# kb

id: civic-planetarium-of-lecco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Planetarium_of_Lecco-0.md
category: reference
title: Civic Planetarium of Lecco
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Planetarium_of_Lecco
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:57.906271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: civic-planetarium-of-lecco-20260505-0
summary:
The Civic Planetarium of Lecco (Planetario civico di Lecco or Planetario Città di Lecco), also known as the City Planetarium, is located within Palazzo Belgioioso in Lecco, Italy. Planetarium is part of Natural History Museum of Lecco. The purpose of the planetarium is to be a place for specialists and people interested in astronomy in the region. It organizes meetings and lessons in which experiences and expertise are shared. == Description == The Amateur Astronomers Group "DEEP SPACE Lecco" helps manage the observatory. The instrument consists of a projector and an aluminum dome, which acts as a screen. It can be used to simulate the movement of celestial bodies on the sky. The dome is eight meters in diameter and can seat sixty observers. Often the shows are accompanied by a lecturer. The planetarium accelerates the movement of the moon and stars in order to allow observation of processes that normally take days or months. The Planetarium building consists of various rooms: the ticket office, a library for members, a room dedicated to the exhibition of astronomical instruments and a media room used for conferences. The astronomical dome in the Planetarium was inaugurated on September 19, 2011. The small dome


id: cosmocaixa-barcelona-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoCaixa_Barcelona-0.md
category: reference
title: CosmoCaixa Barcelona
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoCaixa_Barcelona
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:59.100768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmocaixa-barcelona-20260505-0
summary:
CosmoCaixa Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [ˌkɔzmuˈkaʃə βəɾsəˈlonə]) is a science museum located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It features a variety of permanent and temporary exhibitions devoted to the environment, nature, science, and space. The museum is sponsored by "La Caixa" banking foundation. Formerly known as the Science Museum of Barcelona, it closed for renovations in 1998 and reopened in 2004 under its current name. It has interactive exhibitions such as touch and play for small children, planetarium, bookstore, gift shop, library, teaching center and café. Entry to the museum is free for children under the age of sixteen. Adults can visit the museum with a regular ticket. == Building == The building was built between 1904 and 1909 by Josep Domènech i Estapà to serve as an asylum for the blind which closed in 1979. The building was renovated, retaining the original facade, and an expansion took place bringing the building to four times its original size. An expansion of the building took place in 2004. CosmoCaixa has a large spiral walkway that takes visitors from the basement to the fifth floor. The centerpiece of the walkway is an Amazonian tree. == Exhibitions == CosmoCaixa has permanent and temporary exhibitions. It


id: cosmonova-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonova-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmonova
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonova
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:00.302528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmonova-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmonova is an IMAX Dome cinema and planetarium located in an annex of the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Sweden. Cosmonova premiered over three nights starting on 13 October 1992, with the first public showing on 16 October. It was the first ever dedicated IMAX installation in Sweden (and third in the Nordic countries after Tietomaa Science Centre in Oulu, Finland and Tycho Brahe Planetarium in Copenhagen, Denmark) and is also the largest planetarium in Sweden. == References == == External links == Official website


id: digistar-users-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digistar_Users_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Digistar Users Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digistar_Users_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:01.499885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: digistar-users-group-20260505-0
summary:
Digistar Users Group (DUG) is an international association of facilities that own Evans & Sutherland (E&S) Digistar systems. == History == The Digistar Users Group began in the mid-1980s as an informal gathering of planetarians. The first gathering took place in St. Louis, Missouri (USA). At the time, there were only five Digistar systems worldwide. Today, there are more than 250 Digistar-equipped planetaria on six continents. The current Digistar product line includes Digistar II, Digistar 3, Digistar 4, Digistar 5 and Digistar 6 in various configurations appropriate for domes of nearly any size. == Membership == Membership in the Digistar Users Group is voluntary; membership is restricted to facilities (such as science centers, planetariums, schools, universities and other organizations) that own or have a signed contract to purchase a Digistar system. Membership is by institution only. Institutions become members upon payment of annual membership dues. Membership in DUG is required in order to access the DUG show/model library, past newsletters, meeting notes, standards documents, charter and standing rules, and other content. Membership is currently, in 2025, $40(US) per year, payable to the DUG Treasurer. Evans & Sutherland pays the first year dues for new Digistar installations. After that time, it


id: drag-o-do-mar-center-of-art-and-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragão_do_Mar_Center_of_Art_and_Culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Dragão do Mar Center of Art and Culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragão_do_Mar_Center_of_Art_and_Culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:02.731522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: drag-o-do-mar-center-of-art-and-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The Dragão do Mar Center of Art And Culture (in Portuguese: Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura) is a government funded cultural center in Fortaleza, Ceará in Brazil. The center contains facilities for exhibitions, a theatre, a library, a cinema and a planetarium. The center was inaugurated in April 1999, and has an overall area of 33 000 m2. The name "Dragão do Mar" is in honour of Francisco José do Nascimento, a hero of the abolitionist movement in Ceará, who in 1881 refused to transport slaves to be sold further south in the country. == Cultural Places == The Dragão do Mar Center of Art And Culture congregates many spaces destinated to the realization of the most different activities, where the urban leisure, the production and diffusion of art and culture are the main focus. On your almost 30 thousand square meters of area, includes spaces like Cearense Culture Memorial, the Contemporary Art Museum of Ceará, the Menezes Pimentel Public Library, a modern theater room, two cinema rooms, the Rubens de Azevedo Planetarium, the Sérgio Mota Open Theatre, an auditorium and classrooms. Menezes Pimentel Public Library: located on leisure and culture complex of the Dragão do Mar


id: fiske-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Fiske Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:03.986309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fiske-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Fiske Planetarium (est. 1975) is one of the largest planetariums in the United States. They offer fulldome films, live talks, laser and liquid sky music shows, as well as public gatherings for astronomical and NASA-related events. It is a constituent of the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. The planetarium utilizes an geodesic dome with an interior diameter of 65 feet, making it as the largest planetarium between Chicago and Los Angeles. Its theater is currently equipped with a Megastar IIA projector alongside Sky Skan's Digital Sky 2, an 8k digital hybrid projection system capable of projecting approximately 59 million pixels. They can currently seat up to 200 guests in their theater. == History == Fiske was founded in 1975 with a donation from University of Colorado alumni, Wallace Franz Fiske (class of 1917). The donation was made to CU upon his death in 1966, in the amount of $1.13 million. While a quarter of this amount was dedicated to the university's music department, the remaining amount was "to build and equip a planetarium for the University of Colorado." By the time the university's astronomers decided to act on the donation in 1971, their


id: ghana-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Ghana Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:05.164919+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ghana-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Ghana Planetarium was located behind the Ghana Police Headquarters in Cantonments, Accra. It was open throughout the year. The planetarium of Accra was founded by Dr. Jacob and Jane Ashong and was constructed from their pension in 2009. It was officially opened on Thursday January 22, 2009 by the British High Commissioner, Nicholas Westcott. Also attending were The British Council Director, The French Ambassador and the Chief of Nungua and his entourage. In February 2023, the planetarium had to close to the public, due to a change in land ownership. Shortly after, the staff posted an update that they were working on finding a new location. In the meantime, they have plans to develop a "travelling planetarium." == References ==


id: gwacheon-national-science-museum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheon_National_Science_Museum-0.md
category: reference
title: Gwacheon National Science Museum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheon_National_Science_Museum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:06.334141+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gwacheon-national-science-museum-20260505-0
summary:
Gwacheon National Science Museum (Korean: 국립과천과학관) is a national museum in Gwacheon, South Korea. It opened in 2008. == Hall of Fame == === Main exhibitions === The hall of fame is a place to praise the achievements of the scientists who contributed to the development of science and technology, and to look around at how Korea has developed and what Korea has achieved. It is dedicated to 31 honorable scientists such as Jang Yeong-sil, Heo Jun, Benjamin Whisoh Lee, and Seok Joo-myung. It consists of 35 exhibits, including 2 experimental exhibits such as “I am also an honorable scientist.” The achievements of the scientists are told in a storytelling way. === Honorable scientists from the old days, meet the brilliant past === Like the invention of gunpowder weapons of Moo-seon Choi or what the famous Joseon engineer Young-shil Jang had done, the brilliant achievements of the main figures who led the science and technology powerhouse in the 14th to 15th centuries can be seen here. The successes and relics of the scientists who led Korean science and technology during the Renaissance, such as Joon Heo and Dae-yong Hong, can also be seen here. === Honorable contemporary scientists, overcome the


id: international-planetarium-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetarium_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Planetarium Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetarium_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:07.553520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-planetarium-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Planetarium Society, Inc. (IPS) is the global association of planetarium professionals. Its more than 600 members come from 42 countries around the world. They represent schools, colleges and universities, museums, and public facilities of all sizes, including both fixed and portable planetariums. The primary goal of the IPS is to encourage the sharing of ideas among its members through conferences, publications, and networking. By sharing their insights and creative work, IPS members become better planetarians. IPS membership is open to anyone interested in planetariums. Members include directors, teachers, informal educators, technicians, writers, artists, media specialists, digital artists and producers, presenters, vendors, scientists, students, and sponsors and friends of the planetarium dome and its starry sky. Although planetariums can be part of school district curriculum, either at an in-district dome or through field trips, they also serve as sites and sources of life-long learning and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. More than 20 regional and national planetarium associations from around the world are affiliated with IPS. The representatives report to a board composed of elected members from 6 geographic regions, the number of representatives determined by the number of IPS members within that region. This board and


id: jakarta-planetarium-and-observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Planetarium_and_Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Planetarium_and_Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:08.775551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jakarta-planetarium-and-observatory-20260505-0
summary:
Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory (Indonesian: Planetarium dan Observatorium Jakarta) is a public planetarium and an observatory, part of the Taman Ismail Marzuki Art and Science Complex in Jakarta, Indonesia. The planetarium is the oldest of the three planetaria in Indonesia. The second planetarium is located in Surabaya, East Java. The third planetarium is located in Kutai, East Kalimantan. == History == Construction of the planetarium was an initiative of President Sukarno when in the early 1960s he envisaged a monumental large-scale planetarium project. However, by the next half of the 1960s, the design was made more modest. The construction of the Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory began in 1964 as part of the construction of the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The construction was funded by the Indonesian government and the Indonesian Batik Cooperatives Association (Gabungan Koperasi Batik Indonesia or GKBI). The 22-meter dome of the planetarium was completed in 1968. On November 10, 1968, the building was officially inaugurated by the Governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin together with the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The planetarium was opened to the public on March 1, 1969; the day was made the official birthday of the planetarium. The planetarium made use of


id: johannesburg-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Johannesburg Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:10.080227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: johannesburg-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Johannesburg Planetarium is a planetarium owned by the University of the Witwatersrand, located on the University's East Campus in Braamfontein, Johannesburg. It was the first full-sized planetarium in Africa, and the second in the southern hemisphere. == History == The idea of setting up a planetarium in Johannesburg was first discussed in 1956 when the Festival Committee — which had been instituted to organise the celebrations of Johannesburg's seventieth anniversary — decided to raise the funds necessary to buy and house a Zeiss planetarium to be set up for the celebrations. As there was too little time to obtain a new instrument, it was decided to buy an existing planetarium projector from Europe. After lengthy negotiations, the Festival Committee was successful in persuading the Parliament of Hamburg to sell their planetarium's projector which had been in use there since 1930. The Hamburg Parliament, however, imposed as its conditions that the planetarium's projector be fully modernised in the Zeiss factory at Oberkochen, and that Johannesburg would in due course have a new planetarium built for Hamburg. The Hamburg projector was immediately dismantled and moved to Oberkochen for an overhaul, and was in time completely rebuilt. Soon, the responsibilities of the


