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The Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, fr: National Agency for Research) is a French institution tasked with funding scientific research. It was founded on 7 February 2005 as a groupement d'intérêt public, and has acquired the status of établissement public à caractère administratif on 1 August 2006.
The ANR funds scientific teams, both public and private, in the form of short-term research contracts. Its budget was 350 million Euros in 2005, rose to 955M€ in 2009 but then fell to 703M€ in 2019.
The ANR was supervised by Jacques Stern from 2007 until 2010 and by Eva Pebay-Peyroula since 2010.
== Notes and references ==
== External links ==
Official site

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The Austrian Science Fund (German: Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, FWF) is the most important Austrian funding organization for basic research. The FWF supports research in science, engineering, and the humanities through a large variety of grant programmes, prizes and by funding infrastructure. The self-governed organization is based in Vienna and financed by the Austrian federal government.
In September 2023 president Christof Gattringer voiced funding concerns: a three-year budget consensus previously reached with the Ministry of Education is lacking confirmation by the Ministry of Finance despite continuing high inflation in Austria.
== Organisation ==
The Austrian Science Fund was established in 1967 and had a budget of 91 million euros in 2001. Most projects are individual research grants for up to three years. In addition, it also supports national research clusters, doctoral schools, scholarships for young researchers and awards like the START- and Wittgenstein-Preis. Pascale Ehrenfreund was elected president of the FWF on 6 June 2013. In recent years, the Austrian Science Fund provides growing support for the publication of articles and monographs in the open access format.
== Membership ==
The Austrian Science Fund is a member of the European Science Foundation.
== See also ==
Open access in Austria
== References ==
== External links ==
official website (in English)
Science in Austria, 2002-06

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The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; French: Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada; IRSC) is a federal agency responsible for funding health and medical research in Canada. Comprising 13 institutes, it was formed on June 7, 2000 and is the successor to the Medical Research Council of Canada.
CIHR supports more than 15,000 researchers and trainees through grants, fellowships, scholarships, and other funding, as part of the federal government's investment in health research. Paul C. Hébert is the current President. CIHR's budget for 2023-2024 was CA$1.3 billion and the number of employees (FTE) was 327.
Along with the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the CIHR forms the major source of federal government funding to post-secondary research. They are collectively referred to as the "Tri-Council" or "Tri-Agency".
== History ==
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) is the major federal agency responsible for funding health research in Canada. It was established by an Act of Parliament in April 2000 to create new knowledge according to internationally accepted scientific standards and translate this into improved health for Canadians, more effective health services and products, and a stronger Canadian health care system. It replaced the Medical Research Council of Canada, which had overseen Canadian medical research since 1969. CIHR reports to Parliament through the Minister of Health.
The Strategic Plan for the period 2021–2031 "establishes the context that will allow Canadian health research to be internationally recognized as inclusive, collaborative, transparent, culturally safe, and focused on real world impact." Five priority areas were identified:
Advance research excellence in all its diversity
Strengthen Canadian health research capacity
Accelerate the self-determination of Indigenous peoples in health research
Pursue health equity through research
Integrate evidence in health decisions
2024 funding reform: Following a student-led advocacy campaign (see Controversies, below), the 2024 Canadian federal budget included the largest increase to graduate and postdoctoral scholarships in over 20 years, significantly raising both the number and value of CIHR-funded awards.
=== Presidents ===
Alan Bernstein, Founding President (2000-2007)
Pierre Chartrand, Acting President (2008)
Alain Beaudet (2008-2016)
Roderick McInnes, Acting President (2017-2018)
Michael Strong (2018-2025)
Paul C. Hébert, appointed in January 2025 for a five-year term
== Governance ==
The CIHR Act outlines a framework for the organizational establishment of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), its governance infrastructure, responsibilities of the President and Governing Council and establishment of the Institutes.
CIHR consists of 13 institutes, each headed by a Scientific Director and assisted by an Institute Advisory Board.
CIHR is led by its President. Overall strategic directions are set by its Governing Council, which has a mandate to oversee the direction and management of the property, business and affairs of CIHR. Day-to-day management of CIHR is led by the Executive Team.
The Science Council (SC) is a management committee that develops, implements and reports on CIHR's research and knowledge translation strategy, in accordance with the CIHR Act and the overarching strategic directions set out by Governing Council. This includes approving funding for some research and knowledge translation initiatives.
