# kb

id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-fair-division-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_fair_division-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in fair division
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_fair_division
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:09.846628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-fair-division-20260505-0
summary:
This page lists notable open problems related to fair division - a field in the intersection of mathematics, computer science, political science and economics. == Open problems in fair cake-cutting == === Query complexity of envy-free cake-cutting === In the problem of envy-free cake-cutting, there is a cake modeled as an interval, and n {\displaystyle n} agents with different value measures over the cake. The value measures are accessible only via queries of the form "evaluate a given piece of cake" or "mark a piece of cake with a given value". With n = 2 {\displaystyle n=2} agents, an envy-free division can be found using two queries, via divide and choose. With n > 2 {\displaystyle n>2} agents, there are several open problems regarding the number of required queries. 1. First, assume that the entire cake must be allocated (i.e., there is no disposal), and pieces may be disconnected. How many queries are required? Lower bound: Ω ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle \Omega (n^{2})} ; Upper bound: O ( n n n n n n ) {\displaystyle O\left(n^{n^{n^{n^{n^{n}}}}}\right)} . 2. Next, assume that some cake may be left unallocated (i.e., there is free disposal), but the allocation must be proportional


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-fair-division-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_fair_division-1.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in fair division
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_fair_division
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:09.846628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-fair-division-20260505-0
summary:
=== Approximate maximin-share fairness === The 1-of- n {\displaystyle n} maximin share (MMS) of an agent is the largest utility the agent can secure by partitioning the items into n {\displaystyle n} bundles and receiving the worst bundle. For two agents, divide and choose gives each agent at least his/her 1-of-2 MMS. For n > 2 {\displaystyle n>2} agents, it is almost always, but not always, possible to give each agent his/her 1-of- n {\displaystyle n} MMS. This raises several kinds of questions. ==== 1. Computational complexity ==== What is the runtime complexity of deciding whether a given instance admits a 1-of- n {\displaystyle n} MMS allocation? Upper bound: N P N P {\displaystyle {NP}^{NP}} (which is Σ 2 P {\displaystyle \Sigma _{2}^{P}} - level 2 in the polynomial hierarchy) Lower bound: none (so it may be level 2 or 1 or even 0 of the hierarchy). NOTE: the following related problems are known to be computationally hard: Calculating the 1-of- n {\displaystyle n} MMS of a given agent is NP-hard even if all agents have additive preferences (reduction from partition problem). Deciding whether a given allocation is 1-of- n {\displaystyle n} MMS is co-NP complete for agents with additive


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-fair-division-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_fair_division-2.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in fair division
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_fair_division
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:09.846628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-fair-division-20260505-0
summary:
==== Price of fairness ==== The price of fairness is the ratio between the maximum social welfare (sum of utilities) in any allocation, and the maximum social welfare in a fair allocation. What is the price of EF1 fairness? The upper bound is O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} - by either Round-robin or maximum Nash welfare. The lower bound is O ( n ) {\displaystyle O({\sqrt {n}})} . === Existence of EFx allocation === An allocation is called EFx ("envy-free up to any good") if, for any two agents i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle j} , and for any good in the bundle of j {\displaystyle j} , if we remove that good from j {\displaystyle j} 's bundle then i {\displaystyle i} does not envy. For three agents with additive valuations, does there always exist an EFx allocation? For n {\displaystyle n} agents with general monotone valuations, can we prove that there does not exist an EFx allocation? Known cases: If at least n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} valuations are identical: yes. Hence, for two agents: yes. This is true even for general monotone valuations. For three agents: yes, by a recent working paper. === Existence of


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-geoscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_geoscience-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in geoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_geoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:11.045396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-geoscience-20260505-0
summary:
This list provides references to notable unsolved problems in geoscience. == Early Earth and the Solar System == Was there ever a collision of Earth with the hypothesized planet of Theia, which gave birth to the Moon? There is compelling evidence, such as measures of a shorter duration of the Earth's rotation and lunar month in the past, that suggests the possibility that Earth's Moon was much closer to Earth during the early stages of Solar System formation. What is the long-term heat balance of Earth? How did its internal temperature decay since it formed by accretion of chondrites? How abundant are radiogenic elements in the interior? Did a "faint young Sun" ever warm a "snowball Earth"? and that is cause it formed on one of the earths langrage sharing it's orbit line == Topography and environment == Can the now widely available topographic data be used to derive past tectonic and climatic conditions (in the multi-million year scale)? Do we know enough about the erosion and transport processes? Does the stochasticity of meteorological and tectonic events reflect in the landscape? How much has life contributed to shape the Earth's surface? Can classical geomorphological concepts such as peneplanation or retrogressive


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-information-theory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_information_theory-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in information theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_information_theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:12.210120+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-information-theory-20260505-0
summary:
This article lists notable unsolved problems in information theory. These are separated into source coding and channel coding. There are also related unsolved problems in philosophy. == Channel coding == Capacity of a network: The capacity of a general wireless network is not known. There are some specific cases for which the capacity is known, such as the AWGN channel and fading channel. Capacity of the broadcast channel: The capacity of the broadcast channel, or the case in which a single transmitter is sending information to many receivers, is unknown in general, though it is known for several specific cases. Capacity of the interference channel (Two User): The capacity of the interference channel, in the case where there are two transmitter and receiver pairs that interfere among each other, is unknown in general. Capacity is known in special cases: strong interference regime, injective-deterministic. Capacity is known in approximate sense or within a range for: injective-semi-deterministic, additive white Gaussian noise with per block power constraint. Capacity of the two-way channel: The capacity of the two-way channel (a channel in which information is sent in both directions simultaneously) is unknown. Capacity of Aloha: The ALOHAnet used a very simple access scheme for


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, mathematical logic, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations. Some problems belong to more than one discipline and are studied using techniques from different areas. Prizes are often awarded for the solution to a long-standing problem, and some lists of unsolved problems, such as the Millennium Prize Problems, receive considerable attention. This list is a composite of notable unsolved problems mentioned in previously published lists, including but not limited to lists considered authoritative, and the problems listed here vary widely in both difficulty and importance. == Notable lists == Various mathematicians and organizations have published and promoted lists of unsolved mathematical problems. In some cases, the lists have been associated with prizes for the discoverers of solutions. === Millennium Prize Problems === Of the original seven Millennium Prize Problems listed by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000, six remain unsolved to date: Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture Hodge conjecture Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness P versus NP Riemann hypothesis Yang–Mills


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Birch–Tate conjecture on the relation between the order of the center of the Steinberg group of the ring of integers of a number field to the field's Dedekind zeta function. Casas-Alvero conjecture: if a polynomial of degree d {\displaystyle d} defined over a field K {\displaystyle K} of characteristic 0 {\displaystyle 0} has a factor in common with its first through d − 1 {\displaystyle d-1} -th derivative, then must f {\displaystyle f} be the d {\displaystyle d} -th power of a linear polynomial? Connes embedding problem in Von Neumann algebra theory Crouzeix's conjecture: the matrix norm of a complex function f {\displaystyle f} applied to a complex matrix A {\displaystyle A} is at most twice the supremum of | f ( z ) | {\displaystyle |f(z)|} over the field of values of A {\displaystyle A} . Determinantal conjecture on the determinant of the sum of two normal matrices. Eilenberg–Ganea conjecture: a group with cohomological dimension 2 also has a 2-dimensional Eilenberg–MacLane space K ( G , 1 ) {\displaystyle K(G,1)} . Farrell–Jones conjecture on whether certain assembly maps are isomorphisms. Bost conjecture: a specific case of the Farrell–Jones conjecture Finite lattice representation problem: is every finite lattice isomorphic to


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-2.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The Brennan conjecture: estimating the integral powers of the moduli of the derivative of conformal maps into the open unit disk, on certain subsets of C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } Fuglede's conjecture on whether nonconvex sets in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } and R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} are spectral if and only if they tile by translation. Goodman's conjecture on the coefficients of multivalued functions Invariant subspace problem – does every bounded operator on a complex Banach space send some non-trivial closed subspace to itself? Kung–Traub conjecture on the optimal order of a multipoint iteration without memory Lehmer's conjecture on the Mahler measure of non-cyclotomic polynomials The mean value problem: given a complex polynomial f {\displaystyle f} of degree d ≥ 2 {\displaystyle d\geq 2} and a complex number z {\displaystyle z} , is there a critical point c {\displaystyle c} of f {\displaystyle f} such that | f ( z ) − f ( c ) | ≤ | f ′ ( z ) | | z − c | {\displaystyle |f(z)-f(c)|\leq |f'(z)||z-c|} ? The Pompeiu problem on the topology of domains for which some nonzero function has integrals that vanish over every congruent copy Sendov's conjecture:


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-3.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Sudoku: How many puzzles have exactly one solution? How many puzzles with exactly one solution are minimal? What is the maximum number of givens for a minimal puzzle? Tic-tac-toe variants: Given the width of a tic-tac-toe board, what is the smallest dimension such that X is guaranteed to have a winning strategy? (See also Hales–Jewett theorem and nd game) Chess: What is the outcome of a perfectly played game of chess? (See also first-move advantage in chess) Go: What is the perfect value of Komi? Set: What is the largest possible cap set, as a function of n {\displaystyle n} in the n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional affine space over the three-element field? Are the nim-sequences of all finite octal games eventually periodic? Is the nim-sequence of Grundy's game eventually periodic? ==== Games with imperfect information ==== Rendezvous problem === Geometry === ==== Algebraic geometry ==== Abundance conjecture: if the canonical bundle of a projective variety with Kawamata log terminal singularities is nef, then it is semiample. Bass conjecture on the finite generation of certain algebraic K-groups. Bass–Quillen conjecture relating vector bundles over a regular Noetherian ring and over the polynomial ring A [ t 1 , … , t n


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-4.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
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The spherical Bernstein's problem, a generalization of Bernstein's problem Carathéodory conjecture: any convex, closed, and twice-differentiable surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space admits at least two umbilical points. Cartan–Hadamard conjecture: can the classical isoperimetric inequality for subsets of Euclidean space be extended to spaces of nonpositive curvature, known as Cartan–Hadamard manifolds? Chern's conjecture (affine geometry) that the Euler characteristic of a compact affine manifold vanishes. Chern's conjecture for hypersurfaces in spheres, a number of closely related conjectures. Closed curve problem: find (explicit) necessary and sufficient conditions that determine when, given two periodic functions with the same period, the integral curve is closed. The filling area conjecture, that a hemisphere has the minimum area among shortcut-free surfaces in Euclidean space whose boundary forms a closed curve of given length The Hopf conjectures relating the curvature and Euler characteristic of higher-dimensional Riemannian manifolds Osserman conjecture: that every Osserman manifold is either flat or locally isometric to a rank-one symmetric space Yau's conjecture on the first eigenvalue that the first eigenvalue for the Laplace–Beltrami operator on an embedded minimal hypersurface of S n + 1 {\displaystyle S^{n+1}} is n {\displaystyle n} . ==== Discrete geometry ==== The big-line-big-clique conjecture on the existence of either


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-5.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Falconer's conjecture: sets of Hausdorff dimension greater than d / 2 {\displaystyle d/2} in R d {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}} must have a distance set of nonzero Lebesgue measure The values of the Hermite constants for dimensions other than 1–8 and 24 What is the lowest number of faces possible for a holyhedron? Inscribed square problem, also known as Toeplitz' conjecture and the square peg problem – does every Jordan curve have an inscribed square? The Kakeya conjecture – do n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional sets that contain a unit line segment in every direction necessarily have Hausdorff dimension and Minkowski dimension equal to n {\displaystyle n} ? The Kelvin problem on minimum-surface-area partitions of space into equal-volume cells, and the optimality of the Weaire–Phelan structure as a solution to the Kelvin problem Lebesgue's universal covering problem on the minimum-area convex shape in the plane that can cover any shape of diameter one Mahler's conjecture on the product of the volumes of a centrally symmetric convex body and its polar. In Meissner body): Are the two Meissner tetrahedra the minimum-volume three-dimensional shapes of constant width? Moser's worm problem – what is the smallest area of a shape that can cover every


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-6.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Graph drawing and embedding ==== The Albertson conjecture: the crossing number can be lower-bounded by the crossing number of a complete graph with the same chromatic number Conway's thrackle conjecture that thrackles cannot have more edges than vertices The GNRS conjecture on whether minor-closed graph families have ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell _{1}} embeddings with bounded distortion Harborth's conjecture: every planar graph can be drawn with integer edge lengths Negami's conjecture on projective-plane embeddings of graphs with planar covers The strong Papadimitriou–Ratajczak conjecture: every polyhedral graph has a convex greedy embedding Turán's brick factory problem – Is there a drawing of any complete bipartite graph with fewer crossings than the number given by Zarankiewicz? Guy's conjecture on the crossing number for complete graphs – Is there a drawing of any complete graph with fewer crossings than the number given by his upper bound? Universal point sets of subquadratic size for planar graphs ==== Restriction of graph parameters ==== Does there exist a conference graph for every number of vertices v > 1 {\displaystyle v>1} where v ≡ 1 mod 4 {\displaystyle v\equiv 1{\bmod {4}}} and v {\displaystyle v} is an odd sum of two squares? Conway's 99-graph problem: does there