id: jos-castro-mendivil-digital-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Castro_Mendivil_Digital_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Castro_Mendivil_Digital_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:11.294291+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jos-castro-mendivil-digital-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario Digital José Castro Mendivil), also known simply as the Morro Solar Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario del Morro Solar), is a planetarium and site museum dedicated to astronomy in the Morro Solar of Chorrillos District, Lima, Peru. It is named after the engineer who designed it. It is administered by the Peruvian Astronomy Association (Spanish: Asociación Peruana de Astronomía, APA), founded on August 15, 1946, and then headed by Peruvian astronomer Víctor Estremadoyro Robles. Besides its 360° theatre, it also features remnants of the Battle of San Juan during the War of the Pacific. == History == The first stone was placed at 1 p.m. by Peruvian astronomer and head of the Peruvian Astronomy Association Víctor Estremadoyro Robles, during a ceremony that took place on February 19, 1954, three years after the Peruvian government granted the terrain for the building's construction. It was formally inaugurated on April 23, 1960. In 1968, construction of an observatory began, with the Astronomical League of the United States donating a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope. The building's iron dome was designed by the industrial service of the Peruvian Navy, with the entire complex having a cost of US$62,800. In 2013, a digital


id: kyiv-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyiv Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:12.465344+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyiv-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Kyiv Planetarium (previously Republican Planetarium; Ukrainian: Київський планетарій) in Kyiv, Ukraine is one of the largest planetaria in former Soviet states. Opened on January 1, 1952, by the initiative of the scientist-astronomer Serhiy Vsekhsviatskiy (1905–1984), the planetarium has a dome of 23.5 meters in diameter, and seats 320 people. In 1987, Kyiv Planetarium moved to new premises on the street. Red Army, 57 /3, (now Velyka Vasylkivska Street 57/3) where it remains to this day. The new building was equipped with an optomechanical projector "Large Zeiss IV», allowing to demonstrate the 6500 stars of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The planetarium offers lectures on astronomy, geography, natural history. When the children's planetarium astronomical school for students 6–11 years of age and art studio. Kyiv Planetarium is a division of the Society "Knowledge" of Ukraine. == Atmasfera 360 == In December 2011 an entertainment center ATMASFERA 360 was founded on the basis of the planetarium. Specifications of the dome: diameter — 23 meters, the height of the dome — 11.5 meters. It is equipped with a modern 4k digital projection system supplied by a Ukrainian company Front Pictures. The system uses 15 projectors which work on a single Screenberry media server.


id: omni-theatre-science-centre-singapore-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni-Theatre,_Science_Centre_Singapore-0.md
category: reference
title: Omni-Theatre, Science Centre Singapore
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni-Theatre,_Science_Centre_Singapore
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:13.633942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: omni-theatre-science-centre-singapore-20260505-0
summary:
The Omni-Theatre is an observatory and large-format film theatre located at the Science Centre Singapore (formerly Singapore Science Centre) in Jurong East, Singapore. == Facilities == It was officially opened on 10 December 1987 by the 4th President of Singapore Wee Kim Wee as an expansion of the larger Science Centre, it specifically encompasses an observatory, an omniplanetarium, and a domed projection system to show movies relating to science, astronomy, etc. A simulation theatre, exhibition room, classroom, restaurant, and gift shop are also located on the premises. == The Observatory == As one of the few observatories in the world located next to the Equator, constellations in both the northern and southern celestial hemispheres can be observed and thus opens up more vistas in the sky for observers. The main telescope of the Observatory is a 40-cm Cassegrain reflector of combined focal length 520-cm. The sub-telescope is a 15-cm apochromatic Kepler refractor of focal length 180-cm. The equatorial mount for the telescopes was designed for its location; the accompanying English yoke provides the necessary stability for the drive and tracking mechanisms. The 5.5-metre stainless steel dome can be made to swivel in any direction and its shutter can be made


id: planetario-de-montevideo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_de_Montevideo-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetario de Montevideo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_de_Montevideo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:14.747385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetario-de-montevideo-20260505-0
summary:
The Planetario de Montevideo (or Montevideo Planetarium; also known as the Surveyor Germán Barbato Municipal Planetarium), is a planetarium in Montevideo, Uruguay. Inaugurated on 11 February 1955, it was the first planetarium in Latin America and all of the southern hemisphere. It has a 18.3 m diameter dome and seats 157 people. Historically, it used a Spitz Model B projector, which in 2016 was the oldest such projector still in working order. The planetarium was renovated in 2017–19, when the Spitz projector was replaced by a digital system; it reopened in December 2019. == References == == External links == Website


id: tycho-brahe-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Tycho Brahe Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:15.922812+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tycho-brahe-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Planetarium (formerly Tycho Brahe Planetarium) is located at the southern end of the lake Skt. Jørgens Sø in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was designed by MAA Knud Munk (1936–2016) and opened on November 1, 1989. == History == The planetarium is built where the Saltlageret theater was previously located. The foundation stone was placed on February 22, 1988, and the planetarium opened on November 1, 1989. The financial basis for building the planetarium was a 50,000,000 DKK donation by the foundation Bodil Pedersen Fonden to the foundation Uraniafonden, which administered the construction of the planetarium. Since 1989, the Bodil Pedersen Fonden has also awarded the annual Tycho Brahe Medaljen. == Exhibition == The exhibition underwent a major renovation in 2017, and the new exhibition Cosmos (formerly Made in Space) opened in February 2018. The exhibition was made in collaboration with Tony-winning, London based designers, 59 Productions, and was made on a donation from the foundation A.P. Møller Fonden. The exhibition is an interactive and including exhibition, telling the story of how all of the elements that make up a human originally came from space. Planetarium is home to the largest lunar rock that can be seen outside the US. Weighing more


id: planetarium-science-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_Science_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium Science Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_Science_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:17.137355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-science-center-20260505-0
summary:
The Planetarium Science Centre (PSC) is a department in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina located in Alexandria, Egypt. It promotes science centers as an educational tool. == Structure == === Pre-Historic Animal Park === The Science Park has a Dinosaur Park that houses models of many prehistoric animals. === ALEXPloratorium === The ALEXPloratorium is located next to the Planetarium, where visitors can interact with multiple exhibits that cover various scientific topics, most commonly physics and astronomy. == Programs and events == The PSC's Remote Sensing Workshop program introduces the scientific principles of remote sensing and offers hands-on applications. The RoboAlex Center at the Alexploratorium offers instruction in robotics. The participating groups design, program, and test robots on a playing field to accomplish certain missions. The result of an alliance between FIRST and LEGO is the FIRST Lego League Challenge (FLL). The FLL is an international hands-on, sport-like robotics program that was intended for children aged 9–14. === Eratosthenes === Eratosthenes is an annual festival that the Bibliotheca Alexandrina organizes to promote science and heritage among school students. The Festivities of 2003–2008 evolved around measuring the Earth's circumference, inspired by the Greek mathematician and poet Eratosthenes. === Intel BASEF === The PSC, in


id: raman-science-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Science_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Raman Science Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Science_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:18.375392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: raman-science-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Raman Science Centre and Raman Planetarium Complex at Nagpur is an interactive science centre affiliated with Mumbai's Nehru Science Centre. The centre was developed to promote a scientific attitude, portray the growth of science and technology and their applications in industry and human welfare, and hold science exhibits. The centre is named after famous Nobel Prize winner Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. The Raman Science Centre was inaugurated on 7 March 1992 and the planetarium was started on 5 January 1997. The centre is located opposite Gandhi Sagar Lake in the heart of Nagpur. Between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015, the Centre recorded a visitor count of 582,962. The centre is part of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), India, which is the largest network of science centres/museums under a single administrative umbrella in the world. NCSM rates the centre as regional level and it has a total floor area of 4333 sq meters. == Activities == The centre carries out numerous programs to spread science and technology knowledge amongst the general public. The centre inaugurated the Innovation Centre on 14 February 2017 to give opportunities to students who are dedicated to science. The centre, along


id: sri-lanka-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Sri Lanka Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:19.596194+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sri-lanka-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Sri Lanka Planetarium (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා ග්‍රහලෝකාගාරය) is a public planetarium located in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is the first and only planetarium in the country and maintained as an institute under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Research. The planetarium was established on 1 February 1965 by the State Engineering Corporation as a special feature for the Ceylon industrial exhibition held in Colombo same year. The planetarium was designed by the chief engineer from the State Engineering Corporation of Ceylon, A. N. S. Kulasinghe, and was constructed by engineers from Germany. The building takes elements from the Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral (Sir Frederick Gibberd - 1960) and the Cathedral of Brasília (Oscar Niemeyer - 1960). The building has a reinforced concrete floor and a pre-stressed concrete folded plate roof, which was pre-cast on-site. The building was funded by the German Democratic Republic as a gift to Ceylon. The planetarium is 21.33 m (70.0 ft) high and 37.8 m (124 ft) in diameter. The building was refurbished in 2014 at a cost of Rs 200 million and re-opened to the public on 9 December. The planetarium has a digital fully-spherical projector stationed at the centre of the building, which projects an


id: swami-vivekananda-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Swami Vivekananda Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:20.803056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swami-vivekananda-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, also called Pilikula Planetarium, at Pilikula Nisargadhama in Mangaluru is a 3D planetarium in India: the first of its kind in the country. It is also the only such planetarium in the country with hybrid modern technology innovations coupled with 3D technology of 8K digital and opto-mechanical (hybrid) projection system. It is a part of the Pilikula Nisargadhama (covering an area of 370 acres (150 ha)), which is also named Dr. Shivaram Karanth Biological Park. Its creation is attributed to Pilikula Regional Science Centre. == History == Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first state-of-the-art 3D planetarium in India. It was initiated in 2013 to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda by the then chief minister of Karnataka, Jagadish Shettar, who had laid the foundation stone to build it in two years at a cost of ₹35.69 crore (US$3.8 million). However, the project overran its schedule completion, and the planetarium could be opened only on 1 March 2018. It was set up with grants from KSTePS (Karnataka Science and Technology Promotion Society) of the Karnataka government. The planetarium's objective is intended to give the viewers (students in particular and the public) to see the stars and


id: tashkent-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Tashkent Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:22.018362+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tashkent-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Tashkent Planetarium is one of the newest constructions in Uzbekistan, and is visited by local people and tourists. Tashkent Planetarium provides visitors with the opportunity to look at outer space, even in the morning, and enlarge their knowledge about the cosmos and the whole universe. == About == Tashkent Planetarium was established by edict No.649 of "Cabinet of Ministers of Republic Uzbekistan" on 3 November 2003, by decision of Tashkent city municipality of 7 November 2003 No.748. The Planetarium is nowadays controlled by the controlling unit of Tashkent city municipality which focuses on culture and sport. There are two main halls at the Planetarium, and each hall has its own functions. The first hall is mainly built for showing the Solar System and space, using Japanese technologies. The second hall contains artefacts, where visitors can learn more about specific planets and about Earth. In 2008 a group of scientists at Tashkent Planetarium discovered the new planet "Samarkand". == See also == State Museum of History of Uzbekistan The Museum of Health Care of Uzbekistan The Museum of Communication History in Uzbekistan Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan Tashkent Museum of Railway Techniques Museum of Geology, Tashkent Art Gallery of Uzbekistan The