== Institutes ==
The 13 CIHR institutes work together to shape a national health research agenda for Canada. They bring together researchers, health professionals, and policy-makers from voluntary health organizations, provincial government agencies, international research organizations, and industry and patient groups from across the country with a shared interest in improving the health of Canadians. A major goal of the institutes is to forge relationships across disciplines to stimulate integrative, multifaceted research agendas that respond to society's health priorities while adhering to the highest ethical standards. They fund health research within these four pillars:
Biomedical research
Clinical research
Health services research
Social, cultural, environmental and population health research
Institutes are "virtual" and fund research across Canada. Each focuses on a specific area of research:
Institute of Aging
Institute of Cancer Research
Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health
Institute of Gender and Health
Institute of Genetics
Institute of Health Services and Policy Research
Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health
Institute of Indigenous Peoples' Health
Institute of Infection and Immunity
Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis
Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction
Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes
Institute of Population and Public Health
== COVID-19 and vaccines ==
In June 2020, CIHR provided $109 million in funding to 139 research teams across Canada for COVID-19 research. Over the coming months and years, CIHR provided additional funding for COVID-19 research, totaling $430 million by June 2022. CIHR also worked with domestic and global partners to fund research and ensure the alignment and coordination of Canada's research with the international response.
On February 16, 2021, CIHR launched the CIHR-CEPI Leadership Award for Excellence in Vaccine Research for Infectious Diseases of Epidemic Potential, co-administered with the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). The results were announced in April 2023 along with a $100 million investment from Global Affairs Canada to support CEPI's new five-year strategic plan to accelerate the development of vaccines.
== Controversies ==
A 2014 reform to the peer review process and the introduction of the Foundation Grant program lead to the demand from approximately 1000 researchers to reverse what was called a "radical" change. The Minister of Health Jane Philpott, then asked that the issue be addressed and the process was reversed in 2019.
The 2024 funding reform followed a sustained advocacy campaign by the Support Our Science (SOS) initiative, a graduate student-led organization founded in 2022. The campaign involved nationwide walkouts at 46 institutions, meetings with cabinet ministers, and direct engagement with the finance ministry. PhD student Kaitlin Kharas, who served as SOS executive director, was named to Nature's 10, annual list of ten people who shaped science in 2024.
== See also ==
Natural Sciences and Engineering Council (NSERC)
Social Sciences and Humanities Resesarch Council (SSHRC)
Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)
Genome Canada
National Institutes of Health – US counterpart
Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) – UK counterpart
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
CIHR Faces of Health Research
CIHR Health Research in Action

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The Czech Science Foundation (GACR) was established in 1993 as an independent public organisation supporting basic research in the Czech Republic. On the basis of calls for proposals and a public competition, the Czech Science Foundation provides financial support for both experienced and young and early-stage researchers. It also funds international projects on a bilateral basis in cooperation with several partner agencies as well as projects carried out within international research programmes. It is one of two major government-supported research funding agencies in the Czech Republic, the other being the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TAČR).
== GACR goals ==
To provide financial support for projects in basic research with a high potential for achieving world-class results.
To promote and enhance international scientific cooperation in basic research.
To help create attractive conditions for the professional development of young and early-stage researchers.
To ensure that entrusted funds are used as effectively as possible to the benefit of the Czech and international scientific community.
To create, within existing laws, the best possible conditions for the administration of project proposals and awarded projects.
== GACR structure ==
The GACR authorities are the President, Presidium, Scientific Advisory Board and Supervisory Board. The Presidium is assisted by Discipline Committees. Evaluation Panels are the expert bodies of Discipline Committee. Organizational and administrative work is in the competency of the GACR Office.
=== GACR Presidium ===
The Presidium of the Czech Science Foundation is appointed by the Government of the Czech Republic. The Presidium is authorized to organize the Calls for Proposals for scientific and research projects and to award grants. It consists of five members. The GACR Presidium is headed by the President who represents GACR and acts in its name in all relevant matters. Members of the Presidium are elected for four years with a maximum of two consecutive terms. Each member is responsible for one of the scientific areas (Physical Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities, Technical Sciences, Medical and Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Biological-Environmental Sciences).
