Scrape wikipedia-science: 188 new, 2 updated, 204 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperaccumulators_table_–_3-0.md

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+---
+title: "Hyperaccumulators table – 3"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperaccumulators_table_–_3"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:21.211012+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of, radionuclides (Cd, Cs-137, Co, Pu-238, Ra, Sr, U-234, 235, 238), hydrocarbons and organic solvents (Benzene, BTEX, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Fluoranthene, MTBE, PCB, PCNB, TCE and by-products), and inorganic compounds (Potassium ferrocyanide).
+See also:
+
+Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Ag, Al, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Se, Zn
+Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel
+
+
+== Notes ==
+Uranium: The symbol for Uranium is sometimes given as Ur instead of U. According to Ulrich Schmidt and others, plants' concentration of uranium is considerably increased by an application of citric acid, which solubilizes the uranium (and other metals).
+Radionuclides: Cs-137 and Sr-90 are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow.
+Radionuclides: Plants with mycorrhizal associations are often more effective than non-mycorrhizal plants at the uptake of radionuclides.
+Radionuclides: In general, soils containing higher amounts of organic matter will allow plants to accumulate higher amounts of radionuclides. See also note on Lolium multiflorum in Paasikallio 1984. Plant uptake is also increased with a higher cation exchange capacity for Sr-90 availability, and a lower base saturation for uptake of both Sr-90 and Cs-137.
+Radionuclides: Fertilizing the soil with nitrogen if needed will indirectly increase the take-up of radionuclides by generally boosting the plant's overall growth and more specifically roots' growth. But some fertilizers such as K or Ca compete with the radionuclides for cation exchange sites, and will not increase the take-up of radionuclides.
+Radionuclides: Zhu and Smolders, lab test: Cs uptake is mostly influenced by K supply. The uptake of radiocaesium depends mainly on two transport pathways on plant root cell membranes: the K+ transporter and the K+ channel pathway. Cs is likely transported by the K+ transport system. When external concentration of K is limited to low levels, le K+ transporter shows little discrimination against Cs+; if K supply is high, the K+ channel is dominant and shows high discrimination against Cs+. Caesium is very mobile within the plant, but the ratio Cs/K is not uniform within the plant. Phytoremediation as a possible option for the decontamination of caesium-contaminated soils is limited mainly by that it takes tens of years and creates large volumes of waste.
+Alpine pennycress or Alpine Pennygrass is found as Alpine Pennycrest in (some books).
+The references are so far mostly from academic trial papers, experiments and generally of exploration of that field.
+Radionuclides: Broadley and Willey find that across 30 taxa studied, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae show the strongest correlation between Rb (K) and Cs concentration. The fast-growing Chenopodiaceae discriminate approx. 9 times less between Rb and Cs than the slow-growingGramineae, and this correlate with highest and lowest concentrations achieved respectively.
+Caesium: In Chernobyl-derived radioactivity, the amount of contamination is dependent on the roughness of bark, absolute bark surface and the existence of leaves during the deposition. The major contamination of the shoots is from direct deposition on the trees.
+
+
+== Annotated References ==
+
+
+== Links to the other sections ==
+Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Pt, Se, Zn
+Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IARC_group_3-0.md

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+---
+title: "IARC group 3"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IARC_group_3"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:22.457049+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+IARC group 3 substances, chemical mixtures and exposure circumstances are those that can not be classified in regard to their carcinogenicity to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the level of evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans, but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
+The IARC Monographs on which this list is based assess the hazard linked to the agents, they do not assess the cancer risk of the agents. The list is up-to-date as of January 2024.
+
+
+== Agents and groups of agents ==
+
+
+=== A ===
+
+
+=== B ===
+
+
+=== C ===
+
+
+=== D ===
+
+
+=== E–G ===
+
+
+=== H–L ===
+
+
+=== M ===
+
+
+=== N–O ===
+
+
+=== P ===
+
+
+=== Q–R ===
+
+
+=== S ===
+
+
+=== T ===
+
+
+=== U–Z ===
+
+
+== Mixtures ==
+
+
+== Exposure circumstances ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+IARC group 1
+IARC group 2A
+IARC group 2B
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Description of the list of classifications Archived 2013-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, IARC
+List of Classifications (latest version)
+List of classifications by cancer site Archived 2012-09-20 at the Wayback Machine (last updated on 5 November 2015)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Earth_science_articles-0.md

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+---
+title: "Index of Earth science articles"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Earth_science_articles"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:26.046967+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system.