id: w-a-gayle-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Gayle_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: W. A. Gayle Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Gayle_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:23.197681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: w-a-gayle-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The W.A. Gayle Planetarium is operated by the Montgomery Zoo for the city of Montgomery, Alabama. It provides public presentations and exhibits on astronomy, planetary science, and space exploration. == Overview == The W.A. Gayle Planetarium is a planetarium located in Oak Park in the city of Montgomery, Alabama. Dedicated on September 25, 1968, the planetarium is named after William Armistead Gayle, mayor of Montgomery from 1952 to 1959. It was previously operated by Troy University for the City of Montgomery from 1972 to 2022. The planetarium reopened to the public at the end of January 2024 after a shutdown during COVID-19 and a transfer of management responsibilities from Troy University back to the City of Montgomery. As of June 2024, public shows are offered on each Saturday with shows at 10 am, 11:30 am, 1 pm, and 2:30 pm. Tickets can be purchased at the planetarium gift shop on Saturdays 15-20 minutes before the start of each show. Group reservations (10 or more people) can be obtained by contacting the planetarium office directly and are provided by appointment Tuesdays - Fridays. The planetarium is closed on Sundays and Mondays. Public and group shows typically offer visitors a full-dome movie


id: lists-of-research-stations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_research_stations-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of research stations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_research_stations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:25.874593+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-research-stations-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of research stations provide indexes to research stations in a particular region. They include: List of space stations Research stations in Antarctica List of research stations in the Arctic Refer to category:Research stations for a complete list of articles on research stations.


id: research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Research stations are facilities where scientific investigation, collection, analysis and experimentation occurs. A research station is a facility that is built for the purpose of conducting scientific research. There are also many types of research stations including: biological field stations, space stations etc. Research station sites might include remote areas of the world, oceans, as well as outer space, such as the International Space Station. Biological research stations developed during a time of European colonization and imperialism where naturalists were employed to conduct observations on fauna and flora. Today, the discipline is represented by a number of organizations which span across multiple continents. Some examples include: the Organization of Biological Field Stations and the Organization for Tropical Studies. Space stations were also developed over a number of decades through scientific analysis and writing, with the first design aspects of early space stations being introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. Since then, the construction and launch of space stations have been both national and international, collaborative efforts which have allowed different design philosophies to form key space stations such as the International Space Station (ISS). Similarly, stations in Antarctica are built to ensure that they are well insulated against the sub-zero


id: research-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-1.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
=== Space stations === Space stations are not stationary buildings unlike normal research stations on Earth, they are specially created mobile spacecraft that are built to allow a group of human researchers and crew to inhabit over a span of anywhere from months and even a year. Space stations are intended to be permanently operating in space unlike other kinds of space craft such as satellites. However, it may not be permanently inhabited by human researchers who may come and go as they cycle through different explorations. Space stations are typically controlled by their own respective space agency and country. The design for space stations evolved over multiple decades. The engineering and design aspects of a space station was first introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. His "Wohnrad" also known as "Living Wheel" consisted of a rotating wheel-shaped space station consisting of three parts: a habitat rotation wheel, an observatory, and a machine room. The Wohnrad's habitat wheel consisted of habitation units, laboratories and observatories which would measure 30 meters in diameter and whose centrifugal force would generate a sense of gravity for the crew members. The theme of gravity being artificially produced through the rotation of the space station


id: research-station-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-2.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
These research stations are built to accommodate for the sub-zero climatic conditions of the region as well as considering the placement and construction of it building itself. Antarctic research stations need to be built in a manner to minimize issues such as insulation, freezing of concrete during the building process and the potential for the accumulation of drifting snow. The process of the construction of research stations on the continent evolved over time to address these issues. Early research bases in Antarctica used by prominent explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Roald Amundsen during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration consisted of wooden huts and tents. It was not until post World War II when research stations began to be built on a wider and more commercial scale. These post war research stations were made with the aim to be quickly erected and it was often constructed by individuals with little construction experience and knowledge. Research stations during this time were made up of standard cool room panels and utilized expanded Bakelite insulation. This model later evolved to be elevated buildings held aloft by steel scaffolding. This was done in an attempt to address the issue of accumulation of drifting


id: agumbe-rainforest-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agumbe_Rainforest_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Agumbe Rainforest Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agumbe_Rainforest_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:28.284682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agumbe-rainforest-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Agumbe Rainforest Research Station (ARRS) is a field based conservation and research organisation situated inside the Agumbe Reserved Forest at Agumbe in the central Western Ghats of southern India. The Agumbe Reserved Forests receives an annual rainfall in excess of 7,000 mm (280 in) and is at an elevation of about 823 m (2,700 ft) above sea level. It forms a part of the Malnad-Kodagu corridor, which also includes the Someshwara, Mookambika, Bhadra, and Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuaries, Kudremukh National Park, and various other forest tracts and reserve forests around Kundapur, Shankaranarayana, Hosanagara, Sringeri, and Thirthahalli. == History == ARRS was founded in 2005, by leading Indian herpetologist Romulus Whitaker. Whitaker saw his very first king cobra (Ophiophagus Kaalinga) here in 1971. He was also extremely taken by the reverence the people in the region showed for snakes, which was a major factor that drove him to establish a research station in Agumbe (Karnataka ). The land is a revenue land was legally procured, the construction and activities are eco friendly and pose no disturbance to the wildlife. == Activities == ARRS managed the world's first radio-telemetry project on the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah, Ophiophagus kalinga), which is also the


id: alfred-faure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Faure-0.md
category: reference
title: Alfred Faure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Faure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:29.459309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alfred-faure-20260505-0
summary:
Alfred-Faure or Port Alfred is a permanent French scientific station on Île de la Possession (Possession Island) of the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the South Indian Ocean. == Research station == The station is located at the eastern end of the island on a plateau 143 m (460 ft) above sea level. Depending on the season, there are 15 to 60 personnel living and working at the base. Their scientific work includes meteorological, seismic, biological and geological research. It was first established during the austral summer of 1963–1964, replacing a temporary scientific base built in 1961. The new station was named after Alfred Faure, the site's leader in the early 1960s. Alfred-Faure is visited a few times a year by the Marion Dufresne, an oceanographic research vessel which delivers supplies and rotating crews of scientists. There is a 1.6 km road that connects the research station to the coast. == Climate == Alfred Faure Station has a very mild tundra climate (Koppen ET) with cool to cold summers and cold (but still averaging above freezing) winters. Due to its oceanic location near the subpolar low, it has a very cloudy and rainy climate


id: alice-holt-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Holt_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Alice Holt Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Holt_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:30.643113+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alice-holt-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Alice Holt Research Station is one of two British forestry research institutes, and is located in north-east Hampshire. == History == It was established as a Forestry Research Station in 1946 by the Forestry Commission near Wrecclesham. The forest estate had 1,225,000 acres. By the late 1950s it had an international reputation. A £134,000 extension was opened in the summer of 1959, which enable the Commission to have its central seed store at the site for varieties such as Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, Corsican pine, and Norway spruce. The store was mostly for conifers, keeping seeds up to four years. and also acorns had been stored up to three years. More laboratories were added in the late 1970s. === Research === In 1948, it began experimenting with Metasequoia glyptostroboides, the dawn redwood, with a view to produce timber. In the late 1950s, its scientists were among the first people to investigate biological data with computers, when they discovered why the Douglas-fir did not grow well in south-east England, which they found was due to temperature and rooting depth. It was through computers that many solutions were found. The station found a new way to determine daily tree growth with vernier


id: aragats-cosmic-ray-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragats_Cosmic_Ray_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragats_Cosmic_Ray_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:31.856347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aragats-cosmic-ray-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Station was founded in 1943 by Artem and Abraham Alikhanians (Abram Alikhanov), during World War II, to study cosmic ray and particle physics. It is located on Mount Aragats in Armenia, at an elevation of 3,200 meters, near Kari Lake. == History == Research on cosmic rays at Aragats started with a 1934 study by the Leningrad Physical-Technical Institute, focusing on how cosmic rays differ from East to West. Norair Kocharian from Yerevan State University later added to this research. These early findings led Artem and Abraham Alikhanians to set up a more detailed study in 1942. the station has been operational with minimal interruption since establishment. Since it was set up, the Aragats station has made contributions to studying cosmic rays including the fields of High-Energy Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Space Weather. In its early stages, the station used mass spectrometry to study the properties of charged particles, contributed by the Alikhanyan brothers. This work, which took about 15 years, helped improve methods for analyzing masses and identifying cosmic ray protons. The idea of 'varitrons,' proposed during this time, aroused discussions in the science community about elementary particles, even though not all findings were


id: banff-international-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_International_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Banff International Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_International_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:33.052268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: banff-international-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Banff International Research Station (BIRS) for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery was established in 2003. It provides an independent research institute for the mathematical sciences in North America, a counterpart to the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics in Europe. The research station, commonly known by its acronym, "BIRS", hosts over 2000 international scientists each year to undertake research collaboration in the mathematical sciences. == Research activities == The research that takes place at the Banff International Research Station is either in pure mathematics, applied mathematics, or in other areas of science where they intersect with mathematics. "BIRS embraces all aspects of the mathematical, computational and statistical sciences from the most fundamental challenges of pure and applied mathematics, theoretical and applied computer science, statistics, and mathematical physics, to financial and industrial mathematics, as well as the mathematics of information technology, and the life sciences." There is a wide range of research publications citing lectures, meetings and reports from BIRS. == Research program == The Banff International Research Station hosts five types of meetings: 5-Day Workshops: These make up the core program at BIRS, with up to 42 participants per workshop, 48 weeks per year. Some workshops have only 21 participants, and


id: bely-rast-high-voltage-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bely_Rast_High_Voltage_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bely_Rast_High_Voltage_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:34.229690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bely-rast-high-voltage-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station (Russian: Белый Раст) is a facility for the development of high voltage equipment in Russia, situated at Bely Rast, Moscow Oblast near the eponymous station of the Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway. Built in 1966, the equipment of the 750 kV- and 1150 kV-lines in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union were first developed and tested at this facility, as well as the equipment for the never completed HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre. The facility also has an unused 1150 kV AC and a 1500 kV DC line. The DC line was the prototype of the never finished HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre. == References == == External links == Wikimap of Bely Rast Research Station


id: bocas-del-toro-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bocas del Toro Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:35.751351+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bocas-del-toro-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Bocas del Toro Research Station (BRS) is a field station of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) on Panama’s western Caribbean coast, is a platform for both marine and terrestrial biodiversity research. The station hosts a diverse group of scientists from more than 20 countries, every year. Activities at the station contribute to the Smithsonian Institution’s primary mission: the increase and diffusion of knowledge. Visiting scientists are engaged in research on the biodiversity, ecology, paleontology and archaeology of the Bocas del Toro region. Educational and outreach activities range from hosting K-12 school groups, to specialized training for international graduate students. Founded in 1998, the BRS campus has provided field accommodation since 2002 and a fully operational research laboratory since 2003. The facilities now include a running seawater system, a new dock, boat ramp, and additional support facilities, as well as two houses to accommodate visiting researchers. The BRS is arguably the preeminent field station in the Caribbean. Visiting scientists hold lectures that are open to the public. == Outreach, education, and training == Outreach and education at the Bocas del Toro Research Station spans a range of programs targeting K-12 students, university undergraduates, graduate students and young professionals. K-12


