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Caral–Supe civilization - Wikipedia
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History and geography
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1.1
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Influence
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3
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Maritime coast and agricultural interior
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3.1
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Confirmed diet
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3.2
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Theory of a maritime foundation for Andean civilization
|
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3.3
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Cotton and food sources
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3.4
|
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</span>
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History of research
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</span>
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</div>
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4
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Social organization
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|
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4.1
|
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Government
|
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|
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4.1.1
|
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Economic
|
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4.1.2
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Ideology
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4.1.3
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Physical
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5
|
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Sites and architecture
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6
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Development and absent technologies
|
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7
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Academic disputes
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8
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|
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See also
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">
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9
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Notes
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">
|
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10
|
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</span>
|
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<span>
|
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References
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">
|
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11
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</span>
|
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<span>
|
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Further reading
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12
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External links
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<h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading">
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Caral–Supe civilization
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</span>
|
||
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">
|
||
39 languages
|
||
</span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
|
||
<div class="vector-menu-content">
|
||
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" data-title="حضارة نورتي شيكو" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" hreflang="ar" lang="ar" title="حضارة نورتي شيكو – Arabic">
|
||
<span>
|
||
العربية
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" data-title="Civilización Caral" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_Caral" hreflang="ast" lang="ast" title="Civilización Caral – Asturian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Asturianu
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" data-title="Civilización Caral ukat juk’ampinaka" href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_Caral_ukat_juk%E2%80%99ampinaka" hreflang="ay" lang="ay" title="Civilización Caral ukat juk’ampinaka – Aymara">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Aymar aru
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" data-title="Культура Нортэ-Чыка" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D-%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" hreflang="be" lang="be" title="Культура Нортэ-Чыка – Belarusian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Беларуская
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" data-title="কারাল সভ্যতা" href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" hreflang="bn" lang="bn" title="কারাল সভ্যতা – Bangla">
|
||
<span>
|
||
বাংলা
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" data-title="Civilització de Caral" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitzaci%C3%B3_de_Caral" hreflang="ca" lang="ca" title="Civilització de Caral – Catalan">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Català
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" data-title="Kultura Norte Chico" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Norte_Chico" hreflang="cs" lang="cs" title="Kultura Norte Chico – Czech">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Čeština
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" data-title="Norte Chico-civilisationen" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico-civilisationen" hreflang="da" lang="da" title="Norte Chico-civilisationen – Danish">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Dansk
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" data-title="Norte-Chico-Kultur" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte-Chico-Kultur" hreflang="de" lang="de" title="Norte-Chico-Kultur – German">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Deutsch
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" data-title="Civilizacio Norte Chico" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacio_Norte_Chico" hreflang="eo" lang="eo" title="Civilizacio Norte Chico – Esperanto">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Esperanto
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" data-title="Civilización caral" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_caral" hreflang="es" lang="es" title="Civilización caral – Spanish">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Español
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" data-title="Caralgo zibilizazioa" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caralgo_zibilizazioa" hreflang="eu" lang="eu" title="Caralgo zibilizazioa – Basque">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Euskara
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" data-title="تمدن نورته چیکو" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" hreflang="fa" lang="fa" title="تمدن نورته چیکو – Persian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
فارسی
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" data-title="Caral-Supen sivilisaatio" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral-Supen_sivilisaatio" hreflang="fi" lang="fi" title="Caral-Supen sivilisaatio – Finnish">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Suomi
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" data-title="Civilisation de Caral" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_de_Caral" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" title="Civilisation de Caral – French">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Français
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" data-title="Civilización Caral-Supe" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_Caral-Supe" hreflang="gl" lang="gl" title="Civilización Caral-Supe – Galician">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Galego
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" data-title="ציוויליזציית נורטה צ'יקו" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" hreflang="he" lang="he" title="ציוויליזציית נורטה צ'יקו – Hebrew">
|
||
<span>
|
||
עברית
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" data-title="कैरल–सुपे सभ्यता" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E2%80%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" hreflang="hi" lang="hi" title="कैरल–सुपे सभ्यता – Hindi">
|
||
<span>
|
||
हिन्दी
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" data-title="Peradaban Norte Chico" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban_Norte_Chico" hreflang="id" lang="id" title="Peradaban Norte Chico – Indonesian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Bahasa Indonesia
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" data-title="Caral-Supe-menningin" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral-Supe-menningin" hreflang="is" lang="is" title="Caral-Supe-menningin – Icelandic">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Íslenska
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" data-title="노르테 치코 문명" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C_%EC%B9%98%EC%BD%94_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" hreflang="ko" lang="ko" title="노르테 치코 문명 – Korean">
|
||
<span>
|
||
한국어
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" data-title="Cultus Caralensis" href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultus_Caralensis" hreflang="la" lang="la" title="Cultus Caralensis – Latin">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Latina
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" data-title="Norte Čiko kultūra" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_%C4%8Ciko_kult%C5%ABra" hreflang="lt" lang="lt" title="Norte Čiko kultūra – Lithuanian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Lietuvių
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" data-title="Tamadun Norte Chico" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamadun_Norte_Chico" hreflang="ms" lang="ms" title="Tamadun Norte Chico – Malay">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Bahasa Melayu
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" data-title="नोर्ते चिको लहना" href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" hreflang="new" lang="new" title="नोर्ते चिको लहना – Newari">
|
||
<span>
|
||
नेपाल भाषा
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" data-title="Caral-Supecultuur" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral-Supecultuur" hreflang="nl" lang="nl" title="Caral-Supecultuur – Dutch">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Nederlands
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" data-title="Civilizacion de Caral" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacion_de_Caral" hreflang="oc" lang="oc" title="Civilizacion de Caral – Occitan">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Occitan
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" data-title="Kultura Norte Chico" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Norte_Chico" hreflang="pl" lang="pl" title="Kultura Norte Chico – Polish">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Polski
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" data-title="نورتے چیکو رہتل" href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%92_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%81%D8%AA%D9%84" hreflang="pnb" lang="pnb" title="نورتے چیکو رہتل – Western Punjabi">
|
||
<span>
|
||
پنجابی
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" data-title="Civilização de Caral" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Caral" hreflang="pt" lang="pt" title="Civilização de Caral – Portuguese">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Português
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" data-title="Норте-Чико (культура)" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" hreflang="ru" lang="ru" title="Норте-Чико (культура) – Russian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Русский
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" data-title="Норте Чико" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" hreflang="sr" lang="sr" title="Норте Чико – Serbian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Српски / srpski
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" data-title="Caral-Supe-civilisationen" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral-Supe-civilisationen" hreflang="sv" lang="sv" title="Caral-Supe-civilisationen – Swedish">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Svenska
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" data-title="อารยธรรมการัล" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" hreflang="th" lang="th" title="อารยธรรมการัล – Thai">
|
||
<span>
|
||
ไทย
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" data-title="Норте-Чико (культура)" href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" hreflang="uk" lang="uk" title="Норте-Чико (культура) – Ukrainian">
|
||
<span>
|
||
Українська
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item">
|
||
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" data-title="کارال تہذیب" href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A8" hreflang="ur" lang="ur" title="کارال تہذیب – Urdu">
|
||
<span>
|
||
اردو
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item">
|
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|
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|
||
You can help
|
||
<b>
|
||
expand this article with text translated from
|
||
<a class="extiw" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Caral" title="pt:Civilização de Caral">
|
||
the corresponding article
|
||
</a>
|
||
in Portuguese
|
||
</b>
|
||
.
|
||
<i>
|
||
<small>
|
||
(February 2026)
|
||
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|
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|
||
Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
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Consider
|
||
<b>
|
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<a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Portuguese#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Portuguese">
|
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adding a topic
|
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</b>
|
||
to this template: there are already 558 articles in the
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main category
|
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</a>
|
||
, and specifying
|
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<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">
|
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|topic=
|
||
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|
||
will aid in categorization.
|
||
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|
||
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|
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
|
||
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<li>
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You
|
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<b>
|
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must
|
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</b>
|
||
provide
|
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accompanying your translation by providing an
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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<code>
|
||
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:Pt:Civilização de Caral]]; see its history for attribution.
|
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</code>
|
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</li>
|
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<li>
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You may also add the template
|
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<code>
|
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{{Translated|Pt|Civilização de Caral}}
|
||
</code>
|
||
to the
|
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<a href="/wiki/Talk:Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Talk:Caral–Supe civilization">
|
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talk page
|
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|
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.
|
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</li>
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<li>
|
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For more guidance, see
|
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|
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Wikipedia:Translation
|
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|
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.
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This article
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It may include
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|
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|
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verified
|
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|
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in cited sources,
|
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|
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|
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|
||
, or
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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Learn how and when to remove this message
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||
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|
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|
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</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
|
||
</p>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1316064257">
|
||
.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:-3px}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="infobox">
|
||
<caption class="infobox-title">
|
||
Caral–Supe
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="infobox-image" colspan="2">
|
||
<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Peru_site_locations.png">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="334" data-file-width="254" decoding="async" height="329" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Peru_site_locations.png/250px-Peru_site_locations.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Peru_site_locations.png 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<div class="infobox-caption">
|
||
Map of Caral–Supe sites showing their locations in Peru
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
|
||
Alternative names
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="infobox-data">
|
||
Caral, Norte Chico
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
|
||
Geographical range
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="infobox-data">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lima" title="Department of Lima">
|
||
Lima
|
||
</a>
|
||
, Peru
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
|
||
Period
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="infobox-data">
|
||
Cotton pre-ceramic
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
|
||
Dates
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="infobox-data">
|
||
<abbr title="circa">
|
||
c.
