rela Mintz Geffen (1988-1990) +Arnold Dashefsky (1990-1996) +Allen Glicksman (1996-2000) +Sherry Israel (2000-2005) +Harriet Hartman (2005-2012) +Steven M. Cohen (2012-2016) +Leonard Saxe (2016-2020) +Judit Bokser Liwerant (2020-2024) +Ira Sheskin (2024-) + + +== Past vice presidents == +Harriet Hartman +Shaul Kelner (2005-2008) +Sylvia Barack Fishman (2008-2012) +Sergio DellaPergola (2012-2016) +Sarah Benor (2016-2018) +Judit Bokser Liwerant (2018-2020) +Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz (2020-2023) +Ariela Keysar (2023-) + + +== Past treasurers == +Carmel Chiswick +Gail Glicksman +Bruce Phillips (2012-2015) +Leonard Saxe (2015-2016) +Matthew Boxer (2016-2021) +Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz (2021-2024) +Nadia Beider (2024-) + + +== Past secretaries == +Uzi Rebhun +Benjamin Phillips (2008-2010) +Theodore Sasson (2010-2012) +Matthew Boxer (2012-2016) +Jennifer Thompson (2016-2020) +Bruce Phillips (2020-2023) +Ilana Horwitz (2023-2024) +Amir Segal (2024-) + + +== Past at-large members of the board == +Perla Aizencang +Tobin Belzer +Lila Corwin Berman +Mijal Bitton +Paul Burstein +Barry Chiswick +Steven M. Cohen +Arnold Dashefsky +Harriet Hartman +Bethamie Horowitz +Ilana Horwitz +Ari Kelman +Ariela Keysar +Helen Kim +Moshe Kornfeld +Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz +Dani Kranz +Shawn Landres +Lilach Lev Ari +Laura Limonic +Keren McGinity +Bruce Phillips +Riv-Ellen Prell +Uzi Rebhun +Sherry Rosen +Leonard Saxe +Randal Schnoor +Ira Sheskin +Ephraim Tabory +Jennifer Thompson +Dalia Wassner + + +== Past student representatives to the board == +Mijal Bitton +Matthew Boxer +Shaul Kelner +Moshe Kornfeld +Amir Segal +Meredith Woocher + + +== Contemporary Jewry Journal == +The organization publishes a journal, Contemporary Jewry, several times a year with research articles that draw on a range of social scientific fields and methodologies. +Editor-in-chief: Harriet Hartman +Associate editor: Adina Bankier-Karp +Book Review Editor: Ephraim Tabory +Research Editor: Ira Sheskin + + +== Book series == +Studies of Jews in Society +Published in concert with Springer Nature, Studies of Jews in Society takes a broad perspective on social science to include anthropology, communications, demography, economics, education, ethnography, geography, history, politics, population, social psychology, and sociology. Books may rely on quantitative methods, qualitative methods, or both. +The series is directed to social scientists and general scholars in Jewish studies as well as those generally interested in religion and ethnicity; academics who teach Jewish studies; undergraduates and graduate students in Jewish studies, sociologists interested in religion and ethnicity; and communal professionals and lay leaders who work in Jewish organizations and individuals. The style, while rigorous scientifically, is accessible to a general audience. +Editor: Chaim Waxman + + +== Awards == +The Marshall Sklare Award +The Marshall Sklare Award is an annual honor of the Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ). The ASSJ seeks to recognize "a senior scholar who has made a significant scholarly contribution to the social scientific study of Jewry." In most cases, the recipient has given a scholarly address. In recent years, the honored scholar has presented the address at the annual meeting of the Association for Jewish Studies. The award is named after sociologist Marshall Sklare. +Past recipients, fields of study, and the titles of their scholarly papers have been: + +Mandell L. Berman Service Award +The ASSJ presents the Mandell L. Berman Service Award periodically to communal, civic and business leaders, applied and academic researchers, and philanthropists, for distinguished commitment to the social scientific study of Jews through service or financial support. + +Judit Bokser Liwerant Distinguished Early Career Award +The ASSJ's Judit Bokser Liwerant Distinguished Early Career Award will be given periodically to a recent PhD (within the past ten years) whose work reflects excellence in the application of social science theories and methods to the study of contemporary Jewry. + +Arnold Dashefsky Graduate Student Paper Award +This award recognizes outstanding research on contemporary Jewry by graduate students. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +ASSJ website +ASSJ full-text publications on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner +Contemporary Jewry full text articles on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76c28ceb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Association of Applied Geochemists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:24.342292+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association of Applied Geochemists (AAG) is an international society that seeks to advance the study and application of geochemistry and represents scientists working in that field. + + +== History == +The society was founded in 1970 as the Association of Exploration Geochemists. + + +== Membership == +Members of the society are required to have worked in geochemistry for at least two years at the time of application; student members are admitted if they are enrolled in courses recognised by the Association. To become a voting member, or fellow, members must satisfy the society that they have adequate training and experience in the field. Membership in the society has been used to measure total numbers of working geochemists. + + +== Activities == + + +=== Symposia === +The Association organizes a series of biennial International Applied Geochemistry Symposia (titled the International Geochemical Exploration Symposium until 2005), held recently in Oviedo, Spain, and Perth, Australia. + + +=== Publications === +Shortly after its inauguration the society began publishing the Journal of Exploration Geochemistry in 1972. Today the society's flagship journal is Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, co-published with the Geological Society of London. The journal covers fields relating to the application of geochemistry to the exploration and study of mineral resources. It aims to promote interchange between exploration and environmental geochemistry. The journal is a hybrid open-access journal, publishing both subscription and open access articles. It also publishes Explore, a newsletter, and co-publishes Elements, a membership magazine. + + +=== Awards === +The Society awards the AAG Gold Medal to recognize a lifetime's achievement in or outstanding contribution to applied geochemistry. It also offers an annual student paper prize to reward student contributors of outstanding papers on geochemistry. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Geochemistry: Environment, Analysis, Exploration journal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce4aba025 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +--- +title: "Association of European Operational Research Societies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:26.832563+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) is a regional grouping within the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) whose aim is to promote Operational Research throughout Europe. It was established in 1975. The First European Conference on Operational Research (EURO I), was opened on the morning of 27 January 1975 at the Sheraton Hotel in Brussels. + + +== Overview == +EURO is a nonprofit organization domiciled in Switzerland and is a member of Union of International Associations. EURO aims at the advancement of knowledge, interest and education in Operational Research by appropriate means, particularly by the exchange of information, the holding of meetings and conferences, the publication of books, papers, and journals, the +awarding of prizes, and the promotion of early stage talents. The members of EURO are national Operational Research Societies which are full members of International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS). Its affairs are regulated by a Council consisting of representatives of all its members and an executive committee which constitutes its board of directors. The EURO statutes were first signed on 18th June 1976. +The current EURO member societies are: + + +== Activities == +EURO publishes scholarly journals and books about operational research, and organizes international conferences. It also bestows Awards, supports working groups, and organizes educational meetings. + + +=== Publications === +EURO publishes 4 scholarly journals: + +European Journal of Operational Research +EURO Journal on Computational Optimization +EURO Journal on Decision Processes +EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics +and the book series EURO Advanced Tutorials in Operational Research. + + +=== Awards === + +EURO bestows a number of prizes: + +EURO Gold Medal. The highest distinction within OR in Europe is conferred for an outstanding contribution to the OR science. +Distinguished Service Award, a recognition of distinguished service to EURO, the Association of European Operational Research Societies and to the profession of OR. +Excellence in Practice Award, to recognize outstanding accomplishments in the practice of OR. +Doctoral Dissertation Award, to recognize the OR contributions of PhD students or scientists having less than two years research experience since completing a PhD. +Prize for OR for the Common Good, to honour outstanding accomplishments of OR for solving social-oriented problems. +EURO Award for the Best EJOR Papers, to recognize the best papers published in the European Journal of Operational Research. + + +=== Conferences and Meetings === +EURO organizes a number of different conferences and events throughout each year: + +The EURO-k Conferences are broadly oriented and take place yearly, with the exception of the years when there is an IFORS triennial conference. They are hosted by EURO member societies. +EURO Mini Conferences have the objective of assembling a limited number of specialists around a specific theme. +EWG and FORUM Meetings are organized by each EURO Working Group and EURO Forums. +The EURO Online Seminar Series enhances the dissemination of OR and relevant topics through online channels. + + +=== Working Groups and Forums === +EURO Working Groups are the organizational framework provided by EURO to groups of researchers and practitioners interested in a specific operational research topic. Each EURO Working Group holds at least one meeting per year, organizes sessions at conferences, publishes special issues of OR journals, and organizes conferences or seminars. +Currently, EURO hosts 34 EWGs, with the most recent one launched in 2025: (EWGBAI), the EURO Working Group on Business Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (EWGBAI). +The full list of all active EURO Working Groups: + +EURO working group on Agriculture and Forest Management EWG-AFM, +EURO working group on Automated Timetabling PATAT, +EURO working group on Behavioural OR BOR, +EURO working group on Business Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Interfaces EWGBAI, +EURO working group on Combinatorial Optimization ECCO, +EURO working group on Commodities and Financial Modelling CFM, +EURO working group on Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Medicine EWG-CBBM, +EURO working group on Continuous Optimization EUROPT, +EURO working group on Cutting and Packing ESICUP, +EURO working group on Data Science meets Optimization EWG-DSO, +EURO working group on Decision Support Systems EWG-DSS, +EURO working group on Efficiency and Productivity Analysis EWG-EPA, +EURO working group on Ethics and OR EWG-EOR, +EURO working group on Experimental Economics E-CUBE, +EURO working group on Health Services ORAHS, +EURO working group on Humanitarian Operations HOpe, +EURO Working Group on Locational Analysis EWGLA, +EURO working group on Lot Sizing EWG-LS, +EURO working group on Metaheuristics EU/ME, +EURO working group on Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding EWG-MCDA, +EURO working group on Network Optimization ENOG, +EURO working group on Operations Research for Development EWG-ORD, +EURO working group on OR in Sports EWG-ORS, +EURO working group on Preference Handling EWG-PH, +EURO working group on Pricing and Revenue Management EWG-PRM, +EURO working group on Project Management and Scheduling EWG-PMS, +EURO working group on Quantum OR EWG-QOR, +EURO working group on Retail Operations EWG-RO, +EURO working group on Stochastic Modelling STOCHMOD, +EURO working group on Stochastic Optimization EWG-SO, +EURO working group on Sustainable Development and Civil Engineering ORSDCE, +EURO working group on Sustainable Supply Chains EWG-SSC, +EURO working group on Transportation EWG-T, +EURO working group on Vehicle Routing and Logistics VeRoLog, +EURO Forums are groups tasked with progressing a specific initiative that supports the ongoing health and vitality of OR research and practice. A EURO Forum differentiates itself from a EURO Working Group by promoting the health and vitality of OR without tying itself to a specific research domain or methodology. +EURO has four forums: + +WISDOM (Women In Society: Doing Operational Research and Management Science) +EUROYoung +EURO Practitioners' Forum +OR Education Forum + + +=== Education === +EURO organizes educational meetings throughout each year: + +EURO PhD Schools are an instrument to encourage the organization of post-graduate education initiatives for PhD students under a school format. +EURO Summer/Winter Institutes provide an opportunity for around 25 early stage researchers to meet for about two weeks. Participants present their material, discuss it with others and with a handful of specially invited senior experts in the field, and finally prepare a paper to be considered for inclusion in a feature issue of an OR publication. + + +=== Past Presidents === + +1975-1978 - Hans-Jürgen Zimmermann +1979-1980 - Birger Rapp +1981-1982 - Rolfe Tomlinson +1983-1984 - Jean-Pierre Brans +1985-1986 - Bernard Roy +1987-1988 - Dominique de Werra +1989-1990 - Jakob Krarup +1991-1992 - Jaap Spronk +1993-1994 - Maurice Shutler +1995-1996 - Paolo Toth +1997-1998 - Jan Węglarz +1999-2000 - Christoph Schneeweiß +2001-2002 - Philippe Vincke +2003-2004 - Laureano Escudero +2005-2006 - Alexis Tsoukiàs +2007-2008 - Martine Labbé +2009-2010 - Valerie Belton +2011-2012 - M. Grazia Speranza +2013-2014 - Gerhard Wäscher +2015-2016 - Elena Fernández +2017-2018 - Richard Eglese +2019-2020 - Immanuel Bomze +2021-2022 - Marc Sevaux +2023-2024 - Anita Schöbel +2025-2026 - Frits Spieksma +2027-2028 - Dolores Romero Morales + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4672f7dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:28.120178+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA) is an international, non-profit alliance focused on increasing food security by supporting smallholder agriculture and rural enterprise within healthy, sustainable and climate-smart landscapes. + + +== Overview and focus == +AIRCA unites six international agricultural research and development centers which focus on a diverse mix of commodities, crops and issues including tropical agriculture, vegetable production, bamboo and rattan, insect pests, fertilizer use, underutilized crops, biosaline agriculture and sustainable development in mountains. +The members of AIRCA address sustainable agriculture and the environment at the landscape level. The centers create solutions that take into account the diversity of interactions among people and the environment, agricultural and non-agricultural systems, the crossing of national boundaries and other factors that represent the entire context of agriculture. +AIRCA members serve more than 60 countries comprising over 70% of the world’s population from across the Americas, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. The broad alliance has collective access to a wide variety of crops and ecosystems. +The combined resources of AIRCA can be used to achieve 10 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015. + + +== Relationship to CGIAR and FAO == +AIRCA member organizations work with crops of high economic, social, nutritional and ecological value. This complements and contrasts with the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the CGIAR who work primarily in staple crops. +AIRCA does have some overlap with the CGIAR, however the CGIAR generally focuses more on agricultural research while AIRCA has more of a concentration on the implementation of agricultural research and development communication. AIRCA has a strong orientation toward problem solving at a system level, rather than a focus on a single commodity. + + +== History == +AIRCA was launched on 2 March 2012 at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, Italy. +It was publicly presented in Punta del Este, Uruguay, on 30 October 2012 during the second Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development. + + +== Members == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc8dee0cb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Association of Polar Early Career Scientists" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:29.470612+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) is a worldwide association of early career scientists (undergraduate and graduate students, postdocs, and early career faculty) interested in the polar regions and the cryosphere generally. Its mission is to raise the profile of polar scientists by providing a continuum of leadership that is both internationally and interdisciplinarily focused, and to stimulate collaborative projects. Several countries (Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) have their own APECS chapters that focus on the needs and ideas of scholars country-wise. +The APECS website serves as the main contact point for APECS members and provides forums for sharing news, connecting with other polar researchers, finding jobs, and announcing events relevant to polar research. +APECS is an endorsed International Polar Year (IPY) project and is considered one of the major legacies of IPY. + +== History and motivation == +A crucial event in the formation of APECS was a meeting in Sånga Säby, Sweden, in September 2007. This meeting saw founders and members representatives of two key initiatives combine together under the name of APECS: the International Polar Year Youth Steering Committee (YSC) formed in 2005 and including several national YSC's, and a formative APECS, formed in 2006. + +=== International Polar Year Youth Steering Committee === +The International Polar Year (IPY) Youth Steering Committee (YSC) was founded in 2005 by Amber Church and Tyler Kuhn (co-chairs, Canada), Melianie Raymond (New Zealand), Jenny Baeseman (USA), Hugues Lantuit (Germany), Elie Verleyen (Belgium) and Stef Bokhorst (The Netherlands). Its aims were to ensure that IPY's goals included the next generation of polar researchers and the world's youth were met. The YSC was designed as a decentralized institution relying on national committees, which rapidly came to life in several countries, including Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, among others. Those committees rapidly gained independence and developed their own networks as exemplified by the creation of the UK Polar Network in 2007. A contributing factor to the success of the YSC's during the IPY was strong support from the IPY International Program Office (IPO), based in Cambridge, UK, who ensured that the goals of the YSC would be heard in the community of senior researchers. The roles of Dave Carlson and Rhian Salmon, in particular, were crucial. +The YSC's focus was the creation, fostering and promotion of activities geared towards youth. It largely focused on the involvement of school children and young adults in polar literacy projects and strengthening the communication between students and young researchers. Progressively, a need for a broader, more encompassing organization specifically geared towards young researchers and early career scientists arose. + +=== Early APECS === +Discussions on IPY education and outreach forums, similar initiatives in other scientific realms and the encounter of like-minded people created an awareness of the need for an organization driven by and serving early career researchers, focused on science and career development, unlike the YSC. In the autumn of 2006, to address these needs, Jenny Baeseman (USA), Hugues Lantuit (Germany) and Rhian Salmon (UK) laid the grounds for the rationale, structure, connections and future activities of APECS. The acronym was coined at the time and a nascent APECS was launched massively in early 2007, at the start of the IPY with Baseman and Lantuit as co-directors. +In March 2007, discussions were initiated by the directors with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) to offer APECS' services as representative of early career researchers in polar science. This early version of APECS then started evolving to serve better the needs of early career researchers interested in the polar regions and the wider cryosphere. +The YSC's activities developed concurrently with many (if not most) of the early career researchers involved in both organizations. Its scope, however, was limited in time, since it mainly focused on creating activities during the 2007/2008 IPY. The need to ensure the continuation of successful initiatives and activities after the IPY led to brainstorming on post-IPY legacy. At the same time, the increase in young researcher initiatives in polar science started to create some confusion in the scientific community, questioning the structure, coordination and even the relevance of such organizations. + +=== Sånga Säby meeting === +To address these issues, a meeting was organized at Sånga Säby outside Stockholm, Sweden in September 2007 to bring together all these groups and prepare some long-term sustainable plans. The meeting was sponsored by the Swedish company Serla, the IPY IPO, and other international polar science entities. The key outcomes of this meeting were the decisions to merge these groups, including the YSC, into one organization, retaining the name of APECS, and that APECS should adapt its structure to reflect better the multifaceted nature of its membership. This established APECS as a legacy of the YSC and other IPY projects. A new structure was launched at the end of the meeting including working groups, an advisory committee, an interim Council of the 24 attending participants (see below), an interim Executive Committee elected by the council Kriss Rokkan Iversen (Norway), Narelle Baker (UK), Hugues Lantuit (Germany), Dan Pringle (USA), and José Xavier (Portugal), and Jen Baeseman (USA) was appointed as an interim director. Kriss Rokkan Iversen received unanimous support of all voters and appointed by the Executive Committee as the interim President of APECS. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afec408bc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Association of Polar Early Career Scientists" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:29.470612+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 2008-Present === +The Executive Committee and Director were charged with establishing APECS as an organization over the next 6–12 months. A report of activities in this period was made at the online APECS Council Meeting, 21 May 2008. Key progress included forming an international Advisory Committee of senior researchers and science administrators to provide guidance and support. A website was developed by in kind support from Iceland-based Arctic Portal through the generous support of director Halldór Jóhannsson. The website was established as a virtual home of APECS and amongst other features, includes study and job opportunities, meetings, news updates, and a discussion forum. +The executive committee met in March 2008 in Akureyri, Iceland to address strategic planning for APECS and draft the documents that will help sustain this organization for year to come: the Terms of Reference and the Rules of Procedure. This meeting was coordinated by Halldór Jóhannsson and supported by the University of Akureyri, Northern Research Forum and the Arctic Portal. +The ROP and TOR included a revision from the interim APECS structure to an open Council who elect an Executive Committee. The Council controls issues related to APECS governance and structure, and is expected to act on time scales of months – years. The Executive Committee is mandated by the Council with shorter time-scale decision making and running APECS on a day-to-day basis. (See the founding ROP and TOR for details.) +The organization now has an International Directorate Office hosted at the University of Tromsø, Norway. + +== Membership == +The association represents people with a wide range of scientific expertise and interests including glaciology, geology, geodesy, anthropology, sociology, political science, atmospheric science, oceanography, polar biology, culture and heritage studies, linguistics, space studies, biogeochemistry, and paleontology. +Membership in APECS is free and open to all early career scientists interested in natural and social sciences of the polar regions, from undergraduates through assistant professors or equivalent for non-academic positions. Participation by engineers and those interested in the cryosphere in general is also being sought. APECS encourages senior researchers to register on the APECS website and serve as mentors for the organization as well as post job openings and events at their institutions. + +== External links == +Association of Polar Early Career Scientists \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c7377222 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Association of Social Anthropologists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:41.637397+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of social anthropology. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md index b7cfb527a..56bc21052 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:31:36.831505+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:42.845987+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a34c2c17 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Brights movement" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Brights movement is a social movement whose members, since 2003, refer to themselves as Brights and have a worldview of philosophical naturalism. +Most Brights believe that public policies should be based on science (a body of knowledge obtained and tested by use of the scientific method). Brights are likely to oppose the practice of basing public policies on supernatural doctrines. Brights may therefore be described as secularists. + +== Terminology == +The Bright movement has proposed the following terminology: + +super (noun): someone whose worldview includes supernatural and/or mystical elements +bright (noun): someone whose worldview is naturalistic (no supernatural and mystical elements) +Bright: a bright who has registered on the Bright website as a member of the movement + +== History == +Paul Geisert, who coined the term bright and co-founded the bright movement is a one-time Chicago biology teacher, professor, entrepreneur and writer of learning materials. In deciding to attend the Godless Americans March on Washington in 2002, Geisert disliked the label "godless" because he thought it would alienate the general public to whom that term was synonymous with "evil". He sought a new, positive word that might be well accepted and improve the image of those who did not believe in the supernatural. A few weeks later, Geisert came up with the noun "bright" after brainstorming many ideas. He then ran into another room and told his wife: "I've got the word, and this is going to be big!" +It was also co-founded by his wife, Mynga Futrell. Futrell remains director of the organization. Paul Geisert died November 17, 2020. +After coming up with the term they pitched their idea to friends and decided to unveil their idea at an Atheist Alliance International conference in Tampa, Florida in Spring 2003. They called the organizers and got permission to present the idea. They made their proposal at the conference, which was attended by Richard Dawkins. They launched the Brights' Net website on June 4, 2003. The movement gained early publicity through articles by Richard Dawkins in The Guardian and Wired; and by Daniel Dennett in The New York Times. +The movement continued to grow and experienced accelerated registrations following media debate around New Atheism prompted by a series of book releases in late 2006 including The God Delusion, Breaking the Spell, God Is Not Great, The End of Faith and Letter to a Christian Nation. The movement has grown to be a constituency of over 78,000 Brights in 204 nations and territories. + +== Brights == +Many, but not all, Brights also identify as atheist, antitheist, humanist (specifically secular humanist), freethinker, irreligionist, naturalist, materialist or physicalist, agnostic, skeptic, or even naturalistic pantheist. Even so, the "movement is not associated with any defined beliefs". The website Brights' Net says its goal is to include the umbrella term "bright" in the vocabulary of this existing "community of reason". +However, "the broader intent is inclusive of the many-varied persons whose worldview is naturalistic", but are in the "general population" as opposed to associating solely with the "community of reason". Thus, persons who can declare their naturalistic worldview using the term bright extend beyond the familiar secularist categories as long as they do not hold theistic worldviews. Registrations even include some members of the clergy, such as Presbyterian ministers and a Church History Professor and ordained priest. +Dawkins compares the coining of bright to the "triumph of consciousness-raising" from the term gay: + +Gay is succinct, uplifting, positive: an "up" word, where homosexual is a down word, and queer, faggot and pooftah are insults. Those of us who subscribe to no religion; those of us whose view of the universe is natural rather than supernatural; those of us who rejoice in the real and scorn the false comfort of the unreal, we need a word of our own, a word like "gay"[,] [...] a noun hijacked from an adjective, with its original meaning changed but not too much. Like gay, it should be catchy: a potentially prolific meme. Like gay, it should be positive, warm, cheerful, bright. +Despite the explicit difference between the noun and adjective, there have been comments on the comparison. In his Wired article, Dawkins stated: "Whether there is a statistical tendency for brights (noun) to be bright (adjective) is a matter for research". +Notable people who have self-identified as brights at one time or another include: biologists Richard Dawkins and Richard J. Roberts; cognitive scientist Steven Pinker; philosophers Daniel Dennett and Massimo Pigliucci; stage magicians and debunkers James Randi and Penn & Teller; Amy Alkon; Sheldon Glashow; Babu Gogineni; Edwin Kagin; Mel Lipman; Piergiorgio Odifreddi; and Air America Radio talk show host Lionel. + +=== Contrasted with supers === +Daniel Dennett suggests in his book Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon that if non-naturalists are concerned with connotations of the word "Bright", then they should invent an equally positive sounding word for themselves, like "Supers" (i.e., one whose world view contains supernaturalism). He also suggested this during his presentation at the Atheist Alliance International convention in 2007. Geisert and Futrell maintain that the neologism has always had a kinship with the Enlightenment, an era which celebrated the possibilities of science and a certain amount of free inquiry. They have endorsed the use of super as the antonym to bright. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3e6fe182 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Brights movement" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Symbol == +The Brights' avatar represents a celestial body viewed from space. As there is no up or down or right or left in outer space, the arrangement of planet and darkness and starlight is changeable. Although the symbol is open to the viewer's interpretation, it is generally meant to invoke transition and a sense of gradual illumination. The intentional ambiguity of the avatar is meant to symbolically reflect an important question: Is the future of humankind becoming luminous or more dim? The Brights aspire "to take the promising route, whereby the imagery brings to mind a gradually increasing illumination for this earth of ours, an escalation of enlightenment". This optimistic interpretation of the Brights' symbol is summarized by the motto "Embrightenment Now!". + +== Name controversy == +The movement has been criticised by some (both religious and non-religious) who have objected to the adoption of the title "bright" because they believe it suggests that the individuals with a naturalistic worldview are more intelligent ("brighter") than non-naturalists, such as philosophical skeptics or idealists, believers in the paranormal, philosophical theists, or the religious. For example, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry published an article by Chris Mooney titled "Not Too 'Bright'" in which he stated that although he agreed with the movement, Richard Dawkins's and Daniel Dennett's "campaign to rename religious unbelievers 'brights' could use some rethinking" because of the possibility that the term would be misinterpreted. The journalist and noted atheist Christopher Hitchens likewise found it a "cringe-making proposal that atheists should conceitedly nominate themselves to be called 'brights'". +In response to this, Daniel Dennett has stated: + +There was also a negative response, largely objecting to the term that had been chosen [not by me]: bright, which seemed to imply that others were dim or stupid. But the term, modeled on the highly successful hijacking of the ordinary word "gay" by homosexuals, does not have to have that implication. Those who are not gays are not necessarily glum; they're straight. Those who are not brights are not necessarily dim. + +== References == + +== External links == +The Brights' Net. The originating hub of the Brights' constituency. +Teaching About Religion in Public Schools: Worldview Education, for which Geisert provided consultation. +thebrightsnet. YouTube +Bright. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. +Wajnryb, Ruth (31 January 2004). "The future is oh-so non-adjectivally bright". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 November 2018. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0840e8363 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "British Academy of Management" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Academy of Management (BAM) is a British learned society dedicated to advancing the academic discipline of management in the United Kingdom. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. +The academy runs two flagship peer-reviewed academic journals: the British Journal of Management and the International Journal of Management Reviews as well as an annual conference. Its headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. + +== History == + +=== Foundation === +The British Academy of Management was founded in 1986, exactly 50 years after the AoM was formed in Chicago. Sir Cary Cooper was its first President and Andrew Pettigrew was its first chairman. During the AoM conference in San Diego in 1985 they realize the lack of a multidisciplinary association in the UK and decided to establish BAM. +The biggest challenges for this new organisation were to set up a constitution and to exercise good governance through a strong executive committee. The inaugural conference of BAM was at the University of Warwick in 1987. This was organised by Andrew Pettigrew. With over 200 delegates, the conference had an immediate success. + +=== Early days === +From the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, the management of the academy was still based on an amateur approach, because of the moving from one place to another. The nomadic life of the BAM office and the lack of a centralized system meant that outgoing chairpersons packaged the documents and sent them on to the institution of the new chair. Sometimes, this delivery arrived without all the key papers. BAM headquarters had to be moved from one city to another for a bit more than a decade, until they found a stable home in 2002 in London. Thus, the records eventually delivered to HQ were not very comprehensive. + +=== Conferences === +In the 1990s, BAM struggled to find conference venues, and to attract persons due to the fact that the attendance was low. As the time passed there was a growth in both domestic and international attendance, especially from Europe. At this time, it was observed that the conferences were more about social interaction than about the discussion of serious research. Combining both consistently high academic quality and the fun factor became a priority by the late 1990s. +The first BAM Workshop took place on 5 January 1989 entitled ‘Organisation and Strategic Decision Making’ at Bradford Management Centre, University of Bradford. It had 69 participants who came from England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Brazil, US, China and France. It was organised by Richard Butler, Richard Pike and John Sharp. + +=== First BAM journal === +BAM's founders wanted to start publishing a journal. Cary Cooper managed one of the AoM divisions that had its own journal and he suggested that BAM should do the same. Cooper coordinated a small group from Council who interviewed a number of publishing companies for a five-year contract, John Wiley won the first contract. The British Journal of Management (BJM) was launched in early 1990 and had 4 issues a year running into 64 pages. The General Editor was David Otley and the Associate Editors were John Burgoyne, John McGee, Roy Payne, Nigel Piercy and Roy Rothwell. BJM purpose was to receive articles from a full range of business and management disciplines and to have a multi and inter disciplinary orientation. + +=== Formation of special interest groups === +One of the significant changes to BAM's structure happened in 1999 with the formation of Special Interest Groups (SIGs). The aim of the SIGs was to encourage greater member participation and to provide a more diverse range of activities for members. The first SIGs were Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Management Consultancy but Learning and Knowledge, Interorganisational Relations, Performance Management, Philosophy of Management, Research Methodology, Creativity and Creative Industries and E-Business soon joined them. The SIG structure proved a thriving way to organise BAM's conferences, offering richer benefits for the membership. SIGs also provided new opportunities for less experienced academics to play active roles in the academy. There are now 23 SIGs representing the full field of management studies. + +=== International Journal of Management Reviews === +The success of the British Journal of Management (BJM) was joined by BAM's acquisition of the International Journal of Management Reviews (IJMR). Cary Cooper and Alan Pearson had been the first editors. + +== Governance == +The British Academy of Management has an executive committee and a Council. It is a Registered Charity (no. 1117999) and is a Company (no. 05869337) Limited by Guarantee and registered in England and Wales. + +=== BAM Executive === +An executive committee, is elected to develop the strategy, work with Council and ensure an effective implementation of the chosen strategy. In 2014 the leadership team was remodelled. This consist of a President, a chair, five elected vice-chair portfolios and an appointed Treasurer. In January 2018 BAM's first CEO, Madeleine Barrows, was appointed to work with the Executive to develop and implement strategy and to lead the office team. + +President: Professor Nic Beech +Chair: Professor Katy Mason +Treasurer: Dr Neil Pyper +Vice Chairs: +Equality, Diversity and Inclusivity: Professor Martyna Śliwa +Research and Publications: Professor Emma Bell, Professor Nelarine Cornelius +Academic Affairs of Conference and Capacity Building: Professor Nicholas O'Regan, Professor Helen Shipton +Special Interest Groups: Professor Maureen Meadows, Professor Savvas Papagiannidis +Management Knowledge and Education: Professor Lisa Anderson, Professor Mark Loon + +=== BAM Council === +The council, which comprises approximately 50 people elected for a minimum of 3 years by the general membership, or co-opted by the Executive, represents the interests of the membership and contributes to the activities of the learned society through working with the Vice-Chairs. The role of Council is to elaborate strategy and policy, and to implement strategy in conjunction with the Executive and Academy office. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca91540dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +--- +title: "British Academy of Management" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Special interest groups == +Special interest groups (SIGs) are networks of researchers that are focused in a specific area of management research. They organize events throughout the year and provide the members with an academic forum for the discussion on relevant topics. +SIGs are run by BAM members, with support from the BAM office. They organise workshop and events on topics relevant to their research area, and take the lead in managing the academic programme at the annual BAM Conference. +Here are the 23 SIG networks: + +Corporate Governance +Cultural and Creative Industries +e-Business and e-Government +Entrepreneurship +Financial Management +Gender in Management +Human Resource Management +Identity +Innovation +Inter-Organizational Collaboration: partnerships, alliances and networks +International Business and International Management +Knowledge and Learning +Leadership and Leadership Development +Management and Business History +Marketing and Retail +Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management +Organisational Psychology +Organisational Transformation, Change and Development +Performance Management +Research Methodology +Strategy +Sustainable and Responsible Business + +== Annual conference == +The British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference is for business and management scholars. + +== Journals == + +=== British Journal of Management === + The British Journal of Management (BJM) is the official journal of the British Academy of Management. It is published four times a year (plus an annual supplement), welcoming papers that make inter-disciplinary or multi-disciplinary contributions, as well as research from within the traditional disciplines and managerial functions. +BJM has a 2021 impact factor of 7.450, ranked 41 out of 154 in the Business category and 48 out of 228 in the Management category. +The current Editors-in-Chief are Riikka Sarala of UNC Greensboro, United States, Shuang Ren of Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom, and Paul Hibbert of University of Warwick, United Kingdom. + +=== International Journal of Management Reviews === + The International Journal of Management Reviews (IJMR) is the official journal of the British Academy of Management. It is published four times a year . The journal includes all main subjects of management sub-discipline - from accounting and entrepreneurship to strategy and technology management. Each issue is composed of five or six review articles which examine all the relevant literature published on a specific aspect of the sub-discipline. +IJMR has a 2019 impact factor of 8.631, ranked 5th out of 226 in the Management category and 5th out of 152 in the Business category. +The Co-Editors in Chief of the International Journal of Management Reviews are Dr Dermot Breslin (University of Sheffield), Professor Jamie Callahan (Northumbria University), Dr Marian Iszatt-White (Lancaster University), with Professor Catherine Bailey (King's College London). + +== Associated organisations == +Academy of Social Sciences (ACSS) +Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS) +Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) +Academy of Management (AoM) +British Academy +British Library +Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) +Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) +Chartered Management Institute (CMI) +Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) +European Academy of Management (EURAM) +Higher Education Academy (HEA) +Indian Academy of Management (INDAM) +Irish Academy of Management (IAM) +Institute of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) +The Society for the Advancement of Management Studies (SAMS) +Società Italiana di Management (SIMA) + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b00205714 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +--- +title: "British Accounting & Finance Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:45.240643+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Accounting and Finance Association (BAFA) is a learned society and research organisation dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and understanding of accounting, finance and financial management. It has over 750 members and edits the British Accounting Review, an academic journal. +The association is a UK registered charity no. 299527. + + +== Overview == +BAFA promotes the development of innovative approaches to research and teaching in accounting and finance, and celebrates the breadth and diversity of research by UK and international researchers. +It collaborates with other organisations, such as the Academy of Social Sciences, the British Academy, and professional accounting bodies, to promote accounting and finance as a social science that influences professional practice and affects the economy and society. +In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the British Accounting Review, BAFA hosts an annual conference in April that attracts academics and professionals from around the world. + + +== History == +The Association of University Teachers of Accounting (AUTA) was formed in 1947 with Donald Cousins as its first Chairman. It held its inaugural meeting in December of that year at a time when the UK’s first accounting professorships were being created and accountancy was becoming recognised as a subject for scholarly study. The AUTA followed in the footsteps of the Accounting Research Organisation, which had been established in 1936, although it had ceased activities by 1941. Harold Edey had an important role in the early years, in particular ensuring that the academic study of accounting was given value by the profession. +As a result of the small number of both researchers and teachers in accounting during the 1960s – Parker (1997, p. 45) lists a mere 21 in the whole country – and because of a distinct lack of engagement at the time from the profession, the organisation almost disappeared. However, it was given a new lease of life later in that decade when the AUTA News Review was set up (although a Newsletter had existed on a more ad hoc basis since its first issue in 1948 with Will Baxter its Editor). This publication was renamed the AUTA Review in 1974 and it then became the British Accounting Review in 1984. +Around the same time, a set of regional associations were also established, which allowed universities outside London to establish their own research foci in the accounting area. The Scottish Accountants Group ran their initial conference in April 1967 while the Northern Accountants Group also first met in that month with its first conference organised by Robert Parker taking place in October of the same year. By the end of the next decade, South-eastern and South-western groups had also been formed. +Two of BAFA’s other sub-committees, the Conference of Professors of Accounting and Finance (CPAF) and the Committee of Departments of Accounting and Finance (CDAF) were both established in 1987 as the Conference of Professors of Accounting and the Committee of Heads of Accounting in Polytechnics respectively, although the latter was initially organised as a separate entity to the AUTA. +The tradition of holding a broad-based conference in April with location moving around the United Kingdom began in 1949 in Birmingham. The organisation stopped holding conferences from 1959 to 1970 but these began again in 1971 with 62 attendees, and have been held annually since then with participant numbers growing to over 300. The conference has included a Doctoral Colloquium since 1990. +The AUTA became the British Accounting Association (BAA) in 1984 and the most recent chapter in the history of the organisation began in April 2012 when the BAA changed its name to the British Accounting and Finance Association (BAFA) to better match its wider remit spanning finance and financial management as well as accounting. + + +== Membership == +BAFA has over 750 members, comprising academics, students and accounting professionals. There are two levels of membership: ordinary and honorary. +Ordinary membership is by application and is open to anyone with an interest in research in accounting and finance. +Honorary membership is conferred by the executive committee, in recognition of services to accounting, finance and/or financial management education and research which are deemed worthy of recognition by the association. +BAFA is not a qualifying body for the purposes of practising accounting and finance. + + +== The British Accounting Review == +The British Accounting Review is the official journal of the British Accounting and Finance Association. It publishes original scholarly papers covering the whole spectrum of accounting and finance. +The journal allows original research to reach academics, students, professional bodies and their members, accounting and auditing standards bodies, financial regulators and government departments. +Research contributions must demonstrate the use of rigorous and appropriate research methodologies, and use high quality data for empirical studies. +All papers published are subject to a minimum of double blind review. +The joint editors are currently Professors Nathan Joseph and Alan Lowe. + + +== Groups == + + +=== BAFA Sub-committees === +There are two BAFA sub-committees: + +Committee for Departments of Accounting and Finance (CDAF) +CDAF is concerned with matters of national importance in the management of University departments of Accounting and Finance, focusing upon issues of curriculum, quality assurance, academic management, professional body links and staff development. + +Conference of Professors of Accounting and Finance (CPAF) +CPAF provides a forum for the discussion of strategic matters of relevance to academics in accounting and finance. Most members are professors, but exceptionally they may be the most senior academic in an HEI without any Professors in Accounting or Finance. CPAF holds an annual conference in September. + + +=== Regional Groups === +Northern Area Group +Scottish Group +South East Area Group +South West Area Group +Each group hosts its own local events. + + +=== Special Interest Groups === +BAFA runs a number of groups that address specific subject areas. They are: + +Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies Special Interest Group +Accounting Education Special Interest Group +Auditing Special Interest Group (ASIG) +Corporate Governance Special Interest Group +Financial Accounting and Reporting Special Interest Group +Financial Markets and Institutions Special Interest Group +Interdisciplinary Perspectives Special Interest Group +Public Services and Charities Special Interest Group +Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing Special Interest Group + + +== BAFA Awards == +BAFA makes three awards annually: the Distinguished Academic Award (DAA), the Lifetime Achievement Award (LAA), and the Distinguished Contribution Award (DCA). +The DAA is presented to an individual who has made a substantial and direct contribution to UK academic accounting and finance life, while the LAA is awarded to one or more individuals who have made a substantial and direct contributions to UK academic accounting and finance over the course of their careers. +The DCA was launched in 2016 to recognise non-academics who have made a significant contribution to the profession and to BAFA. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47987c537 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "British Association for American Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:46.437750+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Association for American Studies is a learned society in the field of American studies. It was founded in 1955. It produces the Journal of American Studies, American Studies in Britain, US Studies Online, BAAS Paperbacks, and Resources for American Studies. +It has produced many of its own publications, as well as many in partnership with Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh University Press, and Microform Academic Publishers. + + +== BAAS Chairs past and present == +Frank Thistlethwaite 1955–59 +Herbert Nicholas 1959–62 +Marcus Cunliffe 1962–65 +Esmond Wright 1965–68 +Maldwyn Jones 1968–71 +George Shepperson 1971–74 +Harry Allen 1974–77 +Peter Parish 1977–80 +Dennis Welland 1980–83 +Charlotte Erickson 1983–86 +Howard Temperley 1986–89 +Bob Burchell 1989–92 +Richard King 1992–95 +Judie Newman 1995–98 +Philip Davies 1998–2004 +Simon Newman 2004–2007 +Heidi Macpherson 2007–2010 +Martin Halliwell 2010–2013 +Susan Currell 2013–2016 +Brian Ward 2016–2019 +Cara Rodway 2019–2022 +Lydia Plath 2022- 2025 +Michael Collins 2025 - + + +== See also == +American studies in the United Kingdom + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad16abc8c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "British Association for International and Comparative Education" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:47.566874+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Association for International and Comparative Education (BAICE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting teaching, research, policy and development in all aspects of international and comparative education. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. The association runs an academic journal, Compare. +The current Chair of BAICE is Dr Tejendra Pherali from the Institute of Education, UCL. The current Vice chair is Dr Alison Buckler from The Open University. The current Secretary is Dr Jennifer Jomafuvwe Agbaire from the Centre for International Education (CIE) at the University of Sussex. The current President of BAICE is Professor Paul Morris from the Institute of Education, UCL. + + +== External links == +Official website +Records of the British Association for International and Comparative Education (formerly the British Comparative and International Education Society) at University College London + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb0cc5dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "British Association for Slavonic & East European Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:48.734910+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies (BASEES) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the study of Russia, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. +It was formed in 1988 or 1989 through a merger of the British Universities Association of Slavists (BUAS; created 1956) and the National Association for Soviet and East European Studies (NASEES; created 1967, funded by the Ford Foundation and Shell), two founding members of the International Council for Central and East European Studies. Its first president until 1991 was the economist and foreign policy adviser Michael Kaser, who had also initially chaired the NASEES from 1967 to 1973. Until 1992, it was called the British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies (BASSEES). + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d86dc5e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "British Educational Research Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:49.904367+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Educational Research Association (BERA) is a membership association and learned society committed to advancing research quality, building research capacity and fostering research engagement. BERA's aim is to inform the development of policy and practice by promoting the best quality evidence produced by educational research. + + +== History == +Founded in 1974, BERA has since expanded into an internationally renowned association with over 3,000 members. BERA is not discipline-specific and has members from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, theoretical orientations, methodological approaches, sectoral interests and institutional affiliations. +BERA holds a major international conference each year alongside a series of events, and publishes high quality research in peer-reviewed journals, reports, book series and the BERA Blog. BERA has an array of awards and fellowships, provides grants for research, support the career development of educational researchers and creates an active peer community organised around networks, forums and special interest groups. +BERA is a registered charity and is governed by an elected council, with its president serving a two-year term, and managed by a small office team based in London. +BERA holds conferences, publishes research, and pays for research. Their publications includes: "reports of experiments and surveys, discussions of conceptual and methodological issues and of underlying assumptions in educational research, accounts of research in progress, and book reviews." + + +== Publications and awards == + + +=== Publications === +Research Intelligence +British Educational Research Journal +British Journal of Educational Technology +Review of Education +The Curriculum Journal +BERA Ethical Guidelines +They have irregularly published material, and discontinued material that can be purchased from some book companies. + + +=== Awards and funding === +BERA Small Grants Fund +BERA Equality in Education Award +BERA Academic Citizen of the Year +Educational Book of the Year +BERA Public Engagement and Impact Award +BERA Undergraduate Award +BERA Doctoral Thesis Award +BERA Masters Dissertation Award +BERA Brian Simon Fund +BERA Doctoral Fellowship +BERA John Nisbet Fellowship +BCF Curriculum Investigation Grant +BJET Fellowship +BERJ Editor's Choice Award +Curriculum Journal Editor's Choice Award +Review of Education Editor's Choice Award +Conference Best Paper Awards + + +== References == + + +== External links == +BERA Home page +Catalogue of the BERA archives \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..899c555d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "British International Studies Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:51.074199+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British International Studies Association (BISA) is a learned society that promotes the study of international relations and related subjects through teaching, research, and facilitation of contact between scholars. BISA has an international membership of over 1,500 members, with over 80 countries represented. Chair is Mark Webber (University of Birmingham). He succeeded Richard Whitman (University of Kent), who served as chair until 2015. The national office is based at the University of Birmingham. +BISA is a member society of the Academy of Social Sciences. + + +== Foundation == +In Jan 1974 an inaugural meeting was held at the 14th Bailey Conference on International Studies at the University of Surrey, and at that time, a draft interim constitution was agreed. The interim executive committee consisted of Alastair Francis Buchan (chairman), RJ Jones (secretary), Susan Strange (treasurer), PA Reynolds, G Goodwin, D Wrightman, CM Mason, T Taylor, A James and J Spence. + + +== Publications == +Review of International Studies +European Journal of International Security +The book series Cambridge Studies in International Relations in collaboration with Cambridge University Press + + +== Annual prizes == +BISA awards the following prizes at its annual international conference: + +Distinguished Contribution Prize +Michael Nicholson Thesis Prize +Susan Strange Book Prize +PG BISA Teaching Excellence Prize +BISA Teaching Excellence Prize +Best Article in Review of International Studies + + +== Working groups == +Working groups are formed by members to enable collaboration and networking in specific subfields. There are currently about 30 groups focusing on specific areas of study and collaboration. + + +== Funding == +The association makes available funding via a variety of routes, working group funding, conference bursaries, founders fund awards, postgraduate network funding etc. Introduced in 2015, BISA also offers funding for Early Career Researchers’ projects with grants of up to £3,000. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..773600b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "British Science Association" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The British Science Association (BSA) is a charity and learned society founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science. Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA). The current Chief Executive is Hannah Russell. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals. The BSA "envisions a society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn." and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building. The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognise and encourage people to be involved in science. These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, For Thought, The Ideas Fund, along with regional and local events. + +== History == + +=== Foundation === + +The Association was founded in 1831 and modelled on the German Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. It was founded during post-war reconstruction after the Peninsula war to improve the advancement of science in England. The prime mover (who is regarded as the main founder) was Reverend William Vernon Harcourt, following a suggestion by Sir David Brewster, who was disillusioned with the elitist and conservative attitude of the Royal Society. Charles Babbage, William Whewell and J. F. W. Johnston are also considered to be founding members. The first meeting was held in York (at the Yorkshire Museum) on Tuesday 27 September 1831 with various scientific papers being presented on the following days. It was chaired by Viscount Milton, president of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and "upwards of 300 gentlemen" attended the meeting. The Preston Mercury recorded that those gathered consisted of "persons of distinction from various parts of the kingdom, together with several of the gentry of Yorkshire and the members of philosopher societies in this country". The newspaper published the names of over a hundred of those attending and these included, amongst others, eighteen clergymen, eleven doctors, four knights, two Viscounts and one Lord. +From that date onwards a meeting was held annually at a place chosen at a previous meeting. In 1832, for example, the meeting was held in Oxford, chaired by Reverend Dr William Buckland. By this stage the Association had four sections: Physics (including Mathematics and Mechanical Arts), Chemistry (including Mineralogy and Chemical Arts), Geology (including Geography) and Natural History. +During this second meeting, the first objects and rules of the Association were published. Objects included systematically directing the acquisition of scientific knowledge, spreading this knowledge as well as discussion between scientists across the world, and to focus on furthering science by removing obstacles to progress. The rules established included what constituted a member of the Association, the fee to remain a member, and the process for future meetings. They also include dividing the members into different committees. These committees separated members into their preferred subject matter, and were to recommend investigations into areas of interest, then report on these findings, as well as progress in their science at the annual meetings. +Additional sections were added throughout the years by either splitting off part of an original section, like making Geography and Ethnology its own section apart from Geology in 1851, or by defining a new subject area of discussion, such as Anthropology in 1869. +A very important decision in the Association's history was made in 1842 when it was resolved to create a "physical observatory". A building that became well known as the Kew Observatory was taken on for the purpose and Francis Ronalds was chosen as the inaugural Honorary Director. Kew Observatory quickly became one of the most renowned meteorological and geomagnetic observatories in the world. The Association relinquished control of the Kew Observatory in 1871 to the management of the Royal Society, after a large donation to grant the observatory its independence. +In 1872, the Association purchased its first central office in London, acquiring four rooms at 22 Albemarle Street. This office was intended to be a resource for members of the Association. +One of the most famous events linked to the Association Meeting was an exchange between Thomas Henry Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in 1860 (see the 1860 Oxford evolution debate). Although it is often described as a "debate", the exchange occurred after the presentation of a paper by Prof Draper of New York, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during the week) and the subsequent discussion involved a number of other participants (although Wilberforce and Huxley were the most prominent). Although a number of newspapers made passing references to the exchange, it was not until later that it was accorded greater significance in the evolution debate. + +=== Electrical standards === +One of the most important contributions of the British Association was the establishment of standards for electrical usage: the ohm as the unit of electrical resistance, the volt as the unit of electrical potential, and the ampere as the unit of electrical current. A need for standards arose with the submarine telegraph industry. Practitioners came to use their own standards established by wire coils: "By the late 1850s, Clark, Varley, Bright, Smith and other leading British cable engineers were using calibrated resistance coils on a regular basis and were beginning to use calibrated condensers as well." +The undertaking was suggested to the BA by William Thomson, and its success was due to the use of Thomson's mirror galvanometer. Josiah Latimer Clark and Fleeming Jenkin made preparations. Thomson, with his students, found that impure copper, contaminated with arsenic, introduced significant extra resistance. The chemist Augustus Matthiessen contributed an appendix (A) to the final 1873 report that showed temperature-dependence of alloys. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b5cf7028 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "British Science Association" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The natural relation between these units are clearly, that a unit of electromotive force between two points of a conductor separated by a unit of resistance shall produce unit current, and that this current in a unit of time convey a unit quantity of electricity. +The unit system was "absolute" since it agreed with previously accepted units of work, or energy: + +The unit current of electricity, in passing through a conductor of unit resistance, does a unit of work or its equivalent in a unit of time. + +=== Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature === +In 1888, at a meeting of the British Association in Bath, the Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature suggested three new units: the kine for velocity, equal to 1 centimeter per second; the bole for momentum, equal to 1 gram times 1 kine; and the barad for pressure, equal to 1 dyne per square centimeter. The London Electrical Review called the new units "an abomination, and wholly unnecessary" and attributed their creation to a "craze" for naming new units. William Henry Preece noted in 1891 that he had only seen one instance of use of the new units. By 1913, the units had fallen entirely out of use. + +=== Other === +The Association was parodied by English novelist Charles Dickens as 'The Mudfog Society for the Advancement of Everything' in The Mudfog Papers (1837–38). +In 1878 a committee of the Association recommended against constructing Charles Babbage's analytical engine, due to concerns about the current state of the machine's lack of complete working drawings, the machine's potential cost to produce, the machine's durability during repeated use, how and what the machine will actually be utilized for, and that more work would need to be done to bring the design up to a standard at which it is guaranteed to work. +The Association introduced the British Association (usually termed "BA") screw threads, a series of screw thread standards in sizes from 0.25 mm up to 6 mm, in 1882. The standards were based on the metric system, although they had to be re-defined in imperial terms for use by UK industry. The standard was modified in 1884 to restrict significant figures for the metric counterpart of diameter and pitch of the screw in the published table, as well as not designating screws by their number of threads per inch, and instead giving an approximation due to considerable actual differences in manufactured screws. +In 1889, a member of the Rational Dress Society, Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, stunned the proceedings of a meeting of the Association in Newcastle upon Tyne by organizing an impromptu session where she introduced rational dress to a wide audience, her speech being noted in newspapers across Britain. +In 1903, microscopist and astronomer Washington Teasdale died whilst attending the annual meeting. + +== Perception of science in the UK == +The Association's main aim is to make science more relevant, representative and connected to society. +At the beginning of the Great Depression, the Association's focus began to shift their purpose to account for not only scientific progress, but the social aspects of such progress. In the Association's 1931 meeting, the president General Jan Christiaan Smuts ended his address by the proposal of linking science and ethics together but provided no means to actuate his ideas. In the following years, debate began as to whom the responsibilities of scientists fell upon. The Association adopted a resolution in 1934 that dedicated efforts to better balance scientific advancement with social progress. +J.D. Bernal, a member of the Royal Society and the British Association, wrote The Social Function of Science in 1939, describing a need to correctly utilize science for society and the importance of its public perception. The idea of the public perception of science was furthered in 1985 when the Royal Society published a report titled The Public Understanding of Science. + +In the report, a committee of the Royal Society determined that it was scientists' duty to communicate to and educate the public. Lord George Porter, then president of the Royal Society, British Association, and director of the Royal Institution, created the Committee on the Public Understanding of Science, or COPUS, to promote public understanding of science. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50d2a0b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "British Science Association" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Professor Sir George Porter became the president in September 1985. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 along with Manfred Eigen, and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. When asked about the scientific literacy of Britain, he stated that Britain was the least educated country compared to all the other advanced countries. His idea to solve this problem would be to start scientific education for children at the age of 4. He says his reason for such an early age is because that is the age when children are the most curious, and implementing science at that age will help them gain curiosity towards all disciplines of science. When asked why public ignorance to science matters, his response wasIt matters because among those who are scientifically illiterate are some of those who are in power, people who lead us in politics, in civil service, in the media, in the church, often in industry and sometimes even in education. Think, for example, about the enormous influence of scientific knowledge on one's whole philosophy of life, even one's religion. It is no more permissible for the archbishops of today, who advise their flocks on how to interpret the Scriptures, to ignore the findings of Watson and Crick, than it was right for clerics of the last century to ignore the work of Darwin. Science today is all-pervasive. Without some scientific and technical education, it is becoming impossible even to vote responsibly on matters of health, energy, defense or education. So unless things change, we shall soon live in a country that is backward not only in its technology and standard of living but in its cultural vitality too. It is wrong to suppose that by foregoing technological and scientific education we shall somehow become a nation of artists, writers or philosophers instead. These two aspects of culture have never been divorced from each other throughout our history. Every renaissance, every period that showed a flowering of civilization, advanced simultaneously in the arts and sciences, and in technology too. +Sir Kenneth Durham, former director of research at Unilever, on becoming president in August 1987 followed on from Sir George Porter saying that science teachers needed extra pay to overcome the scarcity of mathematics and physics teachers in secondary schools, and that "unless we deal with this as matter of urgency, the outlook for our manufacturing future is bleak". He regretted that headmasters and careers masters had for many years followed 'the cult of Oxbridge' because "it carried more prestige to read classics at Oxbridge and go into the Civil Service or banking, than to read engineering at, say, Salford, and go into manufacturing industry". He said that reporting of sciences gave good coverage to medical science, but that "nevertheless, editors ought to be sensitive to developments in areas such as solid state physics, astro-physics, colloid science, molecular biology, transmission of stimuli along nerve fibres, and so on, and that newspaper editors were in danger of waiting for disasters before the scientific factors involved in the incidents were explained. + +In September 2001 Sir William Stewart, as outgoing president, warned that universities faced "dumbing down" and thatwe can deliver social inclusiveness, and the best universities, but not both from a limited amount of money. We run the risk of doing neither well. Universities are underfunded, and must not be seen simply as a substitute for National Service to keep youngsters off the dole queue... [Adding,] scientists have to be careful and consider the full implications of what they are seeking to achieve. The problem with some clever people is that they find cleverer ways of being stupid. +In the year 2000, Sir Peter Williams had put together a panel to discuss the shortage of physics majors. A physicist called Derek Raine had stated that he has had multiple firms call him up asking for physics majors. The report they made stated that it is critical that they increase the number of physics teachers, or it will have a detrimental effect on the number of future engineers and scientists. + +=== British Science Festival === +The Association's major emphasis in recent decades has been on public engagement in science. Its annual meeting, now called the British Science Festival, is the largest public showcase for science in the UK and attracts a great deal of media attention. It is held at UK universities in early September for one week, with visits to science-related local cultural attractions. +The 2010 Festival, held in Birmingham with Aston University as lead University partner, featured a prank event: the unveiling of Dulcis foetidus, a fictional plant purported to emit a pungent odour. An experiment in herd mentality, some audience members were induced into believing they could smell it. +The Festival has also been the home to protest and debate. In 1970 there were protestors over the use of science for weapons. + +=== Science Communication Conference === +The Association organised and held the annual Science Communication Conference for over ten years. It was the largest conference of its kind in the UK, and addressed the key issues facing science communicators. In 2015, the BSA introduced a new series of smaller events for science communicators, designed to address the same issues as the Science Communication Conference but for a more targeted audience. + +=== British Science Week === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6f6ee362 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +title: "British Science Association" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In addition to the British Science Festival, the British Science Association organises the British Science Week (formerly National Science & Engineering Week), an opportunity for people of all ages to get involved in science, engineering, technology and maths activities, originating as the National Week of Science, Engineering and Technology. +The Association also has a young people's programme, the CREST Awards which seeks to involve school students in science beyond the school curriculum, and to encourage them to consider higher education and careers in science. +Huxley Summit +Named after Thomas Huxley, the Huxley Summit is a leadership event run by the British Science Association, where 250 of the most influential people in the UK are brought together to discuss scientific and social challenges that the UK faces in the 21st century and to develop a link between scientists and non-scientists to ensure that science can be understood by society as a whole. On 8 November 2016, the British Science Association held the very first Huxley Summit at BAFTA, London. The theme of the summit was "Trust in the 21st Century" and how that would affect the future of science, innovation, and business. +Media Fellowship Schemes +The British Science Association's Media Fellowship provides the opportunity for practicing scientists, clinicians, and engineers to spend a period of time working at media outlets such as the Guardian, BBC Breakfast or The Londonist. After their time with the media placement, the fellows attend the British Science Festival which will offer these practitioners valuable working experience with a range of media organizations along with learning from a wide range of public engagement activities and be able to network with academics, journalists and science communicators. + +== CREST Awards == +CREST Awards is the British Science Association's scheme to encourage students aged 5–19 to get involved with STEM projects and encourage scientific thinking. Awards range from Star Awards (targeted at those aged 5–7) to Gold Awards (targeted to those aged 16–19). Overall, 30,000 awards are undertaken annually. Many students who do CREST Awards, especially Silver and Gold Awards which require 30 and 70 hours of work respectively, enter competitions like the UK Big Bang Fair. + +== Patrons and Presidents of the British Science Association == +Traditionally the president is elected at the meeting usually held in August/September for a one-year term and gives a presidential address upon retiring. The honour of the presidency is traditionally bestowed only once per individual. Written sources that give the year of presidency as a single year generally mean the year in which the presidential address is given. In 1926/1927 the association's patron was King George V and the president was his son Edward, Prince of Wales. The vice-presidents for the Leeds meeting at this time included City of Leeds Alderman Charles Lupton and his brother, The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of Leeds Hugh Lupton. The husband of the brothers' first cousin once removed - Lord Airedale of Gledhow - was also a vice-president at the Leeds meeting. + +== List of annual meetings == +1831 (1st meeting) York, England. +1832 (2nd meeting) Oxford, England. + +2013 (174th meeting) Newcastle upon Tyne, England. +2014 (175th meeting) Birmingham, England. +2015 (176th meeting) Bradford, England +2016 (177th meeting) Swansea, Wales +2017 (178th meeting) Brighton, England +2018 (179th meeting) Hull, England +2019 (180th meeting) Coventry, England +2020 No meeting due to the COVID pandemic +2021 (181st meeting) Chelmsford, Essex, England +2022 (182nd meeting) Leicester, England +2023 (183rd meeting) Exeter, England +2024 (184th meeting) East London, England +2025 (185th meeting) Liverpool, England +2026 (186th meeting) Southampton, England + +== Structure == +The organisation is administered from the Wellcome Wolfson Building at the Science Museum, London in South Kensington in Kensington and Chelsea, within a few feet of the northern boundary with the City of Westminster (in which most of the neighbouring Imperial College London is resident). + +== See also == +1860 Oxford evolution debate +American Association for the Advancement of Science +Association of British Science Writers +Café Scientifique +EuroScience +Glossary of astronomy +Glossary of biology +Glossary of chemistry +Glossary of engineering +Glossary of physics +Guildhall Lectures +National Science Week +Royal Institution +Royal Society +Scandinavian Scientist Conference (1839–1936) +Science Abstracts +Science Festival + +== References == + +== External links == + Media related to British Association at Wikimedia Commons +British Science Association +British Science Festival +British Science Association: Our history +Digitised Reports 1833–1937, Biodiversity Heritage Library +Reports of the meetings 1877–90 are available on Gallica +The University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services holds some papers of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. + +=== Video clips === +British Science Association YouTube channel \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e22aacb90 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a bi-monthly, nontechnical academic journal, published by an organization of the same name. The organization named "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" is a nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity. It publishes content both at a free-access website and through the journal. The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former Manhattan Project scientists as the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago immediately following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The organization is also the keeper of the symbolic Doomsday Clock, the time of which is announced each January. + +== Background == +One of the driving forces behind the creation of the Bulletin was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy and rapid technological change at the dawn of the Atomic Age. In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the Bulletin to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers of the nuclear arms race they knew was coming and about the destruction that atomic war could bring about. To convey the particular peril posed by nuclear weapons, the Bulletin devised the Doomsday Clock in 1947, with an original setting of seven minutes to midnight. +The minute hand of the Clock first moved closer to midnight in response to changing world events in 1949, following the first Soviet nuclear test. The Clock has been set forward and back over the years as circumstances have changed; as of 2026, it is set at 85 seconds to midnight. The Doomsday Clock is used to represent threats to humanity from a variety of sources: nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, climate change, and disruptive technologies. +In 2015, the Bulletin unveiled its Doomsday Dashboard, an interactive infographic that illustrates some of the data the Bulletin's Science and Security Board takes into account when deciding the time of the Clock each year. As of August 2018, the Bulletin's Board of Sponsors boasts 14 Nobel Laureates. +In the 1950s, the Bulletin was involved in the formation of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, annual conferences of scientists concerned about nuclear proliferation, and, more broadly, the role of science in modern society. + +== History == +In late 1945, scientists from the University of Chicago who had been involved in the Manhattan Project that had created the A-bomb formed a group using the name "Atomic Scientists of Chicago" and started publishing a newsletter titled Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago. The words of Chicago were dropped as of the seventh issue, of March 15, 1946, to reflect "the increasingly broad nature of the contents of, and the wider geographical distribution of the contributors to, the Bulletin". The founder and first editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists was biophysicist Eugene Rabinowitch (1901–1973). He founded the magazine, then a newsletter, with physicist Hyman Goldsmith. Rabinowitch was a professor of botany and biophysics at the University of Illinois and was also a founding member of the Continuing Committee for the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. In addition to Rabinowitch and Goldsmith, contributors have included: Morton Grodzins, Hans Bethe, Anatoli Blagonravov, Max Born, Harrison Brown, Stuart Chase, Brock Chisholm, E.U. Condon, Albert Einstein, E.K. Fedorov, Bernard T. Feld, James Franck, Ralph E. Lapp, Richard S. Leghorn, J. Robert Oppenheimer (first chairman of the board of the organization), Lord Boyd Orr, Michael Polanyi, Louis Ridenour, Bertrand Russell, Nikolay Semyonov, Leó Szilárd, Edward Teller, A.V. Topchiev, Harold C. Urey, Paul Weiss, James L. Tuck, among many others. +In 1949, the Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science incorporated as a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization to serve as the parent organization and fundraising mechanism of the Bulletin. In 2003, the board of directors voted to change the foundation's name to Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. + +== Purpose == +The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons. The intention was to educate fellow scientists about the relationship between their world of science and the world of national and international politics. A second was to help the American people understand what nuclear energy and its possible applications to war meant. The Bulletin contributors believed the atom bomb would only be the first of many dangers. The aim of the Bulletin was to carry out the long, sustained effort of educating people about the realities of the scientific age. + +== Doomsday Clock == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80a7570e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the Bulletin. The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result, Bulletin co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist Martyl Langsdorf to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine. Langsdorf, who was married to Manhattan Project physicist Alexander Langsdorf, first considered using the symbol for uranium but then realized that a clock would better convey "a sense of urgency." The resultant Doomsday Clock, which only has bullets labeling the numbers in the upper left hand corner, has been featured on the cover of the Bulletin many times since its creation. +The proximity of the minute hand to midnight has been the Bulletin leadership's way of warning the public about manmade threats to humanity; the Clock is a metaphor, not a prediction. That is, the time on the clock is not to be interpreted as actual time. When it began in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight; in 1953, when the Soviet Union continued to test more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight. This proximity to midnight of the Doomsday Clock during the early 1950s shows the concern that the Bulletin contributors had about the Soviet Union and the nuclear arms race. The warnings of the Bulletin continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and the focus of the efforts shifted slightly from warning about the dangers of nuclear war to the necessity of disarmament. In 2007, the leadership began taking anthropogenic climate change into account in its Clock discussions. Throughout the history of the Doomsday Clock, it has moved closer to midnight, and farther away, depending upon the status of the world at that time. The Clock has been getting closer to midnight since 1991, when it was set to 17 minutes to midnight, after the United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on nuclear arms reductions. +As of January 27, 2026, the Doomsday Clock stands at 85 seconds to midnight. It is the closest approach to midnight, exceeding that of 1953, 2018, 2020, 2023, and most recently 2025. The decision to move the hand of the Clock is made by the Bulletin's Science and Security Board, which meets in person twice a year, with subcommittees meeting more often; the announcement of the decision is made every January. Each November, prior to the Science and Security Board's fall discussion, the Bulletin hosts an annual dinner and meeting in Chicago; both events are open to the public. Reflecting international events dangerous to humankind, the Clock has been adjusted 27 times since its inception in 1947, when it was initially set to seven minutes to midnight (11:53pm). + +== Online editions == +The Bulletin has had a public-access website available online for some years, with a subscription magazine that comes out 6 times per year and is currently published by Taylor & Francis Online. An e-newsletter is also available without charge by signing up via the Bulletin website. +Backfiles of the subscription magazine are available in the John A. Simpson Collection. The backfile from the first (1945) issue through the November 1998 issue of the Bulletin has also been made available free of charge via Google Books. +November/December 2008 was the last print edition of the Bulletin, which became all-digital only that year. SAGE Publications began publishing the Bulletin's subscription magazine in September 2010; Taylor & Francis took over from Sage in January 2016. + +== Indexing == +The journal is indexed in the Journal Citation Reports, which states that the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.9, ranking it 44th out of 166 journals in the category "International Relations" and 26th out of 67 journals in the category "Social Issues". + +== See also == +Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists +Franck Report +List of international relations journals +Richard Garwin + +== Notes and references == +The records of the Bulletin are kept at the Special Collections Research Center of the University of Chicago Library. + +== External links == + +Official website +"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. +The John A. Simpson Archive at Taylor & Francis +Digitized Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists on Google Books \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051d46b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "CRISES" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:00.504827+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Laboratoire CRISES (or Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires en sciences humaines et sociales) is a French research centre in humanities and social sciences, founded in Montpellier, France, in January 2009. +It brings together about 100 scholars and 200 PhD students working in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences : History, History of Art, Archaeology, Classics, Fine Arts, Law, Political Sciences, Economy, Spanish and French Literature, Educational Sciences, Ethnology, Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, Theology. The director of Crises is, for the time being, Frédéric Rousseau (elected in 2008, December), Professor of Contemporary History, University of Montpellier. + + +== References and sources == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14c659384 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Campaign for Science and Engineering" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:12.161132+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) is a non-profit organisation that is the UK's leading independent advocate for science and engineering. It focuses on arguing for more research funding, promoting a high-tech and knowledge-based economy, highlighting the need for top-quality science and maths education at all levels, and scrutinising the mechanisms by which government uses science and evidence. + + +== History == +The Campaign for Science and Engineering was founded as Save British Science (SBS) in January 1986. The organisation started out when 1,500 scientists banded together to pay for an advert in The Times. It called on the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher to 'Save British Science'. The organisation changed its name to the Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) in 2005. + + +== Structure == +CaSE is based in London. It receives its funding from over 100 member organisations, which currently include companies such as Astra Zeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Johnson Matthey; universities such as the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge; learned and professional societies such as the Royal Society of Biology, Institute of Physics and Royal Society of Chemistry; and charities including Cancer Research UK. CaSE also has a large number of individual members. +CaSE employs a team of staff who are led by the executive director. It also has a board of directors who meet several times each year to discuss CaSE's strategy and set its campaigning priorities, as well as being responsible for governance and financial management of the organisation. Dr Robert Sorrell is the current chair of the board. + + +== Activity == +CaSE focuses its activity in five priority areas; People and Skills, Investment, Political Engagement, Public Opinion, and Research System delivering independent analysis and recommendations for action in reports in these areas. Following the 2016 Brexit referendum, it has been a strong voice in the areas of immigration, collaboration and regulation which are of particular concern to the science and engineering sector. +In 2010, CaSE played a key role in the Science is Vital campaign, which lobbied against cuts to the UK science budget in the Comprehensive Spending Review of October that year. The science budget was frozen in the final review. In 2017 CaSE called for increase in R&D investment and the government subsequently committed to increasing spending to 2.4% of GDP by 2027. Other successes include lobbying for amendments to the HE and Research Bill in 2016. +In 2023 CaSE published major pieces of work into Public Attitudes to Research and Development, and the Skills needs of a more innovative UK. +CaSE holds regular meetings with representatives from its member organisations to inform its work, alongside sustained political engagement. This include meeting directly with MPs and Peers, submitting evidence to Select Committee Inquiries and being invited to speak at conference and panel events. +CaSE also holds an annual lecture which is given by prominent scientific or political figures including Jo Johnson, then Universities and Science Minister, in 2016, Professor Ellen Stofan, then NASA Chief Scientist in 2014, Professor Anne Glover CBE, then EU Chief Scientific Advisor in 2013, and Sir Patrick Vallance, then UK Government Chief Scientific Advisor in 2019. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Campaign for Science and Engineering website +Campaign for Science and Engineering blog \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6c8a5474 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "Campaign for Social Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:52.255293+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Campaign for Social Science was launched in 2011 to advocate social science to the UK Government and to the public, at a time of significant change in the higher education system. It campaigns for the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Science Advisor, promotes social science in the media and on the web, and organises roadshows and other events to emphasise the value of social science. + + +== History == +The Campaign was established by the Academy of Social Sciences and was formally launched at the House of Lords in January 2011, at an event that featured speakers including Trevor Phillips, Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, Polly Toynbee, the Guardian columnist, and David Willetts, the then Universities and Science Minister in the Coalition Government. + + +== Structure and funding == +The Campaign's Board is chaired by James Wilsdon, Professor of Research Policy, Department of Politics, Director of Impact and Engagement, Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Sheffield and founding director of the Science Policy Centre at the Royal Society. Other members are: +Stephen Anderson, executive director of the Academy of Social Sciences; +Nick Bibby, Communications Officer at the Centre on Constitutional Change, University of Edinburgh; +Dr Jacqui Briggs, FAcSS, Head of School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lincoln; +Rachel Neaman, CEO, Corsham Institute; +Professor Colin Copus FAcSS, Professor of Local Politics and Director of the Local Governance Research Unit, De Montfort University; +Professor Rick Delbridge FAcSS, Dean of Research, Innovation & Enterprise, Cardiff University, and Professor of Organizational Analysis, Cardiff Business School; +Barbara Doig, FAcSS, former Scottish Executive Chief Researcher; +Dr Claire Donovan, Reader in the Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University London; +Professor Patrick Dunleavy FAcSS, Professor of Political Science and Public Policy Chair, London School of Economics and Political Science; +Professor Jon Glasby FAcSS, Professor of Health and Social Care and Head of School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham; +John Goddard OBE FAcSS, Emeritus Professor of Regional Development Studies at Newcastle University; +Desiree Lopez, CEO of TNS BMRB; +Ziyad Marar, Executive Vice President and Global Publishing Director at SAGE; +Professor Andrew Russell, Professor of Politics, University of Manchester; +Dr Olivia Stevenson, Public Policy Impact Facilitator with the Office of the Vice-Provost (Research), University College London; +Professor Neil Ward FAcSS, Pro Vice Chancellor of the University of East Anglia; +Sharon Witherspoon MBE FAcSS, former Director of the Nuffield Foundation and Acting Head of Policy at the Academy of Social Sciences and its Campaign for Social Science; +Dr Milly Zimeta, freelance journalist, writer and lecturer at the University of Roehampton. +The Campaign receives no state funding, and relies on donations and sponsorship; among its sponsors are 50 universities, 23 learned societies, six publishers and two charities. + + +== Lobbying == +The Campaign has urged the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Science Advisor, which was removed in 2010 when the role was downgraded and split between two people who also have other responsibilities. The Campaign made its case to the House of Lords Science Select Committee on Science and Technology, which issued a report in February 2012 calling for the post to be reinstated. + + +== Events == +As of December 2013, the Campaign had held 19 roadshows at universities around the UK to emphasise the value and importance of social science and to encourage support and donations. +With the Academy of Social Sciences, the Campaign organised a conference on the 2011 England riots at Gresham College, London, in October 2011, and a public discussion on the future of universities, at the University of East London in October 2011. The Campaign held a launch for the latest booklet in its Making the Case for the Social Sciences, in November 2013, on mental wellbeing; speakers including Professor Lord Richard Layard and Andy Burnham, Shadow Secretary of State for Health. + + +== Publicity == +The Campaign promotes social science in the media, with letters and articles published in the Times Higher Education magazine and The Guardian newspaper on issues such as the Chief Social Science Advisor and the need for closer relations between social scientists and government. + +In October 2013 the Campaign released a report saying that social science graduates had a higher employment rate 3.5 years after the end of their degrees than did science or arts-humanities graduates. +In February 2015 it released The Business of People, a report into social science and society. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Campaign for Social Science Homepage +Academy Homepage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e97a6208f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "Center for Inquiry" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Center for Inquiry (CFI) is a U.S. nonprofit advocacy group that works to mitigate belief in pseudoscience and the paranormal and to fight the influence of religion in government. + +== History == +The Center for Inquiry was established in 1991 by atheist philosopher and author Paul Kurtz. It brought together two organizations: the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (founded by Kurtz in 1976) and the Council for Secular Humanism (founded by Kurtz in 1980). The Center for Inquiry Inc was registered as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization in April 2001. +Kurtz, a humanist who founded CFI to offer a positive alternative to religion, led the organization for thirty years. In 2009, Kurtz said he was forced out of CFI after conflict with Ronald A. Lindsay, a corporate lawyer hired to become CEO in 2008. +Robyn Blumner succeeded Lindsay as CEO in January 2016 when CFI announced that it was merging with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. + +== Committee for Skeptical Inquiry == + +Through the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), and its journal, Skeptical Inquirer magazine, published by the Center for Inquiry, CSI examines evidential claims of the paranormal or supernormal, including psychics, ghosts, telepathy, clairvoyance, UFOs, and creationism. It also hosts the CSICon. +They also examine pseudoscientific claims involving vaccines, cellphones, power lines, GMOs, and alternative medicine. In the area of religion, they examine beliefs that involve testable claims, such as faith healing and creationism, but stay away from untestable religious beliefs such as the existence of God. +The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), then known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), was, alongside magician and prominent skeptic James Randi, sued by TV celebrity Uri Geller in the 1990s after Randi told a newspaper interviewer that Geller's tricks "are the kind that used to be on the back of cereal boxes when I was a kid." The case ran for several years, and was ultimately settled in 1995 with Geller ordered to pay the legal costs of Randi and CSICOP. + +=== The Center for Inquiry Investigations Group === + +The Investigations Group (Formerly the Independent Investigations Group), a volunteer group based at CFI Los Angeles, undertakes experimental testing of fringe claims. It was founded by James Underdown, who is currently executive director of CFI West and a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. The Group offers a cash prize of US$500,000 for successful demonstration of supernatural effects. This prize had been previously raised to US$250,000 when the IIG re-branded as the Center for Inquiry Investigations Group (CFIIG) in 2020 before it was raised again to the current amount. +The IIG Awards (known as "Iggies") are presented for "scientific and critical thinking in mainstream entertainment". IIG has investigated, among other things, power bracelets, psychic detectives, and a 'telepathic wonder dog'. + +== Religion, ethics, and society == + +The center promotes critical inquiry into the foundations and social effects of the world religions. Since 1983, initially through its connection with Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion, it has focused on such issues as fundamentalism in Christianity and Islam, humanistic alternatives to religious ethics, and religious sources of political violence. It has taken part in protests against religious persecution around the world and opposes religious privilege, for example benefits for clergy in the US Tax Code. In 2014 and 2017, respectively, the CFI won two lawsuits compelling the states of Illinois and Indiana to allow weddings to be performed by officiants who are neither religious clergy nor government officials. A similar lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of marriage law in Texas was dismissed in August 2019. +CFI actively supports secular interests, such as secular state education. It organizes conferences, such as Women In Secularism and a conference focused on freethought advocate Robert Ingersoll. CFI has provided meeting and conference facilities to other skeptical organizations, for example an atheist of color conference on social justice. +CFI also undertakes atheist education and support activities, for example sending freethought books to prisoners as part of its Freethought Books Project. +CFI is active in advocating free speech, and in promoting secular government. It speaks against institutional religion in the armed forces. +Free Inquiry is published by the Center for Inquiry, in association with the Council for Secular Humanism (CSH). As of July, 2024, the magazine was edited by Ronald Lindsay. + +== Publications == + +The results of research and activities supported by the center and its affiliates are published and distributed to the public in seventeen separate national and international magazines, journals, and newsletters. Among them are CSH's Free Inquiry and Secular Humanist Bulletin, and CSI's Skeptical Inquirer, CFI's American Rationalist. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice and Philo, a journal covering philosophical issues, are no longer being published. +In June 2020, CFI announced the "newly launched CFI online publication", Pensar, "the Spanish language magazine for science, reason, and freethought." It is published by Alejandro Borgo, director of CFI Argentina. +CFI has produced the weekly radio show and podcast, Point of Inquiry, since 2005. Episodes are available free for download from iTunes. Its current hosts, as of June 2020, are Leighann Lord and James Underdown. Notable guests have included Steven Pinker, Neil deGrasse Tyson and Richard Dawkins. + +== Projects and programs == + +=== Secular Rescue === +The Center for Inquiry has an emergency fund called Secular Rescue, formerly known as the Freethought Emergency Fund. Between 2015 and 2018, Secular Rescue helped thirty individuals fleeing anti-secular regimes gain asylum. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2476d8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "Center for Inquiry" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Office of Public Policy === +The Office of Public Policy (OPP) is the Washington, D.C., political arm of the Center for Inquiry. The OPP's mandate is to lobby Congress and the Administration on issues related to science and secularism. This includes defending the separation of church and state, promoting science and reason as the basis of public policy, and advancing secular values. +The OPP publishes position statements on its subjects of interest. Examples have included acupuncture, climate change, contraception and intelligent design. The Office is an active participant in legal matters, providing experts for Congress testimony and amicus briefs in Supreme Court cases. It publishes a list of bills it considers of interest as they pass through the U.S. legislative process. + +=== "Science and the Public" Master of Education program === +In partnership with the Graduate School of Education at the State University of New York at Buffalo, CFI offers an accredited Master of Education program in Science and the Public, available entirely online. Aimed at students preparing for careers in research, science education, public policy, science journalism, or further study in sociology, history, and philosophy of science, science communication, education, or public administration, the program explores the methods and outlook of science as they intersect with public culture, scientific literacy, and public policy. + +=== Quackwatch === +In February 2020, Quackwatch, founded by Stephen Barrett, became part of CFI, which announced it plans to maintain its various websites and to receive Barrett's library later in the year. + +=== ScienceSaves === +ScienceSaves is a nationwide pro-science campaign to generate an appreciation for the role of science. National Science Appreciation Day started in 2022 and is part of the ScienceSaves initiative and happens annually on March 26. In 2022, CFI got proclamations declaring March 26 as National Science Appreciation Day from more than a dozen states. + +=== Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science === + +This program provides teachers with tools to teach evolution. + +== Richard Dawkins Award == + +The Richard Dawkins Award is an annual award that was presented by the Atheist Alliance of America up until July 2019, when it moved to the Center for Inquiry (CFI). According to the CFI press release, "The recipient will be a distinguished individual from the worlds of science, scholarship, education or entertainment, who publicly proclaims the values of secularism and rationalism, upholding scientific truth wherever it may lead". The award has been presented since 2003, and is named after Richard Dawkins, an English evolutionary biologist who was named the world's top thinker in a 2013 reader's poll of Prospect magazine. + +== Past projects and programs == +The following projects and programs are no longer active. + +=== Camp Inquiry === +The Center for Inquiry organized an annual summer camp for children called Camp Inquiry, focusing on scientific literacy, critical thinking, naturalism, the arts, humanities, and humanist ethical development. Camp Inquiry has been described as "a summer camp for kids with questions" where spooky stories were followed by "reverse engineering sessions" as the participants were encouraged to determine the cause of an apparently supernatural experience. Camp Inquiry has been criticised as "Jesus Camp in reverse"; its organisers countered that the camp is not exclusive to atheist children and that campers are encouraged to draw their own conclusions based on empirical and critical thinking. + +=== CFI Institute === +The Center for Inquiry Institute offered undergraduate level online courses, seminars, and workshops in critical thinking and the scientific outlook and its implications for religion, human values, and the borderlands of science. In addition to transferable undergraduate credit through the University at Buffalo system, CFI offered a thirty-credit-hour Certificate of Proficiency in Critical Inquiry. The three-year curriculum plan offered summer sessions at the main campus at the University at Buffalo in Amherst, New York. + +=== Medicine and health === +The Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health (CSMMH) stimulated critical scientific scrutiny of New Age medicine and the schools of psychotherapy. It supported naturalistic addiction recovery practices through Secular Organizations for Sobriety. CFI challenges the claims of alternative medicine and advocates a scientific basis for healthcare. CSMMH papers have covered topics such as pseudoscience in autism treatments and in psychiatry. + +=== Naturalism Research Project === +CFI also ran the Naturalism Research Project, a major effort to develop the theoretical and practical applications of philosophical naturalism. As part of this project, CFI's libraries, research facilities, and conference areas were available to scientists and scholars to advance the understanding of science's methodologies and conclusions about naturalism. +Activities of the Naturalism Research Project included lectures and seminars by visiting fellows and scholars; academic conferences; and support CFI publications of important research. Among the central issues of naturalism include the exploration of varieties of naturalism; problems in philosophy of science; the methodologies of scientific inquiry; naturalism and humanism; naturalistic ethics; planetary ethics; and naturalism and the biosciences. + +== Organization and locations == + +CFI is a nonprofit body registered as a charity in the United States. It has 17 locations in the U.S., and has 16 international branches or affiliated organizations. The organization has Centers For Inquiry in Amherst, New York (its headquarters), Los Angeles, The Steve Allen Theater, New York City, Tampa Bay, Washington, D.C., Indiana, Austin, Chicago, San Francisco and Michigan. + +=== International activities === +CFI has branches, representation or affiliated organizations in countries around the world. It organizes its international activities under the banner Center For Inquiry Transnational. In addition, CFI holds consultative status to the United Nations as an NGO under the UN Economic and Social Council. The center participates in UN Human Rights Council debates, for example a debate on the subject of female genital mutilation during 2014. + +=== University exchange programs === +International programs exist in Germany (Rossdorf), France (Nice), Spain (Bilbao), Poland (Warsaw), Nigeria (Ibadan), Uganda (Kampala), Kenya (Nairobi), Nepal (Kathmandu), India (Pune and Hyderabad), Egypt (Cairo), China (Beijing), New Zealand (Auckland), Peru (Lima), Argentina (Buenos Aires), Senegal (Dakar), Zambia (Lusaka), and Bangladesh (Dhaka). + +=== Centre for Inquiry Canada === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcfb5b744 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Center for Inquiry" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +CFI Canada (CFIC) is the Canadian branch of CFI Transnational, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Justin Trottier served as National Executive Director from 2007 to 2011. Originally established and supported in part by CFI Transnational, CFI Canada has become an independent Canadian national organization with several provincial branches. CFI Canada has branches in Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatoon, Calgary, Okanagan (Kelowna), and Vancouver. + +== Affiliate organizations == + +=== List of affiliates === +Organizations affiliated with the Center for Inquiry include: + +Centre for Inquiry Canada +Centre for Inquiry UK +Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (see below) +Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) +Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion (CSER) +Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health Practice (CSMMH) +International Academy of Humanism +Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science + +=== Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society === +The Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS) is an organization of writers that promotes the ideas of secularism, democracy and human rights within Islamic society. Founded in 1998 by former Muslims, the best known being Ibn Warraq, the group aims to combat theologically driven fanaticism, violence and terrorism. The organization subscribes to the rule of secular law, freedom of speech and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It does not promote any belief system or religious dogma. + +== In the media == +CFI participates in media debates on science, health, religion and its other areas of interest. Its "Keep Healthcare Safe and Secular" campaign promotes scientifically sound healthcare. It has been an outspoken critic of dubious and unscientific healthcare practices, and engages in public debate on the merit and legality of controversial medical techniques. In 2014, CEO Ron Lindsay publicly criticized Stanislaw Burzynski's controversial Texas cancer clinic. +CFI campaigns for a secular society, for example in opposing the addition of prayer text on public property. The center supports secular and free speech initiatives. +On November 14, 2006, the CFI opened its Office of Public Policy in Washington, DC, and issued a declaration "In Defense of Science and Secularism", which calls for public policy to be based on science rather than faith. The next day The Washington Post ran an article about it entitled "Think Tank Will Promote Thinking". +In 2011, video expert James Underdown of IIG and CFI Los Angeles did an experiment for "Miracle Detective" Oprah Winfrey Network which replicated exactly the angelic apparition that people claim cured a 14-year-old severely disabled child at Presbyterian Hemby Children's Hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina. The "angel" was sunlight from a hidden window, and the girl remained handicapped. + +=== Consumer fraud lawsuits against CVS and Walmart === +In July 2018, CFI filed suit against CVS in the District of Columbia for consumer fraud over its sale and marketing of ineffective homeopathic medicine. The lawsuit in part accused the CVS of deceiving consumers through its misrepresentation of homeopathy's safety and effectiveness, wasting customers' money and putting their health at risk. Nicholas Little, CFI's Vice President and General Counsel said, "CVS is taking cynical advantage of their customers' confusion and trust in the CVS brand, and putting their health at risk to make a profit and they can't claim ignorance. If the people in charge of the country's largest pharmacy don't know that homeopathy is bunk, they should be kept as far away from the American healthcare system as possible." In May 2019, CFI announced that they have filed a similar suit against Walmart for their range of homeopathic products. In July 2019, CFI announced that the Stiefel Freethought Foundation was contributing an additional $150,000 to the previously committed $100,000 to support the two lawsuits. In 2020 both cases were dismissed. In September 2022 the District of Columbia's Court of Appeals revived the lawsuits. + +=== Lack of racial diversity on its board of directors === +In 2016, the atheist Sikivu Hutchinson criticized the merger of the secular organizations Center for Inquiry and the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, which gave Richard Dawkins a seat on the board of directors of the Center for Inquiry. Her criticism was that both organizations had all white boards of directors. + +=== Wyndgate Country Club and Richard Dawkins, 2011 === +During Richard Dawkins' October 2011 book tour, Center for Inquiry – the tour's sponsor – signed a contract with Wyndgate Country Club in Rochester Hills, Michigan, as the venue site. After seeing an interview with Dawkins on The O'Reilly Factor, an official at the club cancelled Dawkins' appearance. Dawkins said that the country club official accepted Bill O'Reilly's "twisted" interpretation of his book The Magic of Reality without having read it personally. Sean Faircloth said that cancelling the reading "really violates the basic principles of America ... The Civil Rights Act ... prohibits discrimination based on race or religious viewpoint. ... [Dawkins has] published numerous books ... to explain science to the public, so it's rather an affront, to reason in general, to shun him as they did." CFI Michigan executive director Jeff Seaver stated that "This action by The Wyndgate illustrates the kind of bias and bigotry that nonbelievers encounter all the time." Following the cancellation, protests and legal action by CFI against the Wyndgate Country Club were pursued. In 2013 this case was settled in favor of the Center For Inquiry. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c5813c0d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Center for Inquiry" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== CSH actions against faith-based initiatives === +In 2007, CSH sued the Florida Department of Corrections (DOC) to block the use of state funds in contracts to faith-based programs for released inmates, claiming that this use is prohibited under the "No Aid" provision or Blaine amendment of the Florida constitution. The initial decision found in favor of the DOC but, on appeal, the case was remanded in 2010 on just the issue of the unconstitutionality of appropriating state funds for this purpose. +While this case was in progress, after the appellate finding, Republican legislators began an effort to amend the Florida constitution to remove the language of the Blaine amendment, succeeding in 2011 to place the measure on the 2012 ballot as amendment 8. The ballot measure failed. +In 2015, CHS (now CFI) and the state (along with its co-defendants) both filed for summary judgement. The court granted the state's motion in January, 2016, allowing the contested contracting practice to continue. After consideration, CFI announced in February, 2016, that it would not appeal. + +=== Heckled at the UN === +CFI representative Josephine Macintosh was repeatedly interrupted and heckled by the delegation from Saudi Arabia whilst presenting the center's position on censorship at the UN Human Rights Council. CFI advocated free speech, and opposed the punishment by Saudi authorities of Raif Badawi for running an Internet forum, whom they accused of atheism and liberalism. CFI's statement was supported by the American, Canadian, Irish, and French delegates. + +=== Blasphemy Day === + +Blasphemy Rights Day International encourages individuals and groups to openly express their criticism of or outright contempt for religion. It was founded in 2009 by the Center for Inquiry. A student contacted the Center for Inquiry in Amherst, New York, to present the idea, which CFI then supported. Ronald Lindsay, president and CEO of the Center for Inquiry, said regarding Blasphemy Day, "We think religious beliefs should be subject to examination and criticism just as political beliefs are, but we have a taboo on religion", in an interview with CNN. It takes place every September 30 to coincide with the anniversary of the publications of the controversial Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons. +Blasphemy Day and CFI's related Blasphemy Contests started (in CFI's own words) "a firestorm of controversy". The use of confrontational free speech has been a topic of debate within the Humanist movement and cited as an example of a wider move towards New Atheism and away from the more conciliatory approach historically associated with Humanism. + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +Point of Inquiry, radio show/podcast +McQuaig, Dr. Angie. "How Camp Inquiry introduces kids to the principles of humanism". Free Inuiry. 8. 4. Council for Secular Humanism. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb44ac826 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Center for Science in the Public Interest" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a Washington, D.C.–based non-profit watchdog and consumer advocacy group. + +== History and funding == +CSPI is a consumer advocacy organization. Its focus is nutrition and health, food safety, and alcohol policy. CSPI was founded in 1971 by the microbiologist Michael F. Jacobson, along with the meteorologist James Sullivan and the chemist Albert Fritsch, two fellow scientists from Ralph Nader's Center for the Study of Responsive Law. In the early days, CSPI focused on various aspects such as nutrition, environmental issues, and nuclear energy. However, after the 1977 departure of Fritsch and Sullivan, CSPI began to focus largely on nutrition and food safety and began publishing nutritional analyses and critiques. +CSPI has 501(c)(3) status. Its chief source of income is its Nutrition Action Healthletter, which has about 900,000 subscribers and does not accept advertising. The organization receives about 5 to 10 percent of its $17 million annual budget from grants by private foundations. +CSPI has more than sixty staff members and an annual budget from over $20 million. +Jacobson now serves as a Senior Scientist at CSPI, with Peter G. Lurie acting as the organization's current President. + +== Programs and campaigns == + +=== Nutrition and food labeling === +CSPI advocates for clearer nutrition and food labeling. +For example, labeling of "low-fat" or "heart healthy" foods in restaurants must now meet specific requirements established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as of May 2, 1997. +In 1994, the group first brought the issue of high saturated fat in movie popcorn to the public attention. +In 1975, CSPI published a "White Paper on Infant Feeding Practices" aimed at criticizing the commercial baby food industry's products and advertising. The White Paper started a formalized, political discussion of issues surrounding early introduction of solid foods and the extraordinarily processed ingredients in commercial baby food. CSPI took particular issue with the modified starches, excessive sugar and salt additions, and presence of nitrates in baby food products. In addition, the White Paper criticized branding and advertisements on products, which they argued lead mothers to believe that solid foods ought to be introduced earlier in an infant's diet. +In 1989, CSPI was instrumental in convincing fast-food restaurants to stop using animal fat for frying. They would later campaign against the use of trans fats. +CSPI's 1994 petition led to the FDA's 2003 regulation requiring trans fat to be disclosed on food labels. CSPI's 2004 petition, as well as a later one from a University of Illinois professor, led to the FDA's ban of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, the major source of artificial trans fat. +In 1998, the Center published a report entitled Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health. It examined statistics relating to the soaring consumption of soft drinks, particularly by children, and the consequent health ramifications including tooth decay, nutritional depletion, obesity, type 2 (formerly known as "adult-onset") diabetes, and heart disease. It also reviewed soft drink marketing and made various recommendations aimed at reducing soft drink consumption, in schools and elsewhere. A second, updated edition of the report was published in 2005. Among the actions they advocate are taxing soft drinks. As of 2018, a sugary drink tax exists in Berkeley, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Boulder, Colorado; San Francisco, California; Oakland, California; Albany, California; and Cook County, Illinois. Seattle introduced a city-wide comprehensive sugary drinks tax in 2019. CSPI followed up with a 2013 petition calling on the FDA to limit the sugar content of soft drinks and to set voluntary targets for sugar levels in other foods with added sugars. +In 2003, it worked with lawyer John F. Banzhaf III to pressure ice cream retailers to display nutritional information about their products. +In January 2016, the Center released a report entitled "Seeing Red - Time for Action on Food Dyes" which criticized the continued use of artificial food coloring in the United States. The report estimated that over half a million children in the United States suffer adverse behavioral reactions as a result of ingesting food dyes, with an estimated cost exceeding $5 billion per year, citing data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The report urges the FDA to take action to ban or curtail the use of such dyes. CSPI has urged companies to replace synthetic colorings with natural ones, and Mars, General Mills, and other major food manufacturers have begun doing so. + +=== School foods === +CSPI has worked since the 1970s to improve the nutritional quality of school meals, and remove soda and unhealthy foods from school vending machines, snack bars, and a la carte lines. Despite pushback from the soda and snack food industries, CSPI successfully worked with a number of local school districts and states to pass policies in the early 2000s to restrict the sale of soda and other unhealthy snack foods in schools. In 2004, CSPI worked with members of the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity (NANA) (a CSPI-led coalition) to include a provision in the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 to ensure all local school districts develop a nutrition and physical activity wellness policy by 2006. +In 2010, CSPI and NANA led the successful effort to pass the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, a landmark law to improve child nutrition programs. The law (enacted December 13, 2010) authorized the U.S. Department of Agriculture to update the nutrition standards for snacks and beverages sold in schools through vending machines, a la carte lines, school stores, fundraisers, and other school venues. CSPI worked with NANA to mobilize support for the updated nutrition standards and urge the USDA to adopt strong final school nutrition standards (released in June 2013). Despite opposition from some members of Congress and the potato and pizza industries (which lobbied for unlimited french fries and ketchup as a vegetable in school meals) CSPI and NANA's efforts also resulted in strong nutrition standards for school lunches. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a9ed5872 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Center for Science in the Public Interest" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Food safety === +One of CSPI's largest projects is its Food Safety Initiative, directed to reduce food contamination and foodborne illness. In addition to publishing Outbreak Alert!, a compilation of food-borne illnesses and outbreaks, the project advocated for the Food Safety Modernization Act, which was signed into law in 2011. The law refocused government attention on preventing food contamination rather than on identifying problems after they caused outbreaks of illnesses. + +=== Food Day: October 24 === + +Between 2011 and 2016, CSPI sponsored Food Day, a nationwide celebration of healthy, affordable, and sustainably produced food and a grassroots campaign for better food policies. +Food Day's goal was to help people "Eat Real", which the project defined as cutting back on sugar drinks, overly salted packaged foods, and fatty, factory-farmed meats in favor of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and sustainably raised protein. This annual event involved some of the country's most prominent food activists, united by a vision of food that is healthy, affordable, and produced with care for the environment, farm animals, and the people who grow, harvest, and serve it. +Across the country, several thousand events took place each year, from community festivals in Denver, Savannah, and New York City, to a national conference in Washington, D.C., to thousands of school activities in Portland, Minneapolis, and elsewhere. + +=== Alcohol Policies Project === +The group's "Alcohol Policies Project", now discontinued, advocated against what it considers adverse societal influences of alcohol, such as marketing campaigns that target young drinkers, and promoted turning self-imposed advertising bans by alcohol industry groups into law. +In 1985 CSPI organized Project SMART (Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and Television). It generated huge public interest, a petition campaign that obtained a million signatures, and congressional hearings. Members of the media joined the project, such as syndicated columnist Colman McCarthy. However, strong opposition from the alcoholic beverage and advertising industries ultimately prevailed. +The Alcohol Policies Project organized the "Campaign for Alcohol-Free Sports TV". Launched in 2003 with the support of at least 80 other local and national groups, the campaign asked schools to pledge to prohibit alcohol advertising on local sports programming and to work toward eliminating alcohol advertising from televised college sports programs. It also sought Congressional support for such a prohibition. CSPI also sponsored Project SMART—Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and TV—which called for federal bans on marketing. The project gathered more than 1 million signatures on a petition, which it presented to Congress at a hearing. That effort was unsuccessful. +In addition, CSPI has pressured alcoholic beverage companies with lawsuits. In one such lawsuit, filed in September 2008, the Center "sue[d] MillerCoors Brewing Company over its malt beverage Sparks, arguing that the caffeine and guarana in the drink are additives that have not been approved by the FDA," and that the combination of those ingredients with alcohol resulted in "more drunk driving, more injuries, and more sexual assaults." + +== Trans fats == +During the 1980s, CSPI's campaign "Saturated Fat Attack" advocated the replacement of beef tallow, palm oil and coconut oil in processed foods and restaurant foods with fats containing less saturated fatty acids. CSPI assumed that trans fats were benign. In a 1986 book entitled The Fast-Food Guide, it praised chains such as KFC that had converted to partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are lower in saturated fat but high in trans fat. As a result of this pressure, many restaurants such as McDonald's made the switch. +After new scientific research in the early 1990s found that trans fat increased the risk of heart disease, CSPI revoked their position and began a successful two-decades-long effort to ban artificial trans fat. From the mid-1990s onward, however, CSPI identified trans fats as the greater public health danger. CSPI executive director Michael Jacobson went on record saying, "Twenty years ago, scientists (including me) thought trans [fat] was innocuous. Since then, we've learned otherwise." +In response, three trade groups – the National Restaurant Association, the National Association of Margarine Manufacturers and the Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils – "said the evidence [on trans fat] was contradictory and inconclusive, and accused [CSPI] of jumping to a premature conclusion." +In 1994, CSPI petitioned the FDA to require trans fat to be added to Nutrition Facts labels, and in 2004, with stronger evidence of trans fat's harmfulness, CSPI petitioned FDA to ban partially hydrogenated oil, the source of most artificial trans fat. In 2003 FDA required trans fat to be labeled, and in 2015 FDA banned the use of partially hydrogenated oil. + +== Criticism == +Former U.S. Representative Bob Barr (a Republican, and later Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States) accused CSPI of pursuing "a pre-existing political agenda" and pointed to individual responsibility for dietary choices. Cato Institute scholar Walter Olson wrote that the group's "longtime shtick is to complain that businesses like McDonald's, rather than our own choices, are to blame for rising obesity," and called CSPI's suit against McDonald's for using toys to encourage young children to ask for the company's Happy Meals on behalf of a California mother a "new low in responsible parenting." +In 2002, the Center for Consumer Freedom, a group founded by Richard Berman that opposed government regulation, published a series of print and radio ads designed in part to drive traffic to the CCF website that provided additional critical information about CSPI. A San Francisco Chronicle article identified CSPI as "one of two groups singled out [by the CCF] for full-on attack," and said, "What's not mentioned on the [CCF] Web site is that it's one of a cluster of such nonprofits started... by Berman." + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website +Brody, Jane E. (January 1, 2018). "They Took On the Food Giants — and Won". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2018. +"Center for Science in the Public Interest". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d943645c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:53.441827+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The CEDEJ (Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales Eng.:Centre for Economic, Judicial, and Social Study and Documentation) is a French sponsored research center located in Cairo (Egypt), created in 1968. The Cedej has the status of a "Joint Entity of French Research Institutes Abroad" (UMIFRE, Unité Mixte des Instituts français de recherche à l’étranger) and is under the aegis of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research). Karine Bennafla is its director since September 2015. +It has published numerous books and periodicals in all fields of social sciences in Egypt, the Sudan and the Arabic world. Among these, Egypte/Monde arabe, published from 1990, which is online in full text on the portal revues.org. +It includes a social sciences library of more than 35,000 books, most of them in Arabic; a database of geolocated statistics; and a collection of old and new maps of Egypt and its cities. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +This article is based on a translation of fr:CEDEJ on French language Wikipedia. +Cedej's website +Egypte/Monde arabe website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b44fbecc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Centre for Independent Social Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:54.603324+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Centre for Independent Social Research (CISR) is a nongovernmental research institute in Russia working in four main areas: Social research projects; professional development of young sociologists; the formation of professional networks in the social sciences; Sociological expertise and consultations. The CISR activities are financed mainly through Russian and international scientific funds and philanthropic organizations. Since 2001, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation has been a partner of CISR. + + +== History == +The thought of establishing an independent sociological center first arose in the late 1980s and was the idea of Viktor Voronkov and Oleg Vite, who, at the time, were employees of the Leningrad division of the Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Sociology. Inspired by the rapid social and political changes taking place in the country, they gathered a group of enthusiasts and started conducting their own independent research projects. Edward Fomin, Elena Zdravomyslova, and Ingrid Oswald actively participated in the practical fulfillment of this idea. They all shared a desire to create a flexible, democratic research structure that would be capable of responding to the demands of a quickly changing Russian society and of promoting the integration of Russian sociologists into the international sociological community. The Center actually began working a few years before it was legally registered in 1991. +In 1994, the Center acquired a converted apartment office on Vasileostrovsky Island. CISR conducted various research projects, and became a visible actor in the Russian and international sociological communities. In 2000, CISR was able to acquire new office space on Ligovsky Prospect thanks to a grant from the Ford Foundation. The next year (2001), CISR received its first institutional grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. +In June 2015 Russia's Ministry of Justice added the Centre to the so-called list of "foreign agent". + + +== Contribution to the Scientific Discussion == +Employees of the Center worked to ensure that the constructivist approach (marginal for Russia in the 1990s) and qualitative methods were included in Russian researchers’ arsenal. This was made possible by several factors: holding international methodological conferences such as “The Biographical Method of Studying Post-Socialistic Societies (1996),” carrying out educational projects focused on the popularization of qualitative methods for research among young sociologists, and publishing books detailing the results of empirical studies, including “The Construction of Ethnicity: Ethnic Communities in St. Petersburg (1998).” Continuing the tradition of researching relevant social processes, developing new approaches to social research, and integrating into the international community, CISR has organized several conferences: The Social Sciences, Racial Discourse, and Discriminatory Practices (2004); The Biographical Method in the Study of Post-Socialist Societies: 10 Years Later (2006); The Russian Field: A look from Abroad (2009). +In 2004, CISR initiated the creation of the Convention of Independent Sociological Centers of Russia (CISC) which united around 20 research organizations. Under the direction of the Convention, the first two books of the series Qualitative Methods in Social Research were published: I. Shteinberg, T. Shanin, E. Kovalev, A. Levinson Qualitative Methods. Sociological Field Studies and a collection of articles Leave in Order to Stay: the Sociologist in the Field. +Since 1998, CISR has been partners with the Heinrich Boell Foundation (Moscow/Berlin) working to create a scholarship program for talented young researchers. In 2000, the German-Russian Forum and the Robert Bosch Foundation awarded CISR a commemorative medal for their “contribution to the training of young researchers. + + +== Organisational structure == +CISR employs 22 individuals: 12 hold Ph.Ds., several others are working on their dissertations. Professional areas of research include: + +Migration, ethnicity, and nationalism +Borders and border communities +Gender studies +Ecological sociology +Social studies of the economy +Law and Society +Urban studies + + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f643cb274 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:55.830680+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC) is a social science and humanities research and teaching institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. + + +== History == +Established in 1973 jointly by the Indian Council of Social Science Research and Government of West Bengal, the Centre is one of the top social sciences think tanks of India. The centre was founded by Professor S. Nurul Hasan, when he was the education minister of India. Professor Barun De was appointed as its first director. + + +== Academics == + + +=== Centre === +The centre specializes in post-colonial, subaltern studies and cultural studies research. + + +=== Museum === +The museum, called Jadunath Sarkar Resource Centre and Museum, houses an extensive collection of vernacular medium primary and secondary literature. + + +=== Research === +They have various journals published consistently. They also feature a scholarly journal in collaboration with Sage Publications known as the Media Watch. + + +== Administration == +The Centre is administered by a chairman, director and registrar. + + +== Location == +Initially located in Jadunath Bhavan, the former residence of Sir Jadunath Sarkar at 10, Jadunath Sarkar Road (earlier Lake Terrace), Calcutta, the research centre is now located in a new building in Patuli, Calcutta. The resource centre and museum continue to remain in the historian's former residence. + + +== Notable faculty (past and present) == +Amiya Bagchi +Partha Chatterjee +Dipesh Chakrabarty +Barun De +Amitav Ghosh +Ramchandra Guha +Sugata Marjit +Gyanendra Pandey +Surajit Chandra Sinha +Tapati Guha-Thakurta + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..463d2685c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:57.007521+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities (CREA) was founded in 1991 by a current professor of Sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa of West University of Timișoara and also a recognized researcher in Europe in the Social Science area, Ramon Flecha. After Ramon Flecha's resignation as the Director of CREA, in 2006; Marta Soler, Doctor by Harvard, a current Professor of Sociological Theory, assumed the post. Nowadays, the name of the research centre has changed for this other CREA-Community of Researchers on Excellence for All. CREA, one of the centres that first joined the Scientific Park of Barcelona (University of Barcelona); is interdisciplinary; multicultural and open accepting different ideologies, religions, lifestyles, sexual orientations; transparent, since its knowledge is at everyone's disposal; and it is a centre where the validity of arguments prevails over the positions of power of their members, creating, in this way, an environment of an egalitarian dialogue. This centre is formed by University research professors, researchers and professional collaborators of diverse disciplines (sociology, pedagogy, economy, mathematics, communication, biology, etc). + + +== Dissolution == +In December 2025, CREA announced its dissolution in a statement published on its official social media channels. The announcement came shortly after the University of Barcelona referred an ongoing investigation into alleged misconduct involving the group’s founder, Ramón Flecha, and other affiliated academics to the Public Prosecutor’s Office, citing the seriousness of the allegations and preliminary findings from an internal expert commission. + + +== Methodology == +All the research CREA carries out is done with the direct collaboration of the subjects researched, using the critical communicative methodology. The subject of research is directly included providing its interpretations, experiences and opinions, enriching, in this way, the research. It is about facilitating the participation of the researched in the research through an egalitarian dialogue with the researcher where validity claims prevail over power ones. + + +== Lines of research == +The Research Centre carries out both international and national projects in developing the following lines of research: + +Dialogic Theories (including the Critical Communicative Research Methodology and Speech Acts, Social uses of the information and Communication technologies) +Cultural Groups (Roma, Arab- Muslim and Jewish community) and migration +Learning Communities +Gender (Gender Violence) +Governance and Active Citizenship + + +== Groups == +And from the lines of research described above, five groups were created by CREA: + +Roma Studies Group +Jewish Studies Group +Alhiwar Arab-Muslim Group +Interreligious Dialogue +SAFO CREA Women’s Group + + +== International dimension == +CREA is internationally well-known for its international research oriented to overcoming inequalities; already present in Europe and in various countries such as Brazil, United States, Korea or Australia. Concretely, from its origins, CREA has collaborated with international research groups, as well as with different authors of the Scientific International Community. Some of the seminars were held with important authors such as: Paulo Freire (1994), Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck Gernsheim (1998), Alain Touraine (1999), Jon Elster (2001), Judith Butler (2001), Alejandro Portes (2002), Gordon Wells (2003), John Searle (2003) or Gary Orfield (2003). +Different members of CREA have given lectures and seminars at several universities in Brazil, United States, Germany, Australia, Korea and others. Ramon Flecha participated in The Harvard Education Forum celebrated on February 27, 1998; in honor of Paulo Freire, alongside important international referents such as: Noam Chomsky (Institute Professor and Professor of Linguistics, MIT), Eileen de los Reyes (Moderator, Assistant Professor HGSE), Carolyn Higgins (Earlhm College), Yamila Hussein (HGSE master's degree candidate), Donaldo Macedo (UMass Boston), Nancy Richardson (associate dean for ministry, Harvard Divinity School), Ira Shor (City College of New York). +As another example, in 2008, professor of Sociological Theory and director of CREA, Marta Soler, gave two lectures about literary gatherings and Community involvement for social change and about the role of critical communicative methodology in overcoming social exclusion. He also led a seminar at the Havens Center for Study of Social of Structure and Social Change, in the University of Wisconsin- Madison. + + +== Controversies == +Since the mid-2000s, the research group CREA has been involved in several public controversies. In 2004 and 2006, complaints regarding its internal functioning and alleged coercive practices were examined by Spanish prosecutors, who ultimately dismissed the cases due to lack of criminal evidence, while recommending internal changes after identifying discriminatory practices against some members. In later years, CREA’s research methods were also publicly questioned by academic sociologists. +In 2016, the University of Barcelona referred seven complaints from students and faculty members to the public prosecutor, alleging sect-like behavior, psychological manipulation, and invasion of privacy within CREA. These complaints were dismissed in 2017 due to insufficient evidence to pursue criminal action. CREA stated that the accusations were part of a defamation campaign related to its research on gender-based violence and sexual harassment in universities. +In 2025, new allegations emerged involving claims of sexual harassment, abuse of power, and coercive behavior linked to members of CREA and its founder, Ramón Flecha. Fourteen women filed formal complaints with the University of Barcelona, accusing him of maintaining sexual relationships with junior researchers and students. As a result, an academic distinction awarded to CREA’s director, Marta Soler, was provisionally suspended. +During the same period, the Spanish Sociological Federation issued a public statement condemning the allegations related to the environment of the CREA group, and several research groups publicly expressed concern about CREA’s links with the Catalan Sociological Association, announcing that they would refrain from participating in its conferences unless safeguards against abusive practices were ensured. Subsequently, the Institute of Catalan Studies suspended the governing board and activities of the Catalan Sociological Association due to its links with CREA and opened an internal investigation. +In December 2025, after receiving a total of sixteen complaints describing “very serious sexual, vexatious, and intimidating conduct” and characterizing CREA as a “high-control coercive group”, the University of Barcelona referred the case to the public prosecutor. + + +== See also == +Critical communicative methodology +Dialogic learning +CREA struggle against VAW in Universities + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Gómez, J., Latorre A., Sánchez M., Flecha R. (2006): Metodología Comunicativa Crítica. Barcelona: El Roure. +Puigvert, L. (2014). Preventive Socialization of Gender Violence Moving Forward Using the Communicative Methodology of Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(7), 839–843. doi: 10.1177/1077800414537221 +Vieites, M. (September 28, 2006). Los Sueños son posibles. Mejorar la realidad sin sueños es imposible. Escuela, 3.717 (1.075), 26- 27. + + +== External links == +Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities (CREA) Archived 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 13 January 2010. Official Website of CREA (Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities). +Soler, M. (2008). Beyond Bourdieu: Community Involvement for Social Change- Audio. Havens Center. University of Wisconsin- Madison, retrieved 13 January 2010. +Soler, M. (2008). Overcoming Social Exclusion: The Role of Critical Communicative Methodology- Audio. Havens Center. University of Wisconsin- Madison., retrieved 13 January 2010. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-0.md index 43d7672fa..507f863d6 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:04:45.182222+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-1.md index 40f9345ee..2cc6e8b19 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:04:45.182222+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-2.md index d389d7a05..0fae9a9a9 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:04:45.182222+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-3.md index 30e65db2e..9df39bbb0 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/4 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:04:45.182222+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff29d32e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Colonial Social Science Research Council" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:58.178184+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Colonial Social Science Research Council (CSSRC) was an expert panel established in the United Kingdom in 1944 under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940 in order to advise the Secretary of State for the Colonies on research funding in sociology and anthropology relating to colonial development. In 1949 it was chaired by Alexander Carr-Saunders and its members consisted of Frank Debenham, Raymond Firth, Harry Hodson, Margery Perham, Arnold Plant, Margaret Helen Read, Godfrey Thomson, and Ralph Lilley Turner. + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Mills, David (2002). "British Anthropology at the End of Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Colonial Social Science Research Council, 1944-1962". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines. 6 (1/6): 161–188. doi:10.3917/rhsh.006.0161. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c8f4b598 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "Corey Tutt" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:42.234443+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Corey Aden Tutt is an Aboriginal Australian STEM professional, author, social entrepreneur and the founder of DeadlyScience, an initiative that provides STEM resources to remote schools throughout Australia. In 2020 he was named the NSW Young Australian of the Year. + + +== Early life == +Tutt grew up in the Illawarra, New South Wales, and is of Kamilaroi heritage. He attended Dapto High School, where his favourite subjects were science, agriculture, and history. +In 2011, after a close friend committed suicide, Tutt became a travelling alpaca shearer throughout Australia and New Zealand, before eventually rediscovering his love for science. + + +== Career == + +Tutt began his career as a zookeeper on the NSW South Coast, then spent time as an alpaca shearer travelling throughout Australia and New Zealand. +In 2018, Tutt founded DeadlyScience to "provide science books and early reading material to remote schools in Australia". +In 2019, he started working as a research assistant at the University of Sydney's Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use. +In 2022, Tutt authored the award-winning best seller, The First Scientists: Deadly Inventions and Innovations from Australia's First Peoples, illustrated by Archibald Prize-winning artist Blak Douglas. +In 2023 Tutt arranged for seven Yorta Yorta students from Shepparton in Victoria to meet seven-time Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton. +In June 2023, Tutt released This Book Thinks Ya Deadly, featuring the profiles of 80 Blakfellas who are doing deadly things across sport, art, activism and science, through to politics, education and literature. The book is illustrated by Molly Hunt. +Caution! This Book Contains Deadly Reptiles, illustrated by Ben Williams, was published in 2025. + + +== DeadlyScience == +Tutt founded DeadlyScience while working at Sydney University. Originally working two jobs to fund DeadlyScience, he set up a gofundme page that attracted over A$240,000 in donations, after realising that there was a school in remote Australia who had only fifteen books in their library. Starting off by sending his own books and other resources, including telescopes to remote schools, Tutt started coordinating donated resources, including books from high-profile scientists such as Brian Cox and Karl Kruszelnicki. By 2020 he had delivered 7,000 books and 200 telescopes to over 100 schools and foundations. He wants to encourage Indigenous students in remote communities to pursue a career in STEM. +He particularly wants to ensure that every remote Australian school has resources that tell the true history of Australia's first scientists, such as Bruce Pascoe's book, Dark Emu. +From 2019, Tutt founded a series of Deadly Junior Scientist Awards, aimed at inspiring Indigenous students to engage with STEM and to examine local wildlife and land in a scientific way. +In 2020, DeadlyScience began assisting with rebuilding schools affected by devastating bush fires which ravaged most of the South Coast of New South Wales. They did this by providing books and resources to schools that have been destroyed by fire. DeadlyScience also successfully raised A$7,000 for Broome Primary School in Western Australia that was burnt down by an arson attack. Tutt said on the ABC Nightlife program "Schools are the heartbeat of our community and for our community in Broome we stand with you during this dark time". +In 2020 he was awarded NSW Young Australian of the Year. +In 2021 Tutt led a project to provide food and educational supplies to Aboriginal families in NSW struggling with COVID-19. During the floods on the Mid-north coast of NSW in 2021, when Telegraph Point Public School was destroyed by flooding, Tutt donated books to replace the books lost by the school. +During the 2021 COVID-19 outbreak in NSW, Tutt led a social media campaign to support kids and families doing it tough in lockdown, and sent books to families. +Tutt appeared on Wil Anderson's podcast Wilosphy, in which he spoke about overcoming trauma as a child to create DeadlyScience. +By October 2021, DeadlyScience had distributed more than 25,000 books and other STEM resources to over 110 communities around the country. +In April 2022 Tutt worked with McLaren Formula One team and software company Smartsheet to feature the DeadlyScience logo on the side of both McLaren cars for the Grand Prix in Melbourne. +In 2022 DeadlyScience donated Lego to over 200 schools across Australia. +In November 2022 Tutt organised a bus for Cabbage Tree Island School after the devastating floods that destroyed their school. Tutt also gave every child, from three schools devastated by the floods, a brand new book so they would not lose their passions for STEM. + + +== Other roles and activities == +Tutt is a member of the equity and diversity committee at Science & Technology Australia. +As of 2021, Tutt was playing rugby union for the Port Macquarie Pirates. + + +== Recognition and awards == +2019: AMP Foundation Tomorrow Maker +2019: STEM Champion Award, in the 2019 Indigenous STEM Awards +2020: ABC Trailblazer Heywire +2020: Indigenous STEM Champion CSIRO +2020: NSW Young Australian of the Year +2020: One of ten Human Rights Heroes at the substitute Human Rights Awards +2021: The Australian Museum's Eureka Prize for STEM Inclusion, with Team DeadlyScience: +2022: Finalist, NSW/ACT Indigenous Achievement Award +2022: Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) +2022: The First Scientists: Deadly Inventions and Innovations from Australia's First Peoples, winner, Book of the Year for Younger Children at the Australian Book Industry Awards +2023: The First Scientists: Deadly Inventions and Innovations from Australia's First Peoples, winner, Children's Book of the Year and shortlisted for the Indigenous writers' prize, both at the NSW Premier's Literary Awards +2026: Shortlisted for the Victorian Premier's Prize for Children's Literature for Caution! This Book Contains Deadly Reptiles +2026: Shortlisted for the Children's Book of the Year Award: Edith Pownall Award for Caution! This Book Contains Deadly Reptiles + + +== References == + + +== External links == +DeadlyScience \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5db834cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Council for Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:16.992234+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Council for Science and Technology (CST) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government. Its role is to give advice on issues that cut across government departments to the Prime Minister. It was established in 1993 and reconstituted in 2003. It is based in London. + + +== Evolution == +From the 1970s, reforms to government science support drew funding back into departments which had new chief scientists and reduced the role of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser (GCSA). In order to direct this, a central committee was formed to set priorities for applied research in parallel to the advisory board for the research councils (ABRC) which advised on basic research. The advisory functions now in the CST were performed by the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD), from 1976 to 1987, and the Advisory Council on Science and Technology (ACOST) from 1987 to 1993 which included defence as well as civil research. +The CST was formed in 1993 to advise the prime minister, bringing departmental chief scientists into the council and absorbing the ABRC into government. The aim of the CST was set out in a white paper on science policy which recognised the role of government in funding major investments, and working internationally on the largest projects. But it also saw science as driving innovation and economic growth in a partnership with industry, which funded at least half of science. The CST was expected to integrate expertise with the new technology foresight work of the Office of Science and Technology and advise on the balance of government research. +Periodic reviews have been conducted since the CST was formed, most significantly in 2003. The Royal Society responded to the call for evidence to suggest adopting the independent co-chair model used in the USA. Although the review itself specified two options, an independent chair or the GCSA chairing, the government response chose the co-chair model used today. The 2003 review also saw a change to include wider societal expertise, covering economics, health, and ethics which could better identify policy implications and the extent of the impact of innovation. + + +== Membership == +The Council has 19 independent members appointed by the Prime Minister, including the presidents of the four UK-wide national academies (ex-officio), and other independent experts across a broad range of expertise in science, technology, engineering and innovation. + +The Council is headed by two co-chairs, an independent Co-Chair Lord Browne of Madingley who chairs meetings where advice is being developed, and Dame Angela McLean, the Government Chief Scientific Adviser and head of the Government Office for Science, who chairs meetings reporting its advice to government. Previous independent co-chairs include Dame Nancy Rothwell and Dame Janet Finch. +Scotland has its own Scottish Science Advisory Council, so despite an intention to include devolved representation and provide advice across the UK, to the First Minister of Scotland and the First Minister for Wales, the CST now advises the prime minister only. + + +== Advice == +Advice is frequently published in the form of letters to the prime minister, including a series of recommendations, but also in reports or meetings. Examples include the recommendation to found the Alan Turing Institute as a national centre for data science research in their 2013 letter 'the age of algorithms' and the 2014 recommendation to establish a regulatory sandbox at the FCA to support FinTech innovation. + +As well as advice on the prospects of specific innovation, CST makes reports about the structure and strategy for the applied science ecosystem, and the approach to science advice for policy. For example, the report on dialogue with the public in 2005 recommended that dialogue inform policy by challenging the thinking of policymakers and scientists who contribute to policy making, as well as that of the public stakeholders and special interest groups. +Government responded that this would be embedded, and made a commitment to learn from experiences, as recommended. +In 2024 CST made a joint statement on shared science and technology priorities with its US counterpart, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..266940e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "DAD-IS" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:53.391709+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +DAD-IS is the acronym for the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System, a tool developed and maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a part of its programme for management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. It includes a searchable database of information on animal breeds. + + +== Overview == +The FAO began to collect data on animal breeds in 1982. The first version of DAD-IS was launched in 1996 and the software has been updated several times; the fourth version was launched in 2017. +DAD-IS includes a searchable database of information about animal breeds, the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources. It contains information on breed characteristics, uses, geographic distribution and demographics; more than 4000 images; and tools for generating user-defined reports; and has a multilingual interface and content. It also provides contact information for the national and regional coordinators for the programme. Data is collected and entered by each country's National Coordinator via web-based data-entry screens available in several languages. +The data is used for reporting on the global status and trends of animal genetic resources, including the data for indicators 2.5.1b (number of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities) and 2.5.2 (proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction) of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. + + +== Breeds in the global databank == +The database lists breeds of 37 different mammalian and avian livestock species. In September 2022 it held data on 11555 mammalian and 3758 avian national breed populations, representing a global total of 8859 breeds, of which 595 (7%) were reported as extinct. Local breeds (found in only one region) made up 7739 entries, while 1120 were transboundary breeds (found in more than one region). +In 2022 a total of 7153 local breeds were listed – 4954 mammalian and 2199 avian – and 555 transboundary breeds (458 mammalian and 97 avian). + + +== Risk status == +The FAO uses the information about population sizes to classify breeds according to risk of extinction. The risk classes are: "at risk" ("critical", "critical-maintained", "endangered", "endangered-maintained" and "vulnerable"), "not at risk" and "extinct". +Approximately 27% of breeds (about 2350) are either classified as being at risk of extinction or are already extinct. A further 54% are classified as unknown risk status; these include breeds for which no population data has been reported in the last 10 years. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Website +National coordinators \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df80dd41 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Deborah Zarin" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:29.830773+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Deborah Zarin is a program director at the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University. She was formerly a scientist at the National Institutes of Health and the director of ClinicalTrials.gov. +Zarin has a reputation as an advocate for open data. +In 2014 Zarin accepted a visiting scholar appointment at the Stanford University School of Medicine to research the quality of scientific investigations. + + +== Bibliography == +Ross, J. S.; Tse, T.; Zarin, D. A.; Xu, H.; Zhou, L.; Krumholz, H. M. (2012). "Publication of NIH funded trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: cross sectional analysis". BMJ. 344 (jan03 1): d7292–d7292. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7292. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 3623605. PMID 22214755. +"Is a Trial For You?", an article from 2005 in The Washington Post +Zarin, Deborah A. (2013). "Participant-Level Data and the New Frontier in Trial Transparency". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (5): 468–469. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1307268. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23902488. +Zarin, D. A.; Tse, T.; Williams, R. J.; Rajakannan, T. (2017). "Update on Trial Registration 11 Years after the ICMJE Policy Was Established". New England Journal of Medicine. 376: 383–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1601330. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 5813248. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +profile at NIH +September 2014 interview at the Knoepfler Lab Stem Cell Blog \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f97f6245d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Development Studies Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:01.686396+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Development Studies Association (DSA) is a scholarly society. It was formally established at the National Development Research Glasgow Conference in 1978 and currently has 35 institutional members (primarily UK University departments/research centres with some development organisations) and 400 individual and student members. It is governed by a Council made up of academics and practitioners working in international development elected at the Annual General Meeting. +The DSA aims to advance knowledge of the alternative processes and methods of socio-economic change, through supporting high quality research, teaching and practice in international development. Its strategic objectives are to: +i) Mobilise collective capacity and knowledge +ii) Nurture the next generation +iii) Invest in development infrastructure in the UK and beyond. +Two key activities are its annual conference and its study groups. +The DSA annual conference gathers together scholars, practitioners, policy makers and other commentators to focus upon major contemporary international development issues in the largest gathering in the UK of the development community. +DSA Study Groups facilitate interaction and networking within the development studies community and encourage the development of new ideas contributing to ongoing debates about development in the UK and Ireland. The study groups are sustained by active development studies professionals and usually meet at the Annual Conference and at specially convened meetings around the country. + + +== History == +Tribe, Mike (2009) A Short History of the Development Studies Association, Journal of International Development, Volume 21, Issue 6 (p 732–741) + + +== Affiliations == +The DSA is affiliated to the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI). + + +== Related associations == +Developing Areas Research Group (DARG—within the Royal Geographical Society) +British International Studies Association (BISA—within the Political Studies Association) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84c403fde --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Duke University Center for International Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:02.888423+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Duke University Center for International Studies (DUCIS) is an international studies national resource center housed within the John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies on Duke University's west campus. +The current director is Gilbert W. Merkx. The executive director is Rob Sikorski. + + +== Languages == +The Duke University Center for International Studies provides salary support for instruction in Persian, Polish, Romanian, Turkish and Wolof. It provides additional academic year and summer funding for students to study a wider range of critical languages including Arabic, Czech, Hungarian and Russian. + + +== Programs == +DUCIS' public programs include the University Seminar on Global Governance and Democracy, a popular evening seminar series which draws speakers from across the globe, to present in-progress research on a variety of subjects, ranging from transnational banking trends, to regional election reform, to international concepts of justice. +The Duke University Center for International Studies is home to two national organizations: the Association of International Education Administrators and the Council of National Resource Centers. + + +== External links == +Duke University Center for International Studies Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine +DUCIS Podcasts on iTunes U (requires iTunes) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8fa02c00 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Dynasty Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:18.137948+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Dynasty Foundation was Russia's only private funder of scientific research. It was created by VympelCom founder Dmitry Zimin in 2002. After the Russian Ministry of Justice added Dynasty to its list of foreign agents in 2015 due to Zimin's own contributions coming from his foreign bank account, the Foundation decided to shut down. + + +== History == +Dynasty Foundation was founded in 2002 by telecommunications businessman and philanthropist Dmitry Zimin. +The priority areas of the Foundation's activities were the development of fundamental science and education in Russia, the creation of conditions for the work of scientists in their homeland, the popularization of science and education. +Dynasty has supported the research of young biologists, physicists, and mathematicians; science programs for high-school students in academic institutions; and training for science teachers, among other programs. Dynasty also funded the translation of popular science literature, founded a book award for these writers, and supported lectures and festivals that promoted scientific knowledge. +The first program of the foundation was launched in 2002 - grants and scholarships for students and young physicists. +In 2007, for the first time in Russian history, the foundation was turned over to a board of trustees appointed from members of the public. +In 2012 at the initiative of the Dynasty Foundation, the first School of Molecular and Theoretical Biology for high school students was held on the basis of the laboratories of Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research (PSCBI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. +In 2013, Dmitry Zimin was awarded the Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy, becoming the first Russian philanthropist to receive it. +In 2015, Zimin was awarded a national prize "For Faithfulness to Science" in the category "For Patronage of Science" for significant contribution in popularizing science and supporting the scientific community. +Dynasty Foundation was designated a "foreign agent" in 2015. The cause given was Dynasty's support for the organization Liberal Mission, which held lectures on modern politics in 2014, and founder Zimin's contributions to the fund coming from his foreign bank account. Rather than carry the label, the board decided to liquidate the Foundation. +The registration of Dynasty sparked protests from Russia's Presidential Human Rights Council, which called upon the Plenum of the Supreme Court to examine the practice of the courts in the application of the law. +In 2016, D. Zimin, together with his son Boris, founded the international non-profit organization "Zimin Foundation", which provides support for education and science in different countries of the world. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +https://web.archive.org/web/20190725163324/http://www.dynastyfdn.com/english/ (archived website) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f83f1eebd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Earth System Governance Project" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:04.136451+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Earth System Governance Project (ESG Project) is a global research network that "aims to advance knowledge at the interface between global environmental change and governance. The network connects and mobilizes scholars from the social sciences and humanities researching at local and global scales". +The ESG Project has its origins in an international program called the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. In its current form, the ESG Project began in January 2009. Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty, senior research fellows and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental change. +The Climate Change Leadership Unit at Uppsala University in Sweden is currently hosting the ESG Project secretariat, called the International Project Office (IPO). The ESG Project IPO has previously been hosted at the United Nations University in Bonn, Germany (2009–2012), Lund University in Sweden (2012–2018), and Utrecht University in the Netherlands (2019–2024). + +== Aims == +The ESG Project aims to "Expand the global mobilization of earth system governance researchers; stimulate and facilitate research collaborations; Inform and advise at the science-policy interface." +The project also examines problems of the global commons, as well as more local problems such as air pollution, water pollution, desertification and soil degradation. Due to natural interdependencies, local environmental pollution can be transformed into global changes. Therefore, the ESG Project looks at institutions and governance processes both local and globally. + +== Structure == + +=== Members === + +The ESG Project currently (at the end of 2024) has 599 members (also called research fellows), from 57 countries across all continents. In total, there are around 6000 scholars, professionals and students who engage with the network indirectly via social media and the newsletter. This global network of experts consists of people from different academic and cultural backgrounds. + +=== Secretariat === +The secretariat, called the International Project Office (IPO) is hosted by the Climate Change Leadership Unit at the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden. +The secretariat ensures the functioning of this virtual international network. It is the focal point for management and administration, as well as for the communication and network development efforts of the ESG Project. + +=== Scientific steering committee and chairs === +The ESG Project operates under the direction of a Scientific Steering Committee (SSC). The role of this committee is to guide the implementation of the Earth System Governance Science Plan. For the first ten years, until 2018, the committee was chaired by Frank Biermann, the network's founder. Since 2019, the committee relies on system of rotating leadership, with two co-chairs elected for two years. The SSC currently has 13 members (as of August 2025) from diverse disciplines and geographical regions. + +=== Science and implementation plans === +An international group of experts came together in 2006 in the Scientific Planning Committee, chaired by Frank Biermann. This committee wrote the first Science and Implementation Plan (SIP) drawing on input for various drafts discussed at global events and conferences. Many scholars and practitioners contributed ideas, advice, and feedback. In 2009, this first SIP was published. In this plan, conceptual problems, cross-cutting themes, flagship projects, and policy relevance were outlined in detail. +Beginning in 2015, discussions were held at ESG Project conferences around a new SIP. In 2016 a group of lead authors was selected. After extensive review by the ESG Project's members, the second Science and Implementation Plan was launched at the 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance. + +== Funding sources == +The National Science Foundation of the United States provided about US$15,000 each year since 2015 via Future Earth, an international research platform. This money supports annual meetings of the scientific steering committee. +The project does not charge membership fees. Several universities support the project financially, as does the Earth System Governance Foundation. This foundation is a "non-profit charitable organization under Dutch law, created to help channel support from a variety of sources to the earth system governance research community". +Funding for the secretariat, the IPO, has been provided from the universities that so far have hosted the secretariat: + +2009: in the first year, the secretariat was located within the secretariat of the International Human Dimensions Programme +2009 to 2011: United Nations University in Bonn, Germany +2011 to 2018: Lund University, Sweden (with support by the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies) +2019 to 2024: Utrecht University in The Netherlands (with core funding by Utrecht's Faculty of Geosciences) +2025 - ongoing: Uppsala University in Sweden (with support from the Climate Change Leadership unit, UUniCORN, and primarily, Zennström Philanthropies). + +== Activities == + +=== Global networking with research centers === +The ESG Project is supported by a global alliance of ESG Research Centers. Currently, 18 universities and institutes are involved. Many of these universities have hosted the annual conferences of the ESG Project, including the universities of East Anglia, VU Amsterdam, Australian National University in Canberra, Colorado State University, Lund University, University of Nairobi, Radboud University Nijmegen, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Toronto, and Utrecht University. + +=== Publications === +There are four major publication series of the ESG Project: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c854949d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Earth System Governance Project" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:04.136451+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Earth System Governance Journal was launched in 2019 (an open access publication with Elsevier). There are 25 volumes as of August 2025. The journal is open access and designed to integrate discourses from local to global in governance research, with a focus on earth-system processes. According to the journal's publisher, the CiteScore of this journal is currently 10.2 and its Impact Factor is 4.6. The journal's h-index is 23. +The book series on earth system governance by the MIT Press is designed to publish key research findings from members of the Earth System Governance Project and others, with a preference for cutting-edge monographs. Books in this series offer perspectives from a variety of disciplines, levels of governance and methods with the common aim to analyze current systems of earth system governance with a view to increased understanding and possible improvements and reform. +The Cambridge Elements series on Earth System Governance focuses on current governance research relevant for practitioners and scientists. The series is aimed at providing ideas for policy improvements and analyses of socio-ecological systems by interdisciplinary and influential scholars. +To mark the 10-year anniversity of the ESG Project, the Project collaborated with Cambridge University Press to summarize research conclusions in 2019. Eleven books were published in this series. + +=== Organizing conferences === + +Since 2007, the ESG Project has organized major scientific conferences on topics of governance and global environmental change: + +2007 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: 'Earth System Governance: Theories and Strategies for Sustainability'. +2008 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change: 'Long-Term Policies: Governing Social-Ecological Change'. +2009 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: 'Earth System Governance: People, Places, and the Planet'. +2010 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: 'Social dimensions of environmental change and governance'. +2011 Colorado Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Crossing Boundaries and Building Bridges'. +2012 Lund Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Towards Just and Legitimate Earth System Governance'. +2013 Tokyo Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Complex Architectures, Multiple Agents'. +2014 Norwich Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Allocation and Access in the Anthropocene'. +2015 Canberra Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Democracy and Resilience in the Anthropocene'. +2016 Nairobi Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Confronting Complexity and Inequality'. +2017 Lund Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Allocation & Access in a Warming and Increasingly Unequal World'. This conference was co-hosted by Lund University during its 350-year celebration. +2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Governing Global Sustainability in a Complex World'. +2019 Mexico Conference on Earth System Governance: 'Urgent Transformations and Earth System Governance: Towards Sustainability and Justice'. +In 2020, Bratislava was meant to be the host, but the conference was rescheduled for 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. +2022 Toronto Conference: 'Bridging Sciences and Societies for Sustainability Transformations'. +2023 Nijmegen, The Netherlands: 'Radboud Conference on Earth System Governance'. +2024 Online event: Earth System Governance Forum on 'Re-imagining Earth System Governance in an Era of Polycrisis'. +2025 Johannesburg, South Africa in a collaboration between the Transformations Community and the ESG Project: ‘Navigating Sustainability Transformations Towards Justice and Equity’. + +=== Organizing taskforces and working groups === +Taskforces are formal groups that mobilize scholars to collaboratively engage with key issues of governance of the environment and sustainability, within a well-defined research area and in alignment with the Earth System Governance research agenda. Taskforces are community-driven, commonly led by senior Research Fellows or Lead Faculty. There are currently nine active task forces: Earth-Space Governance, Planetary Justice, Earth System Law, Ocean Governance, Anticipatory Governance, Sustainable Development Goals, Knowledge Cumulation, Climate Governance, and Governance of Nature and Biodiversity. +Working groups are flexible research collaborations with more narrow or specific focus areas and commonly with limited time horizons. These groups either bring together a sub-community within a Taskforce or else are self-standing and mobilize scholars to study an unexplored area of earth system governance research. There are currently eight active Working Groups: Governance of Social-Ecological Systems, Decarbonization, Planetary Health Justice, Democracy, Urban, Asia-Pacific, Carbon Removal and Environment, Representation and Rights. + +=== Interacting with affiliated projects === +In addition to its core activities, such as conferences, taskforces and working groups, the ESG Project interacts with many smaller research projects that have been formally affiliated with the larger network. Such affiliated projects are formally accepted by the ESG Project's scientific steering committee, and its research findings are typically discussed at the annual conferences of the ESG Project. +Some of the affiliated projects specifically focus on the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, for example the GlobalGoals Project (from 2020 to 2025, funded by the European Research Council through an Advanced Grant awarded to Professor Frank Biermann). +Examples of other affiliated projects that are current (as of 2024) or recently completed include: + +Sustainability Governance of China’s Global Infrastructure Investments (SGAIN) +SocioEconomic Systems and Earth Systems +Transformations Community +Governing the EU’s Climate and Energy Transition in Turbulent Times (GOVTRAN) (2018 to 2021, funded by Erasmus+ programme of the European Union) +LO-ACT: Low Carbon Action in Ordinary Cities, a five-year project that started in 2019 and was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme +Climate Backlash: Contentious Reactions to Policy Action (BACKLASH), a five-year project that started in 2021, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. +GreenDeal-NET: Governing the EU's Transition towards Climate Neutrality and Sustainability, formed in 2022 and co-funded through the EU's Erasmus+ programme \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e32cfee9e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Earth System Governance Project" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:04.136451+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Impacts == +The ESG Project does not take policy positions as a network. However, its lead scientists have initiated many activities to support political decision-making and inform policy makers. For example, in 2011, the lead faculty of the ESG Project launched a global assessment on international environmental governance. This publication drew on ongoing research on the institutional framework for sustainable development in the period leading up to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro. The outcome was an article in Science in 2012, written by 33 leading scholars from the ESG Project as a blueprint for reform of strengthening earth system governance. +In 2011, more than twenty Nobel Prize laureates, several leading policy-makers and renowned thinkers on global sustainability met for the Third Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. The Nobel Laureate Symposium concluded with the Stockholm Memorandum. This document mentioned earth system governance prominently and called for "strengthening of earth system governance as a priority for coherent global action". It was submitted to the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability appointed by the UN Secretary General and fed into the preparations for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). +In 2014, the then project's chair Frank Biermann was invited to speak in the United Nations General Assembly during an Interactive Dialogue on Harmony with Nature. This fed into the Harmony with Nature report of the Secretary-General of the UN. +In 2022, members of the ESG Project, along with many natural scientists, took the initiative to call for an "International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering". The authors demand that "Governments and the United Nations need to take effective political control and restrict the development of solar geoengineering technologies before it is too late." +In general, there is widespread support for the ESG Project in the scientific community, which is reflected in the size of the research network and in various publications by experts. + +== Challenges == +The ongoing funding of the secretariat (International Project Office) is a challenge from time to time, just like it is for many other knowledge networks or alliances. + +== History == +In 2001, four global change research programs (DIVERSITAS, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), World Climate Research Programme, and International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) agreed to intensify co-operation through setting up an overarching Earth System Science Partnership. The research communities represented in this partnership said in the 2001 Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change that the earth system now operates "well outside the normal state exhibited over the past 500,000 years" and that "human activity is generating change that extends well beyond natural variability—in some cases, alarmingly so—and at rates that continue to accelerate." To cope with this challenge, the four global change research programs have called "urgently" for strategies for Earth System management. +In March 2007, the Scientific Committee of the IHDP mandated the drafting of the Science Plan of the ESG Project. The IHDP was the overarching social science program in the field at that time. For this drafting work a Scientific Planning Committee was appointed and chaired by Professor Frank Biermann, who was affiliated with VU University Amsterdam. This committee drafted in 2006-2008 the ESG Project's first Science and Implementation Plan. Biermann also became in 2009 the chair of the Scientific Steering Committee, until he stepped down in 2018. Since then, the Project is led by a Scientific Steering Committee that operates with rotating co-chairs. +The ESG Project builds on the results of an earlier long-term research program, the IHDP core project "Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change" (IDGEC). In 2009, the ESG Project began. +Since the termination of the IHDP in 2014, the ESG Project operates independently as an international, self-funded research alliance. +In 2015 the ESG Project became affiliated with of the overarching international research platform Future Earth. However, links between Future Earth and the ESG Project have remained weak. + +== See also == +Earth System Science Partnership +Environmental governance +Global Carbon Project +Global governance +Global Land Project +World Climate Research Programme +Urbanization and Global Environmental Change Project + +== References == + +== External links == +ESG Project \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d197aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "European Academy of Management" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:05.302781+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The European Academy of Management (EURAM), founded in 2001, is a learned society dedicated to the advancement of the academic discipline of management in the Europe. It is a member of the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management network. EURAM runs the European Management Review, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons, annual conferences for business and management scholars, and training programmes for PhD students, Post-Docs, Research Directors, and Business School Executives. +It is an organization associated with the Academy of Management since inception and also with the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management. + + +== History == +The European Academy of Management (EURAM) was founded in 2001 and its head office is in Brussels, Belgium. The first EURAM Annual Conference was titled European Management Research: Trends and Challenges and was hosted by the IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain. EURAM has continued to develop programs and activities to accompany members throughout their professional career life-cycle. Additional initiatives include the creation of the European Management Review in 2003; the Doctoral Consortium started in 2006; Strategic Interest Groups launched in 2009; the European Directors of Research program started in 2009; and the junior faculty program, the EURAM Early Career Colloquium, launched in 2010. + + +== Governance structure == + + +=== EURAM Board === +Chairperson: Niels Noorderhaven, Tilburg University +President: Professor Alessandro Zattoni, LUISS University +Board Members: + +Professor Niels Noorderhaven, Chairperson +Professor Alessandro Zattoni, President +Professor Dorota Dobija, Kozminski University +Professor Dieter Bögenhold, University of Klagenfurt +Professor Lucrezia Songini, SDA Bocconi School of Management & Eastern Piedmont University +Professor Hamid Kazeroony, North-West University, S. Africa +Professor Anabel Fernandez Mesa, University of Valencia +Professor Peter McKiernan, University of Strathclyde +Luisa Jaffé, Executive Officer, ex officio member + + +== Editors of the European Management Review == +Anna Grandori, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy +Michael Morley, Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Ireland + + +== Special Interest Groups (SIGs) == +At EURAM, Special Interest Groups are organised networks of researchers focused on a specific subfields of management scholarship. Launched in 2009, SIGs are run by members and organize workshops, seminars, conferences throughout the year. The SIGs also organise dedicated tracks at the annual EURAM conferences. +Currently there are 13 standing SIGs at EURAM: + +Business for Society +Corporate Governance +Entrepreneurship +Family Business Research +Gender, Race and Diversity in Organisations +Innovation +International Management +Managing Sport +Organisational Behaviour +Project Organising +Public and Non-Profit Management +Research Methods and Research Practice +Strategic Management + + +== Journal == +European Management Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the European Academy of Management. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, Social Sciences Citation Index, Scopus, ProQuest databases, and EBSCO databases. +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has an increased 2021 impact factor of 3.000, ranking it 165th out of 228 journals in the category "Management". Though thus clearly a third-tier (Q3) journal, the journal remains classified as a second-tier (Q2) journal in the 2021 Chartered Association of Business Schools Academic Journal Guide ranking. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +European Academy of Management \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0559248e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:06.483574+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes or EADI is the professional body for development studies and area studies in Europe. In 2010 it had about 300 members in 27 countries. It publishes a journal, the European Journal of Development Research, and every three years holds a general conference. Through the International Accreditation Council for Global Development Studies and Research it provides accreditation for Master's degree programmes; the council is a member of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education. The association receives funding from various sources including membership fees and core funding from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany. Members include the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, the International Institute of Social Studies and the Nordic Africa Institute. + + +== History == +The association was founded 1975 in Linz. It was originally based in Vienna, before moving to Tilburg (1982) and Geneva (1988). Since 2000, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, hosted by the German Development Institute, InWEnt and the Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung. The Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH (INWENT), the German Development Institute and the Center for Development Research (ZEF) jointly took over the patronage at the new seat of the association. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..437be1a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Evidence For Democracy" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:19.372306+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Evidence for Democracy (E4D) is a non-partisan Canadian non-profit organization which advocates for evidence-based policy-making in the government. It was co-founded by Katie Gibbs (executive director) and Scott Findlay in 2012. + + +== History == +In July 2012, prior to forming E4D, Katie Gibbs was one of the organizers for the Death of Evidence protest in Ottawa. Over 2,000 scientists and supporters attended the protest, which was in the form of a mock funeral, to protest then Prime Minister Stephen Harper's government funding cuts to basic science research and in response to Bill C-38. The protest's success prompted Gibbs to co-found E4D. + + +== Organization == +E4D advocates for evidence-based policy-making and to build a national culture where science and evidence are valued. E4D primarily launches issue-based campaigns to address current issues which affect science, alongside panels, lectures, workshops and documentary screenings, to provide knowledge and skill-based training to the scientific community, as well as the broader public. + + +== Notable campaigns == +On 16 September 2013, E4D collaborated with local organizers to hold Stand Up for Science protests in 17 cities (including Toronto and Vancouver), to voice concerns for the state of science in Canada. Previous science advocacy, coupled with the Stand Up for Science protests across Canada, helped place science as a key campaign issue in the 2015 Canadian federal elections. +In March 2016, the Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada and E4D submitted an open letter with over 5,000 Canadians signatures, to the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Minister Navdeep Bains, and Minister Kirsty Duncan, to safeguard government scientists' right to speak through collective agreements. In July 2018, following lobbying, the Canadian federal government introduced guidelines for scientific integrity. +In September 2017, E4D launched a petition, on behalf of the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), to advocate for funding for PEARL's research into Canadian atmospheric climate science. As a result of this petition and lobbying from others, the Canadian government allocated $1.6 million to allow PEARL's continued operation until fall of 2019. E4D is currently campaigning for long-term PEARL funding, and to re-introduce funding for the six Canadian climate science projects (members of the Climate Change and Atmospheric Research program) which lost their funding. +Throughout 2018, E4D collaborated with local organizers to host the March for Science in 10 Canadian cities (St. John's, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Windsor, Winnipeg, Regina, Vancouver and Victoria) on Saturday 14 April 2018. In mid-2018, E4D partnered with others to launch a campaign to return environmental and natural resource decision-making to public interest, advocating for the public to contact their representative and the Minister of the Environment and Climate Change Strategy. This campaign aims to address the British Columbia government's professional reliance system. +On 8 August 2019, a call to vote for science was published by The Narwhal. This campaign was also promoted by the E4D just because they stand for funding structures, integration of science into policy and transparency and openness. +During March 2023, virtual weekly video sessions were presented as part of the organization's Evidence Matters campaign. Recordings are available on YouTube. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data-0.md index c1bd87d6b..81db62024 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:03.114679+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:14.579094+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dedb6f3e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "FAO GM Foods Platform" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:54.561474+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The FAO GM Foods Platform is a web platform where participating countries can share information on their assessments of the safety of genetically modified (recombinant-DNA) foods and feeds based on the Codex Alimentarius. It also allows for sharing of assessments of low-level GMO contamination (LLP, low-level presence). +The platform was set up by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and was launched at the FAO headquarters in Rome on 1 July 2013. The information uploaded to the platform is freely available to be read. + + +== See also == +Agerskovgruppen +Global Aquaculture Alliance + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e6993e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Federation of American Scientists" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure. FAS was founded in 1945 by a group of scientists, some of whom had previously contributed to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project. The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate the global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. +With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. FAS projects are organized in three main programs: nuclear security, government secrecy, and biosecurity. FAS has played a role in the control of atomic energy and weapons, as well as better international monitoring of atomic activities. + +== History == +FAS was founded as the Federation of Atomic Scientists on November 30, 1945, by a group of scientists and engineers associated with the Manhattan Project, including personnel from the Oak Ridge and Los Alamos sites. Among the founding members were David Hawkins, Melba Phillips, and Robert R. Wilson. +Its early mission was to support the McMahon Act of 1946, educate the public, press, politicians, and policy-makers, and promote international transparency and nuclear disarmament. The group was frustrated with the control of the nation's nuclear arsenal and advocated for public control of the nuclear arsenal. A group of the early members of the Federation of American Scientists went to Washington, D.C., and set up there sending letters to representatives in the House of Representatives and in the Senate to request support for their original goal not to support the May-Johnson Bill. The group of scientists were opposed to the fact that, under the proposed May-Johnson Bill, the United States military would have the majority of control over the development and control of atomic weapons. Working with congressmen, they worked to create the bill that brought forth the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The Atomic Energy Commission oversaw the research into atomic energy and atomic weapons. On January 6, 1946, FAS changed its name to the Federation of American Scientists, but its purpose remained the same—to agitate for the international control of atomic energy and its devotion to peaceful uses, public promotion of science and the freedom and integrity of scientists and scientific research. For this purpose, permanent headquarters were set up in Washington, D.C., and contacts were established with the several branches of government, the United Nations, professional and private organizations, and influential persons. The explosion of postwar political activism demonstrated by the group became known as the "scientists' movement" with the basis of being unhappy with the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons. During this movement, the idea was also established that no defense against an atomic bomb was feasible in the near future. Using these two ideas, the FAS proposed the United States and other technologically advanced nations had to work in unison to create a solution that would not end in complete destruction. +In 1946, the FAS worked with the Ad Council to broadcast a list of facts regarding the state of the United Nations atomic energy negotiations as well as the American proposal for atomic development. In a rare example of an effort to simply give listeners facts with little to no political or personal bias, the scientists at FAS were able to broadcast this information to the public in hopes of informing the public to be "armed with the facts — instead of swayed by emotions or prejudices." Throughout the course of trying to give the public information, the FAS attempted to coordinate with PR agencies to better connect with the audience. Most of these plans fell through as the agencies typically did not see eye-to-eye with members of the FAS. Scientists realized the importance of getting their point across, but conveying that to someone who had little to no background knowledge on the subject of atomic energy proved to be a challenge, a challenge that would stick with the FAS for many years. Many scientists from more localized organizations had comments like "We have failed. The people have not understood us or our foreign policy would have changed." +By 1948, the Federation had grown to twenty local associations, with 2,500 members, and had been instrumental in the passage of the McMahon Act and the National Science Foundation, and had influenced the American position in the United Nations with regard to international control of atomic energy and disarmament. +In addition to influencing government policy, it undertook a program of public education on the nature and control of atomic energy through lectures, films, exhibits, and the distribution of literature, coordinating its own activities with that of member organizations through the issue of memorandum, policy statements, information sheets, and newsletters. +Nearly ninety percent of Manhattan Project personnel were in approval of the FAS, with few comparing the group to a "scientists' lobby." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..146977f40 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Federation of American Scientists" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Mission === +The mission of FAS is to promote a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. This mission was established early on and was deemed necessary for the federation, as decisions made by the United States during the conception of the FAS were critical in terms of shaping international relations. The FAS wanted the public to become more critical and aware of the government, in order to monitor the decisions that were made to ensure that they matched what the public actually wanted. The FAS would act to inform the public about how destructive the improper use of atomic energy could be and emphasize the need to enforce international control of atomic weapons and energy. + +=== Membership === +In 1969, the FAS had a rough annual budget of $7,000 and relied on mostly volunteer staff. In 1970 Jeremy J. Stone was selected as president of the organization and was the only staff member for the next 5 years. Due to Stone being the president and only member of the organization he influenced the future and direction of the organization heavily. With an increased budget in the 1990s FAS was able to employ a staff of about a dozen people and expand membership of the organization. +In the mid-1980s, the FAS began relying more heavily on professional staff and analysts, and journalists rather than famous scientists as it did previously in its history. The organization shifted toward public information and transparency in the government and away from secrecy in covert projects and finances. In 2000 Henry C. Kelly, a former senior scientist in the Office of Technology Assessment and science policy adviser in the Clinton administration, became the new president. He further pursued the goals of the program of bolstering science in policy and focusing on using that science to further benefit the public. During his eight-year tenure as president, FAS received significant funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, including a $2.5 million grant for Creative and Effective Institutions. +In a 2002 survey conducted within the FAS, it was found that nearly thirty percent of members were physicists. While the next largest fields represented were medicine, biology, engineering, and chemistry. With the latter four fields making up another sixty one percent of the total member population. Members also received complementary copies of "Secrecy News", an electronic newsletter regarding government secrecy and intelligence. + +=== Funding from the MacArthur Foundation === +Federation of American Scientists was awarded $10,586,000 between 1984 and 2017, including 25 grants in International Peace & Security, MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions, and Nuclear Challenges. In 2004, the Federation of American Scientists received their largest grant from the MacArthur Foundation of $2,400,000 in support of everything that they do. + +=== Leadership History === +Jeremy Stone, CEO, 1970-2000 +Charles Ferguson, President, 2010-2017 + +=== Board Members === +Joel Primack, board member, lead FAS's 1988 effort to end the Soviet Union’s nuclear reactor-powered satellite program + +== Programs and projects == + +=== Nuclear Information Project === +The Nuclear Information Project covers nuclear weapons and arms control and the nuclear fuel cycle. The project provides the general public and policy-makers with information and analysis on the status, number, and operation of nuclear weapons, the policies that guide their potential use and nuclear arms control. The project is run by Hans M. Kristensen. +The Nuclear Information Project publishes yearly counts of global nuclear forces in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists' "Nuclear Notebook" column. The Nuclear Notebook counts and analyzes international nuclear arsenals using open source research methodology. The estimates in the Nuclear Notebook often accurately count warhead inventories, down to the number, and, according to the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, represent an "authoritative accounting of global nuclear warheads compiled by top experts". +The Nuclear Information Project conducts other open source investigations into nuclear weapons outside of the Nuclear Notebook. In addition to publishing on the Strategic Security blog, fellows also publish in Forbes. + +=== Day One Project and Policy Entrepreneurship === +FAS's "Day One Project" crowdsources "science-based policy innovations that can appeal to lawmakers on both sides of the aisle" ready for implementation on "day one" of the next U.S. presidential administration, a project begun in 2019. + +== Legacy programs and projects == + +=== Project on Government Secrecy === +"From 1991 to 2021, the FAS Project on Government Secrecy worked to challenge excessive government secrecy and to promote public oversight in national security affairs"..."The Project was directed by Steven Aftergood with the support of grants from the Open Society Foundations, the CS Fund, the Bauman Foundation, the Stewart R. Mott Foundation, the Knight Foundation, the HKH Foundation, the Rockefeller Family Fund, and others." +The Project on Government Secrecy worked to promote public access to government information and to illuminate the apparatus of government secrecy, including national security classification and declassification policies. The project also published previously undisclosed or hard-to-find government documents of public policy interest, as well as resources on intelligence policy. +Declassified documents, as well as Congressional Research Service reports, are archived on the Secrecy News blog. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ff64c548 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Federation of American Scientists" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Biosecurity Program === +A molecular biologist, Dr. Hatch Rosenberg was a founder of the Federation of American Scientists’ Working Group on Biological and Chemical Weapons and a former adviser to the Clinton White House when the anthrax scare startled an America that had recently been wounded by the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. +The Biosecurity Program concentrates on researching and advocating policies that balance science and security without compromising national security or scientific progress. This includes preventing the misuse of research and promoting the public understanding of the real threats from biological and chemical weapons. The Federation of American Scientists also concentrates on researching and keeping the public informed on genetic engineering and genetic modification as a subset of their biosecurity program. One of their major concerns is resistance that species can develop to certain modifications from genetic resistance or from the use of antibiotics. +The big concerns with biosecurity are accidental biological threats, intentional malicious biological threats, and natural biological threat occurrences. Because of these threats the Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) was set up. +The Virtual Biosecurity Center provides and promotes biosecurity information, education, best practices and collaboration. Additionally, VBC offers significant news and events regarding biosecurity, a regularly updated education center and library, a global forum on Bio risks, an online informative policy tool, empowering partnerships among other professional biosecurity communities around the world, scheduled global conferences to raise awareness and develop plans for current and future biosecurity issues, as well as partnerships to tighten the gap between the scientific, public health, intelligence and law enforcement communities. + +=== Learning Technologies Program === +The Learning Technologies Program (LTP) focused on ways to use innovative technologies to improve how people teach and learn. The LTP created prototype games and learning tools and assembled collaborative projects consisting of non-governmental organization, design professionals, and community leaders to undertake innovative education initiatives at both the national and local level. +The Project worked to help create learning tools to bring about major gains in learning and training. The major project of the Program is Immune Attack, a fully 3-D game in which high school students discover the inner workings of the body's circulatory and immune systems, as they pilot a tiny drone through the bloodstream to fight microscopic invaders. + +== FAS Public Service Awards == +The FAS Public Service Awards, established in 1971, recognize outstanding work in science policy and culture. + +=== Winners === + +==== 2023 ==== +Alondra Nelson — Former acting director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, whose recognized for her leadership in A.I. regulation and advancing equity in STEM fields +Christopher Nolan — British-American filmmaker, whose biographical thriller film Oppenheimer (2023) depicted the scientists who formed the FAS to communicate the dangers of nuclear weapons to the public +Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) — United States senators who sponsored the CHIPS and Science Act, which was hailed by the FAS as representing a "historic investment" in the American future +Alexa White — Co-founder of the AYA Research Institute and recipient of the FAS' inaugural Policy Entrepreneurship Award, aimed at honoring an emerging leader in the world of science policy + +== See also == +British American Security Information Council +Union of Concerned Scientists + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +FAS's channel on YouTube +"Federation of Atomic Scientists". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists-0.md index c6e4d10f6..910afb167 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:58:53.181534+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:21.796446+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df4fbecab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Fichier des personnes décédées" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_des_personnes_décédées" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:15.709298+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Fichier des personnes décédées (transl. Register of deceased persons) is a central register of persons who have died in France since 1970. It is maintained by the national statistics bureau Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee). Since October 2019, the register has been accessible online free of charge and without registration. + + +== Data in the register == +The register contains deaths since 1970, inclusively. For the current year, there are monthly and quarterly files. For past years, the data are summarised in one file per calendar year. +Each entry concerns one person and contains the surname, first names, sex, date of birth, the Insee code of the place of birth (or country of birth for those born abroad), the name of the place of birth (for those born abroad also the name of the country of birth), the date of death, the Insee code of the place of death and the number in the death register of the respective municipality. The text fields contain only capital letters without diacritics. +Each data set is included in the file that corresponds to its date of processing at the Insee, not the date of death. The law gives French civil registry offices one week to report deaths to the Insee. For reports submitted in paper form by traditional mail, postal delivery and processing at the statistics bureau will cause an additional delay before the data are recorded. Public holidays or other circumstances affecting the work of the authorities involved may also cause delays. A file of the register published by Insee for a given period therefore usually contains a significant number of entries for previous reporting periods; conversely, not all deaths occurring during the reporting period are included in the file for that period. For example, the monthly file for March 2020 contained about 8,700 entries concerning deaths before 1 March, but the file was missing 9,500 cases of deaths in March that were not recorded until April. +For this reason, the numbers of deaths listed in the monthly files of the death register do not correspond to consolidated death statistics per period, such as the figures published by the Insee since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, broken down by département. + + +== Access == +Until 2017, access to the central death register was available only to certain commercial genealogy services, which Insee charged about 7,000 euros per year. Access subsequently became free of charge, but remained restricted to authorized companies bound by a licensing agreement with Insee. +However, on 17 May 2019, the French state's commission in charge of questions related to freedom of information and access to official data, CADA (Commission d'accès aux documents administratifs), decided at the request of a genealogical association that the central death register must immediately be made publicly accessible. The commission argued that the register was a set of administrative documents not containing any personal data in need of protection, since the persons concerned were not alive anymore. This sets the register apart from other civil status databases such as birth and marriage registers, for which a protection period of 75 years applies in France. For the same reason, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation was not applicable, according to CADA. +Following this decision, the Insee made the data freely available in October 2019 under the Open License for French government data. Today, they are accessible from at least two official web portals: the French state's open data portal data.gouv.fr and the Insee website, insee.fr. There is no legal guarantee for the correctness of the data. +On data.gouv.fr and on insee.fr the data can be downloaded as text files, although the file formats are not identical on both sites. Neither of the two sites offers search and display functionality for the data, and the Insee encoding of places is not resolved. However, since the further use of the data is not significantly restricted by the license terms, several genealogy services and other web service providers, such as Geneanet or Filae, offer all this functionality on their web portals. Some of these services require registration and/or a subscription, while others, such as deces.matchid.io, can be accessed free of charge and without registration. + + +== External links == +deces.matchID.io: search the register and display results + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare-0.md index 6a040b320..6aa275a85 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:04.405239+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:16.915793+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a4168bea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +--- +title: "Financial Instrument Global Identifier" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) /ˈfɪ.gi/ (formerly Bloomberg Global Identifier (BBGID)) is an open standard, unique identifier of financial instruments that can be assigned to instruments including common stock, options, derivatives, futures, corporate and government bonds, municipals, currencies, and mortgage products. + +== History == +In 2009, Bloomberg released Bloomberg’s Open Symbology ("BSYM"), a system for identifying financial instruments across asset classes. +As of 2014 the name and identifier called 'Bloomberg Global Identifier' (BBGID) was replaced in full and adopted by the Object Management Group and Bloomberg with the standard renamed as the 'Financial Instrument Global Identifier' (FIGI). +The Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) standard was given "approved status" by the Object Management Group (OMG) Architecture Board as of September 2015. + +=== Adoption === +FIGIs have been adopted in the market data feeds of the following exchanges: + +Ace Commodity Exchange (ACE) +Banja Luka Stock Exchange +Bermuda Stock Exchange +Bucharest Stock Exchange +Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE), formerly the Canadian National Stock Exchange (CNSX) +Euro-TLX +Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) +FTSE Real-Time Index (FTSE) +Hi-MTF Multilateral Trading Facilities (Hi-MTF) +Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (ICDX) +Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE) +Mercari +Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) +National Stock Exchange of Australia (NSX) +National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) +New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) +OneChicago - ONE Chicago Stock Exchange +Osaka Securities Exchange (OSE) +PURE Canadian Stock Exchange +Quote MTF +SIM Venture Securities Exchange (SIM VSE) +The Stock Exchange of Mauritius +FIGIs have been adopted for use by the following regulators and/or been included in related Regulatory Technical Standards: + +Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) +Solvency II +AIFMD + +=== Additional notable adoption === +March 19, 2010: NYSE Euronext. April 2010 distribution of BBGIDs along with their own proprietary security identifiers on all of their data products globally. +March 21, 2010: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). BBGIDs accepted to uniquely identify securities reported to its U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) mandated Trade Reporting And Compliance Engine (TRACE) program. +June 27, 2011: ACE Commodity Exchange in India. Became the first exchange in Asia to adopt the identifiers. +April 18, 2012: Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (ICDX) +September 15–19, 2014: Object Management Group. Adopted a new standard Financial Instrument Global Identifier developed from the BBGID specification and is fully compatible with all existing issued BBGIDs. +November 14, 2014: SIX Financial Information's Valordata Feed (VDF) and Market Data Feed (MDF) +May 14, 2014: Nasdaq OMX Group's Nasdaq Last Sale Plus ("NLS Plus"). NLS Plus provides real-time, intraday last sale data for all securities traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market Nasdaq OMX BXSM, NASDAQ OMX PSXSM and the FINRA/NASDAQ Trade Reporting Facility. +10 Dec 2014: RIMES adopts FIGI +October 9, 2014: Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI) standard adopted by OMG. +May 2020: FIGI approved by Brazil Association of Technical Standards organization (ABNT) +December 2020: OMG accepts Kaiko as second certified provider of FIGI. +July 2021: FIGI standard approved by X9 as US standard. +October 2021: Kaiko issues first series of FIGIs covering crypto assets; coverage added to OpenFIGI.com. +June 2022: SEC Adopts Amendments Form 13F; allows FIGI to be included in 13F reporting. +August 2024: United States FSOC Agencies publish proposed rule to include FIGI as an open standard for regulatory reporting complying with the Financial Data Transparency Act (FDTA) of 2022 + +== Description == +The FIGI structure is defined and copyrighted by the Object Management Group. Bloomberg L.P. is the Registration Authority and Certified Provider of the standard. FIGI have been created for more than 300 million unique securities, representing most asset classes of the financial markets. The FIGI is a 12-character alpha-numerical code that does not contain information characterizing financial instruments, but serves for uniform unique global identification. Once issued, a FIGI is never reused and represents the same instrument in perpetuity. +Unique FIGIs identify securities as well as individual exchanges on which they trade. Composite FIGIs are also issued to represent unique securities across related exchanges. For instance, Apple Inc. common stock trades on 14 exchanges in the United States. There exists a unique FIGI to identify the common stock on each individual exchange, but also a composite FIGI to represent the company's common stock traded on United States exchanges. + +=== Equity Levels of Assignment === +Global Share Class Level +Country Composite Level +Exchange/Venue Level + +=== FIGI Structure === + +A FIGI consists of three parts: A two-character prefix, a 'G' as the third character; an eight character alpha-numeric code which does not contain English vowels "A", "E", "I", "O", or "U"; and a single check digit. +In total, the encoding supports more than 852 billion potential values, under the initial BBG prefix. In total, there are over 330 trillion potential available identifiers. + +=== Structural Rules === +The permissible characters for use within a FIGI are a subset of ISO 8859-1 as follows: + +All upper case ISO 8859-1 consonant (including Y). +The single-digit integers 0 – 9. +While the string itself is semantically meaningless, there is a specific structure that is used. The syntax rules for the +twelve characters are as follows: + +Characters 1 and 2: + * Any combination of upper case consonants with the following exceptions: + * BS, BM, GG, GB, GH, KY, VG \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fddb71890 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Financial Instrument Global Identifier" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Instrument_Global_Identifier" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:18.110277+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The purpose of the restriction is to reduce the chances that the resulting identifier may be identical to an ISIN string. (Strictly speaking, a duplicate is not a problem as the strings designate different things, but care has been taken to reduce ambiguity.) The way that ISIN is constructed is that the first two characters correspond to the country of issuance. The third character, depending on the issuing organization, is typically a numeral. However, in the case of the United Kingdom, the letter "G" is assigned. As we are using the letter "G" as our third character (see below), the only combinations that may come up within ISIN that only incorporates consonants are BSG (Bahamas), BMG (Bermuda), GGG (Guernsey), GBG (United Kingdom) and VGG (British Virgin Islands). The reason for this is that the United Kingdom issues ISIN numbers for entities within its broader jurisdiction. + +Character 3: + * The upper case letter G (for "global") + +Characters 4 – 11: + * Any combination of upper case consonants and the numerals 0 – 9 + +Character 12: + * A check digit (0 – 9) which is calculated as follows: + +Letters are converted to integers using a letter to integer look-up table provided in section 7.2.1 of the specification. Using the first 11 characters and beginning at the last character, map the character to its specific integer value from the look-up table, if the character is already a digit, use that value. Then, working right to left, multiply every second integer by two. Next, separate numbers greater than 10 into two separate digits (e.g., 57 becomes 5 and 7) add up all the integer values, each less than 10 now. Finally, subtract that summed value from the next higher integer ending in zero (e.g., If the summed value is 72, then 80 is the next higher integer ending in 0, and the check digit is 8). If the summed value of the digits is a number ending in zero, then the check digit is also zero. +This process is similar to other financial instrument identifier check digit calculations but specifically chosen to reduce the chances of other schemes from validating versus this FIGI scheme. + +=== Issuance === +Unique FIGIs are published by Bloomberg L.P. and datasets are both searchable and available for download via the Bloomberg OpenFIGI website. FIGIs are never reused and once issued, represent an instrument in perpetuity. An instrument's FIGI never changes as a result of any corporate action. Any interested parties may request access to the bulk and individual lookup facilities, regardless of any existing relationship with Bloomberg L.P. or lack thereof. +FIGIs are assigned to unique financial instruments on a proactive basis. Where a FIGI has not been assigned for any reason, a request can be submitted to have an identifier assigned, as long as the request is in line with the standard and stated assignment rules. +FIGIs can often be mapped to other unique identifiers, such as equity and index option ticker symbols. + +== License == +FIGIs and the associated metadata defined in the standard are released free into the public domain with no commercial terms or restrictions on usage. The OMG standard is governed through the Open Source MIT License. + +== See also == +Open Data +Object Management Group +Globally unique identifier +International Securities Identification Number + +== References == + +== Further reading == +"Allocation Rules for the Bloomberg Global ID (BBGID)," April 2017 (version: 29.30) + +== External links == +OpenFIGI.com \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cc6783f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Foundation for Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:22.986925+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Foundation for Science and Technology is a British charity, providing a neutral platform for debate of policy issues that have a science, technology or innovation element. +Established in 1977, the Foundation brings together Parliamentarians, civil servants, industrialists, researchers, learned societies, charities and others. It convenes monthly discussion events at the Royal Society, publishes a journal three times a year, hosts a weekly podcast and has recently started to produce a blog on relevant science and technology policy issues. Recent topics of discussion include international research collaboration post- Brexit, facial recognition technologies and their ethics, and digital health data. For the most up to date information regarding events, blogs and podcasts, follow the @FoundSciTech Twitter page. +The foundation also organises the Foundation Future Leaders Programme, supporting mid- career professionals from universities, industry and the civil service, meeting regularly to develop links and further their understanding of how science and research are conducted, and how they feed into the policy process. In addition, the Foundation provides guidance on governance issues to Professional and Learned Societies. +The Foundation is directed by a council and board of trustees, chaired by The Rt Hon the Lord Willetts FRS. The Chief Executive of the Foundation is Gavin Costigan. Day to day the foundation is run by a small team of professionals, located in Westminster, London. The Foundation finances its activities by a mixture of subscriptions from member organisations, part-sponsorship of its events, and grants and donations. This enables it to run most of its activities free of charge for participants. + + +== References == +The Foundation for Science and Technology website + + +== External links == +Official website +Foundation for Science and Technology on LinkedIn \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edab63904 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation" +chunk: 1/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Freedom from Religion Foundation (FFRF) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for atheists, agnostics, and nontheists. +Formed in 1976, FFRF promotes the separation of church and state, and challenges the legitimacy of federal and state government support for faith-based programs, such as chaplaincy services. It supports groups such as nonreligious students and clergy who want to leave their faith. + +== History == + +The FFRF was co-founded by Anne Nicol Gaylor and her daughter, Annie Laurie Gaylor, in 1976 and was incorporated nationally on April 15, 1978, who split with Madalyn Murray O'Hair's American Atheists, in response to O'Hair's antisemitism. The organization was supported by over 19,000 members in 2012 and operated from an 1855-era building in Madison, Wisconsin, that once served as a church rectory. +In March 2011, FFRF, along with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, began The Clergy Project, a confidential on-line community that supports clergy as they leave their faith. In 2012, it gave its first Freedom from Religion Foundation and Clergy Project "Hardship Grant" to Jerry DeWitt, a former pastor who left the ministry to join the atheist movement. +FFRF provides financial support to the Secular Student Alliance, an organization that has affiliate groups for nonreligious students on college campuses. +In 2015, FFRF announced Nonbelief Relief, a related organization that obtained and later gave up its federal tax-exempt status. Nonbelief Relief lost a lawsuit against the IRS because it lacked standing to challenge the Form 990 exemption that applies to churches. Nonbelief Relief is a humanitarian agency for atheists, agnostics, freethinkers, and their supporters. Nonbelief Relief was created by the executive board of FFRF to remediate conditions of human suffering and injustice on a global scale, whether the result of natural disasters, human actions or adherence to religious dogma. +On 7 November 2024, Kat Grant published an article titled "What is a woman", on Freethought Now!, a website operated by the FFRF. The article argued that "any attempt to define womanhood on biological terms is inadequate" and that "a woman is whoever she says she is". In response, Jerry Coyne wrote a rebuttal titled "Biology Is Not Bigotry", defending the "biological definition of 'woman' based on gamete type". Coyne's rebuttal was initially published on Freethought Now!. However, the FFRF later retracted Coyne's page. On 27 December, the FFRF published a statement saying that "Publishing this post was an error of judgment, and we have decided to remove it as it does not reflect our values or principles". In response, Coyne, Steven Pinker, and Richard Dawkins resigned from the honorary board in objection to what they considered the problematic gender-ideological capture of the institute. Coyne stated that LGBTQ people have rights, but some of the desired rights are in conflict with rights of other groups in society. As a result of the division over the issues, FFRF dissolved the honorary board. + +== Media and publications == +The FFRF publishes a newspaper, Freethought Today, ten times a year. Since 2006, as the Freethought Radio Network, FFRF has produced the Freethought Radio show, an hour-long show broadcast live on WXXM-FM Saturdays at 11 a.m. CDT. It had also been broadcast on Air America before that service ceased operation in March 2010. The show is hosted by the co-presidents of FFRF, Dan Barker and Annie Laurie Gaylor. Regular features include "Theocracy Alert" and "Freethinkers Almanac". The latter highlights historic freethinkers, many of whom are also songwriters. The show's intro and outro make use of John Lennon's Imagine song. +Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-president of the FFRF, is the author of the nonfiction book on clergy child sexual abuse scandals Betrayal of Trust: Clergy Abuse of Children (out of print) and the editor of Women Without Superstition: No Gods – No Masters and the anthology Woe to the Women. She edited the FFRF newspaper Freethought Today until July 2008. Her husband, Dan Barker, author of Losing Faith in Faith: From Preacher to Atheist, Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists, The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God, Life Driven Purpose, God: The Most Unpleasant Character in all Fiction, and Just Pretend: A Freethought Book for Children, is a musician and songwriter, a former Pentecostal Christian minister, and co-president of FFRF. + +== Litigation and issues == + +=== Social programs === + +==== Social services ==== + +In June 2004, the FFRF challenged the constitutionality of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives. The Foundation's complaint alleged that "the use of money appropriated by Congress under Article I, section 8, to fund conferences that various executive branch agencies hold to promote President Bush's 'Faith-Based and Community Initiatives'" conflicted with the First Amendment. The suit "contended that the defendant officials violated the Establishment Clause by organizing national and regional conferences at which faith-based organizations allegedly 'are singled out as being particularly worthy of federal funding because of their religious orientation, and the belief in God is extolled as distinguishing the claimed effectiveness of faith-based social services.'" The FFRF also alleged that "the defendant officials 'engage in myriad activities, such as making public appearances and giving speeches, throughout the United States, intended to promote and advocate for funding for faith-based organizations." The FFRF further asserted, "Congressional appropriations [are] used to support the activities of the defendants." +In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that taxpayers do not have the right to challenge the constitutionality of expenditures made by the executive branch. +In May 2007, the FFRF, on behalf of Indiana taxpayers, challenged the creation of a chaplaincy pilot program for the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration (FSSA). The FSSA hired Pastor Michael L. Latham, a Baptist minister, in 2006, at a salary of $60,000 a year. In September 2007, in response to the FFRF's suit, Indiana ended the program. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f810d335a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation" +chunk: 2/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Health care ==== +In April 2003, the FFRF, on behalf of Montana residents, sued the Montana Office of Rural Health and its executive director David M. Young along with the Montana State University-Bozeman and the Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. It was alleged that Young favored faith-based nursing parish programs for state funding. In October 2004, the Federal District Court for the District of Montana held that the state's "direct and preferential funding of inherently and pervasively religious parish nursing programs was undertaken for the impermissible purpose, and has the impermissible effect, of favoring and advancing the integration of religion into the provision of secular health care services." According to the court, the state funding of faith-based healthcare violated the First Amendment. +In April 2006, the FFRF sued to challenge the pervasive integration of "spirituality" into health care by the Department of Veteran Affairs. Specifically stating that the practice of asking patients about their religion in spiritual assessments, the use of chaplains to treat patients, and drug and alcohol treatment programs that incorporate religion violated the separation of state and church. The case was later dismissed after the Hein decision because of lack of standing. + +==== Education ==== +In 2001, the FFRF, on behalf of anonymous plaintiffs, sued the Rhea County School District. The plaintiffs alleged that weekly bible classes were being held for all students in the elementary schools. In June 2004, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a district judgment holding that it was unconstitutional for the school district to "teach the Bible as literal truth" to students. +In March 2005, the FFRF filed suit against the University of Minnesota because of its involvement with the Minnesota Faith Health Consortium, a partnership with Luther Seminary, which is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, and Fairview Health Services, stating that state taxpayer funds are helping to fund a faith-based organization. In September 2005, the University agreed to end the partnership and to cease teaching "courses on the intersection of faith and health", with the FFRF agreeing to drop its lawsuit. +In April 2005, the FFRF filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Education because of its distribution of funds to the Alaska Christian College, a Bible college run by the Evangelical Covenant Church of Alaska. The foundation stated that in the students' first year at the college, they take only religious-based courses, and finish that year with a Certificate of Biblical Studies. The college, the foundation says, "does not offer traditional college courses, such as math or English". In October 2005 the FFRF and the U.S. Department of Education settled the lawsuit, with the Department of Education agreeing to suspend the $435,000 federal grant from 2005 and unspent portions of grants from the previous year. +A December 2020 article by Hemant Mehta outlined recent FFRF efforts. FFRF argues to limit official role of Pastor Mark Thornton at Boise State. A letter sent by the FFRF Staff Attorney Chris Line included: +"Boise State football players have no government-imposed burden on their religion, so there is no need – or legitimate legal reason – for Boise State to provide a chaplain for them." +Legal Counsel for the University responded with the following: +"We have been in communication with the Athletic Department to provide some education about this issue and to ensure measures are taken now and in the future to resolve the issue and establish appropriate constitutional boundaries. Mr. Thornton did not travel with the football team to our recent game in Wyoming and the university will no longer include a chaplain in its travel party. Written references to Mr. Thornton as the chaplain of the football team have been or are in the process of being removed and no future references will be made in writing or otherwise." +Mehta continues: "None of that means students can't seek Thornton out on their own. They've always been free to do that. But Thornton can't – and shouldn't – have any sort of official role there." + +==== Criminal justice programs ==== +In October 2000, the FFRF brought suit, as taxpayers in the state of Wisconsin, against Faith Works located in Milwaukee. Their case stated that a faith-based addiction-treatment program should not be used as a court-ordered treatment program using taxpayer funds. In January 2002, the ruling was decided in the FFRF's favor; that receiving hundreds of thousands of dollars in public money is in violation of the Establishment Clause. The judge wrote "Because I find that the Department of Workforce Development's grant to Faith Works constitutes unrestricted, direct funding of an organization that engages in religious indoctrination, I conclude that this funding stream violates the establishment clause." On Appeal, in April 2003, the Seventh Circuit later ruled against the FFRF on the narrower issue of whether prisoners joining specific faith-based programs on their own free will are coerced by government endorsement of religion. +The FFRF brought a suit against the awarding of a federal grant to MentorKids USA, a group providing mentors to children of prisoners, alleging that only Christian mentors were hired and that they were to give monthly reports on the children's religious activities. In January 2005, the court vacated HHS's funding of this group citing "federal funds have been used by the MentorKids program to advance religion in violation of the Establishment Clause". +In May 2006, the FFRF filed suit against the Federal Bureau of Prisons alleging that its decision to fund not only multi-faith-based but also single-faith-based programs violated constitutional standards for separation of state and church. The parties later agreed to a dismissal of that claim, but additional counts within the lawsuit, alleging separate violations, continued. + +=== Religion in the public sphere === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82151cb49 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation" +chunk: 3/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Employment issues ==== +In 1995, the FFRF sued the state of Wisconsin for designating Good Friday as a state legal holiday. In 1996, the federal district court ruled that Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday was indeed a First Amendment violation because, in reference to Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday law, the "promotion of Christianity is the primary purpose of the law." + +==== Public funding ==== +FFRF opposed the city of Versailles, Kentucky helping a church get federal funding to create a local disaster relief center. +The FFRF is filing a lawsuit on behalf of four residents against the state of South Carolina to oppose the funding to Christian Learning Centers of Greenville County to build a private religious school, and the FFRF is challenging that it is unconstitutional. + +==== Religious displays on public property ==== +In December 2007, the FFRF, on behalf of a group of concerned Green Bay residents and invoking the First Amendment rights of all of the city's residents, sued the city because of the placement of a nativity scene at Green Bay's city hall. Before the case was heard, the city removed the nativity scene. The judge then dismissed the suit, citing lack of jurisdiction. Since the nativity scene already was removed and a moratorium imposed on future such displays, there remained no basis for continued dispute. He went on to say, "the plaintiffs have already won. ... the Plaintiffs have won a concrete victory that changes the circumstances on the ground." +In 2011, in response to the refusal of the city of Warren, Michigan, to remove a nativity display in the civic center, the FFRF sought to place a winter solstice display. The mayor refused the request and the FFRF brought suit. The suit was dismissed by Judge Zatkoff of the U.S. District Court; the dismissal was upheld by the U.S. 6th Circuit Court in 2013. +In September 2011, the FFRF, along with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), sued the Giles County, Virginia, school district on behalf of anonymous plaintiffs. A display of the Ten Commandments had been placed beside a copy of the U.S. Constitution at Giles County public schools. Prior to the suit, in January and June 2011, the FFRF and the ACLU had sent letters to the school board requesting removal of the display. The school superintendent ordered that the displays of the Ten Commandments be removed. The Giles County school board met in June 2011 and voted to overturn the superintendent's decision to remove the display. After the suit was filed, the school board in 2012 agreed to remove the display and to pay attorneys' fees. +In November 2011, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker referred to the Capitol's Christmas tree as a "Christmas tree" instead of a "holiday tree". The FFRF, which opposed prior efforts to restore the name to "Christmas tree" objected to the title. +In May 2012, the FFRF, acting on a complaint from a resident, asked the city of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, to remove a Latin cross from a World War I and II memorial on public land. The city refused to do so. The FFRF states that it is currently looking for a plaintiff in the area to represent for a suit, which the FFRF have yet to do, citing the difficulty with another case that occurred with another plaintiff in the state, Jessica Ahlquist, in the case Ahlquist v. Cranston. +On July 24, 2012, after receiving a letter from the FFRF, the Steubenville, Ohio, city council decided to remove the image of the Christ the King Chapel at the Franciscan University of Steubenville from its town logo. +In August 2012, the FFRF, on behalf of a resident, threatened a lawsuit challenging a Latin cross that had been displayed on top of the water tower of Whiteville, Tennessee. After the FFRF wrote three initial letters, but before the lawsuit was filed, the town removed one arm of the cross. The removal cost the town $4,000, and as part of the settlement the town paid $20,000 in the FFRF's attorneys fees. The town also agreed never to replace the missing arm and not to place other crosses on public property. +In August 2012, the FFRF, on behalf of a Montana resident, sued the United States Forest Service. A special use permit for the placement of a statue of Jesus on federal land was granted in 1954 at the request of the Knights of Columbus. The Forest Service continued to grant renewals of the permit until 2010. When the Service declined to renew, the Knights declined to remove the statue citing "tradition" and the "historical" value of the statue. After on-line protests the statue was allowed to stay and the permit granted. The FFRF filed suit in February 2012. In June 2013, a federal judge found in favor of the defendants, allowing the statue to remain. In August 2013, the FFRF filed an appeal of the decision. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected FFRF's arguments and upheld the memorial. +In 2012, the FFRF wrote several letters to Prudhommes Restaurant, in Columbia, Pennsylvania, explaining that offering a 10% discount to Sunday patrons who present a church bulletin is a violation of state and federal law, specifically the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The individual who brought the matter to the FFRF's attention has filed a discrimination complaint with the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission. The FFRF was only involved in an advisory capacity. The Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission entered a final order allowing the restaurant to continue the church bulletin discount. +A lighted cross in a public park in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, was removed by the borough in 2018 after complaints from FFRF. Not far from the park a solar-powered 28-foot cross was erected by a local resident on his own property. + +==== Prayer in government/schools ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a8c3eb58 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation" +chunk: 4/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In October 2008, the FFRF filed suit against the U.S. government over the statute establishing the National Day of Prayer (NDoP). In 2010, Federal judge Barbara Brandriff Crabb ruled it unconstitutional as it is "an inherently religious exercise that serves no secular function". This ruling was appealed by the U.S. government. In April 2011, the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the FFRF's challenge to the NDoP, holding that the FFRF did not have standing to challenge the NDoP statute or proclamations and that only the President was injured enough to challenge the NDoP statute. +The FFRF, in January 2013, after receiving a complaint from a resident, asked the city council of Rapid City, South Dakota, to eliminate its practice of beginning each city council meeting with a Christian prayer. After the FFRF sent a second letter in February 2013, the mayor stated at that time that prayers would continue. +Joseph Richardson, of Lake County, Florida, delivered a secular invocation on behalf of "non-religious citizens" at a county commission meeting on Tuesday, December 6, 2022. Following the invocation the director of Lake County Public Works Fred Schneider took the microphone and delivered a prayer at the request of the Lake County Commissioner Sean Parks. +Christopher Line, an FFRF attorney, wrote a letter to the Lake County Commission Chairman Kirby Smith stating, "This Christian prayer, delivered because the invocation Mr. Richardson gave was not sufficiently Christian, was discriminatory, unconstitutional, and a slap in the face to all of Lake County's non-Christian citizens. [...] as long as the board continues to allow citizens to deliver invocations to begin its meetings, it must treat all invocations the same, with no ‘corrective’ Christian prayer offered after a non-Christian prayer has finished." +Sean Parks stated that he was, "saddened to hear that Mr. Richardson felt he was mistreated during the invocation" and "We would welcome them [the Central FL Freethought Community] back if they wish to lead the invocation in the future." +In 2022, while Samuel Felinton, a Jew, was a high school junior, he was forced to attend a Christian revival while attending Huntington High School. He was obliged to stay and watch the assembly despite attempting to leave. This assembly would later make international news, by causing a multi-day walkout alongside Max Nibert and himself, including hundreds of their peers. In 2023, Felinton, alongside other parents, students, and the Freedom from Religion Foundation, settled a lawsuit against the Cabell County Board of Education to implement a ban on teacher-run religious events being held within school hours on campus. + +=== Internal Revenue Service === + +==== Parish exemption ==== +The FFRF filed suit against the IRS over the parish exemption that allows "ministers of the gospel" to claim part of their salary as an income-tax-free housing allowance. This was originally filed in 2009, in California, then subsequently dropped and re-filed in 2011, in Wisconsin, because of standing. In August 2012, a federal judge stated that the suit could go forward. In August 2013, the Justice Department argued that leaders of an atheist group may qualify for the parish exemption. Gaylor states "this is not what we are after", going on to say that the government should not give religious groups any special treatment. +On November 21, 2013, a federal judge ruled in the FFRF's favor. In January 2014, the Department of Justice filed an appeal in federal court. In November 2014, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit issued its decision, concluding that the federal tax code provision that treats church-provided housing allowances to ministers as income tax-free must stand. + +==== Electioneering ==== +In November 2012, the FFRF filed a lawsuit against the IRS for not enforcing its own electioneering laws. The FFRF cited in its suit the placement of full-page ads by the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; the diocese requiring priests to read a statement urging Catholics to vote; and the institution of "Pulpit Freedom Sunday". The group claimed that not enforcing the federal tax codes that prohibit tax-exempt religious organizations from electioneering is a violation of the First Amendment of the Constitution. The group stated that the increasing involvement of religious institutions in politics was "blatantly and deliberately flaunting the electioneering restrictions". +The IRS had filed a motion to dismiss in federal court, but in August 2013 it was decided that the lawsuit could proceed stating that the FFRF "has standing to seek an order requiring the IRS to treat religious organizations no more favorably than it treats the Foundation". In 2014, the federal judge dismissed the lawsuit after the parties reached an agreement. + +== State capitol signs == + +=== Florida === +In December 2013, the FFRF was permitted to hang a banner at the capitol after a nativity scene was placed by a private group. + +=== Illinois === +On December 23, 2009, William J. Kelly, conservative activist and candidate for Illinois Comptroller, attempted to remove a FFRF sign at a Christmas display. The case was dismissed on several grounds, including that the lawsuit ran afoul of the First Amendment prohibition against content-based discrimination and that the plaintiff's rights had not been violated. + +=== Washington === +A plaque with the same text as the Wisconsin State Capitol sign was displayed for the 2008 Christmas season at the state capitol in Olympia, Washington, next to a nativity scene. The sign was stolen and then later found and returned to the state capitol. The addition of the sign incited a large number of individuals and groups to request other additions, such as a Festivus pole, a request by the Westboro Baptist Church for a sign stating "Santa Claus will take you to hell" (among other things), a sign paying homage to the Flying Spaghetti Monster, and many others. + +=== Wisconsin === +The FFRF maintains a sign in the Wisconsin State Capitol during the Christmas season, which reads: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0022fc2b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Freedom from Religion Foundation" +chunk: 5/5 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +At this season of THE WINTER SOLSTICE may reason prevail. +There are no gods, no devils, no angels, no heaven or hell. +There is only our natural world. + +Religion is but myth and superstition that hardens hearts and enslaves minds. +In 2013, a natural nativity featuring Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein and Mark Twain as the three wise men, the Statue of Liberty and an astronaut as angels and an African American girl baby doll to represent that "humankind was birthed in Africa" was added. + +=== Texas State Capitol === +In 2015, the FFRF applied to put a "secular Nativity" scene in the Texas State Capitol. The scene featured the Bill of Rights, three Founding Fathers, and the Statue of Liberty and a sign that wished everyone a "Happy Winter Solstice". The then governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, demanded it be removed. Following a series of legal challenges, in 2018, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that FFRF's rights were violated. The Court also vacated the ruling of the trial court and sent the case back for consideration of FFRF's request for an injunction. + +=== Rhode Island === +In 2013, the FFRF was allowed to place a sign in the rotunda, after complaints from its members, as a response to the crèches and other religious symbols that are already in place at the statehouse. + +=== Dayton, Tennessee === +On July 14, 2017, a statue of Clarence Darrow was unveiled in Dayton, Tennessee, on the Rhea County Courthouse lawn, funded by a $150,000 donation from the FFRF. The courthouse was the site of the historic 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial wherein Darrow unsuccessfully defended a teacher, John T. Scopes, who was found guilty of teaching evolution in a public school in violation of what was then a Tennessee state law. The statue was placed just a few feet away from a statue of William Jennings Bryan, Darrow's creationist opponent in the trial, which had been erected in 2005 by nearby Bryan College. + +=== Athens, Texas === +In 2011, the FFRF filed a letter of complaint regarding the placement of a nativity scene on Henderson County courthouse property. After it was decided that the nativity scene would remain, the FFRF petitioned to have its own banner placed on the site, but county officials declined to discuss its placement. The FFRF banner was placed without permission on the courthouse property, but was soon removed. The banner stated: "At this season of the winter solstice, let reason prevail. There are no Gods, no devils, no angels, no Heaven or Hell. There is only our natural world. Religion is but a myth and superstition that hardens hearts and enslaves minds". In April 2012, the county judge denied FFRF's request to place the same banner on the courthouse property. + +== Events and activities == +FFRF has held conventions since 1977, one year after the group formed and one year prior to its official incorporation. Conventions have included speakers such as Christopher Hitchens, awards presented to recognize contributions to the advancement of the freethought community, FFRF held NonPrayer Breakfasts, with what it described as moments of bedlam instead of moments of silence, and piano music by FFRF co-president Dan Barker. +The Emperor Has No Clothes Award has been awarded by FFRF since 1999 in recognition of what it called "plain speaking" on the shortcomings of religion by public figures. Past recipients include: + +== See also == + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +"Freedom from Religion Foundation". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb17735e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "GDELT Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDELT_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:19.325191+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The GDELT Project, or Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, created by Kalev Leetaru of Yahoo! and Georgetown University, along with Philip Schrodt and others, describes itself as "an initiative to construct a catalog of human societal-scale behavior and beliefs across all countries of the world, connecting every person, organization, location, count, theme, news source, and event across the planet into a single massive network that captures what's happening around the world, what its context is and who's involved, and how the world is feeling about it, every single day." Early explorations leading up to the creation of GDELT were described by co-creator Philip Schrodt in a conference paper in January 2011. The dataset is available on Google Cloud Platform. + + +== Data == +GDELT includes data from 1979 to the present. The data is available as zip files in tab-separated value format using a CSV extension for easy import into Microsoft Excel or similar spreadsheet software. Data from 1979 to 2005 is available in the form of one zip file per year, with the file size gradually increased from 14.3 MB in 1979 to 125.9 MB in 2005, reflecting the increase in the number of news media and the frequency and comprehensiveness of event recording. Data files from January 2006 to March 2013 are available at monthly granularity, with the zipped file size rising from 11 MB in January 2006 to 103.2 MB in March 2013. Data files from April 1, 2013 onward are available at a daily granularity. The data file for each date is made available by 6 AM Eastern Standard Time the next day. As of June 2014, the size of the daily zipped file is about 5-12 MB. The data files use Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO) coding for recording events. +In a blog post for Foreign Policy, co-creator Kalev Leetaru attempted to use GDELT data to answer the question of whether the Arab Spring sparked protests worldwide, using the quotient of the number of protest-related events to the total number of events recorded as a measure of protest intensity for which the time trend was then studied. Political scientist and data science/forecasting expert Jay Ulfelder critiqued the post on his personal blog, saying that Leetaru's normalization method may not have adequately accounted for the change in the nature and composition of media coverage. +The dataset is also available on Google Cloud Platform and can be accessed using Google BigQuery. + + +== Reception == + + +=== Academic reception === +Researchers have adopted GDELT for scholarly inquiries such as: + +Media Analytics & Financial Prediction: A study on Visual and Predictive Analytics of Singapore News used GDELT alongside Wikipedia and Singapore’s Straits Times Index to assess data completeness, extract event terms, and predict stock market movements via decision-tree models. +Global Conflict & Disaster Coverage: Scholars have used GDELT’s dataset to explore determinants of media attention to disasters through hierarchical regression, uncovering patterns like regional bias in news coverage. +Image Content Analysis: Researchers have applied deep-learning vision APIs to analyze millions of news images, examining object frequency, sentiment alignment with text, and visual representation of political figures. +Behavioral Modeling Challenges: Participants of Social Computing, Behavioral‑Cultural Modeling and Prediction (SBP) 2014 used GDELT as the core dataset for a Grand Data Challenge, using spatial, temporal, and network analysis to model human behavior, identify social influencers, and forecast societal events. + + +=== Reception in blogs and media === +GDELT has been covered on the website of the Center for Data Innovation as well as the GIS Lounge. It has also been discussed and critiqued on blogs about political violence and crisis prediction. The dataset has been cited and critiqued repeatedly in Foreign Policy, including in discussions of political events in Syria, the Arab Spring, and Nigeria. It has also been cited in New Scientist, on the FiveThirtyEight website and Andrew Sullivan's blog. +The Predictive Heuristics blog and other blogs have compared GDELT with the Integrated Conflict Early Warning System (ICEWS). Alex Hanna blogged about her experiment assessing GDELT with hand-coded data by comparing it with the Dynamics of Collective Action dataset. +In May 2014, the Google Cloud Platform blog announced that the entire GDELT dataset would be available as a public dataset in Google BigQuery. + + +== See also == +United Nations Global Pulse +Integrated Crisis Early Warning System +Armed Conflict Location and Event Data + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21de1de6f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "GTFS" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:26.510824+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +GTFS, or the General Transit Feed Specification, is a general transit feed specification which defines a common data format for public transportation schedules and associated geographic information. GTFS contains only static or scheduled information about public transport services, and is sometimes known as GTFS Static or GTFS Schedule to distinguish it from the GTFS Realtime extension, which defines how information on the realtime status of services can be shared. + +== History == +What was to become GTFS started out as a side project of Google employee Chris Harrelson in 2005, who "monkeyed around with ways to incorporate transit data into Google Maps when he heard from Tim and Bibiana McHugh, married IT managers at TriMet, the transit agency for Portland, Oregon". McHugh is cited with being frustrated about finding transit directions in unfamiliar cities, while popular mapping services were already offering easy-to-use driving directions at the time. +Bibiana and Tim McHugh eventually got into contact with Google and provided the company with CSV exports of TriMet's schedule data. In December 2005, Portland became the first city to be featured in the first version of Google's "Transit Trip Planner". In September 2006, five more US cities were added to the Google Transit Trip Planner, and the data format released as the Google Transit Feed Specification. +In the United States, there had not been any standard for public transit timetables prior to the advent of GTFS, not even a de facto standard. According to long-time BART website manager Timothy Moore, before the advent of GTFS, BART had to provide different data consumers with different formats, making a standardized transit format very desirable. The publicly and freely available format specification, as well as the availability of GTFS schedules, quickly made developers base their transit-related software on the format. This resulted in "hundreds of useful and popular transit applications" as well as catalogues listing available GTFS feeds. Due to the common data format those applications adhere to, solutions do not need to be custom-tailored to one transit operator, but can easily be extended to any region where a GTFS feed is available. +Due to the wide use of the format, the "Google" part of the original name was seen as a misnomer "that makes some potential users shy away from adopting GTFS". As a consequence, it was proposed to change the name of the specification to General Transit Feed Specification in 2009. + +== Applications == + +=== Journey planning === +GTFS is typically used to supply data on public transit for use in multi-modal journey planner applications. In most cases, GTFS is combined with a detailed representation of the street/pedestrian network to allow routing to take place from point to point rather than just between stops. This data is often extended using GTFS-Realtime to factor delays, cancellations, and modified trips into realtime journey planning queries. OpenTripPlanner is open-source software that can do journey planning with a combination of GTFS and OpenStreetMap data. Other general purpose applications exist such as the ArcMap Network Analyst extension which can incorporate GTFS for transit routing. +GTFS was originally designed for use in Google Transit, an online multi-modal journey planning application. + +=== Accessibility research === +GTFS is often used in research on transit accessibility where it is typically used to estimate travel times by transit from one point to many other points at different times of day. Studies however have called such applications into question due to their reliance on schedules alone without accounting for reliability issues and regular schedule non-adherence. + +=== Comparing service levels === +GTFS has been used to measure changes in accessibility due to changes in transit service provision, either actual or proposed. Analysis of changes in service over time can be accomplished by simply comparing published GTFS data for the same agency from different time periods. For comparison of existing service with proposed infrastructure or service changes, a future GTFS must often be constructed by hand based on proposed service characteristics. + +=== Feed registries === +Public GTFS feeds have been aggregated in a variety of feed registries: + +Mobility Database (2023 - present) builds on TransitFeeds (2013-2024) which maintained a directory of GTFS and GTFS Realtime feeds and an interactive website for browsing feed contents. +Transitland (2014 - present) maintains a directory of GTFS and GTFS Realtime feeds in 55+ countries and provides both an interactive website and APIs for querying feed contents. Transitland was originally created by Mapzen and is now maintained by Interline Technologies. +GTFS Data Exchange Archived 25 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine (2008–2016) allowed public transit agencies of all sizes to upload copies of their GTFS feeds. The website is no longer active. + +== Structure == + +A GTFS feed is a collection of at least six, and up to 13 CSV files (with extension .txt) contained within a .zip file. Preferred character encoding is UTF-8. Together, the related CSV tables describe a transit system's scheduled operations as visible to riders. The specification is designed to be sufficient to provide trip planning functionality, but is also useful for other applications such as analysis of service levels and some general performance measures. In contrast to European transit industry exchange standards such as Transmodel or VDV-45X, GTFS only includes scheduled operations that are meant to be distributed to riders. It is also limited to scheduled information and does not include real-time information. However, real-time information can be related to GTFS schedules according to the related GTFS Realtime specification. +Following are descriptions of the tables required for a valid GTFS data feed. Each table is literally a text CSV file whose filename is the name of the table, suffixed by '.txt'. So for the 'agency' table below, a CSV file called 'agency.txt' would be included in a valid GTFS feed. + +=== Mandatory tables === + +==== agency ==== +The agency table provides information about the transit agency as such, including name, website and contact information. +Required fields: + +agency_name +agency_url +agency_timezone \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c56ccbc19 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: "GTFS" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTFS" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:26.510824+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== routes ==== +The routes table identifies distinct routes. This is to be distinguished from distinct routings (or paths), several of which may belong to a single route. +Required fields: + +route_id (primary key) +route_short_name +route_long_name +route_type +background_color +foreground_color + +==== trips ==== +Required fields: + +trip_id (primary key) +route_id (foreign key) +service_id (foreign key) +Optional fields: + +block_id - The block ID indicates the schedule block to which a trip belongs. + +==== stop_times ==== +Required fields: + +stop_id (primary key) +trip_id (foreign key) +arrival_time +departure_time +stop_sequence +Note that dwell time may be modelled by the difference between the arrival and departure times. However, many agencies do not seem to model dwell time for most stops. + +==== stops ==== +The stops table defines the geographic locations of each and every actual stop or station in the transit system as well as, and optionally, some of the amenities associated with those stops. +Required fields: + +stop_id (primary key) +stop_name +stop_lon +stop_lat + +==== calendar ==== +The calendar table defines service patterns that operate recurrently such as, for example, every weekday. Service patterns that don't repeat such as for a one-time special event will be defined in the calendar_dates table. +Required fields: + +service_id (primary key) +Monday +Tuesday +Wednesday +Thursday +Friday +Saturday +Sunday +start_date +end_date + +=== Optional tables === + +==== calendar_dates ==== +Calendar dates is an optional table which adds exceptions to the calendar.txt file. This can be adding additional days or removing days, such as for holiday service. The file only contains three columns, the service id, date, and exception type (either added or removed). A service id does not have to be inside the calendar.txt file to be added to this table. + +==== fare_attributes ==== +Fare information for a transit agency's routes. + +==== fare_rules ==== +Rules to apply fares for itineraries. +Most fare structures use some combination of the following rules: + +Fare depends on origin or destination stations. +Fare depends on which zones the itinerary passes through. +Fare depends on which route the itinerary uses. + +==== shapes ==== +Rules for drawing lines on a map to represent a transit organization's routes. + +==== frequencies ==== +This table specifies headway (time between trips) for routes with variable frequency of service. + +==== transfers ==== +Rules for making connections at transfer points between routes. + +==== feed_info ==== +An optional feed start date and optional feed expiration date can be set. Agencies may publish feeds that are several days into the future. Thus, journey planning software applications keep multiple feed versions and the correct feed for a particular day or time. +translations +The translations table consists of these columns: table_name, field_name, field_value, record_id, record_sub_id, language, translation. Translations are broken down into their respective tables, and any text field or URL may be translated. Translations in GTFS use two types of keys in the key-value table. Record_id uses an ID for the field like stop_id or trip_id, while field_value is a matching value to the field_name's original contents. Tables using a two-value tuple, such as stop_times, use record_id and record_sub_id to represent the tuple. The translation column is the output. + +== See also == +Bing Maps +Google Transit +Journey planner +Open standard + +== References == + + This article contains excerpts from "Opening Public Transit Data in Germany" by Stefan Kaufmann, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license. + +== External links == +Google documentation on GTFS Specification +History of GTFS +GTFS Tools +GTFS resource center managed by MobilityData +General Transit Feed Specification article on TransitWiki, with history, uses and applications, production methods, and best practices \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3435e0448 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Ghana Open Data Initiative" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:20.513306+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ghana Open Data Initiative (GODI) was started in January 2012 by the National Information Technology Agency (NITA) in partnership with the Web Foundation (WF), to make Government of Ghana data available to the public for re-use. The establishment of GODI is meant to promote efficiency, transparency and accountability in governance as well as to facilitate economic growth by means of the creation of Mobile and Web applications for the Ghanaian and world markets. The project was scheduled for completion in 2014 and aimed to create a sustainable Open Data ecosystem for Ghana. GODI was launched with a 100 data sets categorized as political, legal, organizational, technical, social or economic. The vision of GODI is to develop an open data community involving the Government of Ghana, civil society organizations, industry, developer communities, academia, media practitioners, and the citizenry, to interact with one another with the aim of developing an open data portal to bring about transparency, accountability and efficiency in government. + +== History == +At the close of 2011, the president of the Republic of Ghana, His Excellency Prof. J.E. Mills, signed the Open Government Partnership (OGP), a global initiative started by the United States government. The OGP is a new multilateral initiative that aims to secure concrete commitments from governments to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance. In the spirit of multistakeholder collaboration, the OGP is overseen by a steering committee of governments, civil society organizations, academia and the developer community. +Prior to Ghana signing onto the OGP, the World Wide Web Foundation (WF) had conducted feasibility studies in Ghana and Chile as special case studies for developing countries and published the report in February 2011. On the basis of the feasibility report, the National Information Technology Agency (NITA), an agency of the Ministry of Communications, which was created by an Act of Parliament to oversee and implement government policy on Information and Communication Technology (ICT), began discussions with the WF in April 2011 on how to develop an open government portal in Ghana. +NITA over the last three years has been deploying a massive government network dubbed the GovNET across the country and data centers which will be repositories of Government data. NITA has also been mandated to engage the citizenry with government by providing e-Services platforms to serve the citizenry with services like online passport application, business and birth and death registration which NITA is executing with 11 pilot e-service platforms. +On the initial signing of the OGP commitment by the embassy of Ghana in the US in September 2011, NITA intensified its discussions with the WF on developing a national plan to create an open data portal where government could make its data available in a format that civil society organizations (CSOs), the developer community, academia, the media and industry could re-use. These discussions culminated in a visit to Ghana by a team from the WF during which a strategic plan was developed at a formal stakeholders’ meeting which took place in Accra, where the initiative was duly launched. The visiting WF team and NITA officials paid a courtesy call on the then Vice President His Excellency John Dramani Mahama to invite him to champion the Ghana Open Data Initiative. + +== Relevance of open government data to Ghana == +Open government data is particularly important to low and middle income countries like Ghana because: + +Transparency and accountability are critical dimensions for foreign aid and investments, which in turn is essential for social and economic development. The potential of ICT in developing countries to provide basic services in health, education, business and governance has been highlighted for more than a decade by the WSIS. +Easy access to government-held data reduces risks and transaction costs in the economic sector, thus reducing barriers to growth. +Citizen inclusion and participation in government agenda have been historically low in developing countries, particularly due to lack of information and infrastructure. Increasing such citizen participation has proven to be essential for the establishment of stable democratic processes. +Data on government services is capable of attracting groups and organizations to form communities whose activities can improved social capital and economic growth. + +== Development of GODI == + +=== Executive level === +The WF feasibility report indicated that the Government of Ghana has the political will to make information transparently available to its citizens. In January 2012, then vice president of Ghana, John Mahama, informed a delegation from the WF that he was committed to championing the GODI at the cabinet level. + +=== Public administration level === +The feasibility report of the WF indicated that government departments and agencies are in support of OGD initiatives. Substantial information is already available in digital format; however, end user access still remains on paper which imparts negatively on the access and reuse of information. Since January 2012 when the GODI started, several public administrators have indicated their willingness to provide data in the format required to contribute to the project. + +=== Civil society level === +The WF feasibility report indicated that there is already a movement towards reuse of information driven by organizations like the Population Council as well as universities that are advocating the access to raw data for their studies. + +== Organogram == + +== Implementation == +The National Information Technology Agency (NITA) is the implementing agency for the Ghana Open Data Initiative Archived 2015-03-24 at the Wayback Machine (GODI). The GODI portal was developed on the fourth thematic area of the Open Government Partnership. +The objectives of the GODI project are to: + +Provide a central platform for access to public government data. +Bring about the development of the open data community. +Promote participation between government, civil society organizations, academia, media practitioners, industry, developer community and the citizen. +Serve as a concrete action plan of the fourth thematic area of the Open Government Partnership (technology and innovation) for the republic of Ghana. +Promote transparency, accountability and efficiency in government through citizen feedback. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88a3285b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Ghana Open Data Initiative" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Open_Data_Initiative" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:20.513306+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Benefits == +Ghana's decision to create an open data portal was informed by the fact the Open Government Data (OGD) programs around the world have demonstrated multiple benefits. GODI perceives that Ghana can gain all the benefit of open data which are grouped around three main themes: + +=== Transparency and accountability === +Increased transparency of governments +Greater accountability of officials by citizens being able to see and challenge individual spending and purchasing decisions +Behaviour change due to the possibility of greater scrutiny +Better understanding by civil society of the reasons for government decisions +Better democracy and increased civic capital +Better informed and balanced journalism; i.e. data journalism + +=== Improved public services === +Increased number of services to people due to an increased base of potential service providers +New synergies among government, public administration and civil society organizations +Increased citizen participation and inclusion through extended offers of services closer to people's needs +Closer cooperation between central and local government +Increased internal government efficiency and effectiveness + +=== Economic growth === +New business opportunities for services to businesses and citizens using government data +Better functioning of the economy through easy access to core reference information held by the government +Increased employment for application and service developers +New innovative uses of OGD that can help spur innovation and development in the IT sector + +== References == + +== External links == +NITA website +GODI website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d57132c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "GigaDB" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaDB" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:21.692096+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +GigaDB (GigaScience DataBase) is a disciplinary repository launched in 2011 with the aim of ensuring long-term access to massive multidimensional datasets from life science and biomedical science studies. The datasets are diverse and include genomic, transcriptomic, and imaging data. The datasets are curated by GigaDB biocurators who are employed by BGI and China National GeneBank. +In its inception, GigaDB was designed as the supporting archive for large-scale research data submitted to the GigaScience Press data journals GigaScience and GigaByte whose focus are on ensuring reproducibility and reusability of biological and biomedical research. The scope of GigaDB has broadened to include computational research objects such as synthetic data, software and workflows. The database uses Genomics Standard Consortium (GSC)-approved sample attributes and standards, also collaborating with the GSC to ensure data are comprehensive and discoverable. Datasets hosted in GigaDB are defined as a group of files and metadata that support a specific article or study. For each published GigaDB dataset, a DataCite digital object identifier is assigned and the data are indexed and discoverable in NCBI Datamed and the Clarivate Analytics Data Citation Index. GigaDB has also collaborated with Repositive to boost the discoverability of their human datasets. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Aquaculture_Alliance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Aquaculture_Alliance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5315ce5ea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Aquaculture_Alliance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Global Aquaculture Alliance" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Aquaculture_Alliance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:55.701178+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) is an international non-profit trade association dedicated to advancing responsible aquaculture. Established in 1997, GAA works with industry, the NGO community, governments, academia and the investment community. GAA has published best management practice for water pollution for aquaculture, a type of standard that has gained widespread application in traditional agriculture. + + +== See also == +Agerskovgruppen +FAO GM Foods Platform + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website Archived 2018-01-12 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fcd30222 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Global Research Identifier Database" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:22.862993+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Global Research Identifier Database (GRID) is a database of educational and research organizations worldwide, created and maintained by Digital Science & Research Solutions Ltd., part of the technology company Digital Science. In 2021 public releases of the database were discontinued in favor of Research Organization Registry (ROR) as the leading open organization identifier. +Each organization is assigned a unique GRID ID, and there is a corresponding web address and page for each ID in the database. The dataset contains the institution's type, geo-coordinates, official website, and Wikipedia page. Name variations of institutions are included, as well. +The first public release of GRID occurred on 22 September 2015, and it contained entries for 47,648 institutes. The 30th public release of GRID was on 27 August 2018, and the database contained 89,506 entries. It is available in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) specification as linked data, and can therefore be linked to other data. Containing 14,401 relationships, GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations +In December 2016, Digital Science released GRID under a Creative Commons CC0 licence — without restriction under copyright or database law. +The database is available for download as a ZIP archive, which includes the entire database in JSON and CSV file formats. +From all the sources from which it draws information, including funding datasets, Digital Science claims that GRID covers 92% of institutions. + + +== Data sources == + + +== Example == +The GRID ID for NASA: → grid.238252.c. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website +"GRID Support". GRIDac.Freshdesk.com. +"Global Research Identifiers Database (XI-GRID)". org-id.guide. +"Data collection: GRID – Identifiers.org". European Bioinformatics Institute. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project-0.md index dbfc392be..3b9290e10 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Urban_Evolution_Project" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:06.675486+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:24.085549+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3ea6077e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:56.908138+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) leads the programme Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), which helps identify ways to mitigate threats faced by these systems and their people and enhance the benefits derived from these dynamic systems. +Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems recognize remarkable land use systems and landscapes full of life and biodiversity, resilient ecosystems, and valuable cultural heritages managed by farmers, herders, fisherfolk, and forest people. Communities that have preserved and developed complex, diverse, and locally adapted agricultural systems that nowadays provide sustainably many goods and services, food, and livelihood security for millions of people around the world. +As of April 2026, the GIAHS Programme has awarded the designation to 104 sites in 29 countries. + + +== List of UN-designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems == + + +== See also == +List of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (Japan) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +FAO GIAHS Official website +List of designated sites +Photos of GIAHS sites \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e091d8402 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "GovHack" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovHack" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:25.289834+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +GovHack is a significant annual open government and open data hackathon, attracting over 15,000 participants since 2009. First run as a small Canberra-based event, it quickly expanded to an international competition with simultaneous events taking place in major cities across Australia and New Zealand each year, with virtual events for remote and international participants. Since its inception, over 2,500 projects have been published by participants to demonstrate the practical value of open data. + + +== Format == +The competition requires small teams of competitors to produce a project using open data within 46 hours, from Friday evening to Sunday afternoon. The format of the project is unspecified, but web applications, mobile apps, and visualisations are common, with games and art also being encouraged. +Although competitors may use any available open data, certain prize categories mandate the use of certain datasets, such as "Best Geoscience Award" or "Best Use of Taxation Statistics Award". Typically, participating sponsors and government departments release new datasets for the competition each year. +Each team must produce evidence of work, such as source code, and are judged on a three-minute video they must produce about their project. Teams are required to publish their projects using an open license. + + +== History == +GovHack was first run at the Australian National University in 2009, funded by the Australian "Gov 2.0 Taskforce".In 2012, GovHack became an annual event and was run in two locations. During the early years of the competition, the Australian chapter of the Open Knowledge Foundation assisted with the operation of the event, with Pia Andrews as head of the national GovHack operations team. +From 2013 to 2017 GovHack rapidly expanded to become an international competition run throughout Australia and New Zealand, with virtual events for remote and international participants. +2014 marked the first annual GovHack Red Carpet Awards to celebrate the winners, sponsors, and volunteers of GovHack, taking place at Brisbane City Hall. +During the COVID-19 pandemic, GovHack was run entirely virtually. As a result, participation dropped significantly from 1500 participants in 2019, to less than half of that for the following years. + + +== Events == + + +== External links == +Data Point (The Age blog) Archived 2016-07-03 at the Wayback Machine + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51d8186d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Gulbenkian Commission" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:07.651781+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Gulbenkian Commission sought to address inadequacies in the organization of the social science disciplines that developed in the nineteenth century by indicating a direction for social scientific inquiry for the next 50 years. It was founded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. It held three meetings in 1994 and 1995. + + +== Members == +Its members included Immanuel Wallerstein (chair), Calestous Juma, Evelyn Fox Keller, Jürgen Kocka, Dominique Lecourt, Valentin Y. Mudimbe, Kinhide Mushakoji, Ilya Prigogine, Peter J. Taylor, Michel-Rolph Trouillot. Six of them were drawn from the social sciences, two from the natural sciences and two from the humanities. The commission sought to produce a book length work that would identify new directions for the organization of knowledge in the next fifty years. The report was published in 1996 by Stanford University as the book, Open the Social Sciences by Immanuel Wallerstein. To foster international debate, the report has been published in numerous languages including English, French, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Czech, Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Romanian, Serbocroat, Turkish, and Japanese. + + +== Debate == +The ideas in the report have stimulated debate around the world. For example, in the Indian Magazine Frontline, Sundar Sarukkai discussed its conclusions and applicability to the Indian context, which he criticizes for being cliquish and unprofessional. In 2006 Michael Burawoy, at Berkeley, offered a highly critical perspective: "We hear nothing about how and where this new knowledge will be produced. Nor do we hear for whom this knowledge will be produced, nor for what ends. Instead we have an abstract and totalizing utopia that reflects the concerns of Western academics, perched high up in the ivory tower, seemingly unaware that the fortress beneath them – supporting them -- was under siege". This comment was made in spite of the fact that the commission itself included academics from the Caribbean, Africa, and East Asia, as well as Europe and North America. Richard Lee suggests concrete ways that the Commission's goal of breaking down barriers between the disciplines of the social sciences might be achieved. + + +== References == + +Dialnet-EpistemologiaCritica-6280179.pdf + + +== External links == +"Open the Social Sciences" in Encyclopedia.com +"Open the Social Sciences: To Whom and For What?" by Michael Buroway (address delivered to Portuguese Sociological Association, March 30, 2006) +"Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences, Description of Project" on the website of the Fernand Braudel Center \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f35e043f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Gwyneddigion Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:09.516650+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Gwyneddigion Society (Welsh: Cymdeithas y Gwyneddigion) was a London-based Welsh literary and cultural society. The original society was founded in 1770 and wound up in 1843. It was briefly revived in 1978. Its proceedings were conducted through the medium of Welsh. + + +== History == +The Gwyneddigion Society was founded in December 1770 by a group of expatriate Welshmen resident in London, its first formal meeting taking place on 4 February 1771. Foremost of the founders was Owen Jones (known as Owain Myfyr), who became the society's first president. Originally from Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr, Jones had moved to London as a young man and had earned his fortune as a furrier. Other notable early members included Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams), William Owen Pughe, Jac Glan-y-gors (John Jones), Siôn Ceiriog (John Edwards), Edward Jones ("Bardd y Brenin"), and Twm o'r Nant (Thomas Edwards). Although the society's name (meaning "Gwynedd scholars") suggests a particular link with the region of Gwynedd, its affiliations were from the start with the whole of North Wales, and later with all parts of Wales. +It seems likely that the society was formed in part in reaction to the perceived social and intellectual elitism of the existing London Welsh societies, notably the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (although there was in practice considerable overlap between the membership and the officials of the various societies). The emphasis in the early years was on sociability, music (including harp-playing and penillion-singing), and pleasure. The society's principal meeting-place was the Bull's Head Tavern in Walbrook, and one member, David Samwell, wrote: + +Under rules adopted in 1777, every member had to be Welsh-speaking, and had to avow a fondness for singing, or at least for hearing poetry sung to the harp. However, the society rapidly adopted a more broadly cultural, and specifically a literary, role. When the Cymmrodorion Society was dissolved in 1787, its presidential chair was passed to the Gwyneddigion Society. One member described the Bull's Head between 1790 and 1815 as the "centre of Welsh literary life" ("canolfan bywyd llenyddol ein gwlad"). +The society promoted annual eisteddfodau in Wales, the precursors of the National Eisteddfod (the first being held at Bala in 1789); but these experienced difficulties, and the experiment was abandoned after 1793. It had its own library, and maintained contact with scholars across Wales, such as William Jones, to aid them in their knowledge gathering. It also offered an annual prize for literature, in the form of a silver medal. Most significantly, the society (with the financial backing of Owen Jones) published important Welsh literary texts, including Barddoniaeth Dafydd ab Gwilym (1789) and The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales (1801–07). +A noteworthy event in the society's early history was its funding in the 1790s of John Evans' exploration of North America in search of the legendary "Welsh Indians", the supposed descendants of Madog ab Owain Gwynedd. +From the beginning of the 19th century the society began a slow decline, and by the mid-1830s it had been effectively subsumed into the Cymreigyddion Society (founded in 1795). It was formally dissolved in 1843. + + +== Revival == +A new Gwyneddigion Society was formed in London in 1978, but it is not known to have survived. + + +== Notes == + + +== Bibliography == +Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Baines, Menna; Lynch, Peredur I., eds. (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6. +Jenkins, R.T.; Ramage, Helen M. (1951). A History of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion and of the Gwyneddigion and Cymreigyddion Societies (1751–1951). Y Cymmrodor. Vol. 50. London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. pp. 91–128. +Jones, Emrys, ed. (2001). The Welsh in London, 1500–2000. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 74–7. ISBN 0708317103. +Leathart, W.D. (1831). The Origin and Progress of the Gwyneddigion Society of London, instituted MDCCLXX. London. +Lloyd, Sir John Edward; Jenkins, R.T., eds. (1959). The Dictionary of Welsh Biography, down to 1940. London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. + + +== External links == +Words can be dangerous: the Gwyneddigion eisteddfodau Casgliad y Werin Cymru/Peoples Collection Wales \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15be192f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "H-Net" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:11.346013+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +H-Net ("Humanities & Social Sciences Online") is an interdisciplinary forum for scholars in the humanities and social sciences. One of its functions is to host electronic mailing lists organized by academic disciplines. In 2007, H-Net lists reached 180,000 subscribers from over 160 countries, and in 2025 its website stated there were 230,000 subscribers from over 200 countries. +The H-Net Network has grown until it is now endorsed by many academic professional organizations. Its over 180 topic- or discipline-specific lists are often the primary internet forum for scholars. Individual lists are edited by a team of scholars and each has a board of editors. The Department of History at Michigan State University hosts H-Net. + + +== Online services == +In addition to its email lists, H-Net provides three related online services: + +H-Net Reviews is resource for coordinating book reviews and website reviews from participating lists, preserving them in searchable annual volumes. There are 46,000+ reviews of books and other publications, commissioned and published on its website and through its listservs. +H-Net Job Guide: academic position announcements, available on its website and through email +H-Net Academic Announcements: announcements of academic conferences, calls for papers, and programs + + +== Discussion networks == +Many of the lists deal with various areas of historical study. Within two years of its founding, Steven A. Leibo in a newsletter post described H-Net as being "among the most dynamic and effective contributions" to the internationalization of scholarship. + + +== History == +H-Net began in 1992 as an initiative of Prof. Richard J. Jensen when he was at the History department at the University of Illinois Chicago, to assist historians "to easily communicate current research and teaching interests; to discuss new approaches, methods and tools of analysis; to share information on access to library catalogs and other electronic databases; and to test new ideas and share comments on current historiography." H-net started moving operations to Michigan State in 1994. H-Net is now organized as an international consortium of scholars in the humanities and social sciences and its networks are hosted by Michigan State University. +In 2023, the H-Net president was Lorna L. Zukas, Professor of Sociology and Global Studies at National University (California). +In 2023, the network saw a graphical and functional re-design coined H-Net 3.0, which was launched on 5th July. +In 2024, the H-Net president was Evan Rothera, Assistant Professor History, Social Sciences, and Philosophy at the University of Arkansas-Fort Smith. +In 2025, the H-Net President is Andrew Kettler, Assistant Professor of History and Director of Institutional and Academic Affairs at USC Union. + + +== See also == +hprints - an open access repository for Nordic academic research in the arts and humanities + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d1fca00 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "H-Soz-Kult" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:12.497867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +H-Soz-u-Kult (Humanities – Sozial und Kulturgeschichte) is an +online information and communication platform for historians which disseminates academic news and publications. +The project is committed to the principles of open access and community network. Since its founding in 1996 the central editorial office is located at the History Department of the Humboldt University of Berlin. H-Soz-u-Kult is part of H-Net and one of the most important online communication and information services for Historians in the German-speaking world. It is read by more than 20,000 email subscribers in over 70 countries. In 2012, around one million page views by up to 210,000 unique visitors were registered per month on the website. +H-Soz-u-Kult publishes a wide range of book reviews, conference reports, job offers, scholarships, tables of contents of academic journals, literature reports and other news from the historical science community. Most publications are in German but the number of English publications continually increases. The book reviews are the main emphasis of H-Soz-u-Kult – more than 12,000 reviews were accessible on its website in 2013. H-Soz-u-Kult’s main editorial office at the Humboldt University of Berlin is supported by a pro bono editorial staff which consists of over 40 researchers from almost all fields of historical science. +H-Soz-u-Kult is a part of Clio-online, a partner in a wide range of other academic projects, and was supported by the German Research Foundation for many years. The editorial range has been augmented with contributions from the complementary forums history.transnational and zeitgeschichte-online since 2004 and infoclio.ch since 2009. +Current articles from the academic world can be accessed via H-Soz-u-Kult’s website, email and RSS-feeds. +H-Soz-u-Kult is the official media partner of the German Union of Historians. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +H-Soz-u-Kult (english web page) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27d6e4aac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Hague Academic Coalition" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:13.661805+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Hague Academic Coalition (HAC) is a consortium of academic institutions in the fields of international relations, international law and international development. + + +== Members and Organization == +The member institutions are: + +Carnegie Foundation +The Hague Academy of International Law +Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (HiiL) +International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS) +Leiden University Campus The Hague +Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' +The Hague University of Applied Sciences +T.M.C. Asser Instituut +The board of the Hague Academic Coalition consists of: + +Prof. Dr. J. de Vries (Campus The Hague) - President +Mr. S. van Hoogstraten (Carnegie Foundation) - Vice President +Prof. Dr. L.J. de Haan (ISS) - Treasurer +Drs. A.S. Gerards (Hague Academic Coalition) - Secretary +Dr. A.S. Muller (HiiL) +Mr. R.K. Brons (The Hague University of Applied Sciences) +Prof. Dr. J. Colijn (Clingendael) +Mrs. A. O'Brien (T.M.C. Asser Instituut) +Mr. F.W.H. van den Emster (Raad voor de Rechtspraak) - In an advisory capacity + + +== Current programmes and activities == +The Hague Forum for Judicial Expertise (HFJE), providing high level training to judges, magistrates and prosecutors. +The Hague Justice Portal (HJP), providing up to date information about the activities of international courts, tribunals and other international organisations based in The Hague. +A programme aimed at the digitalisation of the historic jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. +Its annual conferences entitled "From Peace to Justice", focusing on specific subjects related to international law, peace and justice +Regular HAC lectures: public lectures aimed at enhancing the discussion in The Hague on topics related to peace and justice + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +The Hague Academic Coalition on The Hague Justice Portal Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine +Website The Hague Forum for Judicial Expertise Archived 2008-04-06 at the Wayback Machine +Website Hague Justice Portal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d70a50e70 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Health Data Consortium" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Data_Consortium" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:27.704244+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Health Data Consortium (HDC) is a Washington, D.C.–based public–private partnership that advocates for the availability and use of health data, in particular government health datasets, and the improvement of health and health care through patient data accessibility and innovative use of data. HDC is a 501(c)(3) organization. + + +== History == +In 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the Health Data Initiative to make its data available for public use and, in collaboration with the Institute of Medicine, hosted a public forum featuring various private, non-profit, and entrepreneurial stakeholder groups to explore how the data could be used to promote innovation that would improve people's health. This forum was held again in 2011 and 2012, wherein it was rebranded into its current iteration as the Health Datapalooza. +Due to the success of the forum and growing industry interest, HHS, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the California HealthCare Foundation, and other parties involved believed that there needed to be a structured organization independent of the government that could convene stakeholder groups and promote the health data mission year-round. They approached Forum One Communications to help establish this organization as a public-private partnership, which was named the Health Data Consortium. + + +=== Leadership === +In February 2013, Dwayne Spradlin was announced as acting CEO of HDC. He was succeeded by Dr. Christopher Boone, who was appointed Executive Director in October 2014. + + +== Work == + + +=== Health Datapalooza === +The Health Datapalooza conference continues the work of the Health Data Initiative Forum by convening stakeholders annually. In particular, Health Datapalooza is known for highlighting health care startups that use health data to develop programs and applications by way of a coding challenge or through demos of the applications. + + +=== Health Data All Stars === +The Health Data All Stars is a directory of organizations and websites that offer open health datasets for public viewing and use. The directory currently features over fifty open health data entries. + + +== See also == +Public–private partnerships in the United States + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Health Data Consortium website +Health Datapalooza website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a77d5cf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Human Development and Capabilities Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:16.020716+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Human Development and Capabilities Association is an academic and research society whose aim is to promote the field of human development in general and the capability approach in particular. The Association was launched in 2004 with conferences in the UK at Cambridge and in Italy at Pavia and has run conferences annually since. +The organisation publishes the peer-reviewed journal: Journal of Human Development and Capabilities: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-Centered Development. (formally 2000–8) known as the Journal of Human Development. + + +== Presidents == +Presidents of the HDCA have included the following: + +Amartya Sen +Martha Nussbaum +Frances Stewart +Kaushik Basu +Tony Atkinson +Henry Richardson +Ravi Kanburs +Ingrid Robeyns +Jay Drydyk +Melanie Walker +Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ac2b81c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Hypothes.is" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothes.is" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:28.837350+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Hypothes.is is an open-source software project that aims to collect comments about statements made in any web-accessible content, and filter and rank those comments to assess each statement's credibility. +It has been summarized as "a peer review layer for the entire Internet." + + +== Concept == +The project is a system which allows annotation of web pages, using comments contributed by individuals and a reputation system for rating the comments. The plan is that the comments will be stored in the Internet Archive. Normal use is with a browser plug-in (Chrome) or a bookmarklet (others), and the plan is that links to specific comments will also be viewable without needing a plug-in. + + +== People == +The project is led by Dan Whaley, co-founder of GetThere, one of the first online travel booking systems in 1995. Its advisors have included John Perry Barlow, Charles Bazerman, Philip Bourne and Brewster Kahle. + + +== Project == +A Kickstarter drive to raise $100,000 to fund a working prototype narrowly reached its goal on November 13, 2011. The effort is organized as a non-profit. It has received financial support from the Shuttleworth Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Helmsley Trust, the Knight Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. +In December 2015, Hypothes.is was a founding member of a coalition of scholarly publishers, platforms, libraries, and technology organizations to create an open, interoperable annotation layer over their content. +In August 2022, after noting that being a nonprofit limited the company to grants and donations and with several of the key funding sources Hypothes.is relied on no longer available, they formed "Annotation Unlimited, PBC" (Anno). Anno is a public benefit corporation to house the Hypothes.is mission set up to allow investment. It attracted $14M seed round, including $2.5M from the provider of JSTOR. + + +== See also == +Text annotation +Web annotation + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03b69b156 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "IASSIST" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:17.245306+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Association for Social Science Information Service and Technology (or IASSIST) is an international organisation that provides professional development, communication and conferences for data librarians, archivists, and social science aligned information specialists. + +Each year, the IASSIST Fellow program sponsors members from developing nations to attend events and professional development to further the advancement of information management. + + +== Conferences == +IASSIST organizes an annual conference, typically held in May or June, focusing on data sharing and management, data access and repository tools, metadata for research data, best practices for data preservation, global information resources, new technologies, and professional development. The conference location usually rotates to a different region each year. + + +== History == +IASSIST was formed in 1974. It emerged to manage and increase access to the growing amount of machine-readable social science data. The first IASSIST conference was held in 1977 in Cocoa Beach, Florida + with 29 representatives from Canada and the United States. + + +== Africa Chapter == +The IASSIST Africa Chapter is currently the only Regional Chapter of IASSIST. Regional chapters of IASSIST support the expedient and efficient management of IASSIST affairs and activities within their regions. The Africa Chapter was officially launched in 2021 during the first IASSIST Africa Regional Workshop held in Kampala, Uganda. It has members from several African countries and holds an annual regional workshop where members come together to discuss and share emerging trends and issues in IT, research and data services. + + +== IASSIST Quarterly (IQ) == +The IASSIST Quarterly (ISSN: 2331-4141 Online, 0739–1137 Print) is a peer-reviewed, indexed, open access quarterly journal of articles dealing with social science information and data services. IQ represents an international cooperative effort on the part of individuals managing, operating, or using machine-readable data archives, data libraries, and data services. The IQ is published by the IASSIST and hosted by the University of Alberta Libraries. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InVivo-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InVivo-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b1d627da --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InVivo-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "InVivo" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InVivo" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:58.075469+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +InVivo is an agricultural and agri-food multinational, originally formed from a union of 167 member agricultural cooperatives. +InVivo also owns the garden centers Gamm Vert, Jardiland, and Delbard, as well as the Louise bakeries through the Teract group. + + +== History == +In May 2017, InVivo acquires 90 Gamm Vert stores from two of its franchisees, Axéréal and Terrena. +In November 2017, InVivo announces the acquisition of Jardiland for an undisclosed amount. +In July 2018, ADM announces the acquisition of Neovia, an InVivo subsidiary specializing in animal nutrition, for $1.8 billion. +In June 2019, InVivo acquires 29 Gamm Vert stores from its franchisee Maïsadour, out of the 36 it owns; the remaining seven are sold to another company. +In July 2020, InVivo entered negotiations to acquire a 57 percent stake in Vinadeis, a winegrowing cooperative in which it already held a 10 percent interest. +In January 2021, InVivo announced that it had entered negotiations to acquire the Soufflet Group. The acquisition of the Soufflet Group was completed in December 2021 for an undisclosed amount, estimated at €2.3 billion. +In 2025, InVivo was fined €2.7 million for international trafficking of counterfeit glyphosate. + + +== Notes et références == + + +== Voir aussi == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d61d5f53 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Indian Council of Social Science Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:18.450093+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) is the national body overseeing research in the social sciences in India. It was established in New Delhi in 1969. + + +== Council == +The Council is currently chaired by Prof. Deepak Kumar Srivastava. Current members include Deena Bandhu Pandey, P. Kanagasabapathi, Sanjay Kumar, H.S. Bedi, Harish Chandra Singh Rathore, Panchanan Mohanty, Amita Singh, Kshamadevi Shankarrao Khobragade, T. Subramanyam Naidu, Rakesh Sinha, Aswini Mohapatra, P.V. Krishna Bhatta, Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit, J.K. Bajaj, M.P. Bezbaruah, D.D. Pattanaik, and Madhu Purnima Kishwar. + + +== Activities == +It provides funding to scholars and to a network of twenty-nine research institutes, among them: + +A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna (ANSISS Patna) +Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS), Bhubaneswar +Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi +Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram +Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi +Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta +Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi +Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Development Research +Centre for Women's Development Studies, Delhi +Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad +Indian Institute Of Economics, Hyderabad +Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad +Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore +Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi +Madras Institute of Development Studies. +Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development, Guwahati +Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow +A large proportion of its budget is spent on its own administration; in 1996–1997, this amounted to 23% of total expenditure. It has been described as an "oversized, unimaginative and inefficient bureaucrac[y]". + + +== See also == +National Social Science Documentation Centre + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f3e60b1f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +--- +title: "Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:19.686079+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) at Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) is one of the leading research institutes on humanitarian law and humanitarian studies in Europe. +It was founded in 1988 on the initiative of Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Knut Ipsen, then rector of Ruhr University Bochum, as a means to conduct research on international conflicts and provide solutions to resolve them. The IFHV’s research is highly interdisciplinary with a focus on international humanitarian studies from a legal and social-scientific perspective. +The Institute also provides high-level academic and professional training for the next generation of personnel in the area of humanitarian action. The IFHV’s interdisciplinary angle is put into practice through its Joint Master’s Programme in International Humanitarian Action, part of the European University Network on Humanitarian Assistance (NOHA). +Since 2014, the Institute is headed by Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard). Its staff consists of about 25 employees (including student research assistants) and about 10 PhD students. +Current professors involved in the Institute’s work are: + +Prof. Dr. Horst Fischer (IFHV) +Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Heintze (IFHV) +Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard) (IFHV & Faculty of Law; Managing Director) +Prof. Dr. Markus Kaltenborn (Faculty of Law) +Prof. Dr. Adelheid Puttler, LL.M. (Chicago) (Faculty of Law) +Prof. Dr. Ludger Pries (Faculty of Social Science) +Prof. Dr. Stefan Wohnlich (Faculty of Geosciences) +Prof. Dr. Michael Wilhelm (Faculty of Medicine) + + +== Research == +The Institute’s research programme is based on four pillars: + +Extensive research projects, often leading to major academic publications +Research seminars, conferences and summer schools +Postdoctoral research +Doctoral research +Some significant current and former research areas include + +questions of international and non-international armed conflicts +the right to water in relation to armed conflicts +climate change and humanitarian action +questions of minority rights and self-determination +problems of humanitarian operations conducted by international organisations + + +== NOHA Master == +The European University Network on Humanitarian Assistance (NOHA) is an international association of universities that aims at enhancing professionalism in the humanitarian sector, by promoting humanitarian values through higher education. Its flagship Joint Master’s Programme in International Humanitarian Action was created in 1993. Its European partner universities are: + +Aix-Marseille University (France) +Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) +University College Dublin (Ireland) +Vilnius University (Lithuania) +University of Malta (Malta) +University of Groningen (The Netherlands) +University of Warsaw (Poland) +University of Deusto (Spain) +Uppsala University (Sweden) +The NOHA Master has been awarded the status of an Erasmus Mundus Programme, providing EU-funded scholarships for outstanding third-country nationals. It further enables students and scholars to become part of a global framework for cooperation between the following universities: + +Deakin University (Melbourne, Australia) +Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, Colombia) +Bangalore University (India) +Gadjah Mada University (Yogyakarta, Indonesia) +Saint Joseph University (Beirut, Lebanon) +German Jordanian University (Amman, Jordan) +Fordham University (New York, United States) +The NOHA Master at the IFHV enjoys broad support by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the German Red Cross in particular, the European Union, the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation (EIUC) in Venice as well as many other affiliated non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) and the wider international humanitarian community. + + +== Publications == +The Institute maintains a significant range of different publication series in international law in order to provide information about long-term subjects as well as contemporary issues. + + +=== Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (JILPAC) === +The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict is the leading German journal for research on international humanitarian law, human rights and peacekeeping law. It is published quarterly by the Institute in cooperation with the German Red Cross. + + +=== Bochumer Faxe (‘Bofaxe’) === +Bofaxe deal with current events related to international humanitarian law. Usually making up not more than one page, Bofaxe are an instrument to provide comprised analysis on pressing matters of international concern. They are an opportunity for acclaimed experts as well as younger legal researchers to share their views on events shaping the world. + + +=== IFHV Working Papers === +Since 2010, the IFHV and the Ruhr University Bochum regularly release the IFHV Working Papers. It offers researchers the opportunity to bring their academic work on humanitarian issues to the attention of a broader audience. + + +== External links == +Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict +European University Network on Humanitarian Assistance (NOHA) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c121f382c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:20.865201+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +}} +The Institute of Social Sciences studies social, political and economic issues of contemporary relevance. It provides inputs to the policy makers and civil society organisations. +The Institute has established the Centre for Multilevel Federalism (CMF) for the study of federalism in India. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science-0.md index 3565a7059..18d65cf4d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:38:50.680103+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:10.861297+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea7afa9bd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:21.812841+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG) (French: Association Internationale de Géologie de I'lngénieur et de l'Environnement), formerly International Association for Engineering Geology, is an international scientific society that was founded in 1964. It is affiliated with the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and has 3,798 members spread across 59 national groups around the world. +The association operates with three goals in mind: encourage the advancement of engineering geology; improve teaching and training within the field; and work globally to collect, evaluate, and disseminate the results of geological engineering activities. Together with Springer Science+Business Media, it publishes the Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. +The first president of the IAEG was Asher Shadmon, who held the office from 1964 to 1968. The current president is Rafig Azzam from Aachen University of Technology. +Every two years, the IAEG awards the Hans Cloos medal to an engineering geologist of outstanding merit. Every four years, the IAEG organizes an international congress, during which a general meeting of the association takes place, and the board for the subsequent four years is elected. The XII IAEG Congress was held in Turin (Italy) in September 2014. The XIII IAEG Congress will be held in San Francisco (California, USA), in September 2018, and will also serve as the 61st annual meeting of the Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists. +IAEG is a member of the Federation of International Geo-Engineering Societies (FedIGS). + +== History == + +=== The birth of the IAEG === +During the XXII International Geological Congress (IGS) in New Delhi, on 12 December 1964, the Israeli geologist Asher Shadmon remarked that quarry materials and mineral products used in engineering were not being properly discussed, and proposed the IUGS create and fund an international permanent commission dedicated to the topic. Other geologists at the congress suggested that the commission also examine the relationship between the materials in their natural place and the work of engineers. +On 17 December the assembly voted the following motion unanimously: "It is recommended that a distinct Commission of "Engineering Geology" should be established in the context of International Geological Congresses.[…] The objective of the Commission and its Sub-commissions would be to promote the knowledge and dissemination of appropriate information, gather ´case-histories´, prepare literature reviews and relevant catalogues, provide information on completed or ongoing research, gather statistical geological data on the industries, and determine the list of further research required". +On 19 December the interest in engineering geology was high, but due to scarcity of resources they were unable to support a new permanent commission. The executive committee of the IUGS proposed to create a small committee, headed by Shadmon, in charge of producing and presenting a report on the state of the situation by contacting the International Society for Soil Mechanics and the International Society for Rock Mechanics, as well as existing national societies of engineering geology. +However, on 21 December the delegates decided to immediately hold a new session during which the International Association for Engineering Geology (IAEG) was unanimously created. Besides Asher Shadmon, the founding members were Marcel Arnould (France), G. Bain (USA), M.S. Balasundaram (India), L.M.C. Calembert (Belgium), R.S. Chaturvedi (India), G.C. Chowdhary (India), E. Beneo (Italy), K. Erguvanli (Turkey), A. Hamza (India), M.S. Jain (India), L.E. Kent (South Africa), V.S. Krishnaswamy (India), J.D.S. Lakshmaman (France), A.R. Mahendra (India), M. Manfredi (Italy), V. Prasad (India), B. Ramchandran (India), J.Th. Rosenqvist (Norway), B. Sanatkumar (India), P.B. Srinivasan (India), L.S. Srivastava (India) and M. Zapata (Spain). They elected a provisional committee to steer the initial activity. + +=== The first years === +At the beginning, the association worked on enhancing the provisional committee to gain full international representation. By the end of 1966, the committee was composed as follows: Asher Shadmon (Israel), as president; Marcel Arnould (France), as Secretary; E. Beneo (Italy); V.S. Krishnaswamy, R.S. Mithal and M.S. Balasundaram (India); K. Erguvanli (Turkey); A.M. Hull (USA), president of the American Association of Engineering Geologist; E.M. Sergeev and N.V. Kolomenskij (USSR); Quido Záruba (Czechoslovakia); M.D. Ruiz (Brazil); G. Champetier de Ribes (France), as Treasurer. Discussions to join the IAEG were still ongoing with representatives from Australia, Japan and Mexico. +During the first two years the first statutes were established and a program of the activities was defined. The purposes and goals of the association were defined as follows: Article 1: "The scope of engineering geology covers the applications of earth sciences to engineering, planning, construction, prospecting, testing and processing of related materials"; Article 2: "The aims of the IAEG are to encourage research, training and dissemination of knowledge by developing the international cooperation in its relation to engineering". +At the 1967 meeting of the IUGS, a request for affiliation of the IAEG to the IUGS was presented and accepted by the executive committee. The decision was ratified unanimously by the general assembly of the IUGS on 23 August 1968 in Prague. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c84117fed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:21.812841+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== The first general assembly === +The input from the Czechoslovak engineering geologists had been noticeable in the first years, especially that of Quido Záruba and Jaroslav Pasek. They were together responsible for organizing a section on engineering geology at the XXIII International Geological Congress (IGC) in Prague in 1968, at which they shared the aims of the IAEG. They also organised the first scientific symposium of the IAEG in Brno (Czechoslovakia), from 26 to 27 April 1968 and a second symposium during the IGC on "Engineering geology and land planning". +The first general assembly was held on 23 August 1968 in Prague during the XXIII IGC. At the time of the congress, the country was deeply affected by the movement of soviet troops. Nevertheless, the general assembly went ahead, the statutes were ratified and an executive committee was elected for a period of four years to replace the provisional committee. +The new committee was composed as follows: Quido Záruba (Czechoslovakia), President; Marcel Arnould (France), Secretary General; G. Champetier de Ribes (France), Treasurer; Asher Shadmon (Israel), Past President; L. Calembert (Belgium), Vice-president for Europe; L. Cluff (USA), Vice-president for North America; M.D. Ruiz (Brazil), Vice-president for South America; L. Oborn (New Zealand), vice president for Australasia; H. Tanaka (Japan), Vice-president for Asia; a representative from Ghana as vice-president for Africa. Other members: N.V. Kolomenskij (USSR); A Nemock (Czechoslovakia); J. Janjic (Yugoslavia); R. Glossop (United Kingdom); A. Drucker (Federal Republic of Germany); J.M. Crepeau (Canada). +In addition to the executive committee, three "working groups" were established: + +Landslides, under the responsibility of J. Pasek (Czechoslovakia); +Soluble rocks, under the responsibility of F. Reuter (East Germany) and K. Erguvanli (Turkey); +Geotechnical mapping, under the responsibility of M. Matula (Czechoslovakia). +Lastly, it was decided to organize future congresses specifically for the IAEG. These were to be held alternately with the International Geological Congresses, allowing the IAEG to hold a general assembly every two years. They also added a scientific symposia for the years in between. +The first congresses with general assemblies were as follows: + +New Delhi (India) XXII IGC in 1964 +Prague (Czechoslovakia) XXIII IGC in 1968; +Paris (France) 1st IAEG congress in 1970. + +=== The Bulletin of the IAEG === +The first elected executive committee decided in their second meeting at the UNESCO Palace in Paris (May 1969) to create a journal of the IAEG. This was to be edited and published by the Association and called the Bulletin of the IAEG (full name: "Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology - Bulletin de l'Association Internationale de Géologie de l'Ingénieur"). +The first edition of the Bulletin was distributed during the first IAEG congress in September 1970 in Paris. This was possible thanks to the personal efforts of Quido Záruba, the IAEG president, J. Pasek, Marcel Arnould and several other staff from the Paris School of Mines. Starting as a simple artisanal publication, the Bulletin became a scientific reference among the most respected journals in the fields of engineering geology, the environment and other geosciences. It is now published by Springer Science+Business Media and edited by the Association. It is known under the title Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. + +=== The second statutes === +As the field continued to grow there became increased involvement among engineering geologists. They assisted in the consultation, design, construction and supervision of large projects and in the assessment and remediation of environmental issues. Due to this expansion an update of the first statutes of the association was deemed necessary. The second statutes were approved by the general assembly in Kyoto (Japan) in 1992. +A new definition of engineering geology was given to reflected the advancements of the field during the previous 25 years. It reads as follows: "Engineering geology is a science devoted to the investigation, study and solution of engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction between geology and the works and activities of man as well as to the prediction of and the development of measures for prevention or remediation of geologic hazards. Engineering geology embraces: the definition of geomorphology, structure, stratigraphy, lithology and groundwater conditions of geological formations; the characterization of the mineralogical, physico-geomechanical, chemical and hydraulic properties of all earth materials involved in construction, resource recovery and environmental change; the assessment of the mechanical and hydrologic behaviour of soil and rock masses; the prediction of changes to the above properties with time; the determination of the parameters to be considered in the stability analysis of engineering works and of earth masses; and the improvement and maintenance of the environmental condition and of the properties of the terrain". + +== Members == +As of December 2024, the IAEG has 4,857 members divided as follows: + +North America - 204 members. +South America - 102 members. +Europe - 1848 members. +Africa - 172 members. +Asia - 798 members. +Australasia - 684 members. +The IAEG has 68 national groups (+1 for the territory of Chinese Taipei): + +== Congresses == +Following is a list of the international congresses of the IAEG, which are held every four years. Since 1998, the congresses have had a main theme, which is reflected in the denomination of the event. + +1970 Paris, 1st IAEG Congress +1974 São Paulo, 2nd IAEG Congress +1978 Madrid, 3rd IAEG Congress +1982 New Delhi, 4th IAEG Congress +1986 Buenos Aires, 5th IAEG Congress +1990 Amsterdam, 6th IAEG Congress +1994 Lisbon, 7th IAEG Congress +1998 Vancouver, 8th IAEG Congress, "A global view from the Pacific Rim" +2002 Durban, 9th IAEG Congress, "Engineering geology for developing countries" +2006 Nottingham, 10th IAEG Congress, "Engineering geology for tomorrow's cities" +2010 Auckland, 11th IAEG Congress, "Geologically active" +2014 Turin, 12th IAEG Congress, "Engineering geology for society and territory" +2018 San Francisco, 13th IAEG Congress, "Engineering geology for a sustainable world" +2023 Chengdu, 14th IAEG Congress +The IAEG also organizes regional conferences. So far, Asian regional conferences, South American and European regional conferences have been held. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60620bc01 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:21.812841+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== European regional conferences === +2004 Liège, 1st European regional conference, "Professional practices and engineering geological methods" +2008 Madrid, 2nd European regional conference, "Cities and their underground environment" +2021 Athens, 3rd European regional conference, "Leading to Innovative Engineering Geology Practices" + +=== Asian regional conferences === +1997 Tokyo, 1st Asian regional conference, "Dam geology" +1999 Bangi, 2nd Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology: Planning for sustainable development" +2001 Yogyakarta, 3rd Asian regional conference, "Natural resources management for regional development in tropical area" +2004 Hong Kong, 4th Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology for sustainable development in mountainous areas" +2005 Kathmandu, 5th Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology, hydrology, and natural disasters" +2007 Seoul, 6th Asian regional conference, "Geohazard in engineering geology" +2009 Chengdu, 7th Asian regional conference, "Geological engineering problems in major construction projects" +2011 Bangalore, 8th Asian regional conference, "Underground space technology" +2013 Beijing, 9th Asian regional conference, "Global view of engineering geology and the environment" +2015 Kyoto, 10th Asian regional conference, "Geohazards and engineering geology" +2017 Kathmandu, 11th Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology for geodisaster management' +2019 Jeju, 12th Asian regional conference + +=== South American regional conferences === +2022 Argentina, 1st South American regional conference +2024 Chile, 2nd South American regional conference + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment +The Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment +Federation of International Geo-Engineering Societies \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Cryospheric_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Cryospheric_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5280f19e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Cryospheric_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "International Association of Cryospheric Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Cryospheric_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:25.604707+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) is the eighth association of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). It was launched by the IUGG Council on 4 July 2007, developing from the International Commission of Snow and Ice of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) via the transitional Union Commission for the Cryospheric Sciences (UCCS). +Formation of this new Association is recognition of the importance of the cryospheric sciences in the study of Earth System Science, and particularly at a time of significant global change. IACS has historic connections going back to the establishment of the Commission Internationale des Glaciers (International Glacier Commission) in 1894. +The broad objectives of IACS are: + +to promote studies of the cryosphere; +to encourage research on cryospheric sciences through collaboration; +to foster discussion and publication of results of cryospheric research; +to promote education about the cryosphere; +to facilitate standardisation of cryospheric measurements; and +to promote the science of Permanent Services under IACS responsibility +(at present IACS has responsibility within the International Council of Science for the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS)). +IACS is structured around a number of disciplinary Divisions. Currently these are: + +Snow and Avalanches; +Glaciers; +Ice Sheets; +Sea Ice, Lake and River Ice; +Cryosphere, Atmosphere and Climate; +Planetary and other Ices of the Solar System. +A number of working groups under these Divisions address scientific problems of the cryosphere that are timely and well constrained. Recent examples include a working group on "Intercomparison of Forest Snow Process Models", and working groups that have developed a new "International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground" and a new "Glossary of Mass Balance and Related Terms". + + +== See also == +International Glaciological Society + + +== References == + + +== External links == +IACS +IAHS +IUGG \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74bb9cb76 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "International Longevity Alliance" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:25.380575+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Longevity Alliance (ILA) is an international nonprofit organization that is a platform for interaction between regional organizations that support anti-aging technologies, usually at the administrative and popularization levels. + + +== Purpose == +The declared objectives of the organization are to establish regional organizations' interaction and collaboration, to popularize the idea of the need to combat the aging process as a negative but treatable medical condition of the body, and to provide support for scientific research in all possible ways and at all possible levels around the world (up to cooperation with WHO). + + +== History == +ILA began to function in January 2013 as an informal platform for communication between managers and representatives of several organizations. In September 2014, the alliance was formally registered in Paris, France, acquiring the status of an official organization. + + +== Organizations == +As of February 2025, ILA includes 70 nonprofit organizations from 37 countries. Some of them are: + +SENS Research Foundation +Healthy Life Extension Society (HEALES) +AFT – Technoprog +Israeli Longevity Alliance +Global Healthspan Policy Institute (GHPI) +Council for Public Health and the Problems of Demography (CPHD) +I Am Future Foundation +Institute of Exponential Sciences +Moreover, the ILA's Board of Advisors includes Aubrey de Grey, Alexey Moskalev, Natasha Vita-More, and others. + + +== Activity == +In addition to being a platform for interaction between organizations and facilitating their activities, the alliance also periodically holds online conferences, seminars and other public events to draw people's attention to the problem of aging. ILA popularize the initiative of holding the International Longevity Day (October 1) and the International Longevity Month (October) to promote biomedical aging research. Another anniversary date that the organization popularizes and promotes is the Metchnikoff Day, which falls on May 15 – the birthday of Élie Metchnikoff, who is considered the founder of gerontology. +Permanently-supported projects: + +Major Mouse Testing Program (MMTP) – project aimed at testing potential anti-aging approaches in mice. +DENIGMA – IT-platform of computational biology of aging. +Longevity for All – public information resource. +Longevity History – educational resource on the history of the study of aging.(see External links) +ILA attaches particular importance to cooperation with WHO in order to draw the attention of the state and interstate structures to the problem of aging as a type of medical problem that needs scientific study and treatment. In particular, ILA took an active part in the discussion, as a result of which WHO included in the international classification of diseases ICD-11 a special additional code XT9T. Now, after that, aging began to be officially recognized as a major factor that increases the risk of diseases, the severity of their course and the difficulty of treatment. + + +== Critique == +ILA does not have an official office – ILA members are located in different countries around the world and in the vast majority of cases communicate with each other only via the Internet. ILA conferences are also usually online. ILA does not have its own scientific laboratories, always acting only as a partner organization and/or providing administrative and public support. + + +== See also == +Longevity escape velocity +Timeline of senescence research + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Longevity History \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09463a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "International Migration Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:21.968664+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Migration Institute (IMI) is an international network that promotes research on international migration. It is based at the University of Amsterdam and is part of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). It was established as a research institute at Oxford University in the United Kingdom where it was affiliated with the Oxford Department of International Development. + + +== History == +The International Migration Institute was founded in 2006 to complement the work of the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) and the Refugee Studies Centre, both at the University of Oxford. Stephen Castles, who had been director of the Refugee Studies Centre, assumed directorship of IMI upon its formation, and stepped down in August 2009. From September 2009 to September 2011, Robin Cohen was the director. From 2011 to 2016, directorship has been jointly in the hands of Oliver Blackwell and Hein de Haas. In 2017, Mathias Czaika became the director. In 2017, IMI ceased to exist as an institute. In 2019, it relocated to the University of Amsterdam. + + +== Partners == +IMI was a member of the Migration Studies Society at Oxford University. The other two members of the society were the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) and the Refugee Studies Centre (RSC). +IMI was also a collaborator to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). It was also listed as a partner for the migration program of the Social Science Research Council. + + +== Media coverage == +Experts from the International Migration Institute have been cited and quoted in the New York Times and BBC News. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c9cf7249 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "International Network for Social Network Analysis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:23.153044+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA) is a professional academic association of researchers and practitioners of social network analysis. + + +== History == +INSNA was founded in 1977 by Barry Wellman, a sociologist. A key function of the organization was to provide a sense of identity for a set of researchers who were widely dispersed geographically and across scientific disciplines. +Shortly after INSNA was founded, Linton C. Freeman founded the association's flagship journal, Social Networks, in 1978. +Early meetings were invitation-only, but in 1980 H. Russell Bernard and Alvin Wolfe inaugurated the series of annual "Sunbelt" meetings open to all. +A full chronology of INSNA leadership is as follows: + +As of 2018, INSNA has approximately 1,000 active members, while the SOCNET listserv has about 3700 subscribers. +As well as publishing a triannual journal Connections on the subject, INSNA also: + +Runs SOCNET, a listserv mailing-list for the subject. +Hosts the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference annually. +Facilitates regional and specialized conferences. +Publishes a quarterly journal, Social Networks. +Publishes the online Journal of Social Structure, irregular periodicity. +Provides links to researchers around the world. +Provides raw data. + + +== See also == +Social network +Social network analysis software +Dynamic Network Analysis + + +== References == + + +== External links == +INSNA website. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31adb5de4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "International Open Data Charter" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:30.007454+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Open Data Charter is a set of principles and best practices for the release of governmental open data. The charter was formally adopted by seventeen governments of countries, states and cities at the Open Government Partnership Global Summit in Mexico in October 2015. The original signatories included the governments of Chile, Guatemala, France, Italy, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea, the United Kingdom and Uruguay, the cities of Buenos Aires, Minatitlán, Puebla, Veracruz, Montevideo, Reynosa, and the Mexican states of Morelos and Xalapa. As of 2025, 172 national and subnational governments are signatories and the Charter has been endorsed by 81 organisations and non-state actors. + + +== Principles == +The charter mandates that data released by governments comply with these principles: + +Open by Default +Timely and Comprehensive +Accessible and Usable +Comparable and Interoperable +For Improved Governance and Citizen Engagement +For Inclusive Development and Innovation + + +== Implementation == + + +=== New Zealand === +New Zealand joined the Open Data Charter in 2017. The charter supports and builds on the New Zealand Declaration on Open and Transparent Government and the Data and Information Management Principles. The goals of New Zealand are to enforce its commitment to open data, ensure it remains internationally aligned, and provide government agencies with a more modern and clear articulation of principles and supporting actions for accelerating the release of open government data. + + +== See also == +Open data +Open government + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcf48b5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "International Open Data Day" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:31.178217+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +International Open Data Day is an annual event that promotes awareness and use of open data. +The event takes place globally, usually in February or March. Typical activities include talks, seminars, demonstrations, hackathons, training or the announcement of open data releases or other milestones in open data. In some countries it occurs along with Code Across coding events. + + +== History == +International Open Data Day was first proposed by David Eaves in 2010. The idea followed discussions with Edward Ocampo-Gooding, Mary Beth Baker, Daniel Beauchamp, Pedro Markun, and Daniela Silva. +Today, the event coordination is done through its google mailing list. The date for the event is chosen by the group members taking into consideration different cultural events. +From 2015, Open Knowledge Foundation - in cooperation with other NGOs from the open data world - has offered mini-grants to support the facilitation of events around the globe. + + +=== Dates === +December 4, 2010 +December 3, 2011 +February 23, 2013 +February 22, 2014 +February 21, 2015 +March 5, 2016 +March 4, 2017 +March 3, 2018 +March 2, 2019 +March 7, 2020 +March 6, 2021 +March 5, 2022 +March 4 - March 10, 2023 +March 2 - March 8, 2024 +March 1 - March 7, 2025 + + +== Notable Announcements == +In 2016, Megan Smith, United States CTO, endorsed Open Data Day with a special video. “ We need you the most. If it weren’t for you, this whole thing wouldn’t be happening. We need ideas, cheerleaders, and friends to spread the word.” +“This day is a chance for people around the world to support and encourage the adoption of open data policies by local, regional and central governments,” said New Zealand Land Information Minister Louise Upston in 2016. + + +== See also == +Open Access Week + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +https://opendataday.org/ - a dedicated site for Open Data Day, supported by Open Knowledge Foundation +Twitter hashtag #opendataday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9356f96ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "International Social Science Council" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:24.560720+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Social Science Council (ISSC) was an international non-governmental organization promoting the social sciences, including the economic and behavioural sciences. Founded in 1952, the organization was based out of UNESCO headquarters in Paris, France. + +== History == +The ISSC was established in October 1952 under the auspices of UNESCO following a resolution adopted at the 6th UNESCO General Conference in 1951. +It was adopted on 19 September 1972, completed and revised on 14 November 1979, and underwent multiple revisions on 17 December 1985, 3 December 1992, 27 November 1998, 8 November 2006, and finally 10 December 2010. ISSC was registered in accordance with French Law. +In July 2018, the ISSC merged with the International Council for Science (ICSU) to form the International Science Council (ISC). + +== Mission == +The mission of the ISSC was to advance the social sciences – their quality, novelty, and utility – in all parts of the world: + +To advance social science research across national and regional boundaries; +To support social science capacity building, particularly in countries and regions where it is currently not well developed; +To provide a central clearinghouse for the collection, interpretation, analysis, and dissemination of data on social science resources, their availability for research and their impact on society; * To broaden interdisciplinary collaboration among the social sciences; +To expand exchange and joint work between the social sciences, the humanities, and other sciences; * To link social science knowledge effectively to public policies and local needs to improve the quality of people's lives; +To promote the social science literacy of citizens. +The activities of the council were guided by the principles of academic freedom, the pursuit of excellence, equitable access to scientific information and data, unfettered conduct of science, open communication and transparency, accountability, and the use of knowledge for societal value. Besides, the Council sought to support the participation of women, minorities, and other under-represented groups in social science research. + +== Governance and structure == +The ISSC was governed by a General Assembly, comprising the council's membership. The General Assembly met every three years to review the council's activities and determine the general direction of its future work. +The ISSC Executive Committee was elected by the General Assembly and acted as the council's governing body. It consisted of the President, two Vice-Presidents and a Treasurer, as well as ten further members (Ordinary Members). +The General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Executive Committee, approved the appointment of the Executive Director, who headed the council's Secretariat, and served as an ex-officio member of the Executive Committee and all appointed (standing or ad hoc) committees of the ISSC. +The council was advised and guided by individuals from around the world who volunteered their time to serve on various ISSC Committees and Working Groups. + +== Activities == +The ISSC led a number of flagship activities and was a partner on many collaborative initiatives. + +=== World Social Science Report === +The ISSC produced the World Social Science Report every three years, as part of its strategic partnership with UNESCO. The reports aim to address important social science challenges, take stock of social science contributions and capacities, and make recommendations for future research, practice, and policy. + +The World Social Science Report 2010: Knowledge Divides was prepared by the ISSC and published by UNESCO in June 2010. It reviewed social science knowledge production and use in different regions of the world and assessed how the social sciences are evolving in the face of unequal conditions and diverging trends. +The World Social Science Report 2013: Changing Global Environments was prepared by the ISSC and co-published with UNESCO and the OECD. It was launched at UNESCO in Paris in November 2013. +The World Social Science Report 2016: Challenging Inequalities – Pathways to a Just World was prepared by the ISSC in collaboration with the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), and co-published with UNESCO. It was launched in Stockholm on September 22, 2016. + +=== World Social Science Forum === +The ISSC convened the World Social Science Forum. These events gathered researchers, funders, policymakers, and other stakeholders to debate topics of global significance and to determine future priorities for international social science. + +The ISSC convened the first-ever World Social Science Forum in Bergen, Norway, 10–12 May 2009; on the topic 'One planet - worlds apart?' +The second World Social Science Forum, 'Social Transformations and the Digital Age,' took place in Montreal, Canada, in October 2013. +The third World Social Science Forum, 'Transforming Global Relations for a Just World,' took place in Durban, South Africa, 13–16 September 2015. +The fourth World Social Science Forum, 'Security and Equality for Sustainable Futures,' took place in Fukuoka, Japan, in September 2018. + +=== Transformations to Sustainability === +Transformations to Sustainability (T2S) is a research program supporting social-science-led research on social transformations to greater sustainability. The program is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and has supported 38 seed projects (September 2014 to March 2015) and three Transformative Knowledge Networks (December 2015 to December 2018). The program aims to build on the networks of knowledge gathered through the seed projects and Transformative Knowledge Networks to create and leave behind a lasting global knowledge base. +The Transformations to Sustainability program contributes to Future Earth. + +=== Programmes and networks === +The ISSC initiated and supported several international research programmes to foster comparative, interdisciplinary research by setting up networks of social scientists from different disciplines and regions of the world. The ISSC co-sponsored several international research programmes and networks around various themes, such as the environment, disaster risk, poverty, and gender. These initiatives were undertaken in partnership with various partners and other organisations around the world. + +Comparative Research Programme on Poverty +Future Earth +International Human Dimensions Programme +Integrated Research on Disaster Risk +Gender, Globalisation, and Democratisation Network \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebf5e0978 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "International Social Science Council" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:24.560720+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Prizes === +The ISSC was awarded two prestigious international prizes: the Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research and the Foundation Mattei Dogan Prize for Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research. +Nominations for the prize were made by ISSC members or other professional associations in various disciplines, as well as by universities and academic institutions. The selection of a winner is made by an international jury of scholars. + +=== World Social Science Fellows === +From 2012 to 2015, the ISSC led the World Social Science Fellows programme, an international scientific programme to support early-career researchers in the social sciences. ISSC aimed to foster a new generation of globally networked research leaders who will collaborate in addressing global problems with particular relevance for low and middle-income countries. + +== Member organizations == +Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia +Arab Council for the Social Sciences +Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais (ANPOCS) +Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) +British Academy +Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) +Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) +Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) +Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) +Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) +Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) +European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI) +European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) +Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa (HSRC) +Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) +International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA) +International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP) +International Association of Legal Science (IALS) +International Economic Association (IEA) +International Federation of Data Organisations (IFDO) +International Geographical Union (IGU) +International Peace Research Association (IPRA) +International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE) +International Sociological Association (ISA) +International Studies Association (ISA) +International Union of Academies (UAI) +International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) +International Union of Psychological Science (IUPSYS) +Korean Social Science Research Council (KOSSREC) +National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea (NAS) +National Research Foundation +Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) +Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) +Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC) +Research Council of Norway (RCN) +The Research Council Oman +Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) +The Royal Society of New Zealand (RSNZ) +Science Council of Asia (SCA) +Science Council of Japan +Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS) +Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) +Social Science Research Council (SSRC) +Society for Social Studies of Science (4S) +Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAHS) +Transnational Institute (TNI) +Turkish Academy of Science (TUBA) +World Anthropological Union (WAU) +World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) +The University of Bergen (UIB) + +== References == + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Agriculture-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Agriculture-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d1d66f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Agriculture-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Islamic Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Agriculture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:59.264134+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Islamic Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA) is an affiliate of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and represents the private sector of 57 member countries. It is headquartered in Karachi, Pakistan. ICCIA was founded in 1978 and its key objective is to promote the role of the private sector in economic activity. + + +== Overview == +The objective of ICCIA is to strengthen close cooperation among member countries in the fields of trade, commerce, information technology, insurance/reinsurance, shipping, banking, promotion of investment opportunities and joint ventures. It has developed a strategic plan to implement its objectives, including holding forums on special topics, setting up new companies in areas that need support, policy-making support and policy-making process involves the involvement of the private sector. The ICCIA is working in line with the OIC-2025 Program of Action, which emphasizes increasing inter-Islamic trade. + + +== Activities == +The ICCIA has been actively involved in various initiatives and activities: +In February 2022, ICCIA signed an MoU with the Islamic Organization for Food Security (IOFS) on the sidelines of the IOFS Strategic Commodities and Food Safety Forum. +In March 2023, Ziauddin University (ZU) and ICCIA have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to launch the Green Waqf Initiative, a project of ICCIA. +In June 2023, The ICCIA empowered farmers and members with the goal of poverty alleviation in Lagos, Nigeria. +In July 2023, OIC Secretary General, Hissein Brahim Taha called on the ICCIA to focus on the priority areas of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Micro-, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs), digitization, investment and tourism-specific programs to be implemented in 2023 and 2024. +In July 2023, ICCIA signed an MOU with the Small and Medium Business Development Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (KOBİA) on the occasion of the 35th meeting of the board of directors of ICCIA. + + +== See also == +Agerskovgruppen +FAO GM Foods Platform +Association for Vertical Farming + + +== References == + + +== External links == +official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dc733739 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:25.754962+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies (JHFC) is located at Duke University in the United States. It is a consortium of programs dedicated to studying and revitalizing theories of how knowledge is gained and exchanged. The more than twenty participants come from a broad range of disciplines, converging to explore intellectual, social, and political issues, including race and race relations, the legacy of the African-American Experience, equality and opportunity amongst populations, and the implications of globalization. In essence, the Center's mission is to facilitate the interactions of humanists and others involved in the social sciences in an intellectual setting amenable to diverse partnerships. + + +== About == +The Franklin Center is named after Dr. John Hope Franklin, the James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of History and former professor of Legal History at Duke. An intellectual leader and lifelong civil rights activist, his work has inspired the Center's dedication to creative sharing of ideas and methodologies. +One essential aspect of the Franklin Center is its wholehearted embrace of new technologies and innovations to enhance intellectual exchange. Using resources such as multimedia and high-speed videoconferencing, the Center employs advanced technologies both as a means to share ideas and as an end, aware of the revolutionizing power of these innovations in education and society. +On the bus line and within walking distance to other parts of Duke's campuses, the Center is easily accessible to residents from the Durham and Triangle area, who are invited to participate in and experience workshops, lectures, exhibits, and other public events. A brown-bag lunch series--"Wednesday Conversations"—invites local residents and community leaders to share insights and expertise on matters of local and universal consequence. Past speakers have included professors from universities around the country as well as people from high-ranking positions in various foundations and associations. + + +== Consortium members == +African and African-American Studies Program +Center for Asian and Asian American Studies +Canadian Studies Center +Center for European Studies +Center for French and Francophone Studies +Center for Global Studies and the Humanities +Center for South Asia Studies +Critical U.S. Studies +Duke Islamic Studies Center +Duke University Center for International Studies +Information Science + Information Studies +Interdisciplinary Studies @ Duke University +John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute +International Comparative Studies +Kimberly J. Jenkins Chair for New Technologies in Society +Korea Forum +Latino/a Studies +Policy and Organizational Management Program +Program in Asian Security Studies +Students of the World +University Scholars Program + + +=== External members === +Duke University Press +HASTAC +John Hope Franklin Collection of African and African American Documentation Archived 2007-08-29 at the Wayback Machine + + +== References == + + +== External links == +John Hope Franklin Center more information and a list of links to consortium members' websites \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnvents_Group-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnvents_Group-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc2792117 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnvents_Group-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Johnvents Group" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnvents_Group" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:02.829923+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Johnvents Group is a multinational corporation active in agribusiness and manufacturing. Founded in 2016, the company operates across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. + + +== History == +Johnvents Group was established in 2016 by John Alamu to enhance agro-commodity outputs by engaging both smallholder and large-scale farmers. The company expanded its operations through investments in processing, trading, and manufacturing. + + +=== Key Milestones === +In 2021, Johnvents Group established an 18,000 metric ton (MT) cocoa processing facility, the Johnvents Cocoa Factory, to produce cocoa derivatives for export to Europe and North America. That same year, the company received commendation from the then Governor of Ondo State, Rotimi Akeredolu, during the commissioning of a 15,000 MT cocoa facility. In 2022, Johnvents Industries Limited was awarded Best Cocoa Dairy Company in Nigeria at the BusinessDay Leadership Awards. +In 2023, Johnvents partnered with Lagos Rice Company, redeemed a N5.5 billion commercial Paper, and acquired Premium Cocoa Products Ile-Oluji, increasing its cocoa processing capacity to 48,000 MT annually. In October 2023, the African Export-Import Bank signed a term sheet with Johnvents Industries Limited for a US$40 million pre-export facility to support the processing and export of agricultural commodities. +By 2024, Johnvents was Nigeria's largest exporter of sesame seeds, second in Africa and fourth globally, generating ₦700 billion (US$200 million) in export revenue from cocoa derivatives, soybeans, and other commodities. During the same year, the company entered into a ₦35 billion financing agreement with the International Finance Corporation to support its cocoa operations and expand Johnvents' cocoa processing capacity and its export to global markets. In June 2024, the Federation of Cocoa Commerce announced Johnvents Industries Limited as a voting member under Production and Exportation category +In 2025 the British International Investment, the UK's development finance institution, announced a $40.5 million investment in Johnvents Group. + + +== Subsidiaries == +Johnvents Industries DMCC +Johnvents Foods +Johnvents Cocoa Factory +Johnvents Trading (JVT) +Premium Cocoa Products Ile-Oluji (PCPIL) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-0.md index 9148b889a..dae34ff5b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:11.719388+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:32.381175+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-1.md index b51be4fdc..8486bf956 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:11.719388+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:32.381175+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1b74ce81 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Kansas Citizens for Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:26.572386+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Kansas Citizens for Science (KCFS) is a science advocacy organization, incorporated as a not-for-profit 501(c)(3), that "promotes a better understanding of what science is, and does, by: advocating for science education, educating the public about the nature and value of science, and serving as an information resource." KCFS has been active in both local and national evolution-advocacy efforts and served as the prototype for other Citizens for Science organizations. + + +== Formation == + +By law, Kansas' educational standards require periodic revision. In 1999 a 25 person committee of science educators, businesspeople and other community members was assembled by the state board of education to help perform this revision. Creationists managed to influence the revisions to adopt a more pro-creationism, anti-evolutionary stance for state education standards. A local Lawrence, Kansas group called POSH (Parents for Objective Science and History) began lobbying a local school board for creationist changes to the Lawrence curriculum. When the State Board of Education became deadlocked with a 5-5 split on approving the revisions, the group Creation Science Association of Mid America helped to find the 6th vote and pass the pro-creationism science education standards. +Reactions included recruiting those who wrote pro-science letters to newspapers in order to generate a core group of activists. Although these activists originally met to coordinate testimony before board meetings, a week prior to the actual BOE vote over the standards, KCFS was incorporated on August 8, 1999. Holding a media conference on the steps of the Kansas Museum of Natural History the next day, they pledged to combat the anti-science activities of the board. +The board would vote 6-4 on August 11, 1999 to approve creation science-friendly standards that minimized teaching the theories of evolution, the Big Bang, and geological time. Although they did not outlaw the teaching of evolution, they did open the standards to local control, prompting several communities, including Pratt, Kansas, to adopt overtly creationist standards. +KCFS recruited participants from across the state and led the fight to correct the standards the creationists had passed. They formed relationships with educational and scientific organizations both across Kansas and throughout the US. At the next election, Kansas voters replaced the creationists with a pro-science majority and within a few months, the standards recommended by the expert committee were passed, replacing the creationist standards that de-emphasized evolution. + + +== The National Citizens for Science Movement == +The method whereby KCFS organized was noted by national pro-science organizations. The attacks on evolution are nationwide and prominent members of the pro-science community are pushing for nationwide duplication of the KCFS method. One result was the Citizens for Science movement, which seeks to promote communication and cooperation between KCFS-like entities in each state. + + +== External links == +Kansas Citizens for Science + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Council_of_Social_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Council_of_Social_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd0719129 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Council_of_Social_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "Latin American Council of Social Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Council_of_Social_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:27.050025+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) is an national non-governmental institution, created in 1967 from an initiative of UNESCO, an institution in which it has Associative status. Currently, it brings together 680 research centers and postgraduate programs (masters and doctorates) in various fields of the social sciences and humanities, located in 51 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in the United States, Africa and Europe. Its headquarters are in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The current executive secretary of the organization is Karina Batthyány (period 2019-2021). +The objectives of the Council are the promotion and development of research and teaching of Social Sciences; the strengthening of exchange and cooperation between institutions and researchers from within and outside the region; and the adequate dissemination of the knowledge produced by social scientists among social forces and movements and civil society organizations. Through these activities CLACSO contributes to rethinking, from a critical and plural perspective, the integral problems of Latin American and Caribbean societies. + + +== General Assembly == +The highest governing body is the General Assembly that takes place every three years. Its main powers are to choose the Executive Secretary and the members of the Steering Committee; decide on the reports, financial statements and the income and expenses budget; decide on the affiliation and / or disaffiliation of Member Centers proposed by the Steering Committee; and provide guidance on the contents of the proposed work program for the immediate period. + + +== Working Areas == +The Executive Secretariat is divided into the following Areas, Programs and Sectors: + +Academic Area +Regional Scholarship Program +Working Groups Program +CLACSO Network of Postgraduate Social Sciences +International Relations Area +Poverty Studies Program in Latin America and the Caribbean CLACSO-CROP +Collaboration Program with Asia and Africa SOUTH-SOUTH +Information and Documentation Area +CLACSO Virtual Libraries Network +Editorial Production and Web Content Area +Social Observatory of Latin America +CLACSO Electronic Academic Network Sector +Administrative Sector + + +== CLACSO Virtual Libraries Network == +In order to give visibility and facilitate access to the results of the research of the CLACSO Member Centers, as of 1998, an institutional repository was developed that currently offers free and open access to: + +CLACSO Digital Repository or Reading Room with full texts of books, non-refereed magazines, lectures and working documents published by the CLACSO network +Portal of refereed journals (with peer review) of the CLACSO network is a joint service CLACSO – Redalyc. +Multimedia portal that includes links to audiovisual productions, online radios, audio files and photographic collections of the CLACSO network +The service is a joint effort of: + +CLACSO digital repository coordinating team +Coordinating team of the CLACSO collection in Redalyc +Editors and Libraries Community +Community for the exchange of experiences Social Sciences Multimedia +CLACSO, in collaboration with more than 309 member centers in 21 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, participate in the promotion of open access to the results of research financed with public funds. The CLACSO Campaign to Support Open Access to Academic and Scientific Knowledge reflects activities carried out by CLACSO and its member centers throughout the region. +One of the main forms of open access are digital repositories / libraries and digital journal portals that disseminate the production of each institution and allow the organization of digital collections, the possibility of advanced search in the contents, and the opportunity to share collections with other repositories. + + +== External links == +www.clacso.org.ar (Official website) +Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales CLACSO + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..535c67289 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Library linked data" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_linked_data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:33.559791+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Library linked data (LLD) is the use of linked data standards by libraries. These standards are usually applied to bibliographic and authority data sets, with the hope of decreasing redundant cataloging work; and increasing visibility of library resources and interoperability with non-library systems. + + +== Use cases == +In 2010, Byrne and Goddard have written that the "killer [library linked data] example isn't out there yet," and warned that implementation work will be hampered if clear use cases don't exist. +Many groups have examined this issue, including the W3C Library Linked Data Incubator Group, the Bibliographic Framework Initiative, and the LD4L project. + + +== Conferences == +The Hochschulbibliothekszentrum des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen and the German National Library of Economics sponsor the annual international Semantic Web in Libraries (SWIB) conference + + +== See also == +BIBFRAME +Library of Congress Linked Data Service (LC LDS) +Resource Description and Access and RDA vocabularies +Universal Bibliographic Control + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f8e62d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Licence Ouverte" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_Ouverte" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:34.732597+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Licence Ouverte / Open Licence is a French open license published on October 18, 2011 by Etalab for open data from the State of France. The license was designed to be compatible with Creative Commons Licenses, Open Government License, and the Open Data Commons Attribution License. Information released under the Open License may be re-used with attribution, such as a URL or other identification of the producer. The Open License is used by the city of Bordeaux, France to release data sets. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +License Ouverte by Etalab \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ed51f7d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- +title: "Linguistic Linked Open Data" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In natural language processing, linguistics, and neighboring fields, Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) describes a method and an interdisciplinary community concerned with creating, sharing, and (re-)using language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles. The Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud was conceived and is being maintained by the Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) of the Open Knowledge Foundation, but has been a point of focal activity for several W3C community groups, research projects, and infrastructure efforts since then. + +== Definition and Development == + +Linguistic Linked Open Data describes the publication of data for linguistics and natural language processing using the following principles: + +Data should be openly licensed using licenses such as the Creative Commons licenses. +The elements in a dataset should be uniquely identified by means of a URI. +The URI should resolve, so users can access more information using web browsers. +Resolving an LLOD resource should return results using web standards such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF). +Links to other resources should be included to help users discover new resources and provide semantics. +The primary benefits of LLOD have been identified as: + +Representation: Linked graphs are a more flexible representation format for linguistic data. +Interoperability: Common RDF models can easily be integrated. +Federation: Data from multiple sources can trivially be combined. +Ecosystem: Tools for RDF and linked data are widely available under open source licenses. +Expressivity: Existing vocabularies help express linguistic resources. +Semantics: Common links express what you mean. +Dynamicity: Web data can be continuously improved. +The home of the LLOD cloud diagram is under linguistic-lod.org + +=== LLOD vocabularies === +Aside from gathering metadata and generating the LLOD cloud diagram, the LLOD community is driving the development of community standards with respect to vocabularies, metadata and best practice recommendations. +According to the state-of-the-art overview by Cimiano et al. (2020), these include: + +for modelling lexical resources +OntoLex-Lemon, community standard for lexical resources (machine-readable dictionaries, multilingual terminologies, ontology lexicalization) +for modelling linguistic annotations (in corpora or NLP) +Web Annotation, a W3C standard for the annotation of web resources (textual or otherwise) +NLP Interchange Format (NIF), a community standard for the grammatical annotation of text +CoNLL-RDF, a NIF-based vocabulary for the RDF representation of corpora in conventional TSV ("CoNLL") formats +POWLA, a vocabulary for generic linguistic data structures that can be used to complement NIF, CoNLL-RDF or Web Annotation +for linguistic data categories +Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA) for linguistic annotation +lexinfo for grammatical and other features in lexical resources +for language identification +as language-tagged strings using IETF BCP 47 language tags +with ISO 639-3 URIs provided by lexvo.org +with Glottolog URIs for language varieties not covered by ISO 639 +for metadata +Dublin Core, a community standard of terms that can be used to describe web resources +Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT), a W3C standard for data catalogs published on the web +METASHARE-OWL, vocabulary for language resource metadata +As of mid-2020, most of these community standards are actively worked on. Particularly problematic is the existence of multiple incompatible standards for linguistic annotations, and in early 2020, the W3C Community Group Linked Data for Language Technology has begun to work towards a consolidation of these (and other) vocabularies for linguistic annotations on the web. + +=== Community === +The LLOD cloud diagram has been developed and is maintained by the Open Linguistics Working Group (OWLG) of the Open Knowledge Foundation (since 2014 Open Knowledge), an open and interdisciplinary of experts in language resources. +The OWLG organizes community events and coordinates LLOD developments and facilitates interdisciplinary communication between and among LLOD contributors and users. +Several W3C Business and Community Groups focus on specialized aspects of LLOD: + +The W3C Ontology-Lexica Community Group (OntoLex) develops and maintains specifications for machine-readable dictionaries in the LLOD cloud. +The W3C Best Practices for Multilingual Linked Open Data Community Group gathers information on best practices for producing multilingual linked open data. +The W3C Linked Data for Language Technology Community Group assembles user cases and requirements for language technology applications that use Linked Data. +LLOD development is driven forward by and documented in a series of international workshops, datathons, and associated publications. Among others, these include + +Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL), annual scientific workshop, started 2012 +Multilingual Linked Open Data for Enterprises (MLODE), bi-annual community meeting (2012 and 2014) +Summer Datathon on Linguistic Linked Open Data (SD-LLOD), bi-annual datathon, since 2015 + +== Applications of LLOD == +Linguistic Linked Open Data is applied to address a number of scientific research problems: + +In all areas of empirical linguistics, computational philology, and natural language processing, linguistic annotation and linguistic markup represent central elements of analysis. However, progress in this field is being hampered by interoperability challenges, most notably differences in vocabularies and annotation schemes used for different resources and tools. Using Linked Data to connect language resources and ontologies/terminology repositories facilitate re-using shared vocabularies and interpreting them against a common basis. +In corpus linguistics and computational philology, overlapping markup represents a notorious problem to conventional XML formats. Hence, graph-based data models have been suggested since the late 1990s. These are traditionally represented by means of multiple, interlinked XML files (standoff XML), which are poorly supported by off-the-shelf XML technology. Modeling such complex annotations as Linked Data represents a formalism semantically equivalent to standoff XML, but eliminates the need for special-purpose technology, and, instead, relies on the existing RDF ecosystem. +Multilingual issues, including the linking of lexical resources such as WordNet as performed in the Interlingual Index of the Global WordNet Association and interconnecting heterogeneous resources such as WordNet and Wikipedia, as was done in BabelNet. +Providing forums for standardization of linguistic resource information +Linguistic Linked Open Data is closely related with the development of + +best practices for linking lexical data on the web (for data published in accordance with OntoLex conventions) +best practices for creating annotations on the web (e.g., using the Web Annotation standard) +best practices for modelling and sharing textual resources with overlapping markup + +=== Selected research projects === +Uses and development of LLOD have been subject to several large-scale research projects, including \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7c5eea25 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Linguistic Linked Open Data" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +LOD2. Creating Knowledge out of Interlinked Data (11 EU countries + Korea, 2010–2014) +MONNET. Multilingual Ontologies for Networked Knowledge (5 EU countries, 2010–2013) +LIDER. Linked Data as an enabler of cross-media and multilingual content analytics for enterprises across Europe (5 EU countries, 2013–2015) +QTLeap. Quality Translation by Deep Language Engineering Approaches (6 EU countries, 2013–2016) +LiODi. Linked Open Dictionaries (BMBF eHumanities Early Career Research Group, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, 2015–2020) +FREME. Open Framework of E-Services for Multilingual and Semantic Enrichment of Digital Content (6 EU countries, 2015–2017) +POSTDATA. Poetry Standardization and Linked Open Data (ERC Starting Grant, UNED, Spain, 2016–2021) +Linking Latin (ERC Consolidator Grant, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy, 2018–2023) +Pret-a-LLOD (5 EU countries, 2019–2021) +NexusLinguarum. European network for Web-centred linguistic data science (COST Action, 35 COST countries, 2 near neighboring countries, one international partner country, 2019–2023) + +=== Selected resources === +As of October 2018, the 10 most frequently linked resources in the LLOD diagram are (in order of the number of linked datasets): + +The Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA, linked with 74 datasets) provide reference terminology for linguistic annotations and grammatical metadata; +WordNet (linked with 51 datasets), a lexical database for English and pivot for developing similar databases for other languages, with several editions (Princeton edition linked with 36 datasets; W3C edition linked with 8 datasets; VU edition linked with 7 datasets); +DBpedia (linked with 50 datasets) multilingual knowledge basis of general world knowledge, based on Wikipedia; +lexinfo.net (linked with 36 datasets) provides reference terminology for lexical resources; +BabelNet (linked with 33 datasets) multilingual lexicalized semantic network, based on the aggregation of various other resources, most notably WordNet and Wikipedia; +lexvo.org (linked with 26 datasets) provides language identifiers and other language-related data. Most importantly, lexvo provides an RDF representation of ISO 639-3 3-letter codes for language identifiers and information about these languages; +The ISO 12620 Data Category Registry (ISOcat; RDF edition, linked with 10 datasets) provides a semistructured repository for various language-related terminology. ISOcat is hosted by The Language Archive, respectively, the DOBES project, at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, but currently in transition to CLARIN; +UBY (RDF edition lemon-Uby, linked with 9 datasets), a lexical network for English, aggregated from various lexical resources; +Glottolog (linked with 7 datasets) provides fine-grained language identifiers for low-resource languages, in particular, many not covered by lexvo.org; +Wiktionary-DBpedia links (wiktionary.dbpedia.org, linked with 7 datasets), Wiktionary-based lexicalizations for DBpedia concepts. +DBnary an RDF version of 23 Wiktionary Language Editions. + +== Aspects == +There are a number of recurring discussions regarding the different aspects of the term, its applicability and for a particular type of resources. + +=== Linguistic Data: Scope and Classification === + +Aside from resources used in and created for linguistic research, the LLOD cloud diagram also includes ontologies, terminologies and general knowledge bases whose development was not originally driven by interest in language sciences or language technology, e.g., the DBpedia. As a criterion for inclusion into the LLOD diagram, the OWLG requires "linguistic relevance": "[A] dataset is linguistically relevant if it provides or describes language data that can be used for the purpose of linguistic research or natural language processing." This does include linguistic resources in a strict sense ("condition 1": an annotated or otherwise structured resource created for application in language sciences or language technology, as demonstrated, for example, by a scientific publication at a linguistics-related journal or conference), but also resources "that can be used for annotating, enriching, retrieving or classifying language resources ... [if their relevance] can be verified by the existence of links between a resource (whose linguistic relevance is to be confirmed) and resources fulfilling condition (1)" ("condition 2"). +A related issue is the classification of linguistically relevant datasets (or language resources in general). The OWLG developed the following classification for the LLOD cloud diagram: + +corpora: linguistically analyzed collection of language data +lexicons: lexical-conceptual data +lexical resources: lexicons and dictionaries +term bases: terminologies, thesauri and knowledge bases +metadata +linguistic resource metadata (metadata about language resources, incl. digital language resources and printed books) +linguistic data categories (metadata about linguistic terminology, incl. linguistic categories, language identifiers) +typological databases (metadata about individual languages, esp., linguistic features of those languages) +other (placeholder for resources that are not (yet) classified) +Note that in this classification, term bases might be slightly different in that they do not provide grammatical information, however, since they formalize semantic knowledge, they are of immanent relevance for natural language processing tasks, such as named entity recognition or anaphora resolution. + +=== Open Data: Availability === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8df8883a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Linguistic Linked Open Data" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:35.925447+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +LLOD is defined in relation to Linked Open Data, and LLOD resources (data) should thus conform to licenses in accordance with the Open Definition. For generating the LLOD cloud diagram (and the LOD diagram), this does, however, not seem to be enforced yet, so that the technical criterion is availability over the web and a metadata entry. In the OWLG, it has been repeatedly discussed whether non-commercial (academic) resources could be included with a general consensus of admitting them for the moment (2015) but subsequently enforcing stricter requirements along with the growth of the LLOD cloud. As of January 2018, it was not agreed upon yet when this move was about to happen. As of January 2020, machine-readable license metadata was available for 86 LLOD resources, of these, 82 adopted open licenses, 4 adopted non-commercial licenses. +In a broader sense, the term LLOD technology (infrastructures, tools, vocabularies) can also used to refer to the technology independently from whether actually open resources are involved, e.g., in the name of the EU project Pret-a-LLOD that features several commercial business cases. This is justified for applications that consume (rather than provide) open data, but moreover, also when linked data technology and the adoptation of other LLOD conventions (esp., the use of RDF vocabularies developed in the context of LLOD) are applied in order to facilitates the seamless integration of LLOD resources (open resources). +The abbreviation "LLOD" can be used to refer to either LLOD technology (use of Linked Data and LLOD vocabularies, independent from the legal status of the data being processed) and LLOD resources (open data). For disambiguation, the terms "LLOD resources" and "LLOD technology" can be used. For emphasizing application or applicability to non-open resources, also "LLD" (Linguistic Linked Data) has been used. A possible compromise is the acronym "LL(O)D" for the technology. A "Licensed Linguistic Linked Data" cloud that contains non-open resources does currently (June 2020) not exist. + +=== Linked Data: Formats === + +The definition of Linked Data requires the application of RDF or related standards. This includes the W3C recommendations SPARQL, Turtle, JSON-LD, RDF-XML, RDFa, etc. In language technology and the language sciences, however, other formalisms are currently more popular, and the inclusion of such data into the LLOD cloud diagram has been occasionally requested. For several such languages, W3C-standardized wrapping mechanisms exist (e.g., for XML, CSV or relational databases, see Knowledge extraction#Extraction from structured sources to RDF), and such data can be integrated under the condition that the corresponding mapping is provided along with the source data. + +== Selected literature == +A 2022 review paper is: + +Anas Fahad Khan; Christian Chiarcos; Thierry Declerck; et al. (26 September 2022). "When linguistics meets web technologies. Recent advances in modelling linguistic linked data". Semantic Web. 13 (6): 987–1050. doi:10.3233/SW-222859. ISSN 1570-0844. Wikidata Q118877323. +An exhaustive description on the state of the art on LLOD is provided by + +Cimiano, Philipp; Chiarcos, Christian; McCrae, John P.; Gracia, Jorge (2020). Linguistic Linked Data: Representation, Generation and Applications. Springer International Publishing +The concept of a Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud has been originally introduced by + +Chiarcos, Christian, Hellmann, Sebastian, and Nordhoff, Sebastian (2011). Towards a Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud: The Open Linguistics Working Group. TAL (Traitement Automatique des Langues), 52(3), 245–275. +The first book on the topic is + +Christian Chiarcos, Sebastian Nordhoff, and Sebastian Hellmann (eds., 2012). Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata. Springer, Heidelberg. +According to Cimiano et al. (2020), other seminal publications since then include + +Christian Chiarcos, Steven Moran, Pablo N. Mendes, Sebastian Nordhoff, and Richard Littauer. Building a Linked Open Data cloud of linguistic resources: Motivations and developments. In Iryna Gurevych and Jungi Kim (eds.), The People's Web Meets NLP. Collaboratively Constructed Language Resources.Springer, Heidelberg, 2013. +Christian Chiarcos, John McCrae, Philipp Cimiano, and Christiane Fellbaum. Towards open data for linguistics: Lexical Linked Data. In Alessandro Oltramari, Piek Vossen, Lu Qin, and Eduard Hovy (eds.), New Trends of Research in Ontologies and Lexical Resources. Springer, Heidelberg, 2013. +Jorge Gracia, Elena Montiel-Ponsoda, Philipp Cimiano, Asunción Gómez-Pérez, Paul Buitelaar, and John McCrae. Challenges for the multilingual Web of Data.Journal of Web Semantics, vol. 11, pp. 63–71. Elsevier B.V., 2012. +Developments from 2015 to 2019 are summarized in the collected volume by + +Pareja-Lora, Antonio; Lust, Barbara; Blume, Maria; Chiarcos, Christian (eds., 2020). Development of Linguistic Linked Open Data Resources for Collaborative Data-Intensive Research in the Language Sciences. The MIT Press + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..090d6f1f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +--- +title: "Linked data" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:37.046237+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In computing, linked data is structured data which is associated with ("linked" to) other data. Interlinking makes the data more useful through semantic queries. +Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the Semantic Web project. +Part of the vision of linked data is for the Internet to become a global database. +Linked data builds upon standard Web technologies such as HTTP, RDF and URIs, but rather than using them to serve web pages and hyperlinks only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers (machine readable). +Linked data may also be open data, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data. + + +== Principles == +In his 2006 "Linked Data" note, Tim Berners-Lee outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines: + +Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things. +HTTP URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced". +Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as RDF, SPARQL, etc. +When publishing data on the Web, other things should be referred to using their HTTP URI-based names. +Tim Berners-Lee later restated these principles at a 2009 TED conference, again paraphrased along the following lines: + +All conceptual things should have a name starting with HTTP. +Looking up an HTTP name should return useful data about the thing in question in a standard format. +Anything else that that same thing has a relationship with through its data should also be given a name beginning with HTTP. + + +== Components == +Thus, we can identify the following components as essential to a global Linked Data system as envisioned, and to any actual Linked Data subset within it: + +URIs +HTTP +Structured data using controlled vocabulary terms and dataset definitions expressed in Resource Description Framework serialization formats such as RDFa, RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, or JSON-LD +Linked Data Platform +CSV-W + + +== Linked open data == +Linked open data are linked data that are open data. Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data as differentiated from linked data. + + Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free. +Large linked open data sets include DBpedia, Wikibase, Wikidata and Open ICEcat. + + +=== 5-star linked open data === + +In 2010, Tim Berners-Lee suggested a 5-star scheme for grading the quality of open data on the web, for which the highest ranking is Linked Open Data: + +1 star: data is openly available in some format. +2 stars: data is available in a structured format, such as Microsoft Excel file format (.xls). +3 stars: data is available in a non-proprietary structured format, such as Comma-separated values (.csv). +4 stars: data follows W3C standards, like using RDF and employing URIs. +5 stars: all of the others, plus links to other Linked Open Data sources. + + +=== History === +The term "linked open data" has been in use since at least February 2007, when the "Linking Open Data" mailing list was created. The mailing list was initially hosted by the SIMILE project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. + + +=== Linking Open Data community project === + +The goal of the W3C Semantic Web Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open datasets as RDF on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. In October 2007, datasets consisted of over two billion RDF triples, which were interlinked by over two million RDF links. By September 2011 this had grown to 31 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 504 million RDF links. A detailed statistical breakdown was published in 2014. + + +=== European Union projects === +There are a number of European Union projects involving linked data. These include the linked open data around the clock (LATC) project, the AKN4EU project for machine-readable legislative data, the PlanetData project, the DaPaaS (Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service) project, and the Linked Open Data 2 (LOD2) project. Data linking is one of the main goals of the EU Open Data Portal, which makes available thousands of datasets for anyone to reuse and link. + + +=== Ontologies === +Ontologies are formal descriptions of data structures. Some of the better known ontologies are: + +FOAF – an ontology describing persons, their properties and relationships +UMBEL – a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from OpenCyc, which can act as binding classes to external data; also has links to 1.5 million named entities from DBpedia and YAGO + + +=== Datasets === +DBpedia – a dataset containing extracted data from Wikipedia; it contains about 3.4 million concepts described by 1 billion triples, including abstracts in 11 different languages +GeoNames – provides RDF descriptions of more than 7,500,000 geographical features worldwide +Wikidata – a collaboratively-created linked dataset that acts as central storage for the structured data of its Wikimedia Foundation sibling projects +Global Research Identifier Database (GRID) – an international database of 89,506 institutions engaged in academic research, with 14,401 relationships. GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations +KnowWhereGraph – an integrated 12 billion triples strong knowledge graph of 30 data layers at the intersection between humans and their environment using Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies. +Open ICEcat - a multilingual open catalogue containing product datasheets, related digital assets and usage statistics. + + +=== Dataset instance and class relationships === +Clickable diagrams that show the individual datasets and their relationships within the DBpedia-spawned LOD cloud (as by the figures to the right) are available. + + +== See also == +American Art Collaborative - consortium of US art museums committed to establishing a critical mass of linked open data on American art +Authority control – about controlled headings in library catalogs +Citation analysis – for citations between scholarly articles +data.gov.uk +Hyperdata +Network model – an older type of database management system +Schema.org +VoID – Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets +Web Ontology Language +List of datasets for machine-learning research + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == + + +== External links == + +LinkedData Archived 2021-05-09 at the Wayback Machine at the W3C Wiki +LinkedData.org +OpenLink Software white papers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_organizations-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_organizations-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f83d9cc37 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_organizations-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "List of agricultural organizations" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_organizations" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:47.399713+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +This is a list of agricultural organizations. + + +== International == +4-H +FAO +International Institute of Agriculture (defunct) + + +=== Europe === +COPA-COGECA +Conseil Européen des Jeunes Agriculteurs +Union of European Academies for Sciences Applied to Agriculture, Food and Nature - UEAA + + +== Belgium == +Boerenbond +Fédération wallonne de l'agriculture + + +== Brazil == +Instituto Agronômico de Campinas + + +== Ireland == +Irish Farmers' Association + + +== Switzerland == +Union suisse des paysans (Schweizer Bauernverband / Unione Svizzera dei Contadini) + + +== United Kingdom == +National Farmers' Union of England and Wales +National Farmers' Union of Scotland +Ulster Farmers' Union + + +== United States == +American Farm Bureau Federation +American Poultry Association +National FFA Organization (Future Farmers of America) +Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences +The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) +National Farmers Union + + +== New Zealand == +Animal Health Board +Federated Farmers +Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acd99d8a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "List of open government data sites" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_government_data_sites" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:52.865978+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Many governments publish open data they produce or commission on official websites to be freely used, reused, or redistributed by anyone. These sites are often created as part of open government initiatives. +Some open data sites like CKAN and DKAN are open source data portal solutions where as others like Socrata are proprietary data portal solutions. +The data sites provide interfaces based on Data and Metadata standards like Dublin core. + + +== List of Supranational Open Government Data Sites == + + +== List of national-level open government data sites == + + +=== Unofficial National-level Data Sites === +Some countries have unofficial open data portals created citizen initiatives or published by non-governmental organizations. + + +== List of Subnational Open Government Data Sites == + + +== List of Municipal Open Government Data Sites == + + +== See also == +CKAN +Data.gov +List of datasets for machine-learning research +Open data +Open government +Open Government Initiative +Open Knowledge Foundation +Smart city +Socrata + + +== External links == +Data.gov List of Open Data Portals +DataPortals.org +Global Open Data Index +Open Data Inception +Portals: GitHub Gist +RList: Major Smart Cities with Open Data Portals + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abb9d5971 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +--- +title: "Luxembourg Income Study" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:28.294713+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +LIS Cross-National Data Center, formerly known as the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), is a non-profit organization registered in Luxembourg which produces a cross-national database of micro-economic income data for social science research. The project started in 1983 and is headquartered in Luxembourg. The database includes over 300 datasets from about 50 high- and middle-income countries, with some countries represented for over 30 years. Nationally representative household income survey data is commonly, though not exclusively, provided by the participant country's national statistics collection agency (e.g. Statistics Canada; the Australian Bureau of Statistics). These and other agencies make annual financial contributions which support the database production and maintenance. +The LIS database contains anonymised demographic, income, labour market, and expenditure information at two different levels of analysis (household and persons). The data have, as far as is practical, been transformed to a structure which make different national data equivalent. Data access is only provided for research projects in the social sciences, commercial use is not permitted. For data security reasons the datasets cannot be downloaded or directly accessed. After being granted permission to use the data, users submit SPSS, SAS, R or Stata programs under their username and password to a remote server. The statistical results are automatically returned via email. +Datasets in the database are grouped in intervals referred to as "waves": 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013. The LIS data are only suitable for cross-sectional analysis as households cannot be linked over time. +Researchers must agree to publish their papers in the LIS working paper series. This does not preclude other forms of publication. As of 2015, there are over 600 research papers in the series. The data are particularly suitable for cross-national comparisons of poverty and inequality and there are many papers on these topics in the working paper series. +LIS has recently included more middle-income countries. In 2007, a cross-national database on wealth, named 'LWS', became available. It contains data from a subset of the countries participating in the LIS Database. +The LIS website contains registration for data access, dataset contents, self-teaching tutorials, and a working paper series which includes abstracts and full texts. + + +== History == +The Luxembourg Income Study was created in 1983 by Americans Timothy Smeeding, an economist, Lee Rainwater, a sociologist, and Luxembourgian Gaston Schaber, a psychologist. Smeeding, Rainwater, and Schaber developed LIS to aggregate household-level income data for the purpose conducting cross-national comparative research across a set of developed countries. Besides the aggregation of international household data, LIS researchers sought to harmonize these data by making income variables and definitions comparable across countries. The initial set of countries featured in the LIS database included Canada, Israel, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The LIS initiative was funded by the Luxembourg government and housed from 1983 to 2002 within the Luxembourgish Centre d'Etudes de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio Economiques. By 2002, the LIS database had expanded to include 30 different countries, during which time the database was also made available online to approved and registered social science researchers through the database's LISSY interface. Smeeding and Rainwater served as LIS's director and research director, respectively; however, both retired between 2005 and 2006 and were succeeded by Janet C. Gornick and Markus Jäntti. + + +== Countries Participating in LIS == + + +=== Africa === +Egypt +South Africa + + +=== Asia === +China +Japan +India +Israel +Russia +South Korea +Taiwan + + +=== Europe === +Austria +Belgium +Czech Republic +Denmark +Estonia +Finland +France +Georgia +Germany +Greece +Hungary +Iceland +Ireland +Italy +Luxembourg +Netherlands +Norway +Poland +Romania +(Russia, also listed under Asia) +Serbia +Slovak Republic +Slovenia +Spain +Sweden +Switzerland +United Kingdom + + +=== North America === +Canada +Dominican Republic +Guatemala +Mexico +Panama +United States + + +=== Oceania === +Australia + + +=== South America === +Brazil +Chile +Colombia +Paraguay +Peru +Uruguay + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Luxembourg Income Study Official site (URL accessed 12-Jul-2013) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..767bbe10f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Madras Institute of Development Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:29.488801+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS) is a research institute based in Chennai. It is a joint undertaking of the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu for conducting research on development problems in Tamil Nadu and the rest of India. + + +== History == +MIDS was established by Malcolm Adiseshiah and his wife Elizabeth Adiseshiah in January 1971. Malcolm Adiseshiah served as its first director. In March 1977, MIDS was reconstituted as a national research institute under the sponsorship of Government of India through the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The Adiseshiahs donated the land, buildings, furniture, equipment and made cash endowments to the newly constituted institute. Malcolm Adiseshiah resigned as MIDS' director in 1978 and became the chairman and honorary fellow. Professor C.T. Kurien became the next director of MIDS. In 1985, the Reserve Bank of India established a chair for applied research in regional economics, which has since been converted to a fully autonomous unit in 2002. + + +== Administration == +MIDS is governed by a governing council and an academic council. The governing council consists of the chairperson, the institute's director as member-secretary, representatives of faculty, the Indian Council of Social Science Research, the Government of Tamil Nadu, and from the universities of the four South Indian states, trustees of the institute, and co-opted social scientists, as members. It ordinarily meets once a year, while its finance committee and executive council meet twice a year. The academic council consists of the director as chairperson, and both external and internal members. All the professors of the institute are its members; other faculty members and the Ph.D. scholars serve on it in rotation. Five reputed social scientists from other universities and institutes are members of the academic council. Each of them serve for three years. The council meets twice a year to review, and provide guidelines on, the academic activities of the institute. + + +== Academics == +MIDS' research focuses on subjects like development and planning, centre-state relationship, poverty, inequality, agrarian issues, social movements, caste and communal politics. It offers a full-time doctoral program under three classes - Indian Council of Social Science Research fellowships, RBI fellowships and Malcolm & Elizabeth Adiseshiah Ph.D. Merit Scholarship. It also offers an annual award called "The Malcolm Adiseshiah award" for mid-career academicians in the field of developmental studies. Prominent faculty members of MIDS (both past and present) include Kaushik Basu, A R Venkatachalapathy, Padmini Swaminathan and K. Nagaraj. Its publication cell publishes books and academic papers (sometimes in collaboration with Kalachuvadu Pathippagam, a Tamil publishing house). It also brings out a bi-annual bulletin called "Review of Development and Change". + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5366c0fa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Metropolis Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:30.650074+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Metropolis Project is an international network of researchers, policy-makers, international organizations and civil society organizations for the development of comparative research and policy-relevant knowledge on migration, diversity, and immigrant integration in cities in Canada and around the world. +The Metropolis Project's principal decision-making body is an International Steering Committee of representatives from over 40 countries. The Project is managed by a Secretariat with offices in Ottawa, Amsterdam and in Asia with functions distributed across organizations in Seoul, Manila and Beijing. The Ottawa Secretariat is responsible for establishing the Project's strategic directions. Howard Duncan is the Project's Executive Head. + + +== Metropolis Professional Development == +The Metropolis Project launched in April 2014 a new training program for senior policy-makers, senior managers of settlement agencies, officials of international organizations and the private sector. The programme is intended to provide participants with information, analysis and tools on the management of migration and integration. A pilot training will be offered in June 2014. Metropolis Professional Development has been developed in collaboration with worldwide renowned experts such as Graeme Hugo (University of Adelaide), Jan Niessen (Migration Policy Group), Imelda Nicolas (Commission on Filipinos Overseas) and Peter Schatzer (IOM) among many others. The Metropolis Project is managed by a Secretariat, located in Ottawa and Amsterdam. It is also guided by an International Steering Committee composed of representatives from over 40 countries. Howard Duncan is the Project's Executive Head. The project has recently been renewed for Phase III and the secretariat has been hard at work in implementing many of the initiatives as laid out in the new Memorandum of Understanding (https://web.archive.org/web/20110929132401/http://canada.metropolis.net/pdfs/Annexes%20A-L%20Eng.pdf). + + +== Publications == +The Metropolis Project partners with Springer in the publication of an academic journal, the Journal of International Migration and Integration (Revue de l'intégration et de la migration internationale). It is published quarterly, in both English and French; its first issue was in Winter, 2000. The managing editor for the 2013-2014 issue is Lori Wilkinson of the University of Manitoba. + + +== Annual Conference == +The project has hosted an international conference concerning research and policy on human migration annually since 1996. The 2015 meeting will be held in Mexico City, Mexico in September 2015 (Metropolis 2015 site) with the slogan "Migrants: Key Players in the 21st Century". +Previous conference locations have been: + +2014 - Milan, Italy +2013 - Tampere, Finland +2012 - Auckland, New Zealand +2011 - Ponte Delgada, Azores, Portugal +2009 – Copenhagen, Denmark +2008 – Bonn, Germany +2007 – Melbourne, Australia +2006 – Lisbon, Portugal +2005 – Toronto, Ontario, Canada +2004 – Geneva, Switzerland +2003 – Vienna, Austria +2002 – Oslo, Norway +2001 – Rotterdam, Netherlands +2000 – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada +1999 – Washington D.C., United States +1998 – Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel +1997 – Copenhagen, Denmark +1996 – Milan, Italy + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Metropolis Project Website +Journal of International Migration and Integration \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Maharashtra)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Maharashtra)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed2246c1b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Maharashtra)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Maharashtra)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:00.433012+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Ministry of Agriculture, a ministry of the Government of Maharashtra, is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws related to agriculture in the state of Maharashtra.Adv Manikrao Shivajirao Kokate is the current minister heading this ministry. + + +== List == + + +== History == +Department of agriculture was established in 1883 after recommendation of Famine Commission(1881). Varies hybrid varieties of crops were deployed in 1965-66 which laid down the foundation of Green Revolution. + + +== Structure == +Agriculture section has three different ministers and divisions. + +Dadaji Bhuse, Minister of Agriculture +Sandipanrao Bhumre, Minister of Horticulture +Shankarrao Gadakh, Minister of Soil and Water Conservation + + +== International Partnerships == +Ministry signed an MoU with United States Department of Agriculture in June 2021 for better collaboration between United States of America and Government of Maharashtra. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbe25d84d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "More Than Scientists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:27.824867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +More Than Scientists is a United States-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group. It provides an outreach program for climate scientists to speak publicly about their personal views on climate change. Directed towards the general public, its goal has been to communicate that climate change is real and what it will mean for society. +The program presents videos contributed by climate scientists featuring them speaking directly to the viewer. Launched in 2015 with contributions by more than 30 climate scientists, it has grown to more than 80 participating climate scientists and more than 300 videos (as of 2023). +Prominent climate scientists who have recorded and contributed videos to More Than Scientists include Kerry Emanuel, John Wallace, Michael Mann, Katharine Hayhoe, Naomi Oreskes, and Kevin Trenberth among others. These scientists represent leading climate science departments including MIT, University of Washington, Harvard, and University of Colorado Boulder. Research centers they work at include the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Western Water Assessment (WWA), the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). +The More Than Scientists' videos focus on the societal and personal effects of climate change, rather than presenting the science per se. "Scientists... showcase their human reasons for concern about climate change, rather than the logical, methodological – and often hard to understand – voice often heard in television interviews or jargon scientific papers." reports the World Economic Forum. As Cool Davis described, "These scientists who work in climate-related disciplines don't spew facts and figures, but rather tell the personal concerns that those facts and figures have led them to. They talk about the potential impact of climate change on their families, their communities and the environment." + + +== Public awareness of climate change consensus == + +At the time of More Than Scientists' launch in 2015 there was a substantial gulf between climate scientists' understanding of human-caused climate change ("anthropogenic global warming" or AGW as it was generally put at that time) and the general public's view of the scientists' research conclusions. In 2013 97% of climate scientists viewed human-caused climate change as the reality, yet less than 10% of the public was aware of that consensus. +At the same time, there was a relatively high level of trust in climate scientists. The Yale Project on Climate Change Communication reported in 2015 that 70% of the public trusts climate scientists for information about global warming, slightly ahead of family and friends (67%) and well ahead of then President Obama (42%) and mainstream news media (41%). +With this background, there was increasing interest in the climate science community regarding communication with the general public about their research findings. "While there have been strong voices contributing to advancing this conversation, we believe voices of the scientists are critically needed to help dispel confusion about the science." reported Climate Access. And "Scientists have a sentinel responsibility to alert society to threats about which ordinary people have no other way of knowing." argues Naomi Oreskes, Harvard Professor of the History of Science and Affiliated Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences and More Than Scientists contributor. According to Union of Concerned Scientists member and More Than Scientists contributor Gretchen Goldman, "The More Than Scientists campaign is a great example of the kind of outlet for which the UCS Science Network provides resources to help scientists communicate." + + +== Areas of Focus == +More Than Scientists focuses on these primary topics: Impacts on ecosystems, Impacts on food supply, Impacts on forests, Impacts on society, Impacts on the ocean, Impacts on the water supply, Impacts on storms and natural disasters, Impacts on families, Impacts on future generations, Adaptation to climate change. In addition, many of the videos provide personal introductions to the scientists themselves. + + +== History == +More Than Scientists was founded by Eric Michelman, its director, and Dargan Frierson, associate professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington. Free Range Studios led the campaign strategy, website development, and introduction. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabahya_Food_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabahya_Food_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36dd6d26d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabahya_Food_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Nabahya Food Institute" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabahya_Food_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:01.643053+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Nabahya Food Institute (NFI) is a non-profit organization based in Uvira, located strategically in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its primary mission is to enhance food security, address environmental challenges, and alleviate poverty through sustainable agricultural practices and renewable energy solutions. As a food research, production, and processing institute, NFI focuses on breaking the cycle of poverty by producing healthy food and providing training to rural farmers in climate-resilient food systems and permaculture techniques. + + +== History == +NFI was established on 20 February 2020 by Congolese researcher Guillain Maliyamungu Nabahya, an expert in renewable clean energy and sustainable food systems, to develop robust, sustainable communities that produce nutritious food while combating deforestation, soil biodiversity decline, and detrimental climate change that has led to extreme famine in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. + + +== Mission == +Nabahya Food Institute's mission is to advance sustainable agriculture and permaculture practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo through the use of renewable energy technologies and permaculture design techniques. NFI educates farmers on the principles of ecological symbiosis, emphasizing the importance of reusing and recycling natural resources—such as sunlight, air, soil, water, plants, and animals—rather than relying on chemical-laden imports. +NFI boosts crop growth and yields by supplying affordable, disease-free seeds and advising on ideal sowing seasons and local weather conditions. The institute promotes eco-friendly farming methods, including composting, manure production, biochar application, and integrated pest control. +NFI also innovates irrigation techniques to enhance water efficiency and minimize environmental impacts. The institute sustainably preserves food at the village level by encouraging food processing innovations such as solar cooking and drying. Additionally, NFI supports small business ventures related to agriculture, processing, and transportation. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7e7b72ea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "National Association for the Promotion of Social Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:31.844491+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (NAPSS), often known as the Social Science Association, was a British reformist group founded in 1857 by Lord Brougham. It pursued issues in public health, industrial relations, penal reform, and female education. It was dissolved in 1886. + + +== Background == + +The efforts of George Hastings brought together three groups of the 1850s to form the NAPSS: the Society for Promoting the Amendment of the Law, the National Reformatory Union, and the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women (the Langham Place Group). It took as model the British Association for the Advancement of Science, holding an itinerant annual meeting, which provided a forum for social reformers. +The objective of the Association was defined as "to coordinate the efforts of the experts and the politicians". One factor in the eventual decline of the NSPSS was that the objectives of medical reformers changed. Legislation and the efforts of central government to improve public health became less important to them. +Its first secretary was Isa Knox. + + +== Congresses == +Twenty-eight Social Science Congresses took place: + + +== Committees == + + +=== Trades Societies and Strikes === +A committee of the Association produced Report on Trade Societies and Strikes (1860). This report was highly regarded: Sidney and Beatrice Webb later called it "the best collection of Trade Union material and the most impartial account of Trade Union action that has ever been issued". There were contributions by three Christian Socialists (Thomas Hughes, John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow, and F. D. Maurice). Hughes was one of two secretaries to the committee (with P. M. Rathbone). The committee included the Liberal politicians William Edward Forster, and Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet. There was one trade unionist as member, Thomas Joseph Dunning. + + +=== Quarantine Committee === +The Association's Quarantine Committee was set up in 1858. Its report was published officially by Parliament. + + +== Notes == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5eb66d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "National Center for Science Education" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:29.030584+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Center for Science Education (NCSE) is a not-for-profit membership advocacy group in the United States whose stated mission is to "promote and defend" science education. The historical focus of the organization has been on educating the press and the public on the scientific and educational aspects of controversies surrounding the teaching of evolution and climate change. The NCSE opposes efforts to incorporate religious and pseudoscientific concepts into public school science education. +The NCSE is based in Oakland, California. As of 2012, its membership included more than 4,500 "scientists, teachers, clergy, and citizens of varied religious and political affiliations." +The NCSE is a member of the National Coalition Against Censorship and is affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). + +== History == +In 1980 Stanley L. Weinberg, a high school teacher in Iowa, began to organize statewide Committees of Correspondence "committed to the defense of education in evolutionary theory," based upon the committees of correspondence in pre-Revolutionary America. Their purpose was to keep interested parties informed about creationist efforts and to coordinate local political response. This grew into volunteer networks in most states that were coordinated by theCreation/Evolution Newsletter . By 1983, these committees and the Newsletter had been incorporated as the NCSE. In 1987, author and lecturer Eugenie Scott became the NCSE's first Executive Director and first full-time employee. +In the 1990s, based upon its monitoring of creationist efforts, it issued warnings of high levels of official anti-evolutionism and a "sharp surge upwards" in creationist attacks on evolution, including attempts to downgrade evolution from "fact" to "theory" (see evolution as theory and fact) or present the "evidence against evolution" (see objections to evolution). +In 2003, the NCSE gained international attention with Project Steve, a tongue-in-cheek response to the Christian creationist Discovery Institute's publication of A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism. The 2001 "Dissent" statement is signed by more than 100 (over 1,000 as of 2019) scientists, professionals, and degree-holders professing skepticism of the tenants and findings of Darwinian theory. In order to demonstrate the overwhelming scientific consensus in support of Darwinism, Project Steve collected several hundred signatures of active scientists with only the given name or nickname Steve (in honor of then-recently deceased paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould). Project Steve's signatory list rapidly outpaced that of the Discovery Institute's statement, and as of 2025 it has more than 1,500 signatories. +In 2005, the NCSE assisted the plaintiffs in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, the most prominent case testing the constitutionality of intelligent design in public school science classes. The plaintiffs were suing Dover Area School District, a public school district in Pennsylvania, over changes in its biology curriculum to include the creationist textbook Of Pandas and People and requiring teachers to read a statement criticizing evolutionary theory. Nick Matzke, the NCSE's Public Information Project Director at the time, served as liaison to the legal team, and was responsible for uncovering the substitution of "intelligent design" for "creationism" within drafts of Of Pandas and People, which became a devastating part of the testimony of Barbara Forrest (also an NCSE Director), and was cited extensively in Judge John E. Jones III's decision. Kitzmiller v. Dover remains a landmark case in United States constitutional law, and is considered to have effectively ended attempts to introduce intelligent design into public school science curricula. Eric Rothschild, lead counsel for the plaintiffs, is a member of NCSE's Board of Directors as of 2025. + +In April 2008, the NCSE launched Expelled Exposed, a website critical of the film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed starring Ben Stein. The website received press attention and a large amount of traffic. +In 2012, the NCSE announced they would be engaged in efforts to keep climate change education, and global warming issues, safe from threats from special interests. They developed a series of lessons addressing climate change misconceptions and offered teacher training through a Teacher Ambassador program. That year, the organization also announced that it had reached 4,500 members who were "scientists, teachers, clergy, and citizens with diverse religious and political affiliations." +Beginning in 2010, the NCSE began a policy shift towards direct educational and material support for teachers in K-12 classrooms. The first "Teacher Ambassadors" were named in 2017, and the program of recognizing teachers dedicated to evolution and climate change education continues to the present. In the early 2020s, the NCSE developed and published a series of lesson sets on the "Nature of Science." These materials are designed to provide students and educators with a fundamental understanding of the nature of scientific inquiry and the ability to distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific claims. +The COVID-19 pandemic saw efforts by the NCSE to combat misinformation and promote trust in medical research and vaccination. +Amanda L. Townley has been the organization's Executive Director since December 2023. She replaced Ann Reid, who had been appointed to the position in 2013. Previously, Eugenie C. Scott served as executive director for 27 years, from 1986 to 2013. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8580e4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "National Center for Science Education" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:29.030584+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Activities and programs == +The NCSE organizes its mission into three main programs: Science Education and Outreach (SEO), Catalyzing Action (CA), and Investigating Science Education (ISE). SEO covers classroom support and includes the Teacher Ambassador program. ISE is responsible for studying and reporting on the state of science education in the United States. The Catalyzing Action (CA) program has taken over the NCSE's historical purpose of coordinating political response to "efforts to undermine the integrity of science education", which can include local policies up to state and national legislation. +The NCSE maintains up-to-date listings of current events and information regarding creationist and antievolution advocacy, as well as about evolution education. Historian of science Michael Shermer describes its website as being one of "the two best resources on the Internet on the evolution/creation topic" (the other being TalkOrigins Archive). The NCSE also opposes intelligent design and other "alternatives" to evolution because it says they are misleading euphemisms for creationism. +NCSE maintains a policy of religious neutrality and has cooperated with both religious and secular scientific and educational organizations like the National Academy of Sciences, the National Association of Biology Teachers, and the National Science Teachers Association. Its willingness to engage positively with, and avoid taking sides against, religiously minded supporters of evolution has been noted by historian of creationism Ronald L. Numbers and atheist author Richard Dawkins. + +== Leadership == +The NCSE is led by an executive staff and a Board of Directors. The Executive Director is Amanda L. Townley, a science education researcher who was previously an Associate Professor at Georgia Southern University. Other staff members include Deputy Director Glenn Branch. +Kenneth R. Miller, a biologist and prominent critic of the intelligent design movement, is the President of the Board of Directors. Other members of the Board include Prosanta Chakrabarty, Joseph L. Graves Jr., and Eric Rothschild, lead counsel for the plaintiffs in Kitzmiller v. Dover. + +== In the media == +Then-Executive Director Eugenie Scott appeared on the current affairs program Uncommon Knowledge twice in 2001, where she debated creationist William A. Dembski. Scott made an appearance on Penn & Teller: Bullshit! for the 2004 episode "Creationism". Scott offered a scientific perspective on the ID and creationism movements, noting that, "it would be unfair to tell students that there is a serious dispute going on among scientists whether evolution took place. There's not." She further stated: "a lot of the time the creationists ... they'll search through scientific journals and try to pull out something they think demonstrates evolution doesn't work and there is a kind of interesting rationale behind it. Their theology is such that if one thing is wrong with the Bible you have to throw it all out so that's why Genesis has to be interpreted literally. They look at science the same way. If one little piece of the evolutionary puzzle doesn't fit the whole thing has to go." +In November 2007 Scott discussed the NCSE's exploration of intelligent design on the NOVA documentary Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial, which documents the background and proceedings of Kitzmiller v. Dover. + +== See also == +Anti-evolution +Climate change denial +Creation and evolution in public education in the United States +Discovery Institute +Education in the United States +Environmental groups and resources serving K–12 schools +Intelligent design movement +Teach the Controversy +Wedge strategy + +== Notes == + +== References == +Numbers, Ronald (November 30, 2006). The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02339-0. + +== External links == +Official website +Expelled-Exposed +Creation/Evolution journal online 1980–1996 (full run) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14941c868 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "National Centre for Social Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:33.031771+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) is a registered charity and is the largest independent social research institute in the UK. The research charity was founded in 1969 by Sir Roger Jowell and Gerald Hoinville with the aim of carrying out social policy research to improve society. Until 1999, it was known as Social and Community Planning Research and gained a reputation for promoting high standards in survey research and pushing the boundaries of survey methods. It hosted for 25 years the ESRC Survey Methods Centre - later, when ESRC funding was not renewed, known as the SCPR Survey Methods Centre a centre of expertise which carried out methodological research, ran popular seminars and published a regular newsletter. SCPR authors produced a handbook, Survey Research Practice., published by Heinemann in 1978, which remained in print for 20 years and was translated into other languages. +NatCen is best known for its annual British Social Attitudes Survey, founded by the organisation in 1983. The British Social Attitudes survey is Britain's longest-running annual survey of public attitudes and can be accessed for research through the UK Data Service. It uses a random probability method and face to face interviews with more than 3,000 people to help ensure that it achieves a sample that should be representative of a target population. NatCen's sister organisation, the Scottish Centre for Social Research (ScotCen), carries out an equivalent of the survey in Scotland, called the Scottish Social Attitudes survey. +In addition to the British Social Attitudes survey, NatCen collects a number of statistics on behalf of the UK government and government bodies. These include the Health Survey for England, the English Housing Survey, The National Diet and Nutrition Survey and the Study of Early Education and Development (SEED). In 2015 NatCen also launched a new panel survey called the NatCen Panel, which was the first panel survey in the UK to use a probability methodology. +The National Centre for Social Research is not just a survey organisation, however, it is also well regarded for its research using qualitative and evaluation methods. NatCen researchers authored one of the key textbooks for qualitative researchers Qualitative Research Practice published by SAGE Publishing. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8367b4b7e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "National Council for the Social Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:34.157326+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) is a private, non-profit association based in Silver Spring, Maryland, that provides leadership, support, and advocacy for social studies education. +The council is affiliated with various regional or state-level social studies associations, including the Middle States Council for the Social Studies, the Washington State Council for the Social Studies, the New York City UFT Association for the Teaching of Social Studies, the Michigan Council for the Social Studies, the Massachusetts Council for the Social Studies, and the Virginia Council for the Social Studies. +The association publishes several journals. Its flagship publication, Social Education, is a peer-reviewed journal which, according to its website, aims to strike "a balance of theoretical content and practical teaching ideas." They sponsor the high school honor society Rho Kappa. +NCSS is currently a member of the National Coalition Against Censorship. + + +== History == +Founded in 1921, NCSS engages and supports educators in strengthening and advocating social studies. With members in all the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and 69 foreign countries, NCSS serves as an umbrella organization for elementary, secondary, and college teachers of history, geography, economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and law-related education. Organized into a network of more than 110 affiliated state, local, and regional councils and associated groups, the NCSS membership represents K–12 classroom teachers, college and university faculty members, curriculum designers and specialists, social studies supervisors, and leaders in the various disciplines that constitute the social studies. + + +== Social Studies == +NCSS defines social studies as "the integrated study of the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence". Within the school program, social studies provides coordinated, systematic study drawing upon such disciplines as anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, religion, and sociology, as well as appropriate content from the humanities, mathematics, and natural sciences. In essence, social studies promotes knowledge of and involvement in civic affairs. And because civic issues—such as health care, crime, and foreign policy—are multidisciplinary in nature, understanding these issues and developing resolutions to them requires multidisciplinary education. These characteristics are the key defining aspects of social studies. + + +== Expectations of Excellence == +In 2010, the council published National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies: A Framework for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. This publication is an update and revision of Expectations of Excellence: Curriculum Standards for Social Studies originally published in 1994. The National Curriculum Standards provides an articulated K–12 social studies program that serves as a framework for the integration of other national standards in social studies, including U.S. and world history, civics and government, geography, global education, and economics. NCSS standards ensure that an integrated social science, behavioral science, and humanities approach for achieving academic and civic competence is available to guide social studies decision makers in K–12 schools. +The NCSS framework consists of ten themes incorporating fields of study that correspond with one or more relevant disciplines. The organization believes that effective social studies programs include experiences that provide for the study of: Culture; Time, Continuity, and Change; People, Places, and Environments; Individual Development and Identity; Individuals, Groups, and Institutions; Power, Authority, and Governance; Production, Distribution, and Consumption; Science, Technology, and Society; Global Connections; and Civic Ideals and Practices. + + +== Awards == +The NCSS gives a number of awards including: + +Outstanding Social Studies Teacher of the Year Awards –This award is given to exceptional social studies teachers K-12. +Award for Global Understanding Given in Honor of James M. Becker. Since 2003, this award has been given in honor of James M. Becker to social studies educators who have made significant contributions to the teaching and learning of social studies. +Fund for the Advancement of Social Studies Education (FASSE) Christa McAuliffe Reach for the Stars Award and Grant. In honor of Christa McAuliffe, this award and grant is given to educators who have a dream to make a difference in social studies education. +NCSS Research Awards . There are three sponsored research awards- the exemplary research award, the exemplary dissertation award, distinguished career research award. +Carter G. Woodson Book Award. The award was established in 1974 and is awarded to exemplary social science books written for young children. + + +== See also == + +New England History Teachers' Association + + +== References == + + +== External links == +NCSS website +Social studies conference \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07bfc6b93 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "National Social Science Documentation Centre" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +National Social Science Documentation Centre (commonly abbreviated as NASSDOC) is an Indian national-level documentation, library, and information services center for the social sciences. It is a division of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and plays a central role in supporting research, documentation, and dissemination of social science knowledge in India. + +== History and Background == +NASSDOC was established in 1970 as a division of the ICSSR. Its primary purpose is from inception, to provide library and information support to social science researchers across India—especially those in academic institutions, autonomous research organizations, government departments, policy and planning units, and the social science community at large. +Over the decades, NASSDOC has expanded in terms of services, automation, digital infrastructure, and outreach to ICSSR’s regional centres and other research institutions. ICSSR provides grants to 27 research institutes and six regional centers in India. + +== Mission and Objectives == + +NASSDOC’s mission centers on facilitating social science research by ensuring the collection, preservation, dissemination, and accessibility of relevant documents and information. Its objectives include: + +Providing robust library, documentation, and reference support to social science researchers and institutions. +Acquiring and preserving social science content—especially materials that are not otherwise widely available (e.g., unpublished PhD theses, research reports, government documents, institutional publications) +Producing and maintaining bibliographic databases, union catalogues, indices, directories, and other location tools to help researchers find relevant materials. +Enabling literature search, document delivery, interlibrary loan, reprography, and reference services to support scholar needs. +Organizing continuing education, training workshops, seminars, and skill-building for librarians, information professionals, and researchers to use emerging technologies, digital tools, and methodologies. +Extending support and guidance to the libraries and documentation units of ICSSR regional centres, ICSSR-supported research institutes, and affiliated social science libraries. +Expanding the digital reach of its collections, including digitization of theses, development of an e-library portal, and remote access to e-resources for registered users. + +== Facilities, Infrastructure, and Collections == + +=== Physical Infrastructure and Reading Room === + +NASSDOC maintains a reading room (often referred to as the NASSDOC Reading Room) that is open to researchers. Typically, it operates Monday through Saturday (closed on Sundays and gazette holidays) from 9:30 AM to 6:00 PM. The reading room houses reference materials, periodicals, theses, project reports, and other special collections that users can consult on-site. + +=== Collections and Holdings === + +NASSDOC has built a robust collection over the years in both print and electronic formats. Some key components include: +Books and Monographs on social science disciplines, research methods, information science, policy studies, etc. +Doctoral Theses / Dissertations: NASSDOC has acquired copies of unpublished PhD theses in social sciences from Indian universities. +Research Project Reports (such as those funded by ICSSR and other agencies) and institutional reports. + Periodicals (Indian and foreign social science journals), both current and back volumes, including abstracting and indexing journals, plus bound journal volumes. +Government Documents / Serial Reports and institutional publications (grey literature). +Microfilms / Microfiche of theses, journals, working papers, and other rare materials. +Digital / Electronic Collections: CD-ROM databases, online databases, institutional and in-house databases. +As of recent summaries, the collection metrics include (approximate figures): + +These figures are indicative and subject to updates as the library continues to grow, digitize, and streamline its holdings. + +=== Automation, Catalogues and Metadata === +To enhance discoverability and interoperability, NASSDOC has adopted library automation and cataloguing practices: + WebOPAC / Online Catalogue: NASSDOC provides a Web-based Online Public Access Catalogue (WebOPAC) to enable users to search through the library’s holdings across books, theses, reports, etc. +Retro-conversion and MARC records: Catalog records have been converted to machine-readable form (e.g. UNIMARC) to support sharing and library networking. +In-house Databases / Locating Tools: NASSDOC develops various bibliographic tools, union catalogues, directories, indices, and databases (both in print and digital) to assist users in locating relevant social science literature. +Digitization Projects: As part of modernization, NASSDOC has digitized portions of its collections (e.g., theses, periodical literature) and works to increase its digital repository capacity. + +== Services and User Support == +NASSDOC offers a wide range of user-facing and backend services designed to support social science research. + +=== Membership and Access === +NASSDOC provides different membership categories for accessing its resources and services: Official Members - These include ICSSR Council Members/ senior officials of the ICSSR secretariat and regular professional staff of the ICSSR (i.e. Research Assistants/Documentation Assistants and above). They are entitled to borrow books from the library for 15 days. + +Consulting Members - Consultation facility is extended to academicians, research scholars, students, ICSSR Beneficiaries and members of general public that may include retired persons and other categories of readers. Consultation membership fee is Rs. 1200 per annum (minimum Rs. 200 for one month). +Borrowing Members - Borrowing facility is extended to social scientists, academicians, students and general readers who are registered as members of the library. Books are issued against a security deposit of Rs.1000/- per book. A maximum of two books can be issued to individual members at a time. +Institutional Members - This category of membership is available exclusively to institutions upon payment of ₹10,000 per year. Institutional members are entitled to borrow up to five (5) books at a time for a period of one month. However, remote login access to the subscribed e-resources is not available under this membership. +Guest Members - There is no fee for guest readers who want to consult the library for a day or two. They are issued a guest card for the day. Thresholds and fees (deposit, membership rates) are periodically updated by the institution. + +== Reference and Literature Search Services == +Reference Service: Users can request help in locating books, reports, theses, or other literature. Staff respond via email, telephone, fax, or in-person. +Literature Search: NASSDOC conducts topic-based literature searches using internal and external databases, indexing tools, and bibliographic resources to assist users in comprehensive coverage. +Bibliography on Demand: Upon request, NASSDOC compiles bibliographies (with or without abstracts) for special topics, often as a paid service. This is particularly valuable to users in remote or underserved regions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d60d24f7e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +--- +title: "National Social Science Documentation Centre" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Document Delivery, Inter Library Loan and Reprographic Service == +Document Delivery Service: NASSDOC facilitates delivery of documents (books, journal articles, reports) either by borrowing via interlibrary loan (ILL) or providing photocopies of requested materials. +Interlibrary Loan: NASSDOC participates in loan arrangements with other libraries to fulfill user demands for materials not held locally. +Reprography / Photocopying Services: Users may request photocopies of selected portions of materials (within copyright constraints). + +== Continuing Education, Training and Outreach Programmes == +Recognizing that many scholars and librarians may need new skills to adapt to digital systems, NASSDOC organizes: + +Short-term workshops, seminars, and lectures on information technology, digital tools, library science, and social science research methods Internships and apprenticeship programs: For MLIS / BLIS students, NASSDOC may offer training, orientation, and exposure to real-world library operations +Outreach and professional networking: NASSDOC is a member of library associations (IASLIC, ILA, IFLA, DELNET) and collaborates with ICSSR regional centres to propagate best practices. Sales, Distribution and Publishing Support +Financial Assistance for Projects: It offers grants for documentation, bibliographic, and library-oriented projects (e.g. development of guides, catalogues, bibliometric studies). Study Grant Scheme: To assist PhD scholars to visit libraries in other cities for their research work; travel, lodging, and allowance support for limited duration visits. + +== Electronic Resources and Digital Infrastructures == +With the growth of digital scholarship and online information, NASSDOC has made significant investments in e-resources and digital infrastructure. ICSSR consortia has been initiated in October 2007 with 5 ICSSR research institutions while setting up of NASSDOC as a hub and facilitator for consortia based subscription to e-resources by subscribing to JSTOR. + +=== E-Resources Subscriptions and Access === +NASSDOC subscribes to a suite of electronic resources tailored for social science research. Some known subscriptions include: +Brill Journals: Publishes over 800 peer-reviewed journals and 3,500 books annually in humanities and social sciences, with full digital archives and indexing in Web of Science and Scopus. +Cambridge University Press eBooks: Provides access to 572 e-Books in social sciences from a collection exceeding 40,000 titles. +CPDx (CMIE): Offers detailed data on household consumption, income, and savings in India, covering over 240,000 households. +IndiaStat: A statistical database offering socio-economic data across sectors such as agriculture, education, health, and environment, with 56 associated websites. +J-Gate: An e-journal gateway indexing over 26,000 journals in social sciences and humanities, linking to more than 11 million articles. +JSTOR: An archival database providing access to over 2,800 academic journals in 75 disciplines, including economics, sociology, and education. +Prowess IQ (CMIE): A database on 55,000+ Indian firms containing financial and industrial data since 1989. +Sage Research Methods: Offers 1,000+ resources, including books, videos, and case studies to support all stages of research. +Scopus (Elsevier): A multidisciplinary citation database indexing over 44,000 journals and 22,000 books. +Statcraft: A web-based analytics platform using R language for statistical analysis and visualization. +Statista: A business intelligence platform providing data on 80,000 topics across 170 industries worldwide. + +== ONOS Subscribed E-Resources (Social Science Focused) == +Under the One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) initiative of the Government of India, NASSDOC provides additional access to key social science e-resources for academic and research purposes. + +=== Major ONOS Resources === +Annual Reviews: Publishes 67 journals, including 19 in social sciences and economics. +Cambridge University Press Journals: Offers 420 peer-reviewed journals across humanities and social sciences. +Elsevier ScienceDirect: Provides access to 979 social science and humanities journals. +Emerald Publishing: Features 300+ journals in management, education, policy, and sociology. +IndianJournals.com: Hosts 267 Indian academic journals in social sciences, business, and agriculture. +Oxford University Press Journals: Provides 500 journals, including 106 in social sciences and 83 in humanities. +Project MUSE: Hosts 800+ journals and open access content in humanities and social sciences. +SAGE Journals: Offers over 1,440 journals, including 200 open-access titles. +Springer Nature: Provides access to 461 journals in social sciences and related fields. +Taylor & Francis: Publishes 660 journals in economics, law, geography, and international studies. +Wiley Journals: Offers 2,000 journals globally, including 18 in social sciences and humanities. + +== E-Library Portal and Remote Access == +NASSDOC maintains an E-Library Portal (also referred to as NASSDOC Online Digital Resources Access Portal) which allows remote access to subscribed electronic databases for eligible users. Users outside the physical premises can log in, given valid credentials, to access e-journals, e-books, and related digital content. + +=== Digitization and Repository Initiatives === +Theses Digitization: NASSDOC has digitized over 2,000 PhD theses and made them available on CD-ROM. The long-term objective is to host them online for researcher access. + Indian Social Science Periodical Literature (INSSPEL): NASSDOC undertook a project to digitize Indian social science periodical literature published in 119 journals since inception until 1970. The digitization includes about 97,492 references. +Institutional Repository and Digital Projects: NASSDOC is working toward creating digital repositories for research project reports, union catalog integration, subject gateways, and mobile access. + +== Governance, Network, and Partnerships == + +=== Administrative Structure === +As a division of ICSSR, NASSDOC is governed under the ICSSR’s administrative framework. The institution aligns its mission and budgetary support with the broader goals of promoting social science research in India. + +=== Network with ICSSR Regional Centres & Institutes === +One of NASSDOC’s core functions is to assist and coordinate with ICSSR Regional Centres and ICSSR-supported research institutes, offering them library guidance, resource sharing, and linking their catalogues. NASSDOC envisions integrating or joining WebOPAC and cataloguing networks across ICSSR-affiliated institutions. + +=== Membership in Library and Information Networks === +NASSDOC is affiliated with key professional bodies and network partnerships such as: Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC) Indian Library Association (ILA)International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Developing Library Network (DELNET)These partnerships help NASSDOC in resource sharing, training, standard adoption, and networking across libraries in India. + +== Evaluation, User Perception, and Challenges == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e302fa08 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "National Social Science Documentation Centre" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== User Satisfaction and Environment === +Studies on work environment in libraries surveyed library professionals across categories including NASSDOC and found that the cumulative perception of “work environment” was positive (71.3% agreement). In particular, special libraries (which include NASSDOC) scored 72.2% in that survey, indicating relatively favorable conditions among staff. However, such studies are library-general and not NASSDOC-specific. They reflect perceptions across institutions, including issues such as lighting, ventilation, social relationships, job prestige and recreational facilities. A recent survey conducted by the National Social Science Documentation Centre (NASSDOC) of the ICSSR revealed the existence of about 1,200 research institutes in India. + +== Impact and Significance == +NASSDOC plays a crucial role in the Indian social sciences ecosystem: It bridges information gaps by collecting rare, unpublished, or less circulated documents that are often unavailable elsewhere. Its bibliographic databases, catalogues, and union listings reduce duplication, improve discovery, and enhance resource sharing among libraries. Through training and outreach, NASSDOC helps build capacity among librarians, researchers, and information professionals to adopt new tools and methodologies. As a central hub for ICSSR’s research infrastructure, it helps maintain coherence, standardization, and inter-institutional linkages across the social science research community. Its digital and e-resource initiatives contribute to democratizing access to research, especially for scholars located outside major metropolitan centres. The underlying objective of ICSSR is to promote research in social sciences. There are 24 research institutions affiliated to and funded by ICSSR for carrying out research and training programmes in various social science disciplines. + +== See also == +Indian Council of Social Science Research + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..507fe6fdd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Nesta (charity)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:30.190682+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nesta (formerly NESTA, National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts) is a British foundation, registered as a charity, which supports innovation. +Nesta was originally funded by a £250 million endowment from the UK National Lottery. The endowment is managed through a trust, and Nesta uses the interest from the trust to meet its charitable objects and to fund and support its projects. + + +== History == +NESTA was set up in 1998 by an independent endowment established by an Act of Parliament, the National Lottery Act 1998. It had been a Labour Party manifesto promise. Lord Puttnam was the first Chair. In 2002 it was awarded £95 million. +In October 2010, the government announced that it would transfer NESTA's status from an executive non-departmental public body to a new charitable body. +In April 2012, following the appointment of chief executive Geoff Mulgan, the body became an independent charity, shortening its name to Nesta. With this change, Nesta shifted its focus to innovation for public benefit. +In 2016, Nesta received a $300,000 grant from the Global Innovation Fund to carry out research on market failures in aquaculture in Bangladesh and India. +Following the arrival of Nesta's new chief executive Ravi Gurumurthy in December 2019, Nesta announced their new 10-year strategy in March 2021 which focuses on three core missions: sustainability, health inequalities and the education attainment gap. + + +== Operations == +Nesta and the Nesta Trust are registered as charities in England and Wales, and Nesta is registered in Scotland. +Following Nesta’s new 2030 strategy, Nesta primarily operates in the following three areas: + +A Sustainable Future: Nesta’s programmatic focus is on reducing household emissions by 28 per cent versus 2019 levels, helping to ensure the UK is on track to reach zero by 2048. They will also explore how to improve the UK’s productivity levels. +A Healthy Life: Nesta is focusing on increasing long-term health whilst narrowing health inequalities. In order to halve the UK’s obesity rate by 2030, Nesta is primarily focusing on tackling food environments. Their secondary focus is expanding the evidence bank on the link between loneliness and ill health. +A Fairer Start: Nesta is focusing on improving outcomes for low-income children. Nesta aims that, by 2030, the UK will have eliminated the school readiness gap between those born into deprivation and their peers, with similar gains at age 16 among students receiving free school meals. + + +== Management == +Ed Richards chairs the organisation. Ravi Gurumurthy is the organisation's chief executive. + + +== See also == +Behavioural Insights Team +Co-production (approach) +Hidden innovation + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c63c66611 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "New Mexicans for Science and Reason" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:31.351987+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +New Mexicans for Science and Reason (also known by the abbreviation NMSR) is a science advocacy organization based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Founded by Skeptical Inquirer editor Kendrick Frazier on May 16, 1990. As of 1998 the President is physicist and mathematician Dave Thomas. Thomas was still the President in spring of 2018 In 1996 creationists on the New Mexico School Board tried to change science standards to water down instruction of evolution. NMSR was instrumental in having that decision reversed. + +== History == +The organization was established in 1990 by Kendrick Frazier, the editor of Skeptical Inquirer. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's (CSI) focus during that time was to start local skeptic groups. Frazier, as a resident of Albuquerque, felt that the area had a good mix of potential members. "We have a lot of bizarre claims," he said, "from UFOs in the south to New Age claims in Santa Fe". At that time New Mexico was tied for second place in Skeptical Inquirer's state rankings of subscribers per capita, behind first-place California and tied with Colorado, Washington, and Massachusetts in second. The idea, according to Frazier was "to encourage critical thinking". Frazier had his eye on John Geohegan as a possible president of the group but, when asked, Geohegan felt he was too busy to do so. Two years later, CSICOP's Executive Director Barry Karr sent letters to most of the SI subscribers in New Mexico asking them if they would like to start a new group in New Mexico. He enclosed a survey and Frazier eventually received thirty-seven back. A venue was reserved at the Museum of Natural History on May 16, 1990. Twenty-eight people attended that first meeting and Geohegan agreed to be chairman. The birth of the group's newsletter The Enchanted Skeptic was agreed upon and Pen La Farge became editor. The name of the group was selected the following month. Frazier suggested that the name should have the word science in it and "say what we are for, not what we are against". NMSR was involved in attempts to restore evolution to the science standards of New Mexico schools in the 1990s. To combat the campaign against evolution, a sister group was started called the Coalition for Excellence in Science and Math Education. While there is still overlap between the members, the CESE and the NMSR are separate organizations. The CESE exists for serious activism and the NMSR is "where members go to play". + +== Creationism in school textbooks == +In 1996 two creationists on the New Mexico Board of Education "succeeded in replacing evolution and the age of the earth with 'various theories of origin' in the state science standards". This led NMSR and other residents to write letters to the Albuquerque Journal complaining about the lowering of science standards. Several members of the NMSR and CESE addressed the school board with their concerns. Dave Thomas from NMSR stated that if unscientific theories are allowed to be taught in public schools "pretty soon we'll have Holocaust deniers insisting there were no gas chambers". Sandia National Labs Physicist Marshall Berman challenged one of the seats held by a creationist school board member and won election to the board in 1998. A year into his tenure, he persuaded the board to vote 14-1 in favor of teaching evolution. + +== Science Watch podcast == +Formed in 2005, Science Watch was hosted by Dave Thomas and Kim Johnson and was a weekly podcast until 2010 when it discontinued recording. Barbara Forrest commended their efforts of providing good science to residents of Albuquerque. Forrest describes the podcast as "an example of the value of cultivating contacts with local media by providing them with information during flareups". + +== Value of pi story == +The organization's official newsletter is NMSR Reports. In April 1998, an article appeared in NMSR Reports stating that the state of Alabama intended to change the definition of pi to three, supposedly to bring it in line with the Christian Bible's statements on the matter. The article, which was satirical, was originally attributed to "April Holiday" of the "Associmated Press" [sic], but was really written by NMSR board member Mark Boslough. In addition to its appearance in NMSR Reports, the story was only posted in the talk.origins newsgroup on April 1, 1998, by Thomas who later that day confessed to the hoax. Several clues were included in the original post, including the author being named "April Holiday", and the article being posted on April Fools' Day. A few weeks later Thomas checked back on talk.origins website and elsewhere on the Internet by searching for the phrase "Alabama Pi", to his surprise he received "hundreds of hits". In some cases the "Associmated Press" was dropped and attributed to other sources, some people realized it was a hoax, while others clearly did not. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b470eaec --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "New Mexicans for Science and Reason" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:31.351987+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Onyate man == +On April 1, 1999, Stefan, who was studying at the University of Heidelberg, posted to a website about a fossil uncovered at a dig in New Mexico that he and other students were working on. Stefan stated that he was worried the website would not last long once word got out that "We found a fossil of a hominid, being eaten by an allosaurus [sic] dinosaur." He posted photos and included an email address for serious researchers or the media to contact for copies of the photos. The cast and specimens were loaded into a truck and driven away, but not before those present were cautioned to not tell anyone because it would ruin their careers and no one would likely believe them anyway. He ends the website with this notice: "PLEASE TELL YOUR FRIENDS. DON'T LET THE SCIENTISTS KEEP THE TRUTH FROM THE WORLD!" NMSR posted this website on an Art Bell newsgroup alt.fan.art-bell as well as on alt.religion.christian. The group followed the progress of the story over the next few weeks and saw it get picked up by alt.atheism. The website attracted over 2,000 views over the month, and many groups realized that it was a hoax. Some people researched people and places mentioned in Stefan's article and realized that aspects of the story were not credible. NMSR posted details demonstrating that Onyate man was a hoax, showing more photos and explaining who was behind the hoax. The reason they created this specific hoax was because they had held a debate in January 1999 with creationist Paul Gammill. At that debate, it was noted that finding a dinosaur fossil with a hominid's fossils inside would be ideal evidence that hominids existed at the same time as dinosaurs. Ed Brayton, writing for Patheos, described the hoax. He stated this was "a story designed to feed into creationist beliefs and overcome whatever latent skepticism they might have about such a find. ... Within 24 hours, Kent Hovind was citing this in his revival meetings as proof that evolution was a lie." + +== Darwin Day == +According to KRQE News 13, The Humanist Society of New Mexico, Freedom From Religion Foundation and NMSR intended to host a Darwin Day lecture series at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History in February 2014. When a flyer was posted showing that the lectures were being co-sponsored by the publicly funded museum, two former engineers complained that creationists were not allowed their side of the story. NMSR responded that the wording on the flyer was a "misunderstanding". KRQE News 13 received copies of the emails shared between the organizers and the museum's staff showing their involvement. The Department of Cultural Affairs (DCA) oversees the running of the museum and has stated that they have retrained their staff to "clearly distinguish State events from private events". Darwin Day 2015 was cancelled. One of the creationists who raised the issue noted their objection to cancelling the event rather than adding other viewpoints, noting "By cancelling Darwin Day, they have basically said, they will not be giving both sides of the story". The DCA stated "workload and staffing issues" caused the confusion. NMSR President Thomas responded on the NMSR website to accusations that the 2015 Darwin Day annual event was cancelled because the museum did not want to allow creationists to speak. Thomas says that this "story" is a creation of KRQE. The museum held a Darwin Day event in 2014 and there was "a brief error of attribution of an NMSR event as co-sponsored by the museum in a flyer, but this was corrected LAST YEAR, BEFORE the event even took place." (2014) In a letter shown on the KRQE video dated February 7, 2014, the DCA explained to the two creationists what had happened with the flyer. In 2015 KRQE reported that the 2014 event did not happen, although it did, and that the reason the annual event did not happen in 2015 was because of the complaint. Thomas explains that the Darwin Day event is not an annual event, it was not held in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, though it was held prior to 2009. It did not happen in 2015 because the museum hired a new director who choose not to have another event. Thomas explains this was a "non story" in 2014, but in 2015 reporters Tina Jensen and Dean Stanley were pressured by the intelligent design community to run the story as if creationists were being discriminated against. Hemant Mehta wrote about this controversy, explaining "promoting science — in a museum, no less — isn't the same thing as promoting atheism. And a museum doesn't have to give 'equal time' to Intelligent Design". + +== SkeptiCamp == +New Mexicans for Science and Reason held its first Skepticamp on June 1-2 2024. Some of the presenters and their topics were: Dave Thomas (emcee, 9/11, and Flat Earth), Adrienne Hill (spirit and ghost photography), Ben Radford (emcee and The Blue Whale Game), Celestia Ward (fallibility of memory), Larry Barker (Bigfoot and Roswell UFOs), and Susan Gerbic (facilitated communication), Frank Etscorn (medical quakery), and Kurly Tlapoyawa (pseudoarcheology).There were also panel discussions as well as a presentation of the film The UFO Movie THEY Don’t Want You to See by Brian Dunning. + +SkeptiCamps are informal, often free events sponsored by a local skeptic group, grassroots style. The speakers are usually from within the local group who present short talks, mostly on scientific skepticism topics, but sometimes from the world of science. + +== Operations == +According to the NMSR website, "NMSR meets at 7 PM on the second Wednesday of each month, at CNM Main Campus, STUDENT RESOURCE CENTER (SRC), room 204, right next to the Richard Barr Boardroom. + +NMSR is a science organization; it is not a civil liberties or an anti-religious organization. Several of our members, like scientists in general, belong to various religious groups. We see no inherent conflict between science and religion, in that science concerns the natural world (the one accessible to our senses and instruments), while religion concerns the possibility of a supernatural world accessible only through faith. While we respect and cherish religious freedom, we stand ready to challenge those who promote bad science to further their goals, religious or otherwise. + +== Gallery == + +== References == + +== External links == +Archive of Science Watch podcasts – 2005–2014 +Coalition for Excellence in Science and Math Education (CESE) website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-0.md index b15f7642e..98f3d0449 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:31.805350+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:59.209356+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-1.md index e6200ce79..77f9e9a31 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-notebook_science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:31.805350+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:59.209356+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d89d250b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Open-source governance" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Open-source governance (also known as open governance and open politics) is a political philosophy which advocates the application of the philosophies of the open-source and open-content movements to democratic principles to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of policy, as with a wiki document. Legislation is democratically opened to the general citizenry, employing their collective wisdom to benefit the decision-making process and improve democracy. +Theories on how to constrain, limit or enable this participation vary. Accordingly, there is no one dominant theory of how to go about authoring legislation with this approach. There are a wide array of projects and movements which are working on building open-source governance systems. +Many left-libertarian and radical centrist organizations around the globe have begun advocating open-source governance and its related political ideas as a reformist alternative to current governance systems. Often, these groups have their origins in decentralized structures such as the Internet and place particular importance on the need for anonymity to protect an individual's right to free speech in democratic systems. Opinions vary, however, not least because the principles behind open-source government are still very loosely defined. + +== Applications of the principles == +In practice, several applications have evolved from the rule of law open justice use of governance in democratic institutions: + +Open-government mechanisms including those for public participation and engagement, such as the use of IdeaScale, Google Moderator, Semantic MediaWiki, GitHub, and other software by actual ruling governments – these mechanisms are well-developed, especially in the UK and the US, or by civil society and citizens directly for example, Opengovpioneers in the UK, and the Scottish Nature Finance Pioneers in Scotland. +Open-politics forums and wikis, where political issues and arguments can be debated, either within or between political party constraints, taking three distinct forms: +Political-party-platform development, in which ideas are solicited from anyone or almost anyone and openly discussed to a point but the ranking and devotion of resources to developing ideas is reserved to party members or supporters. A variant is the non-partisan think-tank or citizen-advocacy group-platform development as has become common in Canada, for example the Dominion Institute policywiki. +Citizen journalism forums obeying stricter rules to ensure equal power relationships than is typically the case in blogs, strictly designed to balance libel and free speech laws for a local jurisdiction (following laws strictly is part of the open politics ideal). +Open party mechanisms to actually govern and operate formal political parties without the usual insider politics and interest groups that historically have taken over such parties; these experiments have been limited and typically take the form of parties run by referendums or online. An example of this is Italy's Five Star Movement. +In the California Assembly, Crowdsourced legislation via a 'wiki bills' website is being initiated via an online wiki, with an introduction deadline of early February, 2015. +Hybrid mechanisms which attempt to provide journalistic coverage, political platform development, political transparency, strategic advice, and critique of a ruling government of the same party all at the same time. Dkosopedia is the best known example of this. +Some models are significantly more sophisticated than a plain wiki, incorporating semantic tags, levels of control or scoring to mediate disputes – however this always risks empowering a clique of moderators more than would be the case given their trust position within the democratic entity – a parallel to the common wiki problem of official vandalism by persons entrusted with power by owners or publishers (so-called "sysop vandalism" or "administrative censorship"). + +== Common and simultaneous policy == +Some advocates of these approaches, by analogy to software code, argue for a "central codebase" in the form of a set of policies that are maintained in a public registry and that are infinitely reproducible. "Distributions" of this policy-base are released (periodically or dynamically) for use in localities, which can apply "patches" to customize them for their own use. Localities are also able to cease subscribing to the central policy-base and "fork" it or adopt someone else's policy-base. In effect, the government stems from emergent cooperation and self-correction among members of a community. As the policies are put into practice in a number of localities, problems and issues are identified and solved, and where appropriate communicated back to the core. +These goals for instance were cited often during the Green Party of Canada's experiments with open-political-platform development. As one of over a hundred national Green party entities worldwide and the ability to co-ordinate policy among provincial and municipal equivalents within Canada, it was in a good position to maintain just such a central repository of policy, despite being legally separate from those other entities. + +== Difference from prior initiatives == +Open-source governance differs from previous open-government initiatives in its broader emphasis on collaborative processes. After all... + +...simply publishing snapshots of government information is not enough to make it open. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87fa9a3ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Open-source governance" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== History == +The "Imagine Halifax" (IH) project was designed to create a citizens' forum for elections in Halifax, Nova Scotia in fall 2004. Founded by Angela Bischoff, the widow of Tooker Gomberg, a notable advocate of combining direct action with open politics methods, IH brought a few dozen activists together to compile a platform (using live meetings and email and seedwiki followup). When it became clear that candidates could not all endorse all elements of the platform, it was then turned into questions for candidates in the election. The best ideas from candidates were combined with the best from activists – the final scores reflected a combination of convergence and originality. In contrast to most such questionnaires, it was easier for candidates to excel by contributing original thought than by simply agreeing. One high scorer, Andrew Younger, had not been involved with the project originally but was elected and appeared on TV with project leader Martin Willison. The project had not only changed its original goal from a partisan platform to a citizen questionnaire, but it had recruited a previously uninvolved candidate to its cause during the election. A key output of this effort was a glossary of about 100 keywords relevant to municipal laws. +The 2004–05 Green Party of Canada Living Platform was a much more planned and designed effort at open politics. As it prepared itself for an electoral breakthrough in the 2004 federal election, the Green Party of Canada began to compile citizen, member and expert opinions in preparation of its platform. During the election, it gathered input even from Internet trolls including supporters of other parties, with no major problems: anonymity was respected and, if they were within the terms of use, comments remained intact. Despite, or perhaps because of, its early success, it was derailed by Jim Harris, the party's leader, when he discovered that it was a threat to his status as a party boss. The Living Platform split off as another service entirely out of GPC control and eventually evolved into OpenPolitics.ca and a service to promote wiki usage among citizens and political groups. +The Liberal Party of Canada also attempted a deep policy renewal effort in conjunction with its leadership race in 2006. While candidates in that race, notably Carolyn Bennett, Stéphane Dion and Michael Ignatieff, all made efforts to facilitate web-threaded policy-driven conversations between supporters, all failed to create lateral relationships and thus also failed to contribute much to the policy renewal effort. +Numerous very different projects related to open-source governance collaborate under the umbrella of the Metagovernment project; Metagovernment uses the term "collaborative governance", most of which are building platforms of open-source governance. + +Aktivdemokrati is a Direct democratic party, running for the parliament of Sweden Democracylab.org is a Seattle Washington nonprofit (501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, partnered with the Oregon 150 Project, building an online public think tank in which the votes of users determines policy, seeking to connect the values people hold to their positions on issues and the policies they advocate. Votorola is software for building consensus and reaching decisions on local, national and global levels. The White House 2 was a project which crowdsourced the U.S. agenda, "imagining how the White House might work if it was run completely democratically by thousands of people on the internet." Wikicracy has developed a Mediawiki-based platform using most of Open politics criteria These grassroots efforts have been matched by government initiatives that seek similar goals. A more extensive list of these and similar organizations is available externally. +Future Melbourne is a wiki-based collaborative environment for developing Melbourne's 10-year plan. During public consultation periods, it enables the public to edit the plan with the same editing rights as city personnel and councilors. +The New Zealand Police Act Review was a wiki used to solicit public commentary during the public consultation period of the acts review. +At linux.conf.au on January 14, 2015, in Auckland, New Zealand, Australian Audrey Lobo-Pulo presented Evaluating Government Policies Using Open Source Models, agitating for government policy related knowledge, data and analysis to be freely available to everyone to use, modify and distribute without restriction — "a parallel universe where public policy development and analysis is a dynamic, collaborative effort between government and its citizens". Audrey reported that the motivation for her work was personal uncertainty about the nature and accuracy of models, estimates and assumptions used to prepare policies released with the 2014 Australian Federal Government Budget, and whether and to what extent their real world impact is assessed following implementation. A white paper on "Evaluating Government Policies using Open Source Models" was released on September 10, 2015. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df240c25 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Open-source governance" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:00.423210+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Open politics as a distinct theory == +The open-politics theory, a narrow application of open-source governance, combines aspects of the free software and open-content movements, promoting decision-making methods claimed to be more open, less antagonistic, and more capable of determining what is in the public interest with respect to public policy issues. It takes special care for instance to deal with equity differences, geographic constraints, defamation versus free political speech, accountability to persons affected by decisions, and the actual standing law and institutions of a jurisdiction. There is also far more focus on compiling actual positions taken by real entities than developing theoretical "best" answers or "solutions". One example, DiscourseDB, simply lists articles pro and con a given position without organizing their argument or evidence in any way. +While some interpret it as an example of "open-source politics", open politics is not a top–down theory but a set of best practices from citizen journalism, participatory democracy and deliberative democracy, informed by e-democracy and netroots experiments, applying argumentation framework for issue-based argument as they evolved in academic and military use through the 1980s to present. Some variants of it draw on the theory of scientific method and market methods, including prediction markets and anticipatory democracy. +Its advocates often engage in legal lobbying and advocacy to directly change laws in the way of the broader application of the technology, e.g. opposing political libel cases in Canada, fighting libel chill generally, and calling for clarification of privacy and human rights law especially as they relate to citizen journalism. They are less focused on tools although the semantic mediawiki and tikiwiki platforms seem to be generally favored above all others. + +== See also == + +== Citations == + +== Further reading == +Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture. Berry, D. M & Moss, G. (2008) (at Google Books). Canada: Pygmalion Books. PDF +Programming a direct-democracy, a 2007 article on Efficasync. A Method of Open-Source Self-Governance +Us Now – A film project about the power of mass collaboration, government and the Internet. +Open Source Democracy by Douglas Rushkoff, 2004 +Power to the (wired) people What's Wrong With Politics and Can Technology Do Anything To Fix It? by Mitchell Kapor, October 7, 2004 +Berry, D M.& Moss, Giles (2006). Free and Open-Source Software: Opening and Democratising e-Government's Black Box. Information Polity Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Volume 11. (1). pp. 21–34 +Smari McCarthy's work on the Shadow Parliament Project and Citizens Foundation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81f933741 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "Open.data.gov.sa" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open.data.gov.sa" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:01.642484+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Saudi Open Data Platform is a centralized digital portal established in 2019 by the Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). It provides public access to datasets released by various government entities in standardized, reusable formats. The platform is intended to improve data transparency and accessibility, supporting research, analysis, and digital services development. +As of June 2025 the platform hosted over 11,439 datasets from 289 organizations, with total downloads exceeding 284,800. It serves as a central repository, allowing users to browse and download government data for a range of purposes. + + +== History and background == +The platform is part of Saudi Arabia's broader initiative on open government data, which began with the introduction of policies promoting the release of high-value datasets. The first version of the Saudi Open Data Platform was launched in 2019. A redesigned version was introduced in 2023 under the domain open.data.gov.sa, with SDAIA taking over governance responsibilities. SDAIA is tasked with ensuring dataset availability, data quality, and compliance with national policies. +In 2024 SDAIA integrated 320 government systems into the National Data Lake, gathering over 100TB of data from 60+ entities. The Open Data Platform hosted over 8,700 datasets from more than 230 organizations. +In 2025 the KSA represented by SDAIA, achieved first place globally in the Open Government Data Index (OGDI). + + +== Datasets == +As of 2025 the platform hosted over 11,439 datasets, and provides access to a wide range of datasets published by government entities in Saudi Arabia. These datasets span multiple sectors, including health, economy, education, environment, labor, and public administration. Each dataset is accompanied by metadata that typically includes the dataset title, description, source organization, date of publication, and format. The platform supports machine-readable formats such as CSV, JSON, and XML to facilitate data reuse. Users can search, filter, and download datasets without the need for registration. Additionally, many datasets are accessible via application programming interfaces (APIs), allowing integration with external systems and applications. The platform aims to support transparency, data-driven decision-making, and research by providing centralized access to public sector information. + + +== Open data license == +The datasets provided on the Saudi Open Data Platform are covered under the Open Data Commons Attribution License, which permits use, modification, and sharing, provided attribution to the original source is maintained. This license may apply differently depending on the dataset type (e.g., multimedia content). + + +== Data governance == +The platform follows a structured data governance model. Public users can access and download datasets without registration. However, registration is required to interact through features such as commenting, rating, or requesting data not yet published. Support services and APIs are available for technical users to facilitate integration of data into applications. + + +== Features == +The platform provides access to datasets without requiring user registration. It includes features such as browsing tools, download options, API access, geographic information system (GIS) maps, and informational sections related to user submitted stories, events, and updates. Organizations with administrative access can manage their profiles and datasets directly through the platform. + + +== Use cases and international context == +The Saudi Open Data Platform supports machine readable formats and open APIs, which align with international standards and practices in open data sharing. This allows for the integration of data into cross-border research and development efforts, and supports alignment with broader international development objectives. + + +== Policy == +Saudi Arabia's open data policy is structured around several core principles: + +Open by Default – Data is made publicly available unless restricted for legal or privacy reasons. +Open Format and Machine-Readable – Datasets must be accessible in common formats (e.g., CSV, XLS, JSON, XML). +Up to Date – Data should be current and published in a timely fashion. +Comprehensive – Metadata and privacy compliance are required. +Non-discriminatory Access – Public access does not require identification or registration. +Free of Charge – Datasets are provided at no cost. +Licensing – Clear terms of use must be defined. +Governance and Engagement – Policies encourage transparency and public input. +Inclusive Innovation – Government entities are encouraged to support data reuse in various sectors. + + +== See also == +GOV.UK +Data.gov (Open data from the national government of the US) +Data.gov.uk (Open data from the national government of the United Kingdom) +Data.gov +MyGov.in +e-Government +e-participation +GeoBase (geospatial data) +Open access in Canada +Open politics +Open source governance +Toronto Open Data + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website (en) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2535f341 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "OpenCorporates" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:02.791177+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +OpenCorporates is a website that shares data on corporations under the copyleft Open Database License. The company, OpenCorporates Ltd, was incorporated on 18 December 2010 by Chris Taggart and Rob McKinnon, and the website was officially launched on 20th. +Data is sourced from national business registries in 140 jurisdictions, and presented in a standardised form. Collected data comprises the name of the entity, date of incorporation, registered addresses, and the names of directors. Some data, such as the ownership structure, is contributed by users. + + +== Recognition == + +In 2011, the site won third place in the Open Data Challenge. Vice President of the European Commission Neelie Kroes said the site "is the kind of resource the (Digital) Single Market needs and it is encouraging to see that it is being built." The project was represented on the European Union's Core Vocabularies Working Group's Core Business Task Force. +In early 2012, the project was appointed to the Financial Stability Board's advisory panel on a Legal Entity Identification for Financial Contracts. +In July 2015, OpenCorporates was a finalist in both the Business and Publisher categories at the Open Data Institute Awards. It was announced as the winner of the Open Data Business Award due to work with promoting data transparency in the corporate sector. + + +== Usage == +The service has been used to study public procurement data, online hiring market, to visualize and analyze company data, to analyze tax havens, and illicit activities of companies. + + +== See also == + +Corporate Registers Forum +European business register +List of company registers + + +== Explanatory notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76bc7e8f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "OpenEI" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEI" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:03.945459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Open Energy Information (OpenEI) is a website for policy makers, researchers, technology investors, venture capitalists, and market professionals with energy data, information, analyses, tools, images, maps, and other resources. It was established by the United States Department of Energy on 9 December 2009. + + +== Description == +OpenEI provides two primary mechanisms for sharing structured information: a semantic wiki (using MediaWiki and the Semantic MediaWiki extension) for collaboratively-managed resources, and a dataset upload mechanism for contributor-controlled resources. In both cases, the resulting data is made available via Linked Data standards whenever possible. Development of the system is led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in collaboration with other national laboratories. OpenEI, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's effort to make data open, is in the public domain under the CC0 public domain dedication. +Users search, edit, add and access data in OpenEI for free. OpenEI serves researchers, entrepreneurs, policy makers, students, and more generally, consumers interested in renewable energy. Region-specific data on OpenEI is organized on a world map. These regional pages derive data from many sources including Reegle's policy information, census information and various energy datasets from the Energy Information Administration. +The OpenEI utility rate database includes US utility rates. +The incentive gateway at OpenEI allows users to browse and download data from the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE), as well as crowd-sourced local incentives. +The LatinoAmerica gateway on OpenEI is run by several members of the Centro de Energías Renovables (CER) in Chile. The goal is to link the national labs in Latin America together related to energy. +OpenEI uses Amazon Web Services such as the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and was featured in an Amazon EC2 case study. + + +== See also == +Wind ENergy Data & Information (WENDI) Gateway + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official OpenEI website + + +=== Press === +White House Open Government +Energy Boom: published utility rates +OpenEI related to Smart Grid Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62f11d70d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "OpenFDA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFDA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:05.139819+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +OpenFDA is a project indexing and formatting Food and Drug Administration (FDA) data, and making such data accessible to the public. The ultimate goal of enabling data accessibility is to educate people and to save lives. +The currently provided API for accessing data is under a beta version. The project is open source, and the code is available from GitHub. +On March 31, 2025, the OpenFDA website was displaying "there is a temporary suspension of updates to the openFDA datasets". + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The official website of OpenFDA +The code on GitHub \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a259495e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Open Contracting Data Standard" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Contracting_Data_Standard" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:39.482920+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Open Contracting Data Standard is a standards development initiative issued by the Omidyar Network and the World Bank which commenced in November 2014. It sets out the key documents and data which should be published at each stage of the process of letting a contract for the procurement of goods and services for the public sector. Adoption of the standard requires publishers to release data under an open license, because "publishing data under an open license is an important part of open contracting. Without this, restrictions on re-use can prevent many of the important use cases for open contracting information being realized." Publishers are encouraged to use a scale of publishing complexity, from basic which features just tender notices, to advanced and extended data, which features contract award notices, contract details and persistent URIs. +The Open Contracting Partnership, a not for profit organisation promoting openness in contracting, argues that the use of the standard will reduce costs, create more competitive contracting, and prevent fraud and corruption. + + +== Origins == +An early version 1.0 was released in July 2015 and version 1.1 was being developed in Q 3 and 4 2015. OCDS was designed with a focus on public procurement of goods, works and services, but it can be extended for use in other contexts. Extensions for Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and Extractives concessions are under development. + + +== Implementation == +Pilot implementations are underway in the following countries: + +Canada +United Kingdom - see UK Open Government National Action Plan 2016-18 The UK Government initially committed to using the standard for contracts administered by the Crown Commercial Service and for High Speed Rail 2. +Mexico +Romania +Moldova +Ukraine - public e-procurement system Prozorro +Colombia, Costa Rica and Paraguay have also expressed interest in adopting the standard. +Private sector companies using the standard: + +OpenOpps.com. +OCDS Analytics. + + +== See also == +EbXML +Universal Business Language + + +== External links == +Project website + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ce9c06c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Open Data Buffalo" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Buffalo" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:40.689917+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Open Data Buffalo is the open data program developed under the administration of Mayor Byron W. Brown in Buffalo, New York. The initiative is a commitment to proactively release high-quality, updated "publishable City data" through a centralized portal in machine-readable formats, fully accessible and freely available in the public domain. Open Data Buffalo is an official City program designed to foster transparency, innovation, accountability, and efficiency. + + +== History == +In May 2013, Buffalo earned a grant through IBM's Smarter Cities Challenge to bring a team of senior IBM executives to the city to offer advice on improving municipal policy with data-driven insights. One of their primary recommendations was for Buffalo to build capacity in "data-sharing and governance." Three years later, Buffalo joined the national network of Bloomberg Philanthropies What Works Cities to expand their use of data. With the support of What Works Cities, Buffalo partnered with The Sunlight Foundation to craft an Open Data Policy with input from the public using the Madison tool, an open source platform provided by OpenGov Foundation. +In September 2017, the City of Buffalo selected Socrata as the provider for the municipality's open data platform. The city launched the Open Data Buffalo portal on February 22, 2018 and kicked off the launch with the open of Mayor Byron W. Brown's Civic Innovation Challenge Powered By AT&T, a tech competition designed to promote local engagement with the portal. The competition's challenge statement asks innovators to use City data to create solutions to address social and civic issues impacting Buffalo residents. + + +== Datasets == +As of October 2019, the Open Data Buffalo data catalog is federated with the New York State portal and includes over 654 data sets and 222 geospatial assets, over 60 of which are City publications. Buffalo's datasets and geospatial assets include: + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d4fde58f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Open Data Institute" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:41.886386+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Open Data Institute (ODI) is a non-profit private company limited by guarantee, based in the United Kingdom. Founded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the ODI's mission is to connect, equip and inspire people around the world to innovate with data. +The ODI's global network includes individuals, businesses, startups, franchises, collaborators and governments who help to achieve the mission. + +== Learning == +The Open Data Institute provides in-house and online, free and paid-for training courses. ODI courses and learning materials cover theory and practice surrounding data publishing and use, from introductory overviews to courses for specific subject areas. +ODI 'Friday lunchtime lectures' cover a different theme each week surrounding the communication and application of data, and usually feature an external speaker. + +== ODI themes == +In order to bring open data's benefits to specific areas of society and industry, the ODI focuses much of its research, publications and projects around specific themes and sectors. + +=== Data infrastructure === +Since its inception in 2012, the ODI has championed open data as a public good, stressing the need for effective governance models to protect it. In 2015, the ODI was instrumental in beginning a global discussion around the need to define and strengthen