=== GACR Scientific Advisory Board ===
The Scientific Advisory Board consists of 12 experts representing different scientific fields. Membership in the Scientific Advisory Board lasts for four years with a maximum of two consecutive terms. The Scientific Advisory Board provides expert scientific advice to the GACR Presidium with regards to promoted projects and the structure and operation of GACR Discipline Committees and Panels. It also evaluates overall scientific level of the Czech Science Foundation and creates the strategy for its future development and direction.
=== GACR Supervisory Board ===
The Supervisory Board has 10 members, who are appointed by the Parliament of the Czech Republic. Membership in the Supervisory Board lasts for four years a maximum of two consecutive terms. The Supervisory Board controls the transparency of the evaluation process, oversees the distribution of funds and overall functioning of the Czech Science Foundation.
=== GACR Discipline Committees and Panels ===
Discipline Committees are permanent advisory bodies, which assist the Presidium during the evaluation process. Panels are the expert bodies of Discipline Committees. Each of the committees consists of Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen from individual Panels and has between 10 and 20 members who are nominated by the GACR Presidium. The total number of Panels is 39. Members are appointed for a two-year term with a possibility of two consecutive terms maximum.
=== GACR Office ===
The GACR Office is the organisational and administrative body of the Czech Science Foundation. It is managed by the Director, who is appointed and recalled by the GACR President. The GACR Office carries out the organisation of evaluation process of submitted project proposals and the agenda for ongoing and completed projects. International activities and administration of international projects are also handled by the Office. The office transfers funds to the recipients of the grants, offers consultations to recipients and grant project researchers in financial matters, administers the budget of the GACR Office, provides for all related agenda as well as monitors compliance with procedures and rules prescribed by the generally valid economic and legal regulations or by the GACR Guidelines.
== Types of projects ==
GACR provides financial support for the following types of projects:
Standard projects: projects by outstanding scholars and research teams;
Junior projects: projects for excellent young researchers and early-stage researchers with international experience;
International projects: projects by international research teams based on agreements between GACR and foreign science foundations (bilateral agreements, Lead Agency Principle agreements, etc.); GACR has successfully established bilateral cooperation with three partner organizations:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG),
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan) (MOST),
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF).
GACR proposes joint projects based on Lead Agency Principle with Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF), Austria.
Post-doctoral projects: projects by young and early-stage researchers (no new calls considered since 2014);
Projects promoting excellence in basic research: multidisciplinary projects of several research institutions aimed at outstanding basic research that cannot be funded within GACR standard projects (no new calls).
The topic of all types of project is determined by the applicant (bottom-up principle). The duration of projects is 2–3 years and proposals are invited in all disciplines of basic research.
== International activities ==
Development and strengthening of international relations is one of the GACR’s long-term priorities. Worldwide international cooperation is implemented within the GACR’s membership in the Global Research Council (GRC), at the pan-European level especially within the GACR’s membership in Science Europe (SE). Based on bilateral agreements GACR closely cooperates with Germany, Austria, Taiwan and South Korea.
== References ==
== External links ==
Czech Science Foundation (GACR)

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The Dutch Research Council (NWO, Dutch: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) is the national research council of the Netherlands. NWO funds thousands of top researchers at universities and institutes and steers the course of Dutch science by means of subsidies and research programmes. NWO promotes quality and innovation in science. NWO is an independent administrative body under the auspices of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
NWO directs its approximate budget of 1 billion euros towards Dutch universities and institutes, often on a project basis. Also, NWO has its own research institutes and facilitates international cooperation. The president of NWO since April 2021 is Marcel Levi. Former NWO presidents include Stan Gielen, Peter Nijkamp and Jos Engelen.
NWO is also known for the annual Spinoza and Stevin Prizes.
== History ==
The council was established in 1950 as Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver-Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (ZWO). This organisation did not focus on applied research; the research organization TNO was established for that purpose. In 1988 ZWO was renamed as NWO and was given the broader mission. Like its predecessor, NWO is a public institution; its tasks and responsibilities are established in the NWO Act.
On 1 January 2018 the former FOM institutes AMOLF, ARCNL, DIFFER and Nikhef and the over 200 university workgroups from the former FOM projects merged with the other NWO institutes (NWO-I): ASTRON, CWI, NIOZ, NSCR and SRON.
NWO signed the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in May 2005.
== NWO organisation ==
=== NWO Domains ===
NWO's core task is performed in the NWO domains, research institutes and regional bodies: encouraging quality and innovation in the sciences. The NWO domains organise the programmes and the research funding. Both the Executive Board and the NWO Domain Boards have the competence to allocate public funding for scientific research.