+Articles related to Earth science include:
+
+
+== A ==
+Antarctic Convergence
+Atmospheric chemistry
+Atmospheric physics
+Atmospheric sciences
+
+
+== B ==
+Biosphere
+Biogeography
+
+
+== C ==
+Cartography
+Chemical oceanography
+Climatology
+Crust
+Cryosphere
+Crystallography (mineralogy)
+
+
+== D ==
+Dynamo theory
+
+
+== E ==
+Earth's core
+Earth's magnetic field
+Earth's mantle
+Economic geology
+Edaphology (soil science)
+Engineering geology
+Environmental geology
+Environmental science
+Erosion
+Exosphere (Atmospheric sciences)
+
+
+== G ==
+Gaia hypothesis
+Gemology (mineralogy)
+Geochemistry
+Geochronology (Geophysics)
+Geodesy (see Surveying)
+Geodynamics (Geophysics and Tectonics)
+Geographical Information System
+Geography
+Geoinformatics (GIS)
+Geology
+Geomagnetics (Geophysics)
+Geomicrobiology
+Geomorphology
+Geophysics
+Geosphere
+Geostatistics
+Glaciology (Geology and Hydrology)
+Gravimetry (Geophysics)
+
+
+== H ==
+Historical geology
+Human geography
+Hydrogeology
+Hydrology
+Hydrometeorology
+Hydrosphere
+
+
+== I ==
+Intertropical Convergence Zone
+
+
+== L ==
+Limnology (Hydrology)
+Lithosphere (Geology)
+
+
+== M ==
+Magma (Volcanology)
+Magnetosphere
+Marine biology (Oceanography)
+Marine geology (Oceanography)
+Meridional flow
+Mesosphere (Atmospheric sciences)
+Meteorology
+Micropaleontology
+Mineralogy
+
+
+== O ==
+Oceanography
+
+
+== P ==
+Paleoceanography
+Paleoclimatology
+Pedology (Soil science)
+Pedosphere (Soil science)
+Petrology (Geology)
+Physical geography
+Physical oceanography
+Planetary geology
+Plate tectonics
+
+
+== Q ==
+Quaternary geology
+
+
+== R ==
+Remote Sensing and GIS
+
+
+== S ==
+Sedimentology (Geology)
+Seismology (Geophysics)
+Soil science
+Stratigraphy (Geology)
+Stratosphere (Atmospheric sciences)
+Structural geology
+Surveying (see Geodesy)
+
+
+== T ==
+Thermosphere (Atmospheric sciences)
+Tropopause
+Troposphere (Atmospheric sciences)
+Tornadoes
+
+
+== V ==
+Volcanology
+
+
+== Z ==
+Zonal flow
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of geoscience organizations"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:16.517935+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of geoscience organizations, including such fields of geosciences as geology, geophysics, hydrology, oceanography, petrophysics, and related fields.
+
+== Intercontinental organizations ==
+Anthropocene Working Group
+Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG)
+Association of Applied Geochemists
+Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society
+Geochemical Society
+International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment
+International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG)
+International Association of Cryospheric Sciences
+International Association of GeoChemistry
+International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
+International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS/AISH)
+International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) – International non-governmental organization
+International Association for the Conservation of Geological Heritage ProGEO
+International Centre for Diffraction Data
+International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) – Non-governmental geological organization
+International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences
+International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
+International Geoscience Programme
+International Glaciological Society (IGS) – International glaciology academic organization
+International Mineralogical Association
+International Organization for Biological Crystallization
+International Permafrost Association
+International Union for Quaternary Research
+International Union of Crystallography
+International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) – International non-governmental organization
+International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) – International non-governmental organization
+Geoscience Education, Training and Technology Transfer
+International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) – International scientific union
+OneGeology
+Paleontological Society (PS)
+Seismological Society of America (SSA) – International scientific society
+Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) – Non-profit scientific society
+Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) – Scientific society
+Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) – Nonprofit geoscience organization
+Society of Mineral Museum Professionals (SMMP) – Professional organization
+Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts (SPWLA)
+Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) – American professional organization
+
+== Africa ==
+Council for Geoscience (CGS) – South African national science council
+Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA)
+Geological Survey of Tanzania
+Nigerian Geological Survey Agency
+Zimbabwe Geological Survey
+
+== Asia ==
+Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS)
+Central Geological Survey (CGS) – Government agency in Taiwan
+Centre for Earthquake Studies – Pakistan
+Crystallographic Society of Japan – Japan