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-7.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Miscellaneous graph theory ==== Delta-conjecture (1978): consider a complete graph ( V ; E 1 , … , E d ) {\displaystyle (V;E_{1},\dots ,E_{d})} each edge of which is colored by one of d {\displaystyle d} colors such that there exists a triangle Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } colored in three pairwise distinct colors. Then, in each chromatic component ( V , E i ) , i = 1 , … , d {\displaystyle (V,E_{i}),i=1,\dots ,d} , one can choose a maximal independent vertex-set such that the intersection of the obtained d {\displaystyle d} sets is empty. The imbalance conjecture: If the imbalance for each edge of a graph is at least 1, is the multiset of all edge imbalances always graphic? The implicit graph conjecture on the existence of implicit representations for slowly-growing hereditary families of graphs Ryser's conjecture relating the maximum matching size and minimum transversal size in hypergraphs The second neighborhood problem: does every oriented graph contain a vertex for which there are at least as many other vertices at distance two as at distance one? Sidorenko's conjecture on homomorphism densities of graphs in graphons Teschner's bondage number conjecture: is the bondage number of a graph always


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-8.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Büchi's problem on sufficiently large sequences of square numbers with constant second difference. Carmichael's totient function conjecture: do all values of Euler's totient function have multiplicity greater than 1 {\displaystyle 1} ? Catalan–Dickson conjecture on aliquot sequences: no aliquot sequences are infinite but non-repeating. Exponent pair conjecture: for all ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} , is the pair ( ε , 1 / 2 + ε ) {\displaystyle (\varepsilon ,1/2+\varepsilon )} an exponent pair? The Gauss circle problem: how far can the number of integer points in a circle centered at the origin be from the area of the circle? Grimm's conjecture: each element of a set of consecutive composite numbers can be assigned a distinct prime number that divides it. Hall's conjecture: for any ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} , there is some constant c ( ε ) {\displaystyle c(\varepsilon )} such that either y 2 = x 3 {\displaystyle y^{2}=x^{3}} or | y 2 − x 3 | > c ( ε ) x 1 / 2 − ε {\displaystyle |y^{2}-x^{3}|>c(\varepsilon )x^{1/2-\varepsilon }} . Lehmer's totient problem: if ϕ ( n ) {\displaystyle \phi (n)} divides n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} , must n {\displaystyle n}


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-9.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Leopoldt's conjecture: a p-adic analogue of the regulator of an algebraic number field does not vanish. Stark conjectures (including Brumer–Stark conjecture) Characterize all algebraic number fields that have some power basis. ==== Analytic number theory ==== Beilinson's conjectures about special values of L-functions. Do Siegel zeros exist? Find the value of the De Bruijn–Newman constant. Is Selberg class of Dirichlet series equal to class of automorphic L-functions? Hardy–Littlewood zeta function conjectures Keating–Snaith conjecture concerning the asymptotics of an integral involving the Riemann zeta function Hilbert–Pólya conjecture: the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function correspond to eigenvalues of a self-adjoint operator. Lindelöf hypothesis that for all ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} , ζ ( 1 / 2 + i t ) = o ( t ε ) {\displaystyle \zeta (1/2+it)=o(t^{\varepsilon })} The density hypothesis for zeroes of the Riemann zeta function. Location of nontrivial zeros of L-functions, especially conjectures concerning their critical lines: Grand Riemann hypothesis: do the nontrivial zeros of all automorphic L-functions lie on the critical line 1 / 2 + i t {\displaystyle 1/2+it} with real t {\displaystyle t} ? Generalized Riemann hypothesis for Selberg class: do the nontrivial zeros of all functions in Selberg class


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-10.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Littlewood conjecture: for any two real numbers α , β {\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta } , lim inf n → ∞ n ‖ n α ‖ ‖ n β ‖ = 0 {\displaystyle \liminf _{n\rightarrow \infty }n\,\Vert n\alpha \Vert \,\Vert n\beta \Vert =0} , where ‖ x ‖ {\displaystyle \Vert x\Vert } is the distance from x {\displaystyle x} to the nearest integer. Schanuel's conjecture on the transcendence degree of certain field extensions of the rational numbers. In particular: Are π {\displaystyle \pi } and e {\displaystyle e} algebraically independent? Which nontrivial combinations of transcendental numbers (such as e + π , e π , π e , π π , e e {\displaystyle e+\pi ,e\pi ,\pi ^{e},\pi ^{\pi },e^{e}} ) are themselves transcendental? The four exponentials conjecture: the transcendence of at least one of four exponentials of combinations of irrationals Are Euler's constant γ {\displaystyle \gamma } and Catalan's constant G {\displaystyle G} irrational? Are they transcendental? Is Apéry's constant ζ ( 3 ) {\displaystyle \zeta (3)} transcendental? Which transcendental numbers are (exponential) periods? How well can non-quadratic irrational numbers be approximated? What is the irrationality measure of specific (suspected) transcendental numbers such as π {\displaystyle \pi } and γ


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-11.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Fortune's conjecture that no Fortunate number is composite. The Gaussian moat problem: is it possible to find an infinite sequence of distinct Gaussian prime numbers such that the difference between consecutive numbers in the sequence is bounded? Gillies' conjecture on the distribution of prime divisors of Mersenne numbers. Landau's problems Goldbach conjecture: all even natural numbers greater than 2 {\displaystyle 2} are the sum of two prime numbers. Legendre's conjecture: for every positive integer n {\displaystyle n} , there is a prime between n 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}} and ( n + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle (n+1)^{2}} . Twin prime conjecture: there are infinitely many twin primes. Are there infinitely many primes of the form n 2 + 1 {\displaystyle n^{2}+1} ? Problems associated to Linnik's theorem New Mersenne conjecture: for any odd natural number p {\displaystyle p} , if any two of the three conditions p = 2 k ± 1 {\displaystyle p=2^{k}\pm 1} or p = 4 k ± 3 {\displaystyle p=4^{k}\pm 3} , 2 p − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{p}-1} is prime, and ( 2 p + 1 ) / 3 {\displaystyle (2^{p}+1)/3} is prime are true, then the third condition is also true. Polignac's conjecture: for all positive


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-12.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Does the partition principle (PP) imply the axiom of choice (AC)? (Woodin) Does the generalized continuum hypothesis below a strongly compact cardinal imply the generalized continuum hypothesis everywhere? Does the generalized continuum hypothesis entail ♢ ( E cf ⁡ ( λ ) λ + ) {\displaystyle {\diamondsuit (E_{\operatorname {cf} (\lambda )}^{\lambda ^{+}}})} for every singular cardinal λ {\displaystyle \lambda } ? Does the generalized continuum hypothesis imply the existence of an ℵ2-Suslin tree? If ℵω is a strong limit cardinal, is 2 ℵ ω < ℵ ω 1 {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{\omega }}<\aleph _{\omega _{1}}} (see Singular cardinals hypothesis)? The best bound, ℵω4, was obtained by Shelah using his PCF theory. The problem of finding the ultimate core model, one that contains all large cardinals. Woodin's Ω-conjecture: if there is a proper class of Woodin cardinals, then Ω-logic satisfies an analogue of Gödel's completeness theorem. Does the consistency of the existence of a strongly compact cardinal imply the consistent existence of a supercompact cardinal? Does there exist a Jónsson algebra on ℵω? Is OCA (the open coloring axiom) consistent with 2 ℵ 0 > ℵ 2 {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}}>\aleph _{2}} ? Reinhardt cardinals: Without assuming the axiom of choice, can a


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-13.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Graph theory === Kahn–Kalai conjecture (Jinyoung Park and Huy Tuan Pham, 2022) Blankenship–Oporowski conjecture on the book thickness of subdivisions (Vida Dujmović, David Eppstein, Robert Hickingbotham, Pat Morin, and David Wood, 2021) Ringel's conjecture that the complete graph K 2 n + 1 {\displaystyle K_{2n+1}} can be decomposed into 2 n + 1 {\displaystyle 2n+1} copies of any tree with n {\displaystyle n} edges (Richard Montgomery, Benny Sudakov, Alexey Pokrovskiy, 2020) Disproof of Hedetniemi's conjecture on the chromatic number of tensor products of graphs (Yaroslav Shitov, 2019) Kelmans–Seymour conjecture (Dawei He, Yan Wang, and Xingxing Yu, 2020) Goldberg–Seymour conjecture (Guantao Chen, Guangming Jing, and Wenan Zang, 2019) Babai's problem (Alireza Abdollahi, Maysam Zallaghi, 2015) Alspach's conjecture (Darryn Bryant, Daniel Horsley, William Pettersson, 2014) Alon–Saks–Seymour conjecture (Hao Huang, Benny Sudakov, 2012) Read–Hoggar conjecture (June Huh, 2009) Scheinerman's conjecture (Jeremie Chalopin and Daniel Gonçalves, 2009) Erdős–Menger conjecture (Ron Aharoni, Eli Berger 2007) Road coloring conjecture (Avraham Trahtman, 2007) Robertson–Seymour theorem (Neil Robertson, Paul Seymour, 2004) Strong perfect graph conjecture (Maria Chudnovsky, Neil Robertson, Paul Seymour and Robin Thomas, 2002) Toida's conjecture (Mikhail Muzychuk, Mikhail Klin, and Reinhard Pöschel, 2001) Harary's conjecture on the integral sum number of complete graphs (Zhibo Chen,


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics-14.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:13.399347+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Books discussing unsolved problems === Chung, Fan; Graham, Ron (1999). Erdös on Graphs: His Legacy of Unsolved Problems. AK Peters. ISBN 978-1-56881-111-6. Croft, Hallard T.; Falconer, Kenneth J.; Guy, Richard K. (1994). Unsolved Problems in Geometry. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-97506-1. Guy, Richard K. (2004). Unsolved Problems in Number Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-20860-2. Klee, Victor; Wagon, Stan (1996). Old and New Unsolved Problems in Plane Geometry and Number Theory. The Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 978-0-88385-315-3. du Sautoy, Marcus (2003). The Music of the Primes: Searching to Solve the Greatest Mystery in Mathematics. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-093558-0. Derbyshire, John (2003). Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-08549-6. Devlin, Keith (2006). The Millennium Problems – The Seven Greatest Unsolved* Mathematical Puzzles Of Our Time. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-7607-8659-8. Blondel, Vincent D.; Megrestski, Alexandre (2004). Unsolved problems in mathematical systems and control theory. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11748-5. Ji, Lizhen; Poon, Yat-Sun; Yau, Shing-Tung (2013). Open Problems and Surveys of Contemporary Mathematics (volume 6 in the Surveys in Modern Mathematics series) (Surveys of Modern Mathematics). International Press of Boston. ISBN 978-1-57146-278-7. Waldschmidt, Michel (2004). "Open Diophantine Problems" (PDF). Moscow Mathematical Journal. 4 (1):


id: unsolved-problems-in-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Unsolved problems in medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:14.566300+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unsolved-problems-in-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
This article discusses notable unsolved problems in medicine. Many of the problems relate to how drugs work (the so-called mechanism of action), and to diseases with an unknown cause, the so-called idiopathic diseases. == Definition of "disease" == There is no overarching, clear definition of what a disease is. On one hand, there is a scientific definition which is tied to a physiological process, and on the other hand, there is the subjective suffering of a patient and the loss of their life quality. Both approaches do not need to match, and they can even be contradictory. For example, when a patient seeks medical help because of a severe flu, the doctor will not care about the specific virological and immunological process behind the clearly visible suffering. This is contrasted by many hemochromatosis patients who will neither see suffering nor a change in their life quality, while the disease-causing process is severe and often deadly if left untreated. Similarly, many cancers in their very early stages are asymptomatic (e.g. pancreatic cancer) and the patient still feels healthy, which delays seeking treatment. Sometimes, cultural factors also play a role in defining "disease". Erectile dysfunction was long seen as a negative but


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-neuroscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in neuroscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:15.768254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-neuroscience-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of notable unsolved problems in neuroscience. A problem is considered unsolved if no answer is known or if there is significant disagreement among experts about a proposed solution. == Consciousness == Consciousness: How can consciousness be defined? What is the neural basis of subjective experience, cognition, wakefulness, alertness, arousal, and attention? Binding problem: How exactly is it that objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience? What is the neural basis of self? Quantum mind: Do quantum mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition, play an important part in the brain's function and can it explain critical aspects of consciousness? Is there a "hard problem of consciousness"? If so, how is it solved? Vertiginous question: Why is it that a specific subject of experience is "live" from a given perspective? What, if anything, is the function of consciousness? Problem of mental causation: How exactly do mental states cause intentional actions to happen? What is the nature and mechanism behind near-death experiences? How can death be defined? Can consciousness exist after death? If consciousness is generated by brain activity, then how do some patients with physically deteriorated brains suddenly gain a


id: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of philosophical problems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:16.929670+00:00
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parent: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
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This is a list of some of the major problems in philosophy. == Philosophy of language == === Counterfactuals === A counterfactual statement is a conditional statement with a false antecedent. For example, the statement "If Joseph Swan had not invented the modern incandescent light bulb, then someone else would have invented it anyway" is a counterfactual, because, in fact, Joseph Swan invented the modern incandescent light bulb. The most immediate task concerning counterfactuals is that of explaining their truth-conditions. As a start, one might assert that background information is assumed when stating and interpreting counterfactual conditionals and that this background information is just every true statement about the world as it is (pre-counterfactual). In the case of the Swan statement, we have certain trends in the history of technology, the utility of artificial light, the discovery of electricity, and so on. We quickly encounter an error with this initial account: among the true statements will be "Joseph Swan did invent the modern incandescent light bulb." From the conjunction of this statement (call it "S") and the antecedent of the counterfactual ("¬S"), we can derive any conclusion, and we have the unwelcome result that any statement follows from any counterfactual


id: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems-1.md
category: reference
title: List of philosophical problems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:16.929670+00:00
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parent: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
summary:
Foundationalism, which posits certain basic beliefs as self-justifying, thus halting the regress. Coherentism, which argues that beliefs are justified by their coherence with other beliefs. Susan Haack's foundherentism is a notable hybrid approach. Infinitism, proposed by Peter D. Klein, which views the infinite regress as unproblematic. Among contemporary epistemologists, reliabilism has emerged as the most widely accepted approach to addressing the problem of the criterion. Developed by philosophers like Alvin Goldman, reliabilism suggests that beliefs can be justified if they are produced by reliable cognitive processes, potentially avoiding the need for infinite justification. This view aligns well with naturalistic approaches to epistemology and has gained significant traction in recent decades. In practice, many philosophers find that there is often a discernible line between sufficient justification and excessive inquiry, allowing for practical epistemological investigations despite the theoretical challenges posed by the problem of the criterion. The debate surrounding this problem remains active, with various approaches offering different insights into the nature of knowledge and justification. === Problem of induction === Scottish philosopher David Hume first formulated the problem of induction, arguing there is no non-circular way to justify inductive reasoning. That is, reasoning based on inferring general conclusions from specific observations.