NWO Domain Science (ENW)
NWO Domain Applied and Engineering Sciences (AES)
NWO Domain Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH)
Health Research and Development is managed by ZonMw. WOTRO Science for Global Development is a domain intersecting initiative.
=== NWO-I, Institutes Organisation of NWO ===
NWO-I, the Institutes Organisation of NWO, works closely with the NWO domains and encompasses 9 institutes. The office of NWO-I supports all institutes.
AMOLF Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics
Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL)
ASTRON Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)
DIFFER (Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research)
Nikhef Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics
Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ)
Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR)
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
The institute Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS, in cooperation with KNAW) and Netherlands eScience Center, in cooperation with SURF are also part of NWO.
=== Temporary Task Forces ===
The Temporary Task Forces have a semi-permanent status. They collaborate with industry experts in order to accelerate the development of promising technologies.
National Initiative Brain & Cognition (NIHC)
Netherlands Initiative for Education Research (NRO)
Taskforce for Applied Research (NRPO-SIA)
== Stevin Prize ==
The Stevin Prize (Dutch: Stevinpremie) is one of the highest scientific awards in the Netherlands, established to recognize and reward outstanding researchers whose work has significant societal impact. It is administered and awarded by the NWO.
The Stevin Prize was established by the NWO in 2018. Named after Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician and engineer, the prize highlights contributions that bridge the gap between scientific research and practical applications that benefit society.
The prize was created to emphasize the importance of applied science in addressing real-world problems and contributing to societal progress. Since its inception, the Stevin Prize has been awarded annually to researchers across various disciplines, focusing on both scientific excellence and the potential for real-world application and societal benefit. It is awarded each year to two to three researchers.
Over the years, the prize has included a substantial monetary award, typically around 2.5 million euros, intended to support further research and dissemination activities. The Stevin Prize is one of the most prestigious scientific awards in the Netherlands, celebrating the achievements of researchers whose work exemplifies the practical application of scientific knowledge. The prize continues to promote research that addresses societal challenges and enhances community well-being both in the Netherlands and globally.
== See also ==
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
Open access in the Netherlands
== References ==
== External links ==
Media related to Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Stevin Prize

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The Foundation for Science and Technology (Portuguese: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; FCT) is an organization within the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education in Portugal which evaluates and funds scientific research activities, in particular in the areas of natural sciences, exact sciences, social sciences and humanities. FCT was founded in 1997, succeeding the Junta Nacional de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica.
== Vision ==
To establish Portugal as a global reference in science, technology and innovation
Ensure that knowledge generated by scientific research is used fully, for economic growth and the well-being of all citizens
== Research units funded by FCT ==
Most scientific research in Portugal takes place in R&D institutions financed and evaluated by FCT. As of 2019 there are 26 Associate Laboratories and 307 R&D Units, where 22,000 researchers work. These institutions are regularly evaluated by FCT.
== Publications ==
The foundation, together with the University of Lisbon's Centre of Philosophy, publishes a biannual peer-reviewed open-access academic journal, Philosophica, International Journal for the History of Philosophy, which covers all areas of the history of philosophy. Beginning 2022 it is published on their behalf by the Philosophy Documentation Center.
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website

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The German Research Foundation (German: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈfɔʁʃʊŋsɡəˌmaɪnʃaft]; abbr. DFG [ˌdeːʔɛfˈɡeː]) is a German research funding organization, which functions as a self-governing institution for the promotion of science and research in the Federal Republic of Germany. In 2019, the DFG had a funding budget of €3.3 billion.
== Function ==
The DFG supports research in science, engineering, and the humanities through a variety of grant programmes, research prizes, and by funding infrastructure. The self-governed organization is based in Bonn and financed by the German states and the federal government of Germany. As of 2017 the organization consists of approximately 100 research universities and other research institutions.
The DFG endows various research prizes, including the Leibniz Prize. The Polish-German science award Copernicus is offered jointly with the Foundation for Polish Science.
According to a 2017 article in The Guardian, the DFG has announced it will publish its research in online open-access journals.