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
<span style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
3500 BCE
|
||
</span>
|
||
– c.
|
||
<span style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
1800 BCE
|
||
</span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">
|
||
Type site
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="infobox-data">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aspero" title="Aspero">
|
||
Aspero
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
|
||
Preceded by
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="infobox-data">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">
|
||
Lauricocha
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
|
||
Followed by
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="infobox-data">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Kotosh_Religious_Tradition" title="Kotosh Religious Tradition">
|
||
Kotosh
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
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|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
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|
||
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||
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|
||
<th class="sidebar-title">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">
|
||
Part of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Peru" title="Category:History of Peru">
|
||
a series
|
||
</a>
|
||
on the
|
||
</div>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">
|
||
History of
|
||
<span class="fn org label">
|
||
Peru
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
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|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;">
|
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<span typeof="mw:File">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:CHAPITRE_VII_Perou_(cropped).jpg" title="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde">
|
||
<img alt="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="828" data-file-width="579" decoding="async" height="215" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CHAPITRE_VII_Perou_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-CHAPITRE_VII_Perou_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CHAPITRE_VII_Perou_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-CHAPITRE_VII_Perou_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="150"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="sidebar-content">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">
|
||
By chronology
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
|
||
<table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none">
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Pre-Columbian Peru">
|
||
Pre-Columbian Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
12000 BCE–1532
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">
|
||
Ancient civilizations
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
3500 BCE–1470
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">
|
||
Inca Empire
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1438–1533/1572
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">
|
||
Spanish conquest
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1532–1572
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">
|
||
Viceroyalty
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1542–1824
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">
|
||
War of Independence
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1809–1826
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1821%E2%80%931842)" title="History of Peru (1821–1842)">
|
||
Foundational Period
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1821–1842
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Peru" title="Protectorate of Peru">
|
||
Protectorate of Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1821–1822
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governing_Junta" title="Supreme Governing Junta">
|
||
Supreme Governing Junta
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1822–1823
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">
|
||
Confederation
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">
|
||
War
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1836–1839
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Peru)" title="Restoration (Peru)">
|
||
Restoration
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1839–1841
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="History of Peru (1841–1845)">
|
||
Military Anarchy
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1841–1845
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1845%E2%80%931866)" title="History of Peru (1845–1866)">
|
||
Guano Era
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1845–1866
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">
|
||
Chincha Islands War
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1865–1879
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">
|
||
War of the Pacific
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1879–1883
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Peruvian_resistance_movement_in_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Peruvian resistance movement in the War of the Pacific">
|
||
Peruvian Resistance
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1881–1883
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/National_Reconstruction_(Peru)" title="National Reconstruction (Peru)">
|
||
National Reconstruction
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1884–1895
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aristocratic_Republic_(Peru)" title="Aristocratic Republic (Peru)">
|
||
Aristocratic Republic
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1895–1919
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1919%E2%80%931930)" title="History of Peru (1919–1930)">
|
||
New Motherland
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1919–1930
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1930-1939)" title="History of Peru (1930-1939)">
|
||
Third Militarism
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1930–1939
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">
|
||
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1941–1942
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1948%E2%80%931956)" title="History of Peru (1948–1956)">
|
||
Odría Dictatorship
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1948–1956
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1956%E2%80%931968)" title="History of Peru (1956–1968)">
|
||
Moderate civil reform
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1956–1968
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">
|
||
Revolutionary Government
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1968–1980
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1980%E2%80%932000)" title="History of Peru (1980–2000)">
|
||
Democracy and terrorism
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1980–2000
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">
|
||
Internal conflict
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1980–
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Peru)" title="Lost Decade (Peru)">
|
||
Economic crisis
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
1980–1991
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">
|
||
Peruvian political crisis
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">
|
||
2016–
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="sidebar-content">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">
|
||
By political entity
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">
|
||
History of the Inca Empire
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru#History" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">
|
||
History of the Viceroyalty of Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru#Republic_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">
|
||
History of the Republic of Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="sidebar-content">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">
|
||
By topic
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">
|
||
Demographic history
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">
|
||
Economic history
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Peru" title="Constitutional history of Peru">
|
||
Constitutional history
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Peru" title="List of wars involving Peru">
|
||
Peruvian wars
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="sidebar-content">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">
|
||
See also
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">
|
||
Timeline
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Peru" title="List of years in Peru">
|
||
Years in Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Peruvian coups d'état">
|
||
Coups d'état
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;">
|
||
<span class="nowrap">
|
||
<span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File">
|
||
<span>
|
||
<img alt="flag" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" decoding="async" height="11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/20px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x" width="17"/>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">
|
||
Peru portal
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="sidebar-navbar">
|
||
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style">
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
|
||
.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="nv-view">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Template:History of Peru">
|
||
<abbr title="View this template">
|
||
v
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nv-talk">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Peru" title="Template talk:History of Peru">
|
||
<abbr title="Discuss this template">
|
||
t
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nv-edit">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Peru">
|
||
<abbr title="Edit this template">
|
||
e
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</link>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aspero.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="456" data-file-width="726" decoding="async" height="157" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aspero.jpg/250px-Aspero.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aspero.jpg/500px-Aspero.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Reconstruction of one of the pyramids of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aspero" title="Aspero">
|
||
Aspero
|
||
</a>
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<b>
|
||
Caral–Supe
|
||
</b>
|
||
(also known as
|
||
<b>
|
||
Caral
|
||
</b>
|
||
and
|
||
<b>
|
||
Norte Chico
|
||
</b>
|
||
) was a complex
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">
|
||
pre-Columbian era
|
||
</a>
|
||
society that included as many as thirty major population centers in what is now the Caral region of north-central coastal
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">
|
||
Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
. The civilization flourished between the 4th and 2nd millennia BCE, with the formation of the first city generally dated to around 3500 BCE, at
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Huaricanga" title="Huaricanga">
|
||
Huaricanga
|
||
</a>
|
||
, in the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Fortaleza_River_(Peru)" title="Fortaleza River (Peru)">
|
||
Fortaleza
|
||
</a>
|
||
area.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
From 3100 BCE onward, large-scale human settlement and communal construction become clearly apparent.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dating_2-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Dating-2">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
2
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
This lasted until a period of decline around 1800 BCE.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NewLight_3-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-NewLight-3">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
3
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Since the early 21st century, it has been recognized as the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">
|
||
oldest-known civilization
|
||
</a>
|
||
in America, and as one of the six sites where
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">
|
||
civilization separately originated
|
||
</a>
|
||
in the ancient world.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AncientAndes_4-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-AncientAndes-4">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
4
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This civilization flourished along three rivers, the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Fortaleza_River_(Peru)" title="Fortaleza River (Peru)">
|
||
Fortaleza
|
||
</a>
|
||
, the Pativilca, and the Supe. These river valleys each have large clusters of sites. Farther south, there are several associated sites along the Huaura River.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-5">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
5
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
The name Caral–Supe is derived from the city of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Caral" title="Caral">
|
||
Caral
|
||
</a>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-6">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
6
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
in the Supe Valley, a large and well-studied Caral–Supe site.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Complex society in the Caral–Supe arose a millennium after
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">
|
||
Sumer
|
||
</a>
|
||
in
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">
|
||
Mesopotamia
|
||
</a>
|
||
, was contemporaneous with the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">
|
||
Egyptian pyramids
|
||
</a>
|
||
, and predated the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">
|
||
Mesoamerican
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">
|
||
Olmecs
|
||
</a>
|
||
by nearly two millennia.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
In
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Archaeological" title="Archaeological">
|
||
archaeological
|
||
</a>
|
||
nomenclature, Caral–Supe is a pre-ceramic culture of the pre-Columbian
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">
|
||
Late Archaic
|
||
</a>
|
||
; it
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">
|
||
completely lacked
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">
|
||
ceramics
|
||
</a>
|
||
and no evidence of visual art has survived. The most impressive achievement of the civilization was its monumental architecture, including large
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">
|
||
earthwork
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">
|
||
platform mounds
|
||
</a>
|
||
and sunken circular
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Plaza" title="Plaza">
|
||
plazas
|
||
</a>
|
||
. Archaeological evidence suggests
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">
|
||
use of textile technology
|
||
</a>
|
||
and, possibly, the worship of common deity symbols, both of which recur in pre-Columbian
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">
|
||
Andean civilizations
|
||
</a>
|
||
. Sophisticated government is presumed to have been required to manage the ancient
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Caral" title="Caral">
|
||
Caral
|
||
</a>
|
||
. Questions remain over its organization, particularly the influence of food resources on politics.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Archaeologists have been aware of ancient sites in the area since at least the 1940s; early work occurred at
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aspero" title="Aspero">
|
||
Aspero
|
||
</a>
|
||
on the coast, a site identified as early as 1905,
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moseley73_7-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Moseley73-7">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
7
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
and later at Caral, farther inland. In the late 1990s, Peruvian archaeologists, led by
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ruth_Shady" title="Ruth Shady">
|
||
Ruth Shady
|
||
</a>
|
||
, provided the first extensive documentation of the civilization with work at Caral.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shady1997_8-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Shady1997-8">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
8
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
A 2001 paper in
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">
|
||
Science
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
, providing a survey of the Caral research,
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
9
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
and a 2004 article in
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">
|
||
Nature
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
, describing fieldwork and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">
|
||
radiocarbon dating
|
||
</a>
|
||
across a wider area,
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dating_2-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Dating-2">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
2
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
revealed Caral–Supe's full significance and led to widespread interest.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-10">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
10
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="History_and_geography">
|
||
History and geography
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and geography">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral24.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2048" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PeruCaral24.jpg/250px-PeruCaral24.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PeruCaral24.jpg/500px-PeruCaral24.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Remains of platform mound structures at
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sacred_City_of_Caral" title="Sacred City of Caral">
|
||
Caral
|
||
</a>
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The dating of the Caral–Supe sites has pushed back the estimated beginning date of complex societies in the Peruvian region by more than one thousand years. The
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">
|
||
Chavín culture
|
||
</a>
|
||
,
|
||
<abbr title="circa">
|
||
c.
