# kb

id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-6.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
Elgen Long, 1971, first solo circumnavigation via the poles, in a Piper Navajo. Don Taylor, 1976, first circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft. Ross Perot, Jr. and Jay Coburn, 1982, first circumnavigation by helicopter, by Bell 206L-1 LongRanger II Dick Smith, 1982–1983, first solo circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Bell Jetranger III. Donald "Rode" Rodewald, 1984, first circumnavigation by a paraplegic pilot in a Comanche 260 with hand controls. Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, 1986, Voyager, first non-stop non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane, 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds. Dick Smith, 1988–1989, first circumnavigation landing at both poles, in a Twin Otter. In 1992 an Air France Concorde, registration F-BTSD, achieved the fastest non-orbital circumnavigation in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds. Fred Lasby, 1994, oldest circumnavigation, at 82 years of age, in Piper Comanche. Dick Smith, 1994–95, first east–west circumnavigation by helicopter, in a Sikorsky S-76, a distance traveled of 73,352 kilometres (39,407 nautical miles). Peter Joohak Lee, 1998, first Asian to circumnavigate the globe on a single engine aircraft. Using a Cherokee 235, he traveled east for 36 days and 29,920 miles. Brian Milton, 1998, first microlight circumnavigation. He used an open-cockpit single engine Pegasus Quantum 912. No


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-7.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
=== Spacecraft === On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space, and completed the first orbit of the Earth, in Vostok 1, in 108 minutes. The second and third orbital circumnavigations, the first two to have multiple orbits, were made by Gherman Titov (17.5 orbits, a little over a day, for the Soviet Union) and John Glenn, in Friendship 7 (3 orbits, almost five hours, for the US, first American orbital flight), respectively. The first woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit, and to also do so multiple times, was Valentina Tereshkova, who made forty-eight orbits between 16 and 19 June 1963, aboard Vostok 6. Frank F. Borman II, James A. Lovell Jr., and William A. Anders, 21–27 December 1968, first human circumnavigation of the Earth-Moon system, 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours, aboard Apollo 8; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days. === Human powered === Motorized transportation is permitted over water and where otherwise needed, but the human-powered distance must be a minimum of 18,000 miles (29,000 km) to qualify for a world record, according to Guinness rules since 2013. Thomas Stevens was the


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-8.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
=== Miscellaneous === King Kalākaua traveled around the world, over land and sea, thus becoming the first reigning monarch to complete such a journey in 1881. Nellie Bly traveled around the world with public steamboats and trains in 72 days (from 14 November 1889, to 25 January 1890), a world record, resembling the Around the World in Eighty Days novel. Clärenore Stinnes and Carl-Axel Söderström were the first persons to drive around the world in a car between 25 May 1927 and 24 June 1929. Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen, in a Klemm L.20 aircraft over land and via ship for ocean legs, circumnavigated the globe solo, between August 1928 and November 1929. Mrs Victor Bruce completed the first solo partially aerial circumnavigation by a woman (crossing oceans by vessel) in 1931. Beginning in Montreal, Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958, becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle. Heinz Stücke has been cycling around the world since 1962. Arthur Blessitt has been walking around the world carrying a 45 lb (20 kg) wooden cross since 25 December 1969, covering 42,279 miles (68,041 km) through 324 countries. As of


id: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations-9.md
category: reference
title: List of circumnavigations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:52.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-circumnavigations-20260505-0
summary:
== Non-global == Phoenician expedition sent by Pharaoh Necho II; c. 600 BC; possibly circumnavigating Africa. Pytheas of Massalia apparently circumnavigated the British Isles circa 325 BC, though his account of the exploration is lost, except for references to it in the works of classical historians. Jacques Cartier; 1534–1535; first circumnavigation of Newfoundland. García de Nodal; 1619; first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego. Abel Tasman; 1642–1643; first circumnavigation of the Australian continent (including New Guinea and Tasmania). James Cook; 1769–1770; first circumnavigation of New Zealand. James Cook; 1772–1775; first high-southern circumnavigation of Antarctica (including New Zealand's South Island). George Bass and Matthew Flinders; 1798; first circumnavigation of Tasmania, Australia. Matthew Flinders; 1801–1803; first circumnavigation of Australia (without Tasmania). Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen; 1820–1821; first circumnavigation of Antarctica (without New Zealand). Robert McClure; 1850–1854; first both to circumnavigate the Americas, and to transit the Northwest Passage. All by sea save for a 550-mile stretch on foot over pack ice in the Parry Channel, from Mercy Bay to Beechey Island. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld; 1878–1879; first circumnavigation of Eurasia, via the Northeast Passage and the Suez Canal, during the Vega expedition. St Roch; 1940–1942 and 1950; first vessel to circumnavigate North America. 1940–1942


id: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cliffs by continent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
summary:
The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world. == Asia == === Above sea === Ra's Sajir, Oman, 900 m (3,000 ft) above the Arabian Sea Tōjinbō, Sakai, Fukui prefecture, Japan 25 m above Sea of Japan Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. Theoprosopon, between Chekka and Selaata in north Lebanon jutting into the Mediterranean. === Above land === Nanga Parbat, Rupal Face, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, 4,600 m Gyala Peri, southeast face, Mêdog County, Tibet, China, 4,600 m Ultar Sar southwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,000 m Qingshui Cliff, Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2,408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean. Trango Towers: East Face Great Trango Tower, Baltoro Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,340 m (near vertical headwall), 2,100 m (very steep overall drop from East Summit to Dunge Glacier). Northwest Face drops approximately 2,200 m to the Trango Glacier below, but with a taller slab topped out with a shorter overhanging headwall of approximately 1,000 m. The Southwest "Azeem" Ridge forms the group's tallest steep


id: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent-1.md
category: reference
title: List of cliffs by continent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:53.363382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cliffs-by-continent-20260505-0
summary:
Mount Asgard, Baffin Island, Canada; vertical drop of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft). El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, California, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) Toroweap (a.k.a. Tuweep), Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft) Painted Wall in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado, United States; 685 m (2,250 ft) Northwest Face of Half Dome, near El Capitan, California, United States; 1,444 m (4,737 ft) total, vertical portion about 610 m (2,000 ft) The west face of Notch Peak in the House Range of southwestern Utah, U.S.; a carbonate rock pure vertical drop of about 670 m (2,200 ft), with 4,450 feet (1,356 m) from the top of the cliff to valley floor (bottom of the canyon below the notch) East face of the West Temple in Zion National Park, Utah, United States believed to be the tallest sandstone cliff in the world, 670 m All faces of Devils Tower, Wyoming, United States, 195 m Faces of Shiprock, New Mexico, United States, 400 m Cap Éternité of Saguenay River, Quebec, Canada, 347 m The North Face of North Twin Peak, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada, 1,200 m Raftsmen's Acropolis, a rock face of the Montagne des Érables, Quebec,


id: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-0.md
category: reference
title: List of coalfields
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
summary:
A coalfield is an area of certain uniform characteristics where coal is mined. The criteria for determining the approximate boundary of a coalfield are geographical and cultural, in addition to geological. A coalfield often groups the seams of coal, railroad companies, cultural groups, and watersheds and other geographical considerations. At one time the coalfield designation was an important category in business and industrial discussions. The terminology declined into unimportance as the 20th century progressed, and was probably only referred to by a few small railroads and history buffs by the 1980s. Renewed interest in industrial heritage and coal mining history has brought the old names of the coalfields before a larger audience. == Australia == === New South Wales === Gunnedah Basin coalfields Hunter Valley coalfields South Maitland coalfields Sydney Basin coalfields === Queensland === Bowen Basin coalfields Galilee Basin coalfields Surat Basin coalfields Walloon coalfields === Victoria === Latrobe Valley coalfields === Western Australia === Collie coalfields == Belgium == Borinage Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) Campine Coalfield (1917–1992) Centre Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973) Charleroi Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1984) Liege Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1980) == Canada == Ardley coalfield Beersville Coalfield Carbon-Thompson coalfield Comox Coalfield Crowsnest


id: list-of-coalfields-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields-1.md
category: reference
title: List of coalfields
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coalfields
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:54.550128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coalfields-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pennsylvania === Anthracite Coalfield (Coal Region) Beaver Coalfield Bennetts Branch Coalfield Bernice Coalfield Black Lick Coalfield (aka Nanto Glo Coalfield) Blossburg Coalfield Broad Top Coalfield Butler Coalfield Cameron Coalfield Clarion Coalfield Clearfield Coalfield Connellsville Coalfield Freeport Coalfield Georges Creek Coalfield Indian Valley Coalfield Indiana Coalfield Irwin Gas Coalfield Keating Coalfield Kittanning Coalfield Klondike Coalfield Ligonier Coalfield Low Grade Division Coalfield Mercer Coalfield Meyersdale Coalfield Moshannon Coalfield Mountain Coalfield Pittsburgh Coalfield Punxsutawney Coalfield Ralston Coalfield Shawmut Coalfield Snowshoe Coalfield Somerset Pennsylvania Coalfield Westmoreland Coalfield Windber Coalfield === Tennessee === Cumberland Gap Coalfield Jellico Coalfield Lafollette Coalfield Rockwood Coalfield Soddy Coalfield Wartburg Coalfield === Utah === Blacktail Coalfield Book Cliffs Coalfield Castlegate Coalfield Coalville Coalfield Emery Coalfield Harmony Coalfield Henry Mountains Coalfield Kaiporonitis Plateau Coalfield Kolob Plateau Coalfield Sunnyside Coalfield Teton Basin Coalfield Vernal Coalfield Wasatch Plateau === Virginia === Buchanan Coalfield Clinch Valley Coalfield Pocahontas Coalfield Richmond Coalfield Southwestern Coalfield (Big Stone Gap Coalfield) Valley Coalfield (anthracite) === West Virginia === Elkins Coalfield Fairmont Coalfield Greenbrier Coalfield Kanawha Coalfield Logan Coalfield Meadow Branch Coalfield (anthracite) New River Coalfield Panhandle Coalfield Pocahontas Coalfield Upper Potomac Coalfield Williamson Coalfield Winding Gulf Coalfield === Wyoming === Bighorn Coalfield Black Hills Coalfield Goshen Hole


id: list-of-comedy-drama-television-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series-0.md
category: reference
title: List of comedy drama television series
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_drama_television_series
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:55.975455+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-comedy-drama-television-series-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of television series in the comedy drama (aka dramedy) genre. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == References ==


id: conurbation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-0.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
A conurbation is a region consisting of a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area in which transportation has developed to link areas. They create a single urban labour market or travel to work area. Conurbations often emerged in coal-mining regions during the period of the Industrial Revolution. Patrick Geddes coined the term in his book Cities in Evolution (1915). He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples "Midlandton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States. For census purposes, the term as described is used in Britain, whereas in the United States a related concept of metropolitan area is used instead. Each polycentric "metropolitan area" may have its own common designation such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Internationally the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to convey a similar meaning


id: conurbation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-1.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Germany === The Ruhr region (Ruhrgebiet) is a major conurbation located in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It consists of several large cities of similar size — including Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, and Oberhausen — that have gradually grown together to form a continuous urban area. With no single dominant core city, the Ruhr represents a classical polycentric conurbation. It developed as a major coal and steel industrial center during the 19th and 20th centuries, and remains one of the most densely urbanized regions in Europe. The Ruhr covers an area of approximately 4,438 km2 (1,714 sq mi) and has a population of around 5.1 million people as of 2023. Unlike the broader Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, which includes both conurbations and monocentric metropolitan areas such as Cologne, the Ruhr region itself is specifically characterized by its polycentric, conurbation structure. === United Kingdom === Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central


id: conurbation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-2.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México or ZMVM), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes, Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla. Together those areas make up the Mexico City megalopolis. ==== Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara) ==== The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) consists of seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered


id: conurbation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation-3.md
category: reference
title: Conurbation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:58.190531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conurbation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Stamford-Hartford ==== Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million. ==== Northwest Arkansas ==== Northwest Arkansas is a metropolitan area in the Ozarks containing four of the ten largest cities in Arkansas - Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, and Bentonville. These four cities and smaller municipalities between and around them have grown together over time to form a conurbation with no dominant city. ==== Research Triangle ==== Raleigh is the capital city of North Carolina and second largest by population. Nearby cities Durham and Chapel Hill form a triangle shape along with Raleigh. These cities each contain major research universities that, along with the Research Triangle Park, bind these cities together to form one continuous urban area. == Oceania == === Australia === ==== Albury-Wodonga ==== Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the


id: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and dependencies by area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:05:59.783176+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies, ranked by total area, including land and water. This list includes entries that are not limited to those in the ISO 3166-1 standard, which covers sovereign states and dependent territories. All 193 member states of the United Nations plus the two observer states are given a rank number. Largely unrecognised states not in ISO 3166-1 are included in the list in ranked order. The areas of such largely unrecognised states are in most cases also included in the areas of the more widely recognised states that claim the same territory; see the notes in the "Notes" column for each country for clarification. Not included in the list are entities such as the European Union which do not encompass any non-overlapping preclaimed land. This list includes three measurements of area: Total area: the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines. Land area: the aggregate of all land within international boundaries and coastlines, excluding water area. Inland water area: the sum of the surface areas of all inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, and rivers) within international boundaries and coastlines. Coastal internal waters may be included. Territorial seas,


id: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-number-of-land-borders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and territories by number of land borders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:01.400162+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-number-of-land-borders-20260505-0
summary:
This list gives the number of distinct land borders of each country or territory,but not the neighbouring countries and territories. The length of each border is included, as is the total length of each country's or territory's borders. Countries or territories that are connected only by man-made structures such as bridges, causeways or tunnels are not considered to have land borders. However, borders along lakes, rivers, and other internal waters are considered land borders for the purposes of this article. == Land borders == Distinct land borders: Refers to the number of separate geographic boundaries a country shares with its neighbours. A single country may have multiple distinct land borders with the same neighbour (e.g., due to enclaves, exclaves, or disconnected regions). Distinct land neighbours: Refers to the number of unique countries a nation borders via land. == Superlatives == Longest land border: China: 22,147 km (13,762 mi) Longest land border between two countries: Canada – United States: 8,891 km (5,525 mi) (Canada–United States border) Kazakhstan – Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi) (Kazakhstan–Russia border) Argentina – Chile: 5,308 km (3,298 mi) (Argentina–Chile border) China – Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi) (China–Mongolia border) Bangladesh – India: 4,053 km (2,518 mi) (Bangladesh–India


id: list-of-countries-by-easternmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by easternmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_easternmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:02.603165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-easternmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land (dependent territories included). The order does not always reflect how close a country's territory is to the 180th meridian. Russia, Fiji, and Antarctica are notable exceptions because the 180th meridian passes through them. Therefore, they each have both very westernmost and very easternmost points. For countries like Russia, New Zealand, Fiji, the United States, and Kiribati, which have territories on both sides of the 180th meridian, the easternmost point is defined as the easternmost point in the direction of travel. The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian, in the Western Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere. Conversely, Russia, New Zealand, and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian, in the Eastern Hemisphere, so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere. == See also ==


id: list-of-countries-by-forest-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by forest area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:03.892014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-forest-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries and territories of the world according to the total area covered by forests, based on data published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In 2010, the world had 3.92 billion hectares (ha) of tree cover, extending over 30% of its land area. In 2020, the world had a total forest area of 4.06 billion ha, which was 31 percent of the total land area. This area is equivalent to 0.52 ha per person – although forests are not distributed equally among the world's people or geographically. The tropical domain has the largest proportion of the world's forests (45 percent), followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains. More than half (54 percent) of the world's forests is in only five countries – the Russian Federation (20.1%), Brazil (12.2%), Canada (8.6%), the United States of America (7.6%) and China (5.4%). Many of the world's forests are being damaged and degraded or are disappearing altogether. Their capacity to provide tangible goods, such as fiber, food, and medicines, as well as essential ecological services, including habitat for biodiversity, carbon storage, and moderation of freshwater flows, is under greater threat than ever before.


id: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-length-of-coastline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and dependencies by length of coastline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_length_of_coastline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:06.292644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-dependencies-by-length-of-coastline-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of countries and dependencies by length of coastline, in kilometers. Though the coastline paradox stipulates that coastlines do not have a well-defined length, there are various methods in use to measure coastlines through ratios and other metrics. A coastline of zero indicates that the country is landlocked. == Coastline paradox == The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be. This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones. == Data sources == Data marked The World Factbook or TWF is derived from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency and covers 198 countries and 55 territories. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries. Data marked World Resources Institute


id: list-of-countries-by-northernmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by northernmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_northernmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:07.540661+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-northernmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by northernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the northernmost point under the control of a nation is listed. Indicates a point of reference == Notes ==


id: list-of-countries-by-organic-farmland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by organic farmland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:08.847498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-organic-farmland-20260505-0
summary:
This article is a list of countries by organic farmland. As of 2023, approximately 99,000,000 hectares (240,000,000 acres) worldwide were farmed organically, representing approximately 2.1% of total world farmland. == Countries and territories == All areas are given in hectares. Source: FIBL == Biodynamic farmland == Biodynamic agriculture is practiced in 55 countries, with a world total of 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares. With Europe dominating the world map. All areas are given in hectares. Source: American Institute of Science. == Non-certified organic farmland == Percentages of farmland being used organically may vary because guidelines of organic farming practices vary across nations. For example, Cuba has a significant portion of its agricultural land managed without synthetic chemicals. Estimates suggest that about 25% of Cuban farms operate organically. However, in terms of land area officially classified as organic farmland, sources report a much smaller figure, around 0.03%, indicating a difference between formal certification and actual farming practices. This discrepancy can be explained by Cuba's widespread use of agroecological methods such as Organopónicos, especially in urban and small-scale farms, which may not always be formally certified but still follow organic principles. In 2012, Bhutan set the ambitious goal to become the world's first


id: list-of-countries-by-southernmost-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by southernmost point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:10.157160+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-southernmost-point-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by southernmost point on land. Where borders are contested, the southernmost point under the control of a nation is listed, excluding points within Antarctica and its outlying islands south of 60°S. == Notes ==


id: list-of-countries-by-total-renewable-water-resources-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by total renewable water resources
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:11.487542+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-total-renewable-water-resources-20260505-0
summary:
This is the list of countries by total renewable water resources for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data). Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally. According to Food and Agriculture Organization, ″internal renewable water resources (IRWR) represents long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation. External renewable water resources (ERWR) represents that part of the country's long-term average annual renewable water resources which are not generated in the country. It includes inflows from upstream countries (groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes and/or rivers. Total actual renewable water resources (TARWR) is the sum of internal renewable water resources and incoming flow originating outside the country. The computation of TARWR takes into account upstream abstraction and quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties. It is a measure of the maximum theoretical amount of water actually available for the country.″ == Water resources == Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up


id: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:12.902426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-and-territories-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme, including 193 UN member states, two UN observer states (the Holy See and Palestine), two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue), and 49 non-sovereign dependencies or territories, as well as Western Sahara (a disputed territory whose sovereignty is contested) and Antarctica. In total, 248 countries and territories have been listed. Not included in the list are eight de facto states (whose sovereignty are not recognised by the United Nations), the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA), and four uninhabited territories (the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Clipperton Island, the Coral Sea Islands, and Navassa Island). Kosovo and Taiwan (listed as Taiwan Province of China) have been separately listed for strictly statistical purposes. == Lists == The United Nations geoscheme was created for statistical analysis and consists of six continental regions, 22 geographical subregions, and two intermediary regions. The United Nations Statistics Division created and maintains the M49 – Standard country or area codes for statistical use. The codes are listed from smallest to largest region, left to right. === Current entries === === Entries for strictly statistical purposes === ===


id: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-0.md
category: reference
title: List of deserts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of deserts sorted by the region of the world in which the desert is located. == Africa == Kalahari Desert – a desert covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa Karoo Desert – a desert covering parts of southern South Africa Namib Desert – a desert in present-day Namibia Danakil Desert – a desert lying in the Afar Triangle and covering northeastern Ethiopia, southern Eritrea, southern Djibouti and northwesternmost Somalia Eritrean Coastal Desert – a desert lying along the southern part of the coast of Eritrea and the coast of Djibouti Guban Desert – a desert lying along the coast of northwestern Somalia Grand Bara Desert – a desert covering parts of south Djibouti Chalbi Desert – a desert in northern Kenya along the border with Ethiopia Nyiri Desert – a desert located in southern Kenya along the border with Tanzania Lompoul Desert – a desert lying in northwestern Senegal between Dakar and Saint-Louis Sahara Desert – Africa's largest desert and the world's largest hot desert which covers much of North Africa comprising: Ténéré – a desert covering northeastern Niger and western Chad Tanezrouft – a desert covering northern Mali, northwestern Niger


id: list-of-deserts-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts-1.md
category: reference
title: List of deserts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:14.117784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deserts-20260505-0
summary:
Atacama Desert – a desert in Chile and Peru La Guajira Desert – a desert in Colombia and Venezuela Monte Desert – in Argentina, a smaller desert above the Patagonian Desert Patagonian Desert – the largest desert in the Americas, located in Argentina Sechura Desert – a desert located south of the Piura Region of Peru Jalapão – a desert park in Tocantins, Brazil == Polar regions == === Antarctic === Antarctic Desert – the largest desert in the world McMurdo Dry Valleys – a series of extremely dry, snow-free valleys in Victoria Land Meyer Desert – a small desert close to the South Pole === Arctic === Arctic Desert – the second largest "desert" in the world, though it consists of frozen ocean, land ice, and tundra, so (like the rest of this section) not a desert climate in any conventional sense North American Arctic – a large tundra in Northern America Greenland – mostly covered by land ice, like Antarctica Russian Arctic – a large tundra in Russia == Pseudo-deserts == Some geographical features are referred to as "deserts", and this word may even feature in their names, despite not meeting any meteorological definitions for a desert. Accona


id: list-of-downs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Down is used in the name of geographical features or locations that are downland or close to downland, including:


id: list-of-downs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-1.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Abbotts Ann Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England Afton Down, chalk down near the village of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight Andover Down, hamlet in Hampshire, England Arreton Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight Ashley Down, area in the north of Bristol Aston Down, east of Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, England Asylum Down, neighborhood in Accra, Ghana Ballard Down, area of chalk downland on the Purbeck Hills in Dorset, England Batcombe Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Bathampton Down, overlooking Bath, Somerset, England Beaminster Down, one of the highest hills in West Dorset, England Bembridge Down, Site of special scientific interest north-east of Sandown, Isle of Wight Bin Down, hill, 203 metres (666 ft) high near Liskeard in the county of Cornwall, England Black Down, Dorset, hill on the South Dorset Ridgeway in Dorset, England Black Down, Somerset, the highest hill in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England Black Down, Sussex, the highest hill in the county of Sussex, England Black Hill Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, England Blow's Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England Bolberry Down, clifftop area on the coast of Devon,


id: list-of-downs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs-2.md
category: reference
title: List of downs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_downs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:15.388614+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-downs-20260505-0
summary:
Catherine's Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, near the southernmost point on the island St Boniface Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight, England Starveall and Stony Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Codford and Wylye, Wiltshire, England Steeple Langford Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Steeple Langford in Wiltshire, England Stenbury Down, chalk down on the Isle of Wight Stockton Wood and Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Stonehill Down Nature Reserve, downland nature reserve on the Purbeck Hills, Dorset, England Stoney Down, hill and forested countryside in Dorset, England Stormy Down, Site of Special Scientific Interest near Pyle in Bridgend County Borough, south Wales Stratford Toney Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Tennyson Down, hill at the west end of the Isle of Wight just south of Totland Throope Down, biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, England Thruxton Down, west of Andover, Hampshire, England Toller Down, one of the highest hills in the county of Dorset, England Trendlebere Down, woodland managed by Natural England in Dartmoor, Devon, England Twyford Down, area of chalk downland southeast of Winchester, Hampshire, England Tytherington Down, biological


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-0.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
The following drinks were named after places. == Non-alcoholic beverages == === Coffee drinks === Americano, diluted espresso, popularly believed to be after the habit of American soldiers in Italy in WW II. Coffee, perhaps after the Kingdom of Kaffa, now in southwest Ethiopia Cuban espresso or Café Cubano — Cuba Georgia (coffee), after the state of Georgia, United States Greek frappé — Greece Indian filter coffee — India Ipoh white coffee, after the city of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Java, slang for coffee — named after the Indonesian island of Java Kurdish coffee after Kurdistan Marocchino, Italian for Moroccan Mazagran after the city of Mazagran, Algeria Mocha/Caffè mocha and Moka coffee, after the port city of Mocha in Yemen Mustang Coffee after the Mustang region of Nepal Thai iced coffee — Thailand Tenom coffee, after the town of Tenom, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia Café Touba after the city of Touba, Senegal Turkish coffee — Turkey Vietnamese iced coffee — Vietnam Wiener Melange and Vienna coffee, after the city of Vienna, Austria ==== Coffee bean varieties ==== Arabica coffee — Arabia Ethiopian Harar and Ethiopian Sidamo — Ethiopia Guadeloupe Bonifieur after the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee, from


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-1.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Teas === Anji bai cha or Anji white tea, after Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China Assam tea, after the state of Assam, northeast India Berinag tea after the town of Berinag, Uttarakhand, India Ceylon tea — Ceylon, old name for Sri Lanka Chinese herb tea — China Darjeeling tea, after the city of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India Dianhong after Dian Lake in Yunnan province, southern China English breakfast tea — England Formosa oolong tea after a historical name of Taiwan Hong Kong-style milk tea — Hong Kong Huangshan Maofeng, after Huangshan, a mountain range in Anhui province, China Irish Breakfast tea — Ireland Junshan Yinzhen, from Junshan Island, Hunan province, China Kagoshima green tea from the Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan Kangra tea from the Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India Kashmiri tea, a.k.a. Noon Chai, from Kashmir Keemun, after Qimen County, Anhui province, China Korean tea - Korea Labrador tea after the Labrador region of eastern Canada London fog after the city of London, UK Longjing tea, after the village of Longjing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Lu'an Melon Seed tea, after the city of Lu'an, Anhui province, China Maghrebi mint tea, after the Maghreb region of northwest Africa Mengding Ganlu tea


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-2.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Brands ==== Achel, after the village of Achel, Belgian Limburg Alaskan Amber after the state of Alaska, USA Alhambra after the fortress complex of Alhambra, in Granada, Andalusia, Spain Amstel after the Amstel river in the Netherlands Andechser after the town and abbey of Andechs, southern Bavaria, Germany Angkor Beer and Angkor Extra Stout, after the historical city of Angkor, Cambodia Arequipeña after Arequipa, Peru Ballarat Bitter, after the city of Ballarat, Victoria (Australia) Bauskas, after the town of Bauska, Latvia Bavaria, a Dutch beer named after the state of Bavaria, Germany Belhaven Best after the town of Belhaven, Scotland Beerlao after the country of Laos Beijing Beer, after the city of Beijing, China Berliner Pilsner after the city of Berlin, Germany Bitburger after the city of Bitburg, Germany, near the border of Luxembourg La Binchoise after the town of Binche, Hainaut, Belgium Bohemia, a Mexican brand named after the historical Czech region of Bohemia Borsodi after the historical Borsod County, Hungary Bellevaux after the village of Bellevaux (Malmedy), Liège, Belgium Bourgogne des Flandres after Flanders, Belgium Brunehaut after the town of Brunehaut, Hainaut, Belgium Březňák after the village of Velké Březno, Czech Republic Brisbane Bitter after the city


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-3.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Cocktails === Alabama Slammer after the state of Alabama, USA Agua de Sevilla after the city of Seville, Andalusia, Spain Agua de Valencia after the city of Valencia, Spain Asiático — Asia (original name was "Ruso" or Russian) Bahama Mama after the Bahamas Blue Hawaii after the Hawaiian islands, USA Bronx after the borough of The Bronx, New York City, USA Brooklyn after the borough of Brooklyn, New York City, USA Cape Codder after Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Chicago Cocktail after the city of Chicago, USA Chimayó Cocktail after the town of Chimayo, New Mexico, USA Colombia after the country of Colombia Cuba Libre after the country of Cuba Curacao Punch after the Dutch Caribbean island of Curaçao Daiquiri after the beach and village of Daiquirí, southeast Cuba Harlem Mugger after the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, USA Irish car bomb, Irish coffee and Irish Flag after Ireland Japanese slipper after Japan, because of the Midori ingredient Liégeois after the city of Liège, Belgium Long Island Iced Tea after Long Island, New York State, USA Lorraine after the region of Lorraine, northeast France Lynchburg Lemonade after the city of Lynchburg, Tennessee, USA Manhattan after the borough of Manhattan,


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-4.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Brands ==== Angostura Rum, after the city of Angostura, Venezuela, now named Ciudad Bolívar Beenleigh Rum, after Beenleigh, Queensland, Australia Belaya Rus vodka, after the country of Belarus Bombay Sapphire, a gin named after the Star of Bombay and indirectly the city of Mumbai, India Bundaberg Rum, after the city of Bundaberg. Queensland, Australia Carúpano after the city of Carúpano, Venezuela Clontarf, an Irish whiskey named after (the battle of) Clontarf, Dublin Comber Whiskey, an Irish whiskey produced in Comber, Northern Ireland Corzo, a tequila named after Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico Cracovia, a vodka named after Kraków, Poland Dzama, a rum named after the city of Dzamandzar, Madagascar Finlandia, a vodka named after Finland Glenfiddich, a Scotch whisky named after the River Fiddich valley Havana Club, a rum named after the city of Havana, Cuba Khortytsia, a Ukrainian brand of vodka after island Khortytsia on the Dnieper river Kihnu Mark, a vodka named after the island of Kihnu, Estonia Konig's Westphalian Gin, a Steinhäger named after the Westphalia region of Germany Mackmyra Whisky, after the village Mackmyra near Valbo, Gästrikland, Sweden Malibu, a Barbados rum originating in Curaçao and presumably named after Malibu, California Midleton Very Rare, an


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-5.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Wine grapes ==== Acitana after the city of Acireale (or nearby villages Aci Catena, Aci Castello, etc.), Catania, Sicily, Italy Arnsburger after Arnsburg Abbey, Hesse, Germany Aspiran after the Aspiran, Hérault, southern France Auxerrois blanc and Gros Auxerrois after the historical Auxerrois region around Auxerre, Burgundy, France Barbera Sarda after the island of Sardinia, Italy Bianchetta Trevigiana after the Province of Treviso, northern Italy Biancone di Portoferraio after the town of Portoferraio on Elba, Tuscany, Italy Blauer Portugieser after Portugal Blaufränkisch after the Franconia region of south-central Germany Bonarda Piemontese after the Piedmont region, northwestern Italy Busuioacă de Bohotin afgter the village of Bohotin, northeastern Romania Calabrese Montenuovo after the Calabria region in southern Italy Carignan after Cariñena, Aragon, Spain Catanese nero after the Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy Catawba after the Catawba River Chalosse Noire after the region of Chalosse, France Chardonnay after the town of Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire, France Chasselas after the village of Chasselas, Saône-et-Loire, France Chenin blanc after Mont Chenin in Touraine, France Colombana nera after the Abbey of San Colombano in the town of Bobbio, Emilia-Romagna, Italy Cornalin d'Aoste after the Aosta Valley, northwestern Italy Cserszegi fűszeres after the village of Cserszegtomaj, western Hungary Ehrenfelser


id: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places-6.md
category: reference
title: List of drinks named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinks_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:16.587082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-drinks-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
==== Wines from Italy ==== Aglianico del Vulture after the historical region of Vulture Albana di Romagna after the historical region of Romagna Alcamo after the town of Alcamo, Sicily Amarone after the town of Marano di Valpolicella, Veneto Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont Barbaresco after the municipality of Barbaresco, Piedmont Barolo after the municipality of Barolo, Piedmont Brachetto d'Acqui after the city of Acqui Terme, Piedmont Brunello di Montalcino after the town of Montalcino, Tuscany Carmignano after the city of Carmignano, Tuscany Chianti after the Chianti Mountains, Tuscany Franciacorta after the territory of Franciacorta, Lombardy Gattinara after the municipality of Gattinara, Piedmont Gavi after the municipality of Gavi, Piedmont Marsala after the city of Marsala, Sicily Morellino di Scansano after the village of Scansano, Tuscany Moscato d'Asti after the city of Asti, Piedmont Nizza after the town of Nizza Monferrato, Asti, Piedmont Prosecco after Prosecco, now a suburb of Trieste Ramandolo after the village of the same name near Nimis, Udine Sagrantino di Montefalco after the town of Montefalco, Umbria Soave after the small city of Soave, Veneto Taurasi after the town of Taurasi, Campania Vernaccia di San Gimignano after the town of San Gimignano, Tuscany Vino


id: list-of-elevation-extremes-by-country-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country-0.md
category: reference
title: List of elevation extremes by country
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_country
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:19.045402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-elevation-extremes-by-country-20260505-0
summary:
The following sortable table lists land surface elevation extremes by country or dependent territory. Topographic elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface. == Table == == National elevation ranges == Of all countries, Lesotho has the world's highest low point at 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Other countries with high low points include Rwanda 950 metres (3,117 ft) and Andorra 840 metres (2,756 ft). Countries with very low high points include Maldives 5 metres (16 ft), Tuvalu, 5 metres (16 ft) and the Marshall Islands 10 metres (33 ft). These island countries also have the smallest range between their lowest (sea level) and highest points, and are very sensitive to changes in sea level. The highest and lowest points in China constitute the greatest elevation range within any single country at 9,002 metres (29,534 ft). The elevation ranges are also great in Nepal 8,789 metres (28,835 ft), Pakistan 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), and India 8,588.7 metres (28,178 ft). Monaco's elevation range is among the greatest relative to surface area. Within its 2.02 km2 territory, there is a difference of 140 m between its highest and lowest