== Background ==
In 1937, the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (NG) ("Emergency Association of German Science") was renamed the Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Förderung der Forschung ("German Foundation for the Preservation and Promotion of Research"), for short known as the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Even before the election of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi party) to power in 1933, projects funded by the NG had worked diligently on Nazi-aligned research, especially German ethnographic research in Eastern Europe that would lay the foundations for the Hitlerite "Lebensraum" and extermination policies; during the National Socialist period, the NG leadership showed itself ready and willing to adapt to the "new era" by gearing its funding practices towards issues related to German rearmament and autarky, essentially aligning its goals with those of the new regime. By the end of World War II in Germany, in 1945, the DFG was no longer active. In 1949, after formation of the Federal Republic, it was re-founded as the NG and again from 1951 as the DFG.
== Structure ==
The legal status of the DFG is that of an association under private law. As such, the DFG can only act through its statutory bodies, in particular through its executive board and the General Assembly.
The DFG is a member of the International Council for Science and has numerous counterparts around the globe such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Science Foundation (US) and the Royal Society (UK).
The DFG has several representative offices in Asia, North America and Europe and also maintains the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion, which was jointly founded by the DFG and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. On 9 June 2012, DFG launched a centre in Hyderabad, to expand its presence in India. The German-based research foundation and India's Department of Science and Technology are together working on 40 bilateral research projects in science and engineering. The German Research Foundation is a member of Science Europe.
== Heisenberg Programme ==
The Heisenberg Programme of the DFG is aimed at young outstanding scientists who meet all the requirements for appointment to a permanent professorship. The programme was named after the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics at the age of 31. The funding programme aims to enable scientists to prepare for a scientific leadership position and to work on further research topics during this time. The maximum funding period is five years. Normally, the habilitation is a prerequisite for applying for admission to the programme. However, services similar to habilitation are also included in the selection.
The program consists of the following variants:
The Heisenberg Scholarship
The Heisenberg position is a DFG-funded temporary research assistant position at a university.
The Heisenberg professorship a DFG-funded professorship with the aim of establishing a new research area within a scientific focus of the university.
The Heisenberg temporary substitute position for clinicians is intended for clinically working scientists who can take some time off for research.
== Notable fundings and cooperations ==
German National Library of Economics
German National Library of Medicine
German National Library of Science and Technology
Greenpilot
Virtual Library of Musicology
== See also ==
Open access in Germany
National Research Foundation (disambiguation)
== Notes ==
== Bibliography ==
Heilbron, J. L. The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science (Harvard, 2000) ISBN 978-0-674-00439-9
Hentschel, Klaus (ed.), Hentschel, Ann M. (transl.). Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) ISBN 978-3-0348-9865-2
Perspektiven der Forschung und Ihrer Förderung. 2007–2011. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ed.); Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-32064-6.
Anne Cottebrune: Der planbare Mensch. Die DFG und die menschliche Vererbungswissenschaft, 1920–1970 (= Studien zur Geschichte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft 2). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-515-09099-5.
Notker Hammerstein: Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. Wissenschaftspolitik in Republik und Diktatur 1920–1945. Beck, München 1999, ISBN 978-3-406-44826-3.
Thomas Nipperdey, Ludwig Schmugge: 50 jahre forschungsförderung in deutschland: Ein Abriss der Geschichte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. 1920–1970. [Anlässl. ihres 50jährigen Bestehens], Bad Godesberg: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 1970
== External links ==
Official website (in English and German)
German Research Foundation's channel on YouTube

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The Health Research Board (HRB) is a government agency responsible for funding, co-ordination, and oversight of medical research in Ireland.
== History ==
In 1986, the Government of Ireland amalgamated the Medical Research Council of Ireland and the Medico-Social Research Board to establish the HRB under the Health (Corporate Bodies) Act 1961 and statutory instrument 279 of 1986. The HRB's original headquarters was at 73 Lower Baggot Street, Dublin 2. In July 2014, the board relocated to Grattan House, 67-72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin 2.