id: born-marine-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornö_Marine_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bornö Marine Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornö_Marine_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:36.924104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: born-marine-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Bornö Marine Research Station, owned by the Bornö Institute for Ocean and Climate Studies, is located at Holma on the island Stora Bornö in Gullmarsfjorden, about 100 km (62 mi) north of Gothenburg, Sweden. It was built in 1902 by Otto Pettersson and Gustaf Ekman, both pioneers of Swedish marine research. The island has been considered by many Swedes to be the birthplace of Swedish oceanography. == Description == The station grounds, covering 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft), are a nature reserve. It is currently owned and operated by a foundation named the Bornö Institute for Ocean and Climate Studies and provides educational facilities for the University of Gothenburg. It is also available to let to companies or organizations for field courses, research, instrument development or national and international meetings. The upper floors contain eight bedrooms housing 15 beds, as well as two kitchens. On the ground floor are four office spaces and a lecture hall with accommodations for 25 people. == History == The station was originally built in response to the agreements of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) signed in Copenhagen in 1902 between Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and


id: cass-field-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Cass Field Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:38.165499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cass-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
Cass Field Station is a biological and geological research facility operated by the University of Canterbury located near the railway settlement of Cass, in the Canterbury high-country of New Zealand. It was founded in 1914 as the Cass Mountain Biological Station and was operated for many years by the university's Department of Botany. A significant body of research generated by the station has tracked biological change in the area for over 100 years. == History == In 1873 the Canterbury Provincial Government endowed what was then known as Canterbury College with land in the Cass region to create a source of income. By the early 20th century, botanist Leonard Cockayne felt the need for a high-country research station and approached Charles Chilton, Professor of Biology at Canterbury College, and Geology lecturer Robert Speight. The original site selected in 1908 was Broken River, the terminus of the railway line from Christchurch, after which passengers switched to coaches to cross Arthur's Pass and reach the West Coast. By 1910 the railroad had extended to the railway camp of Cass, so the Canterbury College Board selected 10 acres of land there adjacent to Lake Sarah as the site for a research station. In


id: cass-field-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station-1.md
category: reference
title: Cass Field Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:38.165499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cass-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
== Research == As early as 1926 the Dutch geneticist J.P. Lotsy stressed the importance of hybrid plant collections from Cass and their potential use in evolutionary studies. Cockayne, in 1927, agreed that the area's polymorphic plant hybrids had value for evolutionary theory, and Swedish lichenologist G.E. Du Rietz also recognised the important role of Cass Station for plant research. In 1958 Philipson and Garth Brownlie published The Flora of Cass, which included articles on history, geology, soils, climate and vegetation over time. Cass: History and Science in the Cass District, Canterbury, New Zealand, a more comprehensive collection of articles by a wide range of authors, was compiled by Colin Burrows and published in 1977. In 1976–8 American botanist Richard Primack conducted research on flower pollination at Cass and two nearby sites (and also Aoraki / Mt Cook), collecting and interpreting data on flower visits by insects. In 2001 the Fulbright Scholar Scott Wissinger studied the freshwater invertebrate communities of lakes and tarns in and around Cass. Jason Tylianakis in 2008 began a study investigating the effects of climate change on tussocks and their associated invertebrates with a large soil warming experiment. == Publications == The following is a selection


id: central-sierra-field-research-stations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sierra_Field_Research_Stations-0.md
category: reference
title: Central Sierra Field Research Stations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sierra_Field_Research_Stations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:39.350468+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: central-sierra-field-research-stations-20260505-0
summary:
The Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS is a regional group of University of California, Berkeley field research & education reserves located on both sides of the crest of the Sierra Nevada range, north of Lake Tahoe in California. Several of the University of California Natural Reserve System—UCNRS reserves in the Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS lie within the headwaters of the North Fork of the American River. == History == On September 26, 2006, a consortium of land owners & managers including: the North Fork Association, Chickering Partnership, United States Forest Service Tahoe National Forest, Pacific Southwest Research Station of the U.S. Forest Service, and the Regents of the University of California signed a Conservation and Research Agreement addressing future cooperative management of the approximately 19,670 acres (79.6 km2) of public & private lands in this watershed. == Field research stations & education reserves == Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS entities include: Sagehen Creek Field Station Central Sierra Snow Laboratory Onion Creek Experimental Watershed North Fork Association Lands Chickering American River Reserve Sagehen Creek Field Station serves as the hub of this network, offering accessible accommodations, classrooms, support and resources — which are unavailable at the other, sometimes remote CSFRS


id: como-national-park-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoé_National_Park_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Comoé National Park Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoé_National_Park_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:40.555472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: como-national-park-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Comoé National Park Research Station, located in the Comoé National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, was founded by Professor Karl Eduard Linsenmair, a German biologist, in 1989/90. The research station was forced to close after the outbreak of the First Ivorian Civil War in 2002. After the end of the Second Ivorian Civil War in 2011 repairs at the station began and in 2014 the station had achieved again its full working capacity. The focus of the field based research is on conservation, tropical ecology and behaviour. == History == In 1989/90 a first research camp was realized with substantial funding provided by the Volkswagen Stiftung, the University of Würzburg and the respective Ministry (Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Bildung und Kultus, Wissenschaft und Kunst). A successful application for a research grant by Linsenmair at the Fritz Thyssen Foundation led to the expansion and transformation into a permanent station, after various bureaucratic hurdles in Germany and Côte d'Ivoire, which delayed the construction of the field station approximately 8 years. Construction started in 2000 and in early 2002 all guesthouses and other buildings apart from the lab were finished and a move from the camp to the new station was possible. The outbreak of


id: fleringe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleringe-0.md
category: reference
title: Fleringe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleringe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:42.455893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fleringe-20260505-0
summary:
Fleringe is a populated area, a socken (not to be confused with parish), on the Swedish island of Gotland. It comprises the same area as the administrative Fleringe District, established on 1 January 2016. == Community == The name is known since 1304 as Fledynge, the first part flaidh meaning "tear or wound" is figuratively used for "hills" or "wound in the landscape", such "wounds" can be found north and northwest of the church, and the last part inge meaning "inhabitants". Fleringe is situated on the north coast of the main island, Gotland, west of Fårösund and right by Lake Bästeträsk. Fleringe is mostly forested land. A number of grave mounds and stone circles from the bronze age can be found at Fleringe. The medieval Fleringe Church is located in Fleringe. As of 2019, Fleringe Church belongs to Bunge-Rute-Fleringe parish in Norra Gotlands pastorat, along with the churches in Bunge and Rute . One of the asteroids in the Asteroid belt, 9359 Fleringe, is named after this place. == Limestone industry == From 1650, and peaking during the 1920s, the area around Fleringe contained many industries connected to the limestone industry on Gotland. The limestone industry closed down in 1990.


id: fowlers-gap-arid-zone-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlers_Gap_Arid_Zone_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlers_Gap_Arid_Zone_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:43.659927+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fowlers-gap-arid-zone-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station is teaching and research facility, established by the UNSW Australia (UNSW), which is located in the Australian state of New South Wales. in Fowlers Gap in the far north-west of the state. The station is located about 112 kilometres (70 mi) north of Broken Hill. It occupies Western Lands Lease No. 10194, an area of 38,888 hectares (96,090 acres), and has been used by scientists in fields ranging from zoology to agriculture, palaeontology and environmental science. The facility has also hosted art and design students on field trips from the university, using purpose-built facilities, including studios. == Features == The property has been held since 1966 by the UNSW on a lease in perpetuity. It is administered by the UNSW Faculty of Science.The lease enables studies of the arid-zone environment, particularly in relation to impacts on the pastoral industry. Fowlers Gap is the only research station in the arid zone of New South Wales. Areas have been monitored and data collected continuously, in some cases for over 30 years. With a varied collection of meeting places, dormitories, cottages and camping sites it can handle reasonably large visiting groups and small conferences. Research has


id: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)-0.md
category: reference
title: Heron Island (Queensland)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:44.850290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
summary:
Heron Island is a coral cay located near the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern Great Barrier Reef. It is 87 kilometres (54 miles) north-east of Gladstone, Queensland, Australia, and 460 km (290 mi) north-north-west of the state capital Brisbane. The island is situated on the leeward (western) side of Heron Reef, a fringing platform reef of significant biodiversity, supporting around 900 of the 1,500 fish species and 72% of the coral species found on the Great Barrier Reef. During the summer months Heron Island is also home to over 200,000 birds including Noddy Terns and Mutton Birds. The island is about 800 metres (2,600 feet) long and 300 metres (980 ft) at its widest, giving an area of approximately 16 hectares (40 acres). The highest point, near the western tip, is 3.6 metres (12 ft) above sea level. A dune ridge along the southern shore rises some 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) above sea level, lower dunes on the north-eastern side are only about one metre (3 ft 3 in) above the sea. Heron Island and an extrapolated version of the research station are the scene of much of the first part of Arthur C. Clarke's The Deep


id: heron-island-queensland-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)-1.md
category: reference
title: Heron Island (Queensland)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:44.850290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
summary:
Rich forests of Pisonia grandis dominate the centre and south of Heron Island. Towards the eastern and north-western ends, the forest is readily accessible, but its heart is a dense tangle, interrupted only by a few trails. Some trees in the heart of the forest grow to 10–11 m, but most are just 6–8 m high. The understory is largely absent here, formed only by scattered Celtis paniculata, Ficus opposita and Pipturus argenteus with a height of 2–4 m; some Celtis also grow higher and emerge through the Pisonia canopy. Patches of shrubs – mainly Abutilon albescens, with Wollastonia biflora (probably var. canescens), and the introduced wild poinsettia (Euphorbia cyathophora) – are found here and there. Herbaceous plants are scarce here, mainly consisting of the grass Stenotaphrum micranthum. The more open forest is composed of much the same plants, but the Pisonia does not predominate as much. A few Pandanus tectorius screwpines are also found here, and the understory is far more prominent. North of the Pisonia forest, a band of open shrubland with some trees extends from the resort to the island's eastern tip. Octopus bush (Heliotropium foertherianum) and sea cabbage (Scaevola taccada) form the major bush cover, while


id: heron-island-queensland-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)-2.md
category: reference
title: Heron Island (Queensland)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Island_(Queensland)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:44.850290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heron-island-queensland-20260505-0
summary:
At least one species of rat, probably the widespread polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), is found on the island. Though even these small rats are known to harm island birds, this is insignificant on islands so close to a continent; while the rats probably feed on eggs and nestlings, they do not threaten the breeding bird populations as a whole. Heron Island is also a major nesting site for green (Chelonia mydas) and Indopacific loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta gigas). Around 98% of all turtles that nest on the island are green turtles, and only 2% of them will be loggerheads. The Indopacific hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata bissa) has been seen on the reef but does not breed on the island. Other marine life includes the inhabitants of the coral reef, and around early October, cetaceans (e.g. humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae) pass Heron Island on their migration to their summer quarters in subantarctic waters. As of June 2020, the Turtle Cooling Project is being undertaken by scientists from the World Wildlife Fund Australia, University of Queensland, Deakin University and the Queensland Government. It is looking at the effect of global warming on northern green turtle breeding, in particular the effect