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
<span style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
900 BCE
|
||
</span>
|
||
, had previously been considered the first civilization of the area. Regularly, it still is cited incorrectly as such in general works.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-11">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
11
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-12">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
12
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The discovery of Caral–Supe has also shifted the focus of research away from the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">
|
||
highland
|
||
</a>
|
||
areas of the Andes and lowlands adjacent to the mountains (where the Chavín, and later
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Inca" title="Inca">
|
||
Inca
|
||
</a>
|
||
, had their major centers) to the Peruvian
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">
|
||
littoral
|
||
</a>
|
||
, or coastal regions. Caral is located in a north-central area of the coast, approximately 150 to 200 km (93 to 124 mi) north of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">
|
||
Lima
|
||
</a>
|
||
, roughly bounded by the
|
||
<a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Lur%C3%ADn_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lurín Valley (page does not exist)">
|
||
Lurín Valley
|
||
</a>
|
||
on the south and the
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Casma_Valley" title="Casma Valley">
|
||
Casma Valley
|
||
</a>
|
||
on the north. It comprises four coastal valleys: the
|
||
<a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Huaura_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Huaura Valley (page does not exist)">
|
||
Huaura
|
||
</a>
|
||
,
|
||
<a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Supe_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Supe Valley (page does not exist)">
|
||
Supe
|
||
</a>
|
||
,
|
||
<a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Pativilca_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pativilca Valley (page does not exist)">
|
||
Pativilca
|
||
</a>
|
||
, and
|
||
<a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Fortaleza_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fortaleza Valley (page does not exist)">
|
||
Fortaleza
|
||
</a>
|
||
. Known sites are concentrated in the latter three, which share a common coastal plain. The three principal valleys cover only 1,800 km
|
||
<sup>
|
||
2
|
||
</sup>
|
||
(690 mi
|
||
<sup>
|
||
2
|
||
</sup>
|
||
), and research has emphasized the density of the population centers.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The Peruvian littoral appears an "improbable, even aberrant" candidate for the "pristine" development of civilization, compared to other world centers.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
It is extremely arid, bounded by two
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">
|
||
rain shadows
|
||
</a>
|
||
(caused by the Andes to the east, and the Pacific
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Trade_wind" title="Trade wind">
|
||
trade winds
|
||
</a>
|
||
to the west). The region is punctuated by more than 50 rivers that carry Andean snowmelt. The development of widespread
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">
|
||
irrigation
|
||
</a>
|
||
from these water sources is seen as decisive in the emergence of Caral–Supe;
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NewLight_3-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-NewLight-3">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
3
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Urban_14-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Urban-14">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
14
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
since all of the monumental architecture at various sites has been found close to irrigation channels.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">
|
||
radiocarbon work
|
||
</a>
|
||
of Jonathan Haas
|
||
<i>
|
||
et al.
|
||
</i>
|
||
, found that 10 of 95 samples taken in the Pativilca and Fortaleza areas dated from before 3500 BCE. The oldest, dating from 9210 BCE, provides "limited indication" of human settlement during the Pre-Columbian Early Archaic era. Two dates of 3700 BCE are associated with communal architecture, but are likely to be anomalous. It is from 3200 BC onward that large-scale human settlement and communal construction are clearly apparent.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dating_2-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Dating-2">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
2
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Mann, in a survey of the literature in 2005, suggests "sometime before 3200 BCE, and possibly before 3500 BCE" as the beginning date of the Caral–Supe formative period. He notes that the earliest date securely associated with a city is 3500 BCE, at
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Huaricanga" title="Huaricanga">
|
||
Huaricanga
|
||
</a>
|
||
, in the Fortaleza area of the north, based on Haas's dates.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Haas's early third millennium dates suggest that the development of coastal and inland sites occurred in parallel. But, from 2500 to 2000 BCE, during the period of greatest expansion, the population and development decisively shifted toward the inland sites. All development apparently occurred at large interior sites such as Caral, although they remained dependent on fish and shellfish from the coast.
|
||
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|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Dating-2">
|
||
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|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
||
The peak in dates is in keeping with Shady's dates at Caral, which show habitation from 2627 BCE to 2020 BCE.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
||
</sup>
|
||
That coastal and inland sites developed in tandem remains disputed, however (see next section).
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
In 2025, new archaeological work led by Ruth Shady linked the abandonment of Caral to a prolonged drought around 2200 BCE, part of the global 4.2-kiloyear climate event. Excavations at associated sites such as Vichama on the Pacific coast and Peñico inland indicate that populations from the Supe Valley relocated rather than collapsed, rebuilding settlements that preserved Caral–Supe architectural layouts and ceremonial spaces. Temple friezes at Vichama depict scenes of famine, death and later renewal (including stylized images of starving figures, pregnant women, large fish and a lightning-struck toad), which researchers interpret as a visual record of the drought and the hoped-for return of rainfall. Archaeologists note a continued lack of fortifications or weaponry at these sites, suggesting that the society adapted to the climatic crisis without widespread warfare.
|
||
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||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
|
||
<h3 id="Influence">
|
||
Influence
|
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<p>
|
||
By around 2200 BCE, the influence of Norte Chico civilization spread far along the coast. To the south, it went as far as the Chillon valley, and the site of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso,_Peru" title="El Paraíso, Peru">
|
||
El Paraiso
|
||
</a>
|
||
. To the north, it spread as far as the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Santa_River" title="Santa River">
|
||
Santa River
|
||
</a>
|
||
valley.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-18">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The Caral–Supe civilization began to decline
|
||
<abbr title="circa">
|
||
c.
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
<span style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
1800 BCE
|
||
</span>
|
||
, with more powerful centers appearing to the south and north along the coast, and to the east inside the belt of the Andes. The success of irrigation-based agriculture at Caral–Supe may have contributed to its being eclipsed. Anthropologist Professor Winifred Creamer of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">
|
||
Northern Illinois University
|
||
</a>
|
||
notes that "when this civilization is in decline, we begin to find extensive canals farther north. People were moving to more fertile ground and taking their knowledge of irrigation with them".
|
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<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NewLight_3-2">
|
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<a href="#cite_note-NewLight-3">
|
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|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
It would be 1,000 years before the rise of the next great Peruvian culture, the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">
|
||
Chavín
|
||
</a>
|
||
.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1330227556">
|
||
.mw-parser-output .wide-image-normbg,.mw-parser-output .thumbimage.wide-image-normbg{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .wide-image-nobg,.mw-parser-output .thumbimage.wide-image-nobg{background:transparent;color:inherit}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1210px">
|
||
<div class="thumbinner">
|
||
<div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto">
|
||
<span typeof="mw:File">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Caral_9.jpg" title="Caral panorama">
|
||
<img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1788" data-file-width="7737" decoding="async" height="277" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Caral_9.jpg/1280px-Caral_9.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Caral_9.jpg/1920px-Caral_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Caral_9.jpg/3840px-Caral_9.jpg 2x" width="1200"/>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">
|
||
<div class="magnify">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/File:Caral_9.jpg" title="File:Caral 9.jpg">
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
Caral panorama
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="Geographical_links">
|
||
Geographical links
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
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|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical links">
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Cultural links with the highland areas have been noted by archaeologists. Ruth Shady highlights the links with the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Kotosh_Religious_Tradition" title="Kotosh Religious Tradition">
|
||
Kotosh Religious Tradition
|
||
</a>
|
||
:
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-19">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
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|
||
19
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Numerous architectural features found among the settlements of Supe, including subterranean circular courts, stepped pyramids and sequential platforms, as well as material remains and their cultural implications, excavated at Aspero and the valley sites we are digging (Caral, Chupacigarro, Lurihuasi, Miraya), are shared with other settlements of the area that participated in what is known as the Kotosh Religious Tradition. Most specific among these features include rooms with benches and hearths with subterranean ventilation ducts, wall niches, biconvex beads, and musical flutes.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-20">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations">
|
||
<span title="too-lengthy quotation (March 2022)">
|
||
excessive quote
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="Maritime_coast_and_agricultural_interior">
|
||
Maritime coast and agricultural interior
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
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|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maritime coast and agricultural interior">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<p>
|
||
Research into Caral–Supe continues, with many unsettled questions. Debate is ongoing regarding two related questions: the degree to which the flourishing of the Caral–Supe was based on maritime food resources, and the exact relationship this implies between the coastal and inland sites.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-21">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
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|
||
NB 1
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
|
||
<h3 id="Confirmed_diet">
|
||
Confirmed diet
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
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|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confirmed diet">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
A broad outline of the Caral–Supe diet has been suggested. At Caral, the edible
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">
|
||
domesticated plants
|
||
</a>
|
||
noted by Shady are
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">
|
||
squash
|
||
</a>
|
||
,
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">
|
||
beans
|
||
</a>
|
||
,
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Pouteria_lucuma" title="Pouteria lucuma">
|
||
lúcuma
|
||
</a>
|
||
,
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">
|
||
guava
|
||
</a>
|
||
, pacay (
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inga_feuilleei" title="Inga feuilleei">
|
||
Inga feuilleei
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
), and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">
|
||
sweet potato
|
||
</a>
|
||
.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
9
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
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|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Haas
|
||
<i>
|
||
et al.
|
||
</i>
|
||
noted the same foods in their survey farther north, while adding
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">
|
||
avocado
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">
|
||
achira
|
||
</a>
|
||
. In 2013, evidence for maize also was documented by Haas et al. (see below).