== Chairs of the HRB ==
Dr WA Watts 1987 - 1989
Professor MX FitzGerald 1990 - 1997
Professor MB Murphy 1997 - 2002
Professor Hugh R. Brady 2002 - 2003
Professor D Fitzgerald 2003 - 2007
Mr Reg Shaw 2007 - 2012
Dr Declan Bedford 2012 - 2017
Professor Jane Grimson 2020 -
== Chief Executives of the HRB ==
Lt Comdr EJ Furness and Mr J O'Gorman 1987 - 1988 (jointly, in caretaker roles)
Dr JV O'Gorman 1988 - 1998
Dr R Barrington 1998 - 2007
Dr Hamish Sinclair 2007 - 2008 (acting)
Mr Enda Connolly 2008 - 2014
Dr Graham Love 2014 - 2017
Dr Darrin Morrissey 2018 - 2020
Dr Mairéad O'Driscoll 2020 - 2025
Dr Gráinne Gorman 2025 - present
== References ==

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The Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNÍS; Icelandic: Rannsóknamiðstöð Íslands) funds and promotes scientific research in Iceland. It formed in 2003 through an act of legislation. As of April 1 2022, the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation oversees its activities. It operates from headquarters in Borgartún 30 in Reykjavík.
RANNÍS cooperates closely with the Icelandic Science and Technology Policy Council and provides professional assistance in the preparation and implementation of the national science and technology policy. RANNÍS administers competitive funds in the fields of research, innovation, education and culture, as well as strategic research programmes. RANNÍS coordinates and promotes Icelandic participation in European programmes such, as Horizon Europe in the fields of research and innovation, Erasmus+ in the fields of education, training, youth and sport, and Creative Europe in the fields of culture and audiovisual media. In addition, RANNÍS monitors resources and performance in R&D and promotes public awareness of research and innovation, education and culture in Iceland.
== History ==
From 1994 to 2003, RANNÍS operated as the Icelandic Research Council. "As of 2013 scientific publications based on projects, funded entirely or partially by the Icelandic Centre for Research, Rannís, must be published in open access."
== Funds ==
Through the research fund Rannis provides funding for domestic projects, and salaries for doctoral students.
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Icelandic Research Fund Handbook for Applicants, Expert Panels, and External Reviewers (PDF) (2d ed.). Rannís. 2017.
== External links ==
Official website
VIAF. Rannsóknamiðstöð Íslands

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The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) is the British government's major funder of clinical, public health, social care and translational research. With a budget of over £1.2 billion in 2020–21, its mission is to "improve the health and wealth of the nation through research". The NIHR was established in 2006 under the government's Best Research for Best Health strategy, and is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. As a research funder and research partner of the NHS, public health and social care, the NIHR complements the work of the Medical Research Council. NIHR focuses on translational research (translating discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic), clinical research and applied health and social care research.
== History ==
The NIHR (originally named National Institute for Health Research) was created in April 2006 under the government's health research strategy, Best Research for Best Health. This strategy outlined the direction that NIHR research and development should take. Its predecessor was the NHS Research & Development programme which was established in 1991. Factors influencing the creation of the NIHR were the growing importance of evidence-based medicine in science and policymaking, the spread of New Public Management thinking and increased government funding.
Its budget was over £1.2 billion in 2020–21. As of 2016 it was the largest national clinical research funder in Europe. In 2022 NIHR changed its name to National Institute for Health and Care Research in order to emphasise its role in social care research.
=== Notable discoveries and developments ===
NIHR is among the world-leaders in COVID-19 research and recruited over a million people in their studies of the disease. In the RECOVERY trial, NIHR researchers found that the inexpensive steroid dexamethasone lowers the mortality rate among Covid patients receiving breathing support in hospitals. The PANORAMIC study, which examined the efficacy of molnupiravir and Paxlovid, was awarded the Prix Galien for its design and implementation.
NIHR was one of the developers of the UK Standards for Public Involvement which set the framework on how to involve the public in research.
Delivered a trial for Haemophilia A which resulted in the first successful use of gene therapy for treating the condition.
Showed that using MRI is better for detecting prostate cancer than the more intrusive biopsy.
Showed that gefapixant could be used to treat some types of cough, making it the first new cough medicine in 50 years.
Demonstrated that a blood test can be used to better diagnose pre-eclampsia.
== Research ==
=== Areas of focus ===
In June 2021 NIHR published Best Research for Best Health: The Next Chapter. The document, building on the 2006 Best Research for Best Health strategy, outlined the updated operational principles, core work-streams and areas of strategic focus of the NIHR. Their work-streams include funding research for the NHS, public and global health and social care; investing in expertise and facilities; and involving patients and communities in research. Their current areas of strategic focus include learning from impact of COVID-19 on research and healthcare; researching for patients with multiple long-term conditions, involving under-served communities and regions in research; and improving equality, diversity and inclusion across the Institution.