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-0.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is a University of Alaska Fairbanks program which researches the ionosphere – the highest, ionized part of Earth's atmosphere. The most prominent instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high-power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high frequency (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily excite a limited area of the ionosphere. Other instruments, such as a VHF and a UHF radar, a fluxgate magnetometer, a digisonde (an ionospheric sounding device), and an induction magnetometer, are used to study the physical processes that occur in the excited region. Work on the HAARP facility began in 1993. Initially HAARP was jointly funded by the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Navy, the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It was designed and built by BAE Advanced Technologies. Its original purpose was to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance. Since 2015 it has been operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The current working IRI was completed in 2007; its prime contractor was BAE Systems Advanced Technologies. As of 2008, HAARP had incurred around


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-1.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
== Research == HAARP's main goal is basic science research in the uppermost portion of the atmosphere, termed the ionosphere. Essentially a transition between the atmosphere and the magnetosphere, the ionosphere is where the atmosphere is thin enough that the Sun's X-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough that there are enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere. The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of Earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like the aurora. The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-2.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
== Instrumentation and operation == The main instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI). This is a high-power, high-frequency phased array radio transmitter with a set of 180 antennas, disposed in an array of 12×15 units that occupy a rectangle of about 30–40 acres (12–16 hectares). The IRI is used to temporarily energize a small portion of the ionosphere. The study of these disturbed volumes yields important information for understanding natural ionospheric processes. During active ionospheric research, the signal generated by the transmitter system is delivered to the antenna array and transmitted in an upward direction. At an altitude between 70 and 350 km (43 and 217 mi) (depending on operating frequency), the signal is partially absorbed in a small volume several tens of kilometers in diameter and a few meters thick over the IRI. The intensity of the HF signal in the ionosphere is less than 3 μW/cm2, tens of thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation reaching the Earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random variations in intensity of the Sun's natural ultraviolet (UV) energy which creates the ionosphere. The small effects that are produced can be observed with


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-3.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
HAARP is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories. Various individuals have speculated about hidden motivations and capabilities of the project. For example, Rosalie Bertell warned in 1996 about the deployment of HAARP as a military weapon. Michel Chossudovsky stated in a book published by the Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform that "recent scientific evidence suggests that HAARP is fully operational and has the capability of triggering floods, hurricanes, droughts and earthquakes." Over time, HAARP has been blamed for generating such catastrophes, as well as thunderstorms, in Iran, Pakistan, Haiti, Turkey, Greece and the Philippines, and even major power outages, the downing of TWA Flight 800, Gulf War syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Allegations include the following: Nick Begich Jr., the son of the late U.S. Representative Nick Begich Sr., brother of former U.S. Senator Mark Begich and retired Alaska state senator Tom Begich, and father of current U.S. Representative Nick Begich III is the co-author of Angels Don't Play This HAARP. He has claimed that the HAARP facility could trigger earthquakes and turn the upper atmosphere into a giant lens so that "the sky would literally appear to burn." He maintains a website that claims HAARP is a mind


id: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program-4.md
category: reference
title: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:46.051484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-20260505-0
summary:
== In popular culture == HAARP gave rise to a live album by the rock band Muse and became the theme of novels like La Route de Gakona by Jean-Paul Jody. HAARP is the key plot point in Breaking Point of Tom Clancy's Net Force (2000), where it is used to induce group madness. The HAARP facility appears in the 2004 video game X-Men Legends. In the game, the X-Men track the Brotherhood of Mutants to HAARP. The facility is significantly different from its real life counterpart, with snowy valleys around it and vast icy tunnels below. It is guarded by an extensive security force, including armed guards and tanks. The X-Men eventually locate the Brotherhood and learn that sensitive information, including the location of Magneto's imprisonment, is kept in the HAARP computers. Season 1, episode 11, of the UPN TV series Seven Days was titled "HAARP Attack". It was broadcast on January 27, 1999. The HAARP played a major part in the G.I. Joe: Resolute miniseries. In it, Cobra was able to weaponize the lab to create a Particle Cannon and threaten the world to surrender to them. Though it was freed from Destro and Baroness, Cobra possessed a


id: hr-wallingford-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR_Wallingford-0.md
category: reference
title: HR Wallingford
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR_Wallingford
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:47.212521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hr-wallingford-20260505-0
summary:
HR Wallingford Ltd is an engineering and research organisation based in the United Kingdom with a focus on civil engineering and environmental hydraulics. It was created by the UK Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1947, to deal with 'looser boundary' problems such as coastal erosion, flood protection, and the silting and scouring of rivers, estuaries and harbours. HR Wallingford was a government establishment until 1982, when it was privatised from the Department of the Environment to become Hydraulics Research Station Limited. It became known as HR Wallingford in 1991. During its existence, it has contributed to advance hydraulics research. It also worked on water-related projects in the UK and around the world. == History == 1945 – The Institution of Civil Engineers submitted a proposal to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research on the need for a hydraulics research station in the UK. 1947 – DSIR Hydraulic Research Organisation formed in London 1951 – Hydraulics Research Station established in Wallingford 1965 – Re-organisation into Ministry of Technology. Hydrological Research Unit transferred to the Natural Environment Research Council and later to become Institute of Hydrology and then Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 1971 – Transfer to the Department


id: ieodo-ocean-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieodo_Ocean_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Ieodo Ocean Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieodo_Ocean_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:48.418265+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieodo-ocean-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Ieodo Ocean Research Station is an ocean platform constructed by South Korea and placed on the submerged Socotra Rock in the East China Sea. The stated purpose of the platform is the collection of meteorological data, provision for maritime safety, and fisheries monitoring. However, as South Korea and China both claim that Socotra Rock lies in their respective Exclusive Economic Zones, the platform has strategic geopolitical importance. The platform was officially opened in June 2003. The platform has a helipad and five lower decks for equipment and workspace. Although the station has residential facilities that can comfortably accommodate 8 people for 15 days, the station is typically uninhabited and operated remotely. While Socotra Rock rises to a maximum of 4.6m below sea level, the platform is founded on a portion of the rock that is substantially deeper, at 40m below sea level. As a result, the platform is approximately 700m from the rock's "peak." The platform rises approximately 36m above sea level. == References ==


id: kalamos-island-biological-field-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos_Island_biological_field_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Kalamos Island biological field station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos_Island_biological_field_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:49.618212+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kalamos-island-biological-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Kalamos Island biological field station is a research station located in the island Kalamos, in the Ionian Sea, in Western Greece. It is situated in the core of the inner Ionian marine protected area, site GR22220003 of the Natura 2000 network. The marine area is additionally protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area (ACCOBAMS). == Activities == The station is a base for year-round research activities in ecology, ecosystem management and sustainability issues such as permaculture. It was created as part of the Kalamos and Kastos sustainable development program of Terra Sylvestris, a non-governmental non profit organization that established the program in order to bring about sustainable development through rewilding in the area of the Island of Kalamos, Kastos and adjacent smaller islands and their marine environment. The station conducts and facilitates a wide variety of research projects, ranging from biodiversity conservation to environmental justice to permaculture. The biological field station is also the base for the volunteer and internship programs of Terra Sylvestris, which enables people from all over the world to participate in the activities of Terra Sylvestris in the area and specifically the biological


id: king-edward-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Point-0.md
category: reference
title: King Edward Point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:50.835182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: king-edward-point-20260505-0
summary:
King Edward Point (also known as KEP) is a permanent British Antarctic Survey research station on South Georgia island and is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It is situated in Cumberland East Bay on the northeastern coast of the island. The settlement is the second smallest capital in the world by population, after Ngerulmud in Palau. == History == King Edward Point was named in honour of King Edward VII. Grytviken (pot cove in Norwegian and Swedish) is nearby and was named after sealers' trywork. Both of these are along the King Edward Cove. The Post Office in King Edward Point was established in 1909, and has been in operation since then with the exception of the Falklands War. The oldest building in King Edward Point is the customs warehouse and jail built in 1914. Discovery House, a prefabricated laboratory, was established in 1925, and used by biologists collecting specimens from whale carcasses for six years. In 1929, Discovery II was opened for use in oceanographic study. Argentine soldiers arrived near King Edward Point on 24 March 1982, and occupied it on 3 April. The British retook King Edward Point


id: kirklington-hall-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklington_Hall_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Kirklington Hall Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklington_Hall_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:52.121766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kirklington-hall-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Kirklington Hall Research Station was a geophysical research institute of BP in Kirklington, Nottinghamshire. During the 1950s it was the main research site of BP. == Background == Cricketer John Boddam-Whetham was born at the site in 1843. Sir Albert Bennett, 1st Baronet, Liberal MP from 1922-23 for Mansfield, lived there from 1920. The Bennett baronets was formed in 1929. Lady Evelyn Maude Robinson, was the owner from around 1930, and the wife of Sir John Robinson of Worksop, who died aged 74 on Saturday 2 December 1944. The previous owner died aged 73 on Friday 14 December 1945, leaving £138,365 in her will. In June 1945 it was put up for auction, with 631 acres, 15 bedrooms, 6 bathrooms, and 11 servants rooms. It was sold for £24,500 in Derby in July 1945. Nottinghamshire County Council for two years was looking to buy the property, but it was a big investment, for a residential further education college; it chose another site in July 1947. == History == === BP === As part of the East Midlands Oil Province, oil was found in eastern Nottinghamshire. It was also known as the BP Research Centre or the Geophysical Centre, part of


id: liquid-jungle-lab-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Jungle_Lab-0.md
category: reference
title: Liquid Jungle Lab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Jungle_Lab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:53.372776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: liquid-jungle-lab-20260505-0
summary:
The Liquid Jungle Lab (LJL) is a tropical marine research station on the island of Canales de Tierra on the western coast of Pacific Panama along a primary marine biological corridor. The LJL research campus was completed in 2004 and is part of a private 3,500 hectare reserve composed of primary forest, mangroves, tide pools, and a rocky inter-tidal zone that transitions into fringing coral reefs. The island laboratory is adjacent to two large coastal bays, Bahia Honda, Veraguas Province and Pixvae Bay, which are important mangrove, estuarine and riparian (stream) habitats. The island and laboratory serve as a strategic base for ecologic research of the Coiba National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Panama's largest marine protected area. The tremendous biodiversity of the marine and terrestrial environments surrounding Isla Canales de Tierra allows visiting scientists to conduct multidisciplinary ecologic research in a pristine area and has even inspired a designer perfume fragrance, Fleur de Liane. The LJL was founded by Jean Pigozzi, a Swiss venture capitalist, photographer and art collector. == Research == A multi-disciplinary approach to research in Terrestrial and Marine Tropical Ecology are conducted between a consortium of scientists and researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic


id: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:54.620713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station is located on the west coast of Ireland, and is one of the longest running mercury recording stations in the world. The station's location is important as it is far away from neighbouring cities, to ensure no pollutants interfere with recordings, and its location is suitable for studying the atmosphere under Northern Hemispheric and European conditions. The station has the dual status of being a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GMO) station and a European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) supersite. Mace Head research and monitor the climate and atmospheric composition, focusing on aerosol-cloud interactions and mercury readings. == About == Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station was established in 1987, and is still in operation. The current station manager is Gerry Spain, who has held this position for the last 20 years. The station PI/Contact is Professor Simon O'Doherty, who runs trace gas measurement at the University of Bristol, and the station CO-PI is Professor Peter Simmonds. Mace Head funding is supported by the UK's Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and NASA. The station has the dual status of being a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GMO) station and


id: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station-1.md
category: reference
title: Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:54.620713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
== Measurements and recordings == Mace Head is renowned for their atmospheric chemistry research, as they measure numerous meteorological elements such as wind speed and direction, temperature, rainfall, and humidity. They also record and measure greenhouse gases, UV levels, and solar radiation. Mace Head began measuring the ozone since 1988, chloroform, methane and trichloro trifluoroethane in 1897, and carbon monoxide and hydrogen began in 1995. Mark Lunt measured chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), and Jurgita Ovadnevaite reported on the aerosol-cloud and climate interactions at Mace head, specifically the major advances in sea salt aerosols. Observations of methyl chloroform at Mace Head have also been useful in the understanding of methane removal from the atmosphere, which is caused by trends in atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations. Whilst Mace Head does measure numerous atmospheric compositions, they mainly focuses on the measurements of aerosols and mercury readings, but also observed and measures storms and strong winds. === Measured storms and wind speeds === Mace Head measures storms and strong winds that pass through specifically during winter; storm season. One such storm measured was Storm Ali, the first storm of the 2018–2019 season. Storm Ali arrived at the northern areas of the British Isles on 19 September, and


id: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station-2.md
category: reference
title: Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Head_Atmospheric_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:54.620713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mace-head-atmospheric-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
=== Mercury === The Mace Head station has been recording mercury (Hg) since 1995, and has thus been one of the longest running mercury recording stations in the world. Mercury data recording and collection is vital as it is a global environmental pollutant emitted both naturally and from man-made sources. Evidence suggests that mercury emissions from man-made sources are as great as those originating from natural sources, thus it is the man-made emitted mercury that is contributing to an increase in environmental exposure to mercury. Long term and continuous measurements are necessary as it details whether a fluctuation is normal or something unusual, thus allowing one to monitor background levels of total gaseous mercury. Continuous measurements of mercury are taken within a 15 minute time resolution, and is one of the first stations to generate total gaseous measurements with such a high time resolution. Furthermore, long term monitoring can provide direct evidence of temporal trends, as mercury has an atmospheric residence time of approximately 1 year. Measurements recorded at Mace Head display that background levels of mercury in the Northern Hemisphere are approximately 1.7 ng/m3 with a seasonal variation of approximately 20%. == Other international research networks == Mace Head


id: macquarie-island-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Macquarie Island Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:55.838299+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macquarie-island-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Macquarie Island Station, commonly called Macca, is a permanent Australian subantarctic research base on Macquarie Island, situated in the Southern Ocean and located approximately halfway between Mainland Australia and Antarctica, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The station lies at the base of Wireless Hill, between two bays on the isthmus at the northern end of the island. The island and its surrounding waters are administered as a nature reserve by the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service. In 1997, the island was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of major geoconservation significance, being the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle are actively exposed above sea-level. == Purpose == The research station is operated by the Australian Antarctic Division. Scientific research on the island is focused around biology, geosciences, meteorology, and human impact on the environment. Macquarie island birds breed on the island so wildlife management and counting is key to a number of research projects. Monitoring is also undertaken for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency to detect radioactive debris from atmospheric explosions or vented by underground or underwater nuclear explosions. Macquarie Island is an important global monitoring


id: niwot-ridge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwot_Ridge-0.md
category: reference
title: Niwot Ridge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwot_Ridge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:58.198147+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: niwot-ridge-20260505-0
summary:
Niwot Ridge is an alpine ecology research station located 65 km northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado. It is on the Front Range of the southern Rocky Mountains and lies within the Roosevelt National Forest. Niwot Ridge is 2,900 metres (9,500 ft) high. == Characteristics of the site == Niwot Ridge was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1979 and was one of 17 reserves in the United States withdrew from the program in June 2017. The Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research Site was established in 1980 as a United States Forest Service experimental ecology reserve. The site is characterized by "extensive alpine tundra, a variety of glacial landforms, glacial lakes and moraines, cirques and talus slopes, patterned ground, and permafrost", and is home to Arikaree Glacier. Habitats include western spruce-fir forest, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) subalpine forest, alpine meadows as well as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) shrubland. The site is little influenced by human impact and is thus an excellent site to monitor biological, chemical, and physical responses to changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The site is administered cooperatively by the U.S. Forest Service and the University of Colorado Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) for


id: schneefernerhaus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneefernerhaus-0.md
category: reference
title: Schneefernerhaus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneefernerhaus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:59.397834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schneefernerhaus-20260505-0
summary:
The Schneefernerhaus is a former hotel in the Alps, that is now used as an environmental research station. It lies immediately below the summit of the Zugspitze at a height of 2,650 m and was opened on 20 January 1931. It used to house the top station of the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway as well as a tourist hotel. There was then a cable car from the Schneefernerhaus to the Zugspitze summit. In 1938 a gallery for pedestrians was opened from the ridge station of the Tyrolean Zugspitze Cable Car to the Schneefernerhaus. From 1945 to 1952 the hotel was commandeered for use as a "recreation facility" by the US Forces. On 15 May 1965 an avalanche, that swept over the sun terrace of the hotel and the lifts on the Zugspitzplatt, claimed 10 lives and injured 21. This tragedy was the impetus behind the introduction of a state avalanche warning service and local avalanche commissions. In 1988, after the new station of the Zugspitze Railway was opened on the plateau and, in 1989, the SonnAlpin restaurant there was extended, the hotel and restaurant operation at the Schneefernerhaus finally closed on 14 January 1992. The trackage of the Zugspitze Railway is


id: seaorbiter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaOrbiter-0.md
category: reference
title: SeaOrbiter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaOrbiter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:00.565678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seaorbiter-20260505-0
summary:
The SeaOrbiter, also known as Sea Orbiter (two words), is a proposed oceangoing research vessel based on the ideas of French architect and oceanographer Jacques Rougerie. Construction was due to start in 2014 but by May 2015, only the Eye of SeaOrbiter has been completed, and as of 2024, there is no news of any other construction. The SeaOrbiter is planned to allow scientists and others a residential yet mobile research station positioned under the oceans' surface, with laboratories, workshops, living quarters and a pressurized deck to support divers and submarines. SeaOrbiter is a project of the "Floating oceanographic laboratory" organisation. It is headed by Jacques Rougerie, oceanographer Jacques Piccard and astronaut Jean-Loup Chrétien. In 2012 the cost was estimated to be around US$52.7 million. == Description == As proposed, the laboratory would be a semi-submersible oceangoing craft weighing 1,000 tonnes (2,200,000 lb). It would have a total height of 51 metres (167 ft) with 31 metres (102 ft) below sea level. It is designed to float vertically and drift with the ocean currents but has two small propellers allowing it to modify its trajectory and maneuver in confined waters. Underwater robots would be sent from the laboratory to explore


id: shafter-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafter_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Shafter Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafter_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:01.815226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shafter-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Shafter Research Station is an agricultural research station near Shafter, Kern County, California, in the San Joaquin Valley. The station was established in 1922 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as Shafter Cotton Research Station. It was built to provide California with high-quality cotton. Initial research at the station focused on growing long-staple cotton, Egyptian Pima cotton, which was used to make airplane wings at the time. The Hatch Act of 1887 provided for U.S. funding of agricultural science. By 1925, the researchers had determined that Acala cotton, named after Acala, Texas, was the highest-quality variety of long-staple cotton; they then developed the "one variety" method of cotton production, in which every California cotton producer would grow Acala cotton. As a result of this research, the state of California enacted the California One Variety Cotton Act, which mandated that California cotton producers could grow only Acala cotton. The law spurred the growth of California's fledgling cotton industry, which now forms a major part of the state's agricultural economy. The success of the "one variety" policy caused the station to earn an international reputation for its research, and procedures developed at the station have been used in the Australian and


id: tropical-agricultural-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Agricultural_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Tropical Agricultural Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Agricultural_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:02.983139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tropical-agricultural-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station or TARS is an USDA-ARS agricultural research center with well known botanical garden in the city of Mayagüez, in Puerto Rico. Maricao, in Puerto Rico. Its code of international recognition as a botanical institution, as well as the initials of its herbarium is MAYAG. == Location == This botanical garden is located at Pedro Albizu Campos Ave. Suite 201 Mayagüez 00680, between Carr. 65 intersection with Carr. 108. Tropical Agricultural Research Station Mayagüez Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 70, Autonomous Municipality of Mayagüez, PR 00708, Puerto Rico. Office hours to arrange a visit of the TARS are from 7:00 am – 12:00 pm / 1:00 pm – 4:00 pm. == History == In 1901, the United States Congress authorized the establishment of the research station in Mayagüez to study agricultural problems of interest to Puerto Rico. One hundred years later, the station makes important contributions to agriculture on a regional and national scale. According to Ricardo J. Goenaga, the director of the TARS, the main goal of the scientists at the station is the development of fruit production systems that help growers to increase the market and the sales potential of the crops. The


id: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-0
category: reference
title: University of the Philippines Los Baños Limnological Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:04.171350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station-0.md

summary:
The UPLB Limnological Research Station traces its root from the Department of Entomology, of the then UP College of Agriculture. Since its conception, the station contributed immensely to the understanding of the bounties of Laguna de Bay and helped establish the duck farming industry on Los Baňos foreshores and pioneered in aquarium fish production in the country. It serves as the base for studies on limnology and biology of aquatic organisms aimed at developing strategies for the optimum utilization and sustained production of aquatic resources; developing, adapting or improving conventional technologies used to increase fish production; and promoting environment friendly approaches for effective water management. == History == === Pre-War === The idea of institutionalizing a Limnological Station began as a result of collaboration between Dr. Leopoldo B. Uichanco, professor and head of the Department of Entomology of the then UP College of Agriculture and Albert William Herre, then Chief of Fisheries Division, Bureau of Science, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources on ‘Dolong’, a species of goby that can be found in Laguna de Bay (Ref: Letter of Albert W. Herre to Dr. L.B. Uichangco dated January 19, 1926, UPLB LRS archive # 1). On August 17, 1928, the


id: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-1
category: reference
title: University of the Philippines Los Baños Limnological Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:04.171350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-the-philippines-los-ba-os-limnological-research-station-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños_Limnological_Research_Station-1.md