+The Chamber of Geophysical Engineers of Turkey
+China Geological Survey (GSC) – Chinese government agency
+Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS)
+Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University – Saudi Arabia
+Geological Society of Malaysia
+Geological Society of Sri Lanka
+Geological Survey of Bangladesh
+Geological Survey of Japan
+Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) – Government agency
+Israel Geological Society
+Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
+Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) – Saudi Arabian department
+Seismological Society of Japan
+Instituto de Geociências de Timor-Leste (IGTL)
+
+=== India ===
+Geological Society of India
+Geological Survey of India – Indian governmental organization
+National Geophysical Research Institute
+Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
+
+== Europe ==
+Albanian Geological Survey
+Czech Geological Society
+European Association of Geochemistry
+European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (EAGE) – Professional organization for geoscientists and engineers
+European Association of Science Editors (EASE)
+European Crystallographic Association
+European Federation of Geologists (EFG)
+European Geosciences Union (EGU) – International science society
+GeoEcoMar – Romania
+Geologica Belgica – Belgian scientific journal published by the University of Liège Library
+Geological Survey of Austria (GBA)
+Geological Survey of Belgium (GSB)
+Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
+Geological Survey of Finland
+Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) – Norwegian government agence
+Geological Survey of Slovenia
+Geologiska föreningen – Sweden
+German Crystallographic Society
+German Geophysical Society (DGG; German: Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft)
+German Mineralogical Society (DMG; German: Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft)
+Iceland GeoSurvey
+National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) – Research institute in Italy
+
+=== British Isles ===
+Belfast Naturalists' Field Club – Northern Ireland
+British Crystallographic Association
+British Geological Survey (BGS)
+British Organic Geochemical Society (BOGS)
+British Society for Geomorphology
+Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre – England
+Edinburgh Geological Society – Scotland
+Geological Curators' Group – England
+Geological Society of Glasgow – Scotland
+Geological Society of London (GSL) – England
+Geological Survey of Ireland
+Geologists' Association (GA)
+Rockwatch
+Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
+Institute of Theoretical Geophysics
+Institution of Mining and Metallurgy
+Oxford Geology Group
+Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
+Palaeontographical Society
+Palaeontological Association (PalAss) – Charitable organization
+Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) – British learned society and charity
+Royal Geological Society of Cornwall (RGSC) – England
+Royal Geological Society of Ireland
+School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh – Scotland
+Sedgwick Club – University of Cambridge, England
+South Wales Geologists' Association (SWGA) – Wales
+Westmorland Geological Society – England
+Yorkshire Geological Society – England
+
+=== France ===
+Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières
+École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie
+French Crystallographic Association
+Société géologique de France
+
+=== Russia ===
+Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences
+Russian Mineralogical Society
+Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources
+Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum-Gas Geology and Geophysics
+V. S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
+
+== Americas ==
+Institute on Lake Superior Geology – US and Canada (Lake Superior region)
+Mexican Geological Society (SGM) – Mexican learned society
+National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT) – North American organization
+Pan American Institute of Geography and History
+
+=== Canada ===
+Alberta Geological Survey
+Mineral Core Research Facility
+Association of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario – Professional organization of Canada
+Atlantic Geoscience Society
+CAMESE (Canadian Association of Mining Equipment and Services for Export) – Trade organization based in Mississauga, Ontario
+Canadian Geophysical Union
+Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM)
+Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists – Canadian professional society
+Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences (DMEC)
+Geological Association of Canada
+Geological Survey of Canada (GAC) – Government agency
+Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador
+Lithoprobe (dissolved)
+Ontario Geological Survey
+Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC)
+
+=== Central and South America ===
+Colegio de Geólogos – Chile
+Colombian Geological Survey
+Costa Rican Directorate of Geology and Mines
+INGEMMET – Peru
+National Geology and Mining Service – Chile
+Servicio Geológico Minero – Argentina
+Sociedad Geológica del Perú
+Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica – Brazil
+UWI Seismic Research Centre – Trinidad

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations-1.md

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+---
+title: "List of geoscience organizations"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:16.517935+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+=== United States ===
+American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) – Professional geological association
+American Crystallographic Association
+American Gem Society (AGS), also known as American Gemological Society – American trade association
+American Geosciences Institute (AGI) – Nonprofit scientific federation
+American Geophysical Union (AGU) – Nonprofit organization of geophysicists
+American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, also known as Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME)
+American Quaternary Association
+Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), also known as American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
+Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists (AEG)
+The Clay Minerals Society (CMS) – US-based non-profit organizationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
+Earth Science Women's Network (ESWN)
+Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS)
+Gemological Institute of America (GIA) – Research institute in Carlsbad, California
+Geological Society of America (GSA) – Nonprofit organization dedicated to geoscience
+Geoscience Information Society (GSIS)
+Keck Geology Consortium
+Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
+Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) – Scientific organization promoting mineralogy
+National Association of Black Geologists and Geophysicists (NABGG)
+National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics
+National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) – Program to understand and manage US soils
+National Speleological Society (NSS) – Organization for exploration, conservation, and study of caves in the United States
+Paleontological Research Institution (PRI) – U.S. non-profit organization
+Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) – American scientific organization
+National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists (NSCSS) – dissolved
+United States Earth Science Organization (USESO)
+United States Geological Survey (USGS) – Scientific agency of the US government
+United States Geological Survey Library
+
+==== Regional US ====
+Arizona Geological Society
+Arkansas Geological Survey
+Berkeley Geochronology Center
+California Geological Survey
+Delaware Geological Survey
+Delaware Mineralogical Society
+Geological Society of Washington (GSW) – Learned society for geology
+Indiana Geological and Water Survey
+Jackson School of Geosciences – University of Texas at Austin
+Kansas Geological Survey
+Kentucky Geological Survey
+Louisiana Geological Survey
+Michigan Geological Survey
+Mineral Core Research Facility
+Minnesota Geological Survey
+New York Mineralogical Club
+Oklahoma Geological Survey
+Oregon State Board of Geologist Examiners (OSBGE)
+Pacific Section
+Pennsylvania Geological Survey
+Pittsburgh Association of Petroleum Geologists (PAPG)
+Pittsburgh Geological Society (PGS)
+Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) – Non-profit organisation in Denver, Colorado
+Southern California Earthquake Center
+Utah Geological Survey
+
+== Oceania ==
+Australian Geoscience Council Inc (AGC) - Umbrella organisation - Australian non-profit
+Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG) - Australian non-profit
+Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) - Australian non-profit
+Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG) - Australian non-profit
+Geological Society of Australia (GSA) – Australian non-profit
+Geoscience Australia – Agency of the Australian Government
+Geological Survey of Queensland
+Geological Survey of South Australia
+Geological Survey of Victoria
+Geological Survey of Western Australia
+GNS Science – New Zealand
+Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia (PESA) - Australian non-profit
+The Australian and New Zealand Geomorphology Group (ANZGG) - Trans-Tasman non-profit
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hyperaccumulators-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of hyperaccumulators"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hyperaccumulators"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:18.790682+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).
+See also:
+
+Hyperaccumulators table – 2: Nickel
+Hyperaccumulators table – 3: Cd, Cs, Co, Pu, Ra, Sr, U, radionuclides, hydrocarbons, organic solvents, etc.
+
+
+== Hyperaccumulators table – 1 ==
+
+Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of ice cores"
+chunk: 1/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:24.876028+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+This is a list of ice cores drilled for scientific purposes.  Note that many of these locations are on moving ice sheets, and the latitude and longitude given is as of the date of drilling.