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto_22-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-auto-22">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
21
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
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|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
There was also a significant seafood component at both coastal and inland sites. Shady notes that "animal remains are almost exclusively marine" at Caral, including
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">
|
||
clams
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">
|
||
mussels
|
||
</a>
|
||
, and large amounts of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">
|
||
anchovies
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">
|
||
sardines
|
||
</a>
|
||
.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-3">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
9
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
That the anchovy fish reached inland is clear,
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-3">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
although Haas suggests that "
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">
|
||
shellfish
|
||
</a>
|
||
[which would include clams and mussels],
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">
|
||
sea mammals
|
||
</a>
|
||
, and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">
|
||
seaweed
|
||
</a>
|
||
do not appear to have been significant portions of the diet in the inland, non-maritime sites".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
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|
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|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
|
||
<h3 id="Theory_of_a_maritime_foundation_for_Andean_civilization">
|
||
Theory of a maritime foundation for Andean civilization
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theory of a maritime foundation for Andean civilization">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Caral_-_Caza_-_Ballena.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Caral_-_Caza_-_Ballena.jpg/250px-Caral_-_Caza_-_Ballena.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Caral_-_Caza_-_Ballena.jpg/500px-Caral_-_Caza_-_Ballena.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
The people from the Caral–Supe civilization used vertebrae of the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">
|
||
blue whale
|
||
</a>
|
||
as stools
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The role of seafood in the Caral–Supe diet has aroused debate. Much early fieldwork was conducted in the region of Aspero on the coast, before the full scope and inter-connectedness of the several sites of the civilization were realized. In a 1973 paper,
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Moseley" title="Michael E. Moseley">
|
||
Michael E. Moseley
|
||
</a>
|
||
contended that a maritime subsistence (seafood) economy had been the basis of the society and its remarkably early flourishing,
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moseley73_7-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Moseley73-7">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
7
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
a theory later elaborated as a "maritime foundation of Andean civilization" (MFAC).
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-23">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
22
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-24">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
23
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
He confirmed a previously observed lack of ceramics at
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aspero" title="Aspero">
|
||
Aspero
|
||
</a>
|
||
, and he deduced that "
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Hummock" title="Hummock">
|
||
hummocks
|
||
</a>
|
||
" on the site constituted the remains of artificial
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Platform_mounds" title="Platform mounds">
|
||
platform mounds
|
||
</a>
|
||
.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
This thesis of a maritime foundation was contrary to the general scholarly consensus that the rise of civilization was based on intensive agriculture, particularly of at least one cereal. The production of agricultural surpluses had long been seen as essential in promoting population density and the emergence of complex society. Moseley's ideas would be debated and challenged (that maritime remains and their caloric contribution were overestimated, for example),
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Raymond_25-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Raymond-25">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
24
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
but have been treated as plausible as late as 2005, when Mann conducted a summary of the literature.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-4">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Concomitant to the maritime subsistence hypothesis was an implied dominance of sites immediately adjacent to the coast over other centers. This idea was shaken by the realization of the magnitude of Caral, an inland site. Supplemental to a 1997 article by Shady dating Caral, a 2001
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Science_(magazine)" title="Science (magazine)">
|
||
Science
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
news article emphasized the dominance of agriculture and also suggested that Caral was the oldest
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Urban_center" title="Urban center">
|
||
urban center
|
||
</a>
|
||
in Peru (and the entire Americas). It rejected the idea that civilization might have begun adjacent to the coast and then moved inland. One archaeologist was quoted as suggesting that "rather than coastal antecedents to monumental inland sites, what we have now are coastal satellite villages to monumental inland sites".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Urban_14-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Urban-14">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
14
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
These assertions were quickly challenged by Sandweiss and Moseley, who observed that Caral, although being the largest and most complex preceramic site, it is not the oldest. They admitted the importance of agriculture to industry and to augment diet, while broadly affirming "the formative role of marine resources in early Andean civilization".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CaralResponse_26-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-CaralResponse-26">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
25
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Scholars now agree that the inland sites did have significantly greater populations, and that there were "so many more people along the four rivers than on the shore that they had to have been dominant".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-5">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The remaining question is which of the areas developed first and created a template for subsequent development.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oldest_27-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Oldest-27">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
26
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Haas rejects suggestions that maritime development at sites immediately adjacent to the coast was initial, pointing to contemporaneous development based on his dating.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dating_2-4">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Dating-2">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
2
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Moseley remains convinced that coastal Aspero is the oldest site, and that its maritime subsistence served as a basis for the civilization.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-6">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CaralResponse_26-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-CaralResponse-26">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
25
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
However, Moseley wrote in 2004 that his hypothesis could be tested upon whether "the residents of Caral obtained more than 50% of their nutrition from the sea," using a dietary analysis of their bone chemistry. A 2022 study sought to address this very question. Forensic archaeologists examined the remains of 52 individuals from Aspero and Caral. Their analysis revealed that while seafood consumption was higher at Aspero compared to Caral, plant-based foods dominated the diets in both locations—making up 55%–68% at Aspero and over 70% at Caral, even during early settlement phases. Over time, seafood consumption at Caral appears to have decreased as advancements in agriculture and improved crop domestication provided a more scalable food source for the growing population compared to relying on wild fisheries. Based on Moseley’s criteria, marine resources, while significant, likely didn’t meet the proposed threshold.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CaralSupeEmergence_28-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-CaralSupeEmergence-28">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
27
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
|
||
<h3 id="Cotton_and_food_sources">
|
||
Cotton and food sources
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cotton and food sources">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The use of cotton (of the species
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">
|
||
Gossypium barbadense
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
) played an important economic role in the relationship between the inland and the coastal settlements in this area of Peru. Nevertheless, scholars are still divided over the exact chronology of these developments.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-7">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Although not edible, cotton was the most important product of irrigation in the Caral–Supe culture, vital to the production of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">
|
||
fishing nets
|
||
</a>
|
||
(that in turn provided maritime resources) as well as to textiles and textile technology. Haas notes that "control over cotton allows a ruling elite to provide the benefit of cloth for clothing, bags, wraps, and adornment".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-3">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
He is willing to admit to a mutual dependency dilemma: "The prehistoric residents of the Norte Chico needed the fish resources for their
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">
|
||
protein
|
||
</a>
|
||
and the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">
|
||
fishermen
|
||
</a>
|
||
needed the cotton to make the nets to catch the fish."
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-4">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Thus, identifying cotton as a vital resource produced in the inland does not by itself resolve the issue of whether the inland centers were a progenitor for those on the coast, or vice versa. Moseley argues that successful maritime centers would have moved inland to find cotton.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-8">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
In a 2018 publication, David G. Beresford-Jones with coauthors have defended Moseley's (1975)
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Maritime_Foundations_of_Andean_Civilization" title="Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization">
|
||
Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
|
||
</a>
|
||
(MFAC) hypothesis.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425_29-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425-29">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
28
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The authors modified and refined the Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization hypothesis of Moseley. Thus, according to them, the MFAC hypothesis now "emerges more persuasive[ly] than ever". It was the potential for increased quantities of food production that the cultivation of cotton allowed that was the key in precipitating revolutionary social change and social complexity, according to the authors. Previous to that, the gathering of
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bast_fibers" title="Bast fibers">
|
||
bast fibers
|
||
</a>
|
||
of wild
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">
|
||
Asclepias
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
was used for fiber production, which was far less efficient.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Beresford-Jones and others also offered further support for their theories in 2021.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beresford-Jones_Pomeroy_Alday_Benfer_pp._741–759_30-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Beresford-Jones_Pomeroy_Alday_Benfer_pp._741–759-30">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
29
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
|
||
<h3 id="History_of_research">
|
||
History of research
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of research">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
It was Swiss archaeologist
|
||
<a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Engel&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Frédéric Engel (page does not exist)">
|
||
Frédéric Engel
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">
|
||
[
|
||
<a class="extiw" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Engel" title="fr:Frédéric Engel">
|
||
fr
|
||
</a>
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
, originally, who coined the term "Cotton Preceramic Stage" in 1957 to describe the unusual coastal sites such as Norte Chico that had cotton but lacked ceramics and were very ancient. This stage was seen as running for about 1200 years from 3000 to 1800 BCE.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-31">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
30
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-32">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
31
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The development of Caral–Supe is particularly remarkable for the apparent absence of an agricultural
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">
|
||
staple food
|
||
</a>
|
||
. However, recent studies increasingly dispute this and point to maize as a dietary backbone of this and later pre-Columbian civilizations.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kinver1_33-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Kinver1-33">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
32
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Moseley found a small number of maize cobs in 1973 at Aspero (also seen in site work in the 1940s and 1950s)
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moseley73_7-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Moseley73-7">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
7
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
but has since called the find "problematic".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CaralResponse_26-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-CaralResponse-26">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
25
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
However, increasing evidence has emerged about the importance of maize in this period:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">
|
||
.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<blockquote class="templatequote">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Archaeological testing at a number of sites in the Norte Chico region of the north central coast provides a broad range of empirical data on the production, processing, and consumption of maize. New data drawn from
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">
|
||
coprolites
|
||
</a>
|
||
, pollen records, and stone tool residues, combined with 126 radiocarbon dates, demonstrate that maize was widely grown, intensively processed, and constituted a primary component of the diet throughout the period from 3000 to 1800 BCE.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-auto_22-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-auto-22">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
21
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>
|
||
For Beresford-Jones, his new research on the two nearby ancient coastal settlements of La Yerba, on the east bank of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ica_River" title="Ica River">
|
||
Ica River
|
||
</a>
|
||
, Peru (
|
||
<i>
|
||
Río Ica
|
||
</i>
|
||
) was very important. This is not far from the southern Peruvian town of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">
|
||
Ica
|
||
</a>
|
||
. The earlier of these settlement was La Yerba II (7571–6674 Cal BP, or ca 5570–4670 BCE). When it was occupied, La Yerba II shell midden was situated rather close to the ancient surf line. This was not a permanently occupied site.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425_29-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425-29">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
28
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
A somewhat later site, La Yerba III, on the other hand, was a permanently occupied settlement, and shows a population that was an order of magnitude greater than earlier.