id: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems-2.md
category: reference
title: List of philosophical problems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:16.929670+00:00
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parent: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
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The problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are. Properties are qualities or relations or names that two or more entities have in common. The various kinds of properties, such as qualities and relations, are referred to as universals. For instance, one can imagine three cup holders on a table that have in common the quality of being circular or exemplifying circularity, or bear the same name, "circular cup" or two daughters that have in common being the female offsprings of Frank. There are many such properties, such as being human, red, male or female, liquid, big or small, taller than, father of, etc. While philosophers agree that human beings talk and think about properties, they disagree on whether these universals exist in reality or merely in thought, speech and sight. === Principle of individuation === Related to the problem of universals, the principle of individuation is what individuates universals. === Sorites paradox === Otherwise known as the "paradox of the heap", the question regards how one defines a "thing." Is a bale of hay still a bale of hay if you remove one straw? If so, is it still a


id: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems-3.md
category: reference
title: List of philosophical problems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:16.929670+00:00
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parent: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
summary:
The question hinges on whether color is a product of the mind or an inherent property of objects. Whilst most philosophers will agree that color assignment corresponds to spectra of light frequencies, it is not at all clear whether the particular psychological phenomena of color are imposed on these visual signals by the mind, or whether such qualia are somehow naturally associated with their noumena. Another way to look at this question is to assume two people ("Fred" and "George" for the sake of convenience) see colors differently. That is, when Fred sees the sky, his mind interprets this light signal as blue. He calls the sky "blue." However, when George sees the sky, his mind assigns green to that light frequency. If Fred were able to step into George's mind, he would be amazed that George saw green skies. However, George has learned to associate the word "blue" with what his mind sees as green, and so he calls the sky "blue", because for him the color green has the name "blue." The question is whether blue must be blue for all people, or whether the perception of that particular color is assigned by the mind. This extends to


id: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems-4.md
category: reference
title: List of philosophical problems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:16.929670+00:00
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parent: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
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=== Cognition and AI === The philosophy of artificial intelligence and cognition examines the nature and possibility of machine intelligence and consciousness. It intersects with cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and computer science. Major debates concern whether artificial systems can possess genuine understanding, how intelligence should be operationally defined, and whether computational processes can replicate or instantiate mental states. The main question this field confronts is whether an AI is capable of intentionality, or "the capacity to have a mental representation of or about a thing or a state of affairs". The potential answers to these questions have changed as artificial intelligence has advanced much throughout the past decade alone. Artificial intelligence in image recognition began as training the program to search for specific features and separate images into categories. More recently, AI has been developed to "learn" via artificial machine learning (AML), which receives visual data from various photos and then reconstructs an idea of what something looks like based on those original images. If the program itself determines its own idea of what something looks like due to the data it is given, one must consider if this is emblematic of intelligence. The first explorations into these questions


id: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems-5.md
category: reference
title: List of philosophical problems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:16.929670+00:00
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parent: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
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In philosophy, the problem of personal identity is concerned with how one is able to identify a single person over a time interval, dealing with such questions as, "What makes it true that a person at one time is the same thing as a person at another time?" or "What kinds of things are we persons?" A question related to the problem of personal identity is Benj Hellie's vertiginous question. The vertiginous question asks why, of all the subjects of experience out there, this one—the one corresponding to the human being referred to as Benj Hellie—is the one whose experiences are live? (The reader is supposed to substitute their own case for Hellie's.) Hellie's argument is closely related to Caspar Hare's theories of egocentric presentism and perspectival realism, of which several other philosophers have written reviews. Similar questions are also asked repeatedly by J. J. Valberg in justifying his horizonal view of the self. Tim S. Roberts refers to the question of why a particular organism out of all the organisms that happen to exist happens to be you as the "Even Harder Problem of Consciousness". The philosophical issues with personal identity have been extensively discussed by Thomas Nagel in


id: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems-6.md
category: reference
title: List of philosophical problems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:16.929670+00:00
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parent: list-of-philosophical-problems-20260505-0
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'The problem of demarcation' is an expression introduced by Karl Popper to refer to 'the problem of finding a criterion which would enable us to distinguish between the empirical sciences on the one hand, and mathematics and logic as well as "metaphysical" systems on the other'. Popper attributes this problem to Kant. Although Popper mentions mathematics and logic, other writers focus on distinguishing science from metaphysics. A prominent question in meta-philosophy is that of whether or not philosophical progress occurs and more so, whether such progress in philosophy is even possible. It has even been disputed, most notably by Ludwig Wittgenstein, whether genuine philosophical problems actually exist. The opposite has also been claimed, for example by Karl Popper, who held that such problems do exist, that they are solvable, and that he had actually found definite solutions to some of them. David Chalmers divides inquiry into philosophical progress in meta-philosophy into three questions. The Existence Question: is there progress in philosophy? The Comparison Question: is there as much progress in philosophy as in science? The Explanation Question: why isn't there more progress in philosophy? === Realism === Does a world independent of human beliefs and representations exist? Is such a


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
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The following is a list of notable unsolved problems grouped into broad areas of physics. Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories are currently unable to explain certain observed phenomena or experimental results. Others are experimental, involving challenges in creating experiments to test proposed theories or to investigate specific phenomena in greater detail. A number of important questions remain open in the area of physics beyond the Standard Model, such as the strong CP problem, determining the absolute mass of neutrinos, understanding matter–antimatter asymmetry, and identifying the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Another significant problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself, which remains inconsistent with general relativity. This incompatibility causes both theories to break down under extreme conditions, such as within known spacetime gravitational singularities like those at the Big Bang and at the centers of black holes beyond their event horizons. == Historical problems and lists == Isaac Newton in his book Opticks (first edition 1704), published a list of 31 queries about light. In 1900, Lord Kelvin in a speech identified two main issues in classical physics that represented "two clouds" for the physics of


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
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== Quantum gravity == Quantum gravity: Can quantum mechanics and general relativity be realized as a fully consistent theory (perhaps as a quantum field theory)? Is spacetime fundamentally continuous or discrete? Would a consistent theory involve a force mediated by a hypothetical graviton, or be a product of a discrete structure of spacetime itself (as in loop quantum gravity)? Are there deviations from the predictions of general relativity at very small or very large scales or in other extreme circumstances that flow from a quantum gravity mechanism? Black holes, black hole information paradox, and black hole radiation: Do black holes produce thermal radiation, as expected on theoretical grounds? Does this radiation contain information about their inner structure, as suggested by gauge–gravity duality, or not, as implied by Hawking's original calculation? If not, and black holes can evaporate away, what happens to the information stored in them (since quantum mechanics does not provide for the destruction of information)? Or does the radiation stop at some point, leaving black hole remnants? Is there another way to probe their internal structure somehow, if such a structure even exists? The cosmic censorship hypothesis and the chronology protection conjecture: Can singularities not hidden behind an


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-2.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
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Dark matter: What is the identity of dark matter? Is it a particle? If so, is it a WIMP, axion, the lightest superpartner (LSP), or some other particle? Or, are the phenomena attributed to dark matter the result of an alternate theory of gravity separate from general relativity altogether? Despite extensive research, the exact composition of dark matter remains unknown. It is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, radiation, and the universe's large-scale structure. Understanding its properties is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the universe. Dark energy: What is the cause of the observed accelerating expansion of the universe (the de Sitter phase)? Are the observations rightly interpreted as the accelerating expansion of the universe, or are they evidence that the cosmological principle is false? Why is the energy density of the dark energy component of the same magnitude as the density of matter at present when the two evolve quite differently over time; could it be simply that we are observing at exactly the right time? Is dark energy a pure cosmological constant or are models of quintessence such as phantom energy applicable? Dark flow: Is a non-spherically-symmetric gravitational pull from outside the observable universe responsible for


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-3.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
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The QCD vacuum: Many of the equations in non-perturbative QCD are currently unsolved. These energies are the energies sufficient for the formation and description of atomic nuclei. How thus does low energy /non-pertubative QCD give rise to the formation of complex nuclei and nuclear constituents? Generations of matter: Why are there three generations of quarks and leptons? Is there a theory that can explain the masses of particular quarks and leptons in particular generations from first principles (a theory of Yukawa couplings)? Neutrino mass: What is the absolute mass of neutrinos? Are they Dirac or Majorana fermions? Is the mass hierarchy normal or inverted? Is the CP violating phase equal to 0? Reactor antineutrino anomaly: There is an anomaly in the existing body of data regarding the antineutrino flux from nuclear reactors around the world. Measured values of this flux appears to be only 94% of the value expected from theory. It is unknown whether this is due to unknown physics (such as sterile neutrinos), experimental error in the measurements, or errors in the theoretical flux calculations. Strong CP problem and axions: Why is the strong nuclear interaction invariant to parity and charge conjugation? Is Peccei–Quinn theory the solution to


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-4.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
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Solar cycle: How does the Sun generate its periodically reversing large-scale magnetic field? How do other solar-like stars generate their magnetic fields, and what are the similarities and differences between stellar activity cycles and that of the Sun? What caused the Maunder Minimum and other grand minima, and how does the solar cycle recover from a minima state? Coronal heating problem: Why is the Sun's corona (atmosphere layer) so much hotter than the Sun's surface? Why is the magnetic reconnection effect many orders of magnitude faster than predicted by standard models? Astrophysical jet: Why do only certain accretion discs surrounding certain astronomical objects emit relativistic jets along their polar axes? Why are there quasi-periodic oscillations in many accretion discs? Why does the period of these oscillations scale as the inverse of the mass of the central object? Why are there sometimes overtones, and why do these appear at different frequency ratios in different objects? Diffuse interstellar bands: What is responsible for the numerous interstellar absorption lines detected in astronomical spectra? Are they molecular in origin, and if so which molecules are responsible for them? How do they form? Supermassive black holes: What is the origin of the M–sigma relation between


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-5.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
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Quantum chromodynamics: What are the phases of strongly interacting matter, and what roles do they play in the evolution of the cosmos? What is the detailed partonic structure of the nucleons? What does QCD predict for the properties of strongly interacting matter? What determines the key features of QCD, and what is their relation to the nature of gravity and spacetime? Does QCD truly lack CP violations? Quark–gluon plasma: Where is the onset of deconfinement: 1) as a function of temperature and chemical potentials? 2) as a function of relativistic heavy-ion collision energy and system size? What is the mechanism of energy and baryon-number stopping leading to creation of quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy-ion collisions? Why is sudden hadronization and the statistical-hadronization model a near-to-perfect description of hadron production from quark–gluon plasma? Is quark flavor conserved in quark–gluon plasma? Are strangeness and charm in chemical equilibrium in quark–gluon plasma? Does strangeness in quark–gluon plasma flow at the same speed as up and down quark flavours? Why does deconfined matter show ideal flow? Specific models of quark–gluon plasma formation: Do gluons saturate when their occupation number is large? Do gluons form a dense system called colour glass condensate? What are the


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-6.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
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parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
summary:
== Plasma physics == Plasma physics and fusion power: Fusion energy may potentially provide power from an abundant resource (e.g. hydrogen) without the type of radioactive waste that fission energy currently produces. However, can ionized gases (plasma) be confined long enough and at a high enough temperature to create fusion power? What is the physical origin of H-mode? The injection problem: Fermi acceleration is thought to be the primary mechanism that accelerates astrophysical particles to high energy. However, it is unclear what mechanism causes those particles to initially have energies high enough for Fermi acceleration to work on them. Alfvénic turbulence: In the solar wind and the turbulence in solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and magnetospheric substorms are major unsolved problems in space plasma physics. Ball lightning: the exact physical nature of this mystery in atmospheric electricity. == Biophysics == Abiogenesis: can life be created from physical processes alone? Stochasticity and robustness to noise in gene expression: How do genes govern our body, withstanding different external pressures and internal stochasticity? Certain models exist for genetic processes, but we are far from understanding the whole picture, in particular in development where gene expression must be tightly regulated. Quantitative study of the