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-0.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of foods named after places have been compiled by writers, sometimes on travel websites or food-oriented websites, as well as in books. Since all of these names are words derived from place names, they are all toponyms. This article covers English language food toponyms which may have originated in English or other languages. According to Delish.com, "[T]here's a rich history of naming foods after cities, towns, countries, and even the moon." The following foods and drinks were named after places. Each non-obvious etymology is supported by a reference on the linked Wikipedia page. Food names are listed by country of the origin of the word, not necessarily where the food originated or was thought to have originated. Some foods are certified to originate in that region with a protected designation of origin (PDO). == Africa == African eggplant African pepper Bourbon vanilla — Île Bourbon, now the island of Réunion Canarian wrinkly potatoes — Canary Islands Egyptian onion — Egypt Gabon nut — Gabon Guinea grains or Guinea peppers — the Guinea region of the African West coast Guineafowl — the Guinea region Galinha à africana — "African-style chicken" Madagascar vanilla — Madagascar Moroccan citron — Morocco Muscat of


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-1.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Allahabadi cake — the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, north India Bandel cheese — the city of Bandel, West Bengal Bombay duck — fish dish named after the city of Bombay Chicken Chettinad — the region of Chettinad, Tamil Nadu Hyderabadi Biryani — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Hyderabadi Haleem — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Hyderabadi Marag — the city Hyderabad and erstwhile Hyderabad State Indian omelette Kakinada Kaja - the city Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh Kalimpong cheese — the hill station of Kalimpong, West Bengal Madras curry sauce — the city of Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu Malabar matthi curry — the Malabar Coast, southeast India Mangalore Buns - banana and yogurt fried bread from Mangalore Mangalorean Bangude Masala — fish dish named after the city of Mangalore, Karnataka Mangalorean Chicken Sukka — the city of Mangalore, Karnataka Mysore pak — the city of Mysore, Karnataka Narsobawadi Basundi — dessert from the town of Narsobawadi, Maharashtra Tirunelveli Halva — the city of Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu Thoothukudi or Tuticorin macaroon — the city of Thoothukudi (formerly Tuticorin), Tamil Nadu Fruits and vegetables Bangalore Blue — grape grown in districts around Bangalore city, Karnataka Bikaneri bhujia —


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-2.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Turkey fowl (despite not being from Turkey—see Turkey (bird)#Names) Gemlik olive — the town of Gemlik, Bursa Province Harput meatballs — the historic city of Harput, now Elazığ, Eastern Anatolia İnegöl meatballs — the city of İnegöl, Marmara region Smyrna meatballs — the ancient city of Smyrna, Aegean Region Tire meatballs — the district of Tire, İzmir, Aegean Region Turkish delight Van köfte — meatballs from the city of Van, Eastern Anatolia == Europe == === Balkan States === Albanian vegetable pie — Albania Bosnian Pot — Bosnia Bulgarian yogurt — Bulgaria Cherni Vit (cheese) — the village of Cherni Vit, Bulgaria Elenski but — ham from the town of Elena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria Macedonia — mixed salad alluding to the diverse origin of the people of Alexander's Macedonian Empire Shopska salad — the Shopluk region in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Macedonia Sremska sausage — the district of Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia ==== Croatia ==== Istrian stew — the Istria peninsula Međimurska gibanica — cake from Međimurje County Morlacco — Italian cheese named after the historical Morlachia region now located in Croatia Pag cheese — the island of Pag Rab cake — the island of Rab ==== Romania ==== Magiun of Topoloveni


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-3.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Basler Brot and Basler Läckerli — bread and cookies from the city of Basel Berner Haselnusslebkuchen and Berner Honiglebkuchen — cakes from the city of Bern Bündner Nusstorte or Engadiner Nusstorte — sweet pastry from (the Engadin region of) the Graubünden canton Couque suisse — Belgian sweet roll Pain de seigle valaisan — bread from the canton of Valais Pane ticinese — bread from the canton of Ticino, Switzerland Papet vaudois — mashed potatoes and leek from the canton of Vaud Swiss roll Zuger Kirschtorte — layer cake from the city or canton of Zug, Switzerland Zürcher Murren — bread roll from the city of Zürich Cheeses Appenzeller — the canton of Appenzell Berner Alpkäse and Berner Hobelkäse — the Bernese Oberland region Emmentaler — Emmental, the name of a valley in the canton of Bern Gruyère — the town of Gruyères in the canton of Fribourg L'Etivaz — the hamlet of L'Etivaz in the canton of Vaud Swiss cheese — American cheese named for its resemblance to Emmental cheese Tomme Vaudoise — the canton of Vaud Vacherin Fribourgeois — the canton of Fribourg === Eastern Europe === ==== Baltic states ==== Liveland Raspberry apple — the Governorate of Livonia


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-4.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Asiago — Asiago, plateau and town in the Venetian Prealps Bastardo del Grappa — Monte Grappa in the Venetian Prealps Bitto — the Bitto River in Lombardy Bra — the town of Bra in Piedmont Casciotta d'Urbino — the city of Urbino in the Marche region Castelmagno — the municipality of Castelmagno in Piedmont Gorgonzola — the town of Gorgonzola near Milan Grana Padano — the Po Valley (Pianura Padana) Montasio — the mountain Jôf di Montasio in the Julian Alps Monte Veronese — the Province of Verona Pallone di Gravina — the town of Gravina in Puglia in Apulia Parmesan— the city or province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna Parmigiano-Reggiano — the cities of Parma and Reggio, Emilia-Romagna Pecorino di Filiano — the town of Filiano in the southern region of Basilicata Pecorino Romano — the city of Rome Pecorino Sardo — the island of Sardinia Pecorino Siciliano — the island of Sicily Pecorino Toscano — the region of Tuscany Piave — the Piave river in the Veneto region Quiche florentine — Florence Ragusano — the Province of Ragusa on Sicily Robiola — possibly named after the town of Robbio in Lombardy Romano cheese — American pecorino-style cheese named after Rome


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-5.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Albufera sauce — via the Duke of Albufera after the Albufera lagoon, eastern Spain Arroz a la valenciana — Latin American rice dish named after Valencia Castella — Japanese cake named after the historical region of Castile Chorizo de Pamplona — sausage from the city of Pamplona, Navarre Espagnole sauce — Spain Lacón Gallego — ham from the region of Galicia Mantecadas de Astorga — pastry from the town of Astorga, Léon Mató de Pedralbes — pastry from the Pedralbes neighborhood of Barcelona, Spain Mayonnaise — perhaps named after the city of Mahón, capital of the island of Menorca Morcilla de Burgos — sausage from the city of Burgos, Castile Sauce andalouse — Belgian sauce named after the Andalusia region of southern Spain Spanische Windtorte — Austrian cake named after Spain Spanish omelette Spanish rice — the American name for a Mexican side dish Tarragona – Swedish chocolate bar named after the city of Tarragona Valencian paella — the city, province or region of Valencia Valencia rice — Valencia Vic fuet — sausage from the town of Vic, Catalonia Cheeses Alpujarra — Alpujarra region, Andalusia Cabrales — Cabrales, a municipality in Asturias Cantabrian Cream — the autonomous community of Cantabria


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-6.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Abondance — the commune of Abondance, Haute-Savoie Banon — the town of Banon in the Provence Beaufort — the commune of Beaufort, Savoie Bleu d'Auvergne — the central historical province of Auvergne Bleu de Gex — the eastern historical Pays de Gex Brie — the historical Brie region near Paris Camembert — the town of Camembert, Orne, Normandy Cantal — the central department of Cantal Chaource — the village of Chaource in the Champagne region Comté — the eastern Franche-Comté region Crottin de Chavignol — the village of Chavignol, France in the central Loire valley Époisses — the village of Époisses, Burgundy Fourme de Montbrison — Montbriso in the upper Loire valley. Laguiole — the village of Laguiole in the southern Aveyron department Langres — the Langres plateau in the Champagne region Livarot — the town of Livarot in Normandy Mâconnais — the city of Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire Maroilles — the village of Maroilles near the Belgian border Morbier — the village of Morbier near the Swiss border Munster — the town of Munster, Haut-Rhin in the Alsace region Neufchâtel — the town of Neufchâtel-en-Bray in upper Normandie Ossau-iraty — the Ossau Valley and the Irati Forest, French Basque Country Pont-l'Évêque


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-7.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Brown Windsor soup — perhaps via the Windsor bean after the town of Windsor, Berkshire Cornish clotted cream and Cornish ice cream — the county of Cornwall Cornish sardines — the county of Cornwall Dover sole — the town of Dover, Kent English breakfast Eton mess — the town of Eton, Berkshire Everton mint — candy from the Everton suburb of Liverpool Grimsby smoked fish — the town of Grimsby, Lincolnshire Kendal Mint Cake — peppermint candy from the town of Kendal, Cumbria Kentish well pudding — the county of Kent Malvern pudding — the town of Malvern, Worcestershire Pontefract cake — licorice candy from the town of Pontefract, Yorkshire Sussex pond pudding — Sussex county Baked goods Bakewell pudding and Bakewell tart — the town of Bakewell, Derbyshire Banbury cake — the town of Banbury, Oxfordshire Bath bun and Bath Oliver cracker — the city of Bath, Somerset Bedfordshire clanger — the county of Bedfordshire Chelsea bun — the Chelsea area of London Chorley cake — the town of Chorley, Lancashire Cornish fairings and Cornish pasty — the county of Cornwall Cumberland pie — the historic county of Cumberland Dorset apple cake — Dorset county Dorset knob — flatbread


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-8.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === B.C. roll — the province of British Columbia Canadian bacon Canadian white bread Harovin Sundown pear — the town of Harrow, Ontario London broil — perhaps after London, Ontario Montreal hot dog — the city of Montreal, Quebec Montreal melon — Montreal Montreal-style bagel — Montreal Montreal-style smoked meat — Montreal Nanaimo bar — the city of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Canada Nova Scotia salmon — the province of Nova Scotia Oka cheese — originally manufactured by the Trappist monks in Oka, Quebec Pictou County Pizza — Pictou County, Nova Scotia Reinette du Canada — French apple named after Canada Saskatoonberry — Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (the city is named after the berry) Thousand Island dressing — the Thousand Islands archipelago in the St Lawrence river Yukon Gold (potato) — the territory of Yukon === Caribbean === Bajan pepper sauce — the island nation of Barbados Barbados cherry — Barbados Haitian patty — a savory pastry from Haiti Jamaican red banana — Jamaica Jamaican jerk spice — Jamaica] Jamaican patty — a savory pastry from Jamaica Trinidad moruga scorpion pepper — the district of Moruga, Trinidad ==== Cuba ==== Arroz a la cubana — "Cuban-style rice" Cuban bread Cuban oregano


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-9.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Meat products and dishes American chop suey — ground beef pasta dish basically unrelated to chop suey American goulash Barberton chicken — the city of Barberton, Ohio Beef Manhattan — the borough of Manhattan, New York City Bourbon chicken — Bourbon Street in New Orleans Louisiana Buffalo wing — the city of Buffalo, New York Chicago-style hot dog — the city of Chicago Chicken Maryland — the state of Maryland Carolina burger — the states of The Carolinas Coney Island hot dog — Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City Filet américain or steack à l'Americaine — "American steak" Kansas City strip steak and Kansas City-style barbecue — Kansas City, Missouri Kentucky hot brown — meat sandwich from the state of Kentucky Lebanon bologna — the city of Lebanon, Pennsylvania California burger — the state of California Maxwell Street Polish — the Maxwell Street market in Chicago, Illinois Memphis-style barbecue — the city of Memphis, Tennessee Michigan hot dog — the state of Michigan Nashville hot chicken — the city of Nashville, Tennessee New York strip steak — New York City Philadelphia Pepper Pot — the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philly cheesesteak — the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh rare steak


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-10.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Chanco — the commune of Chanco, Chile Chaource — the village of Chaource, Champagne, France Cheddar — the village of Cheddar, Somerset, England Cherni Vit — the village of Cherni Vit, Bulgaria Cheshire — Cheshire county, England Circassian — the historical region of Circassia now in Southern Russia Colby — the town of Colby, Wisconsin Coleraine — the town of Coleraine, Northern Ireland Comté — the eastern Franche-Comté region, France Coquetdale cheese — the valley of the River Coquet, Northumberland, England Cornish Blue, Cornish Brie and Cornish Yarg — cheeses from Cornwall, England Cotija — the town of Cotija de la Paz, Mexico Cotswold cheese — the Cotswolds area, England Crottin de Chavignol — the village of Chavignol, France Cuba cheese — the town of Cuba, New York Danbo cheese — Denmark Derby, Little Derby and Sage Derby — Derbyshire county, central England Dorset Blue Vinney — Dorset county, south England Dovedale — the valley of the River Dove, Central England Dubliner— the city of Dublin, Ireland Dunlop — the town of Dunlop, East Ayrshire, southwest Scotland Edam — the city of Edam, Netherlands Emmental — the valley of the river Emme, canton of Bern, Switzerland Époisses — the village


id: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places-11.md
category: reference
title: List of foods named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:21.616946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-foods-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
Samsø — the island of Samsø, Denmark Santarém — the Santarém District, Portugal São Jorge — São Jorge Island in the Azores Selles-sur-Cher — the town of Selles-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher, France Serra da Estrela — the Serra da Estrela mountain range, Portugal Shropshire Blue — Shropshire county, west England Stilton and Stichelton — the village of Stilton, Cambridgeshire, England Sussex Slipcote — the historic county of Sussex, south England Svecia — Sweden Swaledale — Swaledale, a valley in North Yorkshire, England Swiss cheese — generic name in North America for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental Taleggio — Val Taleggio, Lombardy, Italy Teviotdale — the valley of the River Teviot, Roxburghshire, south Scotland Tilsit — the town of Tilsit in East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Russia) Tintern — the village of Tintern, southeast Wales Tomme de Savoie — the historic region of Savoy, France Tomme Vaudoise — the canton of Vaud, Switzerland Torta del Casar — Casar de Cáceres, a municipality in Extremadura, Spain Tzfatit — the city of Safed, Israel Vacherin Fribourgeois — the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland Valdeón — Posada de Valdeón, a municipality in Castile and León, Spain Valençay — the town of Valençay, Indre


id: list-of-sovereign-states-by-freshwater-withdrawal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_freshwater_withdrawal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:23.111706+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sovereign-states-by-freshwater-withdrawal-20260505-0
summary:
This is the list of countries by freshwater withdrawal for the year 2020, based on the latest data available in January 2024, by World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization (AQUASTAT data). The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. According to World Bank, ″annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes.″ The level of water stress (freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources) is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and


id: gazetteer-abbreviations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations-0.md
category: reference
title: Gazetteer abbreviations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_abbreviations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:24.445272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gazetteer-abbreviations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of common atlas and gazetteer abbreviations. These abbreviations are not always used consistently between publications; some terms have fallen out of use over time. Older gazetteers and atlases often neglect to define abbreviations and underlying terms. Gazetteer and map abbreviations can show up in several forms: upper or lower case, with or without periods, sometimes with hyphens (e.g., Post Village may be P.V., PV, p.v., or p-v). This list does not include direction headings (e.g., N. or No. for north, etc.), which are generally clear. == References == == See also == Administrative division


id: glossary-of-arabic-toponyms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of Arabic toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:27.156360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-arabic-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
The glossary of Arabic toponyms gives translations of Arabic terms commonly found as components in Arabic toponyms. A significant number of them were put together during the PEF Survey of Palestine carried out in the second half of the 19th century. == A == 'Ain, pl.: `Ayūn, ʿUyūn Spring, fountain, source. Examples: El Aaiún All pages with titles containing Ain All pages with titles containing Aiun Ab, Abu Father; as a geographical term it signifies "producing", "containing", etc.; All pages with titles containing Ab All pages with titles containing Abu Arak, pl.: Arkan Cavern or cliff (among various meanings); see All pages with titles containing Arak == B == Bab, pl.: Buwab Gate. Examples Bab el-Mandeb; see All pages with titles containing Bab Baḥr Arabic: بحر - Sea, large river. see All pages with titles containing Bahr Beit House. see All pages with titles containing Beit Balad Arabic: بلد (sometimes transliterated as Beled or Belled) - Town; see All pages with titles containing Balad Bir Arabic: بير, Well; see All pages with titles containing Bir Birkeh Artificial pool, tank; see All pages with titles containing Birkeh Buḥayra, Baḥeirah Arabic: بحيرة, Lake, lagoon; Diminutive of بَحْر (baḥr, “sea”). Burj Arabic: برج,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles: This page, Glossary of geography terms (A–M), lists terms beginning with the letters A through M. Glossary of geography terms (N–Z) lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z. Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy. == A == absolute location The particular location of a point on Earth's surface that can be expressed by a grid reference such as latitude and longitude. accessibility A locational characteristic that permits a place to be reached by the efforts of those at other places. accessibility resource A naturally emergent landscape form that eases communication between areas. acculturation The act of adopting a culture different to your own; usually due to immersion into a dominant group. acme See summit. acre (ac) A unit of area traditionally defined as the area of a plot of land


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
anthropogenic 1. Of or relating to anthropogeny, the scientific study of the origins of human beings. 2. Having an origin in human activity; caused by or attributable to humans. anti-dip stream A stream flowing in a direction approximately opposite to that of the dip of the underlying surface rocks. It is frequently, though not necessarily, an obsequent stream. anticline A geological upfold that has an arch-like convex shape and its oldest beds near its center, often visible at the Earth's surface in exposed rock strata. Contrast syncline. antimeridian 1. The meridian of longitude that is directly opposite or antipodal to a given meridian, i.e. the imaginary line that is exactly 180 degrees of longitude distant from the given meridian. Together, a meridian and its antimeridian form a great circle that passes through the geographic poles. 2. The 180th meridian in particular, i.e. the meridian of longitude that is exactly 180 degrees both east and west of the Prime Meridian, with which it forms a great circle dividing the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The 180th meridian is used as the approximate basis for the International Date Line because it mostly passes through the open waters of the Pacific


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
awareness space All of the locations of which an individual is "aware", i.e. about which they have knowledge above some minimum level, even those they may not have actually visited. Awareness space includes activity space, and it enlarges as new locations are discovered and new information is gathered. See also search space and mental map. axis 1. (coordinate system) Any of the reference lines of a Cartesian coordinate system, from which the signed distances to each coordinate are measured, e.g. the x-axis or the y-axis. 2. (of a fold) The imaginary central line or plane dividing the limbs of the fold as symmetrically as possible; the crest from which strata dip downward and away in an anticline, or the lowest depth of the trough from which strata rise in opposite directions in a syncline. 3. (of the Earth) The rotational axis of the Earth: the diameter between the North Geographic Pole and the South Geographic Pole, passing through the planet's geometric center, around which the Earth rotates anti-clockwise (i.e. to the east) once every 23 hours and 56 minutes. This axis is constantly tilted at an angle of about 66°30' with respect to the plane of the Earth's orbit around


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
barysphere The Earth's core and mantle considered together, i.e. all of the Earth's interior beneath the lithosphere. base level The lowest level to which a stream can erode its bed. The ultimate base level of all streams is sea level. baseline An accurately measured line of known length on the Earth's surface, used as a reference line in triangulation and other surveying operations. basin Another name for a depression, particularly one that is approximately circular, level or nearly level at the bottom, and/or surrounded on all sides by land of uniform elevation. batholith A very large body of igneous rock, usually granite, which has been exposed by erosion of the overlying rock. bathymetry 1. The measurement of water depth, mainly of seas and oceans but sometimes of deep lakes. 2. The study and depiction of the physical features or relief of the floor of a lake or ocean. In this sense bathymetry is considered the underwater equivalent of hypsometry or topography. bay A coastal body of water that is directly connected to but recessed from a larger body of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, or another bay. The land surrounding a bay usually shelters it from strong winds


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
bocage A landscape of mixed woodland and pasture, with fields and winding country lanes sunken between low, narrow ridges and banks surmounted by tall, thick hedgerows, especially as found in rural parts of western Europe. body of water Any significant accumulation of water, either natural or artificial, on the surface of the Earth. Bodies of water may hold or contain water, as with lakes and oceans, or they may collect and move water from one place to another, as with rivers, streams, and other watercourses. bog Also mire, quagmire, or muskeg. A type of wetland which accumulates deposits of dead plant material, especially mosses, known as peat. Bogs occur where water at the ground surface is acidic and low in dissolved nutrients. They are one of four main types of wetland, along with fens, marshes, and swamps. bootheel See salient. border The geographical boundary of a political entity or legal jurisdiction, such as a country, state, or other subnational entity. bore 1. (tidal) A steep-fronted wave formed by the convergence of two tidal bulges or by the constriction of an incoming tide as it travels up a river, firth, or narrow bay, temporarily reversing the direction of the current. 2.


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
bushveld Also lowveld, or simply bush or veld. In southern Africa, a tropical or subtropical woodland ecoregion consisting largely of open savanna with scattered trees; wild countryside as opposed to cultivated land. butte An isolated hill or mountain with steep or precipitous sides, usually having a smaller summit area than a mesa. bypass 1. A route which diverges around a place rather than traveling through it, especially a road or footpath built specifically for the purpose of diverting automobile or pedestrian traffic away from areas that are congested, blocked, under construction, or unsafe. 2. See flood bypass. == C == cadastre Also cadaster. A type of parcel-based land recording system containing a comprehensive record of interests in individual units of land within a country or other polity, usually including a geometric description of each parcel's physical location, dimensions, and boundaries that is linked to legal information detailing the nature of the interests (e.g. rights, restrictions, and responsibilities), the ownership or control of those interests, and the economic value of the land and its improvements. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data used in resolving disputes between landowners. cairn A man-made stack or mound of rocks, stones, or masonry, usually


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
central business district (CBD) A centrally located commercial business district in an urban area, typically containing a concentration of office and retail activities. centroid The point in a geometric figure for which the coordinates are the average values of the coordinates of all other points in the figure, i.e. the arithmetic mean position of all points in the figure; or the point with the smallest possible average distance from all other points of the figure. In geography, the geographical center of a region of the Earth's surface is the centroid of the two-dimensional shape of that region, as projected radially to sea level or onto a geoid. chain A unit of length equal to 66 feet (20.117 m), used especially in public land surveys in the United States; 10 square chains is equal to 1 acre (0.40 hectares). Though the literal chains used to measure this distance have long been superseded, surveying tapes are often still called "chains", and measuring with a tape may be called "chaining". channel Also strait. 1. A waterway separating two relatively close landmasses. 2. Any narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. 3. The deepest part of a shallow body of


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-7.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
colluvium Loose, unconsolidated sediment that has been transported and deposited at the base of a hillslope by any of various wash or mass movement processes, such as surface runoff, sheet erosion, or landslides. Typically a heterogeneous mixture of rock types and sizes ranging from silt to talus boulders, colluvium is often derived from eluvium, and differs from alluvium, which is deposited primarily by fluvial activity. combe Variously comb, coomb, coombe, and cumb. A steep, narrow valley or a large hollow on the side of a hill or coastline, especially one enclosed on all but one side. The term is used primarily in southern England, where it often implies a dry ravine in a limestone or chalk escarpment. See also cwm. commonwealth 1. Traditionally, a political community founded for the benefit of all or most of the members of the community, i.e. for the public welfare or the common good; or a state or other polity in which the supreme power of government is vested in the people being governed; a republic or a democracy. 2. A free association of otherwise individual, autonomous, self-governing territories organized as a federation or confederation, with a jointly operated government being charged with responsibility for


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-8.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
cove 1. A walled, rounded, cirque-like opening at the head of a small valley. 2. A small, narrow, sheltered bay, inlet, tidal creek, or recess in an estuary, often within a larger embayment. 3. A small, often approximately circular, wave-cut indentation or recess in a cliff on a large body of water, especially one with a relatively narrow or secluded entrance. 4. A shallow tidal river, or the backwater near the mouth of a tidal river. crater Any large, roughly circular depression, pit, or hole in the Earth's surface. Craters are classified into different types based on their ultimate causes; see impact crater, volcanic crater, and pit crater. crater lake A lake that forms in a volcanic crater or caldera (such as a maar), an impact crater left by a meteorite, or a crater resulting from a man-made explosion. craton An old and stable region of continental lithosphere, characterized by a thick crust composed of ancient crystalline basement rock. Cratons are generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates, having remained relatively unaffected by orogenic and tectonic activity for very long periods of time. creek A small, intermittent stream that is larger than a brook but smaller than a river.


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-9.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
debouch Also debouche. A place where water runoff from a relatively small, confined space emerges into a much larger, broader space, or where a body of water pours forth from a narrow opening, such as where a stream or river enters a lake or ocean. deciduous forest A forest composed of trees which lose their leaves each year. decolonization The process of ending the colonization of a region or a state. deep A trough-like depression or trench in the ocean floor, of limited extent but great depth, generally more than 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) below sea level. deferred junction A confluence of two watercourses in which a tributary stream is prevented by levees, natural or artificial, from immediately joining another stream or river and consequently is forced to flow parallel beside it, usually within a large floodplain, for a considerable distance before the channels eventually merge, often at the convex bend of a large meander. defile A narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills. deforestation The destruction of forests by any means, whether naturally or by human activity. degree A unit of angular measure, represented by the º symbol. A circle is divided into 360 degrees; subdivisions of the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-10.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
desire path Also social trail. Any path or trail, often a footpath, created as a consequence of erosion caused by repeated human or animal traffic, usually because it is the shortest or easiest route to navigate between an origin and a destination. Desire paths often emerge as shortcuts where constructed paths or roads are circuitous, have gaps, or are non-existent. dew pond A shallow artificial pond built to capture and hold rainwater or sea mist in order to provide water for livestock, made especially in areas where natural supplies of surface water are not readily available, such as on the chalk downlands of southern England. diapir A type of igneous intrusion in which a more mobile, ductile, or deformable rock or other material is forced to intrude into relatively brittle overlying rocks. diaspora The scattered dispersion of a human population from its original homeland; or the members of a dispersed population, now residing in various locations to which they are not indigenous. digital elevation model (DEM) A three-dimensional computer graphics representation of a geographic terrain surface created from elevation data. DEMs are the most common basis for digitally produced relief maps. dike 1. A ditch, wall, embankment, or ridge, natural


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-11.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
drainage divide Also ridgeline, watershed, water parting, water divide, or simply divide. The topographical barrier that separates neighboring drainage basins. Divides are often, though not always, located along conspicuous elevated ridges or mountain ranges. draw Also re-entrant. 1. A terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between them. 2. Another name for an arroyo, ravine, or gulch, especially one with a broad floor and gently sloping sides. draw down The maximum extent to which the water table is reduced in elevation as a result of pumping water from a well that penetrates an aquifer. The amount of draw down diminishes logarithmically with distance from the site of the well, a fact which determines the shape of the subsurface cone of depression in the area surrounding the well. drift All sediment transported by a glacier, sorted or unsorted, whether deposited directly by the ice or by glacial meltwater. drift ice Also brash ice. A type of sea ice consisting of multiple ice floes that are not attached to the shoreline or any other fixed object such as a shoal, and which are therefore free to "drift" under the influence of winds and ocean currents. Contrast


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-12.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
elevation 1. The height of a geographic location above or below a fixed reference point; in particular, the height of a point on the Earth's surface with respect to sea level (or at least to a reference geoid used as an approximation of the Earth's mean sea level). Compare altitude, geopotential height, and depth. 2. The vertical angle between the horizontal and a high point, e.g. between the horizon and a star in the night sky, or between the base of a mountain and its summit. 3. In architecture, a view of one of the sides of a building, or a drawing of this view. ellipsoid See reference ellipsoid. emergence 1. The rise of the level of a land surface with respect to the sea, so that land formerly under the sea becomes dry. 2. The location at which an underground stream or aquifer comes to the surface. emergent coastline A coast or shoreline resulting from a rise in land surface elevation relative to sea level. empolder To reclaim by the creation of a polder. enclave A tract or territory completely surrounded by and enclosed within the territory of exactly one other state, country, or other political entity. Unlike enclaves,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-13.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
exurb A region or district that lies outside a city and usually beyond its suburbs; a place of this type is called an exurb. Compare rural. == F == fairway The part of a navigable waterway containing the navigable channel, in particular the central, deepest, widest, or most commonly used channel. fall line A geomorphologic unconformity between an upland region of relatively hard crystalline basement rock and a coastal plain of softer sedimentary rock. fallow Agricultural land that is plowed or tilled but left unseeded during a growing season. Fallowing is usually done to conserve moisture and soil nutrients. false origin A selected point in a projected coordinate system from which the position of any place can be expressed in terms of its coordinates with respect to the selected point. The false origin differs from the true origin in order to exclude negative values. fast ice Also land-fast ice and shore-fast ice. Sea ice that is more or less securely "fastened" to a coastline, to the sea floor, or to grounded icebergs, and which therefore does not move with currents and winds (unlike drift ice). The formation of fast ice is usually seasonal and its properties vary with water depth,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-14.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
floodway 1. Another name for a flood bypass. 2. A large-capacity channel or culvert designed to capture and divert floodwaters or excess streamflow from populous or flood-prone areas and eventually drain it into a river or other body of water, e.g. an artificial drainage canal bounded by levees. They often run below street level in larger cities. 3. A road crossing of a flood-prone channel, built at or close to the natural ground level. It is similar to a causeway but crosses a shallow and often dry depression that is subject to flooding, rather than a continuously flooded waterway. 4. A part of a floodplain kept clear of encumbrances and reserved for emergency diversion of floodwaters. floor The level or nearly level lower part of a valley or basin, or the bed of any body of water, such as a stream, lake, or ocean. flow regime The general behavior of a river or other watercourse as defined by its average flow conditions throughout the year, including seasonal variations in discharge, size and frequency of floods, and frequency and duration of droughts. flute A glacial landform created by the movement of a glacier around a boulder, consisting of a lineation or