+
+== Africa ==
+
+== Antarctica ==
+
+== Asia ==
+
+=== Mainland and arctic islands ===
+
+=== Southeast Asia ===
+
+== Europe ==
+
+=== Alps ===
+
+=== Iceland ===
+
+=== Scandinavia ===
+
+=== Spitzbergen ===
+
+== North America ==
+
+=== Canada ===
+
+=== Greenland ===
+
+=== United States ===
+
+== Oceania ==
+
+=== New Zealand ===
+
+== South America ==
+
+=== Bolivia ===
+
+=== Peru ===
+
+== See also ==
+
+List of Arctic research programs
+List of research stations in the Arctic
+Research stations in Antarctica
+
+== Notes ==
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores-2.md

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+---
+title: "List of ice cores"
+chunk: 3/3
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:24.876028+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Rapp, Donald (2012). Ice Ages and Interglacials: Measurements, Interpretation, and Models (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-30028-8. Rasmussen, S.O.; et al. (2013). "A first chronology for the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core". Climate of the Past. 9 (6): 2713–2730. Bibcode:2013CliPa...9.2713R. doi:10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013. Thompson, L.G.; et al. (1994). "Climate since AD 1510 on Dyer Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula: evidence for recent climate change" (PDF). Annals of Glaciology. 20: 420–426. Bibcode:1994AnGla..20..420T. doi:10.3189/1994aog20-1-420-426. Thwaites, Richard J.; Wilson, Christopher; McCray, Anthony P. (1984). "Relationship between bore-hole closure and crystal fabrics in Antarctic ice core from Cape Folger" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 30 (105): 171–179. Bibcode:1984JGlac..30..171T. doi:10.1017/S0022143000005906. Ueda, Herbert T.; Talalay, Pavel G. (October 2007). "Fifty Years of Soviet and Russian Drilling Activity in Polar and Non-Polar Ice". Erdc/Crrel Tr-07-20. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Vasiliev, N.I.; et al. (2007). "Deep drilling at Vostok station, Antarctica: history and recent events". Annals of Glaciology. 47 (1): 10–23. Bibcode:2007AnGla..47...10V. doi:10.3189/172756407786857776. Weidick, Anker (1995). "Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World: Greenland" (PDF). United States Geological Survey Professional Papers. 1386-C: 1–153. Zagorodnov, V.; et al. (1998). "Antifreeze thermal ice core drilling: an effective approach to the acquisition of ice cores" (PDF). Cold Regions Science and Technology. 28 (3): 189–202. Bibcode:1998CRST...28..189Z. doi:10.1016/S0165-232X(98)00019-6. Zagorodnov, V.; Nagornov, O.; Scambos, T.A.; Muto, A.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Pettit, E.C.; Tyuflin, S. (2012). "Borehole temperatures reveal details of 20th century warming at Bruce Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula". The Cryosphere. 6 (3): 675–686. Bibcode:2012TCry....6..675Z. doi:10.5194/tc-6-675-2012.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inductees_in_the_International_Rubber_Science_Hall_of_Fame-0.md

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+---
+title: "List of inductees in the International Rubber Science Hall of Fame"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inductees_in_the_International_Rubber_Science_Hall_of_Fame"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:27.274530+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The International Rubber Science Hall of Fame recognizes the careers of notable professionals in rubber technology. It is jointly sponsored by the Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science at The University of Akron and the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society.
+The Goodyear Polymer Center at the University of Akron houses the Hall of Fame's portrait gallery.
+
+
+== Inductees ==
+The following are members of the International Rubber Hall of Fame:
+
+
+== See also ==
+Charles Goodyear Medal: Another ACS rubber award
+Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award: Another ACS rubber award
+International Rubber Science Hall of Fame: Another ACS award
+Rubber Chemistry and Technology: An ACS journal
+List of chemistry awards
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Awards page of ACS Rubber Division

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_health_sciences-0.md

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+---
+title: "Outline of health sciences"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_health_sciences"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:17.624144+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health sciences:
+Health sciences – those sciences that focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. Health sciences relate to multiple academic disciplines, including STEM disciplines and emerging patient safety disciplines (such as social care research).
+
+
+== Medicine and its branches ==
+Medicine is an applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Below are some of the branches of medicine.
+
+Anesthesiology is the brand of medicine that deals with life support and anesthesia during surgery.
+Angiology deals with the diseases of the circulatory system.
+Audiology focuses on preventing and curing hearing damage.
+Bariatrics deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity.
+Cardiology deals with disorders of the heart and the blood vessels.
+Critical care medicine focuses on life support and the intensive care of the seriously ill.
+Dentistry is the branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
+Dermatology deals with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases.
+Emergency medicine focuses on care provided in the emergency department.
+Endocrinology deals with disorders of the endocrine system.
+Family medicine is a medical specialty devoted to comprehensive health care for people of all ages.
+Gastroenterology deals with the study and care of the digestive system.
+General Practice (often called Family Medicine) is a branch of medicine that specializes in primary care.
+Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the general health and well-being of the elderly.
+Gynecology deals with the health of the female reproductive systems and the breasts.