data infrastructure. In ‘Who owns our data infrastructure’, a discussion paper launched at the International Open Data Conference in Ottawa, the ODI explored what data ownership looked like and what we could expect from those who manage data that is fundamental to a functioning society. +The ODI is developing common definitions to describe how data is used via a ‘Data Lexicon’, and ‘Data Spectrum’ visualisation that shows how they fit together across the spectrum of closed, shared and open data. Definitions in the lexicon include: +Data that is closed (only accessible by its subject, owner or holder); data that is shared (with named access – data that is shared only with named people or organisations, +group-based access – data that is available to specific groups who meet certain criteria, and public access – data that is available to anyone under terms and conditions that are not ‘open’); and data that is open (data that anyone can access, use and share). +According to the ODI, for data to be considered ‘open’, it must be accessible, which usually means published on the World Wide Web; be available in a machine-readable format and have a licence that permits anyone to access, use and share it – commercially and non-commercially. + +=== Data as culture === +The ODI's Data as Culture art programme engages artists to explore the use of data as an art material, to question its deep and wide implications on culture, and to challenge our understanding of what data is and its impact on people and society, our economy and businesses, and the environment. +ODI Associate Curator, Hannah Redler-Hawes, selected ‘Data Anthropologies’ as Data as Culture's 2015–2016 theme, placing people at the centre of emerging data landscapes. For it the ODI commissioned Artists in Residence, Thomson & Craighead, Natasha Caruana and Alex McLean to exhibit work and create new data-driven pieces. + +=== Global development === +The ODI promotes data as a tool for global development, delivering support programmes in developing countries, conducting research, and helping to develop recommended practices and policies when applying open data to development challenges. +The ODI has supported open data leaders in governments around the world to boost economies, innovation, social impact and transparency using open data. As part of the Open Data for Development Network, funded by the International Development Research Centre, the ODI created the Open Data Leaders Network – a space for peer-learning. +In 2015, the ODI worked with the Burkina Faso Open Data Initiative, who used open data to ensure that citizens had access to real-time, open results data for their freest and fairest presidential elections in nearly three decades. + +== ODI sectors == + +=== Finance === +The ODI focuses on highlighting how data can enhance FinTech and banking and bring broad benefits to customers, regulators and industry. As part of a joint industry and government Open Banking Working Group, the institute created a framework for designing and implementing the Open Banking Standard. This highlights how banking customers can have more control over their data, and how to create an environment that maximises data reuse. +In ‘Data sharing and open data for banks’, a report for HM Treasury and Cabinet Office, the ODI explains why making data more accessible, and sharing transactional data via open APIs, could improve competition and consumer experience in UK banking. The paper focuses on key technologies and how they can support data sharing via APIs that preserve privacy. +The ODI's 2013 ‘Show me the money’ report focused on the UK peer-to-peer lending (P2P) market, revealing ‘lending by region’ using data from P2P platforms. + +=== Agriculture and nutrition === +Through research, open discussion and sector-focused events, the ODI is identifying challenges, solutions and global priorities in improving agriculture and nutrition with open data. +‘How can we improve agriculture, food and nutrition with open data?’, an ODI report written in partnership with the Global Open Data for Agriculture Initiative, presents 14 use cases showing open data use in agriculture, food production and consumption. + +=== Open cities === + +The ODI runs an Open Data for Smart Cities training course, and works closely with relevant ODI Members to highlight opportunities for urban planners, entrepreneurs and city residents. + +== Global network == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b07e6d7d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "Open Data Institute" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Institute" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:41.886386+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Members === +ODI Members are organisations and individuals, from large corporations to students, who explore, demonstrate and share the value of data. +The ODI grew its network of businesses, startups, academic establishments and individuals to over 1,300 in 2015, and launched student membership in line with its goal to help provide lifelong data expertise for young people around the world. +ODI Members (whether sponsors, partners or supporters) are all committed to unlocking the value of data, and are key to developing the ODI's professional network in the UK and internationally. +New member companies in 2015, included Deutsche Bank, Ocado Technology, SAP and The Bulmer Foundation. + +=== Startups === +Each year the ODI invites new applicants onto its ODI Startup programme in order to support them to develop a sustainable business, from idea to product to growth. +ODI Startups are provided with coaching and mentoring from external mentors, ad-hoc office space, discounted training courses, and access to other members of the ODI global network for networking and peer learning. The ODI assesses startups for the programme based on the strength of their idea and team, market opportunity and timing, potential scale, use of open data, and potential impact. +30 ODI Startups have joined the programme, which between them employ 185 people and have secured over £10m in contracts and investments. + +=== Nodes === +ODI Nodes are franchises of the ODI. +Hosted by existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organisations, ODI Nodes operate locally and are connected globally as part of the ODI Node network. Each node adopts the ODI Charter, an open codification of the guiding principles and rules under which the ODI operates. ODI HQ (based in London) charges ODI Nodes to be part of the network. +ODI Node types include pioneer nodes, learning nodes, community nodes and story nodes. +Pioneer nodes are ambassadors for the ODI's global network. They work collaboratively with HQ to help ensure the node network is sustainable, lead the delivery of quality services to market and develop initiatives that can scale across the network. +Learning nodes establish local training via ODI Registered Trainers, and focus on growing their reach by tailoring ODI Learning to local demand. +Community nodes convene local individuals and organisations interested in open innovation, delivering local events and workshops. They raise awareness of data's economic, social and environmental benefits, and encourage local collaboration. +Story nodes raise awareness, share challenges and promote best practice in harnessing data's economic, social and environmental benefits via blogs from their perspectives within their local contexts, across sectors and themes. + +=== Advisory === +The ODI provides consultancy, training and research and development advisory to help governments, organisations and businesses to use open data to create economic, environmental and social value. The ODI assesses how open data can impact organisations, implement open data strategies and innovate with open data to solve problems and create new opportunities. + +=== Software === +The ODI Labs team creates tools, techniques and standards for open data publishing. Flagship ODI Labs products include Open Data Certificates, which show that data has been published in a sustainable and reusable way, and an Open Data Maturity Model and associated Open Data Pathway tool for organisations to assess their data practices (developed in collaboration with The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). +ODI Labs also focus on implementing the World Wide Web Consortium's CSV on the Web recommendations via CSVlint, its validator for CSV files. + +== Evidence and research == + +=== ODI Stories === +The ODI is committed to demonstrating evidence for open data's social, economic and environmental benefits with open data stories and long-form publications. These are generated from ODI research, the work of the ODI's global network of startups, members and nodes, and the ODI Showcase programme, which supports projects to achieve open data impact. + +=== ODI Research === +The ODI undertakes research on a broad range of areas related to open data. This includes exploring the evidence for the impact of open data; research and development of tools and standards to assist producers, publishers and users of open data; examining the implications, challenges and opportunities of deploying open data at web scale; and applications of open data to address or illuminate real-world problems. +Ongoing projects include: +Mapping and understanding the scale of open data's potential value in business, with reports to date analysing open data companies that create products and services, and how three big businesses – Thomson Reuters, Arup Group and Syngenta create value with open innovation. +Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service (DaPaaS), which simplifies the consumption of open (and linked) data, by delivering a platform for publishing, consuming and reusing open data, as well as deploying open data applications. +OpenDataMonitor, which provides users with an online monitoring and analytics platform for open data in Europe. It will provide insights into open data availability and publishing platforms by developing and delivering an analysis and visualisation platform that harvests and analyses multilingual metadata from local, regional and national data catalogues. +Share-PSI is the European network for the exchange of experience and ideas around implementing open data policies in the public sector. It brings together 45 partners covering 26 countries with representatives from government departments, standards bodies, academic institutions, commercial organisations, trade associations and interest groups. +DaPaaS and OpenDataMonitor are co-funded by the Seventh Framework Programme for research and technological development (FP7). Share PSI is co-funded by the European Commission under the ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP) as part of the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme. +The UK Parliament's Public Accounts Committee noted in 2012 that the ODI would have a role in assessing what economic and public services benefits could be secured through making data freely available. + +== Board and senior leadership == +The institute is led by: + +Louise Burke, chief executive officer +Tim Berners-Lee, President and co-founder +Nigel Shadbolt, Chairman and co-founder +Roger Hampson, ODI Board member +Martha Lane-Fox, ODI Board member +Martin Tisné, ODI Board member +Neelie Kroes, ODI Board member +Richard Marsh, ODI Board member + +== Funding == +The ODI is part core-grant and part income-backed. £10m of public funds were pledged by the UK Technology Strategy Board to the ODI in 2012, (£2m/year over five years). A further $4,850,000 of funding has been secured via Omidyar Network. ODI derives its income from training, membership, research and development, services and events. In 2015, the balance between core-grant and income was approximately 50:50. +More detail can be found on the ODI's public dashboards. + +== See also == +Open Knowledge Foundation +World Wide Web Consortium + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc945471f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +--- +title: "Open Data Now" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Now" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:43.094504+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Open Data Now is a 2014 book on open data by Joel Gurin. + + +== Reception == +A reviewer for the University of California, Berkeley School of Information said the book "is written for the business community, but speaks to the experiences of those in the government, the private sector, or those who make a living advocating for consumers." +A reviewer for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation says, "Gurin’s snapshot of Open Data's innovators also serve as an effective guidebook." That reviewer also notes interest in the book's claim, "If Open Data is free, how can anyone build a business on it? The answer is that Open Data is the starting point, not the end point, in deriving value from information. In general, governments have focused more on making the data itself available than on public-facing applications. The private sector can then add value by taking Open Data and building something great with it." +Andy Oram, a reviewer for O'Reilly Media, described how the book focused on the cost of data. + + +== Summary == + +The book is divided into two parts, each of which has chapters. + + +=== Part 1 === +An opportunity as big as the web +The author profiles the Open Data Institute, Open Knowledge, and the National Security Agency as organizations working in open data. Definitions are presented for open data and big data. The book is outlined as discussing four business implications for the advent of open data - it will be the product basis for many startup companies and change the nature of investment, marketing, and innovation. +There is a review of the history of open data. United States weather and GPS data are described as free data which have become the basis for new industries generating billions of dollars. Data.gov is presented as a repository of more information which is likely to similarly create new businesses and products. + +Hot Startups - Turning Government Data into Dollars +The chapter presents a history of open data in the United States. Google, Foursquare, Uber, Waze, Instagram, and Flickr are profiled as companies who have created products which have a basis in the use of GPS open data which they use in their mapping services. +The author interviews one of the founders of The Climate Corporation. There is a report from a Health Datapalooza. + +Consumer Websites - Choice Engines for Smart Disclosure +The author defines a term, "smart disclosure", to mean the combination of government, company, and user information to curate whatever information a consumer would need to make a purchase decision. Another concept, "choice engine", is discussed to mean a filter of all available choices that an individual might make (perhaps in deciding to purchase a product), screened to take into account everything that a shopper might consider when they want and making a final, accurate recommendation which meets the purchaser's need and is less influenced by advertising. The author talks about his work role at the Federal Communications Commission, where he was tasked with promoting consumer empowerment in the marketplace. Their department believed that the public would benefit when both it had access to more marketplace information, and also when that marketplace information was presented in more relevant ways that personally mattered to each individual. +There is a review of the work of Todd Park. Companies profiled here include Opower, Zillow, GreenButton, and M-Labs. + +New Companies to Manage the Data Deluge +Topics covered include Digital Accountability and Transparency Act of 2014 and HealthCare.gov. +Companies mentioned include SAP SE, SAS Institute, and Esri. + +Data-Driven Investing - New Tools for Business Analysis +An overview is given of open data and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR, and XBRL. + +Green Investing - Betting on Sustainability Data +Organizations profiled include the Carbon Disclosure Project, Unilever, and GoodGuide. There is some discussion of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. + +Savvy Marketing - How Reputational Data Defines your Brand +There is a discussion of bill shock and why and how it occurs. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is presented. The concept of a user review is discussed. + +The Marketing Science of Sentiment Analysis +Reputation management, review websites, and more about user reviews is presented. Content analysis and sentiment analysis are described as fields of research in evaluating reviews. + +Tapping the Crowd for Fast Innovation +The author presents two models for crowdsourcing. Consider a project organizer who wishes to recruit people to accomplish some task. One method for crowdsourcing could be to sort through a crowd, but identify a small set of people who have expert skills, and then provide special support to encourage them to engage with a project. A project example with this model might be a government convening a funded contest. In another crowdsourcing model, a project organization might provide a little support which is available universally, in hopes that the public will contribute to the project without individuals being given personal attention from the project organizer. Zooniverse is an example of this model with less personal support. +Stack Exchange, TechCrunch, Wikipedia, and InfoArmy are profiled. + +The Open Research Lab - Innovating through Open Collaboration +Reviews of The Wisdom of Crowds and Reinventing Discovery are given. The concept of open science is presented. Profiles of Rufus Pollock and Aaron Swartz are given. The Human Genome Project, PatientsLikeMe, AllTrials, The Cost of Knowledge, Access2Research, and PLOS are profiled. There is a lot of discussion of how open access relates to many other fields. + + +=== Part 2 === +Privacy, Security, and the Value of Personal Data +The Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present) are described. Concepts of personally identifiable information, privacy, and information privacy are discussed. Alex Pentland's 2009 idea "New Deal on Data" is given as an example of a usable privacy policy. Reputation.com is given as a case study on personal data services. + +Doing Business in a See-Through Society +Sunlight Foundation, Global Witness, Project On Government Oversight, mySociety, ProPublica, and Center for Public Integrity are profiled as organizations which use open data to encourage commentary on business practices. + +Government and Data – Setting the Rules for an Open World +There is more coverage of the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act of 2014, mentioned elsewhere in the book, and here the law's close relationship with President Obama's public image is discussed. The US Freedom of Information Act is explained. A call is made to establish a Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights. + +The Open Data Future +Lists of advice are given for different kinds of businesses. Advice for small companies includes identifying open data marketing opportunities where there is little competition. Advice for larger companies includes starting to share and use open data immediately, so that the company can begin to grow a culture of discussing the concept. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +video interview of author by Phil Simon on Huffington Post \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b854ff54 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Open Data Partnership" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Partnership" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:44.297957+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Open Government Partnership (OGP) is a new multilateral initiative introduced by the United States Government that aims to secure concrete commitments from governments to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance by means of Open Data Platforms. In the spirit of multi-stakeholder collaboration, OGP is overseen by a steering committee of governments, civil society organizations and the developer community. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ad00e894 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Open Database License" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_License" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:45.475910+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Open Database License (ODbL) is a copyleft license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use a database while maintaining this same freedom for others. +ODbL is published by Open Data Commons, which is part of Open Knowledge Foundation. +The ODbL was created with the goal of allowing users to share their data freely without worrying about problems relating to copyright or ownership. It allows users to freely use the data in the database, including in other databases; edit existing data in the database; and add new data to the database. The license establishes the rights of users of the database, as well as the correct procedure for attributing credit where credit is due for the data, and how to make changes or improvements in the data, thus simplifying the sharing and comparison of data. + + +== Freedoms == +To Share: To copy, distribute and use the database. +To Create: To produce works from the database. +To Adapt: To modify, transform and build upon the database. + + +== Conditions == +Attribute: You must attribute any public use of the database, or works produced from the database, in the manner specified in the ODbL. For any use or redistribution of the database, or works produced from it, you must make clear to others the license of the database and keep intact any notices on the original database. +Share-Alike: If you publicly use any adapted version of this database, or works produced from an adapted database, you must also offer that adapted database under the ODbL. +Keep open: If you redistribute the database, or an adapted version of it, then you may use technological measures that restrict the work (such as digital rights management) as long as you also redistribute a version without such measures. + + +== Notable uses == +The OpenStreetMap (OSM) project completed the move from a Creative Commons license to ODbL in September 2012 in an attempt to have more legal security and a more specific license for databases rather than creative works. +Other projects using ODbL include OpenCorporates, Open Data Blend, Open Food Facts, Paris OpenData, and Overture Maps. + + +== See also == +Sui generis database right +Linux Foundation § Community Data License Agreement (CDLA) + + +== References == + +As of this edit, this article uses content from "ODC Open Database License (ODbL) Summary", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. + + +== External links == +Open Database License (ODbL) Open Data Commons. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-0.md index a5bf234ab..2e4d8827a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:16.690999+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:47.889040+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-1.md index 94ee28831..1b76d3df5 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/2 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:16.690999+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:47.889040+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..402e384f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Open Government Initiative" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Initiative" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:54.048123+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Open Government Initiative is an effort by the administration of President of the United States Barack Obama to "[create] an unprecedented level of openness in Government." The directive starting this initiative was issued on January 20, 2009, Obama's first day in office. +Since the rapid pace of technological growth at the turn of the century has given rise to the mass distribution of information, so too has the demand for the United States Government to increase the transparency with which they make decisions and create legislation; many civil servants share this sentiment with the public. There exist a few schools of thought regarding why Open Government Data (OGD) would benefit the public, but these can generally be broken into two parts: 1) the general public deserves the information that is being used to represent them and 2) the private sector will be able to create better social and economic conditions with access to this data. + +Beginning with President Obama's Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government in 2009, the Open Data Movement has led to governments around the world creating similar projects. + + +== Background and influences == +The Open Government Initiative began on President Obama's first day in office when he issued his Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government. He summarized three principles that previous proponents for OGD had advocated for: the idea that government should be transparent, participatory, and collaborative. Following this statement, the State Department, after facilitating an online conversation between public employees and the public about their draft, published the Open Government plan using the Memorandum's three principles of transparency, participation, and collaboration. +One of the earliest influences for the Open Government Initiative came from the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 1966. Later, the Privacy Act Amendments of 1974 created the classically modern version of the FOIA under President Ford. The next notable change came in 1996 when the FOIA made each resource available electronically to the public. Finally, the influences for the bill culminated with President Bush's signing of the OPEN Government Act of 2007, which was a philosophically similar act to the Memorandum given by President Obama in 2009. +Although not directly related to the idea of open government through technology, President Woodrow Wilson, during his term, aimed for "open covenants of peace, openly arrived at." In fact, the Ralph Bunche Library within the Department of State has been considering public input since 1789, alongside Secretary of State Rusk's Secretary's Open Forum from 1967. + + +== Philosophy == +As mentioned, the advocates for OGD typically fall within two schools: those who derive socioeconomic benefits from OGD in the belief that new competitors can penetrate the marketplace with access to government data and those who believe that is a social right that the general public has access to government data, public policy, and the decision makers of the latter using the former. The first school of thought is called the Open Government Data movement and the second school of thought is called the Right to Information movement. However, the two movements want access to different types of data; the Open Government Data movement is more interested in receiving quantitative data from government databases, whereas the Right to Information movement want access to qualitative documents and reports. +A core component of OGD is the belief that the public should have free access to information rather than having to request it. For example, the Freedom of Information Act only allows for public access when it is requested and thus takes several days to complete the order; journalists comprised 7.6% of those who requested information. + + +== Modern implementations == +The various forms of liquid democracy and public policy forums were created with similar beliefs as the Open Government Initiative. Similarly, Cloakroom, Change.org, Liquid.us, and Loomio were also created to facilitate public policy discussions and promote administration practices to become more accessible for the general public. +The most significant might be the Open Government Partnership, which after launching in 2011, now represents over 2 billion people. The countries within the partnership have agreed to execute the guidelines within the Open Government National Action Plans. The notable points from the plan include increased transparency from government spending, increased dissemination of information through electronic means, and greater accountability for political figures through tracked data. +The most recent form of Open Government legislation is the signing of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act, making the OPEN Government Data Act from 2018 law. The acronym OPEN stands for Open Public Electronic Necessary. This law requires extensive data-keeping that is supervised non-partisan data officer. A review will be held in three years to determine whether agencies were properly maintaining their information and the usefulness of that information to the public. + + +== Criticisms == +There are a few common shortcomings that exist in regards to Open Government efforts. +The first is sustainability; many initiatives offer no revenue for the governments that attempt to make their data transparent to the public. For the data to become freely available, the associated government must make an initial investment into the infrastructure that would circulate the information. Because Open Data does not hold bipartisan support, funding is one of the main barriers to open governmental data. +The second is the fear that open data will only benefit those who can understand the information, which is typically those at the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy. Although in theory open data is meant to benefit the average citizen who is meant to feel more connected with their government's democratic processes, the information must composed in a way that is accessible. +The third weakness, thus, is the possibility that the information will be delivered in a way that is incomprehensible to the average citizen and can only be understood and applied by those already deeply familiar with governmental processes or those with the resources to access those who are familiar. +The fourth shortcoming stems from the philosophy of the Open Government Data movement in which open governmental data can lead to greater economic growth if used commercially. Once again, this shortcoming is related to the fear that only those already at the highest socioeconomic level will derive benefit from access to governmental data. + + +== Similar projects == +Typically, most countries with OGD initiatives provide their information through portals. Africa contains several national OGD portals with 4 countries (Morocco, United Arab Emirates, Ghana and Kenya) having generally robust access to information; however, these portals typically include specific sectors but not the government as a whole. +India has a notable portal, but once again is limited in scope. +The European Data Portal consolidates many European countries that are filtered by sector, country, keyword, etc. +The Global Open Data Index provides an overview of 94 countries' open data efforts and ranks them based on their coverage of certain key sectors. +The Open Data Barometer is another ranking site for open data efforts around the world, including 115 countries. +The World Bank provides catalogues for open data across over 200 countries/jurisdictions. + + +== See also == +Open government +Freedom of Information Act (United States) +OPEN Government Act of 2007 + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Open Government at the National Archives \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge-0.md index 97bc4ec07..32b174e3d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Notebook_Science_Challenge" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:20.524145+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:55.507375+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d804c60 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +--- +title: "Open Source Geospatial Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:57.984102+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), is a non-profit non-governmental organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data. The foundation was formed in February 2006 to provide financial, organizational and legal support to the broader Libre/Free and open-source geospatial community. It also serves as an independent legal entity to which community members can contribute code, funding and other resources. +OSGeo draws governance inspiration from several aspects of the Apache Foundation, including a membership composed of individuals drawn from foundation projects who are selected for membership status based on their active contribution to foundation projects and governance. +The foundation pursues goals beyond software development, such as promoting more open access to government produced geospatial data, FAIR_data geodata, and geodata created and maintained by the OpenStreetMap project. Education and training are also addressed. Various committees within the foundation work on implementing strategies. + + +== Governance == +The OSGeo Foundation is community driven and has an organizational structure consisting of elected members and nine directors, including the president. Software projects have their own governance structure, by requirement. see FAQ. The OSGeo community collaborates via a Wiki, Mailing Lists and IRC. + + +== Projects == + OSGeo projects include: + + +=== Geospatial Libraries === +FDO – API (C++, .Net) between GIS application and sources; for manipulating, defining and analyzing geospatial data. +GDAL/OGR – Library between GIS application and sources; for reading and writing raster geospatial data formats (GDAL) and simple features vector data (OGR). +GeoTools – Open source GIS toolkit (Java); to enable the creation of interactive geographic visualization clients. +GEOS – A C++ port of the Java Topology Suite (JTS), a geometry model. +MetaCRS – Projections and coordinate system technologies, including PROJ. +Orfeo ToolBox (OTB) – Open source tools to process satellite images and extract information. +OSSIM Extensive geospatial image processing libraries with support for satellite and aerial sensors and common image formats. +PostGIS – Spatial extensions for the PostgreSQL database, enabling geospatial queries. + + +=== Desktop Applications === +QGIS – Desktop GIS for data viewing, editing and analysis — Windows, Mac and Linux. +GRASS GIS – extensible GIS for image processing and analysing raster, topological vector and graphic data. +OSSIM – Libraries and applications used to process imagery, maps, terrain, and vector data. +Marble – Virtual globe and world atlas. +gvSIG – Desktop GIS for data capturing, storing, handling, analysing and deploying. Includes map editing. + + +=== Web Mapping === + + +==== Server ==== +MapServer – Fast web mapping engine for publishing spatial data and services on the web; written in C. +Geomajas – Development software for web-based and cloud based GIS applications. +GeoServer – Allows users to share and edit geospatial data. Written in Java using GeoTools. +deegree – Java framework +PyWPS – implementation of the OGC Web Processing Service standard, using Python +pygeoapi - A Python server implementation of the OGC API suite of standards for geospatial data. + + +==== Client ==== +GeoMoose – JavaScript Framework for displaying distributed GIS data. +Mapbender – Framework to display, overlay, edit and manage distributed Web Map Services using PHP and JavaScript. +MapGuide Open Source – Platform for developing and deploying web mapping applications and geospatial web services. Windows-based, native file format. +MapFish – Framework for building rich web-mapping applications based on the Pylons Python web framework. +OpenLayers – AJAX library (API) for accessing geographic data layers of all kinds. + + +==== Specification ==== +Tile Map Service (TMS) – a specification for tiled web maps. + + +=== Metadata Catalog === +GeoNetwork opensource +pycsw – Lightweight metadata publishing and discovery using Python. + + +=== Content Management Systems === +GeoNode + + +=== Outreach Projects === +Geo for All – Network of educators promoting Open Source geospatial around the world. +OSGeoLive – Bootable DVD, USB thumb drive or Virtual Machine containing all OSGeo software. +OSGeo4W – a binary distribution of a broad set of open source geospatial software for Windows + + +=== Retired Projects === +Community MapBuilder + + +== Events == + +OSGeo runs an annual international conference called FOSS4G – Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial. Starting as early as 2006, this event has drawn over 1100 attendees (2017 Boston) and the tendency is to increase this number every year. It is the main meeting place and educational outreach opportunity for OSGeo members, supporters and newcomers - to share and learn from one another in presentations, hands-on workshops and a conference exhibition. The FOSS4G ribbon, part of every FOSS4G event logo, symbolizes the flow of ideas, innovation, and sharing within the Open Source geospatial community. The event history dates back to an important face-to-face meeting of the 3 original founders of the event (Venkatesh Raghavan, Markus Neteler, and Jeff McKenna), who met initially in Bangkok Thailand in 2004, and planned to create a new annual event for the whole Open Source geospatial community, with the event named "FOSS4G"; the event would go on to help change the history of the geospatial industry. +There are also many regional and local events following this FOSS4G philosophy. + + +== Community == +The OSGeo community is composed of participants from everywhere in the world. As of 24 May 2020, there were 35,176 unique subscribers to the more than 384 OSGeo mailing lists. As of September 2012, OSGeo projects were built upon over 12.7 million lines of code contributed by 657 code submitters including 301 that have contributed within the last 12 months. + + +== Sol Katz Award == +The Sol Katz Award for Geospatial Free and Open Source Software (GFOSS) is awarded annually by OSGeo to individuals who have demonstrated leadership in the GFOSS community. Recipients of the award have contributed significantly through their activities to advance open source ideals in the geospatial realm. + + +== See also == + +List of GIS software +Comparison of GIS software +Free Software +GIS Live DVD +Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) – a standards organization +OpenStreetMap + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +OSGeo Wiki +OSGeo Linux VM +Open Source GIS History +Recordings of FOSS4G conferences in the AV-Portal of German National Library of Science and Technology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36bf90808 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Open by default" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:38.242200+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Open by default, as widely used in the contexts of open government and open data, is a principle in which government makes its data accessible to the public by default, unless there is a sufficient justification to explain that greater public interest may be at stake, as a result of disclosure. Since the principle empowers the public's right to know and capacity to oversee government activities, it is closely associated with government transparency, civic engagement, and e-governance in organizing public life. In many cases, the principle is accompanied with the technological commitment to create "metadata standardization for all datasets, publication of a machine-readable data catalogue or inventory of both released and to-be released datasets ... (and) use of open licenses." + +== Definition == +The International Open Data Charter defines open by default as one of the six key principles that enable society to enjoy the full benefits of open government data. The other five principles are Timely and Comprehensive Data, Accessible and Usable Data, Comparable and Inter-operable Data, Data for Improved Governance and Engagement, and Data for Inclusive Development and Innovation. While each principles share some overlapping backgrounds, they respectively strive to propose different deliverable qualifications for government entities. The qualifications under Open By Default, as proposed by International Open Data Charter, are roughly as follows: + +Data that are open must be government data and have significant benefit to the public +Government data should be made accessible, clearly communicated, and usable without restriction for the public +Government should promote the open data practices +Disclosure of government data should not infringe citizens' privacy +Government develop and adopt policies and practices to ensure all government data is made open; provide clear justifications as to why certain data cannot be released; establish a culture of openness; develop leadership, management, oversight, performance incentives, and internal communication policies necessary" in "all government departments and agencies; observe and update appropriately domestic laws and internationally recognized standards regarding security, privacy confidentiality, and intellectual property; and anonymity data at its disclosure, to remove sensitive, personally-identifiable data get removed in accordance with privacy legislation and standards. +In the meantime, there are other scholars and institutions that advocate for more rigorous standards, such as disclosure of data collection methodologies, and publishing processes, as they provide more contextual information for measuring the quality of data. + +== Principles and policies at national governments == + +=== United States === + +In the United States, the early forms of open government data have largely been the weather data released by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Global Positioning System released by Air Force Space Command. However, through the continuing amendments to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), particularly the Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996, various government transparency advocates were able to press the federal government to disclose more public data online. With the growing advocacy calling for the fundamental shift towards government transparency, a liberal think tank OMB Watch, joined with 100 other advocacy groups to submit open government data recommendations to then President-elect Barack Obama and the United States Congress in 2008. Taking account of these recommendations, the President Barack Obama issued an Open Government Directive to create "unprecedented and sustained level of openness and accountability" in every federal agencies in his first day at the office in 2009. The directive included 120-day deadline for Chief Information Officer Vivek Kundra to implement the open government data portal, with the civic consultations openly submitted through National Archives and Records Administration. As a result, Data.gov was launched in late May 2009. The development of the portal focused on centralizing data-sets widely scattered across different federal agencies, releasing previously unavailable data, and enhancing machine-readability, with civic experts and academic consortium. OECD's 2013 research has acknowledged the efforts of Obama Administration to open government data in "default setting." +Over the years, Data.gov provided one-point access to thousands of public data-sets, which in turn were ranked and refined with increasing civic participation. However these ongoing efforts were thought to have stalled under President Donald Trump's administration, in regards to the fact it has not appointed chief technology officer that should oversee the management of the portal and data quality advocated by civil society. During the transition period, there were active movements among the transparency advocacy groups and researchers to save the public data from the federal websites, in a fear that these data will no longer be open by default. The Open Government Plan documents of National Archives and Records Administration have since moved from its website to GitHub as well. + +=== Canada === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0befbfa08 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Open by default" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_by_default" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:38.242200+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In Canada's case, Open by Default principles were first adopted by municipal and provincial levels of government before they took to national platforms. The City of Edmonton, which began its online cataloging of municipal data in 2010, was the first to adopt the International Open Data Charter in Canada and the United States. In the Provincial Government of British Columbia, Premier Christy Clark issued an Open Government initiavies in 2011. Under the initiatives, Open Data policy was adopted and legislated in 2011, providing free and unrestricted use of more than 1000 datasets in its data catalogue through "proactive disclosure". However, in 2013, Information and Privacy Commissioner for BC, Elizabeth Denham saw there are more provincial data to be disclosed "by default," though the nature of such data were not identified in her report. In the Provincial Government of Ontario, Premier Kathleen Wynne launched the Open Government initiatives in 2013, which publicly appointed a team of public and civic experts on open government across Canada. The report highlighted that Open by Default principles should be integral component of Ontario's open government policy, "Ontario should make openness the norm and secrecy the exception." In 2017, the government of Ontario formally adopted the International Open Data Charter to increase "transparency, accountability, public participation, technology and innovation". +As municipal governments and provincial governments in Canada engaged in Open Government movements, the idea of creating Open Government at the federal level were well under the discussion at parliament committees since 2011. However, it gained wide reception from the public in 2015, when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Liberal Party of Canada campaigned on the promise to amend the Access to Information Act and Privacy Act (Bill C-58), to make government data and information open by default. On June 19, 2017, Bill C-58 passed the legislation, but it has been criticized, as under the amendment, the federal government could refuse to disclose government data without proper justification or warning, if information requests were suspected to be "frivolous or vexatious." + +=== Italy === + +Italy was one of the firsts to use the term "Open By Default" in its policy framework. Explicitly stated in Decree No. 170 of 2012, the government of Italy required all national agencies to follow the principle in catering public information. More importantly, the decree played a foundational role in incorporating the term "Open By Default" into the explicit policies, which required federal agencies to report justifiable grounds on why they fail to open up relevant data. Italy was also one of the founding signatories of the International Open Data Charter. + +=== Other countries === +Australia +Austria +Argentina +Chile +Colombia +Costa Rica +France +Guatemala +Italy +Mexico +Sweden +Panama +Paraguay +Philippines +Sierra Leone +South Korea +Ukraine +United Kingdom +Uruguay +European Union + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-0.md index 364d0a535..2596836c1 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/5 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:17.894236+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-1.md index 34deb4a20..1e0076240 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/5 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:17.894236+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-2.md index 05a8d2759..6954d25b9 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/5 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:17.894236+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-3.md index a7388ca1d..853bd3de4 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/5 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:17.894236+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-4.md index e6ed3e9bb..0147cf6d8 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-4.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases-4.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/5 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:17.894236+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:49.125256+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-0.md index 3d039a424..202193edc 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-1.md index b934b140a..d6a4f065d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-10.md index b6e06d79b..1c16597a3 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-10.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-10.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 11/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-11.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-11.md index 99bf7bdd7..18c466cae 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-11.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-11.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 12/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-12.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-12.md index d99622fe1..7f5707f51 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-12.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-12.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 13/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-13.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-13.md index e57334be4..c2f887ec0 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-13.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-13.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 14/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-14.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-14.md index 44543654c..d9f40a50a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-14.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-14.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 15/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-15.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-15.md index 051d2379d..94d28d158 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-15.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-15.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 16/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git 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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-6.md index 2fe747b21..55edec430 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-6.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-6.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 7/16 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:19.284884+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:50.416247+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_energy_system_models-7.md index d823c837a..e89c12ac9 100644 --- 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+instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy. The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society. It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions. + +== Components == + +The concept of open government is broad in scope but is most often connected to ideas of government transparency, participation and accountability. Transparency is defined as the visibility and inferability of information, accountability as answerability and enforceability, and participation is often graded along the "ladder of citizen participation." Harlan Yu and David G. Robinson specify the distinction between open data and open government in their paper "The New Ambiguity of "Open Government". They define open government in terms of service delivery and public accountability. They argue that technology can be used to facilitate disclosure of information, but that the use of open data technologies does not necessarily equate accountability. +The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) approaches open government through the following categories: whole of government coordination, civic engagement and access to information, budget transparency, integrity and the fight against corruption, use of technology, and local development. + +== History == +The term 'open government' originated in the United States after World War II. Wallace Parks, who served on a subcommittee on Government Information created by the U.S. Congress, introduce the term in his 1957 article "The Open Government Principle: Applying the Right to Know under the Constitution". After this and after the passing of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 1966, federal courts began using the term as a synonym for government transparency. +Although this was the first time that 'open government' was introduced the concept of transparency and accountability in government can be traced back to Ancient Greece in fifth century B.C.E. Athens where different legal institutions regulated the behavior of officials and offered a path for citizens to express their grievances towards them. One such institution, the euthyna, held officials to a standard of "straightness" and enforced that they give an account in front of an Assembly of citizens about everything that they did that year. +In more recent history, the idea that government should be open to public scrutiny and susceptible to public opinion dates back to the time of the Enlightenment, when many philosophes made an attack on absolutist doctrines of state secrecy. The passage of formal legislature can also be traced to this time with Sweden, (which then included Finland as a Swedish-governed territory) where free press legislation was enacted as part of its constitution (Freedom of the Press Act, 1766). +Influenced by Enlightenment thought, the revolutions in United States (1776) and France (1789), enshrined provisions and requirements for public budgetary accounting and freedom of the press in constitutional articles. In the nineteenth century, attempts by Metternichean statesmen to row back on these measures were vigorously opposed by a number of eminent liberal politicians and writers, including Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton. +Open government is widely seen to be a key hallmark of contemporary democratic practice and is often linked to the passing of freedom of information legislation. Scandinavian countries claim to have adopted the first freedom of information legislation, dating the origins of its modern provisions to the eighteenth century and Finland continuing the presumption of openness after gaining independence in 1917, passing its Act on Publicity of Official Documents in 1951 (superseded by new legislation in 1999). +An emergent development also involves the increasing integration of software and mechanisms that allow citizens to become more directly involved in governance, particularly in the area of legislation. Some refer to this phenomenon as e-participation, which has been described as "the use of information and communication technologies to broaden and deepen political participation by enabling citizens to connect with one another and with their elected representatives". + +== Current policies == + +=== Africa === + +Morocco's new constitution of 2011, outlined several goals the government wishes to achieve in order to guarantee the citizens right to information. The world has been offering support to the government in order to enact these reforms through the Transparency and Accountability Development Policy Loan (DPL). This loan is part of a joint larger program between the European Union and the African Development Bank to offer financial and technical support to governments attempting to implement reforms. +As of 2010, section 35 of Kenya's constitution ensures citizens' rights to government information. The article states "35.(1) Every citizen has the right of access to — (a) information held by the State; and (b) information held by another person and required for the exercise or protection of any right or fundamental freedom ... (3) The State shall publish and publicize any important information affecting the nation." Important government data is now freely available through the Kenya Open Data Initiative. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5395bf0e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Open government" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Asia === +Taiwan started its e-government program in 1998 and since then has had a series of laws and executive orders to enforce open government policies. The Freedom of Government Information Law of 2005, stated that all government information must be made public. Such information includes budgets, administrative plans, communication of government agencies, subsidies. Since then it released its open data platform, data.gov.tw. The Sunflower Movement of 2014, emphasized the value that Taiwanese citizens place on openness and transparency. A white paper published by the National Development Council with policy goals for 2020 explores ways to increase citizen participation and use open data for further government transparency. +The Philippines passed the Freedom of Information Order in 2016, outlining guidelines to practice government transparency and full public disclosure. In accordance with its General Appropriations Act of 2012, the Philippine government requires government agencies to display a "transparency seal" on their websites, which contains information about the agency's functions, annual reports, officials, budgets, and projects. +The Right to Information (RTI) movement in India, created the RTI law in 2005 after environmental movements demanded the release of information regarding environmental deterioration due to industrialization. Another catalyst for the RTI law and other similar laws in southeast Asia, may have been due to multilateral agencies offering aid and loans in exchange for more transparency or "democratic" policies. +In October 2023, Iranian government publicly opposed measure "tritary branches of judiciary, executive, legislative transparency program". The transparency law never passes after nine months as judiciary and state did not consent. The government has the Iranfoia website for requests. + +=== Europe === + +In the Netherlands, large social unrest and the growing influence of televisions in the 1960s led to a push for more government openness. Access to information legislation was passed in 1980; since then, further emphasis has been placed on measuring the performance of government agencies. +Transparency as a legal principle underpins European Union law, for example in regard to the quality of the drafting of legislation, and as a principle to be exercised within government procurement procedures. European law academics argued in 2007 that a "new legal principle", transparency, might be emerging "in gestation" within EU law. +The government of the Netherlands adopted an Open Government in Action (Open overheid in actie) Plan for 2016–2017, which outlines nine concrete commitments to the open government standards set by the OECD. +Since 2018, in Wales, the Welsh Government has funded the training of Wikipedia skills in secondary schools, as part of the Welsh Baccalaureate and uses an open licence on all published videos and other content. + +=== North America === +In 2009, President Obama released a memorandum on transparency and open government and started the Open Government Initiative. In his memorandum put forward his administration's goal to strengthen democracy through a transparent, participatory and collaborative government. The initiative has goals of a transparent and collaborative government, in which to end secrecy in Washington, while improving effectiveness through increased communication between citizens and government officials. Movements for government transparency in recent United States history started in the 1950s after World War II because federal departments and agencies had started limiting information availability as a reaction to global hostilities during the war and due to fear of Cold War spies. Agencies were given the right to deny access to information "for good cause found" or "in the public interest". These policies made it difficult for congressional committees to get access to records and documents, which then led to explorations of possible legislative solutions. + +=== Latin America === +Since the early 2000s, transparency has been an important part of Latin America's efforts to professionalize government and fight corruption. All countries in the region have enacted freedom of information laws, beginning with Mexico, Peru, and Panama in 2002. Chile's Anti-Corruption and Probity Agenda and State Modernization Agenda. In 2008, Chile passed the Transparency Law has led to further open government reforms. Chile published its open government action plan for 2016–18 as part of its membership of the Open Government Partnership (OGP). + +== Transparency == + +=== Overview === +Transparency has been described as the visibility and inferability of information, defined by complete and findable information, which leads to accurate conclusions. It has two principal manifestations, monitoring transparency and consultation or collaboration transparency. It holds importance in more modern discussions because of its presence in new public management. For transparency to work, the idea goes beyond government involvement and must include public trust. Transparency in government has three main aspects. First, budgetary information must be viewable by the public. Second, there must be an effective way to make and enforce laws. Last, non-government organizations and a form of independent media must be at the center for public use. With transparency, there are also factors for data disclosure, such as timeliness, quality, and access and visibility. Data disclosure is important for transparency because it increases public understanding of governmental practices and is the goal of open government. However, there are arguments for both sides of transparency that must be considered. + +=== Arguments for and against === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d87d908 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Open government" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== For transparency ==== +Transparency in government is often credited with generating government accountability, which supporters argue leads to reduction in government corruption, bribery and other malfeasance. This is mentioned later and discussed as accountability with transparency. Some commentators contend that an open, transparent government allows for the dissemination of information, which in turn helps produce greater knowledge and societal progress. Organizations supporting transparency policies such as the OECD and the Open Government Partnership claim that open government reforms can also lead to increased trust in government, although there is mixed evidence to support these claims, with increased transparency sometimes leading to reduced trust in government. +Public opinion can also be shifted when people have access to see the result of a certain policy. The United States government has at times forbid journalists to publish photographs of soldiers' coffins, an apparent attempt to manage emotional reactions that might heighten public criticism of ongoing wars; nonetheless, many believe that emotionally charged images can be valuable information. Similarly, some opponents of the death penalty have argued that executions should be televised so the public can "see what is being done in their name and with their tax dollars." +Government transparency is beneficial for efficient democracy, as information helps citizens form meaningful conclusions about upcoming legislation and vote for them in the next election. According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, greater citizen participation in government is linked to government transparency. +Advocates of open government often argue that civil society, rather than government legislation, offers the best route to more transparent administration. They point to the role of whistleblowers reporting from inside the government bureaucracy (individuals like Daniel Ellsberg or Paul van Buitenen). They argue that an independent and inquiring press, printed or electronic, is often a stronger guarantor of transparency than legislative checks and balances. +The contemporary doctrine of open government finds its strongest advocates in non-governmental organizations keen to counter what they see as the inherent tendency of government to lapse, whenever possible, into secrecy. Prominent among these NGOs are bodies like Transparency International or the Open Society Institute. They argue that standards of openness are vital to the ongoing prosperity and development of democratic societies. + +==== Against transparency ==== +Government indecision, poor performance and gridlock are among the risks of government transparency, according to some critics. Political commentator David Frum wrote in 2014 that, "instead of yielding more accountability, however, these reforms [transparency reforms] have yielded more lobbying, more expense, more delay, and more indecision." Jason Grumet argues that government officials cannot properly deliberate, collaborate and compromise when everything they are doing is being watched. A randomized controlled trial conducted with 463 delegates of the National Assembly of Vietnam showed that increased transparency of the legislative proceedings, such as debates and query transcripts, curtailed delegates activity in the query sessions, avoiding taking part in activities that could embarrass leaders of the Vietnamese regime. +Privacy is another concern. Citizens may incur "adverse consequences, retribution or negative repercussions" from information provided by governments. Teresa Scassa, a law professor at the University of Ottawa, outlined three main possible privacy challenges in a 2014 article. First is the difficulty of balancing further transparency of government, while also protecting the privacy of personal information, or information about identifiable individuals that is in the hands of the government. Second is dealing with distinctions between data protection regulations between private and public sector actors because governments may access information collected by private companies which are not controlled by as stringent laws. Third is the release of "Big data", which may appear anonymized can be reconnected to specific individuals using sophisticated algorithms. +Intelligence gathering, especially to identify violent threats (whether domestic or foreign), must often be done clandestinely. Frum wrote in 2014 that "the very same imperatives that drive states to collect information also require them to deny doing so. These denials matter even when they are not believed." +Moral certitude undergirds much transparency advocacy, but a number of scholars question whether it is possible for us to have that certitude. They have also highlighted how transparency can support certain neoliberal imperatives. +Concerns have also been raised in the election administration community about the use of excessive Freedom of Information Act requests as a tactic of election deniers to disrupt the functioning of local and county election offices. Often unreasonably broad, repetitive, or based on misinformation, the high volume of requests has led to what a Colorado official said amounts to "a denial-of-service attack on local government." Local election officials in Florida and Michigan have reported spending 25-70% of staff time in recent years on processing public records requests. +A review of recent state laws by the Center for Election Innovation & Research found at least 13 states that have sought to protect election staff from the abuse of FOIA requests in several ways, such as creating publicly accessible databases that do not require staff assistance and giving election staff the authority to deny unreasonable or clearly frivolous requests. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8187f1560 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Open government" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:51.652961+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Accountability == +Accountability focuses on promoting transparency and allowing the public to understand the actions of their government. Public officials are expected to share details about how public resources are used and what their objectives are. Accountability in open government reduces corruption and increases transparency. However, there is transparency with and without accountability in open government. Transparency without accountability is often more difficult to monitor and there is less responsibility needed from the government. Transparency with accountability has proven to be more effective as a trustworthy relationship can be built between government agencies and people governed by them. The argument with or without transparency was mentioned previously and highlights major issues such as losing governmental trust or privacy issues with accountability. Some governments have created portals in order to allow people to see critical data and improve accountability and transparency. Not all data released on these portals is relevant and easily accessible meaning transparency is not always easily attainable. For example, Given the criteria for valuable information, governments should look for quality, completeness, timeliness, and usability when releasing important information that shows transparency and supports accountability. + +== Relationship between transparency and accountability == +Accountability in open government establishes the presence of transparency within governments. Accountability and transparency work to promote open government in democracies. Through organizations such as the Open Government Partnership (OGP) within the United States, which was established by the U.S. Department of State, there have been efforts to enhance democracies through both accountability and transparency. These efforts reach beyond the scope of North America and even into some Latin American and Asian countries. Promoting open government in Latin American countries has increased public trust and reduced corruption. Latin American countries were among those included in the OGP plan promoted by the United States in the Obama Administration. Additionally, in Asia, there has been a push towards right to information (RTI) to help build accountability. However, these measures in countries have shown open government measures are not one size fits all. They can fail and have to be tweaked for each region and there must be awareness from the public to demand accountability to ensure they receive it from the government. +Most of the relationship helps strengthen transparency in governments through the means of accountability. Transparency acts as the vision for open government, allowing the public to have quality access to government records and data. This open access forces governments to be more accountable as they cannot hide corruption with transparency. There can be transparency without accountability, which allows the government to choose which data is of significant value to be released to the public. This does not solve the lack of accountability and highlights the necessity of transparency with accountability. With both transparency and accountability, there must be regulations in place to make agencies justify why they are relinquishing certain information along with strict enforcement to ensure all transparency measures are fulfilled. + +== Technology and open government == + +Governments and organizations are using new technologies as a tool for increased transparency. Examples include use of open data platforms to publish information online and the theory of open source governance. +Open government data (OGD), a term which refers specifically to the public publishing of government datasets, is often made available through online platforms such as data.gov.uk or www.data.gov. Proponents of OGD argue that easily accessible data pertaining to governmental institutions allows for further citizen engagement within political institutions. OGD principles require that data is complete, primary, timely, accessible, machine processable, non-discriminatory, non-proprietary, and license free. +Public and private sector platforms provide an avenue for citizens to engage while offering access to transparent information that citizens have come to expect. Numerous organizations have worked to consolidate resources for citizens to access government (local, state and federal) budget spending, stimulus spending, lobbyist spending, legislative tracking, and more. + +== Organizations == +Open Government Partnership (OGP) is an organization launched in 2011 to allow domestic reformers to make their own governments across the world more open, accountable, and responsive to citizens. Since 2011, OGP has grown to 75 participating countries today whose government and civil societies work together to develop and implement open government reforms. +Code for All is a non-partisan, non-profit international network of organizations who believe technology leads to new opportunities for citizens to lead a more prominent role in the political sphere and have a positive impact on their communities. The organizations relies on technology to improve government transparency and engage citizens. +The Sunlight Foundation was a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization founded in 2006 that used civic tech, open data, and policy analysis to make information from government and politics more transparent to everyone. Their ultimate vision was to increase democratic participation and achieve changes on political money flow and who can influence government. While their work began with an intent to focus only on the US Congress, their work influenced the local, state, federal, and international levels. +Open Government Pioneers UK is an example of a civil society led initiative using open source approaches to support citizens and civil society organisations use open government as a way to secure progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. It uses an Open Wiki to plan the development of an open government civil society movement across the UK's home nations. +OpenSpending aims to build and use open source tools and datasets to gather and analyse the financial transactions of governments around the world. + +== See also == + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Fenster, Mark (2017). The Transparency Fix: Secrets, Leaks, and Uncontrollable Government Information. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0267-0. +Fountain, Jane E. (2001), Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press +Noveck, Beth Simone (2009), Wiki government: how technology can make government better, democracy stronger, and citizens more powerful, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-0275-7, OL 23153089M +Nath, Jay (2011). "Reimagining government in the digital age". National Civic Review. 100 (3): 19–23. doi:10.1002/ncr.20070. +McClean, Tom (2011). "Not with a Bang but a Whimper: The Politics of Accountability and Open Data in the UK". American Political Science Association 2011 Annual Meeting Paper. SSRN 1899790. +Manatt, April (2011). Hear Us Now? A California Survey of Digital Technology's Role in Civic Engagement and Local Government. New America Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2012-06-06. +Freeland, C. (August 18, 2011). "Remaking Government in a Wiki Age". New York Times. +Wirtz, Bernd W.; Birkmeyer, Steven (16 April 2015). "Open Government: Origin, Development, and Conceptual Perspectives". International Journal of Public Administration. 38 (5): 381–396. doi:10.1080/01900692.2014.942735. + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-0.md index 6868002fe..08791529c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-1.md index f8ddd6b86..c02438c37 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-10.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-10.md index 736ce9b77..e3fc2c91a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-10.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-10.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 11/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-2.md index 18a26e2e5..9e97488d7 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-3.md index 79899f2a8..14aeb4707 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-3.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-3.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 4/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-4.md index 0453080e1..143fe538c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-4.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-4.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 5/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-5.md index fae708576..128ef8689 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-5.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-5.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 6/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-6.md index 88f9e2917..0ab8cb53b 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-6.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-6.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 7/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-7.md index 6fb04b8e4..0f99a4765 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-7.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-7.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 8/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-8.md index 1f8a2c281..d2fedac1a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-8.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-8.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 9/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-9.md index d957e0727..bc7915c72 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-9.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data-9.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 10/11 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_scientific_data" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:28.051815+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:56.805710+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c64eb2533 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Overture Maps Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_Maps_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:06.302223+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Overture Maps Foundation is an open data mapping collaboration, launched in mid-December 2022 under the auspices of the Linux Foundation. Its stated mission is "powering current and next-generation map products by creating reliable, easy-to-use, and interoperable open map data." Overture founding members were Amazon, Meta, Microsoft and TomTom. +The Overture project is intended to be complementary to the crowdsourced OpenStreetMap project, and the foundation encourages members to contribute data directly to the OSM project. +Data will be released under the Community Data License Agreement – Permissive v2, unless required otherwise by licensing conflicts. + + +== Releases == +In April 2024, the Foundation released the first version of its dataset, as part of a beta test of its service. The data is available in GeoParquet, an incubating Open Geospatial Consortium standard that adds interoperable geospatial types to Apache Parquet, format via Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure. +The schema for the system is still under development. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Online map viewer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROLINNOVA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROLINNOVA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58d12ac47 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROLINNOVA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "PROLINNOVA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROLINNOVA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:05.334541+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Promoting Local innovation in ecologically oriented agriculture and NRM, known as PROLINNOVA, is an NGO-initiated international learning network to promote local innovation in ecologically oriented agriculture and Natural resource management. It is a "Global Partnership Programme" under the umbrella of the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR). The focus of PROLINNOVA is on recognising the dynamics of indigenous knowledge and enhancing capacities of farmers (including forest dwellers, pastoralists and fisherfolk) to adjust to change – to develop their own site-appropriate systems and institutions of resource management so as to gain food security, sustain their livelihoods and safeguard the environment. The essence of sustainability lies in the capacity to adapt. +The programme builds on and scales up farmer-based approaches to development that start with discovering how farmers do informal experimentation to develop and test new ideas for better use of natural resources. Understanding the rationale behind local innovation transforms how research and extension agents view local people. This experience stimulates interest on both sides to enter into joint action. Local ideas are further developed in a participatory process that integrates IK and scientific knowledge. Joint action and analysis lead to mutual learning. +There are 19 multi-stakeholder country platforms involved in the PROLINNOVA network: Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Kenya, Mozambique, Mali, Senegal, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Nepal, Cambodia, South Africa, Nigeria, Niger, Sudan, Cameroon and Tanzania. Prolinnova country-level activities are supported by an international support team, composed of ETC-AgriCulture (Netherlands), International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR, Philippines) and IED Afrique (Senegal). + + +== PROLINNOVA Cambodia == +Cambodia was involved at the inception phase and has been a member of Prolinnova since 2004. There are 20 institutions participating across the country, including Cambodia's largest agricultural NGO, CEDAC. + + +== See also == +Agerskovgruppen +FAO GM Foods Platform + + +== References == +The Communication Initiative Network +ETC Ecoculture + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Interstate_Committee_for_drought_control_in_the_Sahel-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Interstate_Committee_for_drought_control_in_the_Sahel-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..199e94b7f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Interstate_Committee_for_drought_control_in_the_Sahel-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Interstate_Committee_for_drought_control_in_the_Sahel" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:04.057559+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (French: Comité permanent inter-État de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel, abbreviated as CILSS) is an international organization consisting of countries in the Sahel region of Africa. + + +== Overview == +According to the official homepage, the organization's mandate is to invest in research for food security and the fight against the effects of drought and desertification for a new ecological balance in the Sahel. +The Sahel is a transition area between the very dry North and tropical forests on the coast. It mostly displays bushes, herbs and very small trees and does not offer regular harvests to its inhabitants. Main characteristics include: + +a very irregular and little predictable rainfall, from 200 mm to 2500 mm +predominance of agriculture and husbandry. More than half of the inhabitants are farmers and agriculture contributes more than 40% to the GDP +high demographic growth (around 3.1%) and high urban growth (around 7%) +The CILSS was created in 1973 during the first great drought in the region with the aim of mobilizing the population in the Sahel and the international community to facilitate urgent need and the organization of works in various domains i.e. rainfed and irrigated agriculture, environment, transport, and communication. In 1995 it centered its activities on basic food security and the use of natural resources. +The executive office is located in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. +List of countries that are a member: + +Benin +Burkina Faso +Cape Verde +Chad +Gambia +Guinea +Guinea-Bissau +Ivory Coast +Mali +Mauritania +Niger +Senegal +Togo + + +== See also == +2010 Sahel famine + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official "Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel" website—(in English and French) +Institut du Sahel—(in French) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_STEM-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_STEM-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e07bca3f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_STEM-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Pride in STEM" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_STEM" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:32.540052+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pride in STEM is a UK-based charity supporting LGBT+ scientists internationally, co-founded in 2016 by Alfredo Carpineti, a senior staff writer and space correspondent at IFLScience, his husband Chris, and Matt Young, a researcher at the University of Nottingham. Its origins, prior to registration as a charitable trust, were as a marching group for the parade at Pride in London. Ben Britton, one of the organisation's trustees, wrote in 2019 that the organisation's "informal mantra is to queer up science spaces and science up queer spaces". "STEM" is an acronym for "science, technology, engineering and maths/medicine". + + +== Events == + + +=== Out Thinkers === +The organisation organises a series of events called "Out Thinkers", first held in 2016, at which LGBT+ scientists discuss their life and work. Events in the series have been held at the British Science Festival, at Imperial College London, at the Science Museum, London, and at the Cambridge Science Festival. The first international Out Thinkers event was held in 2018. + + +=== LGBTSTEM Day === +They were responsible, along with two other British Isles-based organisations, for organising the first LGBTSTEM Day, which was held on 5 July 2018, which promotes visibility and awareness of LGBT+ people in the sciences. The event was supported by the Royal Astronomical Society, Institute of Physics, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. +The following year, nine groups (including Pride in STEM) were involved in organising the day, again on 5 July, with fifty organisations reported to be supporting it. In 2020, the day will instead be held on 18 November, to mark the 60th anniversary of astronomer Frank Kameny's petition to the United States Supreme Court, in a case prompted by his dismissal from the US Army as a result of his sexual orientation. + + +=== Other events === +Pride in STEM has marched as part of Pride in London's march in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. + + +== Recognition == +In 2017, the organisation was nominated for the Barbara Burford Gay Times Honour for excellence in STEM. +The journal Nature announced its support for the organisation in 2019. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Pride in STEM on Twitter \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6a1e0e75 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Pro-Test" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:33.827837+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pro-Test was a British group that promoted and supported animal testing in medical research. It was founded on 29 January 2006 to counter SPEAK, an animal-rights campaign opposing the construction by Oxford University of a biomedical and animal-research facility, which SPEAK believes may include a primate-testing centre. Pro-Test held its first rally on 25 February 2006, attracting hundreds in support of the research facility and opposed by a smaller number of anti-lab demonstrators. +The group was founded by Laurie Pycroft from Swindon when he was 16. After forming the group, British newspapers described Pycroft as a "sixth form drop-out", "bedroom blogger", and "campaigning hero." It is now run by a committee of ten: academics (Tipu Aziz, John Stein, and David Priestman), five Oxford graduate and undergraduate students, medical writer Alison Eden, and Pycroft. +Pro-Test says that it stands for "science, reasoned debate and, above all, the welfare of mankind. … We support only non-violent protest and we condemn those using violence or intimidation to further their goals. We strongly support animal testing as crucially necessary to further medical science." +In February 2011, five years after its first rally, Pro-Test wound up its activities, saying it had "successfully met its goals of defending the construction of the Oxford Lab, increasing awareness of the importance of animal research, and bringing the public on-side in support of life-saving medical research." Its US-based spin-off, Speaking of Research, remained active in the UK and US. + +== Background == +The construction site of the Oxford research centre is located on South Parks Road behind a five-metre (15 ft) barrier. Construction work is carried out by workmen wearing balaclavas and using unmarked vehicles, after the first contractor, Walter Lilly, owned by Montpellier plc, pulled out in the face of threats. The facility is intended to become the "centre for all animal research at Oxford", according to Mark Matfield, former director of the Research Defence Society, resulting in "the closure of a number of existing animal facilities". +The formation of Pro-Test coincided with threats made by the Animal Liberation Front, against Oxford staff and students, on the Bite Back website. ALF spokesman, Robin Webb confirmed that "high-level student groups working against SPEAK protesters may be targeted." +Pycroft describes in his blog, hosted at the LiveJournal website, how he set up Pro-Test after visiting his girlfriend in Oxford on 28 January 2006 and watching a SPEAK demonstration from the window of a coffee shop. Pycroft, his girlfriend, and one other, staged a personal counter-demonstration. +After writing about the experience on his blog, Pycroft has said he was receiving 300 hits an hour within days, and after attracting interest from the media, Oxford students, and the pro-animal-testing movement, he decided to schedule a second demonstration to coincide with a SPEAK protest on 25 February 2006. According to The Times, "Pro-Test’s tactics mirror those of animal rights activists, with about 150 students using websites and chat forums to organise protests." + +== February 2006 rally == + +According to the Daily Telegraph, over 800 students, academics and members of the public took part in the 25 February 2006 protest in the centre of Oxford which passed without violent incident, marching at the same time as more than 150 SPEAK protesters demonstrated in various locations across the city. +A number of politicians and scientists addressed the Pro-Test demonstrators. These included Evan Harris, the Liberal Democrat science spokesperson and MP for Oxford West and Abingdon; the Radcliffe Hospital's neurosurgeon and Pro-Test committee member Professor Tipu Aziz, whose research into Parkinson's disease "involves the use of primates", and who recently spoke out in support of testing cosmetics on animals; Simon Festing of the Research Defence Society, a lobby group funded by the pharmaceutical industry and universities; and Pro-Test committee member Professor John Stein, an Oxford neurophysiologist who "induces Parkinson's disease in monkeys and then attaches electrodes to their brains to test therapies which may help human sufferers", according to The Guardian. In his speech to the crowd, Stein declared, "This is a historic day; we are drawing a line in the sand." + +== June 2006 rally == +Supporters of Pro-Test marched through Oxford on Saturday, 3 June 2006. Their route led them through Radcliffe Square, the High Street and ended nearby the laboratory in the university's science area. Speakers included Colin Blakemore (then chief executive of the Medical Research Council), Evan Harris MP and Alan Duncan MP (the Shadow Cabinet Trade and Industry Secretary). David Priestman, a researcher of genetic disorders in children at Oxford University, told the Oxford Mail his reasons for joining the rally: I have worked in animal research for nearly 30 years and at last I can speak out about what I do. I'm exceptionally proud of my work. What right have animal rights activists to say my work is not scientific? + +== February 2008 rally == +Pro-Test held a third rally in Oxford on 9 February 2008. According to the BBC, around 200 people marched in protest at "fear and intimidation" from animal rights groups. Towards the start of the event, a lone animal rights protester started to shout in counter protest, but was escorted away by the police. +Speakers at the rally included Robin Lovell-Badge, a stem cell researcher at the National Institute for Medical Research, Evan Harris and Laurie Pycroft. Peter Hollins, chief executive of the British Heart Foundation and chair of the Coalition for Medical Progress, was also scheduled to attend but was unable due to illness. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eb51ac71 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "Pro-Test" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:33.827837+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Pro-Test in the United States == +In Spring 2008, Pro-Test Spokesman, Tom Holder, set up Speaking of Research, a group based in the US with similar goals to that of Pro-Test +On 22 April 2009 more than 700 staff, students and Los Angeles residents led by the neuroscientist Professor David Jentsch held a rally to launch the UCLA chapter of Pro-Test, and to stand up to the animal rights extremists who has targeted Prof. Jentsch and other scientists in a campaign of harassment and arson. At the event, Tom Holder announced the launch of The Pro-Test Petition which aims to give people in the US the "opportunity to show [their] support for the scientists and [their] opposition to the use of threats and violence". This petition, to defend animal research, is similar to The People's Petition which gained over 20,000 signatures in the United Kingdom. + +== Other activities == +An unnamed Oxford academic told the BBC that "a war is looming over 'scientific freedom' and the 'future of progress'", and suggests that the Pro-Test campaign is part of a wider reaction against animal-rights activism. +Pro-Test have taken the case for animal research to Parliament, participating in a debate at The Associate Parliamentary Group for Animal Welfare (APGAW). The debate focused specifically upon whether the Oxford biomedical research lab should be built and involved both MPs and members of the public. The principal speakers were Iain Simpson, press officer for Pro-Test, and Dr. Jarrod Bailey of Europeans for Medical Progress. +Pro-Test handed out doughnuts and cakes to workers on the South Parks Road site on 31 March 2006 to show their support for their work. +Pro-Test fielded Pycroft for a debate at the Oxford Union on the motion "This house would not test on animals". Supporting the motion were Dr Gill Langley, Dr Andrew Knight, Uri Geller and Alistair Currie. On the opposing side were Pycroft, Professor Colin Blakemore, Professor John Stein and Professor Lord Robert Winston. The motion was defeated, 273 to 48 of the Union members voting with the opposing side. +A cross-college student referendum proposed by Pro-Test was held on 16 November 2006. It proposed support for the Oxford lab's construction and animal testing in general, and found support from approximately 90% of voters. [2] +On 9 May 2006, the BBC reported that Pro-Test had bought ten shares in GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), as a "gesture of solidarity" with the company and its investors. An animal rights group had earlier sent letters to individual shareholders threatening to reveal personal details unless their shares were sold. The letters explained GSK's investors were targeted because of the company's association with Huntingdon Life Sciences. Pro-Test announced that their share purchase was to demonstrate that "intimidation has no place in the UK". +British Prime Minister Tony Blair gave his support to Pro-Test and The People's Petition in an article for the Sunday Telegraph, citing "the Pro-Test demonstration in Oxford, which... deserves support" as an example of the change in public attitudes in the UK. [3] [4] [5] +The BBC programme Newsnight hosted a debate on animal testing on 24 July 2006. Tipu Aziz, John Stein and Iain Simpson of Pro-Test featured in the debate, as did members of SPEAK and Europeans for Medical Progress. + +== Closure == +In February 2011, five years after its first rally, Pro-Test announced that it had wound up its activities after it claimed to have "successfully met its goals of defending the construction of the Oxford Lab, increasing awareness of the importance of animal research, and bringing the public on-side in support of life-saving medical research." However, its initially US-based spin-off, Speaking of Research, "continues to be active in the UK and US." + +== Pro-Test Italia == + +In September 2012, an Italian spin-off of Pro-Test was created and named "Pro-Test Italia". It has been founded by a group of scientists and students concerned about the spiralling of violence and pressure over government and public opinion against animal testing; these circumstances led to the closure of "Green Hill", a beagle-breeding facility in Northern Italy in July 2012, after several raids during the previous months by animal-rights activists, one of which including the stealing of some dogs from the facility on 28 April 2012. + +On 20 April 2013, another foray to an animal testing facility took place at the University of Milan, which led to the release of mice and rabbits and consistent damage to researches carried out for years). It was made by the same group of activists, united under the banner of "Stop Green Hill". +Following this event, Pro-Test Italia called for a rally in defense of animal testing on 1 June in Milan. It was meant to condemn the animal-rights activists' actions and to raise awareness about the importance of animal testing in medical research. The protest also had positive press coverage in international scientific journals such as Nature and The Scientist. +Some animal-rights activists tried to interfere but the Police prevented any escalation. +On 8 June 2013 Pro-Test Italia organized in various Italian cities the event "Italia unita per la corretta informazione scientifica" (Italy united for scientific information). +On 19 September 2013 a second demonstration took place, this time in Rome, to persuade the Italian government to revise the national amendments to the European Directive 2013/63/EU which could put at risk biomedical research in Italy. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c233ecddc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "Pro-Test" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:33.827837+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Pro-Test Deutschland == +In May 2015, a group of students and scientists in Germany decided to follow the example of their colleagues in the UK and Italy and founded "Pro-Test Deutschland". Pro-Test Deutschland is a non-profit organization that first began as a reaction to the decision made by Nikos Logothetis, director of the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen to discontinue his research with nonhuman primates. Logothetis's decision came after an undercover animal rights activist had filmed in the monkey facility of the Tübingen institute. The film was broadcast on national television in September 2014, leading to protests and hostility against the institute and against animal research in general. +After these events there was a lack of response by the scientific community to come out publicly in support of basic animal research like that conducted at the Tübingen institute. Many officials seemed quite unprepared for such a situation. Pro-Test Deutschland therefore decided to promote the education of its members and the public about how to speak and communicate about animal research effectively. +Pro-Test Deutschland issued a mission statement in which they point out that scientists do not lack moral fibre but rather a voice to speak about science. Pro-Test Deutschland intends to lend its voice so the public and scientists can engage in an informed and fair debate. Unlike Pro-Test UK and Pro-Test Italia, who take a very vocal position for animal research, and raise support through public actions and demonstrations, Pro-Test Deutschland is more interested in sharing information and engendering an open, educated and unbiased debate. +To date Pro-Test Deutschland mostly focuses its activities on maintaining an informative and well-balanced website containing FAQs and fact checking sections as well as on community outreach and media communication. Additionally, Pro-Test Deutschland is engaging with the Tübingen public more directly by means such as information booths in the Market Square. Since journalists in Germany wishing to report on animal research had heretofore been lacking reliable information in German, Pro-Test Deutschland quickly received a lot of attention, with national newspapers printing interviews. and national radio inviting one of their speakers to panel discussions. Pro-Test Deutschland, being initially based in Tübingen, has by now grown to include students and scientists in other German towns and cities such as Frankfurt, Bonn, Münster, Göttingen, Leipzig and Berlin. + +== See also == + +The People's Petition +Speaking of Research + +== Notes == + +== References == +Pro-Test website +"The Pro-Test Committee", Pro-Test website, retrieved 16 May 2006 +Speaking of Research Website +SPEAK website +"Biomedical research facility", Oxford University's announcement, 19 July 2004 +"The New Primate Laboratory" Archived 1 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine, SPEAK, undated, retrieved 16 February 2006 +"In praise of ... student protest" Guardian leader, 2 February 2006 +Asthana, Anuska, Doward, Jamie, and Taylor, Diane "Death threat for teenage animal test supporter", The Observer, 26 February 2005 +Boggan, Steve. "Experiments in protest", The Guardian, 3 March 2006 +Booth, Robert. "Bedroom blogger, 16, takes on animal rights protesters", The Guardian, 25 February 2006 +Foster, Patrick, and Woolcock, Nicola. "Students fight back for animal research", The Times, 1 February 2006 +Jha, Alok & Lewis, Paul. "Scientist backs animal testing for cosmetics", The Guardian, 4 March 2006 +Laville, Sandra & Booth, Robert. "Scientists to speak out for animal tests", The Guardian, 24 February 2006 +Murray-West, Rosie. "Showdown in Oxford as students face opponents of animal tests", The Daily Telegraph, 21 February 2006 +Philips, Grace. "Fight us and you'll lose, ALF". The Sunday Times, 5 February 2006 (page 4/8) +Shackle, Samira. "Oxford prepares for fresh wave of protest as building resumes on Parks Road lab", Oxford Student, 12 January 2006 + +== External links == +SPEAK personal attack on the founder of Pro-Test +Pro-Test founder's response +"Build the Oxford animal lab!" Social Affairs Unit Web Review, 20 February 2006 +Monkeys, Rats and Me – Documentary covering the building of the Laboratory +Basel declaration: call for solidarity for rally in Milan \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eaf50e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:37.121896+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) is a core project of Future Earth. PECS is an international research network that aims to connect and integrate research on the stewardship of social–ecological systems, how these systems support human wellbeing. +PECS was established in 2011. It is hosted by Stellenbosch University, from 2011-2019 it was hosted by the Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm University. Since the beginning of 2014 PECS has been part of Future Earth, the global sustainability research platform. A number of research projects have been affiliated with PECS, and it has created a number of regional nodes and thematic projects to integrate social-ecological research. For example, one large active regional group is SAPECS, which brings together social-ecological researchers in South Africa. It has also organised and hosted three open science conferences, the first in 2015 in South Africa, the second in 2017 in Mexico, and the third in 2024 in Canada. + + +== External links == +Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society website +Earth System Science Partnership website + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org-0.md index 181990d32..d439dba49 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef.org" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:32:54.162890+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:09.849155+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c581f2a2f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Public.Resource.Org" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:08.613116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Public.Resource.Org (PRO) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation dedicated to publishing and sharing public domain materials in the United States and internationally. It was founded by Carl Malamud and is based in Sebastopol, California. +Public.Resource.Org takes particular interest in digitizing and making accessible the works of the United States Federal Government, which because of US government licensing rules for its own work are almost always in the public domain. Major projects conducted by the organization include the digitizing and sharing of large numbers of court records, US government-produced video, and laws of various places. + +== Operation strategy == +Malamud works on the premise that information in the public domain, and particularly government-generated information of this sort, ought to be as easy as possible for the public to access. In doing this, he identifies interesting collections of information held by organizations which have failed to grant free public access to it. Two typical circumstances are that the creator of the information has failed to make it available online in any form, or that the creator has provided the information to a private company which itself charges fees for access to the information. At this point, Malamud acquires the free information himself, publishes it in public.resource.org as a free communication channel, and then demonstrates publicly that he has made information free when otherwise it would not be and calls for pressure on the holder of the information to collaborate in developing the information release. + +== Projects == + +=== Access to IRS Form 990 in digital format === +In 2013, Public.Resource.Org filed a Freedom of Information Act request with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requesting copies of nine annual information reports (Form 990, Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax) in digital format for tax-exempt entities in MeF (modernized e-file) format. The IRS refused to provide the MeF files, claiming that the effort to edit them to conform to required privacy standards for the filers represented an unreasonable burden. On January 29, 2015, a U.S. District Court ruled against the IRS, requiring that the IRS provide the requested files within 60 days. Observers believe that this decision will result in the IRS moving more rapidly toward providing electronic versions of Form 990 to the public. + +=== Access to United States legal resources === +In 2007 Malamud began publishing the full text of United States legal opinions dating from 1880 in an effort to begin a process intended to create a free publicly accessible database intended to hold the entirety of US Case law. Goals of the project included the creation of "an unencumbered full-text repository of the Federal Reporter, the Federal Supplement, and the Federal Appendix" and "an unencumbered full-text repository of all state and federal cases and codes." In describing this project, journalist Tim O'Reilly described this information to be "clearly public data" yet also "the crown jewels of public data available for profit", as companies including West had collected billions of dollars in fees for granting access to this data. +Malamud called for increased awareness that Westlaw was a commercial broker of the United States Federal Reporter, Federal Supplement, and Federal Appendix. While Westlaw had been adding value to the content by indexing it with their proprietary West American Digest System and accompanying summaries, the purchase of their products was the only way to access much of the public domain material they hosted. Malamud began to distribute these materials for free while saying in an open letter to the company + +... it seems fairly clear that a large part of the publication stream is tightly interwoven into the very substance of the operation of the courts, with West serving as the either contractual or de-facto sole vendor reporting on behalf of the court. ... You have already received rich rewards for the initial publication of these documents ... We wish to make this information available to (the public) ... It is crucial that the public domain data be available for anybody to build upon. +In 2010 Google awarded the project US$2 million in funding through their Project 10^100 challenge to submit ideas for changing the world. + +=== FedFlix === +Public.Resource.Org collects old and forgotten United States government video, digitizes it, and distributes it for free online in a project called FedFlix. Video is purchased or requested from government agencies such as the National Technical Information Service. These videos are digitized and uploaded with metadata to YouTube and Public.Resource.Org's servers. Most of these videos were produced with federal government funding and intended for educational purposes. There is also a collection of videos from FedFlix at the Internet Archive which contains over 8,700 items. +YouTube's Content ID tool helps copyright holders make requests to remove their copyrighted videos from YouTube. Malamud has complained that large media organizations are using this tool to unfairly attack and call for the removal of Public.Resource.Org's upload of US federal government videos on the improper claim of their copyright over them, when in fact these works are purported by the US government to be public domain works. + +=== Yes We Scan === +"Yes We Scan" is a phrase used as a name for various Public.Resource.Org projects which have the goal of digitizing and making available large collections of documents. +In 2009 when Carl Malamud petitioned to become the Public Printer of the United States the campaign slogan was "Yes we scan!" +In 2011 Public.Resource.org submitted a "YesWeScan.org" proposal to the United States federal government petitioning system We the People asking for the creation of a plan to scan all public federal government holdings. David Ferriero responded to the petition describing efforts to increase availability of government archives. +In 2013 Public.Resource.Org organized a fundraiser for a Yes We Scan project to collect, digitize, and make available all government safety standards in every country. In 2010 Public.Resource.Org managed a smaller project to free the public safety codes in California in the United States. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3fb3026e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Public.Resource.Org" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public.Resource.Org" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:08.613116+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== C-SPAN video licensing === +In 2007 Malamud petitioned for more open access to some C-SPAN recordings. +C-SPAN is a private media company which records and broadcasts the discussions of the United States Congress. +The company's business model is to provide its recordings for fees to cable and satellite television broadcasters. +In February 2007, Nancy Pelosi was publishing on her blog as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and inserted video clips from C-SPAN into her messages. Persons representing her opposing political party claimed that she was violating copyright in using the videos. C-SPAN investigated the situation and found that in some cases she was and in other cases she was not, and they clarified their position in the media. +C-SPAN confirmed that through more than 25 years of operating it had consistently asserted its copyright over all of the material which it created with its own cameras, which was 85-95% of its content. The rest of its content was produced on the House and Senate floors with government cameras, and this material was in fact public domain content as a work of the US federal government. A representative of C-SPAN said that "It is perfectly understandable to me that people would be confused ... (because the situation is that) when a congressman says something on the floor it is public domain, but (when) he walks down the street to a committee hearing or give a speech and (then) it is not public domain. The representative went on to say that "I think a lot of people don't understand (that) C-SPAN is a business, just like CNN is, ... (and) If we don't have a revenue stream, we wouldn't have six crews ready to cover Congressional hearings." +In 2007 Malamud petitioned for more open access to some C-SPAN recordings. Electronic Frontier Foundation credited Malamud's efforts and a letter to Brian Lamb of C-SPAN to their agreement in 2007 to make congressional recordings much more accessible. + +=== Smithsonian Institution protest === +In 2006 Malamud complained that private company Showtime Networks and the publicly owned Smithsonian Institution were entering a contract to establish Smithsonian Networks without sufficient public disclosure. Under the contract Showtime would be able to deny permission to other media producers wishing access to Smithsonian collections. Documentarian Ken Burns said of this deal "I find this deal terrifying ... It feels like the Smithsonian has essentially optioned America's attic to one company". + +=== Academic publishing === +Public.Resource.org supports research to identify knowledge within the body of academic publications. A profile in 2019 reported that the organization had collaborated with Jawaharlal Nehru University and Sci-Hub to gather a collection of research literature for use in data mining. The project raised various ethical issues including the right to the public to share in knowledge versus the right of publishers to restrict access to their copyrighted works. + +== Legal cases == + +=== American Society for Testing and Materials et al. v. Public.Resource.Org === + +In 2013, Public.Resource.Org was sued by the American Society for Testing and Materials, the National Fire Protection Association, and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers for scanning and making available building codes and fire codes which these organizations consider their copyrighted property. The case was heard in the District Court of the District of Columbia, with Judge Tanya S. Chutkan presiding. Chutkan ruled against Public.Resource.Org and ordered Malamud to delete all the standards from the Internet. Public.Resource.Org appealed the case to the D.C. Circuit. A number of library and public interest associations weighed in supporting the position of Public.Resource.Org. In 2018, the D.C. Circuit reversed and remanded the decision, holding that the fair use doctrines had been improperly applied. In March 2022 Chutkan issued an opinion that would allow Public.Resource.Org to reproduce 184 standards under fair use, partially reproduce 1 standard, and deny reproduction of 32 standards that were found to differ in substantive ways from those incorporated by law. ASTM et al. appealed the case to the D.C. Circuit, which affirmed the trial court decision. + +=== Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org === + +The Official Code of Georgia Annotated (OCGA) is the official law of Georgia. The Georgia government asserts that it holds the copyright to the OCGA; further, Georgia's legislature has exempted itself from the state's open records law. While the state claims that the OCGA is easily accessible, journalists for Atlanta news channel 11Alive were "unable to find a complete set of current law books at three branches of the Fulton County Public Library". +Malamud purchased a 186-volume hard copy of the OCGA and published the contents on Public.Resource.Org. The Code Revision Commission of the Georgia General Assembly sued PRO for copyright infringement, demanding that the OCGA be taken offline. A federal court in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in favor of the state, writing that PRO did not "[meet] its burden of proving fair use". PRO immediately appealed. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit unanimously struck down the previous ruling, finding that the OCGA is "intrinsically public domain material". The government of Georgia appealed to the Supreme Court. Both PRO and the state of Georgia urged the Supreme Court to grant certiorari to the government's appeal. The Supreme Court agreed to review the case (No. 18-1150). In 2020, the Court ruled 5–4 that the OCGA cannot be copyrighted. + +== Responses == +Ralph Nader endorses the work of the organization. + +== See also == +Right to repair + +== References == +& 53-6-1; + +== External links == +Official website +"Public.Resource.Org". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. +Yes We Scan +Public.Resource.Org's channel on YouTube \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7821857c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Public data" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:07.439909+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Public data may refer to: + +Open data +any data that inadvertently becomes public affecting information privacy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b70c1f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +--- +title: "Ramani Huria" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramani_Huria" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:10.974170+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ramani Huria is community-based mapping project in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, training university students and local community members to create highly accurate maps of the most flood-prone areas of the city using OpenStreetMap. + + +== About == +The city of Dar es Salaam is on the coast of Tanzania and in the rainy season is vulnerable to large scale flooding. Additionally, there are no current or reliable maps which can be used by aid respondents in the event of flooding. Maps are created specifically in flood prone wards with the aim of providing information for flood resistance. The current population of Dar es Salaam is estimated at over 6 million with a current annual population growth of 5.7%, resulting in 70% of the city being of informal settlements. Ramani Huria is putting these informal settlements on the map, along with drainage systems, roads, building features, and district boundaries. +Ramani Huria 1.0 began in 2015, with the second phase, Ramani Huria 2.0 beginning in July 2017. In the first six months of Ramani Huria 2.0, over 51,000 buildings were mapped, and over 2000 community surveys were conducted. +The project uses a number of mapping tools including OpenStreetMap, InaSAFE, drone imagery, OpenMapKit Archived 2018-03-19 at the Wayback Machine and OpenDataKit. + + +== Community flood mapping == +Ramani Huria trains university students and local community members in mapping tools to create highly accurate maps which is open and accessible to everyone. To achieve this, the Ramani Huria team works closely with community members throughout the data collection process. Community members are trained on free, open source smartphone applications, such as OpenMapKit Archived 2018-03-19 at the Wayback Machine and Open Data Kit, to use for data collection. The team check the GPS accuracy of the smartphones and provide internet scratchcards to guarantee good connectivity. Supported by the Ramani Huria team, community members collect data on their phones from individual households whilst accompanied by the Community Leader ("Mjumbe" in Swahili) for that area. Survey questions measure the history, impact and cause of flooding in that area. All data collected by the Ramani is free and accessible for anyone to use on OpenStreetMap + + +== Infrastructure and highway mapping == +Ramani Huria uses ODK to collect information on the highways. This includes records of formal and informal street names. +Two teams coordinate to collect and verify the data. The first team uses ODK forms to send collected forms to the server, and the second team undertakes data cleaning and uploads the clean data to OpenStreetMap. + + +== Drainage mapping == +Ramani Huria has completed field mapping, quality checks, and data cleaning for the drainage systems in twelve wards of Dar es Salaam. Quality checks are conducted using the Deltares Hydro-OSM tool, a toolbox to convert OpenStreetMap data into data layers that can be used for hydrological and hydraulic modelling. + + +== Areas mapped == +A work-in-progress atlas of the 450 Sub-Wards in the city has been developed which is intended for community resilience planning. The following wards of Dar es Salaam have been mapped and data is available both through OpenStreetMap and the Ramani Huria website. + +Kinondoni +Hananasif +Mabibo +Magomeni +Makumbusho +Makurumla +Mburahati +Msasani +Mwananyamala +Ndugumbi +Tandale +Ilala +Buguruni +Mchikichini +Temeke +Keko + + +== Partners == +The project works with a number of partners to conduct mapping and utilise the maps created. Partners include: Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology; The University of Dar es Salaam; Ardhi University; Sokoine University of Agriculture; The City of Dar es Salaam; Buni; The World Bank; The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), Data Zetu Archived 2018-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; and Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Dar Ramani Huria +Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc1fd79a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: "Real Time Information Group" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Information_Group" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:12.146687+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Real Time Information Group (also RTIG) is an organisation in the United Kingdom supporting the development of bus passenger information systems; its 40+ members include local authorities, bus operators, consultants and system suppliers together with representatives from the UK government. +The main output of the group is guidelines, standards, case studies and best practice documents. These documents are produced by RTIG on behalf of its members, usually with the assistance of specialist working groups. + + +== History == +In 2000, when real-time information (RTI) systems were beginning to be considered by UK local authorities to provide travellers with up-to-the-minute bus arrival and departure passenger information, it was realised that cross-boundary bus services made it imperative to coordinate projects around the UK. Technical and operational standards would therefore be required. A group of local authorities and bus operators began to meet regularly to discuss how to achieve this; and so RTIG was born. +Substantial government funding for projects around the UK, in particular from 2002 to 2004, provided an enormous boost to the development of RTI systems. The expanding and maturing market caused RTIG to reflect on its role, and in 2003 it determined to recreate itself as a subscription group - with the important step that the systems industry was to be a full and equal partner in its work. Equally importantly, it has maintained excellent links with central UK Government, from whom the Group continues to receive project funding for work of national scope and importance. +The National RTI Strategy, ratified in March 2007, establishes a framework for how industry stakeholders and government need to work together to deliver benefit to passengers. RTIG's role has, as a consequence, been expanded to cover all aspects of technology in public transport, from systems to support disabled travellers through to safety and security systems. +In 2023 it became an independent not for profit organisation having to this point been a subsidiary of initially Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive and laterly Merseytravel. + + +== Annual survey == +In 2002 the group produced the first UK Annual RTI Survey, which surveyed the use of RTI technology by local authorities and passenger transport executives across England, as well as plans for the following two years. In 2004 the survey was extended to include Wales and in 2005 Scotland. +In order to reflect the widening deployment of bus-related technologies, the 2006 annual survey was re-branded as the ‘RTIG Passenger Transport Technology Survey’ and included questions on services for disabled travellers – partly in response to new obligations on bus operators under the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. The 2007 survey continues to focus broadly on public transport and traffic management technology and has been expanded to include questions on bus CCTV and other security technologies. +The annual survey provides details on: + +Number of RTI equipped buses in Great Britain +Number of RTI signs in GB +Use of audio equipment on and off buses in GB +Costs of implementing and maintaining RTI in GB +Trends in integration of RTI with UTMC technology +The provision of information for disabled travellers in GB +Passenger and driver security systems (on and off bus) +The annual survey has been discontinued with the last being carried out in 2012. + + +== Working Groups == +The majority of the documents, standards and guidelines produced by RTIG is done with the assistance of voluntary working groups. These working groups are made up of industry experts who lend their knowledge to particular projects. Examples of RTIG working groups include: + +Data Suppliers Working Group +Shelter Implementation Working Group +Disability Working Group +On-bus architecture Working Group +GPRS Interface Working Group +Working groups involve non-members where relevant; so, the Disability WG includes representatives from charities such a RNIB and Guide Dogs. + + +== The RTIG library == +The RTIG library houses all of the documents produced by the group to date. These documents are held by RTIG electronically and distributed to members on request, or via the ‘members area’ of the RTIG website. The library catalogue is publicly available from the RTIG website [1]. +Publicly available documents in the Library include: + +The RTIG National Strategy [2] +RTI and disabled travellers [3] +Managing Disruptions Series [4] [5][6] +Business Case Study Report [7] +Members have access to a wider range of standards and guidelines, and to the outputs of RTIG workshops (see below). +The group also publishes a monthly newsletter [8] which provides both members and non-members with news on RTIG projects and events. + + +== RTIG workshops == +RTIG runs regular workshops, which are held at a different UK venue each time. Each workshop has a central theme and attract presentations from a wide variety of stakeholders. Workshops will include an update on ITS news, an update on RTIG projects and working group activities, and a set of presentations based around the workshop theme. +Previous workshop venues (and their respective themes) include [9]: + +Leeds (January 2006) – Marketing RTI +Cardiff(April 2006) – Demand Responsive Transport and On-Bus Security +London (July 2006) – The Financial Aspects of RTI +Manchester (November 2006) – The Future of Technology in Public Transport +Bristol (February 2007) – Standards and Specifications +Sheffield (April 2007) – On and off bus security +Lincoln (July 2007) – Bus operators' perspectives of RTI +York (November 2007) - Integrating RTI + + +== RTIG involvement in international standards == +RTIG have assisted in the development of a number of standards, including the Service Interface for Real Time Information (SIRI). RTIG have also developed a number of best practice guidelines. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +http://www.rtig.org.uk RTIG website +http://www.utmc.uk.com UTMC website +http://www.its-uk.org.uk ITS-UK +http://www.traveline.info/nextbuses.htm Traveline NextBuses +https://web.archive.org/web/20120929225114/http://www.transportdirect.info/ Transport Direct +http://www.dft.gov.uk UK Department for Transport \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Data_Exchange_System-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Data_Exchange_System-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5adff600 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Data_Exchange_System-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Regional Data Exchange System" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Data_Exchange_System" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:06.607937+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Regional Data Exchange System (RDES) was developed under the FAO/Japan project (GCP/RAS/184/JPN) as a web-based platform for the exchange and dissemination of food and agricultural statistics among APCAS (Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics) member countries. +It included a web-based platform and database components, supporting data sharing, standardization, and access from March 2003. +The system aimed to strengthen national capacity in statistical analysis and to support agricultural policy and planning. It was later enhanced through integration with CountrySTAT technology. + + +== Database == +RDES was designed to contribute to member nations' capacity building and policy analysis through the development of the food and agricultural statistical framework in APCAS (Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics) countries. It is especially expected to role-play the database on food and agricultural statistics for users, such as policy-makers, decision-makers, researchers, etc. + + +=== Time scale === +The calendar year is recommended as time scale of the RDES, due to the difference of the crop year in each country. + + +=== Definitions === +Definitions of the data should be FAO definitions. The unit of the crop production data are production (metric ton), area harvested (hectare), and yield (kilogram per hectare). + + +=== Data items === +Most data of RDES are crop production and livestock data. Although it depends on the background of food production in each country, the major 19 agricultural products in this region are registered as the basic data items: rice, wheat, maize, cereals, cassava, potatoes, pulses, groundnuts, soybean, seed cotton, sugar cane, tea, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chicken, milk total, and hen eggs. +Other data for food security that are required by users, such as other crops and livestock, land area, population, prices, fisheries, etc. are provided by each countries on the basis of its situation. +The database functions of RDES has been strengthened with the CountrySTAT technology. RDES with CountrySTAT was launched on 1 November 2006. + + +== Web Portal == +RDES is the gateway to agricultural statistics in APCAS countries. There are pages for each country, which contain not only agricultural statistics but also show the country profile, contact address, and hyperlinks for statistics in each country. +RDES also shows the external hyperlinks to related databases, organizations, and associations for agricultural statistics and food security Information, such as the FAOSTAT, UNSTAT, WFP, etc. + + +== Participating nations == +RDES is organizing in cooperation with most APCAS member nations: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Though some other APCAS countries (Australia, Japan (Donor), Malaysia, the Republic of Korea and the United States of America) are not the participants, but RDES is also organized with their cooperation. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Regional Data Exchange System at the Wayback Machine (archived 2003-09-21) +FAO Statistics Home Page +CountrySTAT | CountrySTAT | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations at the Wayback Machine (archived 2017-05-23) +FAOSTAT Web site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cb4ae89a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Research4Impact" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:38.301388+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Research4Impact is a U.S. based nonprofit organization that matches academic researchers with practitioners so that they might work together on pressing problems in both private and public spheres. + + +== Background == +Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers often want to collaborate with each other to better understand and solve problems of mutual concern (e.g., poverty, economic development, climate change, land use, environmental challenges, voter engagement), but they are part of distinct social networks and do not always know how to find or relate to one another. After hearing about these challenges, Adam Seth Levine, Jake Bowers, and Donald Green established Research4Impact in 2017 with the aim of fostering both informal and formal collaborations, launching the organization's website in February 2018. + + +== Activities == + + +=== Matchmaking === +Research4Impact leverages an evidence-based approach to matchmaking called the Research Impact Through Matchmaking (RITM) method. RITM is based on organizational diversity and emphasizes relationship building in addition to information sharing and has also been adopted by Scholars Strategy Network chapters. In the case of Research4Impact, individuals may contact the organization and ask to be matched with peers. Volunteer staff members then provide a matchmaking service based on responses to anonymized blurbs shared in the organization's newsletter. As of 2021, Research4Impact has generated more than 300 matches. + + +=== Research === +Sharing what Research4Impact has learned about facilitating relationships between researchers and practitioners is one of the organization's main goals and activities. This is done through articles, one page briefs, impact stories, and peer reviewed publications. + + +=== Workshops === +Research4Impact offers workshops for participants who want to learn how to establish and build collaborations. + + +== External links == +Research4Impact + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc7248a7c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Research Organization Registry" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:13.290699+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Research Organization Registry (ROR) is a community-led dataset that aims to provide a persistent identifier for every research organization in the world. It complements other commonly used identifiers such as ORCID for researchers and DOI for research output. +Initially, the registry was seeded by the data from Global Research Identifier Database (GRID). In 2021 it was announced that ROR will take over the role of the leading open organization identifier from GRID. ROR's first release after separating from GRID was published in March 2022. +The data can be accessed via the official website, an open API, or as a downloadable data dump. All ROR IDs and metadata are provided under the CC0 license. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast-0.md index 5bd8c762e..96b42e495 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecast" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:52:59.107628+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:14.495811+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53999aecc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Scholars Strategy Network" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:39.571888+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Scholars Strategy Network (SSN) is an association of academics and researchers who coordinate to address public challenges while increasing the accessibility of their findings to those outside of academia. +While the work of individual SSN members is typically published in academic journals, the organization encourages its members to write "briefs" about current issues. These shorter pieces, written in consideration of a lay audience, are published on the organization's website. +The idea for the Scholars Strategy Network with an associated website was originally conceived of in 2009 by sociologist and political scientist Theda Skocpol. The association is backed by donors Robert Bowditch, Jr. and David desJardins, both of whom are affiliated with the progressive Democracy Alliance, but the Scholars Strategy Network does not take formal positions on policy questions or support or oppose particular political candidates. + + +== Regional networks == +An SSN Regional Network includes scholars who live or work in that region, and each is coordinated by a leader or co-leaders who set the regional agenda and organize discussions and public events. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Scholars Strategy Network \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-0.md index 76a33f8a5..212d70fa5 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:04:21.956294+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:35.031381+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-1.md index 63c38828a..8f33c3e5f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:04:21.956294+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:35.031381+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-2.md index dbd3d2d57..b49b1caff 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:04:21.956294+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:35.031381+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_and_Engineers_for_America-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_and_Engineers_for_America-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50a3d7052 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_and_Engineers_for_America-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: "Scientists and Engineers for America" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_and_Engineers_for_America" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:36.245430+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Scientists and Engineers for America (SEA) was an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government, and supporting candidates who understand science and its applications. SEA was formed on September 27, 2006, and describes itself as non-partisan. +SEA is organized as a 501(c)(3) organization, and represents a reorganization of Scientists and Engineers for Change, an organization founded in 2004 to support the election of John Kerry. Its current executive director is Tom Price. SEA operates a wiki site called the Science, Health And Related Policies (SHARP) Network, which allows members to track and contribute information on Congressional representatives, candidates, and science policy issues. SEA is associated with a 501(c)(4) organization known as the SEA Action Fund, whose president is geneticist Michael Stebbins. + + +== Political positions == + + +=== Bill of Rights for Scientists and Engineers === +A bill of rights which outlines the principles of the organization states: + +# Public policy shall be made using the best available scientific, technical, and engineering knowledge. +No government organization shall knowingly distribute false or misleading information. +Government funding for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education shall only be used for evidence-based curricula. +No one should fear reprisals or intimidation because of the results of his or her research. +Scientists, technologists, and engineers conducting research or analysis with public funding shall be free of unreasonable restrictions in discussing and publishing their work, and the results of governmentally-funded research and analysis shall be made open to the public without unreasonable delay. +A clear, public, and transparent process shall be used to make decisions about restricting public access to information for reasons of national security. There shall be a process for challenging decisions, and remedial measures to correct mistakes and abuses of the classification system. +Employees exposing what they believe to be manipulation of research and analysis for political or ideological reasons shall be protected from intimidation, retribution, or adverse personnel action resulting from the decision to speak out. +Appointments to publicly funded advisory committees shall be based on professional and academic qualifications, not political affiliation or ideology. + + +=== Mission statement === +The organization's mission statement states: + +We envision a future where wise science and technology policy can help every American live in a safe and clean environment, enjoy good health and education, and benefit from a strong system of national defense. Scientists and Engineers for America is the only national organization dedicated exclusively to advancing these goals through the electoral process. +SEA works to promote evidence-based decision making in politics and at all levels of government by: + +Raising the level of debate on science and policy in elections and beyond; +Encouraging people with training in science and engineering to run for office; +Facilitating the participation of scientists and engineers in politics and civic life; and +Providing timely information on the science policy positions of elected officials and candidates for elected office. +SEA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, educational organization exempt from taxation under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. + + +== Programs == + + +=== SHARP Network === +The Science, Health and Related Policies Network is a wiki to track congressional representatives, senators, and candidates as well as presidential candidates. + + +=== Innovation & the Elections 2008 === +Scientists and Engineers for America organized a coalition of 19 science organizations to submit a set of 7 questions to all the candidates for United States Congress. The coalition includes groups such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, National Academy of Sciences, and Science Debate 2008. + + +=== Campaign Education and Training === +The Campaign Education and Training project is a workshop aimed at training science-oriented professionals to run for public office. +Along with the workshop, SEA also hosts an online advice column called Campaign Lab for scientists to ask political experts on different aspects of running for political office. + + +=== SEA chapters === +SEA chapters provide a way for students and members of the scientific community to influence the interface between science and politics. These chapters develop the means for both current and future scientists and engineers to influence the policy arena and expand the forum through which SEA involves scientists and engineers in the political and civic process. + + +== Board of Advisers == +Among others, the SEA Board of Advisers includes noted Nobel Laureates such as: + + +== Criticism == +Soon after its foundation, the organization was accused of partisanship by several conservative media outlets. An editorial in The Wall Street Journal criticised the organization for seeming to stifle scientific dissent: That is one reason why it is always dismaying when scientists -- of all people -- suggest that on some subjects there must be no questioning because debate is closed. And on one level, at least, this would seem to be the implicit message of the newly formed 527 political organization called Scientists and Engineers for America, or SEA. +In a rebuttal posted on the SEA website, founding executive director Michael Brown stated: Nothing could be further from the truth. As one who is familiar with SEA and its mission, I must confess that I had to read the editorial three or four times before I had any idea what it was talking about. In fact, it was not until I re-read the Weekly Standard article that I understood the "debate" we were allegedly closing. This is the debate about whether scientists and engineers should engage in public policy and actively address the misuse and politicization of science or whether they should remain silent when their voices are censured, their findings are misused, and scientific integrity itself is attacked. This is a debate that is open, ongoing---and that we join with enthusiasm. + + +== See also == +Politicization of science +Scientific Integrity in Policymaking +Union of Concerned Scientists +Federation of American Scientists + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Science under ‘political assault,’ group says Kansas City Star, September 28, 2006 +Scientists Form Group to Support Science-Friendly Candidates, The New York Times, September 28, 2006 +Science, Health, and Related Policies (SHARP) Network (inactive) +Scientists and Engineers for America Action Fund (inactive) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dfbc81ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "ScotCen Social Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:40.772425+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ScotCen Social Research is the Scottish branch of the United Kingdom’s largest centre for independent social research, NatCen Social Research. +Based in Edinburgh, ScotCen Social Research is a not-for-profit organisation. Employees include survey methodologists, data analysts and expert quantitative and qualitative researchers. It is commissioned by governments and charities to investigate public opinion about social issues. +The Centre is known for conducting fieldwork and reporting on studies including the annual Scottish Health Survey, the Scottish Social Attitudes survey, and the Growing Up in Scotland longitudinal study. +The research conducted covers: + +Children and young people +Communities +Families +Crime and justice +Equality and diversity +Health and wellbeing +Housing +Income and work +Schools, education and training +Social and political attitudes +Transport + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2beaac78d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "SeNSS" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:41.930317+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The South East Network for Social Sciences (SeNSS) is a consortium of ten universities in the UK. All pioneers and world leaders in social-science research, knowledge production and training, the universities cooperate under ESRC to provide funding, expertise and an arena for Social Science and Economics researchers; their ESRC funding was announced in August 2016 after SeNSS's 2015 foundation. In 2016, SAGE Publishing revealed that it would begin a partnership with SeNSS. + + +== Member institutions == +SeNSS members are: + +City, University of London +University of East Anglia +University of Essex (the co-ordinating institution) +Goldsmiths, University of London +University of Kent +University of Reading +University of Roehampton, London +Royal Holloway, University of London +University of Surrey +University of Sussex + + +== Activities == +The SeNSS is funded by the ESRC and provides funding for PhD students in the social sciences, training and workshops as well as a yearly conference. SeNSS also provides post-doctoral fellowships, placements and researcher support; SeNSS started accepting applicants in 2017. +SeNSS focuses on providing inter-disciplinary research training through engaging its scholars with expertise drawn from different scholarly fields. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md index 22c290242..977e34c9e 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:13:12.964691+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:37.461695+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub-0.md index 8d39ae3c8..bab0c534f 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:46:49.664507+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:38.652279+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dddc65065 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Social Research Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:43.060577+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Social Research Association (SRA) is a British and Irish organisation open to practitioners and researchers interested in all branches of social research. It was founded in 1978 by Janet Lewis and Malcolm Cross, and supported by an active board that included Roger Jowell. +It is a learned society member of the UK Academy of Social Sciences. In addition to the umbrella organisation, it has branches that cater specifically to researchers in Scotland, Wales and Ireland (including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Among other activities, it publishes a code of conduct for social researchers which is widely adopted as a standard of research ethics by funding agencies in the social sciences. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +SRA official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f08ff86d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Social Science Genetic Association Consortium" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:44.224840+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, abbreviated SSGAC, is a consortium of scientists dedicated to studying the role of genetics in important life outcomes in the social sciences. It has received media coverage for its research looking for genetic variants associated with educational attainment. For instance, the Consortium's first study, published in 2013, found three such variants in a sample of 101,000 people. +The SSGAC was founded by Daniel Benjamin (University of Southern California), David Cesarini (New York University), and Philipp Koellinger (VU Amsterdam). According to Benjamin, "One major impetus for the formation of the SSGAC was the growing recognition that most effects of individual genetic markers on behavioral traits are very small and that, consequently, very large samples are required to accurately detect them". It was founded during a meeting of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium on February 12, 2011. The SSGAC continues operates with support from CHARGE. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fb337e72 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Social Science History Association" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:45.428741+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Social Science History Association brings together scholars from disciplines interested in interpreting history with social scientific approaches. The Social Science History Association's core purpose is: "To bring together members of various disciplines (including economics, sociology, demography, anthropology, and history) who work with historical materials." +The association publishes the journal Social Science History, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic publication. Its articles address historical evidence analytically, theoretically, and frequently quantitatively. The journal's founders intended to "improve the quality of historical explanation" with "theories and methods from the social science disciplines", and to make generalizations across historical cases. The first issue came out in the fall of 1976. The journal's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives. + + +== History == +The association was formed in 1974 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention. The goal was to incorporate historical studies' perspectives from all the social sciences, especially political science, sociology and economics. The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification. However, by the 1980s critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency and warned against naive positivism. Meanwhile, quantification became well-established inside economics in the field of cliometrics, as well as in political science. In history, quantification remained central to demographic studies, but slipped behind in political and social history. +The association is incorporated as a U.S. not-for-profit organization. + + +== Conference, prizes, and grants == +The SSHA's annual conference is held in November of each year. The conference has grown to have about 200 sessions with over 600 presenters. Submissions are organized into about 18 topical "networks," most of which are interdisciplinary rather than organized in the standard categories of academic departments. Most sessions are organized in a decentralized way by a committee for each network, not by a unified program committee. +The SSHA awards prizes to the authors of notable publications. It awards travel grants for some doctoral students to attend the conference. + + +== See also == +Historiography, Quantification and new approaches to history + + +== References == + + +== External links == +SSHA website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f396d62b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Social Science Library" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:46.620697+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Bodleian Social Science Library, Oxford (SSL) is the main teaching social sciences lending library at the University of Oxford, England. The library supports taught programmes for both undergraduates and postgraduates, and houses a dedicated research collection part of which contains legal deposit material out-housed from the Bodleian Library. The Social Science Library uses the Library of Congress classification scheme. +The library is located in the Manor Road Building on Manor Road, Oxford. The Manor Road Building was designed by Foster & Partners. + + +== History == + +The Social Science Library officially opened 1 October 2004, following a period in which subject collections housed within smaller units were amalgamated into a central library site. +The institution was preceded by the Social Studies Libraries; a grouping of three separate libraries: + +Politics, International Relations, and Sociology Library (PIRS) +Economics Library (formerly the Institute of Economics and Statistics (IES) until 1999) +Social Policy and Social Work Library (SPSW) +These three libraries were the first to be combined, at the site of the existing Economics Library, between 2002 and 2003. Further integration followed with the Criminology Library and Socio-Legal Studies Library moving to the site in 2004. The collections housed at the International Development Centre (IDS) at Queen Elizabeth House joined the Social Science Library after its launch, in the summer of 2005. Material from the Slavonic and East European collections, previously kept within the Bodleian Library Slavonic reading room, also moved into the library later that year. +In March 2010 the Social Science Library was renamed the Bodleian Social Science Library. This was as result of the Oxford University Library Services - of which the Social Science Library was a part - changing its name to the Bodleian Libraries. + + +== Subject coverage == +Subject coverage includes: + +Criminology +Economics +International Development +Politics and International Relations +Russian and East European Studies +Social Anthropology +Social Policy and Social Work +Socio-Legal Studies +Sociology + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Social Science Library website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdc49ff42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Social Science Research Laboratory" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:47.769432+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Social Science Research Laboratory (SSRL) is a component of the College of Arts & Letters at San Diego State University (SDSU) in San Diego, California. + + +== Functions == +The SSRL provide comprehensive survey research and program evaluation services to university faculty, administration, students, and regional government and non-profit organizations, and to provide education and training in current survey research and program evaluation methods to SDSU students. The SSRL also provides information on current best practices in survey research methodology and program evaluation to SDSU students, faculty, staff, and the greater San Diego community. + + +=== Standards === +Activities are conducted in accordance with the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Code of Professional Ethics and Practices. + + +=== Affiliations === +AAPOR: All of SSRL’s full-time staff are members of the AAPOR. +AEA: The SSRL staff specialize in evaluation research, and are members of the American Evaluation Association (AEA). +CMOR: The SSRL is a member of the Council on Marketing and Opinion Research (CMOR). +EMPAQ: The SSRL is a certified independent data collection contractor for Employer Measures of Production, Absence, and Quality (EMPAQ). + + +== See also == +Statistical survey + + +== References == + + +== External links == +SDSU Social Science Research Laboratory \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d16f81149 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Social Stratification Research Seminar" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:48.939842+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Social Stratification Research Seminar (UK) is an annual research colloquium for original, empirically informed sociological presentations on social stratification. The Social Stratification Research Seminars have been running almost every autumn since 1968. The seminars have mainly been hosted at the University of Cambridge and were often organised by the Social Science Research Group (formerly the Sociological Research Group). The seminars have also been held at the Cardiff University (2003-5), the University of Edinburgh (2014, 2017), the University of Milan (2015), the University of Stirling (2007, 2011) and Utrecht University (2010). +The seminar was originally founded by - Professor Robert Blackburn, Professor Ken Prandy, and Professor Alexander Stewart. Since the early 2000s the seminar has been organised by Professor Paul Lambert, who is Professor of Sociology at the University of Stirling. The annual call for papers is usually issued in the spring and the seminar is usually held on two consecutive days in the early September. Proposals for papers for presentations are invited from any area of research into social stratification and social inequality. The organizers do not usually limit the number of delegates attending. There are no parallel sessions and therefore there is an upper limit on the number of paper presentations that can be accommodated. +A feature of the seminars has been how to appropriately measure social stratification in contemporary societies. An approach has been developed by researchers who are regular contributors to the seminars are Social Interaction and Stratification Scales. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2bdbdbc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Society for Disability Studies" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:51.186616+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society for Disability Studies is an international academic network of disability studies practitioners. It often abbreviates its name to SDS, though that abbreviation continues to be used by academics and political scientists to describe the Students for a Democratic Society organization in the United States. The society's overall goal is to promote disability studies as a serious academic discipline on par with philosophy, the social sciences, and similar fields. + + +== Definition of disability studies == +In 1993 the society adopted an official definition of "Disability Studies": + +... examines the policies and practices of all societies to understand the social, rather than the physical or psychological determinants of the experience of disability. Disability Studies has been developed to disentangle impairments from the myths, ideology and stigma that influence social interaction and social policy. The scholarship challenges the idea that the economic and social statuses and the assigned roles of people with disabilities are the inevitable outcomes of their condition. + + +== Founding and history == +The organization was founded in 1982 first as the Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability (SSCIID), and renamed Society for Disability Studies in 1986. Its founders are Daryl Evans, Nora Groce, Steve Hey, Gary Kiger, John Seidel, Jessica Scheer and Irving Kenneth Zola (1935–1994). The Society for Disability Studies is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. +The Society maintains affiliation status with the Western Social Science Association (WSSA) through its Chronic Disease and Disability section. Currently, the SDS has hundreds of members both nationally and internationally who continue to make disability studies a part of academic conversations. + + +== Activities and publications == +The Society for Disability Studies holds an annual conference in June and publishes a quarterly peer-reviewed journal, the Disability Studies Quarterly. The journal is published exclusively online. SDS has created a good model to follow when approaching publishers about their accessibility. +In 2015, Adam Newman organized the "Digital Access Facilitation Team" (DAFT) to make the 2015 annual conference of the Society for Disability Studies more accessible for a wider range of attendees. DAFT is coordinated by the Society's Student Caucus, whose members are a group of 25–30 students of SDS. Working in teams of two, members of DAFT were live-tweeting every session, contingent upon the consent of presenters. Live-tweeting all sessions and following standards for that emerging media, allowed a new way of producing accessibility for the disability community. In the Society for Disability Studies, there are a number of caucuses which "designate groups that are under-represented within society or SDS as an organization." DAFT is composed entirely of students (undergraduate, graduate, professional) who work on behalf of the interest and needs of students. + + +== Membership == +There are several options for membership opportunities, even if someone is unable to pay the membership fees they will not be turned away; "No one is denied membership in SDS due to an inability to pay an established membership fee." + + +== Awards == +Two awards have been established by the society "to honor individuals who have shown dedication to Disability studies": the Senior Scholar Award and the Irving K. Zola Award for Emerging Scholars in Disability Studies. The Senior Scholar Award is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of disability studies. Past award winners: Devva Kasnitz (2014), Richard Scotch (2013), Carol Gill (2012), Tobin Siebers (2011), Rosemarie Garland Thomson (2010), Elizabeth Depoy and Stephen Gilson (2009), and Steven J. Taylor (2008). On the contrary, the Irving K. Zola Award for Emerging Scholars in Disability Studies is awarded to an up-and-coming individual who also has made significant contributions to the field of disability studies. + + +== Board of directors == +2017–2018: + +President and Chairperson – Phil Smith +Vice-chairperson – Joanne Woiak +Treasurer – Carol Goldin +Secretary – Katherine Caldwell + + +== List of SDS Presidents == +Below is a list of the current and past presidents of the SDS. + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Monaghan, P. "Pioneering Field of Disability Studies Challenges Established Approaches and Attitudes." Chronicle of Higher Education, (January 23, 1998). +Ramirez, A. "Disability as Field of Study?" New York Times, 21 December 1997. + + +== External links == +Official website +Disability Studies Quarterly Journal website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..812ef8dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Society for Science" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:39.859635+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Society for Science, formerly known as Science Service and later Society for Science and the Public, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of science, through its science education programs and publications, including Science News magazine and Science News Explores. +The organization is headquartered in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded as Science Service in 1921, the Society for Science has been dedicated to expanding scientific literacy, access to STEM education and scientific research for more than 100 years. In pursuit of this goal, it publishes two magazines: Science News and Science News Explores (formerly Science News for Students), and manages student science fair events including the International Science and Engineering Fair, the Regeneron Science Talent Search (previously known as the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, the oldest and longest running science fair competition in the US), and the Thermo Fisher Scientific Junior Innovators Challenge (JIC) competition. + +== History == + +=== 20th century === + +Society for Science was founded in 1921 by journalist Edward W. Scripps and zoologist William Emerson Ritter, under the name "Science Service", with the goal of informing the public of the latest scientific discoveries and achievements. The Science Service emerged from a reorganization of a group that Scripps and Ritter had originally founded in 1919 as the American Society for the Dissemination of Science. Mr. Scripps a very successful journalist and Dr. Ritter formed a close working relationship, and both shared the belief the science the "most transformative agent" in society being one of the best fields for a stable society. +Dr. Ritter and Mr. Scripps believed that to make sure democracy would last and be safe from itself that there needed to be a well informed and intellectual population. Believing that science was could be applied to everyday life would be the way for protecting and keeping democracy safe. They believed that press would be the best way to educate the public and that every newspaper would have its own science writer. Science and journalism did not mesh well at first because scientists did not take the time to make sure journalist understood the science well enough to present the information, and journalists did not always make strides in understanding. The goal was to establish trust and make science in the news industry reliable and attenable to the public. Their goal was to educate about science in a positive and productive way, and felt that scientist were not doing a great job at helping the public understand their work. Researcher in the 20th century were cautious when it came to journalist, and Service Science would be the aid to help bridge the gap between the two groups. +Scripps and Ritter accomplished their goal by distributing the latest science research to the public through a news service for reporters. In 1922, due to interest from non-journalists, Science Service started distributing Science News-Letter, which became a magazine in 1926. It quickly became a prime source of science news for libraries, schools, and individuals. In 1942, Science Service launched the first of its prestigious education competitions, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search. +The popularization of science began to see its boom after WWI with many new scientific advancements. Many of the advancements "airplanes, radio, and the appreciation of sanitation and immunization, snatching of nitrogen from the air, the chemical revolution and a score of other scientific achievements." Between World War I and World War II, Science Service sponsored Science Clubs of America, founded by Watson Davis. It was a national organization to popularize science among amateur scientists. High school science clubs were encouraged to join. +Between 1930s and 1940s there was a boom in states starting Junior Academies, science clubs, and youth science education, and many organization that wanted to push science education. These academies, clubs, and general science education relied on the support of larger organization like Society for Science to aid in getting materials for educating the youth in the field of science. These organization used these clubs to seek out students who were talented in science and wanted to make sure they were getting educated well in the sciences. It also gave youth a place to present on science projects they were working on so they could display their knowledge, and would allow students to receive input from professionals. The focused tended to be on student work, seeing this as the reward itself. Some states did offer cash prizes, trinkets, certificates, trips, and honorary memberships into American Association for the Advancement of Science. There was an effort to add a real-world element and a well-rounded education experience where possible, like field trips to places like museums, universities, and industrial plants to see how sciences was being used in practical settings. From 1940 through 1989, Science Service sponsored the Things of Science Club. Subscribers received a monthly box containing some kind or material or artifact, along with a pamphlet describing experiments that could be done with it. Sometimes the kits contained parts that could be assembled into a scientific instrument. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47c2550a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Society for Science" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:39.859635+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== 21st century === +Society for Science is still active today and holds to it core values of education, and one of many ways it does this is through it outreach to younger kids by providing trustworthy resources and tools for educators and parents alike. Science News for Kids and Science News for Students covers a broad range of subjects in science including but not limited to nature, disease, and technology, and measuring tools, as well as provide teachers and parents with online resources. Children tend to be more interested in nature than adults, being fascinated by things like insects, fossils, and birds nest. These things adults tend to be less observant of parts of nature that kids notice, and Society for Science saw this, and wanted to grab on to this interest to cultivate a love for science. Technology in the same light also catches the eyes of children and Science News for Kids released a series of articles online to educate students but also provided kids with additional resources and suggested areas of research. Science News for kids and others like are beneficial because it allows parents and teachers to have sources to turn to that can be trustworthy. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic when scientists were trying to combat the virus and information was changing by the day it caused an issue for teacher and adults and general where not able to keep up or know what to and not trust. Publication like Science News for Kids was and is a helpful tool for these adults to go find information on a subject - not limited to COVID-19 - that they knew they could trust and also have students be well informed. +Beginning in 2003, it published Science News for Kids, an online magazine aimed at students, teachers and parents. This became Science News for Students. In 2022, with the publication of a new magazine of the same name, SNS was rebranded as Science News Explores. +In 2008, Science Service was renamed as the Society for Science & the Public, in order to better reflect the mission of the organization to advocate for science in the public interest. +In 2021, the organization announced it had shortened its name from Society for Science & the Public to Society for Science. + +== See also == +Institute for Nonprofit News (member) +The Society for Science administers three science competitions: + +The Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair for international high school students, previously sponsored by Intel. +The Regeneron Science Talent Search for US high school seniors, previously sponsored by Westinghouse and Intel. +The Thermo Fisher Scientific Junior Innovators Challenge for US middle school students, previously known as the Broadcom MASTERS + +== References == + +== External links == +Society for Science: 100 Years of Impact +Science News +Science News Explores +Science Service, now Society for Science. +Society for Science: Financials +Selected images from Science Service files at the Smithsonian Institution Archives +Science News: Century of Science \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8efef1c33 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Society of Catholic Social Scientists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:52.411769+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society of Catholic Social Scientists (SCSS) is a US-based non-profit organization founded in 1992 by Stephen M. Krason of Franciscan University of Steubenville at the Pittsburgh Hilton hotel and recognized as a non-profit by the US Internal Revenue Service in 1999. The SCSS offers a Master of Theology degree program in Catholic social thought at Steubenville, Ohio, as well as holding an annual meeting and conference, and publishing an academic journal, The Catholic Social Science Review. +The organization's mission is to "bring rigorous, credible scholarship to political, social and economic questions" through a collegiality of Catholic scholars, professors, researchers, practitioners, and writers who "approach their work in both a scholarly and evangelical spirit." +The organization publishes The Catholic Social Science Review, an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal of original articles and reviews in the social sciences and the humanities. +They are expected to strictly observe the highest scholarly and professional requirements of their disciplines as they examine their data in light of church teaching and the natural law. In this way, the society seeks to obtain objective knowledge about the social order, provide solutions to vexing social problems, and further the cause of Christ. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_of_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_of_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fdad25eb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_of_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Speaking of Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_of_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:41.051007+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Speaking of Research (SR) is an international group which "aims to provide accurate information about the importance of animal research in medical and veterinary science". It was founded in March 2008 by Tom Holder, an "energetic young British activist who played an active role in the Pro-Test movement at the University of Oxford," who moved to the US for the purpose of setting up such a group. Holder had previously been a spokesman for Pro-Test, as well as acting as emcee for their three demonstrations. +Speaking of Research state their aims are to "change the tide of the controversial animal rights debate by encouraging students and scientists to speak out in favor of the lifesaving research developed with animals." Their launch came during a period of increased direct action in the US. Since 2007, a number of researchers from the University of California system have had their homes attacked by animal rights activists, including one University of California, Santa Cruz(UCSC) researcher whose residence was invaded by six masked activists on February 24, 2008. According to the journal Science, the group also aims to "[work] with public schools to counter information from groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals." +Speaking of Research's launch was jointly supported by both Pro-Test in the UK, and Americans for Medical Progress in the US. In 2014/15, its running costs were approximately $150 and paid by small donations from supporters. Its committee is made up primarily of researchers and veterinary technicians, including members of UCLA Pro-Test such as Dr. David Jentsch. +During "World Week for Animals in Laboratories (2008)," Holder traveled to West Coast universities including UCLA, Berkeley, Oregon Health & Sciences University, and the University of Washington to speak about the role of animals in biomedical research. Speaking of Research have supported pro-animal research movements around the world including "Pro-Test for Science" (in the US) and "Pro-Test Italia" (in Italy). Their committee includes individuals from the US, Canada, UK, Portugal and Italy. +Speaking of Research have long been a proponent of greater transparency and openness in animal research. In February 2016 they analyzed the position statements of over 200 research institutions in Europe and North America, concluding that most did not meet the highest standards of openness. To be included on the list, an organization must "at minimum maintain a public web page with a position statement on animal research". As of April 2018, the organization had analyzed 378 position statements, awarding only 27 of them with full marks. Speaking of Research were among the first organisations to criticise the USDA for removing animal welfare reports and documents from the website in February 2017. The USDA has subsequently begun to return many of these documents to the website. +In 2018, Speaking of Research launched a Rapid Response Network with the aim to "engage scientists by prompting them to send letters or sign petitions in support of animal research". The first action was a letter to USA Today signed by almost 600 scientists, veterinarians, animal technicians and other members of the American scientific community, including four Nobel Prize Winners, calling on the "country’s research institutions — large and small — to embrace openness [and] proudly explain how animals are used for the advancement of science and medicine, in the interest of the wellbeing of humans and animals." +In August 2018, Holder stood down as Director and from the committee; currently all committee members are now active researchers. + + +== Pro-Test for Science == + +Speaking of Research offered its support to the UCLA Pro-Test movement (later renamed Pro-Test for Science), which was founded in March 2009, on the UCLA campus, with Holder playing a leadership role on the organizing committee. On 22 April 2009 more than 700 staff, students and Los Angeles residents, led by the neuroscientist David Jentsch, held a rally to launch the UCLA chapter of Pro-Test, and to stand up to the animal rights activists who had targeted Prof. Jentsch and other scientists in a campaign of harassment and arson. At the event, Tom Holder announced the launch of the Pro-Test Petition, which aimed to give people in the US the "opportunity to show [their] support for the scientists and [their] opposition to the use of threats and violence. +The Pro-Test Petition accumulated 11,600 signatures over 12 months, after gaining backing from a number of science organizations including the Society for Neuroscience. and American Physiological Society. The petition was signed by every chancellor in the University of California system and several Nobel Prize winners. At a second UCLA Pro-Test rally – by then, renamed Pro-Test for Science – the petition was handed to representatives from the National Institutes of Health. +In February 2012, two members of Speaking of Research and Pro-Test for Science, Prof. David Jentsch and Prof. Dario Ringach, won the 2011 AAAS Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award for "their rare courage, their strong defense of the importance of the use of animals in research, and their refusal to remain silent in the face of intimidation by animal rights extremists." + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Pro-Test Website +Americans for Medical Progress Website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c0a637ff --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "SpotCrime.com" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:15.670657+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SpotCrime.com is a Baltimore-based company founded in October 2007 and privately owned by ReportSee, Inc. Its purpose is to provide nationwide crime information about arrests, arsons, assaults, burglaries, robberies, shootings, thefts and vandalism. SpotCrime generally maps data for any police agency which supplies open data access to crime data. Data mapped by SpotCrime is mainly sourced from police departments and news reports. +SpotCrime also provides data on missing persons and a crime tip application, CrimeTip.us. +The service advocates for open, equal, and fair access to public crime data. +The website originated as a part of the Emerging Technology Center (ETC) in Baltimore. It was included in a research paper funded by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared by SCRA titled 'Survey and Evaluation of Online Crime Mapping'. Notably, the service also created and published the SpotCrime Open Crime Standard (SOCS) in March 2014. + +== Availability in other applications == +SpotCrime.com powers a 'sister' site - MyLocalCrime.com, and a full-screen version of SpotCrime. MyLocalCrime displays the same data as SpotCrime, only in a different format. SpotCrime.info is also viewable on a mobile browser. ReportSee, Inc. (SpotCrime) is also in charge of UCrime.com, a university crime mapping website. +SpotCrime has created apps for iGoogle Gadget, iPhone in 2009, Android, Layar in 2010 and DirecTV. +The service actively maintains SpotCrime apps for iPhone, Android, and as an Amazon Alexa skill, as well as MyLocalCrime apps for iPhone and Android. + +== Advocacy work for open crime data == +SpotCrime advocates for open, equal, and fair access to crime data for the public and press at the jurisdictional level. Open crime data is inaccessible to the public and press in many US cities. The service relies on public record laws to access the crime data for its website and encourages all police agencies to make their data available to the public openly without restrictions. + +=== Lawsuit === +On April 9, 2010, Public Engines, Inc. (CrimeReports.com) filed a lawsuit against ReportSee, Inc. (SpotCrime) for violating the Terms of Use on the CrimeReports website. + +==== SpotCrime's Role in Dispute of Private Outsourcing of Public Data ==== +According to the Poynter Institute, SpotCrime's founder, Colin Drane, was sued by Public Engines, a competitor. Public Engine's CEO acknowledges that the data he uses is public, but contends that it is up to the police agencies to make the data public. Poynter also acknowledges that some police agencies, who have already partnered with other crime-mapping sites, are using existing agreements to “control” access to crime data. This raises concerns over the ability of journalists to transparently receive data from police departments, and the questions of exactly who constitutes “media” in a time of technological change. +In 2015, Public Engines was purchased by Motorola Solutions, Motorola later discontinued the CrimeReports.com web site and launched CityProtect.com. Motorola then began to publish an open crime data API to over 400 public crime data sets via Socrata. In 2019 when Socrata was purchased by Tyler Technologies, a Motorola competitor, Motorola turned off the Socrata open API, discontinuing public and open access to over 400 open crime data sets nationwide. +Seven years after the lawsuit, Reveal created by The Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) published an investigative piece covering how many private contractors were continually attempting to privatize data in the public domain. Reveal cited SpotCrime as an “outspoken advocate for greater state and local transparency” noting that SpotCrime's advocacy for open crime data was an “imbroglio…tale of technological advances, tight government budgets and growing pressure for transparency.” The article explained how private vendors contracted with local governments for data management and software are essentially given control over government and publicly owned data. This kind of relationship enables the vendor's ability to control the flow of public information and restrict the ability of the public to download and re-share public data. +In 2020, The Criminologist, a newsletter published by the American Society of Criminology, published an op-ed authored by SpotCrime “A Call for Researchers to Embrace Robust, Open Crime Data”, where the company asked for researchers to embrace an open data mindset behind data used in policing and to resist vendor control of public data. +In 2022, Georgetown University Law Center published a paper that highlighted how when government agencies outsource data management to private software companies, the government agencies allow private entities to limit public and agency access to public information. SpotCrime was cited in the paper as a source for the open crime data landscape nationwide to explain how government vendors are hindering access to public data. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6d2d3313 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "SpotCrime.com" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpotCrime.com" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:15.670657+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== FOIA and access to public data === +SpotCrime periodically utilizes local Freedom of Information Act laws (FOIA) to access public data. +In 2020, The University of Florida Brechner Center for Freedom of Information published an op-ed by SpotCrime “Without a trace: How a misfired Florida law makes crimes disappear” covering how Florida's version of the victims rights law known as Marsy’s Law was allowing police agencies to hide public crime data. +Also in 2020, SpotCrime won a FOIA appeal in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. SpotCrime requested blotter information, but the city of Harrisburg denied the request claiming that records do not exist, it does not possess the requested report, and is unable to create such a report by extracting information from its database. SpotCrime appealed to the Pennsylvania Office of Open Records (PA ORR) on the basis that the data is available in the city's database and is therefore public information. The PA OOR appeal office noted that “to the extent required information exists in a database, it must be provided; an agency cannot claim otherwise under Section 705 of the RTKL…Information contained within an agency’s database is subject to public access regardless of the agency’s difficulty in retrieving the information” and granted SpotCrime's appeal for the public data. +In 2021, the city of York, Pennsylvania denied SpotCrime's request on the same grounds as the city of Harrisburg denial. The PA OOR appeals office ruled again in SpotCrime's favor and the city of York released the data. +In 2022, the city of York then stopped providing the data file, pointing SpotCrime to a third party private website with a terms of use and no ability to download the data SpotCrime was seeking. SpotCrime appealed this denial and the PA OOR appeals office ruled in SpotCrime's favor again, noting that “the City has not shown that it is unable to extract the requested information from the city’s contracted RMS/CAD vendor, especially since the city’s vendor shares the same information with a third party private website”. + +=== Legislative testimony on access to public data === +SpotCrime has provided testimony on open data and FOIA laws in the US. +In March 2014, SpotCrime provided written and verbal legislative testimony on Maryland Open Data Bill (SB644) advocating for open and public data in Maryland. The bill was passed in April 2014. +In 2022, SpotCrime provided written testimony on Kansas FOIA SB386 advocating for equitable access to open and public crime data under FOIA in relation to FOIA fees assessed in the state of Kansas. + +=== Open crime data transparency ranking === +In 2013, SpotCrime created a periodically updated transparency ranking for public crime data across the US. SpotCrime ranked many of the major cities around the nation on a scale of 0 to 2, where 2 means the data is open, easily accessible and free; 1 means the data is open but incomplete, out-of-date or difficult to access; and 0 means the data is unavailable to the public without going through a vendor or the police agency will not share the data. GovTech noted that since crime data transparency is varied across the nation the SpotCrime crime data transparency ranking “demonstrates that this variation also illuminates the mercurial landscape of open data, as policies change and some data sets disappear under the umbrella of a proprietary vendor.” +The company also published a ranking for Campus Police in 2014 that ranks access to publicly available Clery Act crime logs. The university ranking is periodically updated. + +=== The SpotCrime Open Crime Standard (SOCS) === +The standard, similar to LIVES or GFTS, standardizes a format to facilitate the release of crime information openly. SOCS has been adopted by agencies across the country. + +== Coverage area == +At the beginning of 2012, SpotCrime made its historical crime database available to anyone who asks, free of charge by using Amazon's S3 technology. 'The data set was then approximately one gigabyte of data. Data included the type of crime, location including latitude and longitude coordinates, date, time, description, and referral source.' + +== Competition == +There are many other US based crime mapping companies. Competitors include: + +CityProtect.com (owned by Motorola) +CommunityCrimeMap.com (owned by LexisNexis) +Crimedar.com +CrimeReports.com (defunct) +Crimemapping.com (owned by TriTech) +EveryBlock.com (defunct) +City-Safe.com (travel crime mapping ) +MapNimbus.com +MyNeighborhoodUpdate.net +RAIDSOnline.com (defunct) + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5e4d28e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Subject Network for Sociology, Anthropology, Politics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:53.661267+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Subject Network for Sociology, Anthropology, Politics of the Higher Education Academy of the United Kingdom was established in 2000 to support and enhance learning and teaching in performing arts higher education across the UK. It is based at the University of Birmingham. The director is Professor Alasdair Blair. + + +== External links == +Network website +Higher Education Academy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08c9965bb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Suggested Upper Merged Ontology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:16.843647+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. SUMO defines a hierarchy of classes and related rules and relationships. These are expressed in a version of the language SUO-KIF, a higher-order logic that has a LISP-like syntax, as well as the TPTP family of languages. A mapping from WordNet synsets to SUMO has been defined. Initially, SUMO was focused on meta-level concepts (general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain), and thereby would lead naturally to a categorization scheme for encyclopedias. It has now been considerably expanded to include a mid-level ontology and dozens of domain ontologies. +SUMO is organized for interoperability of automated reasoning engines. To maximize compatibility, schema designers can try to assure that their naming conventions use the same meanings as SUMO for identical words (for example, "agent" or "process"). SUMO has an associated open source Sigma knowledge engineering environment. +Initially, Sumo was developed by the Teknowledge Corporation and now is maintained by Articulate Software. SUMO is open source. The first release was in December 2000. + + +== See also == +Semantic translation + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Main page for SUMO +The Sigma reasoning system for SUMO +Online browser for SUMO +Adam Pease, creator and current Technical Editor of the standard +Home page of the IEEE Standard Upper Ontology working group Archived 2003-06-19 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a18ab2c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:54.866286+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences (FORS) is a national research infrastructure, created in 2008. FORS is financed by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Lausanne. Its purpose is to provide services to the social science research community, to conduct research, and to publish and disseminate research findings. +The activities of the FORS specifically comprise the following: + +conducting national and international surveys on social and political topics; +documenting and providing datasets of all kinds for secondary analyses; +enhancing methods and procedures for survey research; +advising researchers. +The FORS integrates infrastructures and research projects like the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), the Swiss Electoral Studies (Selects), the Social Report, and the current Data and Research Information Services (DARIS). +In addition, the FORS organises teaching and learning events, including the annual Swiss Summer School on Methods in the Social Sciences, monthly seminars on research methodology (in collaboration with social science faculty partners (MISC and IMA), workshops at Swiss universities and universities of applied sciences, as well as international conferences. FORS also offers a data portal to public statistics—COMPASS. +FORS and its staff collaborate widely with different players in the social sciences, in Switzerland and abroad. + + +== Partner Institutions, Organisations, and Infrastructures == +Council of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA) +Cross-National Equivalent File (CNEF) + European Social Survey (ESS) + European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) + European Survey Research Association (ESRA) + International Social Survey Program (ISSP) +Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences (GESIS) +Réseau Quételet - French Data Archives for Social Sciences +State Secretariat for Education and Research (SER) + Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) +Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (ASSH) +Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO) + Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a3242124 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "Tatoeba" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:18.088256+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tatoeba is a free collection of example sentences with translations geared towards foreign language learners. It is available in more than 400 languages. Its name comes from the Japanese phrase tatoeba (例えば), meaning 'for example'. It is written and maintained by a community of volunteers through a model of open collaboration. Individual contributors are known as "Tatoebans". It is run by Association Tatoeba, a French non-profit organization funded through donations. + +== History and development == +In 2006, Trang Ho was frustrated that unlike some of their Japanese counterparts, German bilingual dictionaries didn't feature full-text search of usage examples with translations. It led her to imagine her ideal dictionary and to build a prototype hosted on SourceForge under the name "multilangdict." The main focus was already the crowdsourcing of translated sentences: "A Wikipedia type of thing, except people add sentences, not articles." +Alongside her studies at the University of Technology of Compiègne, Trang Ho gradually improved her website with a few classmates. She rebuilt the project from scratch twice and rebranded it as Tatoeba. In September 2007, about 150,000 English-Japanese sentence pairs from the Tanaka Corpus — a public-domain compilation released in 2001 by Hyogo University professor Yasuhito Tanaka and maintained by Jim Breen and Paul Blay — were imported into the Tatoeba Corpus. In December 2008, Trang Ho released the first version of the current codebase built around a more flexible data model. The following month, the website moved to the tatoeba.org domain. +Over the 2009-2010 academic year, Allan Simon — then a student at SUPINFO — became a core developer of Tatoeba. Together with Trang Ho and other young developers, they made Tatoeba more social: sentence lists, user profiles, private messaging, and Facebook-inspired Wall. They also introduced significant features like sentence linking, tagging, and "translation of translation" search. In November 2010, Tatoeba passed the 600,000 sentences mark. Within a year, the number of sentences added daily had increased almost 50-fold. +Between 2014 and 2016, a new team of developers formed around Trang Ho. They mentored students at the Google Summer of Code 2014 and added features to improve corpus quality. +Over the 2018-2020 period, support from the Mozilla Foundation as part of the Common Voice project allowed Tatoeba to make its platform more open and user-friendly. + +== Openness == + +=== Use === +Users can search for words to retrieve sentences that use them. Results can be filtered by language, number of words, tag, and other criteria. +Each sentence is displayed next to its translations and "translations of translations". A comment section facilitates feedback and corrections. +Registered users can build downloadable lists of sentences, which are private, public or collaborative. + +=== Contribution === +Tatoebans are encouraged to contribute in their strongest language. They can add original sentences and translate existing ones. They can proofread or comment on other users' sentences, and "adopt" sentences without an owner. Advanced contributors are also allowed to tag, link, and unlink sentences. +When the owner of a sentence does not respond to a correction request, only a corpus maintainer has the power to update or delete the sentence. + +== Governance == +As founder of Tatoeba, Trang Ho has long been the project's BDFL. +In 2011, she set up a nonprofit organization to oversee the project. +In 2022, she decided to step aside in favor of a small group of experienced Tatoebans. + +== Languages == +As of April 2026, the Tatoeba Corpus has over 13,400,000 sentences in 429 languages. 69 of these languages have 10,000 or more sentences. Over 1 million sentences have audio recordings. +The sentences are interrelated within a graph that has more than 25,900,000 links. 276 language pairs have over 10,000 translated sentences. + +== Operation == +Tatoeba received a grant from Mozilla Drumbeat in December 2010. +Some work on the Tatoeba infrastructure was sponsored by Google Summer of Code, 2014 edition. +Since 2014, Tatoeba has been supported by donations. +In May 2018 they received a $25,000 Mozilla Open Source Support (MOSS) program grant. +In August 2019 they received a $15,000 Mozilla Open Source Support (MOSS) program grant. + +== Access to content == + +=== Licensing === +By default, the sentences of the Tatoeba Corpus are published under a CC BY license, freeing it for academic and other use. Users can also contribute sentences under CC0, though translations of those sentences currently can't share the same license. +Audio recordings of the sentences use the speaker's choice of license, such as CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, or no public license at all. + +=== Offline use === +Visitors can download tab-delimited sentence pairs ready for import into Anki and similar Spaced Repetition Software at the Tatoeba website. + +=== Software development tools === +An unstable API is available for software developers. + +== Related projects == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad7e7601f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Tatoeba" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoeba" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:18.088256+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Second-language acquisition === +Tatoeba sentences can be used to build lexicographic references for language learners. The JMdict Japanese-English dictionary selects its example sentences from the Tatoeba Corpus. OpenRussian is a free Russian dictionary built primarily from the content of Wiktionary and Tatoeba. GoodExample tries to automatically extract a diverse set of high-quality example sentences from the English Tatoeba Corpus. +Tatoeba datasets can power incidental learning experiences that blend the acquisition of a foreign language with the user's everyday activities like web browsing or book reading. A team at MIT Media Lab used example sentences from Tatoeba in WordSense, a mixed reality platform that enables "serendipitous language learning in the wild." More recently, Japanese researchers implemented a Tatoeba search feature in an integrated writing assistance environment. +Although the sentences in the Tatoeba Corpus are not all authentic, they are sometimes used to build data-driven learning applications. BES (Basic English Sentence) Search is a non-commercial tool for finding beginner-level English sentences for use in teaching materials. It has over 1 million sentences, most of them from Tatoeba. Reverso uses Tatoeba parallel corpora in its commercial bilingual concordancer. +Example sentences are also used as a base for exercises. Charles Kelly and Paul Raine, both EFL teachers in Japan, have developed language learning activities based on sentences curated from the Tatoeba Corpus. Clozemaster is a language self-study program that generates gamified cloze tests from Tatoeba sentence pairs. Some Anki users share flashcards that were created using Tatoeba. + +=== Regional or minority languages === +Some language digital activists contribute to open collaborative projects like Tatoeba, Wikipedia, and Common Voice to promote their minority language in digital spaces. Regional languages like Kabyle, Catalan, or Basque can register more than a hundred members on Tatoeba. + +=== Constructed languages === +Selected content from Tatoeba in Esperanto is available in the multilingual DVD Esperanto Elektronike published by E@I. As of November 2022, Esperanto is Tatoeba's fifth pivot language, with over 330,000 sentences translated into at least two languages. Other constructed languages like Toki Pona, Interlingua, Klingon, Lojban, and Ido also have a significant footprint. + +=== Language technology === + +From 2008 to 2011, Francis Bond used the Tatoeba Corpus for his research on the Japanese language. +Since 2013, Jörg Tiedemann has been spreading Tatoeba parallel corpora more widely in the machine translation community by sharing them on the OPUS repository and organizing the "Tatoeba Translation Challenge". With the rise of deep learning, researchers increasingly use Tatoeba's data sets to train and evaluate their massively multilingual models in tasks like machine translation, language identification, semantic search, and speech recognition. + +== See also == + +Phrase book +Parallel text +Common Voice +Lingua Libre +Wiktionary + +== References == + +== External links == + +Official website +Video of Trang Ho introducing Tatoeba at MozFest 2019 +Tatoeba's statistics +Tatoeba Translation Challenge \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c1ac5c4a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:59.369074+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences was convened in 2010 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at the request of Senators Lamar Alexander (R-Tennessee) and Mark Warner (D-Virginia) and Representatives Tom Petri (R-Wisconsin) and David Price (D-North Carolina). +On June 19, 2013, the Commission issued its initial report The Heart of the Matter, along with a companion film created by brothers Christopher and Erik Ewers, both long-time Ken Burns collaborators. The short film features interviews with Burns, George Lucas, Sandra Day O'Connor, John Lithgow, and Yo-Yo Ma. +The commission was chaired by Richard H. Brodhead, president of Duke University, and John W. Rowe, retired chairman and chief executive officer of Exelon Corporation. Other Commission members included university, college, and community college presidents, museum directors, public servants, corporate executives, humanists, social scientists, and artists. +The Commission’s report received wide press coverage and statements of support from 15 national and state organizations. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +American Academy Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences Archived 2017-05-04 at the Wayback Machine +Humanities Indicators, a project of the American Academy +American Academy of Arts and Sciences \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bbd974f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "The Hague Institute for Global Justice" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:14.843182+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Hague Institute for Global Justice, often referred to as simply The Hague Institute or THIGJ, is an international think tank located in The Hague, Netherlands. It was established in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague, an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations and with support from the Dutch government. Its current president is Jordanian businesswoman Sohair Salam Saber. + + +== History == + +The Hague Institute was founded in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague and an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations, with support from the Dutch government. Its stated aim, to "contribute to, and further strengthen, the global framework for preventing and resolving conflict and promoting international peace." +Nico Schrijver, academic director of the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies at Leiden University, served as the Institute's first dean between January and August 2011. Willem van Genugten served as interim dean of the Institute from September 2011 to December 2012. He was succeeded by the Institute's first president, Abiodun Williams, the former senior vice president of the Center for Conflict Management at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) on January 1, 2013. + + +=== Williams tenure === +In articles by the Dutch magazine De Groene Amsterdammer and the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant, as well as in a report published by Price Waterhouse Coopers, Williams was accused of a failure to "acquire external resources" to allow the Institute to function beyond the €20 million in subsidies granted to the Institute by the Dutch government. Williams was also accused of maintaining "exorbitant expense reports" while fostering a hostile work environment. + + +=== Bankruptcy and revival === +By 2018 the Institute was insolvent, closing its doors in April of that year. The Institute was declared bankrupt in May 2018. + +In July 2018, following talks between the Institute and Sohair Salam Saber, a Jordanian businesswoman, a declaration of intent to continue the Institute was announced. In September 2018, Saber purchased the Institute. +On 29 January 2019, at Nieuwspoort at the Dutch parliamentary building, Saber was announced as the Institute's second president. During the event, Mahmoud Abuwasel was announced as vice president of the Institute. +In June 2022, the Institute requested observer status with the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. + + +== Advisory board == +The Institute's leadership is supported by a panel of advisors consisting of individuals who have previously held political, diplomatic and legal positions in various countries. As of 2023, its members are: + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0109115e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "The Open Definition" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:17:46.667417+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Open Definition (formerly Open Knowledge Definition) is published by the Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) to define openness for any type of data, content, or other knowledge. The definition's stated purpose is to "[make] precise the meaning of ‘open’ with respect to knowledge". Although it draws philosophically from both the open-source and free software movements, the Open Definition prioritizes license compatibility over copyleft principles requiring derivative works to be released under a free license. The Open Definition contains requirements for content licenses to be considered open licenses, and the OKF maintains a list of compatible licenses. The definition also requires open access, machine readability, and the use of open formats. The OKF's Open Software Service Definition is derived from the Open Definition. + + +== Background == +The Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) is a United-Kingdom-based NGO that began work on the definition in 2006. According to the OKF, the Open Definition is "substantially derivative" of Bruce Perens' Open Source Definition and intends to continue Richard Stallman’s "ideals of software freedom". The Open Source Definition, which is the most widely used criteria for determining if a license is open source, is itself is derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Although it is similar to David Wiley's defunct Open Content License (which allows retaining, revising, remixing, reusing, and redistributing open content works), the Open Definition is more specific. It is concerned with freedom of access and reuse, rather than open governance. The definition's stated purpose is to "[make] precise the meaning of ‘open’ with respect to knowledge". + + +== Content == +The definition (version 2.1) contains the following summary: "Knowledge is open if anyone is free to access, use, modify, and share it—subject, at most, to measures that preserve provenance and openness". The previous version (1.0) stated that "A piece of content or data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it — subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike." The new version makes it clear that using digital rights management (DRM) technology to reduce openness is not allowed. +The definition contains detailed criteria for open knowledge. In terms of open data, the definition covers the four main aspects: + +Open license—see below +Open access—the full content must accessible for free or for no more than a one-time reasonable reproduction fee, "and should be downloadable via the Internet without charge". +Machine readability—"The work must be provided in a form readily processable by a computer and where the individual elements of the work can be easily accessed and modified." +The work must use an open format and be viewable and modifiable "with at least one free/libre/open-source software tool". +As such, the requirements of the Open Definition extend beyond open licensing by also requiring the elimination or reduction of technological barriers and pricing. + + +=== Licensing === + +The definition lists nine areas in which the license must be open and seven restrictions that may be placed on the content. The OKF maintains lists of compatible and incompatible licenses that can be applied to knowledge. As of 2017, it was recommending, in particular, six licenses. It would be possible to draft a bespoke license that met the definition, but this practice would likely lead to compatibility issues in the event of reuse. With the Open Definition, copyleft provisions—requiring reuse of content to be available under a free license—are allowed but not encouraged. The focus is more on license compatibility. Licenses that are noncommercial-only (prohibiting use of content for financial gain) or do not allow derivative works do not meet the Open Definition. + + +== Alternatives == +Most of the community involved in open data supports the Open Definition over competing ones, such as that offered by the technology firm Gartner—which only covers use and redistribution. The value that the Open Definition provides as a standard is maintaining license compatibility and preventing the openness of data from being reduced by data sharing and reuse policies. +In contrast to some other definitions of open knowledge, the Open Definition requires freedom of reuse as well as freedom of access. Thus, many open access scientific publications do not meet the Open Definition. + + +== Derivatives == +The OKF's Open Software Service Definition requires that the software service's code be free and open-source software and any non-personal data be available under the Open Definition. Lawyer Andrew Katz criticizes this definition for not doing enough to guarantee transparency and prevent vendor lock-in, which occurs when a company makes it deliberately difficult for users to switch to another service. He suggests that adding requirements for a fully documented and freely available API and bulk data export could mitigate lock-in. + + +== See also == +Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities +Budapest Open Access Initiative +Definition of Free Cultural Works +UNESCO 2012 Paris OER Declaration + + +== References == + + +== Sources == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80e7c4830 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Toronto Open Data" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Open_Data" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:19.297918+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Toronto Open Data is an open data initiative by the City of Toronto government in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It provides a "world-wide, royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to use, modify, and distribute the datasets in all current and future media and formats for any lawful purpose" with proper credit. Four principles are "transparency, participation, accountability, and accessibility." + + +== History == +Toronto Open Data website was launched at the Toronto Innovation Showcase forum on November 2, 2009. To meet the demand and expectations, and to increase the accessibility, the new Open Data Portal was launched in May 2018. During the migration process, the former portal was still recommended until all datasets were ready on the new portal. On February 25, 2019, Open Data Toronto announced the movement had been completed. Key features of the new Open Data Portal include enhanced accessibility, dataset previews, developer APIs for all open datasets, visualizations, and more. + + +== Datasets == +As of March 2016, data provided in the City of Toronto's open data catalogue, includes over 200 data sets such as Festivals and Events, Licensed Child Care Centers, Priority Investment Neighbourhoods, Wellbeing Neighbourhood index and transportation data. The former Open Data Portal stopped being updated on January 15, 2018, with 292 datasets. As of March 2019, 295 datasets are available on the new Open Data Portal, and the portal is being updated continuously. + + +== Comparable Initiatives == +Many cities have launched open data initiatives. + + +== Issues == +As of 2010, Toronto Open Data required a click-through license for any reuse, which made it unsuitable for producing physical products (such as haptic maps for the blind). Toronto adopted the Pan Canada Open Government licence in August 2013. The new licence clarified much confusion on behalf of users as to attribution and rights to use data. +Other challenges in Toronto Open Data including a lack of staff's support, and stakeholders' opposition. + + +== Open Data Master Program == +Source: +Toronto's City Council approved Toronto's Open Data Master Plan in January 2018. The plan provides a direction for Toronto's Open Data activities until 2022 and helps the city to take a lead on Open Data. "Co-develop with the public; release datasets that help solve civic issues; explore opportunities to improve City efficiency, and embrace inclusivity" were consistent throughout the plan design. The International Open Data Charter (ODC) guides the Open Data Master Program in four aspects: Foundation (data's accessibility, and quality); Integration (government, resource, team and public); Connection (market, talent, and other communities); and Activation (data use and open data awareness). + + +== See also == +Open Data +Open Data in Canada +Open access in Canada +Open Source Governance + + +== References == + + +== External links == +City of Toronto's official Open Data +Toronto’s OpenTO data initiative off to quick start +Toronto Innovation Summit on Open Government +A Comprehensive List of Open Data Portals from Around the World \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c1783456 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Transaction Publishers" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:56.018102+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey–based publishing house that specialized in social-science books and journals. It was located on the Livingston Campus of Rutgers University. The company was sold to Taylor & Francis in 2016 and merged with its Routledge imprint. + + +== History and operations == +As of February 1, 2017, Transaction Publishers became a part of Routledge, of the Taylor & Francis Group. +Transaction was an academic publisher of the social sciences. It was founded by Irving Louis Horowitz, who served as Transaction's chairman of the board and editorial director until his death in 2012. +Transaction began on July 1, 1962, as part of a multiplex grant sponsored by the Ford Foundation at Washington University in St. Louis. From beginnings as a social-science magazine, Transaction: Social Science and Modern Society (later Society), Transaction Publishers evolved into a full-fledged publisher of books (Transaction Books), journals (Transaction Periodicals Consortium), and eBooks. +In 1969, Transaction relocatedto the newly formed Livingston College, on the Livingston campus of Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. Many editors, authors, and advisors were drawn from the faculty. Close to 200 faculty members have been authors and editors of Transaction books. +AldineTransaction was an imprint of Transaction Publishers. Formerly a division of Walter de Gruyter, Inc., Aldine Publishing Co. was acquired by Transaction in July 2004, and the books were then published under the imprint AldineTransaction. AldineTransaction published classic books in the fields of sociology, anthropology, economics, sociobiology, physical anthropology, and public policy. It acquired book lists from Precedent Publishers in 2009 and the Rutgers Center for Urban Policy Research (CUPR) in 2011. +Transaction published more than 6,000 titles. +Transaction once published academic journals, including its flagship journal, Society; however, Transaction sold its journal publishing program to Springer Science+Business Media in 2007. +In 2010, Penn State University announced the "Irving Louis Horowitz–Transaction Publishers Archives, 1939–2009" open for public research at Penn State's Historical Collections and Labor Archives (HCLA) of The Eberly Family Special Collections Library, University Libraries. The archive documents the expansion of social-science research over the past half century. + + +== See also == + +Books in the United States +Journalism in the United States +Lists of publishing companies + + +== References == + + + +== External links == +Official website +Irving Louis Horowitz-Transaction Publishers Archives, 1939-2009 online searchable archive at Penn State \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10d6436a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "UNdata" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:20.526112+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +UNdata is an Internet search engine, retrieving data series from statistical databases provided by the UN System. UNdata was launched in February 2008. It is a product of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) developed in partnership with Statistics Sweden and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). +UNdata allows searching and downloading a variety of statistical resources covering the following areas: Education, Employment, Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture, Health, Human Development, Industry, Information and Communication Technology, National Accounts, Population, Refugees, Trade and Tourism. +UNdata has been featured in CNET TV and listed as Best Of The Internet in PC Magazine. +UNdata is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org. + + +== PET Lab == +UNSD is the lead body for the Privacy-Enhancing Technologies Lab (PET Lab). The PET Lab together with the ITU AI for Good programme jointly organize the Trustworthy AI standardization PET programme of work. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +UNdata +United Nations Statistics Division +United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs +United Nations Economic and social development +United Nations Statistical Commission Archived 2015-08-15 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5e0f3508 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Union of Concerned Scientists" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:43.420663+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is a nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States. The UCS membership includes many private individuals in addition to professional scientists. Dr. Kim Waddell chairs the UCS Board of Directors as of 2025, having replaced Dr. Anne Kapuscinski. + + +== History == +The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded in 1969 by faculty and students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The organization's founding document says it was formed to "initiate a critical and continuing examination of governmental policy in areas where science and technology are of actual or potential significance" and to "devise means for turning research applications away from the present emphasis on military technology toward the solution of pressing environmental and social problems." The organization employs scientists, economists, and engineers engaged in environmental and security issues, as well as executive and support staff. +One of the co-founders was physicist and Nobel laureate Henry Kendall, who served for many years as chairman of the board of UCS. +In 1992, Kendall presided over the World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, which called for "fundamental change" to address a range of security and environmental issues. The document was signed by 1700 scientists, including a majority of the Nobel prize winners in the sciences. +In 1997, the UCS presented their "World Scientists Call For Action" petition to world leaders meeting to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol. The declaration asserted, "A broad consensus among the world's climatologists is that there is now 'a discernible human influence on global climate.'" It urged governments to make "legally binding commitments to reduce industrial nations' emissions of heat-trapping gases", and called global warming "one of the most serious threats to the planet and to future generations." The petition was signed by "more than 1,500 of the world's most distinguished senior scientists, including the majority of Nobel laureates in science." When a petition that questioned the consensus was circulated by the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, a small, privately-funded institute, was signed by more than 17,000 science graduates, UCS declared it a "deliberate attempt to deceive the scientific community with misinformation." +On December 11, 2006, the UCS issued a statement calling for the restoration of scientific integrity to federal policy-making, which was signed by 10,600 leading scientists including 52 Nobel laureates, 63 National Medal of Science recipients and almost 200 members of the National Academies of Science. +In August 2008, the UCS purchased billboards at the airports in Denver, Colorado, and Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, where the Democratic and Republican presidential conventions were to be held. The two nearly identical billboards showed the downtown areas of each convention city in a cross hairs, with the message that "when only one nuclear bomb could destroy a city" like Minneapolis or Denver, "we don't need 6,000." The name of Senator John McCain or Senator Barack Obama follows, with this admonition: "It's time to get serious about reducing the nuclear threat." The billboards were removed after a complaint from Northwest Airlines, the official airline of the Republican convention. The UCS has accused Northwest, whose headquarters were in Minnesota, of "taking on a new role as censor" and of having acted because it regarded the Minneapolis advertisement as "scary" and "anti-McCain". +In June 2020, a UCS staffer named Ruth Tyson resigned and sent a 17-page open letter expressing her opinions on racial inequality in the organization, saying that ideas of black workers were routinely dismissed or given low priority. After reading the letter, UCS president Ken Kimmell responded by saying the criticism was fair, and that he believed it was reflective of a wider culture of white supremacy in society, vowing to address issues and diversify the UCS workforce. His successor, Johanna Chao Kreilick, was chosen in part for "her track record of integrating racial justice into the work and culture of complex organizations". +In February 2025, noted environmental scientist and policy advocate Dr. Gretchen Goldman became the organization's president. + + +== Funding and governance == +According to the George C. Marshall Institute, the UCS was the fourth-largest recipient of foundation grants for "climate-related activities" in the period 2000–2002, a fourth of its $24 million grant income being for that purpose. Charity Navigator – an independent non-profit organization that evaluates American charities – gave the UCS a four out of four star rating in the fiscal year ending in September 2018, with an overall score of 91.85 out of 100. According to the organization's IRS Form 990, the UCS received $39.9 million in total revenue and had $3.1 million in expenses and $48.8 million in net assets for the tax year beginning October 1, 2017, and ending September 30, 2018. +In February 2004, the UCS published "Scientific Integrity in Policymaking". The report criticized the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush for "politicizing" science. Some of the allegations include altering information in global warming reports by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and choosing members of scientific advisory panels based on their business interests rather than scientific experience. In July 2004, the UCS released an addendum to the report in which they criticize the Bush administration and allege that reports on West Virginia strip mining had been improperly altered, and that "well-qualified" nominees for government posts such as Nobel laureate Torsten Wiesel were rejected because of political differences. On April 2, 2004, John Marburger, the director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, issued a statement claiming that incident descriptions in the UCS report are "false", "wrong", or "a distortion", and dismissed the report as "biased". UCS responded to the White House document by saying that Marburger's claims were unjustified. UCS later wrote that from then on, the Bush administration was "virtually silent" about the issue. + + +== Issue stances == +UCS has been critical of proposed Generation III reactor designs. Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist at UCS, has challenged specific cost-saving design choices made for both the AP1000 and Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor. +The UCS endorsed the 2007 Forests Now Declaration, which calls for new market based mechanism to protect forests, as the group has recognised the importance of curbing deforestation to tackle climate change. +The group also supports governmental incentives for people who want to preserve undeveloped land instead of selling it to developers. +It opposes the use of space weapons, and work on reducing the number of nuclear weapons around the world. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website +"Climate Choices". 2006. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. To explain to people in the United States what climate change will mean for us, our children, and our grandchildren +Brower, Michael; Leon, Warren (1999). "Chp 1: How Many Simple Things Do People Need to Do to Save the Planet?" (PDF). Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices. Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Harmony. ISBN 978-0609802816. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011. +"Union of Concerned Scientists". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..320ba3760 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "Unique Property Reference Number" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Property_Reference_Number" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:21.686623+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) is a unique number (a geocode) for every addressable location—e.g., a building, a bus stop, a post box, a feature in the landscape, or a defibrillator—in Great Britain. Over 42 million locations have UPRNs, which can be found in Ordnance Survey's AddressBase databases. +For buildings, a UPRN provides a comprehensive, complete, consistent identifier throughout its life cycle, from planning permission through to demolition. For example, the UPRN for 10 Downing Street is 100023336956, and that for Bristol Central Library is 000000199356. UPRNs, of up to 12 digits allocated by OS and local authorities, do not contain information about the location but identify records in the ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD). +UPRNs and USRNs (Unique Street Reference Numbers) are managed by GeoPlace, a joint venture between the Local Government Association and Ordnance Survey to create a definitive national databases of addresses and streets, and are available as open data under an Open Government Licence (OGL). +The Government Digital Service mandates the UPRN and USRN as "the public sector standard for referencing and sharing property and street information". + + +== ONSUD == +The ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD) relates the UPRN for each addressable location in Great Britain to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other area geographies. It also links UPRNs to 2011 Census Output Areas (OA) and Super Output Areas (SOA). It is produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Geography group and is designed to complement the Ordnance Survey's AddressBase location intelligence databases. +The ONSUD is issued every six weeks using information supplied by the OS AddressBase, and is available for free download in comma-separated values (CSV) format from the ONS Open Geography Portal. The content is broken down by region, with data for each supplied as a separate file (with a file each for Wales and Scotland). +In most instances, it relates UPRNs to geographic areas as at the end of the preceding year. The ONSUD uses the Government Statistical Service (GSS) standard 9-character codes throughout; lookup files linking these codes to statutory area names are provided. + + +== Data fields == +Each record in the ONSUD contains the following fields: + +Unique Property Reference Number +Non-metropolitan county / metropolitan county / Inner London, Outer London +County Electoral Division +Local Authority District (LAD) / unitary authority (UA) / metropolitan district (MD) / London borough (LB) / (Scottish) council area (CA) +Electoral ward / division +Former Strategic Health Authority (SHA) / Local Health Board (LHB) / Health Board (HB) +Country +Region (former GOR) +Westminster parliamentary constituency +European Electoral Region (EER) +Travel to Work Area (TTWA) +LAU2 area +National park +2011 Census Output Area (OA) +2011 Census Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA)/ Data Zone (DZ) +Middle Layer Super Output Area (MSOA) / Intermediate Zone (IZ) +Parish / community +2011 Census Workplace Zone (WZ) +Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) / Local Health Board (LHB) / Community Health Partnership (CHP) +Built-up Area (BUA) +Built-up Area Sub-division (BUASD) +2011 Census rural-urban classification +2011 Census Output Area classification (OAC) +Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) - first instance +Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) - second instance +Police Force Area (PFA) +Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) + + +== See also == +TOID +Postcodes in the United Kingdom + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Open Geography Portal +Map of UPRNs Archived 23 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine overlaid on OpenStreetMap data \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0be48603d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:57.178268+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The School of Social Sciences is an academic unit of the University of California, Irvine (UCI) that studies the social sciences. The School is the largest academic unit in the university with an enrollment of over 5,300 students. More than a third of the bachelor's degrees conferred at UCI are from the School of Social Sciences. It is home to the departments of Anthropology, Chicano-Latino Studies, Cognitive Science, Economics, Logic and Philosophy of Science, Political Science, International Studies, and Sociology. +UC Irvine's School of Social Sciences is also home to several research and educational entities including the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences (IMBS, headed by Donald G. Saari), the Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies (GPACS), the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, and the Center for the Study of Democracy (headed by Bernard Grofman). + + +== History == +The School of Social Sciences was founded in 1965. +The Social Science Tower at UCI was featured in the film Conquest of the Planet of the Apes in 1972. + + +== Undergraduate studies == +The school offers 11 undergraduate majors in 7 different departments, each providing a Bachelor of Arts degree. Departments within the Social of Social Sciences include Anthropology, Chicano/Latino Studies, Cognitive Sciences, Economics, Logic and Philosophy of Science (Philosophy), Political Science, and Sociology. Majors that are offered are Anthropology, Business Economics, Chicano/Latino Studies, Cognitive Sciences, Demographic and Social Analysis, Economics, International Studies, Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, Philosophy, Political Science, Quantitative Economics, Social Policy and Public Services, Social Science, and Sociology. + + +== Graduate studies == +The school offers three M.A. programs and seven Ph.D. programs. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +UC Irvine School of Social Sciences \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc447a23d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:58.399134+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences is the school of social sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park. It consists of nine academic departments. + + +== History == + +The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences began as "The School of Liberal Arts" in 1919, and was headquartered in Morrill Hall; Frederic E. Lee served as the school's first dean. In the 1920s, it became "The College of Arts and Sciences," with five separate divisions. In 1936, the college moved into the newly completed College of Arts and Sciences Building, which was renamed Francis Scott Key Hall in 1955. In the 1940s, the departments of economics, of geography and of government and politics moved into the College of Business and Public Administration. +In 1972, the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Business and Public Administration combined to become the new "Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences", one of five divisions in the university. In 1986, the five divisions split into fourteen colleges, and The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences was formed. The college has been headquartered in Millard E. Tydings Hall since 1993. + + +== Departments == + + +== Faculty == +There are two endowed chairs within the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences: the Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, currently held by Shibley Telhami, and the Bahá'í Chair for World Peace, currently held by John Grayzel, are at the Center for International Development and Conflict Management, which is a center within the Department of Government and Politics. +Notable faculty in the College include: + +Gar Alperovitz (Department of Government and Politics) +Charles Butterworth (Department of Government and Politics) +Patricia Hill Collins (Department of Sociology) +Ruth DeFries (Department of Geography), member of the National Academy of Sciences and MacArthur Fellow +Ted Robert Gurr (Department of Government and Politics) +Mark P. Leone (Department of Anthropology) +George Ritzer (Department of Sociology) +Jehan Al Sadat (Center for International Development and Conflict Management) +Thomas Schelling (Department of Economics), winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics and member of the National Academy of Sciences +Shibley Telhami (Department of Government and Politics) +Vladimir Tismăneanu (Department of Government and Politics) +Notable former faculty members include: + +Oliver Edwin Baker (Department of Geography) +John W. Dorsey (Department of Economics) +Parris Glendening (Department of Government and Politics) +Edward B. Montgomery (Department of Economics) +Mancur Olson (Department of Economics) +Carmen Reinhart (Department of Economics) +John W. Snow (Department of Economics) +Ron Walters (Department of Government and Politics) + + +== Notable alumni == + +Other prominent alumni include: Eric F. Billings, Chairman and chief executive officer of FBR Capital Markets Corporation; John Dryzek, social and political theorist; Robert W. Jordan, former U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia; Kori Schake, former director for defense strategy and requirements on the National Security Council; Charles Schultze, former chairman of the United States Council of Economic Advisers; and Torrey Smith, a retired football wide receiver and 2-time Super Bowl champion. + + +== See also == +List of Sadat Lecture for Peace Speakers +Minorities at Risk + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +BSOS Website +CIVICUS Website Archived 2010-05-29 at the Wayback Machine +Pathways to Peace at the University of Maryland \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf1937131 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Virtual USA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_USA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:22.854979+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Virtual USA (vUSA), is a joint federal and state collaboration on a project that would allow state and local on-line tools and technologies, such as caches of geospatial data, to be interoperable and more useful with the goal of creating a "Virtual USA" for emergency response purposes. The initiative was developed by the DHS Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T), and currently operates as a pilot in eight states — Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Virginia and Tennessee — with plans to incorporate additional states. +Virtual USA is part of the DHS' Open Government plan, which is part of the Obama administration's goal to promote a greater amount of transparency and openness between the government and citizens. + + +== Purpose and overview == +The stated goal of Virtual USA is to aggregate existing data, from federal, state, local, tribal, and other information into a common operating picture to assist first responders during emergencies. +Virtual USA: + +Virtual USA utilizes current information-sharing platforms to permit new and existing technologies to exchange information with one another. +Virtual USA is based on the needs of local and state first responders to manage data access within their own jurisdictions and to share information with relevant jurisdictions across the United States. +Virtual USA is not limited to information exchanges between two agencies; instead, the initiative fosters information sharing among all federal, state, local and tribal authorities. +Virtual USA uses open data standards and open-source software, more states and localities are able to join this information exchange project. +Virtual USA allows Americans in their own communities to contribute information—in real-time to support the efforts of police, fire and emergency management officials during disasters and recovery efforts. + + +== Statistics == +In the state of Virginia, Virtual USA has reduced response times to incidents involving hazardous materials by 70 percent. + + +== Similar systems == +Virtual Alabama + + +== See also == +Joint Regional Information Exchange System +Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange +Regional Information Sharing Systems + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"Mapping an Emergency," S&T Snapshots, Department of Homeland Security (January 12, 2010) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5da405a6d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Wikidata" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:24.004850+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Wikidata is a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a source of open data released under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. It is for the use of both Wikimedia and external projects. Wikidata is a wiki powered by the software MediaWiki, including its extension for semi-structured data, the Wikibase. As of early 2025, Wikidata had 1.65 billion item statements (semantic triples). + +== Concept == + +Wikidata is a document-oriented database, focusing on items, which represent any kind of topic, concept, or object. Each item is allocated a unique persistent identifier called its QID, a positive integer prefixed with the upper-case letter "Q". This makes it possible to provide translations of the basic information describing the topic each item covers without favouring any particular language. +Some examples of items and their QIDs are 1988 Summer Olympics (Q8470), love (Q316), Johnny Cash (Q42775), Elvis Presley (Q303), and Gorilla (Q36611). +Item labels do not need to be unique. For example, there are two items named "Elvis Presley": Elvis Presley (Q303), which represents the American singer and actor, and Elvis Presley (Q610926), which represents his self-titled album. However, the combination of a label and its description must be unique. To avoid ambiguity, an item's QID is hence linked to this combination. + +=== Main parts === + +Fundamentally, an item consists of: + +An identifier (the QID), related to a label and a description. +Optionally, multiple aliases and some number of statements (and their properties and values). + +=== Statements === + +Statements are how any information known about an item is recorded in Wikidata. Formally, they consist of key–value pairs, which match a property (such as "author", or "publication date") with one or more entity values (such as "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" or "1902"). For example, the informal English statement "milk is white" would be encoded by a statement pairing the property color (P462) with the value white (Q23444) under the item milk (Q8495). +Statements may map a property to more than one value. For example, the "occupation" property for Marie Curie could be linked with the values "physicist" and "chemist", to reflect the fact that she engaged in both occupations. +Values may take on many types including other Wikidata items, strings, numbers, or media files. Properties prescribe what types of values they may be paired with. For example, the property official website (P856) may only be paired with values of type "URL". +Optionally, qualifiers can be used to refine the meaning of a statement by providing additional information. For example, a "population" statement could be modified with a qualifier such as "point in time (P585): 2011" (as its own key-value pair). Values in the statements may also be annotated with references, pointing to a source backing up the statement's content. As with statements, all qualifiers and references are property–value pairs. + +=== Properties === + +Each property has a numeric identifier prefixed with a capital P and a page on Wikidata with optional label, description, aliases, and statements. As such, there are properties with the sole purpose of describing other properties, such as subproperty of (P1647). +Properties may also define more complex rules about their intended usage, termed constraints. For example, the capital (P36) property includes a "single value constraint", reflecting the reality that (typically) territories have only one capital city. Constraints are treated as testing alerts and hints, rather than inviolable rules. +Before a new property is created, it needs to undergo a discussion process. +The most used property is cites work (P2860), which is used on more than 290,000,000 item pages as of November 2023. + +=== Lexemes === +In linguistics, a lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning representing a group of words that share the same core meaning and grammatical characteristics. Similarly, Wikidata's lexemes are items with a structure that makes them more suitable to store lexicographical data. Since 2016, Wikidata has supported lexicographical entries in the form of lexemes. +In Wikidata, lexicographical entries have a different identifier from regular item entries. These entries are prefixed with the letter L, such as in the example entries for book (L16168) and cow (L3726). Lexicographical entries in Wikidata can contain statements, senses, and forms. The use of lexicographical entries in Wikidata allows for the documentation of word usage, the connection between words and items on Wikidata, word translations, and enables machine-readable lexicographical data. +In 2020, lexicographical entries on Wikidata exceeded 250,000. The language with the most lexicographical entries was Russian, with a total of 101,137 lexemes, followed by English with 38,122 lexemes. There are over 668 languages with lexicographical entries on Wikidata. + +=== Entity schemas === + +In Wikidata, a schema is a data model that outlines the necessary attributes for a data item. For instance, a data item that uses the attribute "instance of" with the value "human" would typically include attributes such as "place of birth," "date of birth," "date of death," and "place of death." The entity schema in Wikidata utilizes Shape Expression (ShEx) to describe the data in Wikidata items in the form of a Resource Description Framework (RDF). The use of entity schemas in Wikidata helps address data inconsistencies and unchecked vandalism. +In January 2019, development started of a new extension for MediaWiki to enable storing ShEx in a separate namespace. Entity schemas are stored with different identifiers than those used for items, properties, and lexemes. Entity schemas are stored with an "E" identifier, such as E10 for the entity schema of human data instances and E270 for the entity schema of building data instances. This extension has since been installed on Wikidata and enables contributors to use ShEx for validating and describing Resource Description Framework data in items and lexemes. Any item or lexeme on Wikidata can be validated against an entity schema, and this makes it an important tool for quality assurance. + +== Content == + +Wikidata's content collections include data for biographies, medicine, digital humanities, scholarly metadata through the WikiCite project. +It includes data collections from other open projects including Freebase. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..128f25fdc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +--- +title: "Wikidata" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:24.004850+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Development == +The creation of the project was funded by donations from the Allen Institute for AI, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Google, Inc., totaling €1.3 million. The development of the project is mainly driven by Wikimedia Deutschland under the management of Lydia Pintscher, and was originally split into three phases: + +Centralising interlanguage links – links between Wikipedia articles about the same topic in different languages. +Providing a central place for infobox data for all Wikipedias. +Creating and updating list articles based on data in Wikidata and linking to other Wikimedia sister projects, including Meta-Wiki and the own Wikidata (interwikilinks). + +=== Initial rollout === + +Wikidata was launched on 29 October 2012 and was the first new project of the Wikimedia Foundation since 2006. At this time, only the centralization of language links was available. This enabled items to be created and filled with basic information: a label – a name or title, aliases – alternative terms for the label, a description, and links to articles about the topic in all the various language editions of Wikipedia (interwikipedia links). +Historically, a Wikipedia article would include a list of interlanguage links (links to articles on the same topic in other editions of Wikipedia, if they existed). Wikidata was originally a self-contained repository of interlanguage links. Wikipedia language editions were still not able to access Wikidata, so they needed to continue to maintain their own lists of interlanguage links. +On 14 January 2013, the Hungarian Wikipedia became the first to enable the provision of interlanguage links via Wikidata. This functionality was extended to the Hebrew and Italian Wikipedias on 30 January, to the English Wikipedia on 13 February and to all other Wikipedias on 6 March. After no consensus was reached over a proposal to restrict the removal of language links from the English Wikipedia, they were automatically removed by bots. On 23 September 2013, interlanguage links went live on Wikimedia Commons. + +=== Statements and data access === +On 4 February 2013, statements were introduced to Wikidata entries. The possible values for properties were initially limited to two data types (items and images on Wikimedia Commons), with more data types (such as coordinates and dates) to follow later. The first new type, string, was deployed on 6 March. +The ability for the various language editions of Wikipedia to access data from Wikidata was rolled out progressively between 27 March and 25 April 2013. On 16 September 2015, Wikidata began allowing so-called arbitrary access, or access from a given article of a Wikipedia to the statements on Wikidata items not directly connected to it. For example, it became possible to read data about Germany from the Berlin article, which was not feasible before. On 27 April 2016, arbitrary access was activated on Wikimedia Commons. +According to a 2020 study, a large proportion of the data on Wikidata consists of entries imported en masse from other databases by Internet bots, which helps to "break down the walls" of data silos. + +=== Query service and other improvements === +On 7 September 2015, the Wikimedia Foundation announced the release of the Wikidata Query Service, which lets users run queries on the data contained in Wikidata. The service uses SPARQL as the query language. As of November 2018, there are at least 26 different tools that allow querying the data in different ways. It uses Blazegraph as its triplestore and graph database. +In 2021, Wikimedia Deutschland released the Query Builder, "a form-based query builder to allow people who don't know how to use SPARQL" to write a query. +The Wikidata Embedding Project was made available in October 2025. It provides a vector-based semantic search tool, allowing plain-language queries, and supports the Model Context Protocol standard that makes the data more readily available to AI systems. The project is a partnership between Wikimedia Deutschland, Jina.AI and DataStax, an IBM subsidiary. + +=== Logo === +The bars on the logo contain the word "WIKI" encoded in Morse code. It was created by Arun Ganesh and selected through community decision. + +== Reception == +In November 2014, Wikidata received the Open Data Publisher Award from the Open Data Institute "for sheer scale, and built-in openness". +In December 2014, Google announced that it would shut down Freebase in favor of Wikidata. +As of November 2018, Wikidata information was used in 58.4% of all English Wikipedia articles, mostly for external identifiers or coordinate locations. In aggregate, data from Wikidata is shown in 64% of all Wikipedias' pages, 93% of all Wikivoyage articles, 34% of all Wikiquotes', 32% of all Wikisources', and 27% of Wikimedia Commons. +As of December 2020, Wikidata's data was visualized by at least 20 other external tools and over 300 papers have been published about Wikidata. +In 2025, Wikidata was recognised as a "digital public good" by the Digital Public Goods Alliance. + +== Applications == +Wikidata's structured dataset has been used by virtual assistants such as Apple's Siri and Amazon Alexa. +Mwnci extension can import data from Wikidata to LibreOffice Calc spreadsheets +KDE Itinerary – a privacy conscious open source travel assistant that uses data from Wikidata +Google originally started a frame semantic parser project that aims to parse the information on Wikipedia and transfer it into Wikidata by coming up with relevant statements using artificial intelligence. +MathQA – a mathematical question answering system +As of August 2025, Wikidata has been described as the world’s largest open-access knowledge graph. +A systematic literature review of the uses of Wikidata in research was carried out in 2019. + +== See also == + +Abstract Wikipedia +BabelNet +DBpedia +Semantic MediaWiki +Wikibase +Wikimedia Enterprise + +== Notes == + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Mark Graham (6 April 2012), "The Problem With Wikidata", The Atlantic, US +Claudia Müller-Birn, Benjamin Karran, Janette Lehmann, Markus Luczak-Rösch: Peer-production system or collaborative ontology development effort: What is Wikidata? In, OpenSym 2015 – Conference on Open Collaboration, San Francisco, US, 19 – 21 Aug 2015 (preprint). + +== External links == + +Official website +Videos: WikidataCon on media.ccc.de +Wikidata Query Builder \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_In_Astronomy_Nepal-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_In_Astronomy_Nepal-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77e8b4de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_In_Astronomy_Nepal-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Women In Astronomy Nepal" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_In_Astronomy_Nepal" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:44.701675+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Women In Astronomy Nepal (WIAN) was established on November 1, 2015 A.D. in order to provide a common platform for all the women interested in astronomy and in Nepal. It is a sub unit within Nepal Astronomical Society (NASO). WIAN is primarily concerned with young females pursuing their career in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). + + +== Programs == +Women in Outreach +Women in Science Award (WiSA) +Publication + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Women in Astronomy Nepal's Facebook page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e94c611b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "WordNet" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words that links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms. The synonyms are grouped into synsets with short definitions and usage examples. It can thus be seen as a combination and extension of a dictionary and thesaurus. Its primary use is in automatic text analysis and artificial intelligence applications. It was first created in the English language and the English WordNet database and software tools have been released under a BSD style license and are freely available for download. The latest official release from Princeton was released in 2011. Princeton currently has no plans to release any new versions due to staffing and funding issues. New versions are still being released annually through the Open English WordNet website. Until about 2024 an online version was previously available through wordnet.princeton.edu. That version of WordNet has been deprecated, but a new online version is available at en-word.net. There are now WordNets in more than 200 languages. + +== History and team members == +WordNet was first created in 1985, in English only, in the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University under the direction of psychology professor George Armitage Miller. It was later directed by Christiane Fellbaum. The project was initially funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and later also by other U.S. government agencies including the DARPA, the National Science Foundation, the Disruptive Technology Office (formerly the Advanced Research and Development Activity) and REFLEX. George Miller and Christiane Fellbaum received the 2006 Antonio Zampolli Prize for their work with WordNet. +The Global WordNet Association is a non-commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing, sharing and connecting WordNets for all languages in the world. Christiane Fellbaum and Piek Th.J.M. Vossen are its co-presidents. + +== Database contents == + +The database contains 155,327 words organized in 175,979 synsets for a total of 207,016 word-sense pairs; in compressed form, it is about 12 megabytes in size. +It includes the lexical categories nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs but ignores prepositions, determiners and other function words. +Words from the same lexical category that are roughly synonymous are grouped into synsets, which include simplex words as well as collocations like "eat out" and "car pool." The different senses of a polysemous word form are assigned to different synsets. A synset's meaning is further clarified with a short defining gloss and one or more usage examples. An example adjective synset is: + +good, right, ripe – (most suitable or right for a particular purpose; "a good time to plant tomatoes"; "the right time to act"; "the time is ripe for great sociological changes") +All synsets are connected by means of semantic relations. These relations, which are not all shared by all lexical categories, include: + +Nouns +hypernym: Y is a hypernym of X if every X is a (kind of) Y (canine is a hypernym of dog) +hyponym: Y is a hyponym of X if every Y is a (kind of) X (dog is a hyponym of canine) +coordinate term: Y is a coordinate term of X if X and Y share a hypernym (wolf is a coordinate term of dog, and dog is a coordinate term of wolf) +holonym: Y is a holonym of X if X is a part of Y (building is a holonym of window) +meronym: Y is a meronym of X if Y is a part of X (window is a meronym of building) +Verbs +hypernym: the verb Y is a hypernym of the verb X if the activity X is a (kind of) Y (to perceive is an hypernym of to listen) +troponym: the verb Y is a troponym of the verb X if the activity Y is doing X in some manner (to lisp is a troponym of to talk) +entailment: the verb Y is entailed by the verb X if by doing X you must be doing Y (to sleep is entailed by to snore) +coordinate term: the verb Y is a coordinate term of the verb X if X and Y share a hypernym (to lisp is a coordinate term of to yell, and to yell is a coordinate term of to lisp) +These semantic relations hold among all members of the linked synsets. Individual synset members (words) can also be connected with lexical relations. For example, (one sense of) the noun "director" is linked to (one sense of) the verb "direct" from which it is derived via a "morphosemantic" link. +The morphology functions of the software distributed with the database try to deduce the lemma or stem form of a word from the user's input. Irregular forms are stored in a list, and looking up "ate" will return "eat," for example. + +== Knowledge structure == +Both nouns and verbs are organized into hierarchies, defined by hypernym or IS A relationships. For instance, one sense of the word dog is found following hypernym hierarchy; the words at the same level represent synset members. Each set of synonyms has a unique index. + +At the top level, these hierarchies are organized into 25 beginner "trees" for nouns and 15 for verbs (called lexicographic files at a maintenance level). All are linked to a unique beginner synset, "entity". +Noun hierarchies are far deeper than verb hierarchies. +Adjectives are not organized into hierarchical trees. Instead, two "central" antonyms such as "hot" and "cold" form binary poles, while 'satellite' synonyms such as "steaming" and "chilly" connect to their respective poles via a "similarity" relations. The adjectives can be visualized in this way as "dumbbells" rather than as "trees". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0babfebb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "WordNet" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Psycholinguistic aspects == +The initial goal of the WordNet project was to build a lexical database that would be consistent with theories of human semantic memory developed in the late 1960s. Psychological experiments indicated that speakers organized their knowledge of concepts in an economic, hierarchical fashion. Retrieval time required to access conceptual knowledge seemed to be directly related to the number of hierarchies the speaker needed to "traverse" to access the knowledge. Thus, speakers could more quickly verify that canaries can sing because a canary is a songbird, but required slightly more time to verify that canaries can fly (where they had to access the concept "bird" on the superordinate level) and even more time to verify canaries have skin (requiring look-up across multiple levels of hyponymy, up to "animal"). +While such psycholinguistic experiments and the underlying theories have been subject to criticism, some of WordNet's organization is consistent with experimental evidence. For example, anomic aphasia selectively affects speakers' ability to produce words from a specific semantic category, a WordNet hierarchy. Antonymous adjectives (WordNet's central adjectives in the dumbbell structure) are found to co-occur far more frequently than chance, a fact that has been found to hold for many languages. + +== As a lexical ontology == +WordNet is sometimes called an ontology, a persistent claim that its creators do not make. The hypernym/hyponym relationships among the noun synsets can be interpreted as specialization relations among conceptual categories. In other words, WordNet can be interpreted and used as a lexical ontology in the computer science sense. However, such an ontology should be corrected before being used, because it contains hundreds of basic semantic inconsistencies; for example there are, (i) common specializations for exclusive categories and (ii) redundancies in the specialization hierarchy. Furthermore, transforming WordNet into a lexical ontology usable for knowledge representation should normally also involve (i) distinguishing the specialization relations into subtypeOf and instanceOf relations, and (ii) associating intuitive unique identifiers to each category. Although such corrections and transformations have been performed and documented as part of the integration of WordNet 1.7 into the cooperatively updatable knowledge base of WebKB-2, most projects claiming to reuse WordNet for knowledge-based applications (typically, knowledge-oriented information retrieval) simply reuse it directly. +WordNet has also been converted to a formal specification, by means of a hybrid bottom-up top-down methodology to automatically extract association relations from it and interpret these associations in terms of a set of conceptual relations, formally defined in the DOLCE foundational ontology. +In most works that claim to have integrated WordNet into ontologies, the content of WordNet has not simply been corrected when it seemed necessary; instead, it has been heavily reinterpreted and updated whenever suitable. This was the case when, for example, the top-level ontology of WordNet was restructured according to the OntoClean-based approach, or when it was used as a primary source for constructing the lower classes of the SENSUS ontology. + +== Limitations == +The most widely discussed limitation of WordNet (and related resources like ImageNet) is that some of the semantic relations are more suited to concrete concepts than to abstract concepts. For example, it is easy to create hyponyms/hypernym relationships to capture that a "conifer" is a type of "tree", a "tree" is a type of "plant", and a "plant" is a type of "organism", but it is difficult to classify emotions like "fear" or "happiness" into equally deep and well-defined hyponyms/hypernym relationships. +Many of the concepts in WordNet are specific to certain languages and the most accurate reported mapping between languages is 94%. Synonyms, hyponyms, meronyms, and antonyms occur in all languages with a WordNet so far, but other semantic relationships are language-specific. This limits the interoperability across languages. However, it also makes WordNet a resource for highlighting and studying the differences between languages, so it is not necessarily a limitation for all use cases. +WordNet does not include information about the etymology or the pronunciation of words and it contains only limited information about usage. WordNet aims to cover most everyday words and does not include much domain-specific terminology. +WordNet is the most commonly used computational lexicon of English for word-sense disambiguation (WSD), a task aimed at assigning the context-appropriate meanings (i.e. synset members) to words in a text. However, it has been argued that WordNet encodes sense distinctions that are too fine-grained. This issue prevents WSD systems from achieving a level of performance comparable to that of humans, who do not always agree when confronted with the task of selecting a sense from a dictionary that matches a word in a context. The granularity issue has been tackled by proposing clustering methods that automatically group together similar senses of the same word. + +=== Offensive content === +WordNet includes words that can be perceived as pejorative or offensive. The interpretation of a word can change over time and between social groups, so it is not always possible for WordNet to define a word as "pejorative" or "offensive" in isolation. Therefore, people using WordNet must apply their own methods to identify offensive or pejorative words. +However, this limitation is true of other lexical resources like dictionaries and thesauruses, which also contain pejorative and offensive words. Some dictionaries indicate words that are pejoratives, but do not include all the contexts in which words might be acceptable or offensive to different social groups. Therefore, people using dictionaries must apply their own methods to identify all offensive words. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cf92c506 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "WordNet" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Licensed vs. Open WordNets === +Some wordnets were subsequently created for other languages. A 2012 survey lists the wordnets and their availability. In an effort to propagate the usage of wordnets, the Global WordNet community had been slowly re-licensing their wordnets to an open domain where researchers and developers can easily access and use wordnets as language resources to provide ontological and lexical knowledge in natural-language processing (NLP) tasks. +The Open Multilingual Wordnet provides access to open licensed wordnets in a variety of languages. Version 1 is linked to the Princeton Wordnet of English, while version 2 uses an independent index (the Collaborative Interlingual Index). The goal is to make it easy to use wordnets in multiple languages. + +== Applications == +WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval, automatic text classification, automatic text summarization, machine translation and even automatic crossword puzzle generation. +A common use of WordNet is to determine the similarity between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words or synsets are, the closer their meaning. A number of WordNet-based word similarity algorithms are implemented in a Perl package called WordNet::Similarity, and in a Python package called NLTK. Other more sophisticated WordNet-based similarity techniques include ADW, whose implementation is available in Java. WordNet can also be used to inter-link other vocabularies. + +== Interfaces == +Princeton maintains a list of related projects that includes links to some of the widely used application programming interfaces available for accessing WordNet using various programming languages and environments. + +== Related projects and extensions == +WordNet is connected to several databases of the Semantic Web. WordNet is also commonly reused via mappings between the WordNet synsets and the categories from ontologies. Most often, only the top-level categories of WordNet are mapped. + +=== Global WordNet Association === +The Global WordNet Association (GWA) is a public and non-commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing, sharing and connecting wordnets for all languages in the world. The GWA also promotes the standardization of wordnets across languages, to ensure its uniformity in enumerating the synsets in human languages. The GWA keeps a list of wordnets developed around the world. + +=== Other languages === +Arabic WordNet: WordNet for Arabic language. +Arabic Ontology, a linguistic ontology that has the same structure as wordnet, and mapped to it. +The BalkaNet project has produced WordNets for six European languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Romanian, Turkish and Serbian). For this project, a freely available XML-based WordNet editor was developed. This editor – VisDic – is not in active development anymore, but is still used for the creation of various WordNets. Its successor, DEBVisDic, is client-server application and is currently used for the editing of several WordNets (Dutch in Cornetto project, Polish, Hungarian, several African languages, Chinese). +BulNet is a Bulgarian version of the WordNet developed at the Department of Computational Linguistics of the Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. +CWN (Chinese Wordnet or 中文詞彙網路) supported by National Taiwan University. +The EuroWordNet project has produced WordNets for several European languages and linked them together; these are not freely available however. The Global Wordnet project attempts to coordinate the production and linking of "wordnets" for all languages. Oxford University Press, the publisher of the Oxford English Dictionary, has voiced plans to produce their own online competitor to WordNet. +FinnWordNet is a Finnish version of the WordNet where all entries of the original English WordNet were translated. +GermaNet is a German version of the WordNet developed by the University of Tübingen. +The IndoWordNet is a linked lexical knowledge base of wordnets of 18 scheduled languages of India viz., Assamese, Bangla, Bodo, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. +JAWS (Just Another WordNet Subset), another French version of WordNet built using the Wiktionary and semantic spaces +WordNet Bahasa: WordNet for Malay and Indonesia language, developed by Nanyang University of Technology. +Malayalam WordNet, developed by Cochin University Of Science and Technology. +Multilingual Central Repository (MCR) integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician and Portuguese liked to English. +The MultiWordNet project, a multilingual WordNet aimed at producing an Italian WordNet strongly aligned with the Princeton WordNet. +OpenDutchWordNet, is a Dutch lexical semantic database. +OpenWN-PT is a Brazilian Portuguese version of the original WordNet freely available for download under CC-BY-SA license. +plWordNet is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by Wrocław University of Technology. +PolNet is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 license). +Projects such as BalkaNet and EuroWordNet made it feasible to create standalone wordnets linked to the original one. Two such projects were the Russian WordNet, patronized by Petersburg State University of Means of Communication and led by S.A. Yablonsky, and Russnet, by Saint Petersburg State University. + +UWN is an automatically constructed multilingual lexical knowledge base extending WordNet to cover over a million words in many different languages. +WOLF (WordNet Libre du Français), a French version of WordNet. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..545543cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "WordNet" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Linked data === +BabelNet, a very large multilingual semantic network with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Wikipedia using an automatic mapping algorithm. +The SUMO ontology has a complete manual mapping [1] between all of the WordNet synsets and all of SUMO (including its domain ontologies, when WordNet contains a word sense for a given SUMO term) which is browsable at, for example [2]. +OpenCyc, an open ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets. +DOLCE, is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet is the result of an experimental alignment of WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications. +DBpedia, a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet. +The eXtended WordNet is a project at the University of Texas at Dallas which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the information contained in these definitions available for automatic knowledge processing systems. It is freely available under a license similar to WordNet's. +The GCIDE project produced a dictionary by combining a public domain Webster's Dictionary from 1913 with some WordNet definitions and material provided by volunteers. It was released under the copyleft license GPL. +ImageNet is an image database organized according to the WordNet hierarchy (currently only the nouns), in which each node of the hierarchy is depicted by millions of images. Currently, it has over 500 images per node on average. +BioWordnet, a biomedical extension of wordnet was abandoned due to issues about stability over versions. +WikiTax2WordNet, a mapping between WordNet synsets and Wikipedia categories. +WordNet++, a resource including over millions of semantic edges harvested from Wikipedia and connecting pairs of WordNet synsets. +SentiWordNet, a resource for supporting opinion mining applications obtained by tagging all the WordNet 3.0 synsets according to their estimated degrees of positivity, negativity, and neutrality. +ColorDict, is an Android application to mobiles phones that use Wordnet database and others, like Wikipedia. +UBY-LMF a database of 10 resources including WordNet. + +=== Related projects === +TaxoLLaMa is a WordNet-based model designed to enhance LLMs' ability to capture lexical-semantic knowledge. +FrameNet is a lexical database that shares some similarities with, and refers to, WordNet. +Lexical markup framework (LMF) is an ISO standard specified within ISO/TC37 in order to define a common standardized framework for the construction of lexicons, including WordNet. The subset of LMF for Wordnet is called Wordnet-LMF. An instantiation has been made within the KYOTO project. +UNL Programme is a project under the auspices of UNO aimed to consolidate lexicosemantic data of many languages to be used in machine translation and information extraction systems. +Meaning Monkey is a free online dictionary based on the WordNet database. +Dictionary.video is a video dictionary focusing on pronunciations. Its text part is extended from WordNet. + +== Distributions == +WordNet Database is distributed as a dictionary package (usually a single file) for the following software: + +Babylon +GoldenDict +Lingoes +LexSemantic : Digital Platform for publishing reference works (dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.). Includes WordnetPlus. + +== See also == +Lexical Markup Framework +Machine-readable dictionary +Synonym Ring +Taxonomy + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website +"Malayalam WordNet". Computer Science. Cochin University of Science & Technology. +Pilato, Maria. "Adjectives, Intensifiers, Negations (AIN) Thesaurus". Italian Sentiment. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe068de2d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "World Association for Public Opinion Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:19:59.605536+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) is an international professional association of researchers in the field of survey research. It is a member organization of the International Science Council. + + +== History == +Established in 1947 at the Second International Conference on Public Opinion Research held in Williamstown, Massachusetts +as the World Congress on Public Opinion Research, the association acquired its current name in 1948, at the Third International Conference on Public Opinion Research. +In 1953, it became the sole nongovernment consultant organization to UNESCO in the field of polling. +Its current president is Robert Chung (Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute, in Hong Kong) with Immediate Past President Timothy P. Johnson (University of Illinois Chicago) and a Council of officers +Among the former presidents of WAPOR are Juan Linz, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Robert Worcester, Seymour Martin Lipset, and Michael Traugutt. + + +=== Membership === +Over time, WAPOR's membership has grown and become more international. In 1956, roughly a decade after its founding, the association had 158 members from about 20 countries; by 1962, these figures had risen to approximately 200 and more than 30, respectively. +In 1970, WAPOR had more than 300 members from 41 countries. +As of 2021, the association has approximately 500 members from research institutes and universities in over 60 countries on six continents. On February 8, 2011, WAPOR Latinoamérica became the first recognized chapter, followed by WAPOR Asia Pacific (2016), WAPOR West Asia and North Africa (WANA) (2018), and WAPOR Sub-Saharan Africa (2022). + + +== Activities == +WAPOR sponsors the International Journal of Public Opinion Research, a social science journal published by Oxford University Press. +Annual conference are held in a three-year cycle: with American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) in North America (Toronto 2019), in connection with either ESOMAR (European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research) or ESRA in Europe (Lisbon 2017), and in the third year somewhere else (Morocco 2018). This arrangement permits WAPOR members to meet with academic, commercial, and government researchers from the main centers of survey research around the globe. The annual conferences are held in different countries each year, and the 2020 and 2021 annual conferences were held virtually due to the pandemic. AAPOR and ESOMAR are considered "allied associations." In 2021, WAPOR published a joint task force report with AAPOR on quality in comparative surveys. +Since 1981, WAPOR offers the Helen Dinerman Award – created to honour sociologist Helen Dinerman – to individuals who have made "significant contributions to survey research methodology". +Prior recipients include social scientists Philip Converse, Louis Guttman, +Roger Jowell, +Elihu Katz, +Juan Linz, Seymour Martin Lipset, +Robert K. Merton, +Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, +Sidney Verba, +Robert Worcester, and Daniel Yankelovich. + + +== Influence == +Richard Morin, former polling director of The Washington Post, described WAPOR as "the leading professional association of pollsters working outside the United States". +Herbert Weisberg, a political scientist at Ohio State University and former president of the Midwest Political Science Association, +further credited WAPOR with contributing to the internationalization, and thereby the professionalization, of the field of survey research. + + +== See also == +Opinion poll +Public opinion +American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) +European Survey Research Association (ESRA) +ESOMAR (European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research) +Insights Association + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website of WAPOR +International Journal of Public Opinion Research \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Data_Center-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Data_Center-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a10fa08b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Data_Center-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "World Data Center" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Data_Center" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:26.340949+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The World Data Centre (WDC) system was created to archive and distribute data collected from the observational programmes of the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The WDCs were funded and maintained by their host countries on behalf of the international science community. +Originally established in the United States (WDC A), Soviet Union (WDC B), Europe and Japan (WDC C), the WDC system expanded to other countries and to new scientific disciplines. The WDC system included up to 52 Centres in 15 countries, with some data centres replicating another. All data held in WDCs were available for the cost of copying and sending the requested information. In 1968 the ICSU Panel on World Data Centers (Geophysical, Solar, and Environmental) was established to coordinate activities and to establish operating criteria for the WDCs. +At the end of 2008, following the ICSU General Assembly in Maputo (Mozambique), the World Data Centres were reformed and a new ISC World Data System (WDS) established in 2009. Expanding on the 50-year heritage of the ICSU World Data Centre system (WDC) and the ICSU Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data-analysis Services, most of the legacy data centers and services continued under the WDS. + + +== List of World Data Centres and Services == + + +== See also == +CODATA +International Polar Year +WMO Global Atmosphere Watch World Data Centres +data center + + +== References == + + +== External links == +International Council for Science (ICSU) +List of former WDCs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..442798b0f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +title: "World Programme for the Census of Agriculture" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:07.886690+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The World Programme for the Census of Agriculture (WCA) is an international programme led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) that supports the implementation of national censuses of agriculture on a 10-year basis through the use of standard concepts, definitions and methodology. The WCA was developed in the years 1929–1930 by the International Institute of Agriculture (IIA). Governments from many countries agreed to promote a coordinated implementation of censuses of agriculture around the world on a basis as uniform as possible. The WCA 1929–1930 constituted the first world census of agriculture round and was implemented in about 60 countries. The subsequent 1940 round could not be completed due to the onset of World War II. Following the dissolution of the IIA in 1946, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) took over the programme and launched in 1948 the WCA 1950 as well as the successive decennial programmes. Seven decennial rounds – in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 – have been promoted by FAO. The current WCA 2020 is the tenth decennial international census of agriculture round and covers the censuses of agriculture to be carried out by countries between 2016 and 2025. +In each decennial WCA, FAO supports member countries to carry out their national censuses of agriculture through the development and dissemination of up-to-date international standards, concepts, definitions and methodologies as well as technical assistance. Technical assistance involves capacity building in planning, designing and implementing censuses of agriculture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7ffd9afd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "World Programme for the Census of Agriculture" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:07.886690+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Historical evolution of the WCA == +Source: +In the first two WCA rounds, 1930 and 1940, the IIA recommended a “standard form” for use by all countries referring to the same census period. At that time, there was a large gap in agricultural information. However, many countries found it difficult to conduct the census using a long questionnaire given the limited human and technological resources. Each subsequent programme was enriched with the experience of previous programmes from both the methodological and operational points of view. +The WCA 1950, the first programme developed by FAO, brought forward the idea of collecting data on the structural characteristics of agriculture as the primary purpose of the census. This focus on the structural characteristics of agriculture still holds. The WCA 1950 recommended a short list of essential census items and an extended list with items of secondary importance. The 1950 programme also gave increased attention to the definitions of census items and the tabulation of internationally comparable results. +The WCA 1960 accomplished a quantum jump in census methodology as it introduced the use of sampling methods in census, including post-enumeration surveys (PES). The option to use sampling methods increased the number of countries participating in the census of agriculture. The programme arranged the census items into ten sections according to the subject matter. It also raised the relationship between the agricultural and the population censuses for the first time. +The WCA 1970 discussed the role of the census of agriculture in the overall system of agricultural statistics, in terms of frame for sample surveys, benchmark for current agricultural statistics and capacity development for organizing subsequent agricultural surveys. The programme discussed the use of sampling in pilot censuses and pre-testing surveys, in PES, in quality checks during data processing, in tabulation of results, etc. The WCA 1970 introduced an entirely new section dealing with the association of agricultural holdings with other industries. +The WCA 1980 brought about several recommendations. First, that the census of agriculture should be the basis for the collection of current agricultural data through improved methods. Second, that the census should be utilized for the development and improvement of an overall programme of food and agricultural statistics. Third, that concepts, definitions and methods should be harmonized with other related statistical systems and operations to ensure comparability and compatibility. Fourth, that more elaborate tabulations should be produced, helped by advances in electronic data processing. Fifth, each country should have greater flexibility and more freedom in adapting the programme. For the first time, a special chapter was dedicated to practical guidelines on the preparation and organization of a census of agriculture. The WCA 1980 was the first to indicate explicitly that it referred to national censuses conducted within the decade (1976–1985) centred on the reference year of the round (1980). Additional supplementary guidelines on taking censuses of agriculture were published later to provide practical information on the steps involved in actually conducting a census of agriculture. +The WCA 1990 encouraged countries to develop and implement the census of agriculture according to their national economic and statistical capabilities and requirements. The programme made further efforts in harmonizing concepts, definitions and classifications with those used in other data sources. It did not recommend the inclusion of production and input quantities in the census scope. It recommended extensive cross-tabulations to ensure the maximum use of the census data. The WCA 1990 encouraged a complementary relationship between the census of agriculture and more frequent food and agricultural sample surveys as well as with related non-censuses of agriculture and surveys. Separate guidelines on micro-computer-based data processing (SDS 2a) were published later. +The WCA 2000 stressed that economic units engaged solely in (a) hunting, trapping and game propagation; (b) forestry and logging; (c) fishing; or (d) agricultural services, were not considered as agricultural holdings and, therefore, considered outside the scope of the census. It recommended that the activities covered by the census of agriculture were included in the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, third edition, ISIC groups 011 (crops), 012 (animals) and 013 (crops and animals). The programme also introduced the issue of the role of women in agriculture and the presentation of census results disaggregated by sex. Another innovation was the option to include aquaculture holdings (introduced in supplementary guidelines, SDS 5b) and the marking of some items as having environmental implications. Two additional supplementary guidelines were published later. One on employment (SDS 5a) to improve concepts, definitions and standards used to collect employment information in censuses of agriculture. Another one (SDS 6) on conducting censuses of agriculture and surveys to provide more practical information on the steps involved in actually implementing a census of agriculture. +The WCA 2010 programme introduced the modular approach. This approach consisted of a core module carried out on a complete enumeration basis to provide key structural data, in conjunction with one or more sample-based census supplementary modules to provide more in-depth data. The census items denoted as “essential” in earlier programmes were designated as core module items and complemented by items in the supplementary modules. The WCA 2010 also introduced the concept of aquacultural unit (for countries wishing to include an aquacultural supplementary module) and the option to conduct an aquacultural census in conjunction with the census of agriculture. Two new concepts – the sub-holding and the sub-holder – were introduced to measure the role of household members in the management of the holding, especially women. The programme introduced a community survey to be conducted in parallel with the census and for obtaining data on common infrastructure issues affecting farmers. Finally, the WCA 2010 gave emphasis to integrating and coordinating the agricultural and population censuses. This recommendation was underpin with the publication of supplementary guidelines for linking population and housing censuses with censuses of agriculture. +The WCA 2020 programme featured the discussion of four methodological modalities for conducting a census of agriculture: the classical (one-off) approach; the modular approach, which was introduced in the WCA 2010; the integrated census/survey modality, involving rotating survey modules over the inter-census years; and the combined census modality, which uses administrative data. The programme made a clear distinction between ‘essential’ items and ‘frame’ items. In addition, other items, referred to as ‘additional’ items, were presented as optional. The WCA 2020 improved the approach for assessing the distribution of managerial decisions in the holding, useful for the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The programme included two new optional themes: “Fisheries” (capture fisheries activities conducted at household level) and “Environment/Green House Gases (GHG)” (basic agro-environmental data on GHG and ammonia emissions). Two more features of the WCA 2020 was, first, an increased emphasis on the use of information technology in data collection, processing and dissemination (e.g. CAPI, CAWI, the use of interactive online outputs and access to anonymised micro-data). Another feature was recommendations to ensure cost-effectiveness of the census of agriculture. The WCA 2020 was complemented by Operational guidelines, which provided practical guidance on the main stages involved in the preparation and implementation of the census of agriculture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d2a97e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "World Programme for the Census of Agriculture" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:21:07.886690+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Country participation and documentation by WCA round == +A repository of documents and metadata for censuses of agriculture undertaken since the WCA 1980 is available here Archived 2023-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. The repository includes a short country profile of the methodology, coverage and main results, while a global review of agricultural censuses was published in early 2021. +For the current decennial census round that ends in 2025, the WCA 2020, preliminary information is available here Archived 2023-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. In early 2020, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) conducted a mid-term review of the plans and progress of national censuses of agriculture in the 2020 round. + +== Database on agricultural census data == +In 2022, FAO endowed FAOSTAT, the world's largest agricultural database, with a new domain that enables much easier comparison and assessment of trends over time of the agricultural structures of countries. + +== Census of agriculture microdata == +Starting with the WCA 2010 round (2005–2015), some countries provided access to anonymized census microdata (e.g. Armenia Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cook Islands, Estonia, France, Indonesia, Italy, Rep. of Korea, Lao DPR, Nepal, Namibia, the Netherlands, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Poland, Portugal, the Philippines, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Tanzania, Uruguay, USA and Viet Nam). The Food and Agriculture Microdata (FAM) Catalogue had links to ten census datasets available in countries’ websites as of March 2020. + +== The impact of COVID-19 on the implementation of WCA 2020 == +The pandemic affected planning and implementation of censuses of agriculture under the WCA 2020 round in both developed and developing countries. The extent of the impact varied according to the stages at which the censuses were, ranging from planning (i.e. staffing, procurement, preparation of frames, questionnaires), fieldwork (field training and enumeration) or data processing/analysis stages. +The census of agriculture's reference period is the agricultural year. Thus, countries carefully schedule census activities to ensure that crop and livestock data are collected at the right time. In some countries, lockdown measures resulted in a full year postponement of the census data collection as the agricultural season was missed. Some papers discussed the impact of COVID-19 on national censuses of agriculture. + +== See also == +List of national and international statistical services +Intercensal estimate +Census +Census of agriculture + +== Sources == + This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020 Volume 1 – Programme, concepts and definitions​, FAO, FAO. + This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from 2000 World Census of Agriculture – Methodological Review​, FAO, FAO. + This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020, Volume 2 – Operational guidelines​, FAO, FAO. + This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from Main results and metadata by country (2006–2015). World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010​, FAO, FAO. + This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from National agricultural census operations and COVID-19​, FAO, FAO. + This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from Impact of COVID-19 on national censuses of agriculture (Status overview) (2020)​, FAO, FAO. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf1968264 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "X-Road" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:27.510724+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +X-Road is a centrally managed distributed Data Exchange Layer (DXL) between information systems. Organizations can exchange information over the Internet using X-Road to ensure confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties. +The first X-Road iteration was developed and launched by Estonia's Information System Authority (RIA) in 2001. The source code of its central components were released on October 3, 2016 under an MIT License. By February 7, 2018, Finland's and Estonia's data exchange layers were connected to one another. In 2017, Finland and Estonia established the Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS) to continue the development of the X-Road core. + + +== Features == +According to their web page, "The X-Road is an open source data exchange layer solution that enables organizations to exchange information over the Internet. The X-Road is a centrally managed distributed integration layer between Information Systems that provides a standardized and secure way to produce and consume services. The X-Road ensures confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties." +A unique differentiator of X-Road compared to other governmental API exchange platforms, is the institution of decentralized peer-to-peer communication for API transactions. In this structure, organizations maintain and provide service endpoints for various transactions. These peer-to-peer transactions occur over the general internet and secure data exchange is enforced using Public Key Infrastructure concepts. Each peer who wishes to exchange data holds a unique set of key pairs for both digital signatures and authentication. + + +== History == +X-Road was started in 1998 as a pilot project under the Ministry of Economy and Communications, and the first prototype was publicly presented in 2000. One of the main reasons behind architectural choice of distributed data storage was a massive data leak of 1996, where government contractor and computer specialist Imre Perli created and marketed a "superdatabase" containing personal data from various government sources. +The Information System Authority (RIA) at the Ministry of Economy and Communications, developed X-Road and launched the first version in 2001 and holds the registered trademark, X-Road. +On October 3, 2016, the source code of central components of X-Road was released under an MIT License. +February 7, 2018, Finland's and Estonia's data exchange layers were connected to one another. X-Road is used nationwide in the Estonian public administration (X-tee) and in the Suomi.fi Data Exchange Layer (Suomi.fi-palveluväylä) service. X-Road has built-in support for connecting two X-Road ecosystems with each other which enables a native cross-border data exchange between Estonia and Finland. + + +== Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS) == +The Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS) was founded jointly in June 2017 by Finland and Estonia, with a mission "to develop e-governance solutions...with the X-Road technology used nationwide in the Estonian X-tee and in the Finnish Suomi.fi Data Exchange Layer services". +The NIIS manages, develops, verifies, and audits X-Road's source code; administers documentation, business and technical requirements; conducts development; develops and implements principles of licensing and distribution; provides second-line support for members, and engages in international cooperation. + + +== X-Road and blockchain == +By April 2018, a number of articles erroneously stated that X-Road is a "blockchain-based technology or it utilizes blockchain internally". According to an April 18, 2018 article by Petteri Kivimäki the CTO of the Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS), "There is no blockchain technology in the X-Road." Kivimäki "was the technical lead of X-Road implementation project in Finland and was coordinating the joint open source development of the X-Road solution between Finland and Estonia." Still, there are still contested claims around the use of blockchain in combination with X-Road. + + +== See also == +E-Estonia +Once-only principle + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Data Exchange Layer X-Road +e-Estonia +Estonian X-Road Ecosystem Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine +Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions and X-Road +Suomi.fi Data Exchange Layer Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine +X-Road Community +X-Road Factsheet +X-Road Source Code and Documentation +Netherland's Implementation of a variation of X-Road, written in Go Archived 2020-06-03 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cba5a1ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "YODA Project" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:28.681392+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The YODA (Yale University Open Data Access) Project is a Yale University project to promote open data in clinical research. +The YODA Project has served as a trusted intermediary in a variety of collaborative efforts to make scientific data more broadly available to researchers. It is a response to expanding demands for health information. +The YODA Project is currently partnering with Johnson & Johnson. SI-BONE is also a partner. Inquiries for data availability for unlisted trials from these data holders can also be submitted. +This project is being examined as a pilot for a new way of sharing information. + + +== See also == +Metascience + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Krumholz, Harlan M.; Waldstreicher, Joanne (4 August 2016). "The Yale Open Data Access (YODA) Project — A Mechanism for Data Sharing". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 403–405. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1607342. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 27518657. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cfc80a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Zenodo" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:18:30.980014+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Zenodo is a general-purpose open repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN. It allows researchers to deposit research papers, data sets, research software, reports, and any other research related digital artefacts. For each submission, a persistent digital object identifier (DOI) is minted, which makes the stored items easily citeable. + + +== Characteristics == +Zenodo was launched on 8 May 2013, as the successor of the OpenAIRE Orphan Records Repository to let researchers in any subject area comply with any open science deposit requirement absent an institutional repository. +It was relaunched as Zenodo in 2015 to provide a place for researchers to deposit datasets; it allows the uploading of files up to 50 GB. +It provides a DOI to datasets and other submitted data that lacks one to make the work easier to cite and supports various data and license types. One supported source is GitHub repositories. +Zenodo is supported by CERN "as a marginal activity", also receiving financial contributions via the CERN & Society Foundation, and hosted on the high-performance computing infrastructure that is primarily operated for the needs of high-energy physics. +Zenodo is run with Invenio (a free software framework for large-scale digital repositories), wrapped by a small extra layer of code that is also called Zenodo. +Zenodo is named after the Greek librarian Zenodotus. + + +== History == +In 2019, Zenodo announced a partnership with the fellow data repository Dryad to co-develop new solutions focused on supporting researcher and publisher workflows as well as best practices in software and data curation. +As of 2021, Zenodo's publicly available statistics for open items reported a total of over 45 million "unique views" and over 55 million "unique downloads". +Also in 2021, Zenodo reported it had crossed 1 Petabyte in hosted data and 15 million yearly visits. +In 2026, Zenodo confirmed that records from non-academic submitters are de-ranked and excluded from search results. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website + Media related to Zenodo at Wikimedia Commons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimin_Foundation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimin_Foundation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f7f3cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimin_Foundation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Zimin Foundation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimin_Foundation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:20:45.883890+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Zimin Foundation is a philanthropic nonprofit organization established by Dr Dmitry Zimin and his son Boris Zimin with the aim of supporting science, education and spread of information. + + +== History == +In 2002 Dmitry Zimin started Dynasty Foundation, an organization focusing mainly on Russia. The foundation became the first private Russian nonprofit supporting science and education in the country through programs for gifted schoolchildren and university students, young physicists, mathematicians, biologists, and teachers. +In 2015, the Russian Ministry of Justice put Dynasty Foundation on the list of foreign agents, effectively forcing it to wrap up its activities. Since then the Zimin family has continued its philanthropic effort through the Zimin Foundation. No longer limited to Russia, the organization’s activities have extended to other countries. +After Zimin’s death on December 22, 2021, his son Boris Zimin took over as the leader of Zimin Foundation’s charitable efforts. +On 5 August 2025, the foundation was declared an "undesirable organization" by the Russian Prosecutor General’s Office, accusing it of "financial and informational support to extremists, terrorists and foreign agents" and "intensifying anti-Russian rhetoric" since Russian invasion of Ukraine. + + +== Main projects == + + +=== Zimin Institutes === +Source: +Zimin Institutes are a Zimin Foundation initiative pursued in partnership with universities worldwide. It was designed to identify and support applied research projects that are likely to translate into real-world live-improving technologies. +The Zimin Institute for Engineering Solutions Advancing Better Lives at Tel Aviv University was launched in 2018. +The Zimin Institute for Smart and Sustainable Cities opened in 2020 at Arizona State University in the United States. +In June 2022 Israel Institute of Technology and the Zimin Foundation established the Zimin Institute for AI Solutions in Healthcare at the Technion. +Each institute specializes in a different area while maintaining research collaboration to develop applied technological projects with real-world implications. + + +=== The Enlightener Award === +Source: +The Enlightener Award (Prosvetitel in Russian) was established in 2008 by Dr. Dmitry Zimin and is awarded annually to the best non-fiction book written in the Russian language. Its purpose is to motivate Russian-speaking scientists and science journalists writing about the latest discoveries and research. The Enlightener Award – independent, stand-alone project that is not supported by the Zimin Foundation. + + +=== School of Molecular and Theoretical Biology === +Source: +School of Molecular and Theoretical Biology (SMTB) organized in 2012 with support from the Dynasty Foundation is independent project that connects motivated high-school students to operating biological labs, where they can participate in real scientific experiments. At SMTB students listen to lectures, learn research techniques and calculations and explore current ideas in molecular and theoretical biology. + + +== Other projects == +The Foundation also provides support in the areas of education and free access to information. + + +=== Education === +Together with Boris Nemtzov Foundation (named after Boris Nemtsov), the Zimin Foundation offers scholarships for students in Prague University of Economics and Business, Charles University, Ruhr University Bochum, and Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague. Eight Russian students affected by war got ZF scholarships at Hunter College (NY, USA). +After February 2022, the focus is on providing scholarships and other types of educational support for Ukrainian refugees. The Zimin Foundation sponsors the Center for Development and Assistance in Wroclaw, a school for more than 200 Ukrainian refugee children. +The Foundation sponsors scholarships to educational institutions throughout the world, such as Le Sallay Academy (France), a school of innovative blended learning. + + +=== Free access to information === +Redkollegia is an independent award established in 2016 by Boris Zimin to support free professional journalism in Russia. Despite war, censorship, and funding cuts, independent Russian reporters keep producing quality journalism. The Redkollegia award recognizes their work and aims to become a hub for financial support for independent media. +The Zimin Foundation works with: +- Re:Russia - an expertise and discussion platform aiming to address key issues of Russian politics, economy and society, and Dissernet, a volunteer community network working to clear the Russian science of plagiarism and other falsifications. +- The Sakharov Center is a multifunctional educational space dedicated to Nobel Prize laureate Dr. Andrei Sakharov. On January 24, 2023, its headquarters in Moscow were closed under the Russian foreign agent law. +- Memorial is an international historical, educational, charitable, and human rights society. Memorial’s operations in Moscow were terminated on December 29, 2021 by the Moscow City Court for allegedly violating the “foreign agent” law. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file