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-15.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
gallery forest A narrow strip of trees or shrubs lining both banks of a river or stream in otherwise treeless, open country. Above very narrow streams, the foliage on each side may meet in the canopy. gazetteer A geographical dictionary or directory used in conjunction with a map or atlas and containing information concerning the geographical make-up, social statistics, and physical features of a country, region, or continent. gentilic See demonym. geo Also gio. A narrow inlet within a deep cleft in a rocky coastline, sheltered by tall, near-vertical cliffs created by wave-driven erosion along faults and bedding planes in the rock. The term is primarily used in the islands of northern Scotland. geoblocking Also geolocking. A technology that restricts access to online content according to an Internet user's geographical location, which may be determined by any of various geolocation techniques, including checking the user's IP address against a blacklist, triangulating GPS queries, and measuring the latency of a signal traveling between the user's computer and another endpoint in the network. geocode A concise, human-readable series of letters, numbers, and/or other symbols which represents and uniquely identifies a particular geographic entity so as to distinguish it from other geographic entities


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-16.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
geographical inertia Also geographical momentum. The tendency of a place with established installations and services to maintain its size and its importance as a focus of economic or industrial activity after the conditions originally influencing its development have appreciably altered, ceased to be relevant, or disappeared. geographical mile A unit of length defined as the distance equal to one minute of arc along the Earth's Equator: approximately 1,855.3 metres (1.1528 mi; 1.8553 km). The precise length varies with the reference ellipsoid used to approximate the shape of the Earth. Regardless of the particular ellipsoid, the length of one degree of longitude at the Equator is equal to exactly 60 geographical miles. geography The scientific study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. geoid The shape that the surface of the Earth's oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravity and rotational acceleration alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides. It is often characterized as the precise mathematical figure of the Earth: a smooth but irregular gravitational equipotential surface at every point of which, by definition, the direction of the force of gravity is always perpendicular and spirit levels are always parallel. Its


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-17.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
global 1. Of or concerning all parts of the world (i.e. worldwide); affecting or distributed across the whole of the Earth. 2. Of or relating to a globe or sphere; spherical or approximately so. 3. Comprehensive; total; encompassing all or nearly all considerations, categories, items, etc. global city Also world city, power city, or alpha city. A city which functions as an important or primary node in the global economy. Though criteria are not strictly defined, a global city typically is very large; dominates trade and economic interactions within a large surrounding area; supports a large and demographically diverse population; serves as a center of ideas and innovation in business, science, culture, and politics; and/or is a headquarters for major financial institutions, multinational corporations, or worldwide media and communications networks. global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Global Positioning System (GPS) A satellite-based radionavigation positioning system owned and operated by the United States Department of Defense and made available for use by both the military and the general public. It is one of several GNSS standards that provides geolocation and time information, transmitted via microwave signals, to enabled satellite navigation devices, known as GPS receivers, anywhere on or near the Earth where


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-18.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
grid A pattern of lines on a chart or map, such as those representing latitude and longitude, which helps determine absolute location. grid magnetic angle Also grid variation or grivation. The angular difference in direction between grid north and magnetic north, typically expressed in degrees east or west of grid north. grid north The direction northwards as indicated by the grid lines of a map projection, which may or may not be aligned with geodetic north and magnetic north. grivation See grid magnetic angle. groundwater The water present beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in fractures and voids within geological strata. Contrast surface water. grove A small group of trees growing close together and generally surrounded by little or no undergrowth. growing season The part of the year during which local weather conditions (i.e. temperature and precipitation) permit the normal growth of plants in a given location. What defines a "growing season" is often informal and colloquial, and may vary widely by location and from year to year; in many places, the local growing season is defined as the period of time between the average date of the last frost (in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-19.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
headwall A steep slope or sheer cliff face at the upper end of a valley (e.g. at the back of a cirque), or at the active face of a mine, pit, or quarry. headwaters 1. Another name for the source of a river, stream, or other watercourse, i.e. the point or points furthest from the mouth of a particular channel at which precipitation, meltwater, or groundwater first accumulates into a persistent, identifiable, and/or named body of water whose contents ultimately empty into that particular channel; or all of the uppermost tributaries of a watershed considered collectively (of which there may be thousands), typically including all streams identified as first-order through third-order in conventional stream order systems. 2. The entire region, inclusive of land, surrounding these sources, often abutting the boundary of a drainage divide that separates distinct watersheds. hearth The source area of any innovation; the place from which an idea, crop, artifact, or good is diffused to other areas. heartland 1. The central or interior part of a region. 2. A part of a region considered essential to the viability and survival of the whole. heath Also heathland. A shrubland habitat found mainly on free-draining, infertile, acidic soils and


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-20.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
horizontal equivalent The distance between two points on a land surface when projected on to a perfectly horizontal (i.e. flat) plane, e.g. on a map, as opposed to measuring the actual physical length along the real-world surface, which can be greatly increased by slopes and other topographic variation. The distance between the start and end points of any route, even if at the same elevation, will often appear to be much shorter on a map than the shortest route that could actually be walked between them, because of the influence of real-world changes in vertical displacement along the path followed by the route. horn A mountain formed by the back-to-back abutment of three or four adjacent cirques, leaving a distinctly pyramidal peak. horst A raised block of the Earth's crust, bounded by parallel escarpments or faults, that has been displaced upward or has remained stationary while adjacent blocks on either side, known as grabens, have been displaced downward. Horsts and grabens often occur side-by-side in a repeated series of vertical displacements. hotspot An area in the middle of a lithospheric plate where magma rises from the mantle and erupts at the Earth's surface, despite being far from the plate's tectonic


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-21
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-21.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
summary:
igneous rock Rock formed when molten (melted) materials harden. immigration To move to another country. People that move to another country are called immigrants. impact crater A type of crater formed by the hypervelocity collision of a solid astronomical body, such as a meteor, with the Earth's surface. Unlike volcanic craters, impact craters typically have raised rims higher in elevation and depressed floors lower in elevation than the surrounding terrain. impoundment 1. Another name for a dam that impounds a body of water. 2. The reservoir created by such a dam. improved land Any land area which has been intentionally altered from its natural condition by human activity, such as ploughing, clearing, cultivation, or some other form of management, and thereby made more valuable or productive for human purposes (not necessarily to the benefit of any other organism or the environment in general). Legal definitions vary with location, but in most countries the term refers primarily to certain types of agricultural land or to property which has been developed for residential or commercial use. inclinometer Also clinometer, declinometer, tilt meter, gradient meter, slope gauge, and level gauge. An instrument used to measure angles of slope, elevation, or depression with respect


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-22
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-22.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
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intermontane Also intermountain. Situated between mountains or mountain ranges, e.g. the high plateaus lying between the eastern and western ranges of the Andes. International Date Line A line of longitude generally 180 degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian. The date is one day earlier to the east of the line. international waters interpolation In geographic information science, the estimation of the values of spatially dependent variables at unsampled points based on known values of surrounding points, under the assumption that any unknown quantity can be calculated based on its distance to each surrounding quantity. Interpolation techniques such as spline and kriging are commonly raster operations, but can also be applied in vector environments using a triangulated irregular network to model a surface. interruption Any place where the contiguous geographic area represented in a map projection has been split, separating to distant parts of the projection certain features and locations which are in reality much closer to each other, in order to permit the representation of a three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional map. All world maps, for example, have at least one interruption, conventionally along the length of a single meridian, thus forming an east–west boundary despite that the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-23
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-23.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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knickpoint Also nickpoint. 1. A point of abrupt inflection in the longitudinal profile of a river or its channel or valley, such as occurs at a waterfall. 2. Any interruption or break in the character of a slope. knob A peak or projection from the top of a hill or mountain, or any rounded protrusion of land, especially a small but prominent or isolated hill with steep sides; a boulder or an area of resistant rock protruding from the side of a hill or mountain. The term is used primarily in the southern United States. knoll See hillock. kolk Also colc and colk. 1. A violently rotating underwater vortex capable of plucking and scouring depressions in bedrock, which may leave behind distinct pits or lakes known as rock-cut basins or potholes. 2. Another name for a bog pond. kopje See tor. krai In Russia and other Slavic countries, a generic term for a region, historically and politically reserved for border regions in particular, and variously translated as march, frontier, or territory. The term is cognate with the name of Ukraine. kriging Also Gaussian process regression and Wiener–Kolmogorov prediction. In geostatistics, an interpolation technique in which, for a given spatially dependent


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-24
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-24.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
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latitude A measure of distance north or south of the Equator. One degree of latitude equals approximately 111 kilometers (69 mi). Lines of latitude, also called circles of latitude or parallels, are the imaginary lines that cross the surface of the Earth in an east-west direction (parallel to the Equator) and measure how far north or south of the Equator a place is located. lava The term used for magma once it has erupted onto the Earth's surface. layer of no motion In oceanography, a hypothetical layer at some depth in the ocean within which the water is assumed to be at rest, implying that the isobaric surfaces within that layer are level and hence that such surfaces can be used as points of reference when calculating absolute-gradient currents. lea A pasture, meadow, or grassy field. leaching A process of soil nutrient removal through the erosive movement and chemical action of water. lee The side or slope of a physical feature (such as a hill or mountain) which faces downwind, i.e. away from the direction in which the wind is blowing, or which faces away from an advancing glacier or ice sheet. The lee side is often sheltered by the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-25
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-25.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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magnetic declination Also magnetic variation. The angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north and true north. Because compass needles always point to magnetic north, and because the Magnetic North Pole and the Geographic North Pole are not in precisely the same location, the north direction indicated by a compass may be slightly different from the direction of geographic north, depending on the user's location on the Earth. The user can compensate for this discrepancy by adding the known declination angle for their location to the magnetic bearing reported by their compass, yielding the true bearing with respect to true north. magnetic dip Also dip angle and magnetic inclination. The angle made with the horizontal by the Earth's magnetic field lines. Locations in the Northern Hemisphere usually have positive values of inclination, indicating that the magnetic field is angled downward, into the Earth; the angle increases as one approaches the North Magnetic Pole, where the field lines point vertically downward, perpendicular to the horizontal. Locations in the Southern Hemisphere usually have negative inclination, indicating that the field lines are angled upward, away from the Earth, with the maximum angle located at the South Magnetic Pole. Dip angle is in principle


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-26
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-26.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:28.704764+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
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margin 1. The line or edge along which the surface of a body of water meets the land. 2. In property law, the boundary of a piece of land which is bounded by a stream or watercourse, often with the center of the stream or the thalweg defining the legal boundary. 3. The mostly blank, unused space lying beyond the neatline of a map and completely surrounding the map area. See also surround. marginal land Land that is of low agricultural value because any crops produced from it would be worth the same or less than the costs paid to produce them, either because the rights or improvements required to cultivate it are very expensive, or the market prices for the crops are very low, or for any other reason. A change in economic conditions may allow formerly marginal lands to become profitable again. marginal sea 1. A sea or other large area of the ocean that is partially enclosed by land and/or submarine ridges yet still adjacent to, widely open to, and connected to the larger ocean at the surface; e.g. the Yellow Sea and Hudson Bay. 2. Also territorial sea, marine belt, and maritime belt.Those waters along a


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-27
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-27.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-0
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Mercator projection Also equatorial cylindrical orthomorphic map projection. A conformal cylindrical map projection in which the equator is represented by a straight line true to scale and meridians are represented by parallel straight lines perpendicular to the equator and uniformly spaced according to the distances between them at the equator. Lines of latitude are also represented by a system of straight lines which are perpendicular to all of the meridians and therefore parallel to the equator, though their spacing is not uniform but rather increases with increasing distance from the equator in order to conform with the expanding scale resulting from the parallel representations of the meridians. The standard Mercator projection has long been popular in navigation because it represents north as up and south as down everywhere in the world while preserving local directions and shapes, though it also greatly inflates the size of objects near the geographic poles. mere A shallow pond, lake, or wetland. The term is used primarily in Great Britain and other parts of Western Europe. mereing A type of surveying in which boundaries are established with respect to ground features present at the time of the survey, which may include natural features and may


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-a-m-20260505-28
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)-28.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
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mouth 1. The place where a river or stream flows into another body of water, such as a lake or another river but especially a sea or ocean. Deltas and estuaries occur near the mouths of rivers. 2. The lower or downstream end or the most accessible entrance of a valley, canyon, ravine, or cave. mudflat Also mud flat and tidal flat. A type of coastal wetland consisting of exposed layers of bay mud formed by the deposition of silts, clays, and marine animal detritus by tides or rivers. Mudflats usually form within the intertidal zone of relatively sheltered areas such as bays and lagoons. mudflow See lahar. multicultural Of, pertaining to, or including multiple distinct cultures. multilingual The ability to use more than one language when speaking or writing. This term often refers to the presence of more than two populations of significant size within a single political unit, each group speaking a different language as their primary language. municipal corporation The legal term for a government body at the local level, including but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, towns, townships, villages, and boroughs. municipality A type of general-purpose urban administrative subdivision having corporate status and powers of


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles: Glossary of geography terms (A–M) lists terms beginning with the letters A through M. This page, Glossary of geography terms (N–Z), lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z. Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy. == N == nadir narrows Also narrow. A land or water passage that is confined or restricted by its narrow breadth, often a strait or a water gap. nation A stable community of people formed on the basis of a common geographic territory, language, economy, ethnicity, or psychological make-up as manifested in a common culture. national mapping agency A governmental agency which manages, produces, and publishes topographic maps, geographic data, and sometimes cadastral information that is specific to an individual nation or political territory, such as the United Kingdom's Ordnance Survey. national park A type of


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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North Magnetic Pole Also called the Magnetic North Pole or Magnetic North. The point in the Northern Hemisphere at which the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downward. It is close to but distinct from the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole, and its precise location varies considerably over time due to frequent magnetic changes in the Earth's core. Its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere is the South Magnetic Pole, though the two poles are not directly opposite each other. Northern Hemisphere The half sphere of the Earth that is north of the Equator. It is opposite the Southern Hemisphere. northing nubbin A small, gentle hill consisting of a bedrock core dotted with rounded residual boulders. Nubbins form in a similar way to castle koppies and bornhardts. nunatak == O == oasis A combination of a human settlement and an area of cultivated vegetation in an otherwise desolate desert or semi-desert environment, made fertile when sources of fresh water, such as underground aquifers, irrigate the surface naturally or via man-made wells. oblate spheroid The approximate geometric shape of the Earth: a three-dimensional ellipsoid that is nearly but not exactly a true sphere, being instead slightly flattened at the poles


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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orographic rainfall Precipitation that results when moist air is lifted over a topographic barrier, such as a mountain range. orography A branch of physical geography and geomorphology concerned with the scientific study and description of the topographic relief of the Earth, particularly of mountains and hills, and more broadly of any elevated terrain. orthodrome See great circle. orthodromic distance See great-circle distance. orthophotograph Also orthophoto, orthoimage, or orthoimagery. An aerial photograph or satellite image that has been geometrically corrected or orthorectified such that the scale is uniform across all parts of the image, allowing the image to align with a particular map projection. In an uncorrected aerial photo, distances on the ground may be distorted by topographic relief, camera tilt, or the curvature of the Earth; techniques of digital image processing can compensate for these distortions, often by combining multiple images captured from slightly different perspectives into a single composite image. Orthophotos can be used to measure true distances because they accurately depict the relative sizes and positions of features on the Earth's surface. outback In Australia, the vast, remote, sparsely populated backcountry. See also bush. outcrop Also outcropping. Any visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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pediment An eroded, often bare rock platform, cut into the local bedrock, usually slightly concave and triangular in shape and extending over a considerable area at the foot of an abrupt mountain slope or face, the lower edge sloping gently away. Pediments form basal slopes of transport for weathered material derived from the steeper slope above, and are characteristic of arid and semi-arid lands. pediplain pedology The scientific study of the morphology, composition, and spatial distribution of soils, with an emphasis on classifying soils and understanding their formation and evolution. pedosphere The uppermost layer of the Earth's crust that is composed of soils and subject to pedological processes such as soil formation and erosion, a consequence of dynamic interactions between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. pelagic zone peneplain A low-relief plain leveled by long-term erosion, often implying a landscape that is in the final stages of fluvial erosion during an extended period of tectonic stability, i.e. approaching the point at which all initial topographic inequalities such as mountains and hills have been eroded and evenly redistributed into a broad, flat, uniform surface at or near sea level. peninsula A piece of land surrounded almost entirely by water while still


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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place A particular point on the Earth's surface, or the area surrounding such a point, having or encompassing a definite position; a location, often specifically named, that is identifiable in social interaction because humans have endowed it with meaning or purpose; or a mental representation of a physical space created from functional or emotional associations in the human mind. The concept of place – how places are created, identified, mapped, connected, and used – is fundamental to all of geography. place identity place utility The measure of approval or satisfaction accorded by an individual to a location in his or her action space; the value or usefulness of a particular place as perceived by a particular person. Dissatisfaction with place utility may result in migration. placename See toponym. placer 1. (mineral deposit) An accumulation of valuable minerals, particularly gold, formed by gravity separation from a source rock during natural sedimentary processes. The minerals, weathered from rocks or veins, are washed out by streams and mixed with alluvial deposits of sand or gravel, from which they can then be extracted by placer mining. 2. (reef) A flat, shallow sandbank or reef submerged beneath the ocean surface, often with a sandy bottom


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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polar ice cap Also polar ice sheet. Either of the two very large regions near the Earth's geographical poles that are seasonally or persistently covered in ice, which occurs because high-latitude regions receive less direct solar radiation than other regions and therefore experience much lower surface temperatures. The Earth's polar ice may cover both land and sea, and varies in size seasonally and with long-term climate change. They typically cover a much larger area than true ice caps and are more correctly termed ice sheets. polar region Either of the two high-latitude regions surrounding the Earth's geographical poles (the North and South Poles), which are characterized by frigid climates and extensive polar ice caps. The polar region of the Northern Hemisphere is often called the Arctic and that of the Southern Hemisphere is called the Antarctic. polder Also empolder. A low-lying tract of land enclosed by dikes, forming an artificial hydrological entity by creating land from a naturally inundated area, e.g. by reclaiming land from a lake or sea, or by building barriers around a floodplain or marsh and then draining it. All polders are eventually below the surrounding water table some or all of the time, making them especially


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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pothole Also pot, swirlhole, churn hole, evorsion, rock mill, and eddy mill. 1. Any smooth, bowl-shaped or cylindrical hollow, generally deeper than it is wide, that is carved into the rocky bed of a watercourse such as a stream or river. Fluvial potholes are created by the grinding action of stones or coarse sediment kept in perpetual motion in the same spot by the turbulence of the current. The term is also used to refer to plunge pools beneath waterfalls, which are created by similar processes. See also kolk. 2. A vertical or steeply inclined karstic shaft in a limestone deposit. 3. In the Great Plains of North America, a shallow depression, generally less than 10 acres (4.0 ha) in area, occurring between dunes or on morainic relief on a prairie and often filled by an intermittent pond or marsh. 4. Another name for a kettle. 5. Another name for a panhole. prairie A type of temperate grassland ecosystem dominated by a characteristic composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than by trees. The term is used primarily in North America, but similar ecosystems can be found across the world. Precambrian rock The oldest rocks, generally more than 600 million


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-7.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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rake A sloping terrace on a mountainside or rock face. The term is used primarily in Scotland. rapid Also rapids or whitewater. A section of a river or stream where the riverbed is sufficiently steep, the rate of flow is sufficiently fast, and/or the channel is sufficiently narrow or obstructed by shallow or protruding rocks or other obstacles that the water at the surface is visibly swift, turbulent, and broken, often forming large white-capped breaking waves, eddies, whirlpools, and "holes", in contrast to other sections where relatively slow, steady, laminar flows predominate. Rapids can persist long enough to form distinct, stable patterns at particular locations, though they are ultimately dependent on water volume and thus may change seasonally, disappearing entirely if water levels are too low or too high. Generally, watercourses are more likely to form rapids closer to their source, where channels are relatively shallow and narrow and often pass through mountainous or highly eroded terrain, than to downstream portions near their mouth, where channels tend to be deeper and wider. raster A representation of spatial data within a two-dimensional image that defines space as a rectangular array or grid of equally sized cells arranged in rows and columns,


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-8.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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relief The actual physical surface of a region of the Earth, i.e. the specific shape, dimensions, and particularities of its terrain; or the deviation of a real-world surface from a reference surface such as the geoid, a sphere, or a plane. When only the patterns and contours of the natural surface are considered and man-made features are ignored, relief is more or less synonymous with topography. relief map See topographic map. religion The belief in a supernatural power that is regarded as the creator and maintainer of the universe, as well as the system of beliefs itself. remote (of a particular location) Isolated or inaccessible, either by being physically very distant from another location or by lacking connectivity to transportation or communication networks which would otherwise make exchange between locations convenient. remote sensing The gathering of information about an object or place from a remote location (i.e. without making physical on-site observations), most commonly by the use of satellite- or aircraft-based electromagnetic sensor technologies. representative fraction (RF) The fraction expressing the ratio between the distance measured between two points on a map and the corresponding actual distance measured between those points in the real world, used to indicate the map's


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-9.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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rose A diagram printed on a map consisting of a set of lines radiating from a point and marked so as to indicate velocity or some other quantity having direction; e.g. a compass rose or current rose. route 1. A way or course taken in getting from one place to another; an established or selected course of travel or action; a line of travel or means of access, especially when marked by a path, track, road, or rail. 2. A circuit traveled in delivering, selling, or collecting goods, e.g. by a mail carrier. routefinding The determination of a viable route or line of travel between two places, especially in rugged or unexplored areas such as mountainous terrain or in conditions of poor visibility, and especially when done without the benefits of prior knowledge of the area, maps, or other technology that might aid orienteering, instead relying entirely on recognition of natural features and landmarks and quick estimations of distance, scale, ease, and safety. rural An adjective describing any geographic area located outside areas of significant human population such as towns and cities; all population, housing, and territory not included within an urban area is often said to be rural. Rural


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-10.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
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sea lane Also sea road, seaway, or shipping lane. A navigable route across a wide waterway such as an ocean, sea, or large lake that is regularly used for maritime trade by large vessels or ships because it is safe, direct, and economical. sea level The average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans from which heights such as elevation and altitude are commonly measured. Often called mean sea level (MSL), it is a type of standardized geodetic vertical datum that is used in numerous applications, including surveying, cartography, and navigation. Mean sea level is commonly defined as the midpoint between the mean low and mean high tides at a particular location. sea stack See stack. seabed Also sea floor or ocean floor. The bottom of a sea or ocean. As with land terrain, the ocean floor may have ridges, mountains, valleys, and plains. seaboard Any extensive region of land adjacent to the sea, broadly synonymous with coast or coastline. seamount A mountain (often a volcano) rising from the ocean floor whose summit does not reach the water's surface and which is therefore entirely submerged and not an island or islet. search space In human geography,


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file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-11.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
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parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
shield volcano A class of volcano that resembles an inverted warrior's shield, with long gentle slopes produced by multiple eruptions of fluid lava flows. shoal Also sandbank, sandbar, or gravel bar. A natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of or is covered by sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the bed of a body of water to just below or above the surface. shore Also shoreline. The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. Compare coast. shore platform See wave-cut platform. shoulder 1. A rounded spur on a mountainside; or a bench on the side of a glacier-deepened U-shaped valley, demarcating an abrupt transition between the gentle upper slopes which have been largely unaffected by glacial erosion and the steep lower slopes of the heavily eroded inner valley. 2. The part of a roadway between the edge of the graded or paved driving surface and the top of the foreslope of an adjacent ditch or embankment. shoulder drop See topographic prominence. side valley A valley whose mouth opens onto a larger, lower-order valley to which its drainage is tributary. sighting compass A handheld magnetic


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-12.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
soil building process The creation of organic matter from weathered rock, air, and water. soil horizon A distinct layer of soil which can be distinguished from other layers in vertical cross-section. solstice The time when the Sun reaches its most northerly or southerly excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. Two solstices occur annually, around 20–22 June and 20–22 December. In many countries, the seasons of the year are defined by reference to the solstices and the equinoxes. solution pan See panhole. solubility The degree to which a substance can be dissolved in another substance. In a geographical context, solubility is a characteristic of soil minerals that describes their tendency to be carried away in solution by water. See also leaching. sound 1. A large inlet of a sea or ocean that is larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, and wider than a fjord. 2. A narrow sea or ocean channel between two landmasses. sounding 1. A measured depth in water, usually a measurement of the distance from an instrument on a vessel at the surface to the bottom of the bed or floor of the body of water at a point directly below the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-13.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
spatiomap A map that is not merely a diagrammatic representation of a place but is based on an aerial orthophotograph, such that the map includes actual imagery of ground-level features which are often omitted from conventional maps. Spatiomaps are usually created by overlaying annotations directly upon an orthophoto, such as a north arrow or compass rose, a scale bar, political boundaries and labels, or other cartographical information. They are useful when reliable data from ground-based surveys are missing for a particular geographical area or when accurate maps must be produced very quickly, especially during disaster relief efforts where a natural disaster has dramatically changed ground-level detail but new surveys have not yet been conducted. spirit level spit Also sandspit. A type of bar or shoal extending from a beach into an ocean or lake and which develops by the deposition of sediment as a result of longshore drift. Spits form where the shoreline sharply changes direction, such as at a headland, and often develop a "hooked" or recurve shape at their distal ends. spot elevation Also spot height. A point on a map or chart whose height or elevation above a specified reference datum (often mean sea level) is explicitly


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-14.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
strip map A map covering only a narrow band of territory in which the user is interested, e.g. alongside each side of a trail or vehicle route. subcontinent A large landmass forming a contiguous part of an even larger continent, though often separable by physiographic or political boundaries, e.g. the Indian subcontinent; or a non-contiguous but still very large landmass that is smaller than one usually termed a continent, e.g. Greenland. subduction zone The place where two lithospheric plates come together, one riding over the other. Most volcanoes on land occur parallel to and inland from the boundary between the two plates. subglacial Of, relating to, or formed on or by the underside of a glacier. Contrast englacial and superglacial. sublittoral 1. Of or relating to the coastal area of the sea between the intertidal zone and the edge of the continental shelf. Compare littoral zone. 2. Of or relating to the deepest parts of a lake or other large body of freshwater, distant from the shore, where plants cannot root. See also aphotic zone. subsequent (of a stream, river, or any natural water flow) Flowing along a course determined by the structure of the local bedrock. Contrast consequent and


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-15.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
tectonic plate Any of several very large divisions of the Earth's crust consisting of solid rock which "floats" on top of the semi-solid mantle. temperate zone Traditionally, either of the two mid-latitude regions of the Earth defined by their latitudinal position between the tropics and the polar zones, i.e. the region between latitudes 23°30' N and 66°30' N, or that between 23°30' S and 66°30' S. In modern usage, the term may refer instead to regions of mild or temperate climate, regardless of latitude. temperature inversion An increase in temperature with height above the Earth's surface, a reversal of the normal pattern, often observed in deep valleys and basins that are mostly or entirely enclosed by high mountain ranges. tephra Solid material of all sizes explosively ejected from a volcano into the atmosphere. terminal moraine Also end moraine. A moraine that forms at the terminus or snout of a glacier, marking its furthest advance. Debris transported by plucking and abrasion accumulates at the glacier's leading edge, where it is deposited in an unsorted pile of sediment as the ice begins to retreat. terracette One of a series of regularly spaced, horizontal, step-like ridges forming a distinctive ribbed pattern on a


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-16.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
tidal creek Also tidal channel. A narrow inlet or estuary that is affected by the ebb and flow of tides from an adjacent ocean. Water in the lower portions of these channels tends to vary greatly in depth, salinity, electrical conductivity, and other hydrological properties over the course of the tidal cycle, but is often slow-moving and rich in organic sediment drained from upstream freshwater sources, making them important habitats for many species. tidal flat An extensive, nearly horizontal, and barren or sparsely vegetated tract of land at the edge of a sea or ocean that is alternately covered and uncovered by the tide. tidal prism The total volume of water that flows in and out of a coastal inlet or estuary with each cycle of the tides, excluding any freshwater discharges; i.e. the difference in the inlet's volume between the mean high and low tides. tidal range The difference in height between high tide and low tide at a given location. This range may vary over the course of the year, e.g. during neap tides and spring tides. tide The periodic rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-17.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
township A type of populated place or administrative subdivision for which definitions vary widely between jurisdictions. In the United States, the township is the basic unit of land in the Public Land Survey System, a quadrangle with sides of approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) aligned to parallels and meridians and further subdivided into 36 one-square-mile sections. The location of each township is specified with respect to a designated reference parallel and a reference meridian. township and range The rectangular system of land subdivision used to plat real property for sale and settlement in much of the agriculturally settled United States west of the Appalachian Mountains, established by the Land Ordinance of 1785. towpath A road or path alongside a navigable river, canal, or other inland waterway designed to allow land vehicles, draught animals, or a team of human pullers to tow a boat or barge. trafficability The capacity of a soil or of a particular type of terrain to permit the movement of vehicles or pedestrians. trail transferability The extent to which a good or service can be moved from one location to another; the relative capacity for spatial interaction. transhumance The seasonal movement of people and animals in search


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-18.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
trough Any elongated, generally U-shaped valley, ravine, basin, or ditch, natural or artificial, dry or wet. Particularly common usages refer to a submarine trench or deep in the ocean floor, or to a geological syncline. true north Also geodetic north. The direction along the Earth's surface towards the Geographic North Pole. Geodetic true north differs from magnetic north and grid north, and also very slightly from astronomical true north, which is based on the direction of the north celestial pole. true south Also geodetic south. The direction along the Earth's surface that is exactly opposite (i.e. bearing 180 degrees) of true north, towards the Geographic South Pole. trunk See main stem. tsunami A giant ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption with great destructive power. tundra A treeless plain characteristic of the Arctic and subarctic regions. tunnel valley A deep, greatly elongated, U-shaped valley carved from land beneath a mass of glacial ice, often near the margin of a continental ice sheet. Tunnel valleys may be up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) wide, and 400 metres (1,300 ft) deep, and often occur side-by-side in a series of multiple parallel valleys. turlough In