summary:
=== Present === The UPLB Limnological Research Station (popularly called Limno Station or just Limno) is being managed by the Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences. The Station has a total land area of 4.78 ha. situated at the foreshore of Laguna de Bay in Barangay Mayondon, Los Baňos Laguna. On January 28, 1994, the Station was identified and established as the National Center for Inland Waters Research and Development by the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development-Department of Science and Technology (PCAMRD-DOST). The Station is also the seat of PCAMRD-DOST's Southern Luzon Zonal Center for Aquatic and Marine R&D (Zonal Center 2). The UPLB Limnological Research Station once again plays an important role in the fisheries sector through the leadership of their Station Manager, Dr. Pablo P. Ocampo, paving the way towards achieving its goals to: (1) develop optimum utilization and sustained production of aquatic resources; (2) conduct limnological studies; (3) conduct training and extension activities on different aspects of aquarium fish production; (4) develop culture technique for live feeds; (5) develop new aquarium varieties from indigenous fish species; and, (6) conduct captive breeding on some selected endemic/endangered freshwater fish


id: university-of-zimbabwe-lake-kariba-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe_Lake_Kariba_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe_Lake_Kariba_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:05.323640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-zimbabwe-lake-kariba-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station is a research station in the Nyamhunga suburb of Kariba. It is operated by the University of Zimbabwe. Station staff have published research on topics such as fish diets and population dynamics and climate change. == References ==


id: wolf-creek-research-basin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Research_Basin-0.md
category: reference
title: Wolf Creek Research Basin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Research_Basin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:06.497001+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wolf-creek-research-basin-20260505-0
summary:
Wolf Creek is in the Yukon Territory, Canada. == Research station == A research station at Wolf Creek Research Basin has been providing continuous data since 1992 for hydrological data. There are three meteorological stations, a groundwater monitoring well since 2003, as well as specialized instrumentation running continuously for specific projects. It is an important location for the study of snow and climate in the region. == References ==


id: zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called a zoological park, animal park, or menagerie) is a facility where animals are kept within enclosures for public exhibition and often bred for conservation purposes. The term zoological garden refers to zoology, the study of animals. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion, 'animal', and the suffix -λογία, -logia, 'study of'. The abbreviation zoo was first used of the London Zoological Gardens, which was opened for scientific study in 1828, and to the public in 1847. The first modern zoo was the Tierpark Hagenbeck by Carl Hagenbeck in Germany. In the United States alone, zoos are visited by over 181 million people annually. However, animal welfare organizations have expressed criticism of zoos and the conditions in which animals are kept. Concerns have been raised about the impact of zoos on animal welfare, including both housing conditions and the effects of visitor behavior. In recent decades, efforts have been made to improve conditions in zoos. == Etymology == The London Zoo, which was opened in 1828, was initially known as the "Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London", and it described itself as a menagerie or "zoological forest".


id: zoo-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-1.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of Emperor Francis I, to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of Schönbrunn Palace. The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but was made accessible to the public in 1765. In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside the Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animals from the royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The planning about a space for the conservation and observation of animals was expressed in connection with the political construction of republican citizenship. The Kazan Zoo, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of Kazan Federal University Karl Fuchs. === The modern zoo === Until the early 19th century, the function of the zoo was often to symbolize royal power, like King Louis XIV's menagerie at Versailles. Major cities in Europe set up zoos in the 19th century, usually using London and Paris as models. The transition was


id: zoo-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-2.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, the Philadelphia Zoo, opened on July 1, 1874, earning its motto "America's First Zoo." The Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens in Chicago and the Cincinnati Zoo opened in 1875. In the 1930s, federal relief programs provided financial aid to most local zoos. The Works Progress Administration and similar New Deal government agencies helped greatly in the construction, renovation, and expansion of zoos when the Great Depression severely reduced local budgets. It was "a new deal for animals." The Atlanta Zoo, founded in 1886, suffered neglect. By 1984 it was ranked among the ten worst zoos in the United States. Systematic reform by 2000 put it on the list of the ten best. By 2020, the United States featured 230 accredited zoos and aquariums across 45 states, accommodating 800,000 animals, and 6,000 species out of which about 1,000 are endangered. The zoos provide 208,000 jobs, and with an annual budget of $230 million for wildlife conservation. They attract over 200 million visits a year and have special programs for schools. They are organized by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. === Japan === Japan's first modern zoo, Tokyo's Ueno Zoo, opened in 1882 based on European models. In


id: zoo-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-3.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The first public aquarium was opened at the London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental Europe (e.g. Paris in 1859, Hamburg in 1864, Berlin in 1869, and Brighton in 1872) and the United States (e.g. Boston in 1859, Washington in 1873, San Francisco Woodward's Gardens in 1873, and the New York Aquarium at The Battery in 1896). === Roadside zoos === Roadside zoos are found throughout North America, particularly in remote locations. They are often small, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some other facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos. Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of neglect and cruelty. In June 2014 the Animal Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit against the Iowa-based roadside Cricket Hollow Zoo for violating the Endangered Species Act by failing to provide proper care for its animals. Since filing the lawsuit, ALDF has obtained records from investigations conducted by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services; these records show that the zoo is also violating


id: zoo-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-4.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The position of most modern zoos in Australasia, Asia, Europe, and North America, particularly those with scientific societies, is that they display wild animals primarily for the conservation of endangered species, as well as for research purposes and education, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors. The Zoological Society of London states in its charter that its aim is "the advancement of Zoology and Animal Physiology and the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom." It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the United States, the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Philadelphia Zoo focuses on the study of comparative pathology. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, and in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the 21st century. When studying behaviour of captive animals, several things should however be taken into account before drawing conclusions about wild populations. Including that captive populations are often smaller than wild ones and that the space available to each animal is often less than in the wild. Conservation programs all


id: zoo-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-5.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
=== Capture in wild and mortality === In modern, well-regulated zoos, breeding is controlled to maintain a self-sustaining, global captive population. This is not the case in some less well-regulated zoos, often based in poorer regions. Overall "stock turnover" of animals during a year in a select group of poor zoos was reported as 20%-25% with 75% of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first 20 months. The authors of the report stated that before successful breeding programs, the high mortality rate was the reason for the "massive scale of importations." One 2-year study indicated that of 19,361 mammals that left accredited zoos in the U.S. between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38%) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms. === Behavioural restriction === Many modern zoos attempt to improve animal welfare by providing more space and behavioural enrichments. This often involves housing the animals in naturalistic enclosures that allow the animals to express more of their natural behaviours, such as roaming and foraging. Whilst many zoos have been working hard on this change, in some zoos, some enclosures still remain barren concrete enclosures or other minimally enriched cages. Sometimes animals are unable


id: zoo-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo-6.md
category: reference
title: Zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:08.304498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoo-20260505-0
summary:
=== Negative effects === Most studies have found that large or noisy visitor groups negatively affect animals. A study measuring stress hormone (corticoid) levels in rhinoceroses found a significant relationship between visitor exposure and stress levels. A review of primate studies indicated that visitors are generally a source of stress, with stronger negative effects when groups are large. Dominant group members can influence responses, as shown in gorillas, orangutans, and mangabey monkeys. Visitor behavior can also affect primate aggression. Orangutans showed more aggressive behavior in the presence of noisy audiences, and siamangs increased aggressive behavior when visitors attempted to mimic their actions or engage in disturbing interactions. In petting zoos, goats and sheep exhibited more fear behaviors, such as fleeing or attacking, when visitor numbers were high. Leopards exposed to the public had higher fecal stress hormone levels than leopards not shown to visitors, and larger visitor numbers increased stress hormones in Mexican wolves and black wolves. Increased stress-related behaviors with higher visitor numbers have also been observed in jaguars, fennec foxes, brown bears, harbor seals, deer, gazelles, and koalas. Studies suggest ways to improve animal welfare without removing public displays. These include limiting visitor numbers, providing educational signage, encouraging


id: bear-pit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_pit-0.md
category: reference
title: Bear pit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_pit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:09.511026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bear-pit-20260505-0
summary:
A bear pit is an enclosure historically used to display bears, typically for entertainment and especially bear-baiting. The pit area was normally surrounded by a high fence, above which the spectators would look down on the bears. The most traditional form of maintaining bears in captivity is keeping them in pits, although many zoos have replaced these by more elaborate and spacious enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural habitats, for the benefit of the animals and the visitors. == History == Bear pits originated as a place to keep bears used in bear-baiting. These pits were temporary structures, typically used just once. After the sport's popularity waned, bear pits continued to exist as a way to display bears for the public to see, and often, feed. In contrast to the ones used in baiting, these pits were permanent structures built with sturdy materials; the pit in Rosherville Gardens, for example, was made of brick. Bear pits peaked in popularity during the Victorian era, when the public developed a general fascination with exotic animals. Several violent incidents were known to occur in British bear pits. The public generally saw captive bears as "clownish" and thus feared them little. A bear


id: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment-0.md
category: reference
title: Behavioral enrichment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:10.666150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
summary:
Behavioral enrichment is an animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by identifying and providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being. Enrichment can either be active or passive, depending on whether it requires direct contact between the animal and the enrichment. A variety of enrichment techniques are used to create desired outcomes similar to an animal's individual and species' history. Each of the techniques used is intended to stimulate the animal's senses similarly to how they would be activated in the wild. Provided enrichment may be seen in the form of auditory, olfactory, habitat factors, food, research projects, training, and objects. == Purpose == Environmental enrichment can improve the overall welfare of animals in captivity and create a habitat similar to what they would experience in their wild environment. It aims to maintain an animal's physical and psychological health by increasing the range or number of species-specific behaviors, increasing positive interaction with the captive environment, preventing or reducing the frequency of abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypies, and increasing the individual's ability to cope with the challenges of captivity. Stereotypies are seen in captive animals due to stress and boredom. This


id: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment-1.md
category: reference
title: Behavioral enrichment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:10.666150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
summary:
Structural Enrichment is when objects are added to an enclosure to mimic an animal's natural habitat. These objects can be switched out occasionally or kept permanently. The environment of captive animals should be switched frequently since their environment in the wild would bring on new objects and exploration. Research into what constitutes the most beneficial and appropriate forms of enrichment must be used when considering the provision of enrichment options, especially for species where natural-like settings may be difficult to achieve. The animal should never become too familiar with their environment because that can cause boredom, no stimulation or stereotypical behavior. Examples of this could be swings or climbing structures. Stones have also been shown to encourage exploratory behavior in Japanese macaques. Interaction with the stones exhibited behaviors such as gathering, rolling in hands, rubbing, and carrying. Other common forms include cardboard, forage, and even the texture of the food (i.e. hard, smooth, cold, warm). === Olfactory enrichment === Olfactory enrichment can stimulate naturalistic behavior, enhance exploration, and reduce inactive behaviors. Olfactory enrichment can be utilized by itself, paired with novel toys, or paired with food-based enrichment. This type of enrichment is most commonly used with species that commonly utilize


id: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment-2.md
category: reference
title: Behavioral enrichment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:10.666150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behavioral-enrichment-20260505-0
summary:
=== Training === Usage of more highly advanced enrichment devices, such as computerized devices, requires training. This can lead to issues as training often consists of food as a reward. While food encourages the animal to participate with the device, the animal could associate the device with food. As a result, the interaction with the enrichment would bring about behaviors that are associated with training instead of the desired playful and voluntary behaviors. === Time and resources === The process of producing and providing environmental enrichment usually require a large allocation of time and resources. In a survey, "time taken by animal care staff to complete other tasks" was the most significant factor influencing environmental enrichment provisions and scheduling. Therefore, it is important to develop appropriate environmental enrichment programs that can be effectively carried out with the size of staff and time available. == See also == Socialization == References == == External links == Laboratory Animal Refinement Database Animals in Laboratories (awionline.org) 3R Research Foundation Switzerland (forschung3R.ch) Environmental Enrichment, Animal Welfare Information Center The Shape of Enrichment selected articles on enrichment for zoo animals. Environmental Enrichment for Pet Cats (ASPCA) Environmental Enrichment for Pet Dogs(ASPCA) Environmental Enrichment for Horses(ASPCA)