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics-7.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:18.131755+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-physics-20260505-0
summary:
=== High-energy physics/particle physics === Existence of pentaquarks (1964–2015): In July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN identified pentaquarks in the Λ0b→J/ψK−p channel, which represents the decay of the bottom lambda baryon (Λ0b) into a J/ψ meson (J/ψ), a kaon (K−) and a proton (p). The results showed that sometimes, instead of decaying directly into mesons and baryons, the Λ0b decayed via intermediate pentaquark states. The two states, named P+c(4380) and P+c(4450), had individual statistical significances of 9 σ and 12 σ, respectively, and a combined significance of 15 σ—enough to claim a formal discovery. The two pentaquark states were both observed decaying strongly to J/ψp, hence must have a valence quark content of two up quarks, a down quark, a charm quark, and an anti-charm quark (uudcc), making them charmonium-pentaquarks. Existence of quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter was discovered and confirmed in experiments at CERN-SPS (2000), BNL-RHIC (2005) and CERN-LHC (2010). Higgs boson and electroweak symmetry breaking (1963–2012): The mechanism responsible for breaking the electroweak gauge symmetry, giving mass to the W and Z bosons, was solved with the discovery of the Higgs boson of the Standard Model, with the expected couplings to the weak bosons. No


id: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-statistics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_statistics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of unsolved problems in statistics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_statistics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:19.361016+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-unsolved-problems-in-statistics-20260505-0
summary:
There are many longstanding unsolved problems in mathematics for which a solution has still not yet been found. The notable unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor; according to John Tukey, "difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems." A list of "one or two open problems" (in fact 22 of them) was given by David Cox. == Inference and testing == How to detect and correct for systematic errors, especially in sciences where random errors are large (a situation Tukey termed uncomfortable science). The Graybill–Deal estimator is often used to estimate the common mean of two normal populations with unknown and possibly unequal variances. Though this estimator is generally unbiased, its admissibility remains to be shown. Meta-analysis: Though independent p-values can be combined using Fisher's method, techniques are still being developed to handle the case of dependent p-values. Behrens–Fisher problem: Yuri Linnik showed in 1966 that there is no uniformly most powerful test for the difference of two means when the variances are unknown and possibly unequal. That is, there is no exact test (meaning that, if the means are in fact equal, one that rejects the null hypothesis with


id: list-of-hypothetical-technologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_technologies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of hypothetical technologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_technologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:20.536514+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hypothetical-technologies-20260505-0
summary:
Hypothetical technologies are technologies that do not exist yet, but that could exist in the future. They are distinct from emerging technologies, which have achieved some developmental success. Emerging technologies as of 2018 include 3-D metal printing and artificial embryos. Many hypothetical technologies have been the subject of science fiction. The criteria for this list are that the technology: Must not exist yet Is credibly proposed to exist in the future (e.g. no perpetual motion machines) If the technology does not have an existing article (i.e. it is "redlinked"), a reference must be provided for it == Biology == == Engineering and manufacturing == === Computing and robotics === === Megastructures === === Nanotechnology === === Transport === == Minds and psychology == == Physics == === Nuclear energy and weaponry === === Space === == See also == == References ==


id: above-and-beyond-the-encyclopedia-of-aviation-and-space-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_and_Beyond:_The_Encyclopedia_of_Aviation_and_Space_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Above and Beyond: The Encyclopedia of Aviation and Space Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_and_Beyond:_The_Encyclopedia_of_Aviation_and_Space_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:22.035663+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: above-and-beyond-the-encyclopedia-of-aviation-and-space-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Above and Beyond: The Encyclopedia of Aviation and Space Sciences was the first attempt at creating an encyclopedia of all matters related to the history, technology and aims of the aerospace industry as it existed in the late 1960s. Published in 1967 by New Horizons Publishers, Inc., of Chicago, this fourteen-volume collection was aimed primarily at teens and young adults. == References ==


id: aluminium-the-thirteenth-element-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium:_The_Thirteenth_Element-0.md
category: reference
title: Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium:_The_Thirteenth_Element
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:23.208203+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aluminium-the-thirteenth-element-20260505-0
summary:
Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element (Russian: Алюминий. Тринадцатый элемент) is a Russian encyclopedia completely devoted to aluminium. The encyclopedia is published by United Company RUSAL, at the end of 2007, in both Russian and English. Four thousand copies were printed (240 pages). The encyclopedia covers various areas of aluminium application, starting from car engineering and architecture to jewellery and fashion, recounts how this metal was discovered, and describes technologies of its production, its properties and benefits for various spheres of life. The book consists of 9 chapters, with an index/glossary and name index enclosed at the end. The encyclopedia contains diversified illustrative materials stemming from Russia and from overseas photo archives, museums and private collections. == Contents == Chapter 1. The History of Aluminium Before the 19th Century. Historical background of aluminium in ancient times; archeological findings containing aluminium; first historic mentions of aluminium articles; information about 'alum' – compound substances with chemical structures containing aluminium; production technologies alum and areas of their application in the Ancient Times and Middle Ages. Chapter 2. How the Metal Was Discovered. Scientists and technologies associated with the first attempts to produce pure aluminium; the beginning of the industrial production of the metal and birth


id: american-beetles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beetles-0.md
category: reference
title: American Beetles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beetles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:24.383527+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-beetles-20260505-0
summary:
American Beetles is a comprehensive description of the beetles of North America north of the tropical area of Mexico. It was started by Ross H. Arnett, Jr. as an update of his classic The Beetles of the United States; along with Michael C. Thomas, he enlisted more than 60 specialists to write treatments of each family. The work outlived Arnett, and was published by CRC Press in 2001 (vol. 1) and 2002 (vol. 2). This is a highly technical book, with extensive references to the literature. The introduction includes a section on beetle anatomy that introduces all the technical terms used later. The bulk of the content consists of treatments of the 130-odd families known to occur in North America (a couple dozen are not known from North America, and are not described); the descriptive material applies worldwide, and there are brief notes about non-North American family members. A family treatment consists of a morphological description, including the larvae if known, habits and habitats, status of the classification, a key to the Nearctic genera (and sometimes species, if the family is small), and short treatments of the subtaxa. Every family gets at least one drawing of a member, and larger


id: encyclopedia-of-anthropology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Anthropology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:25.512305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-anthropology-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Anthropology is an encyclopedia of anthropology edited by H. James Birx of Canisius College and SUNY Geneseo. The encyclopedia, published in 2006 by SAGE Publications, is in five volumes, and contains over 1,200 articles by more than 300 contributors. Entries include the main people, concepts, and theories, in anthropology, but also relevant topics from other disciplines, such as politics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and archaeology. == Sources and external links == H. James Birx [ed.] Encyclopedia of Anthropology (2006, SAGE Publications; ISBN 0-7619-3029-9) Reader's Guide — list of entries (PDF)


id: the-ants-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ants-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:26.641033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ants-20260505-0
summary:
The Ants is a zoology textbook by the German entomologist Bert Hölldobler and the American entomologist E. O. Wilson, first published in 1990. It won the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1991. == Contents == This book is primarily aimed at academics as a reference work, detailing the ants' anatomy, physiology, social organization including their caste system, altruistic behaviour, and chemical communication with pheromones, their ecology (vital for turning the soil and controlling insect pests), and natural history. An account of some of Hölldobler and Wilson's most interesting findings, popularized for the layman, can be found in their 1994 book Journey to the Ants. == Reception == The Science magazine reviewer described the book as a "mighty tome" and commented that it would "surely take its place among the greatest of all entomology books", as it was "a wonderful exploration of almost every ramification of evolutionary biology, from developmental biology to the structure of ecological communities". The illustrations are praised as lavish and extremely detailed, with monochrome drawings and 24 colour plates. All the 297 extant genera are illustrated and identifiable with the supplied keys. But "The Ants, like every great book and every ant colony, is much more


id: atlas-of-the-prehistoric-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_Prehistoric_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Atlas of the Prehistoric World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_Prehistoric_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:27.837231+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: atlas-of-the-prehistoric-world-20260505-0
summary:
Atlas of the Prehistoric World is a book written by Douglas Palmer. It was published in 1999 by Random House, Inc. It covers the last 620 million years. == References ==


id: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:29.061385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of encyclopedias as well as encyclopedic and biographical dictionaries published on the subject of biology in any language. Entries are in the English language unless specifically stated as otherwise. == General biology == Becher, Anne, Joseph Richey. American environmental leaders: From colonial times to the present. Grey House, 2008. ISBN 9781592371198. Butcher, Russell D., Stephen E. Adair, Lynn A. Greenwalt. America's national wildlife refuges: A complete guide. Roberts Rinehart Publishers in cooperation with Ducks Unlimited, 2003. ISBN 1570983798. Cullen, Katherine E. (2009). Encyclopedia of Life Science. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7008-4. Ecological Internet, Inc. EcoEarth.info: Environment portal and search engine. Ecological Internet, Inc. [1]. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. 25 May 2007. ISBN 978-0-470-06651-5. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Groves Dictionaries Incorporated. 1 November 2001. ISBN 978-1-56159-238-8. Friday, Adrian & Davis S. Ingram. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Cambridge, 1985. Gaither, Carl C., Alma E. Cavazos-Gaither, Andrew Slocombe. Naturally speaking: A dictionary of quotations on biology, botany, nature and zoology. Institute of Physics, 2001. ISBN 0750306815. Gibson, Daniel, National Audubon Society. Audubon guide to the national wildlife refuges. Southwest: Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas. St. Martin's Griffin, 2000. ISBN 0312207778. Goudie, Andrew, David J.


id: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology-1.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:29.061385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
summary:
==== Animals ==== Audubon Society Encyclopedia of Animal Life. Clarkson N. Potter, 1982. Bekoff, Marc, Jane Goodall. Encyclopedia of animal behavior. Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0313327459. Bruce, Jenni. The encyclopedia of animals: A complete visual guide. University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 0520244060. Burton, Maurice, Robert Burton. International wildlife encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish, 2002. ISBN 0761472665. Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. Facts on File, 1987. Encyclopedia of Animal Biology. Facts on File, 1987. Encyclopedia of Animal Ecology. Facts on File, 1987. Encyclopedia of Animal Evolution. Facts on File, 1987. Grzimek, Bernhard. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Van Nostrand, 1972–1975. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Ethology. Van Nostrand, 1972–1977. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Wildlife. Grey Castle Press, 1991. Knobil, Ernst and Jimmy D. Neill. Encyclopedia of reproduction. Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 0122270207. Macmillan Illustrated Animal Encyclopedia. Macmillan, 1984. Marshall Cavendish International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish, 1990. Nowak, Ronald M., David W. Macdonald, Roland W. Kays. Walker's carnivores of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0801880335. The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour. Oxford, 1987. World Nature Encyclopedia. Raintree/Steck-Vaughn, 1989. ===== Aquatic ===== Banister, Keith & Andrew Campbell. The Encyclopedia of Aquatic Life. Facts on File, 1985. Dakin, Nick. Macmillan Book of the Marine Aquarium. Macmillan,


id: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology-2.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:29.061385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
summary:
===== Mammals ===== Beacham, Walton, Kirk H. Beetz. Beacham's guide to international endangered species. Beacham, 1998–2001. ISBN 0933833342. Elbroch, Mark. Mammal tracks and sign: A guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, 2003. ISBN 0811726266. Folkens, Pieter A., Randall R. Reeves, National Audubon Society. Guide to marine mammals of the world. A. A. Knopf, 2002. ISBN 0375411410. Grzimek, Bernhard. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed., 1990. ISBN 0079095089. Macdonald, David. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File, 2006. ISBN 0816064946. Mammals: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. National Geographic Society/IBM, 1990. Nowak, Ronald. Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. ISBN 0801857899. Reid, Fiona, National Audubon Society. A field guide to mammals of North America, north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin, 2006. ISBN 0395935962. Whitaker, John O., National Audubon Society. National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. Knopf, 1996. ISBN 0679446311. Wilson, Don E., Sue Ruff, American Society of Mammalogists. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. ISBN 1560988452. ====== Canines ====== Alderton, David (September 2008). Encyclopedia of Dogs (Hardcover). Bath: Parragon Inc. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-4075-2438-2. American Kennel Club. The complete dog book: Official publication of the American Kennel Club. Ballantine Books, 2006. ISBN


id: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology-3.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:29.061385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
summary:
==== Plants ==== Bailey, Liberty Hyde & Ethel Zoe Bailey. Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, 3rd ed., 1976. Barker, Joan. The encyclopedia of North American wild flowers. Parragon, 2004. ISBN 1405430354. Beckett, Kenneth A. The RHS Encyclopedia of House Plants Including Greenhouse Plants. Salem House, 1987. Brickell, Christopher. The American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Macmillan, 1989. Brickell, Christopher, Trevor J. Cole, American Horticultural Society. American Horticultural Society encyclopedia of plants and flowers. DK Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0789489937. Burrows, George E. Toxic plants of North America. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8138-2034-7, doi:10.1002/9781118413425. Dirr, Michael. Dirr's hardy trees and shrubs: An illustrated encyclopedia. Timber Press, 1997. ISBN 0881924040. Flora of North America Association. Flora of North America. Flora of North America Association. [17]. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Oxford University Press, 1993–2006. ISBN 0195057139. Gerard, John, Thomas Johnson. The herbal; or, General history of plants. Dover Publications, 1975. ISBN 048623147X. Graf, Alfred Byrd. Exotica Series 4 International: Pictorial Cyclopedia of Exotic Plants from Tropical and Near-Tropical Regions. Scribner's, 12th ed., 1985. Graf, Alfred Byrd. Hortica: A Color Cyclopedia of Garden Flora in All


id: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology-4.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:29.061385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
summary:
=== Biochemistry === Scott, Thomas A. & Mary Brewer. Concise Encyclopedia of Biochemistry. Walter de Gruyter, 2nd ed., 1988. === Bioethics === Post, Stephen Garrard. Encyclopedia of bioethics. Third edition. Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. ISBN 0028657748. ISSN 0950-4125; DOI:10.1108/09504120510573477. (5-Volume Set; 3062 pages). Reich, Warren Thomas Encyclopedia of Bioethics. First edition. New York: Free Press, 1978. ISBN 0029261805. ISBN 978-0029261804. (4-Volume Set; 1933 pages) Reich, Warren Thomas Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Second edition. New York: Free Press, 1982. (5-Volume Set; 2950 pages) Reich, Warren Thomas Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Third edition. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1995; London: Simon and Schuster and Prentice Hall International, c1995. Rev. ed. (5-Volume Set; 2950 pages; 464 articles) ISBN 0028973550. ISBN 978-0028973555. === Food, nutrition, and agriculture === ==== Agriculture ==== American Veterinary Medical Association. AVMA: American Veterinary Medical Association. American Veterinary Medical Association, 2006-.[21]. Arntzen, Charles J. and Ellen M. Ritter. Encyclopedia of agricultural science. Academic Press, 1994. ISBN 0122266706. Bailey, Liberty Hyde. Cyclopedia of American agriculture. Macmillan, 1909. Bailey, L. H., Ethel Zoe Bailey, Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, 1976. ISBN 0025054708. Bains, William. Biotechnology from A to Z.