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-19.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
volcanic avalanche Also debris avalanche. A large, chaotic mass of soil, rock, and volcanic debris moving swiftly down the slopes of a volcano. Volcanic avalanches can also occur without an eruption due to an earthquake, heavy rainfall, or unstable soil, rock, and volcanic debris. volcanic crater A type of crater created by volcanic activity, typically shaped like a bowl and containing one or more volcanic vents. Compare caldera. volcano A vent or opening in the Earth's surface through which magma erupts, or the landform that is constructed by the eruptive material. volcanology Also vulcanology. The scientific study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and the body of related geophysical phenomena known as volcanism. It is a branch of geology and Earth science which seeks to understand the formation, activity, and dormancy of volcanoes, their current and historic eruptions, and how to predict them. vrtače See doline. == W == wadi 1. A dry, ephemeral riverbed which contains water only when heavy rainfall occurs. 2. Another name for a valley, used primarily in Arabic-speaking parts of the world. warping 1. The slow, gentle deformation of the Earth's crust over a wide area, resulting in a raising or lowering of the surface. 2. (sedimentation)


id: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-20
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)-20.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:30.234613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-geography-terms-n-z-20260505-0
summary:
wave-cut platform Also shore platform, wave-cut cliff, or coastal bench. A flat erosion surface along the shore of a lake, bay, or sea that is formed by the undercutting and eventual collapse of a sea cliff as a result of repetitive wave action. waypoint A reference point in physical space used for purposes of navigation, especially when plotted on a map or in a GIS application as part of a traveled route. weathering The breaking of rocks into smaller rocks, gradually becoming soil. weir Also low head dam. A man-made obstruction built across the width of a river that alters its flow and usually results in a change in the height of the river level, commonly by permitting water to flow freely over a low barrier before cascading down to a lower level. Weirs may serve many purposes, including decreasing or increasing the force of the current, maintaining water depth, or diverting or impounding flow, typically for navigation, irrigation, fishing, to generate a head for a water mill, or to control outflow from a lake or reservoir. Compare dam and barrage. welfare geography An approach in human geography which considers the areal differentiation and spatial organization of human activity from


id: glossary-of-hebrew-toponyms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of Hebrew toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:31.550888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-hebrew-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary gives translations of Hebrew terms commonly found as components in Hebrew toponyms. == B == Be'er Beer Be'erot (plural) בְּאֵר, wiktionary:באר, 'well'; plural בְּאֵרוֹת All pages with titles beginning with Beer All pages with titles beginning with Be'er All pages with titles beginning with Be'erot BeitBayit (sometimes)BethBet בֵּית, wiktionary:בית, 'house' All pages with titles beginning with Beit All pages with titles beginning with Bayit All pages with titles beginning with Beth All pages with titles beginning with Bet == E == Ein'En עַיִן, wiktionary:עין, 'spring, fountain' All pages with titles beginning with Ein All pages with titles beginning with 'En Emek עֵמֶק, wiktionary:עמק, 'valley' All pages with titles beginning with Emek == G == Gan גַּן, wiktionary:גן, 'garden' All pages with titles containing Gan Giv'atGivatGivatayim (dual)Giv'ot (plural) גִּבְעַת, wiktionary:גבעה, 'hill' All pages with titles beginning with Givat All pages with titles beginning with Giv'at All pages with titles beginning with Giv'ot == H == Har הַר, wiktionary:הר, 'mountain' All pages with titles beginning with Har == I == Illit עילית, wiktionary:עילית, 'upper' All pages with titles containing Illit == K == Kerem כֶּרֶם, wiktionary:כרם, 'vineyard' All pages with titles beginning with Kerem Kfar כְּפַר, wiktionary:כפר, 'village' All pages


id: list-of-highest-large-cities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities-0.md
category: reference
title: List of highest large cities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_large_cities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:32.821149+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-highest-large-cities-20260505-0
summary:
This list of the highest cities in the world includes only cities with a population greater than 100,000 inhabitants and an average height above sea level over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). == See also == List of cities by elevation == References ==


id: list-of-historical-maps-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps-0.md
category: reference
title: List of historical maps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_maps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:34.059214+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-historical-maps-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of notable extant historical maps. == Early world maps == Babylonian Map of the World (flat-earth diagram on a clay tablet, c. 600 BC) Tabula Rogeriana (1154) Psalter world map (1260) Tabula Peutingeriana (1265, medieval map of the Roman Empire, believed to be based on 4th century source material) Hereford Mappa Mundi (c. 1285; the largest medieval map known still to exist) Map of Maximus Planudes (c. 1300), earliest extant realization of Ptolemy's world map (2nd century) Gangnido (Korea, 1402) Bianco world map (1436) Fra Mauro map (c. 1450) Map of Bartolomeo Pareto (1455) Genoese map (1457) Map of Juan de la Cosa (1500) Cantino planisphere (1502) Piri Reis map (1513) Dieppe maps (c. 1540s-1560s) Mercator 1569 world map Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Ortelius, Netherlands, 1570–1612) Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (1602) == Notable atlases == Atlas Maior (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1635–1658) Klencke Atlas (1660) Atlas Maior (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1662–1667) Cary's New and Correct English Atlas (London, 1787) Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas (Germany, 1881–1939; in the UK as Times Atlas of the World, 1895) Times Atlas of the World (United Kingdom, 1895) Rand McNally Atlas (United States, 1881–present) Stielers Handatlas (Germany, 1817–1944) Atlante Internazionale del Touring Club Italiano (Italy, 1927)


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
There are hot springs on all continents and in many countries around the world. Countries that are renowned for their hot springs include Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Fiji, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Romania, Turkey, Taiwan, New Zealand, and the United States, but there are interesting and unique hot springs in many other places as well. == Africa == === Algeria === Hammam Chellala (Thermes Chellala) Hammam Essalihine (Thermes de Flavius), 35.4403°N 7.0844°E Hammam Guedjima (Thermes Guedjima) Guelma (Source de Guelma) N'Gaous (Source de Saïda) === Democratic Republic of the Congo === Kambo, North Kivu, in North Kivu province (150 to 270 °C) Uvira, South Kivu province (275 to 369 °C), 3°22′12″S 29°08′24″E === Egypt === Hammam Musa (Moses' Bath) Hammam Pharaon (Pharaoh Bath) Oyoun Mossa (Moses Springs) Siwa === Eswatini === There are thirteen developed and undeveloped hot spring pools in Eswatini. All are sulphur springs with temperatures ranging from 26 °C to 52 °C. Ezulwini spring Fairview spring Lobamba spring Madubula spring Mawelawela spring Mbekelweni spring Mbikwakhe hot spring Mbondela spring Mkoba spring Mpopoma spring Mvuntshini spring Ngwempisi spring Siphofaneni spring === Ethiopia === Dallol Hot Springs at Dallol volcano, Afar Region, Ethiopia Sodere (Oromo: Sodaree), a spa town


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-1.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
==== British Columbia ==== Ahousat Hot Springs, Ahousat (Gibson Marine Provincial Park) Ainsworth Hot Springs and Cody Caves, south of Kaslo Bishop Bay Hot Springs, located in Devastation Channel, south of Kitimat, North Coast Boulder Creek Hot Springs (aka Pebble Creek Hot Springs and Keyhole Hot Springs) in the Pemberton Valley Brandywine Creek Hot Springs Canyon Hot Springs and Albert Canyon, near Revelstoke Dewar Hot Springs, Purcell Mountains Fairmont Hot Springs, near Invermere Frizzell Hotsprings, lower Skeena River Harrison Hot Springs, north of Agassiz Hotspring Island, Haida Gwaii Iskut River Hot Springs Lakelse Hot Springs, Terrace Liard River Hot Springs Lussier Hot Springs in Whiteswan Lake Provincial Park Meager Creek Hot Springs northwest of Pemberton Mount Cayley Hot Springs Mount Layton Hot Springs, near Kitimat Nascall Hot Springs, located in Dean Channel Nakusp and vicinity, along the Arrow Lakes: Coyote Springs Halcyon Hot Springs Halfway River Nakusp Hot Springs Octopus Creek Upper Halfway River Wilson Lake Pitt River Hot Springs, on the upper Pitt River Prophet River Hot Springs, Alaska Highway Radium Hot Springs, Columbia Valley Ram Creek Hot Springs, Skookumchuck Ramsay Hot Springs near Ahousat Shearwater Hot Springs, south of Kitimat, North Coast Sherwin Hot Springs, west side of


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-2.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
Conundrum Hot Springs Hot Sulphur Springs Idaho Springs Glenwood Springs Ouray Pagosa hot springs (110 °F to 144 °F/62 °C), 37°16′5″N 107°1′28″W Penny Hot Springs Radium Hot Springs Steamboat Springs ==== Florida ==== Warm Mineral Springs ==== Georgia ==== Radium Springs (20 °C, 68 °F) Warm Springs (90 °F) ==== Idaho ==== Boat Box Hot Spring Frenchman's Hot Springs Goldbug Hot Springs Green Canyon Hot Springs Heise Hot Springs, Ririe (28 °C, 82 °F) Lava Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs) Silver Creek Hot Spring Stanley Hot Springs Sunflower Hot Springs ==== Illinois ==== Little Hot Springs of Illinois ==== Massachusetts ==== Sand Spring (75 °F / 24 °C) ==== Montana ==== Chico Hot Springs (104 °F / 40 °C) Gregson Hot Springs Hot Springs Hunters Hot Springs Lolo Hot Springs Montana Sleeping Buffalo Hot Springs ==== Nevada ==== ==== New Mexico ==== Black Rock Hot Springs, near Taos Faywood Hot Springs Jordan Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) Manby Hot Springs, near Taos McCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs Melanie Hot Springs, near Silver City Middle Fork Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) Montezuma Hot Springs Ojo Caliente Hot Springs, Ojo Caliente Radium Hot Springs San Antonio Hot Springs, Jemez Springs Soda Dam


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-3.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
==== Sumatra ==== Danau Linting (Hot Spring Lake about 8000 m2 near tiga juhar village), Deli Serdang, North Sumatra Dolok Tinggi Raja white crater, Simalungun District, North Sumatra; dubbed mini Pamukkale or mini Yellowstone Gemuhak, Muara Anip Regency, South Sumatra Ie Seum (Aceh Language: Hot Water), near Port Malayahati Krueng Raya, Aceh Besar, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Sei Batang Serangan Hot Spring (at Ekowisata Tangkahan), Langkat, North Sumatra Sei Wampu Hot Spring (White Water Hot Spring at Wampu River near Marike Estate of PTPN II), Langkat, North Sumatra Hot Semurup, Air Hangat Subdistrict, Kerinci Sibayak Hot Spring (at Lau Debuk-Debuk Village), Karo District, North Sumatra Tarutung Hot Spring (many Hot Spring Like Hutabarat, Sipaholon), North Tapanuli, North Sumatra === Iran === Ferdows Hot Spring Kousar Hot Spring Meshkin Shahr (Ghoutor Soee, Ilanjigh, Gheynarjeh, Shabil) Sar-Ein Hot Springs, more than 20 traditional and modern thermal springs Sardabeh Hot Spring === Israel === Ein Gedi Hamat Gader Hamei Ga'ash Hamei Yoav Tiberias === Japan === Being located in the "Pacific Ring of Fire", Japan is in a volcanic region, and is home to many hot springs. The onsen (a Japanese word for "hot spring") plays a notable role in Japanese culture. In March


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-4.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
Blue Lagoon, Grindavík, 36 °C Deildartunguhver 97 °C Geysir hot springs Grjótagjá Gunnuhver hot springs Guðrúnarlaug hot spring Hellulaug Hrunalaug (Hruni hot springs) Hveragarðurinn Hveravellir Hverir Kualaug hot spring Mývatn Nature Baths Pollurinn hot springs Reykjadalur Hot Spring Thermal River Seltún Hot Springs Sky Lagoon === Italy === Abano Terme, Veneto, 130 hot springs Aeolian Islands, Sicily, hot springs Arta Terme, Friuli Venezia Giulia, sulphurous springs Bagni di Craveggia, Valle Onsernone, hot springs, 28 degrees C Bagni di Lucca, Tuscany, thermal springs Bagni San Filippo, near Monte Amiata, Tuscany Bagni di Tivoli, Lazio, sulphurous springs Bagno Vignoni, near Val d'Orcia, Tuscany Baiae, ancient Roman volcanic hot springs town on the shore of the Gulf of Naples, now partially submerged Bormio, Sondrio Province, Lombardy (geothermal spa), 36–43 degrees C Brisighella, Emilia Romagna, sulphorus waters Caramanico Terme, Abruzzi, two springs Chianciano Terme, Tuscany Ischia, Campania, volcanic heat source Islands Sciacca, Sicily, sulphurous waters Monsummano, Grotta Parlanti and Grotta Giusti, Northern Tuscany Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, thermal springs Montegrotto Terme, Veneto Petriolo, Tuscany Piemonte Acqui Terme, Piedmont, sulphurous spring Rapolano Terme, Tuscany San Casciano dei Bagni, Tuscany San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Tuscany, thermal springs Santa Cesarea Terme, Lecce Province, Apulia Region, coastal thermal spring


id: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs-5.md
category: reference
title: List of hot springs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:35.486199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hot-springs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Turkey === Afyonkarahisar (Gazlıgöl, Heybeli, Ömer, Hüdai, Gecek) Aksaray (Ihlara Valley, Ziga) Amasya (Terziköy, Hamamözü, Gözlek) Ankara (Ayaş, Beypazarı, Dutlu, Kapullu, Haymana, Kızılcahamam) Aydın (Alangüllü, Germencik, İmamköy Kızıldere, Kuşadası) Ağrı (Didaydın) Balıkesir (Balya, Bigadiç, Edremit, Ferman, Güre, Pamukçu, Sındırgı, Gönen) Bolu (Karacasu, Babas, Sarot, Seben, Çatak) Bursa (Çelik Palas, Kükürtlü, Karamustafa, Kaynarca, Eski Kaplıca) Çanakkale (Afrodit, Külcüler, Çan, Tepeköy, Hıdırlar, Kestanbolu, Kızılca, Küçük Çeymi) Çankırı (Çavundur, Acısu) Denizli (Pamukkale, Gölemezli, Babacık, Tekkeköy, Kızıldere, Çizmeli, Karahayıt) Diyarbakır (Çermik) Erzurum (Pasinler, Ilıca, Köprüköy) Eskişehir (City center, Sakarılıca, Hamamkarahisar, Yarıkçı, Kızılinler) Istanbul (Tuzla) İzmir (Balçova, Nebiler, Reisdere, Karakoç, Gülbahçe) Kahramanmaraş (Ekinözü, Büyük Kızılcık, Zeytun) Kayseri (Bayramhacı, Yeşilhisar, Tekgöz, Hacı Veli) Konya (Ilgın, İsmil, Seydişehir, Karasu, Kuşaklı) Kütahya (Harlek, Yoncalı, Yeşil, Kaynarca, Murat Dağı, Simav-Eynal, Tavşanlı-Göbel, Hisarcık-Esire, Çıtgöl, Dereli) Kırşehir (Terme, Karakurt, Bulamaçlı, Mahmutlu) Manisa (Kurşunlu, Sart, Urganlı, Emir, Saraycık, Hisar, Menteşe, Ilıcak) Muğla (Fethiye, Bodrum, Dalaman) Nevşehir (Kozaklı) Rize (Ayder) Sakarya (Kuzuluk, Acısu, Taraklı, Çökek) Sivas (Akçaağıl, Alamani, Kangal, Balıklı, Ortaköy, Sıcak/Soğuk Çermiği) Tokat (Sulusaray, Reşadiye) Yalova (Termal, Armutlu) Yozgat (Sarıkaya, Saraykent, Karadikmeni, Boğazlıyan, Sorgun, Yerköy) === United Kingdom === There are many geothermal springs in the UK, but the hot springs found in the town of Bath, Somerset are the only


id: housing-affordability-in-anglophone-countries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries-0.md
category: reference
title: Housing affordability in anglophone countries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability_in_anglophone_countries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:36.814644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: housing-affordability-in-anglophone-countries-20260505-0
summary:
The 16th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2020 analyzed affordability in 7 Anglophone countries and Hong Kong. Among this sample, the housing markets with the least affordable real estate prices are Hong Kong, Vancouver, and Sydney. The top three housing markets with the most affordable real estate prices based on major housing markets are Rochester, New York, Cleveland, Ohio, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. This survey was performed by Demographia, a global analysis firm. == Methodology == The prices are based on data from the third quarter of 2019. The housing markets ranked are located in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, United Kingdom, and the United States. The report also includes special coverage on Russia. The housing markets are ranked on middle income housing affordability, which uses the "median multiple". This was calculated by taking the median house price divided by the median gross pre-tax household income of the housing market. The median multiple is used widely for analyzing housing markets and is recommended by the World Bank and the United Nations. It has also been used by the Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University. Demographia uses housing affordability ratings to categorize each housing market's


id: list-of-human-geographers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_geographers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of human geographers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_geographers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:37.989384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-human-geographers-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of notable human geographers. == List == Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), one of the founders of modern geography. he traveled extensively and pioneered empirical research methods that would later develop primarily into biogeography and physical geography but also anticipated population geography and economic geography. Humboldt University of Berlin is named after von Humboldt and his brother Wilhelm von Humboldt. Carl Ritter (1779–1859), considered to be one of the founders of modern geography and first chair in geography at the Humboldt University of Berlin, also noted for his use of organic analogy in his works. Xavier Hommaire de Hell (1812–1848), research in Turkey, southern Russia and Persia Élisée Reclus (1830–1905), known for his monumental 19 volume The Earth and Its Inhabitants, he coined the term social geography and his thinking anticipated the social ecology and animal rights movements, where he advocated anarchism and veganism as part of an ethical life. Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921), one of the first radical geographers, he was a proponent of anarchism and notable for his introduction of the concept of mutual aid. Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), environmental determinist, invented the term Lebensraum Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918), founder of the French School


id: list-of-countries-by-irrigated-land-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of countries by irrigated land area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:39.282130+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-countries-by-irrigated-land-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of countries by irrigated land area based on The World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency. The two countries with the largest irrigated land area are India and China, which make up 22.06% and 21.33% of worldwide irrigated land area respectively as of 2020. Sorting is in alphabetical order. Note: == See also == == References == == External links == World map of irrigated land as percentage of cultivated land(PDF) from Food and Agriculture Organization, UN, Accessed March 4, 2009


id: list-of-islands-by-population-density-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density-0.md
category: reference
title: List of islands by population density
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population_density
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:40.775390+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-islands-by-population-density-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of islands, sorted by population density, and including islands that are connected to other land masses by a route other than sea or air, such as a bridge or a tunnel. == Continental landmasses == Continental landmasses are not usually classified as islands despite being completely surrounded by water. Nevertheless, for the purposes of this list, mainland Australia along with the other major landmasses have been listed as continental landmasses for comparison. The figures are approximations and are for the four major continental landmasses only. == Most densely populated islands (over 1,000 people per km2) == Accurate density estimates for the very small islands (less than 1 square kilometre or 0.39 square miles) are hard to obtain because population as well as landmass are often only estimates. Additionally, the populations of these islands are often highly transient, with many residents also maintaining a residence on a larger landmass and only living on the island seasonally. == Densely populated archipelagos == These archipelagos have a density of over 1,000 people/km2 (2,600 people/sq mi), meaning at least one island must have over 1,000 people/km2 (2,600 people/sq mi). However, there is no available data for the individual islands.


id: list-of-iso-3166-country-codes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of ISO 3166 country codes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:41.910912+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iso-3166-country-codes-20260505-0
summary:
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created and maintains the ISO 3166 standard – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions. The ISO 3166 standard contains three parts: ISO 3166-1 – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. It defines three sets of country codes: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 – two-letter country codes which are also used to create the ISO 3166-2 country subdivision codes and the Internet country code top-level domains. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes which may allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the 3166-1 alpha-2 codes. ISO 3166-1 numeric – three-digit country codes which are identical to those developed and maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division, with the advantage of script (writing system) independence, and hence useful for people or systems using non-Latin scripts. ISO 3166-2 – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 2: Country subdivision code defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces, states, departments, regions) of all


id: list-of-geographical-knobs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical knobs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:43.210134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-knobs-20260505-0
summary:
Knob is used in the name of many geographical features: Knob Creek can refer to any of several streams by that name Knob Fork, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States Knob Hill, a neighborhood in central Colorado Springs, Colorado Knob Hill, Alberta, municipal district in central Alberta, Canada, south of Edmonton Knob Lake, the central lake in Three Lakes Valley in northeast Signy Island Knob Lick, Casey County, Kentucky, unincorporated community in Casey County, Kentucky, United States Knob Lick, Estill County, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Estill County, Kentucky, United States Knob Lick, Metcalfe County, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Metcalfe County, Kentucky, United States Knob Lick, Missouri, an unincorporated community in southern Saint Francois County, Missouri Knob Mountain (Pennsylvania), a ridge in the northeastern part of Columbia County, Pennsylvania Knob Mountain (Page County, Virginia), a mountain in Page County, Virginia Knob Noster, Missouri, a city in Johnson County, Missouri, United States Knob Point (Ross Island), a rounded coastal point on the west side of Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island Knob Point (South Sandwich Islands), the southwesternmost point of Vindication Island in the South Sandwich Islands Knob, Arkansas, unincorporated community in Clay County, Arkansas


id: list-of-geographical-knobs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-1.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical knobs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:43.210134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-knobs-20260505-0
summary:
== H == Hairy Knob, summit in Mason County, Texas, in the United States Harrison Knob, a small mountain in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada Hendersin Knob, an ice-covered knob rising between the heads of Craft and Rochray Glaciers in the southwest part of Thurston Island Henry's Knob, a mountain and Superfund Alternative Site in York County South Carolina High Knob, the peak of Stone Mountain, part of a large mountain, or massif, in Wise County, Virginia High Knob (Blue Ridge, Virginia), a peak of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Warren and Fauquier county, Virginia High Knob (West Virginia), a mountain summit on the border between Hampshire and Hardy counties in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle Howard Knob, a mountain in the North Carolina High Country, located in the town of Boone == I == Iron Knob, South Australia, a town in South Australia on the Eyre Highway across Eyre Peninsula == J == Jacks Knob, a mountain located on the border of Towns County and Union County, Georgia Jacks Knob Trail, a hiking trail that has been designated as a National Recreation Trail in Georgia Jeptha Knob, the highest point in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky Junction


id: list-of-geographical-knobs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs-2.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical knobs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_knobs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:43.210134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-knobs-20260505-0
summary:
== T == The Knob (Indiana) (elevation 1,051 feet/320 meters) is the fourth highest point in the U.S. state of Indiana The Knob (South Georgia), a conspicuous dome-shaped rock, 40 m high, at the west side of Elsehul on the north coast of South Georgia Tomkins Knob, a mountain in the North Carolina High Country, near the community of Deep Gap Tricorner Knob, a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States Trimble Knob, located southwest of Monterey, VA, in Highland County, is a conical hill Trischman Knob, an isolated summit along the Continental Divide on the Madison Plateau in Yellowstone National Park Turkey Knob, West Virginia, unincorporated community and coal town in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States Twelve O'clock Knob (Roanoke County, Virginia), a mountain located in southwestern Roanoke County, Virginia == U == == V == Ventifact Knobs, minor knobs located just east of Lake Bonney in Taylor Valley, Victoria Land == W == Walsh Knob, a small but distinctive ice-covered elevation that rises midway along the south side of Lofgren Peninsula in east Thurston Island Waterrock Knob, a mountain peak in the U.S. state of North Carolina Webster Knob, a prominent rock


id: list-of-kuala-settlements-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuala_settlements-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Kuala settlements
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuala_settlements
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:44.670933+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-kuala-settlements-20260505-0
summary:
Kuala is used in the name of a number of settlements, districts and geographical features in Malaysia and Indonesia; in the Malay and Indonesian languages it means the mouth of a river, an estuary, or a confluence where two or more rivers meet: Kuala, town and administrative district of Langkat Regency in northern Sumatra, Indonesia Kuala Balah, state constituency in Kelantan, Malaysia Kuala Batee, district in Southwest Aceh Regency, Aceh, Indonesia Kuala Bekah, town in the far south of Thailand, near the border with Malaysia Kuala Belait, the administrative town of Belait District, Brunei Kuala Berang, the seat and largest town of Hulu Terengganu District, Terengganu, Malaysia Kuala Besut, mukim in Besut District, Terengganu, Malaysia Kuala Cenaku, town in Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau, Indonesia Kuala Dipang, kampong near Kampar in Perak, Malaysia Kuala Dungun, the capital of Dungun District, Terengganu, Malaysia Kuala Jeneris, small town in Hulu Terengganu District, Terengganu, Malaysia Kuala Kangsar, the royal town of Perak, Malaysia Kuala Kapuas, the regency seat of Kapuas Regency and a major town in Kalimantan, Indonesia Kuala Kedah, mukim and parliamentary constituency in Kota Setar District, Kedah, Malaysia Kuala Kencana, district in Mimika Regency, Central Papua, Indonesia Kuala Ketil, small town in


id: list-of-deepest-natural-harbours-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deepest_natural_harbours-0.md
category: reference
title: List of deepest natural harbours
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deepest_natural_harbours
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:48.419269+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deepest-natural-harbours-20260505-0
summary:
This article presents a non-exhaustive list of the world’s deepest natural harbours. Often formed by flooded estuaries, rias, fjords, or coastal basins, natural harbours are valued for their protection from ocean swell, deep navigable waters, and strategic positioning. Deep natural harbours have historically played a critical role in military and commercial development, contributing to the rise of major port cities. Their natural shelter often reduces the need for artificial structures such as breakwaters and dredged channels. == List parameters == This list ranks harbours solely by their natural average and maximum depths. Artificially deepened deep water ports are excluded unless their depth is primarily natural. Other characteristics such as surface area, catchment, or shipping volume are not considered. === Depth rationale === For the purposes of this list, a deep natural harbour is defined as having a minimum natural depth of approximately 15 m (49 ft), sufficient to accommodate most large commercial and naval vessels without major dredging. This threshold reflects the typical draft requirements of Panamax and Post-Panamax container ships, which range from 12 to 15 m (39 to 49 ft) depending on capacity and loading. === Harbour definition === A harbour is defined as a sheltered coastal body


id: list-of-islands-of-oman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Oman-0.md
category: reference
title: List of islands of Oman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Oman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:49.647693+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-islands-of-oman-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of islands of Oman, a country in West Asia. == Ash Sharqiyah South == Masirah Island == Dhofar Governorates == === Khuriya Muriya Islands === Al-Hallaniyah Al-Hasikiyah Al-Qibliyah Al-Sawda Qarzawit == Musandam == Quoin Island (Persian Gulf) Telegraph Island Umm al-Fayyarin Didamar Island == Muscat Governorates == Al-Fahal Ad Dimaniyat Islands == Map == == See also == List of islands in the Persian Gulf == References ==


id: list-of-massachusetts-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Massachusetts Wildlife Management Areas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Wildlife_Management_Areas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:50.954737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-massachusetts-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
summary:
Massachusetts Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife is tasked with managing Massachusetts fauna and flora. Enforcement is provided by the Massachusetts Department of Public Safety. There are Thirteen wildlife management zones and thirteen wildlife sanctuaries. == Wildlife Management Areas == Leadmine Wildlife Management Area == References ==


id: list-of-new-mexico-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md
category: reference
title: List of New Mexico Wildlife Management Areas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_Wildlife_Management_Areas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:52.171617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-new-mexico-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
summary:
New Mexico Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the US state of New Mexico managed by the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF). The state is divided into four wildlife management zones (WMZ). == List of New Mexico Wildlife Management Areas == The state is divided into four wildlife management zones (WMZ). === Northwest Area === Bernardo Wildlife Management Area: 1,675 acres (678 ha). Bluebird Mesa Wildlife Management Area: 160 acres (65 ha) purchased in 1953. Edward Sargent Wildlife Management Area: 20,209 acres (8,178 ha) purchased in 1975. Hammond Tract Wildlife Management Area: 80 acres (32 ha) of excess (surplus) Bureau of Reclamation transferred June 11, 1987. Jackson Lake Wildlife Management Area: 840 acres (340 ha) along the La Plata River and includes Jackson Lake. La Joya Wildlife Area: 3,405 acres (1,378 ha) purchased in parcels until 1940. Marquez/LBar WildlifeManagement Area: estimated 70,000 acres (28,000 ha) with the addition of the 54,000 acres (22,000 ha) of LBar property purchased in 2021 by the Trust for Public Land, with funding from Walmart’s Acres for America program. Navajo Dam Wildlife Area (Navajo WMA): 3,785 acres (1,532 ha) surrounding Navajo Lake. Pine River Wildlife Management Area: 34.2 acres (13.8 ha).


id: list-of-north-dakota-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md
category: reference
title: List of North Dakota Wildlife Management Areas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_Wildlife_Management_Areas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:53.377360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-north-dakota-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
summary:
North Dakota Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the US state of North Dakota. == List of WMAs == There are 200 Wildlife Management Areas in North Dakota covering around 220,000 acres (89,000 ha) == References ==


id: list-of-tennessee-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_Wildlife_Management_Areas-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Tennessee Wildlife Management Areas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_Wildlife_Management_Areas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:54.511912+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tennessee-wildlife-management-areas-20260505-0
summary:
Tennessee Wildlife Management Areas are protected areas in the US state of Tennessee managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission. The law enforcement body of the areas is the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. == List of Wildlife management areas == The state is divided into four regions === West Tennessee Region 1 === WMAs in Region1: === Middle Tennessee Region 2 === WMAs in Region 2: === Cumberland Plateau Region 3 === WMAs in Region 3: === East Tennessee - Region 4, Wildlife Management Areas === WMAs in Region 4: == See also == List of Tennessee state parks and natural areas == References ==


id: list-of-wildlife-management-areas-in-georgia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Georgia-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Wildlife Management Areas in Georgia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Management_Areas_in_Georgia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:55.670583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-wildlife-management-areas-in-georgia-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) in the U.S. state of Georgia. == Wildlife Management Areas == Alapaha River WMA: 6,870 acres (2,780 ha) located southwest of Ocilla in Irwin County. Albany Nursery WMA: 300 acres (120 ha) located in Dougherty County. Alexander WMA: Established in 1996 the WMA is 1,300 acres (530 ha), with 20 acres (8.1 ha) of dove fields, located near Waynesboro in Burke County. Allatoona WMA: 6,818-acre located near White, in Bartow County. Alligator Creek WMA: 3,086 acres (1,249 ha) located near the confluence of the Little Ocmulgee River and Alligator Creek, two miles from Lumber City Altama Plantation WMA: 3,986 acres (1,613 ha) in Glynn County == References ==


id: list-of-lost-expeditions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lost_expeditions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of lost expeditions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lost_expeditions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:56.877475+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-lost-expeditions-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of lost expeditions. == All parties presumed lost == == One or more surviving members == == References == Williams, Glyn. Arctic Labyrinth: The Quest for the Northwest Passage. London, England: Penguin UK, 2009. ISBN 978-0-14-193258-3 Wright, Ed. Lost Explorers: Adventurers Who Disappeared Off The Face Of The Earth. Millers Point, Australia: Pier 9, 2008. ISBN 1-7419-6139-4 == Further reading == Balkan, Evan. Vanished!: Explorers Forever Lost. Birmingham, Alabama: Menasha Ridge Press, 2008. ISBN 0-89732-983-X == External links == Famous Expeditions That Fell Off the Map at History.com


id: lost-lands-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-0.md
category: reference
title: Lost lands
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:58.077159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lost-lands-20260505-0
summary:
Lost lands are islands or continents believed by some to have existed during prehistory, but have since disappeared as a result of catastrophic geological phenomena. Legends of lost lands often originated as scholarly or scientific theories, only to be picked up by writers and individuals outside the academy. Occult and New Age writers have made use of lost lands, as have subaltern peoples. Phantom islands, as opposed to lost lands, are land masses formerly believed by cartographers to exist in the current historical age, but to have been discredited as a result of expanding geographic knowledge. The classification of lost lands as continents, islands, or other regions is in some cases subjective; for example, Atlantis is variously described as either a "lost island" or a "lost continent". Lost land theories may originate in mythology or philosophy, or in scholarly or scientific theories, such as catastrophic theories of geology. With the development of plate tectonic simulation software, new lost land has been discovered and confirmed by the scientific community (like Greater Adria in 2019). == Submerged lands == Although the existence of lost continents in the above sense is mythical (aside from Zealandia and Greater Adria), there were many places on


id: lost-lands-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-1.md
category: reference
title: Lost lands
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:58.077159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lost-lands-20260505-0
summary:
=== Lemuria === Lemuria, as a lost land, was first presented by the British zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater in The Quarterly Journal of Science published in April 1864. Sclater proposed that the existence of a now-submerged landmass linking Madagascar and India would explain the geographic distribution of lemurs. He was in favor of this theory because he found their distribution to be difficult to account for through the knowledge of species migration that was present at the time. Others like Sclater also used the idea of land bridges to explain continental species distribution before the idea of plate tectonics, a theory proposed by Alfred Wegener, became accepted as modern geology developed in the mid-20th century. Sclater’s hypothesis about Lemuria was then abandoned as plate tectonics now provided a clear explanation for continental drift and the distribution of lemurs that Sclater was studying. Despite this scientific consensus, the idea of Lemuria was reimagined by Helena Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society in the late 19th century, transforming it into a mythical lost continent that related to their esoteric practices. They saw Lemuria as a precursor to Atlantis that was home to prehistoric “root races” who possessed psychic power and advanced spiritual qualities.