id: captivity-animal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)-0.md
category: reference
title: Captivity (animal)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:11.938921+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: captivity-animal-20260505-0
summary:
Animal captivity is the confinement of domestic and wild animals. More specifically, animals that are held by humans and prevented from escaping are said to be in captivity. The term animal captivity is usually applied to wild animals that are held in confinement, but this term may also be used generally to describe the keeping of domesticated animals such as livestock or pets. This may include, for example, animals in farms, private homes, zoos, aquariums, public aquariums and laboratories. Animal captivity may be categorized according to the particular motives, objectives, and conditions of the confinement. == History == All throughout history, domestic animals like pets and livestock were kept in captivity and tended by humans. However, pets and livestock were not the only animals to be put in captivity and receive human care because wild animals had this as well. Despite the fact that wild animals have been harbored by humans for thousands of years, this captivity has not always come close to present zoos. Some were failed domestication attempts. Furthermore, the wealthy, predominantly the aristocrats and kings, collected wild animals for various reasons. The affluent built the first zoos as personal collections to demonstrate their dominance and wealth. These


id: captivity-animal-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)-1.md
category: reference
title: Captivity (animal)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:11.938921+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: captivity-animal-20260505-0
summary:
Zoos are known as a place where visitors come in to see wild animals. This means zoos may keep animals in confinement. For example, zoos may keep animals captive as a means to save them from going extinct. More specifically, in 2020 the Science Advances published a study where they concluded that the work and population of human beings has affected the growth of animals going extinct around the world. The uproar of animals going extinct has caused zoos to use their captive breeding programs on endangered animals in an effort to create a stronger population. It is said that zoos are responsible for reducing the number of animals on the endangered species list and from extinction. Zoos could also be known as a place where animals are put into after they are taken out of their natural habitat. When animals are pulled out from their native habitat and taken to a location they are unfamiliar with, then it is said that animals may experience shock and poor mental health. Furthermore, some wild animals have died inside zoos due to the shock of being placed in an unknown setting. To be more specific, this can also mean that taking animals


id: do-not-feed-the-animals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals-0.md
category: reference
title: Do not feed the animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:13.143029+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: do-not-feed-the-animals-20260505-0
summary:
The prohibition "do not feed the animals" reflects a policy forbidding the artificial feeding of wild or feral animals. Signs displaying this message are commonly found in zoos, circuses, animal theme parks, aquariums, national parks, parks, public spaces, farms, and other places where people come into contact with wildlife. In some cases there are laws to enforce such no-feeding policies. Feeding wild animals can significantly change their behavior. Feeding or leaving unattended food to large animals, such as bears, can lead them to aggressively seek out food from people, sometimes resulting in injury. Feeding can also alter animal behavior so that animals routinely travel in larger groups, which can make disease transmission between animals more likely. In public spaces, the congregation of animals caused by feeding can result in them being considered pests. Food given to animals may not be healthy for them artificial feeding can result in, for example, vitamin deficiencies and dietary mineral deficiencies; zoos have strict dietary controls in place for animals. Outside zoos, a concern is that the increase in local concentrated wildlife population due to artificial feeding can promote the transfer of disease among animals or between animals and humans. == National and state parks


id: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation-0.md
category: reference
title: Ex situ conservation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:14.368434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
summary:
Ex situ conservation (lit. 'off-site conservation') is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety, or breed of plant or animal outside its natural habitat. For example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, an artificial environment which is similar to the natural habitat of the respective animal and within the care of humans, such as a zoological park or wildlife sanctuary. The degree to which humans control or modify the natural dynamics of the managed population varies widely, and this may include alteration of living environments, reproductive patterns, access to resources, and protection from predation and mortality. Ex situ management can occur within or outside a species' natural geographic range. Individuals maintained ex situ exist outside an ecological niche. This means that they are not under the same selection pressures as wild populations, and they may undergo artificial selection if maintained ex situ for multiple generations. Agricultural biodiversity is also conserved in ex situ collections. This is primarily in the form of gene banks where samples are stored in order to conserve the genetic resources of major crops plants and their wild relatives. == Facilities == === Botanical gardens,


id: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation-1.md
category: reference
title: Ex situ conservation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:14.368434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
summary:
== Genetic management of captive populations == Captive populations are subject to problems such as inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and adaptations to captivity. It is important to manage captive populations in a way that minimizes these issues so that the individuals to be introduced will resemble the original founders as closely as possible, which will increase the chances of successful reintroductions. During the initial growth phase, the population size is rapidly expanded until a target population size is reached. The target population size is the number of individuals that are required to maintain appropriate levels of genetic diversity, which is generally considered to be 90% of the current genetic diversity after 100 years. The number of individuals required to meet this goal varies based on potential growth rate, effective size, current genetic diversity, and generation time. Once the target population size is reached, the focus shifts to maintaining the population and avoiding genetic issues within the captive population. === Minimizing mean kinship === Managing populations based on minimizing mean kinship values is often an effective way to increase genetic diversity and to avoid inbreeding within captive populations. Kinship is the probability that two alleles will be identical by


id: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation-2.md
category: reference
title: Ex situ conservation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:14.368434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ex-situ-conservation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Managing genetic disorders === Genetic disorders are often an issue within captive populations due to the fact that the populations are usually established from a small number of founders. In large, outbreeding populations, the frequencies of most deleterious alleles are relatively low, but when a population undergoes a bottleneck during the founding of a captive population, previously rare alleles may survive and increase in number. Further inbreeding within the captive population may also increase the likelihood that deleterious alleles will be expressed due to increasing homozygosity within the population. The high occurrence of genetic disorders within a captive population can threaten both the survival of the captive population and its eventual reintroduction back into the wild. If the genetic disorder is dominant, it may be possible to eliminate the disease completely in a single generation by avoiding breeding of the affected individuals. However, if the genetic disorder is recessive, it may not be possible to completely eliminate the allele due to its presence in unaffected heterozygotes. In this case, the best option is to attempt to minimize the frequency of the allele by selectively choosing mating pairs. In the process of eliminating genetic disorders, it is important to consider


id: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild-0.md
category: reference
title: Extinct in the wild
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:15.585025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-0
summary:
A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only consisting of living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. Classification requires exhaustive surveys conducted within the species' known habitat with consideration given to seasonality, time of day, and life cycle. Once a species is classified as EW, the only way for it to be downgraded is through reintroduction. Not all EW species are rare. An example is the Brugmansia genus, where all seven species are widely cultivated, but none are found in the wild. == Examples == Examples of species and subspecies that are extinct in the wild include (in alphabetical order): Abutilon pitcairnense (last surviving plant destroyed in 2005) Alagoas curassow (last unconfirmed sighting reported in the late 1980s, listed extinct in the wild since 1994) Corypha taliera (last tree cut down in 1979) Christmas Island blue-tailed skink (listed extinct in the wild since 2014) Dabry's sturgeon (listed extinct in the wild since 2022) Escarpment cycad (listed extinct in the wild since 2006) Franklinia alatamaha (last seen in 1803, listed extinct in the wild since 1998) Golden


id: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild-1.md
category: reference
title: Extinct in the wild
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:15.585025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: extinct-in-the-wild-20260505-0
summary:
The IUCN developed a system of classifying species recovery efforts in 2012 entitled the Green Status. The species recovery score is a 0%–100% scale, with 0% being the species is extinct or extinct in the wild and 100% being fully recovered. In addition, the Green Status also classifies previous and future conservation impacts with the Green Scores of Conservation Dependency, Conservation Gain, Conservation Legacy, and Recovery Potential. For a species to receive a score of 100% and be considered fully recovered, three requirements must be met: the species must be present in all areas of both its current and historical range, it is viable in all areas of the range, and performs its ecological niche across the full range. Given the lofty standards, many species are not expected to meet the criteria and it is not a goal of this system. Land use changes have cumulated in many species losing habitat. Green Scores are snapshots in time to assess a species' current status and how conservation efforts have influenced their status. It is also predictive as it can project how the status would change if conservation efforts ceased or continued. Conservation Legacy assess how previous conservation work has changed or


id: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo-0.md
category: reference
title: Frozen zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:16.788437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
A frozen zoo is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way can be stored indefinitely and used for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, and cloning. There are a few frozen zoos across the world that implement this technology for conservation efforts. Several different species have been introduced to this technology, including the Pyrenean ibex, Black-footed ferret, and potentially the white rhinoceros. == Overview == The first frozen zoo was established at the San Diego Zoo by pathologist Kurt Benirschke in 1972. At the time there was no technology available to make use of the collection, but Benirschke believed such technology would be developed in the future. The frozen zoo idea was later supported in Gregory Benford's 1992 paper proposing a Library of Life. Zoos such as the San Diego Zoo and research programs such as the Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species cryopreserve genetic material in order to protect the diversity of the gene pool of endangered species, or to provide for a prospective reintroduction of such extinct


id: frozen-zoo-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo-1.md
category: reference
title: Frozen zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:16.788437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
== Drawbacks == Due to the very low temperatures required, varying levels of stress are put on the DNA samples. Spermatozoa, in particular, are stressed by temperature shock, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress with the latter being the most detrimental. When temperature shock occurs, the membrane is damaged through freezing and thawing of the sperm. Osmotic stress occurs when ice crystals form inside the nucleus during the freezing process, causing differing osmotic pressures within the cell. Oxidative stress is the result of too many reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is highly reactive and damaging to all parts of the cell. Although these stressors are present within the cell, there are solutions to each. By introducing cholesterol to the samples, temperature shock can be reduced. The use of antifreeze proteins provides one solution for osmotic stress. Oxidative stress is the most difficult to combat because of the highly reactive components of ROS, but some measures like adding certain proteins to limit freeze-thaw damage and increase the survival rate of the DNA. == Applications == === Gaur === A gaur that died of natural causes had some skin cells frozen and added to the San Diego Frozen Zoo. Eight years later, DNA


id: frozen-zoo-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo-2.md
category: reference
title: Frozen zoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:06:16.788437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-zoo-20260505-0
summary:
The Pyrenean ibex went extinct in 2000. In 2003 frozen cells from the last one (a female killed by a falling branch) were used to clone 208 embryos, of which 7 successfully implanted in goats, and one made it to term. That one ibex died of respiratory failure just after birth; quite possibly as a result of the cloning process, its lungs had not developed properly. There may not be enough individuals' cells preserved to create a breeding population. Despite the death of the ibex, DNA analysis revealed that the offspring was a legitimate clone from its last living descendent. == Potential candidates == === White rhinoceros === Over the years, concerns over population declines of the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) have increased with the increasing value of their horns to poachers. Specifically, the population has declined nearly seventy percent from 2011 to 2019. Processes like SCNT can help aid in conservation efforts towards the revival of their population. Researchers are looking towards induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), as they hold limitless possibilities. With the lack of natural mating occurring within the species due to the limited number of them, this sub-species provides researchers the opportunity for iPSC