=== Research programmes ===
The NIHR's funding programmes offer a focused source of funding for researchers within the health and care system in England. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland also participate in some of these programmes. The programmes give researchers access to funding to undertake clinical and applied health and social care research.
NIHR's funding programmes are:
Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation
Evidence Synthesis
Health and Social Care Delivery Research
Health Technology Assessment
Invention for Innovation
National Research Collaboration Programme
Policy Research Programme
Programme Development Grants
Programme Grants for Applied Research
Public Health Research
Research for Patient Benefit
=== Research schools ===
The NIHR has established three national research schools: the School for Primary Care Research, the School for Social Care Research, and the School for Public Health Research. Each national school is a research collaboration between academic centres in England. The three schools take part in developing evidence for use in practice and provide training and career development opportunities for researchers in their respective sectors.
=== Research units ===
NIHR funds a range of university-based collaborations that undertake research in priority areas: blood and organ donor health, health protection, and health and social care policy. Each unit focuses on a priority topic, for example blood donation, healthcare-associated infections, and adult social care.
=== Global health research ===
Supporting the UK International Development Strategy and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, NIHR launched its Global Health portfolio in 2016. It funds applied health research that directly addresses the diverse health needs of people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) using UK Aid from the UK government. As well as funding Global Health Research Units and Groups, partnerships between British universities and LMIC institutions, NIHR invests in training and development in global health research and strengthening the research capacity of LMICs at individual, institutional and system level. Engaging and involving local communities in the design and delivery of health research is also part of the programme.
In accordance with NIHR's open access policy, research created with such funding needs to be published in an open access journal. NIHR's global health spendings can be checked through the database of the International Aid Transparency Initiative.
Since 2020, NIHR's global health research units and groups have been involved in efforts to tackle the spread and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs.

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=== Public partnerships ===
The NIHR offers several ways for patients and the public to participate in health and care research. People can take part in a study as a research participant, for example in a clinical trial that looks for new treatments for a health condition. People who are not affected by a particular condition or who care for someone with a long-term health issue can also take part in research. The NIHR runs the online services Be Part of Research and Join Dementia Research to inform the public about what health and care research is and to help them find studies that are looking for participants.
Patients and the public can also contribute to research through patient and public involvement (PPI). PPI is a partnership between members of the public (including patients, service users, carers) and researchers where public representatives can influence what should be a priority for research and help shape how the research is carried out, applied and communicated. Members of the public can find involvement opportunities in NIHR's research through the database People in Research. The website Learning for Involvement also offers information and resources for learning about public involvement and best practice case studies. The NIHR's global health research funding application process also requires applicants to meaningfully involve affected communities in their research, a practice known in the global health context as Community Engagement and Involvement (CEI).
== Infrastructure ==
NIHR funds research infrastructure that provides expertise, specialist facilities, a delivery workforce and support services. This infrastructure supports and delivers research funded by government bodies, medical research charities, the life sciences industry and other relevant industries.
NIHR coordinates and supports clinical research through its Research Delivery Network (RDN). With 12 regional networks across England, the RDN provides help to patients, the public and health and care organisations to participate in research. In 2021–22, the network recruited more than a million participants to clinical research studies, most of whom were taking part in research to help discover new treatments and vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic.
Since 2007, the NIHR also supports translating scientific developments into direct clinical treatments and applications through its twenty Biomedical Research Centres (BRCs). The BRCs operate as partnerships between local NHS organisations and academic institutions such as the University of Oxford or University College London. Around 2022, the NIHR established Clinical Research Facilities – dedicated spaces for delivering research and trials – at 28 NHS hospitals.
The NIHR also funds three Patient Safety Translational Research Centres which focus on translating discoveries on patient safety into practice.
Researching specific regional health and care issues, the NIHR has a network of 15 Applied Research Collaborations. These are partnerships between universities, NHS healthcare providers, local authorities and other organisations. Based at NHS organisations, the NIHR Medtech and In vitro diagnostic Co-operatives work with commercial companies on developing new medical technologies and research in vitro diagnostic tests.
Established by its Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure in 2011, the NIHR has eight Translational Research Collaborations – ready-formed networks of universities, NHS trusts and research centres that conduct early-phase translational research and tackle experimental medicine challenges in selected therapeutic themes.