id: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology-5.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:29.061385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
summary:
===== Nutrition ===== Ensminger, Audrey H. Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia. Pegus Press, 1983. Food for Health: A Nutrition Encyclopedia. Pegus Press, 1986. Margen, Sheldon. The Wellness Encyclopedia of Food and Nutrition: How to Buy, Store, and Prepare Every Variety of Fresh Food. Rebus, 1992. Mount Sinai School of Medicine Complete Book of Nutrition. St. Martin's Press, 1990. Tver, David F. and Percy Russell. Nutrition and Health Encyclopedia. 2nd ed., Van Nostrand, 1989. Winick, Myron. The Columbia Encyclopedia of Nutrition. Putnam, 1988. Yudin, John. Penguin Encyclopedia of Nutrition. Viking, 1985. ===== Wines, beers, and spirits ===== Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines and Spirits. 5th ed., Knopf, 1987. Grossman's Guide to Wines, Beers, & Spirits. 7th ed., Scribner's, 1983. Hugh Johnson's Modern Encyclopedia of Wine. 3rd ed., Simon & Schuster, 1991. Hugh Johnson's World Atlas of Wine. 3rd ed., Simon & Schuster, 1985. Robinson, Jancis. The Oxford companion to wine. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 019866236X. Schoonmaker, Frank. The New Frank Schoonmaker Encyclopedia of Wine. Rev. ed., Morrow, 1988. === Health, medicine, and drugs === Adelman, George. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Birkhauser Boston, 1987. Fishbein, Morris. Fishbein's Illustrated Medical and Health Encyclopedia. H. S. Struttman, 1983. Who's who in medicine and healthcare.


id: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology-6.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias:_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:29.061385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-encyclopedias-biology-20260505-0
summary:
==== Medicine ==== Bailey, Hamilton, W. J. Bishop, Harold Ellis. Bailey and Bishop's notable names in medicine and surgery. Lewis, 1983. ISBN 0718604660. Bendiner, Jessica, Elmer Bendiner. Biographical dictionary of medicine. Facts on File, 1990. ISBN 0816018642. Berkow, Robert. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 16th ed., Merck, 1992. Bremer, Sydney, Jeffrey H. Miller, William Broughton. Encyclopedia of genetics. Academic Press, 2002. ISBN 0122270800. Bynum, W. F., Helen Bynum. Dictionary of medical biography. Greenwood Press, 2006. ISBN 0313328773. Clayman, Charles B. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Random House, 1989. Delves, Peter J., Ivan M. Roitt. Encyclopedia of immunology. Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 0122267656. Fischer, Isidor. Biographisches Lexikon der hervorragenden Ärzte der letzten 50 Jahre. 1932–33. Ganten, Detlev, Klaus Ruckpaul. Encyclopedic reference of genomics and proteomics in molecular medicine. Springer, 2005. ISBN 3540442448. Gomez, Joan. Dictionary of Symptoms. Rev. ed., Stein & Day, 1985. Griffith, H. Winter. Complete Guide to Symptoms, Illness & Surgery. 2nd ed., Price Stern Sloan, 1989. Hafner, Arthur Wayne, Fred W. Hunter, B. Michael Tarpey. Directory of deceased American physicians, 1804–1929: A genealogical guide to over 149,000 medical practitioners providing brief biographical sketches drawn from the American Medical Association's Deceased Physician Masterfile. American Medical


id: birds-of-north-america-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_North_America_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Birds of North America (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_North_America_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:40.826773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: birds-of-north-america-book-20260505-0
summary:
Birds of North America is a comprehensive encyclopedia of bird species in the United States and Canada, with substantial articles about each species. It was first published as a series of 716 printed booklets, prepared by 863 authors, and made available as the booklets were completed from 1992 through 2003. The project was overseen by the American Ornithologists' Union in partnership with the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In 2004, an online version of the encyclopedia, including audio and video resources, was produced and released by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Access is by personal or institutional subscription. == References ==


id: brehms-tierleben-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehms_Tierleben-0.md
category: reference
title: Brehms Tierleben
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehms_Tierleben
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:41.985437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brehms-tierleben-20260505-0
summary:
Brehms Tierleben (English title: Brehm's Animal Life) is a scientific reference book, first published in the 1860s by Alfred Edmund Brehm (1829–1884). It was one of the first modern popular zoological treatises. First published in German as a six volume work that was completed in 1869 it was published by the Bibliographisches Institut of Herrmann Julius Meyer with illustration directed by Robert Kretschmer. The second edition, completed in 1879 had ten volumes. It was translated into several European languages. == Publishing history == As a freelance writer, Brehm furnished popular-scientific magazines with essays and travelogues. Because of his success in doing this, in 1860 he was commissioned to write a six-volume zoological encyclopedia. Journeys to Abyssinia, Scandinavia and Siberia both interrupted and enriched the work. The first six volumes of the encyclopedia, published under the title Illustrirtes Thierleben, appeared from 1864 to 1869, published by the Bibliographisches Institut under Herrmann Julius Meyer. Illustrated under the direction of Robert Kretschmer (1818–1872), they met with wide approval from the educated bourgeoisie. As of the second edition, which consisted of ten volumes published from 1876 to 1879, the work was already titled Brehms Tierleben. The work made Brehm famous around the world and


id: the-complete-guide-to-prehistoric-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Prehistoric_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Prehistoric_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:43.116492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-complete-guide-to-prehistoric-life-20260505-0
summary:
The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life is a 2005 encyclopedia featuring 111 of the prehistoric animals from the Walking with... series, as well as an additional one (Homo floresiensis). It was published in 2005 by Firefly Books, and written by Tim Haines with Paul Chambers. It accompanies all of the main programs in the Walking with... series, including specials The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants but excluding Walking with Cavemen. == Contents == The book opens with an introduction by the authors reflecting on the making of the TV series. The book is then divided into three parts by era, first of which is The Rise of Life, which covers the Precambrian and the Paleozoic Era. The second part, The Age of Reptiles, covers the Mesozoic Era. The third and final part, The Age of Beasts, covers the Cenozoic Era. The book concludes with a timescale of life on earth, tree of life diagrams. == Reception == Stuart Sumida, writing in The Quarterly Review of Biology, stated that "The authors make a valiant attempt to clear locality and phylogenetic perspectives, but it is a mixed bag. They are properly up to date on the


category: reference
title: Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry and Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:44.267951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
concise-encyclopedia-of-supersymmetry-and-noncommutative-structures-in-mathematics-and-physics-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Supersymmetry_and_Noncommutative_Structures_in_Mathematics_and_Physics-0.md

summary:
Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry and Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and Physics is a fundamental authoritative text in specialized areas of contemporary mathematics and physics. This is an English language reference work which consists of around 800 original articles by around 280 scientists under the guidance of 23 advisory board members. == Publication history == The first edition was published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004, when Kluwer was a part of Springer. A second printing with corrections was issued in 2005 by Springer Science & Business Media. == Contents == Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry contains articles devoted to supergravity, M-theory, quantum gravity, quantum groups, noncommutative geometry and other topics related to supersymmetry. The articles are of the following kinds: 1) short review; 2) term/notion definition; 3) biography. The detailed Subject Index consists of 31 four-column oversized pages and is of three level, which makes easier navigation through the volume. A useful list of 116 abbreviations helps to understand special articles on supersymmetry also in other sources. The book can serve as a working instrument for professionals and PhD students. == Editions == Duplij, Steven; Siegel, Warren; Bagger, Jonathan, eds. (2005), Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry: And Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics and

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Supersymmetry_and_Noncommutative_Structures_in_Mathematics_and_Physics

parent:
concise-encyclopedia-of-supersymmetry-and-noncommutative-structures-in-mathematics-and-physics-20260505-0


id: crc-handbook-of-chemistry-and-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:45.494909+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crc-handbook-of-chemistry-and-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently (as of 2024) in its 105th edition, published in 2024. It is known colloquially among chemists as the "Rubber Bible", as CRC originally stood for "Chemical Rubber Company". As late as the 1962–1963 edition (3604 pages), the Handbook contained myriad information on many branches of science and engineering. Sections in that edition include: Mathematics, Properties and Physical Constants, Chemical Tables, Properties of Matter, Heat, Hygrometric and Barometric Tables, Sound, Quantities and Units, and Miscellaneous. Mathematical Tables from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics was originally published as a supplement to the handbook up to the 9th edition (1952); afterwards, the 10th edition (1956) was published separately as CRC Standard Mathematical Tables. Earlier editions included sections such as "Antidotes of Poisons", "Rules for Naming Organic Compounds", "Surface Tension of Fused Salts", "Percent Composition of Anti-Freeze Solutions", "Spark-gap Voltages", "Greek Alphabet", "Musical Scales", "Pigments and Dyes", "Comparison of Tons and Pounds", "Twist Drill and Steel Wire Gauges" and "Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere at Elevations up to 160 Kilometers". Later editions focus almost exclusively on chemistry and physics topics and


id: dell-arcano-del-mare-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell'Arcano_del_Mare-0.md
category: reference
title: Dell'Arcano del Mare
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell'Arcano_del_Mare
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:46.654953+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dell-arcano-del-mare-20260505-0
summary:
Dell'Arcano del Mare by Sir Robert Dudley is a 17th-century maritime encyclopaedia, the sixth part of which comprises a maritime atlas of the entire world, which is the first such in print, the first made by an Englishman, and the first to use the Mercator projection. The work was first published in Italian at Florence in 1645 and 1646 in three folio volumes. Among other things, it is remarkable for its inclusion of a proposal for the construction of a navy in five rates (sizes) which Dudley designed and described. It was reprinted in Florence in a two volume folio edition in 1661 without the charts of the first edition. The seventh map is dedicated to Dudley's patrons, Ferdinando II de' Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany and the Grand Duchess of Tuscany Vittoria della Rovere. The map covers the northeast coast of South America, which Dudley had visited in 1594. The area depicted covers modern French Guiana, Guyana, and a small portion of Brazil. The map also depicts "Monoa", the area otherwise known as El Dorado. == Scope == The six-part work covered navigation, shipbuilding and astronomy, with 130 maps in two volumes (nos. 2 and 6) . Unlike


id: the-dinosauria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinosauria-0.md
category: reference
title: The Dinosauria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinosauria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:47.839493+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-dinosauria-20260505-0
summary:
The Dinosauria is an encyclopedia on dinosaurs, edited by paleontologists David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska. It has been published in two editions by the University of California Press, with the first edition in 1990 and the second edition in 2004. The book is a single comprehensive text on dinosaurs, with the second edition revised and reorganized to reflect the substantial growth in dinosaur research over the elapsed time. == Content == The first edition of The Dinosauria includes 29 chapters organized into two sections, the first on "Dinosaur Relationships, Biology, and Distribution" and the second on "Dinosaur Taxonomy". This organization separates the book into a first section dedicated to topics that encompass Dinosauria as a whole, while the second focuses on individual taxa, organized by evolutionary group with a comprehensive description of anatomy, relationships, paleoecology, and other aspects of their biology. Each chapter is written by a paleontologist knowledgeable about the topic of group, edited and coordinated by American paleontologists David B. Weishampel and Peter Dodson, and Polish paleontologist Halszka Osmólska. Combined, 23 paleontologists from nine countries contributed to the first edition. The second edition of The Dinosauria revised and reorganized into 30 chapters organized into two


id: dinosaurs-holtz-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_(Holtz_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Dinosaurs (Holtz book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_(Holtz_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:48.989904+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dinosaurs-holtz-book-20260505-0
summary:
Dinosaurs (The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages) is a book by Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., with illustrations by Luis Rey. It was published in 2007 by Random House. The book received generally positive reviews upon release and garnered the nickname "The Dinosaur Bible". Holtz set up a companion website, which shares updates on new dinosaur discoveries. == References == == External links == Supplementary Information to Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages by Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., illustrations by Luis Rey Review in School Library Journal, November 21, 2007 Review in Science News, January 12, 2008 Listing in "Outstanding Science Trade Books for Students K–12: 2008 (Books published in 2007)" Archived 2010-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, National Science Teachers Association Parent's Choice Recommendation for Non-Fiction 2008 Archived 2009-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Listing in "Science Books for Fun and Learning — Some Recommendations from 2008" in Science magazine


id: encyclopaedia-of-the-history-of-science-technology-and-medicine-in-non-western-cultures-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:50.162386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopaedia-of-the-history-of-science-technology-and-medicine-in-non-western-cultures-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_Medicine_in_Non-Western_Cultures-0.md

summary:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures is an encyclopedia edited by Helaine Selin and published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997, with a second edition in 2008, and third edition in 2016. == Summary == From the Preface: The purpose of the Encyclopaedia is to bring together knowledge of many disparate fields in one place to legitimize the study of other cultures' science... The Western academic divisions of science, technology and medicine have been united in the Encyclopaedia because in ancient cultures these disciplines were connected. The first edition (1997) has 600 articles by a range of experts. The arrangement is alphabetical from "Abacus" to "Zu Chongzi". It includes an index from page 1079 to page 1117. K. V. Sarma contributed 35 articles, Greg De Young 13, Boris A. Rosenfeld 12, and Emilia Calvo and Ho Peng Yoke 11 each. Fabrizio Pregadio contributed 10 articles, Julio Samo wrote 9, and Richard Bertschinger, Radha Charan Gupta and David A. King wrote 8 each. Dozens of other contributors wrote fewer articles. In 2008 the Encyclopaedia was split into two volumes and extended to 1000 articles for a second edition. == Reviews == Toby E. Huff (1999)