id: lost-lands-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands-2.md
category: reference
title: Lost lands
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_lands
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:58.077159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lost-lands-20260505-0
summary:
H.P. Blavatsky Edgar Rice Burroughs (The Land That Time Forgot, Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar, At the Earth's Core) James Churchward Henry Corbin (Malakut or Hurqalya) Ignatius L. Donnelly Burak Eldem Warren Ellis Philip José Farmer H. Rider Haggard Robert E. Howard (Hyborian Age) Édouard Lalo (Le roi d'Ys) H. P. Lovecraft often invoked the names of lost lands of his own invention, a practice that subsequently gave birth to the Cthulhu mythos. Geoffrey of Monmouth first mention of Avalon in his Historia Regum Britanniae Nicholas Monsarrat, (The Time Before This, set in northern Canada) Plato Augustus Le Plongeon Zecharia Sitchin J. R. R. Tolkien (his Númenor legend is partly based on Atlantis. Beleriand, the main theatre of action in The Silmarillion is sunk at the end of the story cycle. Both Númenor and Beleriand are referenced in his most famous work: The Lord of the Rings.) Jack Vance (Lyonesse Trilogy) Samael Aun Weor Umberto Eco (The Island of the Day Before) Jules Verne (The Mysterious Island) == See also == Flood myth Lost city Lost world Past sea level Phantom island Vanishing island Terra Australis Tidal island == References == == Further reading == L. Sprague de Camp


id: list-of-marches-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marches-0.md
category: reference
title: List of marches
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marches
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:06:59.253505+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-marches-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of marches. In the Middle Ages, marches were any type of borderland between realms, or a neutral zone under joint control of two states. Marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of military incursions, or regulating cross-border trade. == Northeastern marches == At the beginning of his rule as king of Germany, Otto I tried to reorganize his realm to prepare an expansion to the East. At the beginning of the year 937, he created two marches: the March of the Billungen, given to Hermann Billung, later Duke of Saxony; and the Eastern march, given to Gero. In 961, when Billung became Duke of Saxony, his March was merged with the duchy. In the case of Gero, Otto I, now emperor, decided the division of his territories, greatly expanded since 937. March of Billung (937–961): Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then merged back. 937-961: Hermann Billung Danish March, German buffer zone against the Danes March of Gero, sometimes called Nordmark or Ostmark (937–965). Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then divided in five marches. 937-965: Gero Nordmark, later known as March of Brandenburg (from 965): Carved from the March of Gero. 965-985: Dietrich


id: list-of-surface-features-of-mars-visited-by-spirit-and-opportunity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity-0.md
category: reference
title: List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:00.612935+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-surface-features-of-mars-visited-by-spirit-and-opportunity-20260505-0
summary:
The Mars Exploration Rover mission successfully landed and operated the rovers Spirit and Opportunity on the planet Mars from 2004 to 2018. During Spirit's six years of operation and Opportunity's fourteen years of operation, the rovers drove a total of 52 kilometres (32 miles) on the Martian surface, visiting various surface features in their landing sites of Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, respectively. == Spirit == === Hills === Apollo 1 Hills Grissom Hill Columbia Hills Husband Hill McCool Hill === Craters === Bonneville crater Gusev crater Thira crater === Rocks === Adirondack Home Plate Humphrey Pot of Gold === Miscellaneous === Larry's Lookout Sleepy Hollow == Opportunity == === Craters === Argo crater Beagle crater Bopolu crater Concepción crater Eagle crater Emma Dean crater Endeavour (crater) Cape Tribulation Marathon Valley Cape York Greeley Haven Solander Point Endurance crater Erebus crater Fram crater Naturaliste crater Nereus crater Santa Maria crater Victoria crater Cape Verde Vostok crater === Rocks === Block Island meteorite Bounce Rock El Capitan Heat Shield Rock Last Chance Mackinac Island meteorite Matijevic Hill Oileán Ruaidh Shelter Island meteorite == See also == List of craters on Mars List of rocks on Mars == References ==


id: list-of-geographical-mealls-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_mealls-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical mealls
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_mealls
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:01.918156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-mealls-20260505-0
summary:
Meall is a Scottish Gaelic word meaning "hill". It is used in the name of geographical features or locations that are Scottish hills or mountains, including: Meall nan Aighean, Scottish mountain in the council area of Perth and Kinross Meall a' Bhuachaille, mountain in the Cairngorms in Scotland Meall a' Bhùiridh, mountain on the edge of Rannoch Moor in the Highlands of Scotland Meall Buidhe, Knoydart, Munro in the Knoydart area Meall Buidhe, Glen Lyon, Munro on the north side of Glen Lyon Meall Buidhe (Corbett), Corbett at the head of Glen Lyon Meall Cheo, 201st–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale Meall a' Chrasgaidh, Scottish mountain in the Fannich group of mountains, south-southeast of Ullapool Meall Chuaich, mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland, east of the village of Dalwhinnie Meall Clachach hill in the Glen Artney Hills range immediately south of the Highland Boundary Fault Meall Mor (Glen Coe), mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland Meall nan Con, Scottish mountain in central Sutherland Meall Corranaich, mountain in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland Meall Dearg (Aonach Eagach), Munro forming the western end of the Aonach Eagach Meall an Dobharchain (The Sow of Atholl), Scottish hill west-northwest of


id: list-of-glacial-moraines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glacial_moraines-0.md
category: reference
title: List of glacial moraines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glacial_moraines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:03.226567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-glacial-moraines-20260505-0
summary:
This a partial list of glacial moraines. They are arranged by continents and divided by related hydrologic basins. This list is incomplete. Please improve the listing. == North America == === Moraines of the Great Lakes Region === ==== Lake Ontario Basin ==== ==== Lake Erie Basin ==== ==== Lake Michigan Basin ==== ==== Lake Superior Basin ==== === Moraines of the Quebec and Ontario, Canada === Oak Ridges – Ontario Trafalgar – Ontario Waterloo – Ontario Dixville – Quebec Cherry River–East-Angus – Quebec Ulverton-Tingwick – Quebec === Moraines of the U.S. and Canadian Rocky Mountains === Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field – Washington == Europe == Lüneburg Heath – Germany Rogen moraine – Sweden, Norway Lake Rogen – Sweden Pulju moraine – Finland Salpausselkä – Finland Sevetti moraine – Finland Trollgarden – Norway Veiki moraine – Sweden, Norway Raet - Norway, Sweden, Finland La Serra morainic amphitheater of Ivrea - Piedmont, Italy == Antarctica == == South America == == References ==


id: list-of-mountain-passes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain passes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:05.973055+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-passes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of mountain passes. == Africa == === Egypt === Halfaya Pass (near Libya) === Lesotho === Moteng Pass Mahlasela pass Sani Pass === Morocco === Tizi n'Tichka === South Africa === Eastern Cape Passes Western Cape Passes Northern Cape Passes KwaZulu Natal Passes Free State Passes Limpopo Province Passes Mpumalanga Passes Gauteng Passes Northwest Province Passes Swartberg Pass (Western Cape) Lootsberg Pass == Asia == === Afghanistan === Broghol Pass to Pakistan Dorah Pass to Pakistan Hajigak Pass Khost-Gardez Pass Khyber Pass to Pakistan Kotal-e Khushk Kushan Pass linking northern Afghanistan to the region. Lataband Pass Tang-e Gharu is a gorge which links Afghanistan with Pakistan Salang Pass crosses the Hindu Kush linking Kabul with northern Afghanistan – nowadays through a tunnel. Wakhjir Pass to China === China === Pingxingguan Pass, Shanxi Jiayu Pass, Gansu Jianmen Pass, Sichuan Niangzi Pass, Border between Shanxi and Hebei Yanmen Pass, Shanxi Alataw Pass to Kazakhstan Dongkhala to India Jelep La to India Karakoram Pass to India Khunjerab Pass to Pakistan Kilik Pass to Pakistan Kulma Pass to Tajikistan Mintaka Pass to Pakistan Nathu La to India Semo Pass, Tibet (18,258 ft) Tanggula Pass, Tibet Torugart Pass to Kyrgyzstan Irkeshtam


id: list-of-mountain-passes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes-1.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain passes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:05.973055+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-passes-20260505-0
summary:
==== Southern Andes ==== Abra del Acay, Salta Province, Argentina (connects between La Poma and San Antonio de los Cobres) — 4,972 metres (16,312 ft) (3.09 miles high) Abra de Chorillos, Salta Province, Argentina (connects between San Antonio de los Cobres and Caucharí) Paso de Agua Negra, Chile–Argentina (connects between La Serena and San José de Jachal) Paso Cardenal Samoré (Formerly known as Puyehue), Chile–Argentina (connects between Osorno and San Carlos de Bariloche) — 1,314 metres (4,311 ft) Paso Carirriñe, Chile–Argentina (connects between Panguipulli and Junín de los Andes) — 1,176 metres (3,858 ft) Paso Derecho, Chile–Argentina (connects between Los Ángeles and Zapala) Paso Futalefú, Chile–Argentina (connects between Chaitén and Esquel) Paso Huahum, Chile–Argentina (connects between Panguipulli and San Martín de los Andes) — 659 metres (2,162 ft) Paso de Ipela, Chile–Argentina (connects between Futrono and San Martín de los Andes) — ≈ 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) Paso de Jama, Chile–Argentina (connects between San Pedro de Atacama and Susques) — ≈ 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) Paso Libertadores, Chile–Argentina (connects between Santiago and Mendoza) — ≈ 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) Uspallata Pass, Chile–Argentina (connects between Santiago and Mendoza) — ≈ 3,810 metres (12,500 ft) Paso Mamuil Malal, Chile–Argentina (connects between Pucón


id: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain ranges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of mountain ranges on Earth and a few other astronomical bodies. First, the highest and longest mountain ranges on Earth are listed, followed by more comprehensive alphabetical lists organized by continent. Ranges in the oceans and on other celestial bodies are listed afterwards. == Mountain ranges on Earth == === By height === These are the 23 highest mountain ranges. All are above 5,000 metres (16,404 ft). * Part of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas region ** Part of the Pamir-Kunlun region All of the Asian ranges above except the Alborz and the Armenian Highlands have been formed in part over the past 35 to 55 million years by the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate is still particularly mobile and these mountain ranges continue to rise in elevation every year and this page may need to be updated in a few years; of these the Himalayas are rising most quickly; the Kashmir and Pamirs region to the north of the Indian subcontinent is the point of confluence of these mountains which encircle the Tibetan Plateau. === By prominence === === Mountain ranges by length === Mountain systems, Himalayan ranges and chains by


id: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-1.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain ranges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
summary:
The underwater Mid-ocean ridge – 65,000 km (40,000 mi) Ring of Fire – 40,000 km (25,000 mi) American Cordillera – 13,400 km (8,300 mi) Andes – 7,000 km (4,300 mi). Northern and Southern Andes main subdivisions, along both run three vast, almost parallel chain systems of mountain ranges – Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental. North American Cordillera – 6,400 km (4,000 mi) Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt – more than 15,000 km (9,300 mi) Hindu Kush-Himalayas region – 3,500 km (2,200 mi) Great Escarpment, Southern Africa – 5,000 km (3,100 mi) Drakensberg – 1,000 km (620 mi) Rocky Mountains – 4,830 km (3,000 mi) (section of the North American Cordillera) Great Dividing Range – 3,500 km (2,200 mi) Transantarctic Mountains – 3,500 km (2,200 mi) Kunlun Mountains – 3,000 km (1,900 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) Atlas Mountains – 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (section of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt) Ural Mountains – 2,500 km (1,600 mi) Appalachian Mountains – 2,414 km (1,500 mi) Himalayas – c.2,500 km (1,600 mi) (main section of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas region) High Himalayas – 2,300 km (1,400 mi) Sivalik Hills – 2,400 km (1,500 mi) Lesser Himalayas – 2,500 km (1,600 mi) Altai


id: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-2.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain ranges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
summary:
==== Africa ==== Aberdare ranges, Kenya Ahaggar Mountains, Algeria Ahmar Mountains, Ethiopia Amaro Mountains, Ethiopia Atlantika Mountains, Cameroon, Nigeria Atlas Mountains, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Anti-Atlas, Morocco Aurès Mountains, Algeria, Tunisia High Atlas, Morocco Middle Atlas, Morocco Saharan Atlas, Algeria Tell Atlas, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Bale Mountains, Ethiopia Bakossi Mountains, Cameroon Blue Mountains, Niger Bvumba Mountains, Mozambique, Zimbabwe Cal Madow, Somalia Cederberg, South Africa Danakil Alps, Ethiopia, Eritrea Drakensberg, Lesotho, South Africa Eastern Arc Mountains, Kenya, Tanzania Eastern Highlands, Mozambique, Zimbabwe Entoto Mountains, Ethiopia Erta Ale Range, Ethiopia Golis Mountains, Somalia Khufleh Range, Somalia Kilimanjaro and Meru, Tanzania Kipengere Range, Tanzania Lebombo Mountains, Mozambique Magaliesberg, South Africa Mahale Mountains, Tanzania Mandara Mountains, Cameroon, Nigeria Moka Range, Mauritius Ogo Mountains, Somalia Outeniqua, South Africa Pare Mountains, Tanzania Piton des Neiges – Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion Rif, Morocco Rwenzori, Uganda Semien, Ethiopia Swartberg, South Africa Tadrat Acacus, Libya Tibesti Mountains, Chad Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania Usambara Mountains, Tanzania ==== Antarctica ==== Allardyce Range, South Georgia Imeon Range, Smith Island Pensacola Mountains Salvesen Range, South Georgia Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island Transantarctic Mountains Queen Maud Mountains Bush Mountains Commonwealth Range Dominion Range Gothic Mountains Green Range Herbert Range Prince Olav Mountains Hughes


id: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-3.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain ranges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
summary:
Alps Eastern Alps, Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Switzerland Central Eastern Alps, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland Bergamo Alps, Italy Hohe Tauern, Austria, Italy Ankogel Group Defereggen Mountains Grossglockner Goldberg Group Granatspitz Group Hafner Group Kreuzeck Group Rieserferner Group Schober Group Venediger Group Kitzbühel Alps, Austria Niedere Tauern, Austria Ötztal Alps, Austria, Italy Rhaetian Alps, Austria, Italy, Switzerland Albula Range Bernina Range Bregaglia Range Livigno Range Oberhalbstein Range Plessur Range Samnaun Alps Sesvenna Range Silvretta Rätikon, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland Stubai Alps, Austria, Italy Tux Alps, Austria Verwall Alps, Austria Zillertal Alps, Austria, Italy Northern Limestone Alps, Austria, Germany Allgäu Alps, Austria, Germany Berchtesgaden Alps, Austria, Germany Dachstein, Austria Ennstaler Alpen, Austria Karwendel, Austria, Germany Lechtal Alps, Austria Totes Gebirge, Austria Wetterstein, Austria, Germany Wilden Kaiser, Austria Southern Limestone Alps, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland Adamello-Presanella, Italy Brenta Group, Italy Carnic Alps, Austria, Italy Dolomites, Italy Julian Alps, Italy, Slovenia Kamnik Alps, Austria, Slovenia Karawanken, Austria, Slovenia Ortler Alps, Italy, Switzerland Western Alps (France, Italy, and Switzerland) Bernese Alps, Switzerland Cottian Alps, France, Italy Glarus Alps, Switzerland Graian Alps, France, Italy, Switzerland Mont Blanc Group, France, Italy Beaufortain Massif, France Vanoise, France Gran Paradiso, France, Italy Lepontine Alps, Italy, Switzerland Ligurian Alps, France,


id: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-4.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain ranges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
summary:
====== Canada ====== Adam Range Adamant Range Alsek Ranges, British Columbia, Alaska, Yukon Anvil Range, Yukon Appalachian Mountains, eastern Canada List of subranges of the Appalachian Mountains Arctic Cordillera, northeastern Canada Geodetic Hills Asulkan Range Badshot Range Baffin Mountains Battle Range Beaufort Range Big Bend Ranges, British Columbia Big Salmon Range, Yukon Blackwelder Mountains Blue Mountains Bonanza Range Bonnet Plume Range, Yukon Bonnington Range Britannia Range British Empire Range British Mountains, Yukon Bruce Mountains Byam Martin Mountains Cadwallader Range Camelsfoot Range Cameron Range Canadian Rockies Cantilever Range Cariboo Mountains Cascade Range Cayoosh Range Challenger Mountains Chilcotin Ranges Clachnacudainn Range Clendinning Range Cloister Mountains Coast Mountains, Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia Columbia Mountains, Canada and U.S. Conger Range Coquitlam Range Crease Range Cunningham Mountains Dawson Range Dickson Range Douglas Ranges Douro Range Duncan Ranges Elk River Mountains Everett Mountains Fannin Range Franklin Range Garfield Range Garibaldi Ranges Genevieve Range Glenyon Range, Yukon Goat Range Gowlland Range Grinnell Range Grogan Morgan Range Haddington Range Haihte Range Ha-Iltzuk Icefield Halifax Range Hankin Range Hartz Mountains (Nunavut) Hermit Range Hess Mountains, Yukon Homathko Icefield Ilgachuz Range Inglefield Mountains Innuitian Mountains Insular Mountains, British Columbia Itcha Range Jeffries Range Joy Range Karmutzen Range Kaumajet Mountains, Labrador,


id: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-5.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain ranges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
summary:
====== United States ====== Adirondack Mountains, New York Alaska Range, Alaska Aleutian Range, Alaska Chigmit Mountains, Alaska Neacola Mountains, Alaska Amargosa Range, California Appalachian Mountains, Eastern United States Appalachian Plateau Catskill Mountains Cumberland Mountains Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Pine Mountains Log Mountains Allegheny Mountains Pocono Mountains Shaver's Fork Mountains Appalachian Uplands New Brunswick Highlands New England Uplands Belknap Mountains Berkshires Mountains Green Mountains Holyoke Range Hoosac Range Longfellow Mountains Metacomet Ridge Mountains Mount Tom Range Ossipee Mountains Taconic Mountains Wapack Range White Mountains Carter-Moriah Range Dartmouth Range Franconia Range Kinsman Range Mahoosuc Range Presidential Range Pilot Range Twin Range Sandwich Range Newfoundland Highlands Long Range Mountains Notre Dame Mountains Chic-Choc Mountains Collines Monteregiennes Nova Scotia Highlands Cape Breton Highlands Megantic Hills Sutton Mountains Blue Ridge Mountains Bull Run Mountains Southwest Mountains Iron Mountains Sauratown Mountains Shenandoah Mountains Unaka Mountains Bald Mountains Black Mountains Great Craggy Mountains Great Balsam Mountains Plott Balsams Great Smoky Mountains Unicoi Mountains Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians Blue Mountains Moosic Mountains South Mountains Tuscarora Mountains Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma Bears Paw Mountains, Montana Beaver Lake Mountains, Utah Big Snowy Mountains, Montana Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming Black Mountains, Utah Blue Mountains, Oregon and Washington Brooks Range, northern Alaska Baird Mountains,


id: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges-6.md
category: reference
title: List of mountain ranges
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:07.189071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mountain-ranges-20260505-0
summary:
===== Australia ===== Arthur Range Blue Mountains Flinders Ranges Great Dividing Range Hammersley Range MacDonnell Ranges Pelion Range Stirling Range ===== New Guinea ===== ====== Papua New Guinea ====== Bismarck Range Owen Stanley Range ====== Western New Guinea ====== Arfak Mountains Jayawijaya Mountains ===== New Zealand ===== Arrowsmith Range Ben Ohau Range Blue Mountains Bombay Hills Butler Range (Canterbury) Butler Range (West Coast) Cameron Mountains Catlins Range Coromandel Range Craigieburn Range Crown Range Dark Cloud Range Darran Mountains Dunstan Mountains Earl Mountains Franklin Mountains Glasgow Range Hakarimata Range Hapuakohe Range Herangi Range Huiarau Range Humboldt Mountains Hundalee Hills Hunter Mountains Hunua Ranges Kā Mauka-Tokoweka Kaikōura Ranges Kaimai Range Kaitake Range Kakanui Range Kākāpō Range Kaweka Range Kepler Mountains Mount Cook Range Lammerlaw Range Lammermoor Range Livingstone Mountains Moehau Range Murchison Mountains Old Man Range / Kopuwai Papahaua Range Paparoa Range Pisa Range Port Hills Pouākai Range Rangitoto Range Rock and Pillar Range Spenser Mountains Stuart Mountains Raukūmara Range Richmond Range The Remarkables Remutaka Range Ruahine Range The Silverpeaks Southern Alps Spenser Mountains Hector Mountains Tararua Range Two Thumb Range Waitākere Ranges Wharepapa / Arthur Range Wick Mountains ==== South America ==== ===== Andes ===== The longest mountain range in the


id: list-of-names-of-european-cities-in-different-languages-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages-0.md
category: reference
title: List of names of European cities in different languages
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:08.351988+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-names-of-european-cities-in-different-languages-20260505-0
summary:
Many cities in Europe have different names in different languages. Some cities have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. Below are listed the known different names for cities that are geographically or historically and culturally in Europe, as well as some smaller towns that are important because of their location or history. Cities are listed alphabetically by their current best-known name in English. The English version is followed by variants in other languages, in alphabetical order by name, and then by any historical variants and former names. Several cities have diacritics in their listed name in English. It is very common that the press strip the diacritics and that means a parallel diacritic-free version is very often used in English. Foreign names that are the same as their English equivalents may be listed. == See also == === Exonyms by language === === Other === == Sources ==


id: north-carolina-game-land-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_game_land-0.md
category: reference
title: North Carolina game land
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_game_land
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:09.602000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: north-carolina-game-land-20260505-0
summary:
North Carolina game lands are areas of public and private protected land comprising some 2,000,000 acres (8,000 km2) in North Carolina managed by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission for public hunting, trapping, and inland fishing. Wildlife Law Enforcement Officers enforce state and federal game, fish, and boating laws. == List of game lands == The game lands are divided into three regions. == Mountain Region == == Piedmont Region == == Coastal Region == == See also == List of North Carolina state parks List of North Carolina state forests List of North Carolina state parks == References == == External links == Information from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission


id: list-of-firsts-at-the-geographic-north-pole-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firsts_at_the_Geographic_North_Pole-0.md
category: reference
title: List of firsts at the Geographic North Pole
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firsts_at_the_Geographic_North_Pole
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:10.965054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-firsts-at-the-geographic-north-pole-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of firsts at the Geographic North Pole. First flight over North Pole (disputed): On May 9, 1926, Americans Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett claimed a successful flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F-VII Tri-motor called the Josephine Ford. Byrd took off from Spitsbergen and returned to the same airfield. His claim, widely accepted at first, has been challenged since. First flight over North Pole (confirmed): On May 12, three days after the Byrd flight, Norwegian Roald Amundsen, his American sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian aeronautic engineer Umberto Nobile flew over the Pole in the semi-rigid airship Norge, designed and piloted by Nobile. The total crew was 16 men. The Norge began in Spitsbergen and flew to Alaska. First flight over North Pole in an airplane (confirmed): Valery Chkalov and two others flew a Tupolev ANT-25 on June 18–20, 1937 from Moscow to Vancouver, Washington. First North Pole ice station: North Pole-1 (Soviet Union) was established at 89°25′N 78°40′W (about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the North Pole) on May 21, 1937. The expedition members: oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov, meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, and the leader Ivan Papanin conducted scientific


id: list-of-geographical-noses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_noses-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical noses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_noses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:12.244773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-noses-20260505-0
summary:
Nose is used in the name of several geographical features and their associated settlements: Anthonys Nose (Victoria), a point or escarpment on the southern shore of Port Phillip Bay, in Victoria, Australia Anthony's Nose (Westchester), a peak along the Hudson River at the north end of Westchester County, New York Blake Nose, a submerged peninsula extending northeast from the North American continental shelf, about 280 miles east of Daytona Beach, Florida Bowerman's Nose, a stack of weathered granite on Dartmoor, Devon, England Brokers Nose, a point on the Illawarra Range, in the state of New South Wales, Australia Calgary Nose Hill, a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada Calgary-Nose Creek, provincial electoral district that encompassed the Northern Central part of Calgary, Alberta Devil's Nose in Ecuador Devils Nose, Kentucky, unincorporated community in Bath County, Kentucky, United States Dolphin's Nose, Coonoor, a viewpoint and tourist spot in Coonoor, The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu Fawnie Nose (1,933 m or 6,342 ft), the highest summit of the Fawnie Range of the Nechako Plateau in the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada Grey Nose Cape, a cape on the Côte d'Opale in the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France Jacob's Nose, 152 m (499 ft)


id: list-of-military-occupations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of military occupations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:13.559729+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-military-occupations-20260505-0
summary:
This article presents a list of military occupations, both historic and contemporary, but only those that have taken place since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907. As currently understood in international law, "military occupation" is the effective military control by a power of a territory outside of said power's recognized sovereign territory. The occupying power in question may be an individual state or a supranational organization, such as the United Nations. == Ongoing occupations == == Historical occupations == Events before the Hague Convention of 1907 are out of scope. === 1907–1914 === === World War I and immediate aftermath === === World War II: build up and immediate aftermath === === 1947–1968 === === 1970–1991 === === 1992–1999 === === 2000–2019 === === 2020–present === == See also == Russian-occupied territories Israeli-occupied territories Military occupations by the Soviet Union Territories of the United States § Former U.S. military occupations Peacekeeping – military deployments for peace-keeping purposes List of military and civilian missions of the European Union Annexation Revanchism For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition For a list


id: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of oceanographic institutions and programs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of oceanography institutions and programs worldwide. Oceanographic institutions and programs are broadly defined as places where scientific research is carried out relating to oceanography. This list is organized geographically. Some oceanographic institutions are standalone programs, such as non-governmental organizations or government-funded agencies. Other oceanographic institutions are departments within colleges and universities. While oceanographic research happens at many other departments at other colleges and universities, such as Biology and Geology departments, this list focuses on larger departments and large research centers specifically devoted to oceanography and marine science. Aquaria are not listed here. == International == === International oceanographic programs === Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, (ICES) International Hydrographic Organization International Ocean Discovery Program, formerly called the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. InterRidge, an international research collaboration on oceanic seafloor spreading zones. Mediterranean Science Commission, (CIESM) North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, part of the International Science Council. === Societies and professional affiliations === American Geophysical Union Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation European Geosciences Union The Oceanography Society == Institutions by country == === Australia === Australian Institute


id: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-1.md
category: reference
title: List of oceanographic institutions and programs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Croatia === Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split is supported by the Croatian Science Foundation. IOR Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research in Rovinj. CMR University of Dubrovnik, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research. IMP-DU === Cyprus === Τhe Oceanography Center of the University of Cyprus (OC-UCY) is oceanographic research focusing on the Eastern Mediterranean at University of Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus. === Denmark === Danish Maritime Safety Administration in Copenhagen. DaMSA Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen. Copenhagen University's Research Centre on Ocean, Climate, and Society. ROCS === Ecuador === Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral has programs in Marine Engineering, Biological Sciences, and Natural Resources. FIMCBOR Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, part of the Ecuadorian Navy, in Guayaquil. INOCAR === Finland === Finnish Environment Institute's Marine Research Center. SYKE Finnish Institute of Marine Research in Helsinki. Finnish Meteorological Institute's Marine Research unit. FMI === France === Académie de Marine, originally the Royal Naval Academy of France. Académie de Marine Banyuls-sur-Mer Oceanographic Observatory, also called Laboratoire Arago. OOB European University Institute of Marine Sciences in Brest. IUEM French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea in Brest. IFREMER Institut océanographique de Paris, associated with an organization with the


id: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-2.md
category: reference
title: List of oceanographic institutions and programs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-0
summary:
Academy of Maritime Education and Training in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Andhra University, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography. Anna University, Institute of Ocean Management, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. IOM Annamalai University, Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Tamil Nadu. CASMB Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Department of Fisheries Science Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli. Department of Marine Science Cochin University of Science and Technology in Kerala. has several departments in its School of Marine Sciences. SMSCUSAT Indian Institute of Science ‘s Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences in Bengalaru. CAOS Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies in Kochi, Kerala. Madurai Kamaraj University, School of Energy Environment & Natural Resources, Tamil Nadu. SEENR Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari. CMST M.E.S. Ponnani College, Ponnani, Malappuram, Kerala. Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Microbiology Nansen Environmental Research Centre India, Kerala, established by joint Norwegian and Indian partners, now a research center of Kerala University. NERCI Pondicherry University, Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Center for Ocean and Island Studies St. Albert's College, Kochi, Kerala. Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture University of Hyderabad, Center


id: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-3.md
category: reference
title: List of oceanographic institutions and programs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Philippines === Marine Science Institute, part of the University of the Philippines, UP Diliman, in Quezon City. MSI === Poland === Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopok. IO PAN National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia. MIR University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography. UG Oceanography Maritime Institute in Gdańsk. IM GDA Polish Polar Station, Hornsund in Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean. === Portugal === Centre of Marine Sciences in Faro. CCMAR Hydrographic Institute in Lisbon. Instituto Hidrografico Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Azores in Horta, Faial. Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research in Matosinhos. CIIMAR Marine Biology Station of Funchal on the island of Madeira. Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, a multi-university collaboration. MARE === Russia === Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. MHI Nikolai M. Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography in Murmansk Russian State Hydrometeorological University in St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg State University, Department of Oceanography Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Acad. of Sciences, Vladivostok === South Africa === South African Association for Marine Biological Research in KwaZulu-Natal. SAAMBR Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town === South Korea ===


id: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs-4.md
category: reference
title: List of oceanographic institutions and programs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:14.804559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-oceanographic-institutions-and-programs-20260505-0
summary:
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine. Bigelow University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences based in Orono and the Downeast Institute at the Machias campus. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory associated with Columbia University in Palisades, New York. Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, associated with the University of Chicago. MBL Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, East Point, Nahant, Massachusetts. Marine Science Center Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, on Long Island, New York State. SoMAS Princeton University’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, New Jersey. Rutgers University, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, is based in New Brunswick, New Jersey with other marine science field stations in New Jersey. University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, at the Avery Point campus near Groton, Connecticut, also host to the National Undersea Research Center for the North Atlantic and Great Lakes. DMS Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. WHOI University of Delaware, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, which has a campus in Lewes, Delaware. CEOE University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, School for Marine Science & Technology. SMAST University of New Hampshire’s School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping, and Shoals Marine Laboratory.