== Career development and support ==
The NIHR Academy, launched in 2018, develops and coordinates the NIHR's academic training, career and research capacity development. Its launch was an output and recommendation of the strategic review of training which looked at the future training and support needs of researchers.
The NIHR Academy provides training and career development awards from pre-doctoral level to research professorships. As of 2021 the Dean of the NIHR Academy is Professor Waljit Dhillo, Professor in Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Consultant Endocrinologist. He also holds the position of Head of the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism at Imperial College London.
The award of NIHR Senior Investigator is given to recognise "the most prominent and prestigious researchers funded by the NIHR and the most outstanding leaders of patient and people-based research within the NIHR research community", and held for four years with the possibility of a second term and then alumnus status. The NIHR's flagship award is the Research Professorship which funds the clinical and applied health research of outstanding academics for 5-years. Similarly, the Global Health Research Professorship funds research that benefits low and middle income countries.
== Key people and structure ==
Responsibility for the NIHR lies with the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). Professor Sally Davies (Dame Sally from 2009) held this post from 2004 to 2016, and led the founding of the NIHR in 2006. She was succeeded by Professor Chris Whitty (who has also been Chief Medical Officer for England since 2019).
Since August 2021, the current holder of the post is Lucy Chappell, Professor of Obstetrics at King's College London.
For operating the NIHR, the DHSC contracts with a number of NHS Trusts, universities and life science organisations that host NIHR's two coordinating centres:
NIHR Coordinating Centre (NIHRCC), hosted by Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, the University of Southampton, and LGC.
NIHR Research Delivery Network Coordinating Centre (RDNCC), hosted together by the University of Leeds.
The Dean of the NIHR Academy and the Research Programme Directors are also contracted by the DHSC.

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== Publications ==
The NIHR publishes five peer-reviewed, open access journals which make up the NIHR Journals Library. The journals are titled Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation, Health and Social Care Delivery Research, Health Technology Assessment, Public Health Research, and Programme Grants for Applied Research. Researchers working in relevant, NIHR-funded projects are required to publish in an NIHR journal. Besides publishing the final research articles, the NIHR Journals Library supports the model of open science by providing a transparent, 'living' document for each research project which is updated alongside the progress of the study. This involves publishing all relevant materials from the outset of the studies, including the relevant systematic reviews, research protocol, study documentation, plain English descriptions, and data.
The NIHR publishes short, easy-to-read summaries and thematic overviews of the most important research findings on the NIHR Evidence website. Some of the summaries are also published in The British Medical Journal.
The NIHR also has an open science platform where researchers can share any kind of relevant articles, documents and data including negative or null results.
=== Open access ===
NIHR has an open access policy and was one of the original funders of Europe PubMed Central. Their updated policy requires all NIHR-funded, peer-reviewed research articles submitted after June 2022 have to be immediately, freely and openly accessible to all. The articles are required to use the Creative Commons attribution (CC BY) or the Open Government Licence (OGL).
== Achievements and recognition ==
In 2016, NIHR commissioned the independent RAND Europe think tank and the Policy Institute at King's College London to collate and synthesise 100 examples of positive change arising from NIHR's support of health and care research in its first 10 years. The assessment found that the NIHR had "transformed research & development in and for the NHS and the patients it serves".
In 2017, the NIHR was awarded one of the first 'Cochrane-REWARD prizes for reducing waste in research' for the Adding Value in Research Programme
In 2018, an article published in Public Health identified that NHS trusts with increased NIHR-adopted clinical trial activity are associated with reduced mortality levels.
In 2022, a study looking at clinical trial transparency among European medical research funders ranked NIHR the highest for being the most compliant in implementing best practices.
In September 2022, NIHR Cambridge BRC announced what is believed to be UK's first demonstration of genomic data federation by connecting the trusted research environments of NIHR Cambridge BRC with Genomics England as part of a UK Research & Innovation-funded project involving University of Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge BRC, Genomics England, Lifebit, Eastern Academic Health Science Network, and Cambridge University Health Partners.
== See also ==
Medical Research Council
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
Health Research Authority
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
Health and Care Research Wales
NHS Research Scotland
== References ==
== External links ==
Official website
NIHR Evidence — plain-language summaries of the most important findings of NIHR-funded research
NIHR Journals Library — NIHR's six open access journals publishing its funded research