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">
|
||
Obsidian
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">
|
||
debitage
|
||
</a>
|
||
was abundant at La Yerba III, as opposed to earlier. This suggests an increasing interaction extending to the highlands where obsidian was procured.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425_29-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425-29">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
28
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The population of La Yerba III already practiced some floodplain horticulture. They cultivated gourds,
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">
|
||
Phaseolus
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
and
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Canavalia" title="Canavalia">
|
||
Canavalia
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
beans, and plant fiber production was of great importance for their fishing economy. Therefore, they were "pre-adapted to a Cotton Revolution".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425_29-3">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Beresford-Jones_Pullen_Chauca_Cadwallader_pp._393–425-29">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
28
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="Social_organization">
|
||
Social organization
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social organization">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral20.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1505" data-file-width="2006" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PeruCaral20.jpg/250px-PeruCaral20.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PeruCaral20.jpg/500px-PeruCaral20.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Base of Caral–Supe pyramids
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
|
||
<h3 id="Government">
|
||
Government
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral01.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1920" data-file-width="2560" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PeruCaral01.jpg/250px-PeruCaral01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PeruCaral01.jpg/500px-PeruCaral01.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Remains of the two main Caral pyramids in the arid Supe Valley
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral14.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2048" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PeruCaral14.jpg/250px-PeruCaral14.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/PeruCaral14.jpg/500px-PeruCaral14.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Monolith in Caral
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral21.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1920" data-file-width="2560" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PeruCaral21.jpg/250px-PeruCaral21.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PeruCaral21.jpg/500px-PeruCaral21.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Altar of the Holy Fire, on top of the
|
||
<i>
|
||
Templo Mayor
|
||
</i>
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The degree of centralized authority is difficult to ascertain, but architectural construction patterns are indicative, at least in certain places at certain times, of an elite population who wielded considerable power: while some of the monumental architecture was constructed incrementally, other buildings, such as the two main platform mounds at Caral,
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-4">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
9
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
appear to have been constructed in one or two intense construction phases.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-5">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
As further evidence of centralized control, Haas points to remains of large stone
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">
|
||
warehouses
|
||
</a>
|
||
found at Upaca, on the Pativilca, as emblematic of authorities able to control vital resources such as cotton.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-9">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Haas suggests that the labour mobilization patterns revealed by the archaeological evidence, point to a unique emergence of human government, one of two alongside
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">
|
||
Sumer
|
||
</a>
|
||
(or three, if
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">
|
||
Mesoamerica
|
||
</a>
|
||
is included as a separate case). While in other cases, the idea of government would have been borrowed or copied, in this small group, government was
|
||
<i>
|
||
invented
|
||
</i>
|
||
.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Other archaeologists have rejected such claims as hyperbolic.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-10">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
In exploring the basis of possible government, Haas suggests three broad bases of power for early complex societies:
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
economic,
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
ideology, and
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
physical.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
He finds the first two present in ancient Caral–Supe.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
]
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4">
|
||
<h4 id="Economic">
|
||
Economic
|
||
</h4>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Economic authority would have rested on the control of cotton, edible plants, and associated trade relationships, with power centered on the inland sites. Haas tentatively suggests that the scope of this economic power base may have extended widely: there are only two confirmed shore sites in the Caral–Supe (Aspero and Bandurria) and possibly two more, but cotton fishing nets and domesticated plants have been found up and down the Peruvian coast. It is possible that the major inland centers of Caral–Supe, were at the center of a broad regional trade network centered on these resources.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-6">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Citing Shady, a 2005 article in
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">
|
||
Discover
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
magazine suggests a rich and varied trade life: "[Caral] exported its own products and those of Aspero to distant communities in exchange for exotic imports:
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">
|
||
Spondylus
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
shells from the coast of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">
|
||
Ecuador
|
||
</a>
|
||
, rich
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">
|
||
dyes
|
||
</a>
|
||
from the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">
|
||
Andean highlands
|
||
</a>
|
||
,
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">
|
||
hallucinogenic snuff
|
||
</a>
|
||
from the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">
|
||
Amazon
|
||
</a>
|
||
."
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Discover_34-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Discover-34">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
33
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
(Given the still limited extent of Caral–Supe research, such claims should be treated circumspectly.) Other reports on Shady's work indicate Caral traded with communities in the jungle farther inland and, possibly, with people from the mountains.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM_35-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-CSM-35">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
34
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4">
|
||
<h4 id="Ideology">
|
||
Ideology
|
||
</h4>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ideology">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Haas postulates that ideological power exercised by leadership was based on apparent access to
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Deities" title="Deities">
|
||
deities
|
||
</a>
|
||
and the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">
|
||
supernatural
|
||
</a>
|
||
.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-7">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Evidence regarding Caral–Supe religion is limited: in 2003, an image of the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Staff_God" title="Staff God">
|
||
Staff God
|
||
</a>
|
||
, a leering figure with a hood and fangs, was found on a
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">
|
||
gourd
|
||
</a>
|
||
that dated to 2250 BCE. The Staff God is a major deity of later Andean cultures, and Winifred Creamer suggests the find points to worship of common symbols of deities.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Religion_36-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Religion-36">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
35
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-icon_37-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-icon-37">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
36
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
As with much other research at Caral–Supe, the nature and significance of the find has been disputed by other researchers.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-38">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
NB 2
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Mann postulates that the act of architectural construction and maintenance at Caral–Supe may have been a spiritual or religious experience: a process of communal exaltation and ceremony.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oldest_27-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Oldest-27">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
26
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Shady has called Caral "the sacred city" (
|
||
<i>
|
||
la ciudad sagrada
|
||
</i>
|
||
)
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shady1997_8-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Shady1997-8">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
8
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
and reports that socio-economic and political focus was on the temples, which were periodically remodeled, with major burnt offerings associated with the remodeling.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-39">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
37
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4">
|
||
<h4 id="Physical">
|
||
Physical
|
||
</h4>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Physical">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Haas notes the absence of any suggestion of physical bases of power, that is, defensive construction, at Caral–Supe. There is no evidence of warfare "of any kind or at any level during the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">
|
||
Preceramic Period
|
||
</a>
|
||
".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-8">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Mutilated bodies, burned buildings, and other tell-tale signs of violence are absent and settlement patterns are completely non-defensive.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oldest_27-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Oldest-27">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
26
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
The evidence of the development of complex government in the absence of warfare contrasts markedly to archaeological theory, which suggests that human beings move away from kin-based groups to larger units resembling "
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">
|
||
states
|
||
</a>
|
||
" for mutual defense of often scarce resources. In Caral–Supe, a vital resource was present:
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">
|
||
arable land
|
||
</a>
|
||
generally, and the cotton crop specifically, but Mann noted that apparently, the move to greater complexity by the culture was not driven by the need for defense or warfare.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oldest_27-3">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Oldest-27">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
26
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="Sites_and_architecture">
|
||
Sites and architecture
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sites and architecture">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1320445320">
|
||
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
|
||
See also:
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Norte_Chico_archaeological_sites" title="List of Norte Chico archaeological sites">
|
||
List of Norte Chico archaeological sites
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral15.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2048" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PeruCaral15.jpg/250px-PeruCaral15.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PeruCaral15.jpg/500px-PeruCaral15.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Terraced construction of pyramid at Caral, with stone fill
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral22.jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="710" data-file-width="947" decoding="async" height="187" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PeruCaral22.jpg/250px-PeruCaral22.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PeruCaral22.jpg/500px-PeruCaral22.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
Shicra bag with stones at Caral
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Caral–Supe sites are known for their density of large sites with immense architecture.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-40">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
38
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Haas argues that the density of sites in such a small area is globally unique for a nascent civilization. During the third millennium BCE, Caral–Supe may have been the most densely populated area of the world (excepting, possibly, Northern China).
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Polities_13-9">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Polities-13">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
13
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
The Supe,
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pativilca" title="Pativilca">
|
||
Pativilca
|
||
</a>
|
||
, Fortaleza, and Huaura River Valleys of Caral–Supe each have several related sites.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-11">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Evidence from the ground-breaking work during 1973 at
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aspero" title="Aspero">
|
||
Aspero
|
||
</a>
|
||
, at the mouth of the Supe Valley, suggested a site of approximately 13 hectares (32 acres). Surveying of the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">
|
||
midden
|
||
</a>
|
||
suggested extensive prehistoric construction activity. Small-scale
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" title="Terrace (agriculture)">
|
||
terracing
|
||
</a>
|
||
was noted, along with more sophisticated platform mound
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">
|
||
masonry
|
||
</a>
|
||
. As many as eleven artificial mounds were estimated to exist at the site. Moseley calls these "Corporate Labor Platforms", given that their size, layout, and construction materials and techniques would have required an organized workforce.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moseley73_7-3">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Moseley73-7">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
7
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The survey of the northern rivers found sites between 10 and 100 ha (25 and 247 acres); between one and seven large
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">
|
||
platform mounds
|
||
</a>
|
||
—rectangular, terraced
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">
|
||
pyramids
|
||
</a>
|
||
—were discovered, ranging in size from 3,000 m
|
||
<sup>
|
||
3
|
||
</sup>
|
||
(110,000 cu ft) to more than 100,000 m
|
||
<sup>
|
||
3
|
||
</sup>
|
||
(3,500,000 cu ft).