id: list-of-online-map-services-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_map_services-0.md
category: reference
title: List of online map services
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_map_services
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:15.984591+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-online-map-services-20260505-0
summary:
Online maps can be basically divided by the covered area (global or local) and by the representation of this area (classic drawn or orthophoto). == Global online map service provider and their map Service == These maps cover the world, but may have close up details in many areas. Apple Apple Maps Altair Guide Esri Fosm.org Alphabet Google Maps Google Earth Waze Here Here WeGo Microsoft Azure Maps Bing Maps MapsLore OpenStreetMap Mapbox MapQuest Mapcreator Maptitude Online Mapy.cz Moovit Stadia Maps Thunderforest Maps Seznam Mapy.com TomTom Bing Maps Petal Maps Windows Maps WikiMapia Yahoo! Maps (defunct) Yandex Maps == By continent == === Africa === Africomaps - Covers all 54 countries in the African continent === Europe === ViaMichelin (based on TomTom) == Local online maps == Local maps cover only part of the earth surface, and may be more detailed than the global ones. === Abkhazia === 2GIS, by 2GIS. === Australia === "The Australian National Map", by TerriaJS. "MinView", by NSW Government "Whereis", by Sensis === Azerbaijan === "GoMap.Az", by the Government of Azerbaijan. === Bangladesh === "Barikoi" - covers Bangladesh, specially Dhaka city and parts of Narayanganj in detail, more cities will be covered soon === Bahrain


id: list-of-peace-processes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_processes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of peace processes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_processes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:17.169093+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-peace-processes-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of peace processes of specific conflicts starting in the late twentieth century. == Starting in the twentieth century == 1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations, peace negotiations between Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian State Cyprus peace process, from ca. 1974, a prolonged process to find a peaceful solution for the Cyprus problem Western Sahara peace process, efforts since ca. 1991 to resolve the Western Sahara conflict Israeli–Palestinian peace process, efforts since ca. 1991 to find a political accommodation for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the wider Arab–Israeli conflict Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa, successful talks that brought about the end of the apartheid system Nagorno–Karabakh peace process coordinated by the OSCE Minsk Group (1991–2021), attempted to resolve the Nagorno–Karabakh conflict Kurdish–Turkish peace process, failed attempts to resolve the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) 1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives 1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire 2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire 2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process Inter-Tajik Dialogue (1993-2000) Northern Ireland peace process, efforts from ca. 1993 to end "the Troubles" Guatemalan Peace Process 1994-1996, successful process that ended the Guatemalan Civil War Colombia 1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process, failed attempt to resolve the Colombian conflict Colombian peace process (2012–2016), ongoing process to bring an


id: list-of-physiographic-regions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physiographic_regions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of physiographic regions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physiographic_regions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:18.398359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-physiographic-regions-20260505-0
summary:
The landforms of Earth are generally divided into physiographic regions, consisting of physiographic provinces, which in turn consist of physiographic sections, though some others use different terminology, such as realms, regions and subregions. Some areas have further categorized their respective areas into more detailed subsections. == References ==


id: list-of-polar-explorers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of polar explorers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:19.671449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-polar-explorers-20260505-0
summary:
This list is for recognised pioneering explorers of the polar regions. It does not include subsequent travelers and expeditions. == Polar explorers == == See also == List of Russian explorers List of female explorers and travelers == References ==


id: list-of-political-and-geographic-borders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_borders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of political and geographic borders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_borders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:21.001341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-political-and-geographic-borders-20260505-0
summary:
== Boundaries == Below are separate lists of countries and dependencies with their land boundaries, and lists of which countries and dependencies border oceans and major seas. The first short section describes the borders or edges of continents and oceans/major seas. Disputed areas are not considered. === Continents === (Notes: Dependencies and islands remote from continental land masses are not considered and are excluded from this list section; thus only continental land borders are considered. The only countries listed either straddle continents or are on a continent border.) Section Key: ( * ) = represents a country that crosses a continental land border === Countries === (Notes: Dependencies are excluded from this section. See below. Only land boundaries are considered; maritime boundaries are excluded; see the List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries. Disputed territories are not considered, other than the inclusion by necessity, in a neutral fashion, of Western Sahara.) Section Key: ( * ) = represents a sea (or other body of water)'s parent ocean; also it may represent a dependency's parent country (Note: All official and unofficial claims by countries and/or governments on the continent of Antarctica are excluded from this section list.) === Dependencies ===


id: list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-all-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_(all)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area (all)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_(all)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:22.151564+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-all-20260505-0
summary:
This is one of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. References for the information provided in this table may be found in the individual articles on each body listed herein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap among the lists in order to maximize ease of use. == See also == Other divisions 0.1 to 1,000,000+ square kilometers 1,000,000+ square kilometers Smaller divisions 200,000+ square kilometers • 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers 5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers 500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers • 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers 50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers • 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers • 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers 7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers • 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers • 3,000 to 5,000


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:23.775589+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-0-1-to-1-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_0.1_to_1,000_square_kilometers-0.md

summary:
This is one of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. References for the information provided in this table may be found in the individual articles on each body listed herein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap among the lists in order to maximize ease of use. == See also == Other divisions 0.1 to 1,000,000+ square kilometers 1,000,000+ square kilometers Smaller divisions 200,000+ square kilometers • 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers 5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers 500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers • 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers 50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers • 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers • 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers 7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers • 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers • 3,000 to 5,000

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_0.1_to_1,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-0-1-to-1-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 1,000 to 3,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:25.180787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-1-000-to-3-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_3,000_square_kilometers-0.md

summary:
This is one of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. References for the information provided in this table may be found in the individual articles on each body listed herein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap among the lists in order to maximize ease of use. == See also == Other divisions 0.1 to 1,000,000+ square kilometers 1,000,000+ square kilometers Smaller divisions 200,000+ square kilometers • 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers 5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers 500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers • 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers 50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers • 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers • 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers 7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers • 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers • 3,000 to 5,000

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_3,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-1-000-to-3-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:39.146057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-1-000-to-5-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_5,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_1,000_to_5,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-1-000-to-5-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 3,000 to 5,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:40.633613+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-3-000-to-5-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_3,000_to_5,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_3,000_to_5,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-3-000-to-5-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:41.888691+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-5-000-to-7-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_5,000_to_7,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_5,000_to_7,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-5-000-to-7-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:43.314762+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-5-000-to-20-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_5,000_to_20,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_5,000_to_20,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-5-000-to-20-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:47.145830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-7-000-to-10-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_7,000_to_10,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_7,000_to_10,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-7-000-to-10-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:48.362946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-10-000-to-20-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_10,000_to_20,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_10,000_to_20,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-10-000-to-20-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:49.581442+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-20-000-to-30-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_20,000_to_30,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_20,000_to_30,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-20-000-to-30-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:50.979411+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-20-000-to-50-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_20,000_to_50,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_20,000_to_50,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-20-000-to-50-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:52.210913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-30-000-to-50-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_30,000_to_50,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_30,000_to_50,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-30-000-to-50-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 50 to 250 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:53.538738+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-50-to-250-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_50_to_250_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_50_to_250_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-50-to-250-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:54.919479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-50-000-to-100-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_50,000_to_100,000_square_kilometers-0.md

title:
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_50,000_to_100,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-50-000-to-100-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:56.219207+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-50-000-to-200-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_50,000_to_200,000_square_kilometers-0.md

title:
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_50,000_to_200,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-50-000-to-200-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:57.559598+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-100-000-to-1-000-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_100,000_to_1,000,000_square_kilometers-0.md

title:
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_100,000_to_1,000,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-100-000-to-1-000-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:07:58.902103+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-100-000-to-200-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_100,000_to_200,000_square_kilometers-0.md

title:
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_100,000_to_200,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-100-000-to-200-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:00.195437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-200-000-to-500-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_200,000_to_500,000_square_kilometers-0.md

title:
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_200,000_to_500,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-200-000-to-500-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 250 to 1,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:01.464523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-250-to-1-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_250_to_1,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_250_to_1,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-250-to-1-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:02.785625+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-500-000-to-1-000-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_500,000_to_1,000,000_square_kilometers-0.md

title:
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_from_500,000_to_1,000,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-from-500-000-to-1-000-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:04.123583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-in-excess-of-1-000-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_in_excess_of_1,000,000_square_kilometers-0.md

title:
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area in excess of 1,000,000 square kilometers

summary:
This is one of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. References for the information provided in this table may be found in the individual articles on each body listed herein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap among the lists in order to maximize ease of use. == References == == See also == Other divisions 0.1 to 1,000,000+ square kilometers 1,000,000+ square kilometers Smaller divisions 200,000+ square kilometers • 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers 5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers • 1,000 to 5,000 square kilometers • 0.1 to 1,000 square kilometers 500,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers • 200,000 to 500,000 square kilometers • 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers 50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers • 30,000 to 50,000 square kilometers • 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers • 10,000 to 20,000 square kilometers 7,000 to 10,000 square kilometers • 5,000 to 7,000 square kilometers •

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_in_excess_of_1,000,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-in-excess-of-1-000-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area in excess of 200,000 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:05.412776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-in-excess-of-200-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_in_excess_of_200,000_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_in_excess_of_200,000_square_kilometers

parent:
list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-in-excess-of-200-000-square-kilometers-20260505-0


id: list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-under-50-square-kilometers-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area under 50 square kilometers
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:06.631450+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-under-50-square-kilometers-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_under_50_square_kilometers-0.md

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_under_50_square_kilometers


id: lists-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of political and geographic subdivisions by total area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:07.888220+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-political-and-geographic-subdivisions-by-total-area-20260505-0
summary:
This is an index of a series of comprehensive lists of continents, countries, and first level administrative country subdivisions such as states, provinces, and territories, as well as certain political and geographic features of substantial area. Due to the substantial size of these lists, references for the information provided in this table may generally be found in the individual articles on each of the bodies listed therein. Some divisions are listed twice, with one listing including territory that is excluded in the other for various reasons, including territorial disputes. There is intentional overlap between the lists in order to maximize ease of use. == Longer lists == List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area (all) List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area in excess of 200,000 square kilometers List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 20,000 to 50,000 square kilometers List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 5,000 to 20,000 square kilometers List of political and geographic subdivisions by total


id: pond-creek-little-wapwallopen-creek-tributary-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_Creek_(Little_Wapwallopen_Creek_tributary)-0.md
category: reference
title: Pond Creek (Little Wapwallopen Creek tributary)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_Creek_(Little_Wapwallopen_Creek_tributary)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:09.173396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pond-creek-little-wapwallopen-creek-tributary-20260505-0
summary:
Pond Creek (also known as Long Pond Creek) is a tributary of Little Wapwallopen Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 6.4 miles (10.3 km) long and flows through Slocum Township and Conyngham Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 9.69 square miles (25.1 km2) and is part of the Lower North Branch Susquehanna drainage basin. A bridge was built over the creek in 1956. In the early 1900s, the Glen Brook Water Company planned to construct a dam on the creek. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Pond Creek includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, boulder alluvium, alluvial fan, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, as well as some patches of wetland. == Course == Pond Creek begins on the southern side of Penobscot Mountain, a few hundred feet from the border between Slocum Township and Newport Township. It flows west-southwest for several tenths of a mile before passing through Cranberry Pond and turning northwest. The creek then turns west-southwest and passes through Lily Lake, where it exits Slocum Township and enters Conyngham Township. At the southern edge of the lake, it turns south for a short distance before turning southwest


id: primate-city-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city-0.md
category: reference
title: Primate city
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:10.506810+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: primate-city-20260505-0
summary:
A primate city is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. A primate city distribution is a rank-size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns and no intermediate-sized urban centers, creating a statistical king effect. The law of the primate city was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939. He defines a primate city as being "at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant." Aside from size and population, a primate city will usually have precedence in all other aspects of its country's society such as economics, politics, culture, and education. Primate cities also serve as targets for the majority of a country or region's internal migration. In geography, the phenomenon of excessive concentration of population and development of the main city of a country or a region (often to the detriment of other areas) is called urban primacy or urban macrocephaly. == Measurement == Urban primacy can be measured as the share of a country's population that lives in the primate city. Relative primacy indicates the


id: primate-city-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city-1.md
category: reference
title: Primate city
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:10.506810+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: primate-city-20260505-0
summary:
== Examples == Some global cities are considered national or regional primate cities. An example of a global city that is also a primate city is Istanbul in Turkey. Istanbul serves as the primate city of Turkey due to the unmatched economic, political, cultural, and educational influence that the city possesses in comparison to other Turkish cities such as the capital Ankara, İzmir, or Bursa. Likewise, Mexico City, Paris, Cairo, Jakarta, and Seoul have also been described as primate cities of their respective countries. However, not all regions and countries possess a primate city. The United States has never had a primate city on a national level due to the decentralized nature of the country and because the country's second-largest city, Los Angeles, is not far behind the country's largest city, New York City, in either population or GDP. The metropolitan area of New York City has over 19 million residents, while Los Angeles's has roughly 13 million residents, as of 2022. Sub-national divisions can also have primate cities. For instance, New York City is the State of New York's primate city, because its population is 32 times bigger than the state's second-largest city of Buffalo. New York City has


id: primate-city-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city-2.md
category: reference
title: Primate city
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:10.506810+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: primate-city-20260505-0
summary:
In Germany, Munich (city proper population ca 1.5 million, with surrounding Landkreise ~3 million) is the primate city of the state of Bavaria, having nearly three times the population than the state's second largest, Nuremberg (ca 500,000 people, metro area ~1.35 million). Likewise, in Hesse, Frankfurt (~750,000 people) is nearly three times larger than the state's second largest, Wiesbaden (~275,000) and they are both part of the Rhine-Main metropolitan area, the largest city outside of the area, Kassel, has a population of ca. 200,000 people. In Italy, primate cities exist at regional level: capital Rome (~2.7 million) alone has nearly half of the population of the Lazio region and is about 21 times larger than the second largest city Latina, and nearly three quarters of the region's population live in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. In Lombardy, Milan at ~1.35 million is seven times larger than second largest Brescia (ca 200,000); in Piedmont, Turin has eight-nine times the population of Novara and Alessandria; in Campania, Naples has 7 times the population of second-largest Salerno and in Liguria, Genoa at ~550,000 has six times the population of second largest La Spezia and the Metropolitan City of Genoa has three times


id: list-of-industrial-regions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_industrial_regions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of industrial regions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_industrial_regions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:11.731827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-industrial-regions-20260505-0
summary:
An industrial region or industrial area is a geographical region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized. == Brazil == ABCD Region, sometimes called ABC (ABC paulista or Região do Grande ABC in Portuguese), is an industrial region made up of seven municipalities with the greater metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. == Bulgaria == Industrial region Thracia is an industrial zone made up of several municipalities within the area of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. == China == Pearl River Delta == Germany == Ruhr == Japan == Keiyō Industrial Zone Keihin Industrial Area Chūkyō Industrial Area Hanshin Industrial Region == Kazakhstan == Karagandy Region == Korea == Kaesŏng Industrial Region, North Korea Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region, South Korea == Poland == Białystok Industrial Region Bielsko Industrial Region Bydgoszcz-Toruń Industrial Region Carpathian Industrial Region Central Industrial Region Częstochowa Industrial Region Gdańsk Industrial Region Upper Silesian Industrial Region Jaworzno-Chrzanów Industrial Region Kalisz-Ostrów Industrial Region Kraków Industrial Region Legnica-Głogów Copper Area Lublin Industrial Region Łódź Industrial Region Olsztyn Industrial Region Opole Industrial Region Piotrków-Bełchatów Industrial Region Poznań Industrial Region Rybnik Coal Area Old-Polish Industrial Region Sudeten Industrial Region Szczecin Industrial Region Tarnobrzeg Industrial Region Tarnów-Rzeszów Industrial Region Warsaw Industrial Region Wrocław Industrial


id: lists-of-renamed-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_renamed_places-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of renamed places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_renamed_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:12.916684+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-renamed-places-20260505-0
summary:
These are lists of renamed places by country, sorted by continent. == Africa == Angola — List of renamed places in Angola Chad — List of renamed places in Chad DR Congo — List of renamed places in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo — List of renamed places in the Republic of the Congo Eswatini — List of renamed places in Eswatini Gambia — List of renamed places in the Gambia Madagascar — List of renamed places in Madagascar Malawi — List of renamed places in Malawi Mozambique — List of renamed places in Mozambique Namibia — List of renamed places in Namibia South Africa — List of renamed places in South Africa Zambia — List of renamed places in Zambia Zimbabwe — List of renamed places in Zimbabwe == Asia == Armenia — List of renamed cities in Armenia Azerbaijan — List of cities renamed by Azerbaijan Bangladesh — List of renamed places in Bangladesh India — List of renamed places in India Renaming of cities in India Iran — List of renamed cities in Iran Kazakhstan — List of renamed cities in Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan — List of renamed cities in Kyrgyzstan Myanmar —


id: lists-of-rivers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_rivers-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of rivers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_rivers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:14.227341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-rivers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a comprehensive list of rivers, organized primarily by continent and country. == General lists == == Rivers of Africa == === Rivers of East Africa === === Rivers of Middle Africa === === Rivers of Northern Africa === === Rivers of Southern Africa === === Rivers of Western Africa === == Rivers of Antarctica == List of rivers of Antarctica == Rivers of Asia == === Rivers of Central Asia === === Rivers of Eastern Asia === === Rivers of Northern Asia === List of rivers of Russia === Rivers of South-eastern Asia === === Rivers of Southern Asia === ==== Rivers of India by state ==== === Rivers of Western Asia === == Rivers of Europe == === General lists === === Rivers of Eastern Europe === === Rivers of Northern Europe === === Rivers of Southern Europe === === Rivers of Western Europe === == Rivers of North America == === Rivers of the Caribbean === === Rivers of Central America === === Rivers of Northern America === ==== Rivers of Canada ==== ==== Rivers of Greenland ==== List of rivers of Greenland ==== Rivers of the United States ==== ===== General lists ===== ===== Rivers


id: list-of-geographical-spits-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_spits-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical spits
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_spits
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:15.531227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-spits-20260505-0
summary:
There are many examples of spits around the world. Some of which include: == By sea == === Azov Sea === Russia Achuevsk Spit Beglitsk Spit Chushka Spit Dolgaya Spit Glafirovsk Spit Kamyshevatsk Spit Petrushino Spit Sazalniksk Spit Yasensk Spit Yeysk Spit Ukraine Belosaraysk Spit Berdyansk Spit Fedotova Spit Krivaya Spit Obytichna Spit Arabat Spit Tuzla Spit === Baltic Sea === Curonian Spit, Russia/Lithuania Hel Spit, Poland Priwall, Germany Vistula Spit, Poland/Russia === Skagerrak === Grenen, Denmark == By country == === Australia === Lefevre Peninsula, Adelaide, South Australia Letitia Spit, Fingal Head, New South Wales Sir Richard Peninsula, Goolwa, South Australia Southport Spit, Gold Coast, Queensland Tobias Spit, 1 km northeast of High Island, Frankland Islands, Queensland Younghusband Peninsula, Coorong, South Australia === Brunei === Seri Kenangan Beach, Pekan Tutong, Tutong Pelumpong Spit, Serasa, Brunei-Muara Serasa Beach, Serasa, Brunei-Muara === Canada === Toronto Islands (former spit, now detached), Toronto, Ontario Leslie Street Spit, man-made spit created as part of new harbour project Long Point, Ontario Point Pelee, Ontario on Lake Erie Rondeau Provincial Park - a crescentric sand spit on Lake Erie Blackie Spit (east section of the Crescent Beach), South Surrey, British Columbia [1] Sidney Spit, Sidney Island,


id: list-of-territories-administered-by-the-united-nations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territories_administered_by_the_United_Nations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of territories administered by the United Nations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territories_administered_by_the_United_Nations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:16.915890+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-territories-administered-by-the-united-nations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of territories which are directly administered, or once were, by the United Nations (UN). These are not to be confused with UN trust territories, which were run by a single country under a UN mandate. == List == === Current === === Authorised by a United Nations mandate === === Former === === Proposed === Corpus separatum (Jerusalem) – 1947 UN internationalization proposal == See also == United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon Extraterritoriality Extraterritorial jurisdiction Extraterritorial operation Allied administration of Libya Free City of Danzig Free Territory of Trieste International city International waters International zone Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) League of Nations mandate Outer Space Treaty Territory of the Saar Basin United Nations list of non-self-governing territories United Nations Transition Assistance Group United Nations trust territories


id: lists-of-things-named-after-places-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_things_named_after_places-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of things named after places
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_things_named_after_places
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:18.071059+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-things-named-after-places-20260505-0
summary:
List of chess openings named after places List of foods and drinks named after places List of inventions named after places List of minor planets named after places List of places named after places in the United States List of places named after places in the Philippines Locations in the United States with an English name


id: list-of-tickles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tickles-0.md
category: reference
title: List of tickles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tickles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:19.298156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tickles-20260505-0
summary:
Tickle is used in the name of several geographical features in Canada; in Newfoundland English it means a short narrow strait: Baccalieu Tickle, navigation channel just off the coast of Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Baker's Tickle, Canadian fishing settlement in the Burgeo, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Black Tickle, settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador on the Island of Ponds, Canada Boatswain Tickle within Little Bay Islands, town in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Chimney Tickle, settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Greenspond Tickle, on the northeast coast of the Island of Newfoundland, Canada, called Bonavista North Gull Tickle, channel located in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Indian Tickle, located north of Comfort Bight Moore's Island Tickle, south of Moore's Harbor in the Okak Islands, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Thimble Tickle, former name of Glovers Harbour, settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Tickle Bay, natural bay off the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Tickle Channel, narrow channel in the south part of Hanusse Bay, separating Hansen Island from the east extremity of Adelaide Island, Canada Tickle Cock Bridge, pedestrian underpass in Castleford, England, under a railway line originally built by the York and North Midland Railway


id: list-of-time-zones-by-country-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_zones_by_country-0.md
category: reference
title: List of time zones by country
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_zones_by_country
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:20.591096+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-time-zones-by-country-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list representing time zones by country. Countries are ranked by total number of time zones on their territory. Time zones of a country include that of dependent territories (except Antarctica). France, including its overseas territories, has the most time zones with 12 (13 including its claim in Antarctica). Many countries have daylight saving time, one added hour during the local summer, but this list does not include that information. The UTC offset in the list below is not valid in practice during daylight saving time. == See also == Lists of time zones List of UTC time offsets Time zone abolition == References ==


id: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-1500-1899-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(1500–1899)-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(1500–1899)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:22.182605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-1500-1899-20260505-0
summary:
This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world between 1500 and 1899. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territorial ownership such as the annexation, occupation, cession, concession, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of major military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included. == 16th century == == 17th century == === 1600s === === 1610s === === 1620s === === 1630s === === 1640s === === 1650s === === 1660s === === 1670s === === 1680s === === 1690s === == 18th century == === 1700s === === 1710s === === 1720s === === 1730s === === 1740s === === 1750s === === 1760s === === 1770s === === 1780s === === 1790s === == 19th century == === 1800s === === 1810s === === 1820s === === 1830s === === 1840s === === 1850s === === 1860s === === 1870s === === 1880s === === 1890s === == Maps == == See also == Timeline of national independence Geopolitics –


id: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-1900-1999-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(1900–1999)-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900–1999)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(1900–1999)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:23.823551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-1900-1999-20260505-0
summary:
This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world between 1900 and 1999. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, concession, occupation, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included. Changes in airspace and maritime territory are included only when they are subject to a dispute. Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism. The British and French drew the modern borders of the Middle East, 80% of the borders of Africa, in Asia after the independence of the British Raj and French Indochina and the borders of Europe after World War I as victors, as a result of the Paris treaties. == 1900s == == 1910s == == 1920s == == 1930s == == 1940s == == 1950s == == 1960s == == 1970s == == 1980s == == 1990s == == See also == Timeline of national independence Geopolitics –


id: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-2000-present-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(2000–present)-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(2000–present)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:25.146063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-2000-present-20260505-0
summary:
This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world since 2000. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, concession, occupation, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of military campaigns. However, those changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included in this list. Changes in airspace and maritime territory are included only when they are subject to a dispute. == 2000s == == 2010s == == 2020s == == See also == Timeline of national independence Geopolitics – Study of geography's effects on politics List of administrative division name changes List of city name changes List of national border changes (1914–present) Lists of political entities by century Sovereign state – State having the highest authority over a territory List of former sovereign states List of sovereign states List of modern sovereign states by date of formation List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent Political history of the world Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine == Notes == == References


id: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-before-1500-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(before_1500)-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(before_1500)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:26.429639+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-geopolitical-changes-before-1500-20260505-0
summary:
This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world prior to 1500. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territorial ownership such as the annexation, occupation, cession, concession, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of major military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included. == Before the Common Era (BCE) == === Fourth Millennium BCE === From the 4th Millennium BCE to the 2nd Millennium BCE, hundreds of proto-cities in the Near East, Egypt, and the Indus Valley transition into city-states. Records of those geopolitical changes are complicated by mythologization, historical revisionism, missing information, lack of corroborating primary sources, and lack of archeological evidence. Consequently, the tables in that range are not comprehensive. === Third Millennium BCE === === Second Millennium BCE === === First Millennium BCE === == Common Era (CE) == === First Millennium CE === ==== 1st century ==== ==== 2nd century ==== ==== 3rd century ==== ==== 4th century ==== ==== 5th century ==== ==== 6th century ==== ==== 7th


id: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of words derived from toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:27.593747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of English language words derived from toponyms, followed by the place name it derives from.


id: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms-1.md
category: reference
title: List of words derived from toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:27.593747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
== General == agate — after Achates, ancient Greek name for the river Dirillo on the Italian island of Sicily Alberta clipper — a weather phenomenon named after the Canadian province of Alberta, where it originates Angora goat, Angora rabbit, Angora wool (obtained from the previous two), Angora cat — named after Angora, variant or former name of Ankara, their place of origin Antimacassar — after Makassar, Indonesia, which was the source of hair oil Armageddon — after "mount of Megiddo", where the battle was to be fought according to myth badminton — after Badminton in Gloucestershire, England balkanization — after the Balkans, region in southeastern Europe similarly divided into small nations in the twentieth century bangalored — after Bangalore, India; used often in the US when jobs are lost because of outsourcing; first time use by the magazine The Economist; usage: "He is sulking today because he got bangalored." Bedford cord, a heavy fabric with a ribbed weave similar to corduroy; named after either Bedford, England or possibly New Bedford, Massachusetts[1] Bedlam — meaning pandemonium, after popular name/pronunciation of St Mary of Bethlehem, London's first psychiatric hospital [2][3] Bedlington Terrier, a breed of dog, after Bedlington, UK bezant —


id: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms-2.md
category: reference
title: List of words derived from toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:27.593747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
From Laconia Ancient Sparta (Greece) Left Bank, style of life, fashion, or "look" — "Left Bank", left bank of the Seine (facing downstream) in Paris Leghorn chicken — after Leghorn, historical name for Livorno, Italy Lesbian, female homosexual — Lesbos, island in Greece Lipizzaner, a breed of horse — Lipica, town in Slovenia Magenta, colour — named after Magenta, Lombardy, Italy Marathon, long race — Marathon, Greece, town Madras, lightweight cotton fabric — Madras, old name for Chennai, coastal city in southeastern India Manila envelopes, Manila fiber — Manila, city in Philippines Marseillaise, national anthem of France — Marseille, city in France Masada, a mass suicide when conditions are hopeless, after Masada, Israel Mausoleum, a large and impressive tomb — Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in Turkey meander, a bend in a river — Meander, a river in Turkey Mecca, ultimate destination or activity center — Mecca, holy city in Saudi Arabia Mongoloid race — Mongolia, country in central Asia Morocco leather — Morocco, country in north Africa Muslin, a lightweight fabric — Mosul, Iraq Neanderthal man, known by his fossils — Neanderthal, Germany, valley where the fossils were found Nicene Creed, Christian doctrine — Nicaea, old name for İznik in Turkey


id: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms-3.md
category: reference
title: List of words derived from toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:27.593747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
== Events and agreements == Abu Ghraib (Iraq) – the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal in 2003 Arraiolos — Arraiolos Group Attica (New York) – the Attica Prison riots in 1971 Beijing (China) – the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1994 Brest (Belarus) – the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) – The Bretton Woods system from 1944 Cairo (Egypt) – the International Conference on Population and Development of 1994 Camp David (U.S. presidential retreat in Maryland) – the Camp David Accords of 1978 and the Camp David 2000 Summit Copenhagen (Denmark) – the World Summit for Social Development in 1995 Dayton (Ohio) – the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995 Doha (Qatar) – the Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations that began in 2001 Durban (South Africa) – the World Conference against Racism in 2001 Geneva (Switzerland) – the Geneva Conventions, and the unofficial Geneva Accord negotiations of 2003 Gleneagles (Scotland) – the 31st G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland Grand Trianon (a château in France) – the Treaty of Trianon in 1919 Hillsborough (Sheffield, England) – the Hillsborough disaster of 1989 Hiroshima (Japan) – the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945 Jackson State


id: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms-4.md
category: reference
title: List of words derived from toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:27.593747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
Anjou pear — Anjou Arbroath smokie (a kind of smoked haddock) — Arbroath in Scotland Bakewell Pudding — Bakewell, in Derbyshire, England Bath bun — Bath, England Bath Oliver (biscuit) — Bath, England Berliner (pastry), named after Berlin Black Forest gateau, Black Forest cake, Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte — Black Forest (Schwarzwald), Germany Bolognese sauce — from Bologna, Italy Bombay duck, a kind of fish — Bombay, old name for Mumbai, coastal city in western India Brazil nut Brussels sprout — after the capital of Belgium Buffalo wings, named for Buffalo, New York, where they originated Cantaloupe (also called rockmelon), a variety of melon — Cantalupo, multiple communes in Italy Ceylon tea — from Ceylon, old name for Sri Lanka Chelsea bun — Chelsea in London, England Cognac Coney Island hot dog — named after Coney Island, New York, but apparently invented in the Midwest of the United States Cuban, sub sandwich in Florida — Cuba, country in the Caribbean Curaçao liqueur — Curaçao Currant, a dried raisin — Corinth in Greece Danish, a sweet pastry — (in Denmark it is called wienerbrød, "bread from Vienna") Darjeeling tea — Darjeeling in India Dijon mustard — named after the French city Dijon Dover


id: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms-5.md
category: reference
title: List of words derived from toponyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:27.593747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-words-derived-from-toponyms-20260505-0
summary:
== Musical genres == Britpop — British popular music Canterbury scene — after Canterbury, Kent, England Chicago soul — after Chicago Dixieland jazz — after Dixie, nickname for the southern United States Dunedin sound — after the New Zealand city of Dunedin Madchester — after Manchester, England Memphis soul — after Memphis, Tennessee Northern soul — after Northern England Merseybeat — after the River Mersey Philly soul — after Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Urban Pasifika — after the Pacific Ocean Goa trance – after Goa == Derivations from literary or mythical places == Brobdingnagian, meaning very large in size — Brobdingnag, fictional land in the book Gulliver's Travels Cloud cuckoo land, an unrealistically idealistic state where everything is perfect, from The Birds by Aristophanes Eden, any paradisaical area, named after the religious Garden of Eden El Dorado, any area of great wealth, after the mythical city of gold hell, any horrible place, after the religious Hell Lilliputian, meaning very small in size — Lilliput, fictional island in the book Gulliver's Travels Munchkin, small children, dwarfs, or anything of diminutive stature — from the Munchkin country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Never Never Land, a metaphor for eternal childhood, immortality, and escapism,


id: list-of-place-names-of-dutch-origin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin-0.md
category: reference
title: List of place names of Dutch origin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:28.869771+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-place-names-of-dutch-origin-20260505-0
summary:
To be included in this list, the place must have an article on Wikipedia or must have inline references showing the name is or was indeed Dutch. == Populated places == === Countries === New Holland, AUS New Holland, BRA Mauritius New Zealand Oranje-Vrijstaat Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Zoutpansbergsche Republiek Republiek Zwellendam Republic of Lydenburg Republic of Utrecht Republiek Graaff-Reinet Kaap de Goede Hoop === Provinces and regions === Arnhem Land, AUS Baviaanskloof Mega Reserve, Eastern Cape, ZA Bergen County, New Jersey, USA Nassau County, New York, USA Mount Wilhelmina, former name of Puncak Trikora, Indonesia New Netherland, USA Nuytsland, Western Australia, AUS Oranje-Vrijstaat Province, ZA Overberg (Over 't Berg), Western Cape, ZA Schuyler County, New York, USA Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, USA Tasman Peninsula, AUS Tasman Region, NZ Transvaal Province, ZA === Islands === Amsterdam Island, Spitsbergen Amsterdam Island, Southern Indian Ocean Bear Island, Norway Bedloe's Island, now Liberty Island, New York-NJ, USA Block Island, Rhode Island, USA Coney Island, New York, USA Crocodile Islands, Northern Territory, AUS Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia, AUS Delft, Sri Lanka Dwars-in-den-weg Island, now Sangiang Island, Banten, ID Easter Island, CHL Fishers Island, New York, USA Gorée, SEN Groote Eyland, Northern Territory, AUS Hermite Islands, CHL


id: list-of-place-names-of-dutch-origin-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin-1.md
category: reference
title: List of place names of Dutch origin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:28.869771+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-place-names-of-dutch-origin-20260505-0
summary:
=== Towns === Alkmaar, Mpumalanga, South Africa Alkmaar, Suriname Amersfoort, Mpumalanga, South Africa Amsterdam, California, USA Amsterdam, New York, USA Amsterdam, Jefferson County, Ohio, USA Amsterdam, Licking County, Ohio, USA Amsterdam, Pennsylvania, USA Amsterdam, Texas, USA Amsterdam, Virginia, USA Amsterdam, Montana, USA Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, South Africa Amsterdam, Saskatchewan, Canada Ansnorveldt, Ontario, Canada Antwerp Township, Michigan, USA Baardscheerders Bosch, Western Cape, South Africa Barentsburg, Svalbard, Norway Batavia Township, Michigan, USA Batavia, New York, USA Batavia, Ohio, USA Batavia, Wisconsin, USA Beterverwagting, Guyana Beukendaal, New York, USA Bloubergstrand, Western Cape, South Africa Bluefields, Jamaica The Bottom, Saba Bredasdorp, Western Cape, South Africa Calitzdorp, Western Cape, South Africa Claverack, New York, USA Coeymans, New York, USA De Doorns, Western Cape, South Africa De Hollandsche Molen, Western Cape, South Africa Delft, Minnesota, USA De Rust, Western Cape, South Africa Town of DeRuyter, New York, USA Village of DeRuyter, New York, USA Deventer, Missouri, USA De Vlugt, Western Cape, South Africa Domburg, Suriname Dordrecht, Eastern Cape, South Africa Drakenstein, Western Cape, South Africa Edam, Saskatchewan, Canada Ermelo, Mpumalanga, South Africa Esau and Jacob, Guyana Flushing, Cornwall, UK Franschhoek, Western Cape, South Africa Genadendal, Western Cape, South Africa Goedverwacht, Western Cape, South Africa Gouda, Western Cape,