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_Medicine_in_Non-Western_Cultures


id: encyclopaedia-of-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:51.306967+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopaedia-of-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences is a specialized fifteen-volume Encyclopedia first published in 1930 and last published in 1967. It was envisaged in the 1920s by scholars working in disciplines which increasingly were coming to be known as "human sciences" or "social sciences". The goal was to create a comprehensive synthesis of the study of human affairs as undertaken by practitioners of all fields involved in such study. The parameters of what would come to be known as "social science" were in many ways initially established and defined by this publication. The Encyclopaedia's founding organizations included the American Anthropological Association, the American Association of Social Workers, the American Economic Association, the American Historical Association, the American Political Science Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Sociological Society, the American Statistical Association, the Association of American Law Schools, and the National Education Association. It was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson. Seligman and Johnson solicited contributions from many of the most known and respected scholars in their fields, and established many links with European scholars in the process. The Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, and Russell Sage Foundation provided initial financial support, and Macmillan was


id: encyclopedia-of-analytical-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:52.426136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-analytical-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry is an English-language multi-volume encyclopedia published by John Wiley & Sons. It is a comprehensive analytical chemistry reference, covering all aspects from theory and instrumentation through applications and techniques. Containing over 600 articles and over 6500 illustrations the 15-volume print edition published in 2000. The encyclopedia has been available online since the end of 2006. == References == == External links == Publisher description of the print version http://eu.wiley.com Online Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com


id: encyclopedia-of-conifers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Conifers-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Conifers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Conifers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:53.591586+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-conifers-20260505-0
summary:
Encyclopedia of Conifers. A Comprehensive Guide to Conifer Cultivars and Species is an encyclopedia written by Aris G. Auders and Derek P. Spicer, published in 2012. The two-volume, illustrated encyclopedia is a complete reference book covering all recognised conifer cultivars and species, both hardy and tropical. The 1,500-page work features names, synonyms, and brief descriptions, as well as information about height and spread after 10 years, where known, for over 8,000 cultivars and all 615 conifer species, plus their subspecies and varieties. Apart from the descriptive text, it is illustrated with more than 5,000 photographs. == Publication history == The Encyclopedia of Conifers was written by Aris G. Auders, a conifer collector and photographer from Latvia, and Derek P. Spicer, Chairman of the British Conifer Society. The authors have been assisted by Lawrie Springate, RHS International Conifer Cultivar Registrar (2004–2009) and Victoria Matthews, RHS International Registrar. The publisher is Kingsblue Publishing Limited. == Illustration and design == Photography by the authors shows the general appearance of the plants, and in many cases detail special features. Many were photographed in summer and winter to show colour and texture changes through the seasons. == References == == External links == Official website


id: encyclopedia-of-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:54.774293+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Cybernetics (Ukrainian: Енциклопедія кібернетики) is a Ukrainian language encyclopedia of computer science first published in Kyiv in 1973, with Victor Glushkov serving as its chief editor. The encyclopedia comprises two volumes containing over 1700 articles, primarily on topics in theoretical computer science, systems science, information theory, optimization and control theory. The articles were composed by some 600 scientists from various disciplines, affiliated with 102 educational and industrial institutions located throughout the Soviet Union. In 1974 the encyclopedia was translated into Russian. == Authors == About 600 scientists and specialists in various fields of knowledge from 102 scientific and industrial institutions of the Soviet Union took part in the creation of encyclopedia. Among them are such well-known scientists as: Alexey Ivakhnenko Anatoliy Skorokhod Kateryna Yuschenko Eduard Skorokhodko == See also == International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia Science and technology in Ukraine == Links == cyberua.info/novyny/persha-encyklopedija-kibernetyky-2t-ukr-red-vhlushkov-1973/ online (accessed 26.04.2016) (in Ukrainian) Myroslav Kratko The creation of the Ukrainian-language Encyclopedia of Cybernetics, www.istpravda.com.ua/digest/2011/02/7/22204/view_print/ online (accessed 26.04.2016) (in Ukrainian) == References ==


id: encyclopedia-of-earth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Earth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:55.948063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-earth-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Earth (EoE) is an electronic reference about the Earth, its natural environments, and their interaction with society. The Encyclopedia is described as a free, fully searchable collection of articles written by scholars, professionals, educators, and other approved experts, who collaborate and review each other's work. The articles are written in non-technical language and are intended to be useful to students, educators, scholars, and professionals, as well as to the general public. The authors, editors, and even copy editors are attributed on the articles with links to biographical pages on those individuals. The Encyclopedia of Earth is a component of the larger Earth Portal (part of the Digital Universe project), which is a constellation of subject-specific information portals that contain news services, structured metadata, a federated environmental search engine, and other information resources. The technology platform for the Encyclopedia of Earth is a modified version of MediaWiki, which is closed to all but approved users. Once an article is reviewed and approved it is published to a public site. The EoE was launched in September 2006 with about 360 articles, growing to 2,300 articles by mid-2007, and as of 30 November 2010, it had 7,678 articles. There are


id: encyclopedia-of-earth-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth-1.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Earth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:55.948063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-earth-20260505-0
summary:
== Organization and people == The Encyclopedia of Earth is being created by the Environmental Information Coalition (EIC), an open membership group of scientists, educators, and organizations. The EIC defines the roles and responsibilities for individuals and institutions involved in the Coalition, as well as the editorial guidelines for the Encyclopedia. An EIC Stewardship Committee functions as the primary working group that develops and enforces policies and guidelines for the Encyclopedia, with input from Topic Editors and Authors. The Secretariat for the EIC is the National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE), based in Washington D.C., USA. NCSE is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with a mission "to improve the scientific basis for environmental decisionmaking" and "specializes in programs that foster collaboration between diverse institutions, communities and individuals. We work closely with those creating and using environmental knowledge, including research, education, environmental, and business organizations, as well as governmental bodies at all levels." The Stewardship Committee comprises: Arnold Bloom, University of California at Davis Nancy Golubiewski, Auckland Council Jennifer Hammock, Smithsonian/Encyclopedia of Life Andy Jorgensen, University of Toledo Ida Kubiszewski, Australian National University Mark McGinley, Lingnan University Emily Monosson Michael Pidwirny, University of British Columbia Okanagan The International Advisory Board


id: encyclopedia-of-evolution-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Evolution-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Evolution
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Evolution
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:57.084688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-evolution-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Evolution is a print encyclopedia of evolutionary biology edited by Mark Pagel and published in 2002 by Oxford University Press. It consists of 370 original articles written by leading experts including Richard Dawkins, Stephen Jay Gould, and Jane Goodall, and was selected as one of the Outstanding Reference Sources of 2003 by American Libraries. A similar book, the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Evolution is edited by Steve Jones. == References == == External links == Oxford University Press: U.S. General Catalog LCCN record of Library of Congress


id: encyclopedia-of-flora-and-fauna-of-bangladesh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Flora_and_Fauna_of_Bangladesh-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Flora_and_Fauna_of_Bangladesh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:58.297753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-flora-and-fauna-of-bangladesh-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna is a multi-volume encyclopedia. It has been published by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. It covers the biodiversity of Bangladesh. == Volumes == The Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh has been published in 28 volumes. Among the volumes 11 are about flora, 14 volumes about fauna, one volume is about Bangladesh and there are two index volumes. === Volumes === ==== Bangladesh profile ==== This is a 230-page encyclopedia. It covers in 20 articles about the environment of Bangladesh. It describes about the Sundarban. ==== Cyanobacteria, Bacteria and Fungi ==== This 415 page volume contains about the Prokaryotes. ==== Algae (Chlorophyta: Aphanochaetaceae- Zygnemataceae) ==== Division Chlorophyta or green algae is abundant in Bangladesh, the world's second largest delta next to the Amazon basin in Brazil . This volume describes 1,317 species collected from this land and studied by one of the most celebrated algologist of the country, National Professor A K M Nurul Islam. The species Ireksokonia formosa, endemic to lake Baikal was isolated from Bangladesh and is described in this volume. 812 pp. ==== Algae: Clorophyta – Rhodophyta ==== (Achnanthaceae – Vaucheriaceae) This volume adds an additional 800 species of algae to


id: encyclopedia-of-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:28:59.494502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-life-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It aggregates content to form "pages" for every known species. Content is compiled from existing trusted databases which are curated by experts and it calls on the assistance of non-experts throughout the world. It includes video, sound, images, graphics, information on characteristics, as well as text. In addition, the Encyclopedia incorporates species-related content from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, which digitizes millions of pages of printed literature from the world's major natural history libraries. The BHL digital content is indexed with the names of organisms using taxonomic indexing software developed by the Global Names project. The EOL project was initially backed by a US$50 million funding commitment, led by the MacArthur Foundation and the Sloan Foundation, who provided US$20 million and US$5 million, respectively. The additional US$25 million came from five cornerstone institutions—the Field Museum, Harvard University, the Marine Biological Laboratory, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the Smithsonian Institution. The project was initially led by Jim Edwards and the development team by David Patterson. Today, participating institutions and individual donors continue to support EOL through financial contributions. ==


id: encyclopedia-of-life-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:00.604202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-life-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
eLS (previously known as the Encyclopedia of Life Sciences) is a reference work that covers the life sciences; it is published by Wiley-Blackwell. As of June 2012, there were more than 4,800 article topics published in eLS online. eLS is updated monthly and over 400 articles are added to eLS each year. eLS is available online and in a print edition. The online edition was launched in April 2001, with the print edition published in January 2002. Full access to eLS requires a subscription. Article abstracts, key concepts, figures and references are freely accessible. At the end of 2004, eLS was acquired by Wiley-Blackwell from the Nature Publishing Group. == References == == External links == eLS website Archived 2011-05-13 at the Wayback Machine


id: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:01.750521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) is an integrated compendium of twenty one encyclopedias. One of the largest database repositories on the web, dedicated to the health, maintenance and future of the web of life on planet Earth, focusing on the complex connections among all the myriad aspects from natural and social sciences through water, energy, land, food, agriculture, environment, biodiversity, health, education, culture, engineering and technology, management, development and environmental security carrying knowledge for our times. It has been developed under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The EOLSS body of knowledge is a virtual compendium of Twenty One component encyclopedias (Subject Categories). It is regarded as the world’s largest comprehensive professional publication carrying state-of-the-art, high-quality, peer-reviewed, thematically organized archival content in many traditional disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects including the coverage of transdisciplinary pathways. The contributions are from thousands of scholars from over 100 countries and edited by more than 395 subject experts. It also includes up-to-date coverage of various aspects of sustainable development that are relevant to the current state of the world. The objectives are Education for Sustainable Development and Promotion of Life Support Systems Culture of Peace and Social


id: encyclopedia-of-reagents-for-organic-synthesis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:02.998871+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-reagents-for-organic-synthesis-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis is published in print and online by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The online version is also known as e-EROS. The encyclopedia contains a description of the use of reagents used in organic chemistry. The eight-volume print version includes 3500 alphabetically arranged articles and the online version is regularly updated to include new reagents and catalysts. == References == == External links == e-EROS: Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. 2001. doi:10.1002/047084289X. hdl:10261/236866. ISBN 9780470842898. Print version


id: encyclopedic-dictionary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_Dictionary_of_Astronomy-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_Dictionary_of_Astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:04.163767+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedic-dictionary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Astronomy (Ukrainian: Астрономічний енциклопедичний словник) is a Ukrainian encyclopedia of astronomy. It was published in 2003 and has around 3000 entries. == See also == List of astronomical observatories in Ukraine List of Ukrainian encyclopedias Science and technology in Ukraine == References ==


id: the-engineer-s-and-mechanic-s-encyclopaedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineer's_and_Mechanic's_Encyclopaedia-0.md
category: reference
title: The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineer's_and_Mechanic's_Encyclopaedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:05.297125+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-engineer-s-and-mechanic-s-encyclopaedia-20260505-0
summary:
The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia is a book edited by Luke Hebert, a Birmingham patent agent and journalist, and published by Thomas Kelly of Paternoster Row. The first edition appeared in 1836 and 1837. The second edition appeared in 1849. It was in two octavo volumes (Vol. 1, 796 pp and vol. 2, 928 pp), illustrated with woodcuts in the text and a number of full page engravings. Many of the articles relate to specific processes and machines, and overall the encyclopaedia is not over-concerned with the theoretical aspects. Of particular value are the monograph-length accounts of the progress of rail transport and steamboats. == External links == Online copies: The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia. Vol. 1. 1849 – via chestofbooks.com. The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopaedia. Vol. 2. 1849 – via chestofbooks.com.