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dating_2-5">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Dating-2">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
2
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Shady notes that the central zone of Caral, with monumental architecture, covers an area of just greater than 65 hectares (160 acres). Also, six platform mounds, numerous smaller mounds, two sunken circular plazas, and a variety of residential architecture were discovered at this site.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-5">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
9
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The monumental architecture was constructed with
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">
|
||
quarried
|
||
</a>
|
||
stone and river cobbles. Using
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">
|
||
reed
|
||
</a>
|
||
"shicra-bags", some of which have been preserved,
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-41">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
39
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
laborers would have hauled the material to sites by hand. Roger Atwood of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">
|
||
<i>
|
||
Archaeology
|
||
</i>
|
||
</a>
|
||
magazine describes the process:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Armies of workers would gather a long, durable grass known as
|
||
<i>
|
||
shicra
|
||
</i>
|
||
in the highlands above the city, tie the grass strands into loosely meshed bags, fill the bags with boulders, and then pack the trenches behind each successive
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">
|
||
retaining wall
|
||
</a>
|
||
of the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">
|
||
step pyramids
|
||
</a>
|
||
with the stone-filled bags.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archaeology_42-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-42">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
40
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>
|
||
In this way, the people of Norte Chico achieved formidable architectural success. The largest of the platforms mounds at Caral, the
|
||
<i>
|
||
Piramide Mayor
|
||
</i>
|
||
, measures 160 by 150 m (520 by 490 ft) and rises 18 m (59 ft) high.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-6">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
9
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
In its summation of the 2001 Shady paper, the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">
|
||
BBC
|
||
</a>
|
||
suggests workers would have been "paid or compelled" to work on centralized projects of this sort, with dried
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">
|
||
anchovies
|
||
</a>
|
||
possibly serving as a form of currency.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC2001_43-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-BBC2001-43">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
41
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Mann points to "ideology, charisma, and skilfully timed reinforcement" from leaders.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-12">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="Development_and_absent_technologies">
|
||
Development and absent technologies
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Development and absent technologies">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Quipu_MKL_Bd._13_1890_(128905524).jpg">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1268" data-file-width="900" decoding="async" height="352" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Quipu_MKL_Bd._13_1890_%28128905524%29.jpg/250px-Quipu_MKL_Bd._13_1890_%28128905524%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Quipu_MKL_Bd._13_1890_%28128905524%29.jpg/500px-Quipu_MKL_Bd._13_1890_%28128905524%29.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
The presence of
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">
|
||
quipu
|
||
</a>
|
||
tentatively suggests a "proto-writing" system in ancient Caral–Supe
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>
|
||
When compared to the common
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">
|
||
Eurasian
|
||
</a>
|
||
models of the development of civilization, Caral–Supe's differences are striking. In Caral–Supe, a total lack of ceramics persists across the period. Crops were cooked by roasting.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC2001_43-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-BBC2001-43">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
41
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
The lack of pottery was accompanied by a lack of archaeologically apparent art. In conversation with Mann, Alvaro Ruiz observes: "In the Norte Chico we see almost no visual arts. No sculpture, no carving or bas-
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">
|
||
relief
|
||
</a>
|
||
, almost no painting or drawing—the interiors are completely bare. What we do see are these huge mounds—and textiles."
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-13">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
While the absence of ceramics appears anomalous, Mann notes that the presence of textiles is intriguing.
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">
|
||
Quipu
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
(or khipu), string-based recording devices, have been found at Caral, suggesting a writing, or
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">
|
||
proto-writing
|
||
</a>
|
||
, system at Caral–Supe.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Quipu_44-0">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Quipu-44">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
42
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
(The discovery was reported by Mann in
|
||
<i>
|
||
Science
|
||
</i>
|
||
in 2005, but has not been formally published or described by Shady.) The exact use of quipu in this and later Andean cultures has been widely debated. Originally, it was believed to be a simple
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">
|
||
mnemonic
|
||
</a>
|
||
technique used to record numeric information, such as a count of items bought and sold. Evidence has emerged, however, that the quipu also may have recorded
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">
|
||
logographic
|
||
</a>
|
||
information in the same way writing does. Research has focused on the much larger sample of a few hundred quipu dating to Inca times. The Caral–Supe discovery remains singular and undeciphered.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-45">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
43
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Other finds at Caral–Supe have proved suggestive. While visual arts appear absent, the people may have played instrumental music: thirty-two flutes, crafted from
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">
|
||
pelican
|
||
</a>
|
||
bone, have been discovered.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-14">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Discover_34-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Discover-34">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
33
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The oldest known depiction of the
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Staff_God" title="Staff God">
|
||
Staff God
|
||
</a>
|
||
was found in 2003 on some broken gourd fragments in a burial site in the Pativilca River Valley and the gourd was carbon dated to 2250 BCE.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-46">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
44
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
While still fragmentary, such archaeological evidence corresponds to the patterns of later Andean civilization and may indicate that Caral–Supe served as a template. Along with the specific finds, Mann highlights:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>
|
||
"the primacy of exchange over a wide area, the penchant for collective, festive civic work projects, [and] the high valuation of textiles and textile technology within Norte Chico as patterns that would recur later in the Peruvian cradle of civilization."
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1491Book_1-15">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
1
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="Academic_disputes">
|
||
Academic disputes
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Academic disputes">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Shady_en_Caral_2014.JPG">
|
||
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3780" data-file-width="3456" decoding="async" height="273" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruth_Shady_en_Caral_2014.JPG/250px-Ruth_Shady_en_Caral_2014.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ruth_Shady_en_Caral_2014.JPG/500px-Ruth_Shady_en_Caral_2014.JPG 1.5x" width="250"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<figcaption>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ruth_Shady" title="Ruth Shady">
|
||
Ruth Shady
|
||
</a>
|
||
, Peruvian archaeologist, in Caral, 2014
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The magnitude of the Caral–Supe discovery has generated academic controversy among researchers. The "monumental feud", as described by
|
||
<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">
|
||
Archaeology
|
||
</a>
|
||
</i>
|
||
, has included "public insults, a charge of plagiarism, ethics inquiries in both Peru and the United States, and complaints by Peruvian officials to the U.S. government".
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archaeology_42-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-42">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
40
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
The lead author of the seminal paper of April 2001
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caral_9-7">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Caral-9">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
9
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
was a Peruvian,
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ruth_Shady" title="Ruth Shady">
|
||
Ruth Shady
|
||
</a>
|
||
, with co-authors Jonathan Haas and Winifred Creamer, a married United States team; the co-authoring was reportedly suggested by Haas, in the hopes that the involvement of United States researchers would help secure funds for carbon dating as well as future research funding. Later, Shady charged the couple with
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">
|
||
plagiarism
|
||
</a>
|
||
and insufficient attribution, suggesting the pair had received credit for her research, which had begun in 1994.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Discover_34-2">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Discover-34">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
33
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-47">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
45
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
At issue is credit for the discovery of the civilization, naming it, and developing the theoretical models to explain it. In 1997, Shady described a civilization located on the Supe River, with Caral at its center, although she suggested a larger geographic base for the society.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-48">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
46
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
In 2004, Haas
|
||
<i>
|
||
et al.
|
||
</i>
|
||
wrote that "Our recent work in the neighboring Pativilca and Fortaleza has revealed that Caral and Aspero were but two of a much larger number of major Late Archaic sites in the Norte Chico", while noting Shady only in footnotes.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dating_2-6">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Dating-2">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
2
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
Attribution of this type is what has angered Shady and her supporters. Shady's position has been hampered by a lack of funding for archaeological research in her native Peru, as well as the media advantages of North American researchers in disputes of this type.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSM_35-1">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-CSM-35">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
34
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Although Haas and Creamer were cleared of the plagiarism charge by their institutions, the science advisory council of the Chicago
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">
|
||
Field Museum of Natural History
|
||
</a>
|
||
rebuked Haas for press releases and web pages that gave too little credit to Shady and inflated the American couple's role as discoverers.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Discover_34-3">
|
||
<a href="#cite_note-Discover-34">
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
||
33
|
||
<span class="cite-bracket">
|
||
]
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="See_also">
|
||
See also
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
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[
|
||
</span>
|
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<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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]
|
||
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|
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</div>
|
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">
|
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.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}
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</style>
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<ul aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright" role="navigation">
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|
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<span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File">
|
||
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg">
|
||
<img alt="icon" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="299" data-file-width="319" decoding="async" height="28" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/40px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x" width="30"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="portalbox-link">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">
|
||
Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="portalbox-entry">
|
||
<span class="portalbox-image">
|
||
<span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File">
|
||
<span>
|
||
<img alt="flag" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" decoding="async" height="21" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/60px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/120px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" width="32"/>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="portalbox-link">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">
|
||
Peru portal
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">
|
||
Andean preceramic
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Iper%C3%BA" title="Iperú">
|
||
Iperú
|
||
</a>
|
||
, Peru tourist information
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Norte_Chico_archaeological_sites" title="List of Norte Chico archaeological sites">
|
||
List of Norte Chico archaeological sites
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Supe_Puerto" title="Supe Puerto">
|
||
Supe Puerto
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
|
||
<h2 id="Notes">
|
||
Notes
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection">
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
[
|
||
</span>
|
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<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">
|
||
<span>
|
||
edit
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
||
]
|
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</span>
|
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</span>
|
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</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1327269900">
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.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman}
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|
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: calc( 0.9 * 30em );">
|
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<ol class="references" data-mw-group="NB">
|
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<li id="cite_note-21">
|
||
<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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^
|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<span class="reference-text">
|
||
"Interior" and "inland" do not refer here to the mountainous interior of Peru proper. All of the Norte Chico sites are broadly coastal, within 100 km (62 mi) of the coast and within the Peruvian littoral (Caral is 23 km [14 mi] inland). "Interior" and "inland" are used here to contrast with sites that are literally adjacent to the ocean.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
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<i>
|
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<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
||
citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</i>
|
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|
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</sup>
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|
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<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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|
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|
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^
|
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|
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|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="reference-text">
|
||
Krysztof Makowski, as reported by Mann (1491), suggests there is little evidence that the peoples of Andean civilizations worshipped an overarching deity. The figure may have been carved by a later civilization onto an ancient gourd, as it was found in
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">
|
||
strata
|
||
</a>
|
||
dating between 900 and 1300 AD.