id: list-of-place-names-of-dutch-origin-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin-2.md
category: reference
title: List of place names of Dutch origin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:28.869771+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-place-names-of-dutch-origin-20260505-0
summary:
=== Bays === Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, USA Valsbaai, Western Cape, ZA Gansbaai, Western Cape, ZA Storm Bay, Tasmania, AUS Tafelbaai, Western Cape, ZA Tasman Bay, New Zealand Vansittart Bay, Western Australia, AUS Wijnkoopsbaai, now Palabuhanratu bay, West Java, ID Wilhelmina Bay, Antarctica === Beaches === Wingaersheek Beach === Capes === Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape, ZA Cape Henlopen, Delaware, USA Cape Horn, CHL Cape Keerweer, Queensland, AUS Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia, AUS Cape Maria van Diemen, NZ Cape May, New Jersey, USA Cape Patience, Sakhalin, RUS Sandy Hook, New Jersey, USA Sint Nicolaaspunt, now Tanjung Pujut, West Java, ID Verlegenhuken, Spitsbergen === Gulfs === Frederick Henry Bay, Tasmania, AUS Geelvink Channel, Western Australia, AUS Gulf of Carpentaria, AUS Gulf of Patience, RUS Liefdefjorden, Spitsbergen Storm Bay, Tasmania, AUS Van Diemen Gulf, AUS Wijdefjorden, Spitsbergen === Lakes === Beira Lake, Sri Lanka (see Sri Lankan place name etymology#Dutch) Harlem Meer, New York, USA === Mountains === Bakhuis Mountains, Suriname Carstensz Pyramid, Papua, Indonesia Carstensz Glacier, Puncak Jaya, Papua, Indonesia Drakensberg, South Africa Eilerts de Haan Mountains, Suriname Groenland Mountains, Western Cape, South Africa Grootvadersbosch, South Africa Hottentots-Holland Mountain Range, Western Cape, South Africa Helderberg, South Africa Juliana Peak, now


id: list-of-geographical-tors-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_tors-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geographical tors
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_tors
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:30.106281+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geographical-tors-20260505-0
summary:
The following list enumerate and expand on notable tors. == Tors in Great Britain == === Dartmoor === Dartmoor represents one of the largest areas of exposed granite in the United Kingdom, covering an area of 368 square miles (950 km2). It is part of a chain of granite stretching through Cornwall, as far as the Isles of Scilly. Some of the more durable granite survived to form the rocky crowns of Dartmoor tors. One of the best known is at Haytor (50.5802°N 3.7552°W﻿ / 50.5802; -3.7552) on the eastern part of the moor, whose granite is of unusually fine quality and was quarried from the hillside below the tor during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its stone was used to construct the pillars outside the British Museum in London, and to build London Bridge. The last granite to be quarried there was used to build Exeter War Memorial in 1919. Ten Tors is an annual weekend hike on Dartmoor. === Cornwall === Alex Tor, Bodmin Moor Hawk's Tor, Bodmin Moor. There are two on the moor: One near Lewannick One near Temple Helman Tor, mid–Cornwall Rough Tor, Bodmin Moor Trewortha Tor, Bodmin Moor Showery Tor, Bodmin Moor Cheesewring,


id: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants-0.md
category: reference
title: List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:31.477776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, sorted by countries. Unless otherwise noted, populations are based on United Nations estimates from 2022. == By country name == A-B • C-D-E-F • G-H-I-J-K • L-M-N-O • P-Q-R-S • T-U-V-W-Y-Z == See also == List of largest cities List of cities with over one million inhabitants == References ==


id: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-a-b-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: A-B
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:32.817547+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-a-b-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_A-B-0.md

summary:
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, sorted by countries beginning with letters between A and B. Unless otherwise noted, populations are based on United Nations estimates from 2022. Index == Afghanistan == == Albania == == Algeria == == Angola == == Argentina == == Armenia == == Australia == == Austria == == Azerbaijan == == Bahamas == == Bahrain == == Bangladesh == == Barbados == == Belarus == == Belgium == == Benin == == Bhutan == == Bolivia == == Bosnia and Herzegovina == == Botswana == == Brazil == == Brunei == == Bulgaria == == Burkina Faso == == Burundi == == See also == World largest cities == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_A-B


id: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-c-d-e-f-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: C-D-E-F
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:34.061330+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-c-d-e-f-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_C-D-E-F-0.md

summary:
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, sorted by countries beginning with letters between C and F. Unless otherwise noted, populations are based on United Nations estimates from 2022. Index == Cambodia == == Cameroon == == Canada == == Cape Verde == == Central African Republic == == Chad == == Chile == == China == == Colombia == == Congo, Democratic Republic == == Congo, Republic == == Costa Rica == == Croatia == == Cuba == == Curaçao == == Cyprus == == Czech Republic == == Denmark == == Djibouti == == Dominican Republic == == East Timor == == Ecuador == == Egypt == == El Salvador == == Equatorial Guinea == == Eritrea == == Estonia == == Ethiopia == == Fiji == == Finland == == France == == See also == World largest cities == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_C-D-E-F


id: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-g-h-i-j-k-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: G-H-I-J-K
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:35.375415+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-g-h-i-j-k-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_G-H-I-J-K-0.md

summary:
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, sorted by countries beginning with letters between G and K. Unless otherwise noted, populations are based on United Nations estimates from 2022. Index == Gabon == == Georgia == == Germany == == Ghana == == Greece == == Guatemala == == Guinea == == Guinea-Bissau == == Guyana == == Haiti == == Honduras == == Hungary == == Iceland == == India == == Indonesia == == Iran == == Iraq == == Ireland == == Israel == == Italy == == Ivory Coast == == Jamaica == == Japan == == Jordan == == Kazakhstan == == Kenya == == Kosovo == == Kuwait == == Kyrgyzstan == == See also == World largest cities == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_G-H-I-J-K


id: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-l-m-n-o-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: L-M-N-O
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:36.679083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-l-m-n-o-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_L-M-N-O-0.md

summary:
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, sorted by countries beginning with letters between L and O. Unless otherwise noted, populations are based on United Nations estimates from 2022. Index == Laos == == Latvia == == Lebanon == == Lesotho == == Liberia == == Libya == == Lithuania == == Luxembourg == == Madagascar == == Malawi == == Malaysia == == Maldives == == Mali == == Mauritania == == Mauritius == == Mexico == == Moldova == == Mongolia == == Montenegro == == Morocco == == Mozambique == == Myanmar == == Namibia == == Nepal == == Netherlands == == New Zealand == == Nicaragua == == Niger == == Nigeria == The following table lists fully defined incorporated cities in Nigeria, with a population of at least 100,000, as declared by the Nigerian National Population Commission in the 2006 National census. == North Korea == == North Macedonia == == Norway == == Oman == == See also == World largest cities == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_L-M-N-O


id: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-p-q-r-s-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: P-Q-R-S
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:38.127699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-p-q-r-s-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_P-Q-R-S-0.md

summary:
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, sorted by countries beginning with letters between P and S. Unless otherwise noted, populations are based on United Nations estimates from 2022. Index == Pakistan == Divisional capital == Palestine == == Panama == == Papua New Guinea == == Paraguay == == Peru == == Philippines == == Poland == == Portugal == == Puerto Rico == == Qatar == == Réunion == == Romania == == Russia == == Rwanda == == Saudi Arabia == == Senegal == == Serbia == == Sierra Leone == == Singapore == == Slovakia == == Slovenia == == Solomon Islands == == Somalia == == South Africa == == South Korea == == South Sudan == == Spain == == Sri Lanka == == Sudan == == Suriname == == Sweden == == Switzerland == == Syria == == See also == World’s largest cities == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_P-Q-R-S


id: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-t-u-v-w-y-z-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: T-U-V-W-Y-Z
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:39.451790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-towns-and-cities-with-100-000-or-more-inhabitants-country-t-u-v-w-y-z-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_T-U-V-W-Y-Z-0.md

summary:
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, sorted by countries beginning with letters between T and Z. Unless otherwise noted, populations are based on United Nations estimates from 2022. Index == Taiwan == == Tajikistan == == Tanzania == == Thailand == == Togo == == Tunisia == == Turkey == == Turkmenistan == == Uganda == == Ukraine == == United Arab Emirates == == United Kingdom == == United States == == Uruguay == == Uzbekistan == == Venezuela == == Vietnam == == Yemen == == Zambia == == Zimbabwe == == See also == World largest cities == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_T-U-V-W-Y-Z


id: list-of-cities-with-over-1-million-inhabitants-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_over_1_million_inhabitants-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cities with over 1 million inhabitants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_over_1_million_inhabitants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:40.618119+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cities-with-over-1-million-inhabitants-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains all cities with one million or more inhabitants. Cities are defined in the political-geographic sense (city proper). The population figures given therefore refer to the city or municipality in the political-administrative sense. In some cases, the population figures refer to capital districts or Metropolises and, in the case of the People's Republic of China, to the urban population of the city in question. In many cases, the city boundaries do not correspond to the settlement structure and the boundaries of metropolitan regions and agglomerations often extend far beyond the administrative city boundaries. In some cases, metropolitan regions and political municipalities cannot be separated, as in the case of metropolitan municipalities or city regions, which exist in some countries. There is no globally standardized definition of what constitutes a city, and municipal divisions differ from country to country. If only the administrative boundaries of a city were taken into account, Chongqing would be the largest city in the world, with 32 million inhabitants. However, the urban population is significantly smaller at just under 14 million (2020) and is spread across various urban settlements. The city's administrative area is almost as large as Austria and larger than the Czech


id: list-of-tumps-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tumps-0.md
category: reference
title: List of tumps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tumps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:41.845651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tumps-20260505-0
summary:
Tump means a hillock, mound, barrow or tumulus. The Welsh words twmp and Twmpath may be related. Although some may appear similar to glacial drumlins, for the most part they are man-made, e.g. remains from mineral extraction, burial mounds (tumuli and especially bowl barrows) or motte-and-bailey castle mounds. The following geographical features in the UK are referred to using the word: Almondsbury Tump: a slight prominence near the top of the scarp, in open space near the Swan, Almondsbury, South Gloucestershire Barry's Hill Tump: a barrow in the civil parish of Leafield, Oxfordshire Battle Tump: a castle motte, Scheduled Ancient Monument, Lower Common, Gilwern, Monmouthshire Bettws Newydd tump: an early Norman motte-and-bailey tump in Monmouthshire Bledisloe Tump: a castle in Awre, Gloucestershire Brinklow Castle known locally as 'the Tump': a medieval castle in the village of Brinklow, Warwickshire Caple Tump: an earthwork reputed to be the remains of a castle motte in King's Caple, Herefordshire Castle Tump: an early 11th-century motte-and-bailey castle in Trecastle, Powys Castle Tump, Caerwent: site of a Roman villa in Monmouthshire Castle Tump, Dymock: a castle in Dymock, Gloucestershire Castle Tump Motte (see Glasbury Castle), Glasbury, Powys Castle Tump, Tenbury Wells: believed to be the remains


id: list-of-warehouse-districts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_warehouse_districts-0.md
category: reference
title: List of warehouse districts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_warehouse_districts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:43.134840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-warehouse-districts-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable warehouse districts. A warehouse district or warehouse row is an area found in many urban settings known for being the current or former location of numerous warehouses. Logistically, warehouses are often located in industrial parks, with access to bulk transportation outlets such as highways, railroads, and airports. The areas where warehouses are typically built are often designated as special zones for urban planning purposes, and "can have their own substantial infrastructures, comprising roads, utilities, and energy systems". In many instances, where changing social and economic conditions have made it unfeasible to maintain an existing warehouse district, cities or communities will invest in converting the district to other purposes for which this infrastructure can still be used, such as an art district. Such a converted area may continue to be known as a warehouse district. Notable areas known as warehouse districts include: == Canada == Distillery District is located in Toronto, Ontario and is the largest collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America. Warehouse District, Edmonton == Germany == Speicherstadt in Hamburg, Germany == Poland == Karolin in Warsaw, Poland Służewiec in Warsaw, Poland Służewiec Przemysłowy Wyczółki in Warsaw, Poland == United Kingdom ==


id: list-of-watershed-topics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_watershed_topics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of watershed topics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_watershed_topics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:44.445452+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-watershed-topics-20260505-0
summary:
This list embraces topographical watersheds and drainage basins and other topics focused on them. == Terms – different uses == The source of a river or stream is the furthest place from its estuary or confluence with another river, and is alternatively known as a "watershed" and/or "headwaters" in some countries. The confluence is the meeting of two rivers or streams, and may sometimes be known as "headwaters". A drainage basin is an area of land where all surface water converges to a single point at a lower elevation. In North America, "watershed" is used for this sense, while elsewhere terms like "catchment" or "drainage area" are used. A drainage divide is the line that separates neighboring drainage basins. In English-speaking countries outside of North America, this is normally known as a "watershed". == Drainage divides == Drainage divides category The European Watershed, the line dividing the drainage basins of the major rivers of Europe The Drainage divides, the lines dividing drainage basins in North America (i.e.: Great Basin Divide and Great Basin hydrologic region) == Watersheds and drainage basins == Basins category Drainage basins category List of drainage basins by area: A worldwide list of watersheds Drainage basins of


id: outline-of-geology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geology-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of geology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:46.216185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-geology-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geology: Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical bodies, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. The name comes from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth' and λoγία (-logía) 'study of, discourse'. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology. It is integrated with Earth system science and planetary science. == Branches of geology == Geology applies primarily to Earth, but can be applied to any planet or extraterrestrial body. === Geology of Earth === Subdisciplines of geology: Biogeology – Study of the interactions between the Earth's biosphere and the lithosphere Economic geology – Science concerned with earth materials of economic value Engineering geology – Application of geology to engineering practice Environmental geology – Application of geology to environmental problems Geochemistry – Science that applies chemistry to analyze geological systems Geologic modelling – Applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crustPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Geomorphology – Scientific study of landforms Geophysics – Physics of the Earth and its vicinity Historical geology – Study


id: index-of-geology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of geology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:47.439007+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-geology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of all articles related to geology – Scientific study of Earth's physical composition that cannot be readily placed on the following subtopic pages: == A == Asthenosphere – Highly viscous, ductile, and mechanically weak region of Earth's mantle Astrogeology – Geology of astronomical objects apparently in orbit around stellar objects Aulacogen – Failed arm of a triple junction, an inactive rift zone == B == Batholith – Large igneous rock intrusion Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of a body of water Bolide – Extremely bright meteor == C == Calcium Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs Cave – Natural void under a planetary surface Cement – Hydraulic binder used in the composition of mortar and concrete Cementation – Process of chemical precipitation bonding sedimentary grains Cenozoic – Third and current era of the Phanerozoic Eon Coast – Area where land meets the sea or ocean Concretion – In geology, a type of compact mass Conglomerate – Sedimentary rock composed of smaller rock fragments Continent – Large geographical region identified by convention Convergent boundary – Region of active deformation between colliding tectonic plates Crag and tail – Geographic feature created by glaciation Crust


id: list-of-types-of-amber-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_amber-0.md
category: reference
title: List of types of amber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_amber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:49.703180+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-types-of-amber-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of types of amber. == True ambers == Baltic amber - the most common amber variety, found along the shores of a large part of the Baltic Sea, Eocene age amber. Bitterfeld amber, amber from Bitterfeld, Germany, equivalent in age to Baltic amber and has historically been suggested to be synonymous with it Burmese amber - also known as burmite, is a Cretaceous (Cenomanian) age amber about 99 million years old found mainly in the Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Myanmar (Burma). The most common amber containing insect inclusions of the Cenomanian, mined in a very large amount since late 2010s and became one of the most available types of amber. Canadian amber - also known as chemawinite or cedarit, found near Cedar Lake (Manitoba), Cretaceous (Campanian) age amber. Charentese amber - opaque amber found in the Aquitaine Basin, France. Cretaceous (Cenomanian) age. Cambay amber - amber from Gujarat, India, unlike most ambers readily dissolves in solvents, Eocene age. Dominican amber - nearly always transparent, and having a higher number of fossil inclusions than Baltic amber, Miocene age amber. Blue amber - a rare color variation, most commonly is found in the Dominican Republic. Ethiopian amber -


id: list-of-apollo-lunar-sample-displays-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_lunar_sample_displays-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Apollo lunar sample displays
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_lunar_sample_displays
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:50.949425+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-apollo-lunar-sample-displays-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of lunar sample displays from the Apollo program that were distributed through the United States and around the world. They include samples from the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 missions conducted by NASA in 1969 and 1972. The Apollo 11 mission to the surface of the Moon returned a few dozen pounds/kilos of lunar material (mainly rock and dust), and the US put about 0.05 grams in small display cases and gave one apiece to the 50 U.S. states, to the nations of the world, and to political entities like the U.S. territories under administration. This was done again with an Apollo 17 sample (Lunar basalt 70017). There are a few samples from Apollo 15 on display. == United States == == International == The display cases included a lunar sample and small flag of the respective political entity that had been to the Moon and back. Approximately 135 displays were gifted to nations of the world at that time, so nations created since then are not included and some displays have been inherited from past nations == Footnotes == == See also == Apollo 11 goodwill messages (Messages by nations left on the Moon) Stolen


id: list-of-geological-features-on-charon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Charon-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geological features on Charon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Charon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:52.301347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geological-features-on-charon-20260505-0
summary:
The geological features of Charon, the largest moon of Pluto, are being mapped by scientists using data from the New Horizons spacecraft. The team has given provisional names to the most prominent. As of April 2020, only some of the names have been officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union, which has agreed that names for features on Charon should come from the following: Destinations and milestones of fictional space and other exploration. Fictional and mythological vessels of space and other exploration. Fictional and mythological voyagers, travellers and explorers. Authors and artists associated with space exploration, especially Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. Some features discovered by the New Horizons mission have been given provisional names based on various science fiction and fantasy franchises, including Star Wars, Star Trek, Doctor Who, Alien, Firefly, and Macross. These names remain unofficial until accepted by the IAU. On 11 April 2018, the IAU announced that several of the feature names had been officially recognized. As of December 2025, this list contains 55 geological features, 14 of which are official. == Chasmata == A chasma (plural chasmata) is a deep, elongated, steep-sided depression. Charonian chasmata are named after vessels in fiction. The following is a


id: list-of-places-with-columnar-jointed-volcanics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_with_columnar_jointed_volcanics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of places with columnar jointed volcanics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_with_columnar_jointed_volcanics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:53.572393+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-places-with-columnar-jointed-volcanics-20260505-0
summary:
Columnar jointing of volcanic rocks exists in many places on Earth. Perhaps the most famous basalt lava flow in the world is the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, in which the vertical joints form polygonal columns and give the impression of having been artificially constructed. == Notable columnar jointed volcanics == === Africa === Bugarama in Rusizi, Rwanda Columnar jointing in Rusizi district, Nzahaha Sector. This may have formed from contractional cooling of basaltic lavas. Foreke Quarry, Foreke Dachang, Cameroon Ikom Columnar Basalt in Cross River State, Nigeria Numan, Nigeria "Organ Pipes" near Twyfelfontein, Namibia Rochester Falls, Mauritius Seliana, Tunisia Isle de la Madeleine, Dakar, Senegal Lalibela, Ethiopia === Asia === ==== Armenia ==== Garni Gorge, Armenia Near Saint Sarkis Cathedral, Yerevan, Armenia ==== China (mainland) ==== Heiyuhe Columnar Joints (黑鱼河柱状节理) [Xianrenqiao (仙人桥)], Longchuan River (龙川江) & Black Fish River, Tengchong ==== Hong Kong ==== Basalt Island area, Hong Kong; including High Island Reservoir area, Hong Kong; although the High Island Reservoir is not basalt but rhyolitic tuff, rich in potash feldspar and quartz phenocrysts. ==== India ==== In India, columnars are found in several places across the volcanic traps such as 6.5 crore or 65 million years ago (Mya)


id: list-of-places-with-columnar-jointed-volcanics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_with_columnar_jointed_volcanics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of places with columnar jointed volcanics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_with_columnar_jointed_volcanics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:53.572393+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-places-with-columnar-jointed-volcanics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Romania ==== Coloanele de bazalt de la Racoș, Romania Thunderstruck Rocks (Detunatele), Romania ==== Slovakia ==== Šomoška rock waterfall ==== Spain ==== Punta Baja, Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, Andalusia Castellfollit de la Roca, Girona Fruiz, Biscay Pitón volcánico de Cancarix, Albacete Los Órganos, La Gomera, Canary Islands ==== Sweden ==== Central Skåne Volcanic Province, Sweden ==== Ukraine ==== Bazaltove, Ukraine === North and Central America === ==== Canada ==== North Mountain, Nova Scotia Grand Manan Island (western shorelines), New Brunswick Brandywine Falls Provincial Park, British Columbia Cardiff Mountain, Chilcotin Plateau, British Columbia Keremeos Columns, Keremeos, British Columbia Aberdeen Columns, Lavington, British Columbia Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia (Moul Falls, Dragon's Tongue, Helmcken Falls) Mount Edziza volcanic complex, British Columbia Level Mountain, British Columbia Teapot Mountain, Prince George, British Columbia Kelowna, British Columbia (Mount Boucherie, Spion Kopje) Devils Woodpile, British Columbia (Cathedral Provincial Park) Tow Hill, British Columbia Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec Simpson Island, Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area, Rossport, Ontario Miles Canyon, Whitehorse, Yukon ==== Costa Rica ==== Bajo Rodriguez, San Lorenzo de San Ramon ==== El Salvador ==== Cascada Los Tercios, Suchitoto Concepción waterfall, Aculco ==== Greenland ==== Qeqertarsuaq, Disko Island ==== Guadeloupe ==== Pain de sucre


id: list-of-deserts-by-area-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area-0.md
category: reference
title: List of deserts by area
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:56.047957+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-deserts-by-area-20260505-0
summary:
This article provides a list of deserts ranked by the total area that they cover on Earth. Only deserts greater than 50,000 km2 (19,300 sq mi) are included in this ranking. == See also == List of deserts (all deserts and pseudo-deserts by continent) Desertification Polar desert United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Desert greening == Notes == == References ==


id: list-of-places-on-land-with-elevations-below-sea-level-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level-0.md
category: reference
title: List of places on land with elevations below sea level
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:57.235609+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-places-on-land-with-elevations-below-sea-level-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of places on land below mean sea level. Places artificially created such as tunnels, mines, basements, and dug holes, or places under water, or existing temporarily as a result of ebbing of sea tide etc., are not included. Places where seawater and rainwater is pumped away are included. Fully natural places below sea level require a dry climate; otherwise, rain would exceed evaporation and fill the area. All figures are in meters below mean sea level (as locally defined), arranged by depth, lowest first: == Africa == == Antarctica == == Asia == == Europe == == North America == == Oceania == == South America == == Historic and ice-covered areas == Deeper and larger than any of the trenches in the list above is the Bentley Subglacial Trench in Antarctica, at a depth of 2,540 m (8,330 ft). It is subglacial, covered permanently by the largest glacier in the world. Therefore, it is not included in any list on the page. If the ice melted it would be covered by sea. The biggest dry land area below sea level that has been known to exist during the geological past, as measured by continuous volume


id: list-of-fault-zones-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fault_zones-0.md
category: reference
title: List of fault zones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fault_zones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:58.457969+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fault-zones-20260505-0
summary:
This list covers all faults and fault-systems that are either geologically important or connected to prominent seismic activity. It is not intended to list every notable fault, but only major fault zones. == See also == Lists of earthquakes Tectonics == References ==


id: list-of-faults-in-indonesia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_faults_in_Indonesia-0.md
category: reference
title: List of faults in Indonesia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_faults_in_Indonesia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:08:59.763364+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-faults-in-indonesia-20260505-0
summary:
Indonesia is a country located close to tectonic plate boundaries which causes it to have many active faults and is prone to earthquakes, == Sumatra == Great Sumatran fault Samalanga-Sipopok Fault Mentawai Fault == Java == Citarik Fault Cimandiri Fault Baribis Fault Cirata Fault Cugenang Fault Lembang Fault Cileunyi-Tanjungsari Fault Southern Garut Fault Citanduy Fault Kendeng Fault Ajibarang Fault Merapi-Merbabu Fault Opak Fault Pati Fault Muria Fault Rawapening Fault Kaligarang Fault Rembang-Madura-Kangean-Sakala Fault Grindulu Fault == Borneo == Tarakan Fault Meratus Fault Adang-Partenoster Fault == Sulawesi == Palu-Koro Fault Matano Fault Lawanopo Fault Gorontalo Fault Kolaka Fault Walanae Fault Balantak Fault Mamuju Thrust Fault Saddang Fault == Lesser Sunda Islands == Flores back-arc thrust fault Bondowatu Fault == Maluku Islands == Banda Detachment Sorong Fault Kawa Fault == Papua == Mamberamo Fault Main Jayawijaya Thrust Fault Lengguru Fault Tarera-Aiduna Fault Yapen Fault Ransiki Fault == Subduction Zone == Sunda megathrust North Sulawesi Trench Philippine Trench Timor Trough Seram Trough New Guinea Trench == See also == List of earthquakes in Indonesia Geology of Indonesia Indo-Australian plate Eurasian plate Pacific plate Seismicity of the Sumatra coast == References ==


id: list-of-flood-basalt-provinces-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flood_basalt_provinces-0.md
category: reference
title: List of flood basalt provinces
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flood_basalt_provinces
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:01.047732+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-flood-basalt-provinces-20260505-0
summary:
Representative continental flood basalts (also known as traps) and oceanic plateaus, together forming a listing of large igneous provinces: == See also == List of Oceanic Landforms World's largest eruptions == Footnotes == == References ==


id: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-antarctica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Antarctica-0.md
category: reference
title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Antarctica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Antarctica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:03.762389+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-antarctica-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Antarctica. == List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units == == See also == Geology of Antarctica List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Namibia List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in the Falkland Islands == References ==


id: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-antarctica-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Antarctica-1.md
category: reference
title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Antarctica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Antarctica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:03.762389+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-antarctica-20260505-0
summary:
== Further reading == G. Arratia, R. Scasso, and W. Kiessling. 2004. Late Jurassic fishes from Longing Gap, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(1):41-55 A. C. Ashworth and G. Kuschel. 2003. Fossil weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from latitude 85 ˚S Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 191:191-202 R. A. Askin. 1990. Cryptogam spores from the upper Campanian and Maastrichtian of Seymour Island, Antarctica. Micropaleontology (36)141-156 R. A. Askin. 1989. Endemism and heterochrony in the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) to Paleocene palynofloras of Seymour Island, Antarctica: implications for origins, dispersal and palaeoclimates of southern floras. Geological Society of America Special Paper (147)107-119 V. D. Barreda, S. Palamarczuk, and F. Medina. 1999. Palinología de la Formación Hidden Lake (Coniaciano-Santoniano), Isla James Ross, Antártida. Revista Española de Micropaleontología (31)53-72 M. A. Bitner and J. A. Crame. 2002. Brachiopods from the Lower Miocene of King George Island, West Antarctica. Polish Polar Research 23(1):75-84 J. Blaszyk. 1987. Ostracods from the Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation of King George Island, West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica 49:63-81 M. A. Bradshaw and L. McCartan. 1991. Palaeoecology and systematics of Early Devonian bivalves from the Horlick Formation, Ohio Range, Antarctica. Alcheringa 15(1):1-42 P. J. Butterworth, J. A. Crame, P. J. Howlett and D. I.