id: encyclopedia-of-genetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Genetics-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Genetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Genetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:06.451859+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-genetics-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Genetics (ISBN 0-12-227080-0) is a print encyclopedia of genetics edited by Sydney Brenner and Jeffrey H. Miller. It has four volumes and 1,700 entries. == External links == Encyclopedia of Genetics on Science Direct


id: grzimek-s-animal-life-encyclopedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzimek's_Animal_Life_Encyclopedia-0.md
category: reference
title: Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzimek's_Animal_Life_Encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:07.622818+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grzimek-s-animal-life-encyclopedia-20260505-0
summary:
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia is a large comprehensive encyclopedia of animal life. It is named after its original editor in chief, Bernhard Grzimek (pronounced [ˈɡʒɪmɛk]). Originally the encyclopedia was published as a 13-volume set in German under the name Grzimeks Tierleben (Grzimek's Animal Life) in 1967–1972; it was translated into English in 1972–75. The encyclopedia was an international collaboration by a large number of scientists including Theodor Haltenorth, Wolfgang Gewalt, Heinz-Georg Klös, Konrad Lorenz, Heinz Heck, Lutz Heck, Jean Dorst, Constantine Walter Benson, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Helmut Sick, Heini Hediger, Wolfgang Makatsch, Erich Thenius, Erna Mohr, Adolf Portmann, Nagamichi Kuroda, Lester L. Short, Gerlof Fokko Mees, and Andrew John Berger. It was later extensively updated and republished in a 17-volume second edition under the supervision of Michael Hutchins in 2003. Some university libraries offer access to a digitized version of the second edition. The German edition also published three supplementary volumes: Entwicklungsgeschichte der Lebewesen (History of Life), Verhaltensforschung (Behavioural Research) and Unsere Umwelt als Lebensraum - Ökologie (Our Environment as Living Space - Ecology). == Online portal == In fall 2009, Gale Cengage released a web-based version of the encyclopedia, with access to the web site by subscription. The site allows


id: a-guide-to-the-scientific-knowledge-of-things-familiar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Scientific_Knowledge_of_Things_Familiar-0.md
category: reference
title: A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Scientific_Knowledge_of_Things_Familiar
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:08.803489+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-guide-to-the-scientific-knowledge-of-things-familiar-20260505-0
summary:
A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar, also known as The Guide to Science or Brewer's Guide to Science, is a book by Ebenezer Cobham Brewer presenting explanations for common phenomena. First published in the United Kingdom around 1840, the book is laid out in the style of a catechism and proved very popular. 47 editions were printed by 1905 in English alone and translations made into various other languages. A revised version was produced for the US market which was digitised and republished in 2005 as part of Making of America IV: the American voice, 1850–1877. Although it presented itself as an accurate science text, the book actually promotes religious ideas, including divine design. The popularity of The Guide to Science enabled Brewer to gather material for his Dictionary of Phrase and Fable which remains a classic reference work. == Content == The object of The Guide to Science was to present answers to over 2000 questions about common phenomena. There are questions dealing with man-made objects such as candles, stoves and chimneys, as well as answers seeking to explain natural phenomena such as thunder, lightning (including a mention of ball lightning), clouds, dew, and rainbows. Brewer


id: a-guide-to-the-scientific-knowledge-of-things-familiar-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Scientific_Knowledge_of_Things_Familiar-1.md
category: reference
title: A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Scientific_Knowledge_of_Things_Familiar
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:08.803489+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-guide-to-the-scientific-knowledge-of-things-familiar-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception and legacy == A review of the second edition of The Guide to Science was published by Punch magazine in 1850. The book was seen to be a "very useful little work", but in the typical Punch satirical style, the reviewer disagreed with one answer that we "feel a desire for activity in cold weather" due to "fanning combustion in the blood" by instead insisting that we feel a desire "to sit cosily over a fire in cold weather". The success of The Guide to Science convinced Brewer that his readers still accepted religious explanations rather than evolutionary theory. Following the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, Brewer wrote Theology in Science; or The Testimony of Science to the Wisdom and Goodness of God (published in 1860) in order to demonstrate that evolution had not destroyed theological tradition and to continue The Guide to Science's promotion of natural theology. The book's popularity also resulted in Brewer being sent "a large number of questions on all imaginary matters". These questions and their answers became the nucleus of Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, first published in 1870. This latter book has long outlived all of Brewer's


id: handbook-of-the-birds-of-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of the Birds of the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:09.983289+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-the-birds-of-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
The Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) is a multi-volume series produced by the Spanish publishing house Lynx Edicions in partnership with BirdLife International. It is the first handbook to cover every known living species of bird. The series was edited by Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal and David A. Christie. All 16 volumes have been published. For the first time an animal class will have all the species illustrated and treated in detail in a single work. This has not been done before for any other group in the animal kingdom. Material in each volume is grouped first by family, with an introductory article on each family; this is followed by individual species accounts (taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation, bibliography). In addition, all volumes except the first and second contain an essay on a particular ornithological theme. More than 200 renowned specialists and 35 illustrators (including Toni Llobet, Hilary Burn, Chris Rose and H. Douglas Pratt) from more than 40 countries have contributed to the project up to now, as well as 834 photographers from all over the world. Since the first volume appeared in


id: handbook-of-the-birds-of-the-world-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World-1.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of the Birds of the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:09.983289+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-the-birds-of-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
=== Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees === This volume was published in October 2007. It includes an introduction to the fossil birds by Kevin J. Kayleigh. This volume covers the following groups: === Volume 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes === This volume was published in October 2008. It includes an introductory essay on bird migration by Ian Newton. Groups covered in this volume are as follows: === Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows === This volume was published in October 2009. It includes the foreword "Birding Past, Present and Future – a Global View" by Stephen Moss. Groups covered in this volume are as follows: === Volume 15: Weavers to New World Warblers === This volume was published in October 2010. It includes a foreword on bird conservation by Stuart Butchart, Nigel Collar, Alison Stattersfield, and Leon Bennun. Groups covered in this volume are as follows: === Volume 16: Cardinals to New World Blackbirds === This volume was published in December 2011. It includes a foreword on climate change and birds by Anders Pape Møller. Groups covered in this volume are as follows: === Special Volume: New Species and Global Index === This volume was published in July


id: handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of the Mammals of the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:11.168973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) is a book series from the publisher Lynx Edicions. The nine volumes were published from 2009 to 2019. Each mammal family is assessed in a full text introduction with photographs and each species has a text account with a distribution map and illustrations on a plate. This is the second major project by Lynx Edicions since the release of the Handbook of the Birds of the World in 1992. The chief editors are Russell Mittermeier and Don E. Wilson in association with Conservation International, the Texas A&M University and the IUCN. Don E. Wilson is also editor of the reference work Mammal Species of the World. An updated two-volume set with taxonomic revisions was released in 2020 as the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World, and a condensed, single-volume version of the series was published in 2023 as All the Mammals of the World. == Published volumes == === Volume 1: Carnivores (published in May 2009) === With an introduction to the class Mammalia by Don E. Wilson The first volume is devoted to Carnivora. It covers 13 families and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behavior, and


id: handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-1.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of the Mammals of the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:11.168973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
Otariidae (eared seals). Seven genera and 15 species. Odobenidae (walrus). One genus and one species. Phocidae (earless seals). 13 genera and 18 species. Balaenidae (right whales). Two genera and four species. Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whale). One genus and one species. Eschrichtiidae (gray whale). One genus and one species. Balaenopteridae (rorquals). Two genera and eight species. Physeteridae (sperm whale). One genus and one species. Kogiidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whales). One genus and two species. Ziphiidae (beaked whales). Six genera and 22 species. Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphin). One genus and one species. Iniidae (Amazon river dolphins). One genus and three species. Lipotidae (baiji). One genus and one species. Pontoporiidae (Franciscana). One genus and one species. Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal). Two genera and two species. Delphinidae (ocean dolphins). 17 genera and 36 species. Phocoenidae (porpoises). Three genera and seven species. Trichechidae (manatees). One genus and three species. Dugongidae (dugong). One genus and one species. Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 614 pp. ISBN 978-84-96553-93-4 === Volume 5: Marsupials (published in June 2015) === The fifth volume is devoted to the marsupials, echidnas, platypus, and opossums. The 44 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet. It covers the details to


id: handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World-2.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of the Mammals of the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Mammals_of_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:11.168973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos). One genus and seven species. Chlamyphoridae (chlamyphorid armadillos). Eight genera and 13 species. Myrmecophagidae (American anteaters). Two genera and three species. Cyclopedidae (silky anteater). One genus and seven species. Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths). One genus and two species. Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths). One genus and four species. Tenrecidae (tenrecs). Eight genera and 31 species. Potamogalidae (otter shrews). Two genera and three species. Chrysochloridae (golden moles). Ten genera and 21 species. Macroscelididae (elephant shrews). Five genera and 20 species. Ptilocercidae (pen-tailed tree shrew). One genus and one species. Tupaiidae (common tree shrews). Three genera and 22 species. Cynocephalidae (colugos). Two genera and two species. Erinaceidae (hedgehogs). Ten genera and 26 species. Soricidae (shrews). 25 genera and 448 species. Talpidae (moles). 18 genera and 54 species. Solenodontidae (solenodons). Two genera and two species. Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 710. ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4 === Volume 9: Bats (published in October 2019) === The ninth volume is devoted to the bats. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 1401 species from 21 families in the order Chiroptera. Unlike previous volumes, where all the illustrations were created by a single person in each one,


id: historia-animalium-gessner-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Historia animalium (Gessner book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:12.389876+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: historia-animalium-gessner-book-20260505-0
summary:
Historia animalium ("History of the Animals"), published in Zurich in 1551–1558 and 1587, is an encyclopedic "inventory of renaissance zoology" by Conrad Gessner (1516–1565). Gessner was a medical doctor and professor at the Carolinum in Zürich, the precursor of the University of Zurich. The Historia animalium, after Aristotle's work of the same name, is the first modern zoological work that attempts to describe all the animals known, and the first bibliography of natural history writings. The five volumes of natural history of animals cover more than 4,500 pages. The animals are presented in alphabetical order, marking the change from Middle Ages encyclopedias, or "mirrors" to a modern view of a consultation work. == Overview == The Historia animalium was Gessner's magnum opus, and was the most widely read of all the Renaissance natural histories. The generously illustrated work was so popular that Gessner's abridgement, Thierbuch ("Animal Book"), was published in Zurich in 1563, and in England Edward Topsell translated and condensed it as a Historie of foure-footed beastes (London: William Jaggard, 1607). Gessner's monumental work attempts to build a connection between the ancient knowledge of the animal world, its title the same as Aristotle's work on animals, and what was


id: encyclopedia-of-the-history-of-arabic-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:13.533209+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-the-history-of-arabic-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science is a three-volume encyclopedia covering the history of Arabic contributions to science, mathematics and technology which had a marked influence on the Middle Ages in Europe. It is written by internationally recognized experts in the field and edited by Roshdi Rashed in collaboration with Régis Morelon. Volume one covers "Astronomy—Theoretical and applied". Volume two covers "Mathematics and the Physical Sciences". Volume three covers "Technology, Alchemy, and the Life Sciences". == Editions == French edition: "fr:Histoire des sciences arabes", 3 vol., Le Seuil, Paris, 1997, (ISBN 2-02-030355-8). Arabic edition: "Mawsu‘a Tarikh al-‘ulum al-‘arabiyya", 3 vol., Markaz Dirasat al-Wahda al-‘arabiyya, Beirut, 1997, (ISBN 9953-450-73-0, 978-9953-450-73-5). == Contributors == A partial list of contributors include: Volume 1 R. Morelon and George Saliba (Arabic astronomy) David A. King (astronomy in Islamic society) Edward Stewart Kennedy (mathematical geography) J. Vernet and J. Samsó (Arabic science in Andalusia) H. Grosset-Grange (Arabic nautical sciences) Volume 2 A. S. Saidan (numeration and arithmetic) Boris A. Rosenfeld and A. P. Yushkevich (geometry) J.-C. Chabrier and M. Rozhanskaya (music and statics) M.-Th. Debarnot (trigonometry, algebra) Roshdi Rashed (geometrical optics) G. Russell (physiological optics) Volume 3 Donald Routledge Hill (engineering) A. Miquel (geography)