+Hematology deals with the blood and the circulatory system.
+Hepatology deals with the liver, gallbladder and the biliary system.
+Infectious disease is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of infectious disease, especially for complex cases and immunocompromised patients.
+Clinical immunology is the study of the human immune system.
+Kinesiology is the scientific study of human or non-human body movement.
+Laboratory medicine deals with diagnostic laboratory examinations and tests and their interpretation what makes in a medical laboratory.
+Medical physics is the branch of medicine and science that deals with applications of physics concepts, theories, and methods to medicine or health care.
+Neurology deals with the brain and the nervous system.
+Nephrology is the branch of medicine which deals with the kidneys.
+Oncology is the branch of medicine that studies of cancer.
+Ophthalmology deals with the eyes.
+Orthopedics is a branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system
+Otolaryngology deals the ears, nose and throat.
+Pathology is the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of the disease.
+Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the general health and well-being of children.
+Pharmacy is the art and practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs
+Pharmacology is study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines.
+Public health and preventive medicine is the branch of medicine concerned with the health of populations.
+Pulmonology is the branch of medicine that deals with the respiratory system.
+Psychiatry deals with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
+Clinical psychology is a health discipline concerned with the biopsychosocial study of the mind, brain, behavior and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of psychological disorders.
+Radiology is the branch of medicine that employs medical imaging to diagnose and treat disease.
+Rheumatology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.
+Splanchnology deals with visceral organs.
+Surgery is the branch of medicine that uses operative techniques to investigate or treat both disease and injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.
+Urology is the branch of medicine that deals with the urinary system and the male reproductive system.
+Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in nonhuman/animals.
+
+
+== History of health sciences ==
+History of medicine
+
+
+== General health sciences concepts ==
+Disease
+Healing
+Health
+Health care
+Health informatics
+Doctor
+Dentist
+Physician
+Surgeon
+Veterinarian
+Hospital
+Nurse
+Medication
+Operation
+
+
+== Diagnostic methods ==
+Physical examination
+Auscultation
+Percussion
+Medical history
+Medical imaging
+X-ray
+CT scan
+PET scan
+MRI
+SPECT (Single-photon emission computed tomography)
+Ultrasound
+Microscopy
+Phlebotomy
+Rating scales
+
+
+== See also ==
+Academic health science centre
+Biomedical sciences
+Health economics
+List of health sciences topics
+List of life sciences
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Links to Health Professions websites
+National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
+The US National Library of Medicine

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan-0.md

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+---
+title: "University of Ibadan"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:23.627174+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The University of Ibadan (UI) is a federal university located in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Initially founded as the University College Ibadan in 1948, it maintained its affiliation with the University of London. In 1962, it became an independent institution, making it the oldest degree-awarding institution in Nigeria. The University of Ibadan has significantly contributed to Nigeria's political, industrial, economic, and cultural development through its extensive network of graduates.
+UI enrolls about 33,000 students, is internationally recognized, and has a number of accomplished alumni.
+
+== History ==
+
+The university was established in 1948 as University College Ibadan, a branch of the University of London, which supervised its academic programs and awarded degrees until 1967. The establishment came as a result of a recommendation from the Asquith and the Elliot Commissions on Higher Education in the then-British colonies, that two Universities stemming from the University of London should be set up in Ghana and Nigeria. Before 1948, Yaba College had been founded in 1932 in Yaba, Lagos, as the first tertiary educational institute in Nigeria, focused primarily on providing post-secondary vocational education and teacher training to Africans.
+However, the limited aims of Yaba College and clamor by Nigerian nationalists for self-improvement and uninhibited education led to the establishment of University College Ibadan as the first degree-awarding institution in Nigeria in 1948. Staff and students from Yaba Higher College were transferred to Ibadan to form the new University College Ibadan.
+Modelled after the British university system, Kenneth Mellanby was appointed in 1947 as its first principal, and he inaugurated the university college on 18 January 1948. The sod of its permanent site was cut on 17 November 1948, a date now known as its Founders' Day. The university's first buildings were designed by eminent modernist architects Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Following the tropical modernist style, the 1950s construction comprised administrative blocks, residential colleges and academic facilities.
+Following Nigeria's independence in 1960 and the subsequent drive to domesticate several institutions, UCI became an established full-fledged independent university in early 1962 and thus, the name changed to University of Ibadan.