id: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-antarctica-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Antarctica-2.md
category: reference
title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Antarctica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Antarctica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:03.762389+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-antarctica-20260505-0
summary:
Bibcode:2005Geobi..38..667T. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2004.02.003. P. Tasch. 1973. Jurassic beetle from southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology 47:590-592 P. Tasch and E. F. Riek. 1969. Permian Insect Wing from Antarctic Sentinel Mountains. Science 164(3887):1529-1530 T. N. Taylor and E. L. Taylor. 1992. Permian plants from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica. Geological Society of America Memoir 170:285-294 E. L. Taylor, T.N. Taylor, J.L. Isbell and R. Cuneo. 1989. Fossil floras of southern Victoria Land. 2. Kennar Valley. Antarctic Journal U.S. 24:26-28 E. I. Vera. 2010. Estudios anatómicos en paleofloras del Aptiano de Antártida y Patagonia, y su comparación. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales 294 R. Vodrazka and L. A. Crame. 2011. First fossil sponge from Antarctica and its paleobiogeographical significance. Journal of Paleontology 85(1):48-57 G. F. Webers, J. Pojeta, and E.L. Yochelson. 1992. Cambrian Mollusca from the Minaret Formation, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica. Geological Society of America Memoir 170:181-248 G. F. Webers, B. Glenister, J. Pojeta, Jr. and G. Young. 1992. Devonian fossils from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica. Geological Society of America Memoir 170:269-278 R. Wolfart. 1994. Middle Cambrian Faunas (Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Trilobita) from Exotic Limestone Blocks, Reilly Ridge, North Victoria Land, Antarctica; their Biostratigraphic and Paleogeographic


id: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-central-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Central_America-0.md
category: reference
title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Central America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Central_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:05.023801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fossiliferous-stratigraphic-units-in-central-america-20260505-0
summary:
This page lists the fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Central America. == Belize == == El Salvador == == Guatemala == == Honduras == == Nicaragua == == Costa Rica == == Panama == == See also == Lists of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North America List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Mexico List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in the Caribbean == References == === Bibliography === Honduras Silva Romo, Gilberto (2008), Origen tectónico y evolución de la Cuenca Tehuitzingo-Tepexi, Estado de Puebla (PhD thesis) (PDF), UNAM, pp. 1–209, retrieved 2019-02-19


id: list-of-fracture-zones-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fracture_zones-0.md
category: reference
title: List of fracture zones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fracture_zones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:06.180362+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fracture-zones-20260505-0
summary:
Fracture zones are common features in the geology of oceanic basins. Globally most fault zones are located on divergent plate boundaries on oceanic crust. This means that they are located around mid-ocean ridges and trend perpendicular to them. The term fracture zone is used almost exclusively for features on oceanic crust; similar structures on continental crust are instead termed transform or strike slip faults. Some use the term "transform fault" to describe the seismically and tectonically active portion of a fracture zone after John Tuzo Wilson's concepts first developed with respect to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The term fracture zone has a distinct geological meaning, but it is also used more loosely in the naming of some oceanic features. Fracture zones are much longer than wide, but may have feature complexity within their width. Not all named fracture zones are active, indeed only the central portion of those still forming usually is, in an area of active transform faulting associated with a mid-ocean ridge. Classic fracture zones remain significant ocean floor features with usually different aged rocks on either side of the fracture zone due to past tectonic processes. Some fracture zones have been created by mid-ocean ridge segments that have


id: list-of-free-geology-software-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_geology_software-0.md
category: reference
title: List of free geology software
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_geology_software
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:07.478300+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-free-geology-software-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of free and open-source software for geological data handling and interpretation. The list is split into broad categories, depending on the intended use of the software and its scope of functionality. Notice that 'free and open-source' requires that the source code is available and users are given a free software license. Simple being 'free of charge' is not sufficient—see gratis versus libre. == Well logging & Borehole visualisation == == Geosciences software platforms == == Geostatistics == == Forward modeling == == Geomodeling == == Visualization, interpretation & analysis packages == == Geographic information systems (GIS) == This important class of tools is already listed in the article List of GIS software. == Not true free and open-source projects == The following projects have unknown licensing, licenses or other conditions which place some restriction on use or redistribution, or which depend on non-open-source software like MATLAB or XVT (and therefore do not meet the Open Source Definition from the Open Source Initiative). == References ==


id: list-of-geochronologic-names-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geochronologic_names-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geochronologic names
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geochronologic_names
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:08.824577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geochronologic-names-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of official and unofficial names for time spans in the geologic timescale and units of chronostratigraphy. Since many of the smallest subdivisions of the geologic timescale were in the past defined on regional lithostratigraphic units, there are many alternative names that overlap. The body concerned with standardizing the names of geochronologic units is the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In 2008 however, even though the Phanerozoic eon is almost completely divided into internationally recognizable units, local subdivisions are often still preferred over the international ones. == List == == See also == Astronomical chronology Age of the Earth Age of the universe Chronological dating, archaeological chronology Absolute dating Relative dating Phase (archaeology) Archaeological association Geochronology Chronostratigraphy Future of the Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth Plate reconstruction Plate tectonics Thermochronology Timeline of natural history General Consilience, evidence from independent, unrelated sources can "converge" on strong conclusions == References == == Literature == Basset, M. G.; Cocks, L. R. M.; Holland, C. H.; Rickards, R. B.; and Warren, P. T.; 1975: The type Wenlock series, Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences, 75(13), pp. 1–19. Cocks, L. R. M.; Holland, C. H.; Rickards, R. B.;


id: list-of-geologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:09.988703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geologists-20260505-0
summary:
A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology. Geologists are also known as earth scientists or geoscientists. The following is a list of notable geologists. Many have received such awards as the Penrose Medal or the Wollaston Medal, or have been inducted into the National Academy of Sciences or the Royal Society. Geoscience specialties represented include geochemistry, geophysics, structural geology, tectonics, geomorphology, glaciology, hydrology, hydrogeology, oceanography, mineralogy, petrology, crystallography, paleontology, paleobotany, paleoclimatology, palynology, petroleum geology, planetary geology, sedimentology, soil science, stratigraphy, and volcanology. In this list, the person listed is a geologist unless another specialty is noted. Only geologists with biographical articles in Wikipedia are listed here. == A == Vladimir Abazarov (1930–2003), Soviet geologist, discoverer of Samotlor oil field Aziz Ab'Saber (1924–2012), Brazilian geomorphologist, member Brazilian Academy of Sciences Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (1806–1886), German mineralogist Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), Swiss-American geologist, work on ice ages, glaciers, Lake Agassiz Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer) (1494–1555), German naturalist and 'Father of Mineralogy', author of De re metallica Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), Italian, Renaissance naturalist Claude Allègre (1937–2025), French geochemist, member of the French Academy of Sciences Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida (1916–2013), Brazilian geologist, member Brazilian Academy of Sciences Walter


id: list-of-geologists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists-1.md
category: reference
title: List of geologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:09.988703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geologists-20260505-0
summary:
Louis J. Cabri (born 1934), Canadian, geologist and mineralogist, Fellow, Royal Society of Canada Stephen E. Calvert (born 1935), Canadian professor, geologist, oceanographer; awarded Logan Medal Colin Campbell (1931–2022), British petroleum geologist and Peak Oil theorist Neil Campbell (1914–1978), Canadian, Northwest Territories mineral exploration; Fellow, Royal Society of Canada Samuel Warren Carey (1911–2002), Australian, continental drift proponent and later developed Expanding Earth hypothesis María Casanova de Chaudet (1899–1947), Italian-born Argentine geologist, director of Argentina's first petrographic laboratory Petr Černý (1934–2018), Czech/Canadian mineralogist, won Logan Medal; Fellow, Royal Society of Canada Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois (1820–1886), French, geologist and mineralogist George V. Chilingar (1929–2023), American, distinguished international petroleum geologist Václav Cílek (born 1955), Czech geologist and science popularizer John J. Clague (born 1946), Canadian, Quaternary and geological hazards expert Thomas H. Clark (1893–1996), Canadian, co-author of The Geological Evolution of North America (1960) William Branwhite Clarke (1798–1878), Australian (born England), discovered gold in New South Wales, 1841 Peter Clift (born 1966), British marine geologist and monsoon researcher, best known for work in Asia Hans Cloos (1885–1951), prominent German structural geologist Lorence G. Collins, (born 1931), American, petrologist, discoveries on metasomatism Simon Conway Morris (born 1951), palaeontologist and writer, best known for


id: list-of-geologists-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists-2.md
category: reference
title: List of geologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:09.988703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geologists-20260505-0
summary:
Julius von Haast (1824–1887), New Zealand (born Germany), founded Canterbury Museum Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet (1761–1832), Scottish geologist, president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh James Hall (1811–1898), American geologist and paleontologist William Hamilton (1731–1803), Scottish, volcanologist, Copley Medal Alfred Harker (1859–1939), English, igneous petrologist and petrographer W. Brian Harland (1917–2003), English, polar geologist Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith (1923–2012), English and Canadian, polar geologist Donald E. Hattin (1928–2016), American geologist and paleontologist Thomas Hawkins (1810–1889), English fossil collector James Edwin Hawley (1897–1965), Canadian, studied mineralogy of ore deposits Erasmus Haworth (1855–1932), founder of the Kansas Geological Survey and the first state geologist of Kansas Frank Hawthorne (born 1946), Canadian mineralogist and crystallographer Richard L. Hay (1929–2006), American geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden (1829–1887), American, pioneer Western geologist Robert Hazen (born 1948), American, mineralogist and astrobiologist Hollis Dow Hedberg (1903–1988), American geologist Bruce Heezen (1924–1977), American geologist who first mapped the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Sue Hendrickson (born 1949), American paleontologist; discoverer of "Sue", the largest Tyrannosaurus rex ever found Harry Hammond Hess (1906–1969), American geologist and oceanographer Henry Hicks (1837–1899), FRS, President of the Geological Society Pattillo Higgins (1863–1955), American, known as the "Prophet of Spindletop" Wes Hildreth (born 1938), American, volcanologist and petrologist


id: list-of-geologists-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists-3.md
category: reference
title: List of geologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:09.988703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geologists-20260505-0
summary:
William Maclure (1763–1840), published first geological map of United States (1809) J. Ross Mackay (1915–2014), Canadian permafrost geologist Robert Mallet (1810–1881), Irish, "father of seismology" Vera Malycheff (1886–1964), Russian-born French geologist Joseph A. Mandarino (1929–2007), American mineralogist Othniel Charles Marsh (1831–1899), American, pioneer dinosaur paleontologist; Bone Wars competitor Teresa Maryańska (1937–2019), Polish, paleontologist specializing in dinosaurs Kirtley F. Mather (1888–1978), Harvard professor, Scopes Monkey Trial William Williams Mather (1804–1859), professor, de facto state geologist of Ohio Drummond Matthews (1931–1997), British marine geologist, geophysicist, plate tectonics pioneer Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958), Australian Antarctic explorer Sir Frederick McCoy (c. 1817–1899), British and Australian palaeontologist and museum director Edith Merritt McKee (1918–2006), American geologist Dan McKenzie (born 1942), British geophysicist, plate tectonics pioneer Digby McLaren (1919–2004), Canadian paleontologist, Fellow of the Royal Society Marcia McNutt (born 1952), American geophysicist and the 22nd president of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of the United States, 15th director of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (and first woman to hold the post) Oscar Edward Meinzer (1876–1948), American hydrologist, "father of groundwater geology" Luiz Alberto Dias Menezes (1950–2014), Brazilian geologist and mineralogist Giuseppe Mercalli (1850–1914), Italian seismologist and volcanologist, developed the Mercalli intensity scale for measuring


id: list-of-geologists-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists-4.md
category: reference
title: List of geologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:09.988703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geologists-20260505-0
summary:
Donald F. Sangster, Canadian, lead-zinc economic geologist Emilia Săulea (1904–1998), Romanian geologist and paleontologist Celâl Şengör (born 1955), Turkish, member of The United States National Academy of Sciences and The Russian Academy of Sciences, Bigsby Medal, Gustav-Steinmann-Medaille and Arthur Holmes Medal winner Harrison Schmitt (born 1935), American, Apollo 17 astronaut, walked on the Moon Kevin M. Scott (born 1935), American, volcanology research in United States and China, Kirk Bryan Award George Julius Poulett Scrope (1797–1876), English, volcanology, Wollaston Medal Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873), English, proposed Devonian and Cambrian periods Karl von Seebach (1839–1880), German volcanologist Adolf Seilacher (1925-2014), German paleontologist, invented the concept and study of ichnofacies, coined the term "Lagerstätten", and championed the photoautotrophic view of the Ediacaran biota. Craaford Prize, Paleontological Society Award, Gustav-Steinmann-Medaille, and Lapworth Award winner, among others. Seikei Sekiya (1855–1896), Japanese seismologist, created the model showing the motion of an earth-particle during an earthquake Nicholas Shackleton (1937–2006), British geologist and climatologist Shen Kuo (1031–1095), Chinese scientist, magnetic compass pioneer, geomorphology theory Richard H. Sibson (born 1945), New Zealand geologist, defined the relationship between seismogenic processes and fault zone rheology. Eugene Merle Shoemaker (1928–1997), American, meteoriticist, co-discovered Comet Shoemaker-Levy Haraldur Sigurdsson, (born 1939), Icelandic, provided proof for


id: list-of-global-boundary-stratotype-sections-and-points-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Sections_and_Points-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Sections_and_Points
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:11.436803+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-global-boundary-stratotype-sections-and-points-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important. Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes farther back in time. == Organization of this list == This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data,


id: list-of-greenstone-belts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_greenstone_belts-0.md
category: reference
title: List of greenstone belts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_greenstone_belts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:12.909282+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-greenstone-belts-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of greenstone belts == Africa == === Burkina Faso === Hounde greenstone belt Boromo greenstone belt === Democratic Republic of the Congo === Kilo-Moto === Angola === Lufico - Cabinda Cassinga === South Africa === Barberton greenstone belt Pietersberg greenstone belt === Tanzania === Kilimafedha greenstone belt Lake Victoria Greenstone Belt Nzega Greenstone Belt === Zimbabwe === Belingwe Greenstone Belt Gweru-Shurugwi Greenstone Belt Harare greenstone belt Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt Wedza Greenstone belt Bulawayo-Bubi Greenstone belt Makaha Greenstone Belt Beatrice Greenstone Belt Dindi Greenstone Belt Mt Darwin Greenstone Belt == Eurasia == === Russia === Kostomuksha greenstone belt === Finland === Central Lapland Greenstone Belt (Lapland) Tipasjärvi-Kuhmo-Suomussalmi greenstone belt === Norway === Mauken greenstone belt == Oceania == Harris greenstone belt (Australia) Jack Hills greenstone belt (Australia) Norseman-Wiluna greenstone belt (Australia) Saddleback greenstone belt (Australia) Southern Cross greenstone belt (Australia) Yandal greenstone belt (Australia) Yalgoo-Singleton greenstone belt (Australia) == North America == === Canada === Abitibi greenstone belt (Quebec/Ontario) Bird River greenstone belt (Manitoba) Ecstall Greenstone Belt (British Columbia) Ennadai greenstone belt (Saskatchewan) Flin Flon greenstone belt (Manitoba/Saskatchewan) Hope Bay greenstone belt (Nunavut) Hunt River greenstone belt (Newfoundland and Labrador) Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt (Quebec) Red Lake greenstone


id: university-of-ibadan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan-0.md
category: reference
title: University of Ibadan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:14.194723+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-ibadan-20260505-0
summary:
The University of Ibadan (UI) is a federal university located in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Initially founded as the University College Ibadan in 1948, it maintained its affiliation with the University of London. In 1962, it became an independent institution, making it the oldest degree-awarding institution in Nigeria. The University of Ibadan has significantly contributed to Nigeria's political, industrial, economic, and cultural development through its extensive network of graduates. UI enrolls about 33,000 students, is internationally recognized, and has a number of accomplished alumni. == History == The university was established in 1948 as University College Ibadan, a branch of the University of London, which supervised its academic programs and awarded degrees until 1967. The establishment came as a result of a recommendation from the Asquith and the Elliot Commissions on Higher Education in the then-British colonies, that two Universities stemming from the University of London should be set up in Ghana and Nigeria. Before 1948, Yaba College had been founded in 1932 in Yaba, Lagos, as the first tertiary educational institute in Nigeria, focused primarily on providing post-secondary vocational education and teacher training to Africans. However, the limited aims of Yaba College and clamor by Nigerian nationalists for self-improvement


id: university-of-ibadan-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan-1.md
category: reference
title: University of Ibadan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:14.194723+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-ibadan-20260505-0
summary:
== Library == Among the notable structures in the university is the central Kenneth Dike Library (popularly called "KDL" by the students), located just beside the Faculty of Arts. The library, which has a large capacity for students, contains books relating to virtually all fields of knowledge both in and outside the university community. The library is named after Professor Kenneth Dike, who was the first indigenous Principal and former Vice-Chancellor of the university. It was established out of the desires of the founding fathers and matriarch of the institution to cut a niche for research and sound teaching. The library contains 700,000 volumes of information and more than 1,250 seats for readers. It is open to all senior staff, students of the institution, senior staff of the University College Hospital, (UCH) Ibadan as well as alumni of the university. == Notable alumni == The university has educated many notable alumni, including a Nobel Laureate in Literature, eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, business icons, philosophers, writers, monarchs, countless technocrats, recipients of the Nigerian National Order of Merit and fellows of the various learned academies. Abdulganiyu Abdulrasaq, lawyer, former President of the Nigerian Stock Exchange Mufutau Oloyede Abdul-Rahmon, Professor of Arabic


id: list-of-ice-cores-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores-0.md
category: reference
title: List of ice cores
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:15.562026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ice-cores-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of ice cores drilled for scientific purposes. Note that many of these locations are on moving ice sheets, and the latitude and longitude given is as of the date of drilling. == Africa == == Antarctica == == Asia == === Mainland and arctic islands === === Southeast Asia === == Europe == === Alps === === Iceland === === Scandinavia === === Spitzbergen === == North America == === Canada === === Greenland === === United States === == Oceania == === New Zealand === == South America == === Bolivia === === Peru === == See also == List of Arctic research programs List of research stations in the Arctic Research stations in Antarctica == Notes == == References ==


id: list-of-ice-cores-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores-1.md
category: reference
title: List of ice cores
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:15.562026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ice-cores-20260505-0
summary:
== Sources == Abram, Nerilie J.; Mulvaney, Robert; Wolff, Eric W.; Mudelsee, Manfred (2007). "Ice core records as sea ice proxies: An evaluation from the Weddell Sea region of Antarctica" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (D15): 1–13. Bibcode:2007JGRD..11215101A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.4635. doi:10.1029/2006JD008139. Alley, R.B.; Koci, B.R. (1988). "Ice-core analysis at Site A, Greenland: preliminary results". Annals of Glaciology. 10: 1–4. Bibcode:1988AnGla..10....1A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.476.6746. doi:10.1017/S0260305500004067. Aristarain, A.J. (1981). "First glaciological studies on the James Ross Island ice cap, Antarctic peninsula". Journal of Glaciology. 27 (97): 371–379. Bibcode:1981JGlac..27..371A. doi:10.1017/S0022143000011412. Benson, Carl S. (1984). "Ice core drilling on Mt. Wrangell, Alaska 1982". In Holdsworth, G.; et al. (eds.). Ice Drilling Technology. Hanover, New Hampshire: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. pp. 61–68. Bentley, Charles R.; Koci, Bruce R. (2007). "Drilling to the beds of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets: a review". Annals of Glaciology. 47 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2007AnGla..47....1B. doi:10.3189/172756407786857695. Bird, I.G. (1976). "Thermal ice drilling: Australian developments and experience". In Splettstoesser, John F. (ed.). Ice-Core Drilling. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-0-8032-5843-3. Bory, A.J.; Biscaye, P.E.; Piotrowski, A.M.; Steffensen, J.P. (2003). "Regional variability of ice core dust composition and provenance in Greenland". Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4 (12): 1107.


id: list-of-ice-cores-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores-2.md
category: reference
title: List of ice cores
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_cores
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:15.562026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ice-cores-20260505-0
summary:
Rapp, Donald (2012). Ice Ages and Interglacials: Measurements, Interpretation, and Models (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-30028-8. Rasmussen, S.O.; et al. (2013). "A first chronology for the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core". Climate of the Past. 9 (6): 2713–2730. Bibcode:2013CliPa...9.2713R. doi:10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013. Thompson, L.G.; et al. (1994). "Climate since AD 1510 on Dyer Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula: evidence for recent climate change" (PDF). Annals of Glaciology. 20: 420–426. Bibcode:1994AnGla..20..420T. doi:10.3189/1994aog20-1-420-426. Thwaites, Richard J.; Wilson, Christopher; McCray, Anthony P. (1984). "Relationship between bore-hole closure and crystal fabrics in Antarctic ice core from Cape Folger" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 30 (105): 171–179. Bibcode:1984JGlac..30..171T. doi:10.1017/S0022143000005906. Ueda, Herbert T.; Talalay, Pavel G. (October 2007). "Fifty Years of Soviet and Russian Drilling Activity in Polar and Non-Polar Ice". Erdc/Crrel Tr-07-20. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Vasiliev, N.I.; et al. (2007). "Deep drilling at Vostok station, Antarctica: history and recent events". Annals of Glaciology. 47 (1): 10–23. Bibcode:2007AnGla..47...10V. doi:10.3189/172756407786857776. Weidick, Anker (1995). "Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World: Greenland" (PDF). United States Geological Survey Professional Papers. 1386-C: 1–153. Zagorodnov, V.; et al. (1998). "Antifreeze thermal ice core drilling: an effective approach to the acquisition of ice cores" (PDF). Cold


id: list-of-islands-created-since-the-20th-century-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_created_since_the_20th_century-0.md
category: reference
title: List of islands created since the 20th century
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_created_since_the_20th_century
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:19.232252+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-islands-created-since-the-20th-century-20260505-0
summary:
Below is a list of new islands created since the beginning of the 20th century by volcanism, erosion, glacial retreat, or other mechanisms, excluding artificial islands. One of the most famous new volcanic islands is the small island of Surtsey, located in the Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland. It first emerged from the ocean surface in 1963. Two years later, Surtsey was declared a nature reserve for the study of ecological succession; plants, insects, birds, seals, and other forms of life have since established themselves on the island. Another noted new island is Anak Krakatau (lit. 'child of Krakatoa'), which formed in the flooded caldera of the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia), which emerged only in 1930. Ample rainforests have grown there, although they are often destroyed by frequent eruptions. A population of many wild animals, including insects, birds, humanborne rats, and even monitor lizards, have also settled there. Didicas Volcano off the northern coast of Luzon Island in the Philippines, was first created during a four-year eruption from 1856 to 1860 but eventually got washed away. In 1900, three tall rock masses were left by another eruption. During the 1952 eruption, the island finally became permanent which was further bolstered


id: list-of-karst-areas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_karst_areas-0.md
category: reference
title: List of karst areas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_karst_areas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:20.547507+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-karst-areas-20260505-0
summary:
Karst topography is a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite, but also in gypsum. It has also been documented for weathering-resistant rocks, such as quartzite, given the right conditions. This is an incomplete list of the major karst landscape areas of the world. == Africa == === Madagascar === Anjajavy Forest, western Madagascar Ankarana Reserve, Madagascar Madagascar dry deciduous forests, western Madagascar Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar === South Africa === Oudtshoorn, Western Cape Province, KwaZulu Natal. West Rand, Gauteng and North West Province, KwaZulu Natal. == Asia == === China === Area around Guilin and Yangshuo Zhijin Cave, Guizhou (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Jiuzhaigou Valley and Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area, (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Shaanxi tiankeng cluster, discovered in 2016, it is one of the largest in the world comprising forty-nine sinkholes and more than fifty funnels ranging from 50 to 100 metres in diameter. South China Karst, World Heritage Site Stone Forest Xiaozhai Tiankeng, also known as the Heavenly Pit, is the world's largest sinkhole. Zhangjiajie National Forest park, forming part of the Wulingyuan scenic area, World Heritage


id: list-of-karst-areas-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_karst_areas-1.md
category: reference
title: List of karst areas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_karst_areas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:20.547507+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-karst-areas-20260505-0
summary:
=== Poland === Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska) Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie) with the Jaskinia Raj (Raj Cave) Tatra Mountains including the Jaskinia Wielka Śnieżna (Great Snowy Cave) – the longest and the deepest cave in Poland Králický Sněžník Mountains with the largest cave outside Tatra Mountains, Jaskinia Niedźwiedzia Kaczawskie Mountains small region near the town Wojcieszów === Portugal === Natural Park Serras d'Aire and Candeeiros === Romania === Apuseni Mountains, Romania Bucegi Mountains, Romania === Serbia === Dinaric Alps region merokarst of eastern Serbia === Slovakia === Slovak Paradise, Slovakia Slovak Karst, Slovakia Tatry, Slovakia Nízke Tatry, Slovakia Muránska planina, Slovakia === Slovenia === Region of Inner Carniola, Goriška, Upper Carniola and Lower Carniola Karst Plateau (Slovene: Kras)(German: Karst), a plateau in southwestern Slovenia and northeastern Italy, which gave the name to karst topography. === Spain === Picos de Europa and Basque Mountains, northern Spain Larra-Belagua, Navarre, northern Spain Serra del Cadí mountain range, Spain Garraf Massif Natural Park area, Spain Ciudad Encantada in the province of Cuenca, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain El Torcal de Antequera nature preserve, southern Spain El Cerro del Hierro, in Sevilla, southern Spain === Sweden === Various places in the limestone and marl island of


id: glossary-of-landforms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of landforms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:22.021010+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-landforms-20260505-0
summary:
Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as their creating process, shape, elevation, slope, orientation, rock exposure, and soil type. == Landforms by process == Landforms organized by the processes that create them. === Aeolian landforms === Aeolian landform – Landforms produced by action of the winds include: === Coastal and oceanic landforms === Coastal and oceanic landforms include: === Cryogenic landforms === Landforms produced by or in low-temperatures include: === Erosion landforms === Landforms produced by erosion and weathering usually occur in rocky or fluvial environments, and many also appear under those headings. === Fluvial landforms === Fluvial – Natural flowing freshwater streamPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets landforms include: === Impact landforms === Landforms created by extraterrestrial impacts – Collision of two astronomical objects – include: === Lacustrine landforms === Lacustrine – associated with lakes – landforms include: === Mountain and glacial landforms === Mountain and glacial landform – Landform created by the action of glaciers – include: === Slope landforms === Slope landforms include: === Tectonic landforms === Landforms created by tectonic activity include: === Volcanic landforms === Volcanic landforms include: === Weathering landforms === Weathering landforms include: == Landforms by shape == === Positive


id: list-of-landslides-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landslides-0.md
category: reference
title: List of landslides
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landslides
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:23.570314+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-landslides-20260505-0
summary:
This list of landslides is a list of notable landslides and mudflows divided into sections by date and type. This list may be incomplete as there is no central catalogue for landslides, although it does exist for some for individual countries or areas. Volumes of landslides are recorded in the scientific literature using cubic kilometres (km3) for the largest and millions of cubic metres (MCM) for most events. == Prehistoric landslides == Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s) == Submarine landslides == Note: MCM = million cubic metres; km3 = cubic kilometre(s) == Pre-20th-century historic landslides == Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres == 20th-century landslides == === 1901–1950 === Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres === 1951–1975 === Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres === 1976–2000 === Note: MCM = million cubic metres == 21st-century landslides == === 2001–2010 === Note: m3 = cubic metre(s); MCM = million cubic metres === 2011–2020 === Note: MCM = million cubic metres === 2021–present === Note: MCM = million cubic metres == Ongoing landslides == Note: MCM = million cubic metres == See also == List of avalanches by death toll


id: list-of-types-of-limestone-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone-0.md
category: reference
title: List of types of limestone
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:24.935628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-types-of-limestone-20260505-0
summary:
This article lists types of limestone arranged according to generic type and location. == Generic limestone categories == This section is a list of generic types of limestone. Bituminous limestone Carboniferous Limestone – Limestone deposited during the Dinantian Epoch of the Carboniferous Period Coquina – Sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of fragments of shells Coral rag – Limestone composed of ancient coral reef material Chalk – Soft carbonate rock Fossiliferous limestone – Limestone containing fossils Lithographic limestone – Type of limestone with hard fine grain Marble – Metamorphic limestone Oolite – Sedimentary rock formed from ooids Rag-stone – Work done with stones that are quarried in thin pieces Shelly limestone – Limestone containing many fossils Travertine – Form of limestone deposited by mineral springs Tufa – Porous variety of limestone rock The following sections include both formal stratigraphic unit names and less formal designations, although are these are not differentiated. == Africa == === Egypt === Tura limestone, used for the Great Pyramid casing stones Mokattam limestone; Great Pyramid core stones and head of the Great Sphinx are of the "Member III" stratum Galala marble (a type of limestone, not a true marble) == Asia == === India ===


id: list-of-types-of-marble-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble-0.md
category: reference
title: List of types of marble
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:26.239823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-types-of-marble-20260505-0
summary:
Here is a list of various types of marble according to location. (NB: Marble-like stone which is not true marble according to geologists is included and indicated by italics with geologic classification given as a footnote. == Africa == === Algeria === Greco Scritto === Egypt === Galala Marble Sinai Pearl Marble Milly Grey Marble Sunny Marble Alabaster Marble Shanghi Marble Eleuigion Marble Lepuretya Marble === Ethiopia === Daleti marble, Western Welega: white, white with grey veins and other colours Enda Tikurir marble, Western Tigray Newi marble, Central Tigray Akmara marble, Central Tigray Dichinamo marble, Western Tigray === Tunisia === Giallo antico, also known as Numidian marble (marmor numidicum in Latin), was a yellow marble quarried in Roman times from the area of Chemtou, ancient Simmithu == Asia == === China === Hàn Bái Yǜ Marble (Chinese: 汉白玉) A type of white marble used in China for building and sculpting. === India === Indian Onyx Marble Jaisalmer Yellow Marble Jhiri Marble (white) Katni Marble Makrana Marble Morwad White Marble Udaipur Green Marble == Europe == === Belgium === Griotte Rouge de Rance Noir Belge Noir de Golzinne === Czech Republic === Český Šternberk marble (šternberský mramor) from Český Šternberk, Benešov


id: list-of-meteorite-minerals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteorite_minerals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of meteorite minerals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteorite_minerals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:27.603210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-meteorite-minerals-20260505-0
summary:
A meteorite mineral is a mineral found chiefly or exclusively within meteorites or meteorite-derived material. This is a list of those minerals, excluding minerals also commonly found in terrestrial rocks. As of 1997 there were approximately 295 mineral species which have been identified in meteorites. == List of meteorite minerals == [] indicates repeating units == See also == Glossary of meteoritics List of minerals == References ==


id: list-of-mineral-symbols-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mineral symbols
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:29.367861+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mineral-symbols-20260505-0
summary:
Mineral symbols (text abbreviations) are used to abbreviate mineral groups, subgroups, and species, just as lettered symbols are used for the chemical elements. The first set of commonly used mineral symbols was published in 1983 and covered the common rock-forming minerals using 192 two- or three-lettered symbols. These types of symbols are referred to as Kretz symbols. More extensive lists were subsequently made available in the form of publications or posted on journal webpages. A comprehensive list of more than 5,700 IMA-CNMNC approved symbols (referred to as IMA symbols) compiled by L.N. Warr was published in volume 85 (issue 3) of the Mineralogical Magazine (2021). These symbols are listed alphabetically in the tables below. The approved listings are compatible with the system used to symbolize the elements, 30 of which occur as minerals. Mineral symbols are most commonly represented by three-lettered text symbols, although one-, two- and four-lettered symbols also exist. Four methods of nomenclature are used: The initial letters of a name, for example: cyanotrichite: Cya and mitscherlichite: Mits. A combination considered characteristic of the mineral name, for example: ewingite: Ewg and neighborite: Nbo. A selection of letters expressing components of the name, for example: adranosite = Arn and


id: list-of-mineralogists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mineralogists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mineralogists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mineralogists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:30.651601+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mineralogists-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of notable mineralogists and other people who made notable contributions to mineralogy. Included are winners of major mineralogy awards such as the Dana Medal and the Roebling Medal. Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. == A == Joan Abella (born 1968) Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (1806–1886) Johan Afzelius (1753–1837) Stuart Olof Agrell (1913–1996) Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) – author of De re metallica Arthur Aikin (1773–1854) Thomas Allan (1777–1833) François Alluaud (1778–1866) Gregori Aminoff (1883–1947) Charles Anderson (1876–1944) José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva (1763–1838) Matthias Joseph Anker (1771–1843) == B == William Babington (1756–1833) Giuseppe Gabriel Balsamo-Crivelli (1800–1874) Andrew Ketcham Barnett (1852–1914) Hilary Bauerman (1835–1909) Lewis Caleb Beck (1798–1853) Friedrich Johann Karl Becke (1855–1931) Nikolay Belov (1891–1982) Torbern Bergman (1735–1784) – Related forms of calcite to cleavage Martine Bertereau (1600–1642) Émile Bertrand (1844–1909) Marcel Alexandre Bertrand (1847–1907) Friedrich Martin Berwerth (1850–1918) Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) François Sulpice Beudant (1787–1850) Johannes Martin Bijvoet (1892–1980) Luca Bindi (born 1971) Maynard Bixby (1853–1935) Harald Bjørlykke (1901–1968) William Phipps Blake (1826–1910) Johann Reinhard Blum (1802–1883) Hendrik Enno Boeke (1881–1918)


id: list-of-mineralogists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mineralogists-1.md
category: reference
title: List of mineralogists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mineralogists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:09:30.651601+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mineralogists-20260505-0
summary:
Felix Karl Ludwig Machatschki (1895–1970) George Mackenzie (1780–1848) Ernest-François Mallard (1833–1894) Joseph A. Mandarino (1929–2007) Ho-Kwang Mao (born 1941) Brian Harold Mason (1917–2009) Johannes Mathesius (1504–1565) Charles-Victor Mauguin (1878–1958) John Mawe (1764–1829) Sarah Mawe (1767–1846) Marshall McDonald (1835–1895) Helen Megaw (1907–2002) – first woman to receive the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini (1811–1889) Luiz Alberto Dias Menezes (1950–2014) Ludwig Meyn (1820–1878) Auguste Michel-Lévy (1844–1911) Henry Alexander Miers (1858–1942) William Hallowes Miller (1801–1880) Stanley Robert Mitchell (1881–1963) Eilhard Mitscherlich (1794–1863) Friedrich Mohs (1773–1839) Jean-André Mongez (1750–1788) Otto Mügge (1858–1932) == N == Alexandra Navrotsky (born 1943) Franz Ernst Neumann (1798–1895) Ernest Henry Nickel (1925–2009) James Nicol (1810–1879) Paul Niggli (1888–1953) William Niven (1850–1937) Johann Jakob Nöggerath (1788–1877) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832–1901) Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld (1792–1866) George Lorenzo Noyes (1863–1945) == O == Konrad Oebbeke (1853–1932) == P == Adolf Pabst (1899–1990) Charles Palache (1869–1954) Pierre Bernard Palassou (1745–1830) Eugène Louis Melchior Patrin (1742–1815) Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994) Lev Perovski (1792–1856) Carlo Perrier (1886–1948) Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy (1792–1857) William Phillips (1775–1829) William Pinch (1940–2017) Félix Pisani (1831–1920) Pliny (23–79) Erika Pohl-Ströher (1919–2016) Petru Poni (1841–1925) Alexander Postels (1801–1871) Charles T. Prewitt (1933–2022) George Thurland Prior (1862–1936)