|
||
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">
|
||
[
|
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<i>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">
|
||
<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">
|
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citation needed
|
||
</span>
|
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|
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|
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]
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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References
|
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</h2>
|
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<span class="mw-editsection">
|
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<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
|
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[
|
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<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">
|
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|
||
edit
|
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|
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<ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-1491Book-1">
|
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<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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^
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^
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a
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<i>
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||
<a href="#cite_ref-Caral_9-3">
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<sup>
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<i>
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<b>
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e
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</sup>
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<a href="#cite_ref-Caral_9-5">
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<i>
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<a href="#cite_ref-Caral_9-6">
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g
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<sup>
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<i>
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<b>
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h
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</b>
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Shady Solis, Ruth; Jonathan Haas; Winifred Creamer (27 April 2001). "Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru".
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<i>
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Science
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<b>
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292
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<span class="nowrap">
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723–
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</span>
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726.
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||
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||
Bibcode
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</a>
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:
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<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..723S" rel="nofollow">
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2001Sci...292..723S
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</a>
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.
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||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">
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||
doi
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</a>
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:
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<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1059519" rel="nofollow">
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10.1126/science.1059519
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.
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PMID
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11326098
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.
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S2CID
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<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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<b>
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<a href="#cite_ref-10">
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||
^
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||
</a>
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</b>
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</span>
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<span class="reference-text">
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See
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<a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/01/04/norte.chico/" rel="nofollow">
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CNN
|
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</a>
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, for instance. Given the tentative nature of much research surrounding Norte Chico, readers should be cautious of claims in general news sources.
|
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</span>
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||
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-11">
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<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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<b>
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<a href="#cite_ref-11">
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^
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</a>
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"History of Peru"
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.
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HISTORYWORLD
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<span class="reference-accessdate">
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. Retrieved
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</span>
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<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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Roberts, J.M. (2004).
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<i>
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The New Penguin History of the World
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9780141007236
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||
.
|
||
<q>
|
||
[The Americas] are millennia behind the development of civilization elsewhere, whatever the cause of that may be.
|
||
</q>
|
||
</cite>
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||
<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780141007236&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewpenguinhistor0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaral%E2%80%93Supe+civilization">
|
||
</span>
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"The implied laggardness appears disproven by Norte Chico; in his work, Mann is sharply critical of the inattention provided the Pre-Columbian Americas."
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</li>
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<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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^
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<sup>
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<i>
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<b>
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<i>
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<sup>
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<i>
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<b>
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<i>
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<b>
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d
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<i>
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<b>
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<sup>
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<b>
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j
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</span>
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.
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||
<b>
|
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14
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</b>
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(1):
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<span class="nowrap">
|
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37–
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</span>
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52.
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">
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.
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<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeological+Papers+of+the+American+Anthropological+Association&rft.atitle=Power+and+the+Emergence+of+Complex+Polities+in+the+Peruvian+Preceramic&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-52&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fap3a.2004.14.037&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Winifred+Creamer&rft.au=Alvaro+Ruiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaral%E2%80%93Supe+civilization">
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<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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^
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<sup>
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<i>
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<b>
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<sup>
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<i>
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<b>
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</sup>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">
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doi
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:
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<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.292.5517.621" rel="nofollow">
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10.1126/science.292.5517.621
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</a>
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.
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||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">
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PMID
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<a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11330310" rel="nofollow">
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11330310
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S2CID
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<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+First+Urban+Center+in+the+Americas&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5517&rft.pages=621&rft.date=2001-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130819896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11330310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.292.5517.621&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaral%E2%80%93Supe+civilization">
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</span>
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"The claim in this
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||
<i>
|
||
Science
|
||
</i>
|
||
'News of the Week' column that Caral is the oldest urban center in the Americas is highly uncertain."
|
||
</span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-15">
|
||
<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
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<b>
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<a href="#cite_ref-15">
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^
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</a>
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</b>
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</span>
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<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
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Radley, Dario (23 November 2025).
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"New discoveries reveal how the Americas' oldest civilization survived a climate disaster"
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</a>
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.
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<i>
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Archaeology News Online Magazine
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<span class="nowrap">
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24 November
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</span>
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"Oldest evidence of Andean religion found"
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Nature
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"Peruvian archaeologist accuses two US archaeologists of plagiarism"
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.
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Athena Review (news archive summary)
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. Athena Publications Inc. 22 January 2005. Archived from
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the original
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on 8 April 2007
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<span class="reference-accessdate">
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. Retrieved
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2007
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.
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From
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<a class="external text" href="http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Bibvirtual/Libros/Arqueologia/ciudad_sagrada/la%20sociedad%20de%20caral%20supe.htm" rel="nofollow">
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summary three
|
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</a>
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, Shady (1997):
|
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<i>
|
||
El número de centros urbanos (17), identificado en el valle de Supe, y su magnitud, requirieron de una gran cantidad de mano de obra y de los excedentes, para su edificación, mantenimiento, remodelación y enterramiento. Si consideramos exclusivamente la capacidad productiva de este pequeño valle, esa inversión no habría podido ser realizada sin la participación de las comunidades de los valles vecinos.
|
||
</i>
|
||
The number of urban centers (17) identified in the Supe Valley, and their magnitude, requires a great quantity of surplus labor for their construction, maintenance, remodeling and burial. If we consider exclusively the productive capacity of this small valley, this investment could not have been realized without the participation of the communities of neighboring valleys.
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about
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Sandweiss, D. H.; Shady Solís, R.; Moseley, M. E.; Keeferd, D. K.; Ortloff, C. R. (2009).
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<a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635784" rel="nofollow">
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"Environmental change and economic development in coastal Peru between 5,800 and 3,600 years ago"
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.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
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106
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1359–
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Bibcode
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:
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2009PNAS..106.1359S
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10.1073/pnas.0812645106
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2635784
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19164564
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.
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<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+USA&rft.atitle=Environmental+change+and+economic+development+in+coastal+Peru+between+5%2C800+and+3%2C600+years+ago&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1359-1363&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2635784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19164564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0812645106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.1359S&rft.aulast=Sandweiss&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft.au=Shady+Sol%C3%ADs%2C+R.&rft.au=Moseley%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Keeferd%2C+D.+K.&rft.au=Ortloff%2C+C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2635784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaral%E2%80%93Supe+civilization">
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<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
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<cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFShadyKleihege2008">
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Shady, Ruth; Kleihege, Cristopher, eds. (2008).
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<i>
|
||
Caral: la primera civilización de América = the first civilization in the Americas
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</i>
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. Lima: Universidad de San Martín de Porres.
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">
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ISBN
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</a>
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<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-33-792-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-33-792-5">
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978-9972-33-792-5
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.
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<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caral%3A+la+primera+civilizaci%C3%B3n+de+Am%C3%A9rica+%3D+the+first+civilization+in+the+Americas&rft.place=Lima&rft.pub=Universidad+de+San+Mart%C3%ADn+de+Porres&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9972-33-792-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaral%E2%80%93Supe+civilization">
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<cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFShady_Solís2005">
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Shady Solís, Ruth (2005).
|
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<i>
|
||
Caral Supe, Perú: the Caral–Supe civilization: 5,000 years of cultural identity in Peru
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</i>
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. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura.