+In late 1963, on the university playing fields, with a celebration marked by talking drums, the Rt. Hon. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of independent Nigeria, became the first Chancellor of this independent university. The first Nigerian vice-chancellor of the university was Kenneth Dike, after whom the university library is named.
+
+== Rankings and reputation ==
+
+The university consistently ranks as one of the best in Nigeria. In September 2016, it became the first Nigerian university to make the top 1,000 in Times Higher Education rankings. Prior to that, it had always made the top 10 African Universities in Webometrics Rankings. UI is currently ranked No. 1 in Nigeria and 1,177 in the world according to Webometrics. The US News and World Report rank the University as the 350th in Best Global Universities. 
+
+== Administration ==
+The current principal members of the university administration are:
+
+The university is made up of 92 academic departments organized into 17 faculties, namely: Arts, Science, Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Agriculture, the Social Sciences, Education, Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacy, Technology, Law, Public Health, Dentistry, Economics and Management Sciences, all Renewable Natural Resources, Environmental Design and Management, and Multidisciplinary Studies. The Faculties of the Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Dentistry are organized as a College of Medicine. The university has other academic units, among which are: Institute of Child Health, Institute of Education, Institute of African Studies, Centre for Child Adolescent and Mental Health, Centre for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (CEI), Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Centre for Drug Discovery, Development & Production (CDDDP) and Centre for Control & Prevention of Zoonosis (CCPZ). The recently established Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), School of Business (UISB) and National Institute for Maternal, Child & Neonatal Health (NIMCNH) have commenced operation.
+The University of Ibadan has 15 halls of residence that provide accommodation for about 30% of the population of students in the regular studies mode. Some of its popular halls include Lord Tedder Hall, Kenneth Mellanby Hall, Sultan Bello Hall, Nnamdi Azikiwe Hall, Independence Hall, Tafawa Balewa Hall, Kuti Hall, Queen Idia Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Obafemi Awolowo Hall – which is the largest female hall in West Africa. The university has a total staff strength of 5,339 with 1,212 housing units for both senior and junior staff. The university has residential and sports facilities for staff and students on campus, as well as separate botanical and zoological gardens.
+
+== Institutes ==
+Institutes of African Studies
+IFRA-Nigeria (Institut français de recherche en Afrique) – an institute funded by the French government to promote research in the social sciences and the humanities and improve collaborative work between academics in France and West Africa.
+Institute of Child Health
+Institute of Education
+Advanced Medical Research and Training
+Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies
+LES Institute of PAU
+School of Economics
+School of Business
+
+=== Academic Centres ===
+Centre for General Studies
+Centre for Educational media resource studies
+Centre for Entrepreneurship and Innovation
+Centre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law Multidisciplinary Central Research Laboratory (MCRL)
+Yoruba Language Centre
+
+=== Centres of Excellence ===
+Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning
+Centre for Child & Adolescent Mental Health
+Centre for Control & Prevention of Zoonoses
+Center for Drug Discovery, Development and Production (CDDDP)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan-1.md

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+---
+title: "University of Ibadan"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:01:23.627174+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Library ==
+Among the notable structures in the university is the central Kenneth Dike Library (popularly called "KDL" by the students), located just beside the Faculty of Arts. The library, which has a large capacity for students, contains books relating to virtually all fields of knowledge both in and outside the university community.
+The library is named after Professor Kenneth Dike, who was the first indigenous Principal and former Vice-Chancellor of the university. It was established out of the desires of the founding fathers and matriarch of the institution to cut a niche for research and sound teaching.
+The library contains 700,000 volumes of information and more than 1,250 seats for readers. It is open to all senior staff, students of the institution, senior staff of the University College Hospital, (UCH) Ibadan as well as alumni of the university.
+
+== Notable alumni ==
+The university has educated many notable alumni, including a Nobel Laureate in Literature, eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, business icons, philosophers, writers, monarchs, countless technocrats, recipients of the Nigerian National Order of Merit and fellows of the various learned academies. 
+Abdulganiyu Abdulrasaq, lawyer, former President of the Nigerian Stock Exchange
+Mufutau Oloyede Abdul-Rahmon, Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies.
+John Omoniyi Abiri, Nigerian academic
+Sadique Abubakar, former Nigeria Chief of Air Staff
+Chinua Achebe, novelist, author of Things Fall Apart
+J. K. Acquaye, Professor of Haematology, president of the West African College of Physicians (2003–2004)
+Dapo Lam Adesina, Member of House of Representative for Ibadan North East/South Federal Constituency
+Zulu Adigwe, Nollywood actor
+Adiele Afigbo, historian
+Babajide Agunbiade, offshore engineer
+Ayandiji Daniel Aina, former Vice-Chancellor of Caleb University
+J. F. Ade Ajayi, Nigerian historian
+Lola Akande, author and academic
+Wahab Adekola Akande, diplomat
+Claude Ake, Professor of Political Economy, international scholar and social crusader
+Stephen Adebanji Akintoye
+Grace Alele-Williams
+Elechi Amadi
+Seth Amoama, Ghanaian Chief of the Defence Staff
+Alexander Animalu, emeritus Professor, former Director National Mathematical Centre, Abuja
+Emeka Anyaoku, former Commonwealth Secretary-General
+Kayode Are, former National Security Adviser and former Director General of the State Security Service
+Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Ibadan
+Mosun Belo-Olusoga, financial expert
+Senator Robert Ajayi Boroffice
+Vivian E. Browne, visual artist
+J. P. Clark
+Sola David-Borha, Chief Executive (Africa Region) of Standard Bank
+Adebayo Faleti (late), journalist, poet, actor and writer
+Kayode Fayemi, former Governor of Ekiti State, former Min of Solid Minerals
+Ronke Giwa-Onafuwa,  radio presenter and broadcaster
+Chukwuemeka Ike, writer
+Amadi Ikwechegh
+Abiola Irele
+Funmi Iyanda, talk show host, broadcaster, journalist
+Lola Kola, medical sociologist
+William Kumuyi, founder and General Superintendent of Deeper Christian Life Ministry
+Yahaya Kuta, author
+Eyitayo Lambo, Nigerian former Federal Minister of Health
+Mary Lazarus, Nigerian actress.
+Eddie Mbadiwe, Member of the House of Representative
+James Meredith, Civil Rights Movement figure
+Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah
+Jerome Nriagu, Environmental chemist, academic and researcher
+Aniebiet Inyang Ntui, EU Ambassador, University Librarian of University of Calabar and Professor of Library and Information Science.
+Mark Nwagwu, academic and poet
+James Chike Nwankwo, disc jockey and singer
+Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani
+Christopher Okigbo
+Ifeanyi Okowa, Governor of Delta State
+Isidore Okpewho
+Tunji Olaopa, founder and Executive Vice-chairman, ISGPP
+Olufunmilayo Olopade
+Sophie Oluwole, philosopher
+Miriam Olusanya, first female managing director of GTB
+Akinyinka Omigbodun
+Michael Omolewa, former President of UNESCO General Conference and Ambassador of Nigeria to UNESCO
+Kole Omotosho
+Gamaliel Onosode
+Zakariyau Oseni
+Femi Osofisan, lecturer and playwright known for Women of Owu
+Niyi Osundare
+Nduka Otiono, journalist and author
+Jude Rabo, Vice-Chancellor of Federal University, Wukari
+Ken Saro-Wiwa
+Kashim Shettima, Vice President-elect of Nigeria
+Fisayo Soyombo, investigative journalist
+Wole Soyinka, winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature
+Martin I. Uhomoibhi
+Farida Waziri
+Folashade Yemi-Esan, head of the civil service of the federation
+
+== In popular culture ==
+Ebrohimie Road, a street in the University of Ibadan, was the subject of a documentary film, Ebrohimie Road: A Museum of Memory, released in July 2024, written by Nigerian writer and linguist Kola Tubosun. The street features a campus bungalow where Nigerian writer and Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka lived with his family from around 1967 to around 1972, and which has played a significant role in the history of the country, the university, and the writer himself.
+
+== See also ==
+Diamond FM (Ibadan)
+List of universities in Nigeria
+
+== References ==
+
+== Sources ==
+van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1973). Power and privilege at an African university. With the assistance of Paul Alabi [and others]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0710075855.
+Teferra, Damtew; Altbach, Philip G., eds. (2003). African higher education: An international reference handbook. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34186-0.
+
+== Further reading ==
+Tamuno, Tekena N., ed. (1981). Ibadan Voices: Ibadan University in Transition. Ibadan University Press. ISBN 978-978-121-109-6.
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website