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">
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<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
|
||
<div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="nv-view">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era">
|
||
<abbr title="View this template">
|
||
v
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nv-talk">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era">
|
||
<abbr title="Discuss this template">
|
||
t
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nv-edit">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian era">
|
||
<abbr title="Edit this template">
|
||
e
|
||
</abbr>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures16388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">
|
||
Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">
|
||
Americas
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0">
|
||
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">
|
||
Paleo-Indians
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">
|
||
Genetic history
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">
|
||
Archaeology
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">
|
||
Cultures
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">
|
||
Indigenous peoples
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">
|
||
Classification
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">
|
||
North America
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0">
|
||
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">
|
||
Archaeological periods
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">
|
||
Adena
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">
|
||
Ancestral Puebloans
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">
|
||
Anishinaabe
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">
|
||
Caddoan Mississippian
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">
|
||
Chichimeca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">
|
||
Coles Creek
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">
|
||
Dorset
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">
|
||
Fremont
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">
|
||
Glades
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">
|
||
Hohokam
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">
|
||
Hopewell tradition
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">
|
||
Marksville
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">
|
||
Mississippian
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">
|
||
Mogollon
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">
|
||
Oshara
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">
|
||
Patayan
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">
|
||
Picosa
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">
|
||
Plaquemine
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">
|
||
Plum Bayou
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">
|
||
Poverty Point
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Guadalupe_cave_paintings" title="Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings">
|
||
Sierra de Guadalupe
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">
|
||
Sinagua
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">
|
||
St. Johns
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">
|
||
Thule
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">
|
||
Troyville
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">
|
||
Weeden Island
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">
|
||
Mesoamerica
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0">
|
||
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">
|
||
Mesoamerican chronology
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">
|
||
Acolhua
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl">
|
||
Altepetl
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Ameca" title="Chiefdom of Ameca">
|
||
Ameca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Azcapotzalco_(altepetl)" title="Azcapotzalco (altepetl)">
|
||
Azcapotzalco
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car_people" title="Cabécar people">
|
||
Cabécar
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Calixtlahuaca" title="Calixtlahuaca">
|
||
Calixtlahuaca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">
|
||
Capacha
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">
|
||
Chalcatzingo
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">
|
||
Chichimeca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">
|
||
Cholula
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">
|
||
Chupícuaro
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">
|
||
Coclé
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cocoll%C3%A1n" title="Cocollán">
|
||
Cocollán
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">
|
||
Cuicuilco
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">
|
||
Diquis
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">
|
||
Epi-Olmec
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">
|
||
Huastec
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">
|
||
Huetar
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">
|
||
Izapa
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lenca" title="Lenca">
|
||
Lenca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">
|
||
Mezcala
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mixtec_culture" title="Mixtec culture">
|
||
Mixtec
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">
|
||
Nicarao
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">
|
||
Nicoya
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Nonoalca" title="Nonoalca">
|
||
Nonoalca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">
|
||
Olmecs
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">
|
||
Pipil
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">
|
||
Purépecha
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">
|
||
Quelepa
|
||
</a>
|
||
/
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Yarumela" title="Yarumela">
|
||
Yarumela
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">
|
||
Shaft tomb tradition
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Teotenango" title="Teotenango">
|
||
Teotenango
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">
|
||
Teotihuacan
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">
|
||
Tepanec
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">
|
||
Teuchitlán
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">
|
||
Tlatilco
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">
|
||
Tlaxcaltec
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">
|
||
Toltec
|
||
</a>
|
||
/
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">
|
||
Altepetl Tollan
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Totonac_culture" title="Totonac culture">
|
||
Totonac
|
||
</a>
|
||
/
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Totonacapan" title="Totonacapan">
|
||
Totonacapan
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">
|
||
Veracruz
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">
|
||
Veraguas
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Xaltocan" title="Xaltocan">
|
||
Xaltocan
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">
|
||
Xochipala
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">
|
||
Zapotec
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">
|
||
South America
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0">
|
||
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">
|
||
Andean civilizations
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">
|
||
Indigenous peoples
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">
|
||
Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">
|
||
Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">
|
||
Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
|
||
</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">
|
||
Archaeological sites in Chile
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">
|
||
Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
|
||
</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">
|
||
Archaeological sites in Colombia
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">
|
||
Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">
|
||
Cultural periods of Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">
|
||
Archaeological sites in Peru
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">
|
||
Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">
|
||
El Abra
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">
|
||
Amotape
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">
|
||
Arawak
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">
|
||
Atacameño
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">
|
||
Aymara
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">
|
||
Calima
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">
|
||
Cañaris
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">
|
||
Capulí
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="mw-selflink selflink">
|
||
Caral–Supe
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">
|
||
Casma–Sechin
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">
|
||
Chachapoya
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">
|
||
Chancay
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">
|
||
Chango
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chanka" title="Chanka">
|
||
Chanka
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">
|
||
Chavín
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">
|
||
Chimú
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">
|
||
Chinchorro
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">
|
||
Chiripa
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">
|
||
Chorrera
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">
|
||
Cupisnique
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">
|
||
Diaguita
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">
|
||
Gran Chaco
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">
|
||
Huetar
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ichma_culture" title="Ichma culture">
|
||
Ichma
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">
|
||
Kalina
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">
|
||
Kuhikugu
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">
|
||
La Tolita (Tumaco)
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">
|
||
Las Vegas
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">
|
||
Lauricocha
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">
|
||
Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">
|
||
Lima
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">
|
||
Lokono
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">
|
||
Lupaca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">
|
||
Luzia
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">
|
||
Manteño-Huancavilca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">
|
||
Mapuche
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">
|
||
Marajoara
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">
|
||
Moche
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">
|
||
Mollo
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">
|
||
Monte Verde
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">
|
||
Nazca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">
|
||
Omagua
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">
|
||
Paiján
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">
|
||
Piaroa
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">
|
||
Pucará
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">
|
||
Pucará de Tilcara
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">
|
||
Quebrada de Humahuaca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">
|
||
Quimbaya
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">
|
||
Saladoid
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">
|
||
San Agustín
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">
|
||
Shuar
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">
|
||
Sican
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">
|
||
Taíno
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">
|
||
Tairona
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">
|
||
Tierradentro
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">
|
||
Timoto–Cuica
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_polity" title="Tiwanaku polity">
|
||
Tiwanaku
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">
|
||
Toyopán
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">
|
||
Tuncahuán
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Upano_Valley_sites" title="Upano Valley sites">
|
||
Upano Valley
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">
|
||
Valdivia
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">
|
||
Wankarani
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">
|
||
Wari
|
||
</a>
|
||
/
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">
|
||
Huari
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">
|
||
Zenú
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none">
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="col" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even" scope="col" style="background: #FEEFD6;">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">
|
||
Aztec
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even" scope="col" style="background: #FEEFD6;">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">
|
||
Maya
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even" scope="col" style="background: #FEEFD6;">
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">
|
||
Muisca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even" scope="col" style="background: #FEEFD6;">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">
|
||
Inca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Capital
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">
|
||
Tenochtitlan
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">
|
||
Multiple
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">
|
||
Hunza
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">
|
||
Bacatá
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">
|
||
Cusco
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Language
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">
|
||
Nahuatl
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">
|
||
Mayan languages
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">
|
||
Muysc Cubun
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">
|
||
Quechua
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Writing
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">
|
||
Script
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">
|
||
Script
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">
|
||
Numerals
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">
|
||
Numerals
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">
|
||
Quipu
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Religion
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">
|
||
Religion
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">
|
||
Human Sacrifice
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">
|
||
Religion
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">
|
||
Human Sacrifice
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">
|
||
Religion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">
|
||
Religion
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Mythology
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">
|
||
Mythology
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">
|
||
Mythology
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">
|
||
Mythology
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">
|
||
Mythology
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Calendar
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">
|
||
Calendar
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">
|
||
Calendar
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">
|
||
Astronomy
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">
|
||
Calendar
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">
|
||
Astronomy
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">
|
||
Mathematics
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Society
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">
|
||
Society
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">
|
||
Society
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">
|
||
Trade
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">
|
||
Economy
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">
|
||
Society
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Warfare
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">
|
||
Warfare
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">
|
||
Warfare
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">
|
||
Warfare
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">
|
||
Army
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Women
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">
|
||
Women
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">
|
||
Women
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">
|
||
Women
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Gender_roles" title="Inca Empire">
|
||
Gender Roles
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Architecture
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">
|
||
Architecture
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">
|
||
Architecture
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">
|
||
Architecture
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">
|
||
Architecture
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">
|
||
Road System
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Art
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">
|
||
Art
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">
|
||
Art
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">
|
||
Art
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Arts_and_technology" title="Inca Empire">
|
||
Art
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Music
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">
|
||
Music
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">
|
||
Music
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">
|
||
Music
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">
|
||
Andean Music
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Agriculture
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">
|
||
Chinampas
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">
|
||
Agriculture
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">
|
||
Agriculture
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">
|
||
Agriculture
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Cuisine
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">
|
||
Cuisine
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">
|
||
Cuisine
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">
|
||
Cuisine
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">
|
||
Cuisine
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
History
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">
|
||
History
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">
|
||
History
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">
|
||
History
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">
|
||
Inca history
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">
|
||
Neo-Inca State
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Peoples
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">
|
||
Aztecs
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">
|
||
Mayans
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">
|
||
Muisca
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">
|
||
Incas
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Notable Rulers
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">
|
||
Moctezuma I
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">
|
||
Moctezuma II
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">
|
||
Cuitláhuac
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">
|
||
Cuauhtémoc
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">
|
||
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">
|
||
Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">
|
||
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">
|
||
Nemequene
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">
|
||
Quemuenchatocha
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">
|
||
Tisquesusa
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">
|
||
Tundama
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">
|
||
Zoratama
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">
|
||
Manco Cápac
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">
|
||
Pachacuti
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">
|
||
Atahualpa
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">
|
||
Manco Inca Yupanqui
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">
|
||
Túpac Amaru
|
||
</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr style="vertical-align:top">
|
||
<th class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" scope="row" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;">
|
||
Conquest
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">
|
||
Spanish Conquest
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">
|
||
Hernán Cortés
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">
|
||
Spanish Conquest
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">
|
||
Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">
|
||
Francisco de Montejo
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
<br/>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">
|
||
Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">
|
||
Pedro de Alvarado
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">
|
||
Spanish Conquest
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">
|
||
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">
|
||
Hernán Pérez de Quesada
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">
|
||
List of Conquistadors
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even">
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">
|
||
Spanish Conquest
|
||
</a>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
(
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">
|
||
Francisco Pizarro
|
||
</a>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;">
|
||
<div id="See_also671">
|
||
<b>
|
||
See also
|
||
</b>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0">
|
||
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">
|
||
Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">
|
||
Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">
|
||
Portal:Mesoamerica
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">
|
||
Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
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