id: international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_&_Behavioral_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_&_Behavioral_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:14.733439+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, originally edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, is a 26-volume work published by Elsevier. It has some 4,000 signed articles (commissioned by around 50 subject editors), and includes 150 biographical entries, 122,400 entries, and an extensive hierarchical subject index. It is also available in online editions. Reviewers described the work as "the largest corpus of knowledge about the social and behavioral sciences in existence." and "the atomic bomb of reference works." It was first published in 2001, with a 2nd edition published in 2015. The second edition is edited by James D. Wright. == Subject Classification == Contents include the following broad Subject Classification. Overarching Topics: Institutions and infrastructure, History of the social sciences and the behavioral sciences, Ethics of research and applications, Biographies, Integrative concepts and issues Methodology: Statistics, Mathematics and computer sciences, Logic of inquiry and research design. Disciplines: Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Education, History, Linguistics. Philosophy, Political science, Clinical psychology and applied psychology, Cognitive psychology and cognitive science, Developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology and motivational psychology, Sociology Intersecting Fields: Evolutionary sciences, Genetics, behavior and society, Behavioral neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, Psychiatry, Health, Gender studies, Religious


id: international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:15.926671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences was first published in 1968 and was edited by David L. Sills and Robert K. Merton. It contains seventeen volumes and thousands of entries written by scholars around the world. The 2nd edition is composed entirely of new articles. It was published in 2008 and edited by William A. Darity Jr., an American economist. The 1968 Encyclopedia was initially intended to "complement, not supplant" MacMillan's earlier, fifteen-volume Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, which had been published from 1930 to 1967 and was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson, it effectively replaced the earlier Encyclopaedia, in practice. == Notes == == See also == List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (1930–35) International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2001)


id: international-encyclopedia-of-unified-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:17.127320+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-unified-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (IEUS) was a series of publications devoted to unified science. The IEUS was conceived at the Mundaneum Institute in The Hague in the 1930s, and published in the United States beginning in 1938. It was an ambitious project that was never completed. The IEUS was an output of the Vienna Circle to address the "growing concern throughout the world for the logic, the history, and the sociology of science..." Only the first section Foundations of the Unity of Science (FUS) was published; it contains two volumes for a total of nineteen monographs published from 1938 to 1969. == International Congresses for the Unity of Science == Creation of the IEUS was facilitated by the International Congresses for the Unity of Science organized by members of the Vienna Circle. After a preliminary conference in Prague in 1934, the First International Congress for the Unity of Science was held at the Sorbonne, Paris, 16–21 September 1935. It was attended by about 170 people from over twenty different countries. With the active involvement of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (Poland), Susan Stebbing (England), and Federigo Enriques (Italy) the scope of the project for an IEUS was considerably expanded. The congress


id: k-rschners-deutscher-gelehrten-kalender-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kürschners_Deutscher_Gelehrten-Kalender-0.md
category: reference
title: Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kürschners_Deutscher_Gelehrten-Kalender
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:18.294630+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: k-rschners-deutscher-gelehrten-kalender-20260505-0
summary:
Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender (English: "Kürschner's Encyclopedia of German Scholars"), formerly subtitled Lexikon der lebenden deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftler ("Encyclopedia of Living German-Speaking Scholars"), is a German language biographical and bibliographical encyclopedia of scientists and scholars from the German-speaking part of Europe. It is published by Walter de Gruyter. The first edition appeared in 1925, edited by Gerhard Lüdtke. Prior to the 9th edition, it consisted of one volume, but with the 6th edition in 1941 and then again from the 9th in 1961 it was extended to two volumes. Since the 22nd edition in 2009, it includes four volumes. The 28th edition appeared in 2016. The encyclopedia generally only includes academics who are active researchers at universities or research institutes, and who hold the Habilitation or are full professors, or have equivalent qualifications. It evolved from Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender, a bio-bibliographical encyclopedia of German literature founded in 1879 and subsequently edited by Joseph Kürschner, for whom both works are now named. == References == == External links == ISSN 1616-8399


id: lexikon-der-gesamten-technik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_gesamten_Technik-0.md
category: reference
title: Lexikon der gesamten Technik
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_gesamten_Technik
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:19.527605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lexikon-der-gesamten-technik-20260505-0
summary:
The Lexikon der gesamten Technik ("encyclopedia of all technology") is an illustrated German-language encyclopedia of architectural, engineering and manufacturing technology, written by Otto Lueger (German engineer, 1843–1911) and first published in 1894. == Editions == 1st Edition, 7 volumes, 1894–1899 2nd Edition, 8 volumes, 1904–1910 (with two supplements in 1914 and 1920) 3rd Edition, 6 volumes, 1926–1929 (with a separate index volume) 4th Edition, 17 volumes, 1960–1972 == External links == http://www.zeno.org/Lueger-1904, 10 volumes, digitized by Zeno.org and announced as public domain ("Lizenz: Gemeinfrei")


id: mcgraw-hill-encyclopedia-of-science-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Encyclopedia_of_Science_&_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Encyclopedia_of_Science_&_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:20.714972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mcgraw-hill-encyclopedia-of-science-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology is an English-language multivolume encyclopedia, specifically focused on scientific and technical subjects, and published by McGraw-Hill Education. The most recent edition in print is the eleventh edition, copyright 2012 (ISBN 9780071778343), comprising twenty volumes. The encyclopedia covers the life sciences and physical sciences, as well as engineering and technology topics. There is also a one-volume McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology based on the full set. The sixth edition was published in May 2009 in twenty volumes including the "Index" (ISBN 9780071613668). Further "Concise" editions for Chemistry or Engineering are available today. The references work has been mentioned and reviewed too. == References ==


id: merck-index-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index-0.md
category: reference
title: Merck Index
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:21.838561+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: merck-index-20260505-0
summary:
The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry. == History == The NFL edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations Merck & Co., forming a separate American company that continued to publish the Merck Index. In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an appendix with monographs on organic named reactions. The 15th edition was published in April 2013. Monographs in The Merck Index typically contain: a CAS registry number synonyms of the substance, such as trivial names and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature a chemical formula molecular weight percent composition a structural


id: nationalnyckeln-till-sveriges-flora-och-fauna-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalnyckeln_till_Sveriges_flora_och_fauna-0.md
category: reference
title: Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalnyckeln_till_Sveriges_flora_och_fauna
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:22.981340+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nationalnyckeln-till-sveriges-flora-och-fauna-20260505-0
summary:
Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna (Swedish for "National Key to Sweden's Flora and Fauna") is a set of books, the first volume of which, Fjärilar: Dagfjärilar (Butterflies, 140 species), appeared on 25 April 2005. The publishing plan comprises 100,000 illustrations spread over more than 100 volumes, to appear over a period of 20 years, listing and providing popular scientific descriptions of all species of plants (flora) and animals (fauna) in Sweden. So large a work has never been published in the history of Swedish literature. Nationalnyckeln is a popular scientific account produced on contract from the Riksdag by the Swedish Species Information Centre (ArtDatabanken) at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Uppsala. == References == == External links == Nationalnyckeln, official website SLU Artdatabanken, official website


id: the-new-encyclopedia-of-snakes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Snakes-0.md
category: reference
title: The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Snakes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:24.296362+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-new-encyclopedia-of-snakes-20260505-0
summary:
The New Encyclopedia of Snakes is an encyclopedia by Chris Mattison. == Book summary == The encyclopedia has information about snakes that is listed from A-Z. The book has pictures and information about snake morphology, habitats, diets, hunting and defense behaviors, taxonomy, and a history of human responses to snakes. == Reception == It was reviewed by Science Activities, Washington Times, Booklist, King Features Syndicate, Wildlife Activist, Dover Post, Choice, and Science Books and Fun. == References ==


id: the-ocean-world-of-jacques-cousteau-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_World_of_Jacques_Cousteau-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_World_of_Jacques_Cousteau
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:25.437982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ocean-world-of-jacques-cousteau-20260505-0
summary:
The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau by Jacques Cousteau is an encyclopedia in 21 volumes, that forms an encyclopedia of marine life. It was published between 1973 and 1978. == List of books == Oasis in Space The Act of Life Quest for Food Window in the Sea The Art of Motion Attack and Defense Invisible Messages Instinct and Intelligence Pharaohs of the Sea Mammals in the Sea Provinces of the Sea Man Re-Enters Sea A Sea of Legends Adventure of Life Outer and Inner Space The Whitecaps Riches of the Sea Challenges of the Sea The Sea in Danger Guide to the Sea and Index Calypso == References ==


id: orr-s-circle-of-the-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr's_Circle_of_the_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Orr's Circle of the Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr's_Circle_of_the_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:26.585211+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orr-s-circle-of-the-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Orr's Circle of the Sciences was a scientific encyclopedia of the 1850s, published in London by William Somerville Orr. == William S. Orr & Co. == William S. Orr & Co. was a publisher in Paternoster Row, London. It put out the British Cyclopædia in ten volumes of the 1830s. It also was in business selling engravings (for example the Kenny Meadows illustrations to Shakespeare), and maps, such as a mid-century Cab Fare and Guide Map of London (c. 1853). The firm was a general commercial publisher, with a specialist area of natural history, and also published periodicals. It was innovative in its use of wood engraving, in its 1838 edition of Paul et Virginie. In children's literature, it published Christoph von Schmid's Basket of Flowers in an English translation of 1848, in partnership with J. B. Müller of Stuttgart. == William Somerville Orr == Orr himself was a publishers' agent from the 1830s, and was a close associate of Robert and William Chambers. He printed a London edition of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal by mid-1832. The arrangement used stereotype plates, and brought the circulation up to 50,000. By 1845 the circulation was declining from its peak, and Orr wrote to


id: the-oxford-companion-to-the-history-of-modern-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_the_History_of_Modern_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_the_History_of_Modern_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:27.770746+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-oxford-companion-to-the-history-of-modern-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science is an encyclopedia on the history of science from around the middle of the 16th century (the early modern period) to the beginning of the 21st century. The book includes 609 articles by over two hundred authors. The editor-in-chief was John L. Heilbron and the editors were James R. Bartholomew, Jim Bennett, Frederic L. Holmes, Rachel Laudan, and Giuliano Pancaldi. The book was published by Oxford University Press in 2003. An e-book version appeared in 2006. In 2014, the book was translated into Japanese and published by Asakura Publishing. The book has been reviewed by the British Journal for the History of Science Choice, Nature, and the Times Literary Supplement. == See also == Oxford Companions == References == == External links == OUP UK catalogue entry Aasakura Publishing catalogue entry (in Japanese)


id: prehistoric-life-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Life_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Prehistoric Life (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Life_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:28.920273+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prehistoric-life-book-20260505-0
summary:
Prehistoric Life is a non-fiction encyclopedia edited by Angeles Gavira Guerrero and Peter Frances. The full title of the book is Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth. The 512-page book was published by DK in 2009. == Reception == Saying it had a "wealth of scientific information", Shauna Yusko of Booklist praised the book, writing, "The collection of full-color photographs of fossils (ranging from spore to dinosaur) and skeletons show amazing detail and clarity." In a positive review, the Courier Journal reviewer Scott Coffman wrote, "The intimate photographs, fossil scans, and CGI illustrations number over 2,500, with which the producers of this tome provide a history of life more thorough than that provided by any museum." The Globe and Mail said the book presents its information about the history of life on Earth in "colourful, well-illustrated, bite-sized morsels" and is "a reference book to savour". == References == == External links == Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth at Amazon.com


id: project-emitel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_EMITEL-0.md
category: reference
title: Project EMITEL
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_EMITEL
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:30.038780+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: project-emitel-20260505-0
summary:
The Project EMITEL was a pilot project of the EC Programme Leonardo da Vinci, which developed the first e-Encyclopaedia with Multilingual Scientific Dictionary of medical physics (2005–2009), aimed to support the education in the profession. The project continues activities of previous projects (as EMERALD, EMERALD2 and EMIT) to develop materials and e-books for medical physics education. The project included as partners Universities and Hospitals from the UK, Sweden, Italy, Bulgaria and the International Organization for Medical Physics (IOMP) and was headed by specialists from King's College London. In the post-project time the Encyclopaedia with Dictionary were updated by hundreds of specialists from over 50 countries, overseen by an editorial board. The materials are available for free use through their original website emitel2.eu with thousands of users worldwide. The Encyclopaedia has been printed on paper by CRC Press/Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group). == References ==


id: proteopedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia-0.md
category: reference
title: Proteopedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:31.189687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: proteopedia-20260505-0
summary:
Proteopedia is a wiki, 3D encyclopedia of proteins and other molecules. == Website == The site contains a page for all of the entries in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), as well as pages that are more descriptive of protein structures in general such as acetylcholinesterase, hemoglobin, and the photosystem II with a Jmol view that highlights functional sites and ligands. It employs a scene-authoring tool so that users do not have to learn JSmol script language to create customized molecular scenes. Custom scenes are easily attached to "green links" in descriptive text that display those scenes in JSmol. A web browser is all that is needed to access the site and the 3D information; no viewers are required to be installed. Proteopedia was the winner of the 2010 award for the best website by The Scientist magazine. == Licensing terms == All user-added content is free and covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. Proteopedia is hosted at the Israel Structural Proteomics Center at the Weizmann Institute of Science. == References == == External links == Proteopedia website


id: r-mpp-encyclopedia-natural-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products-0.md
category: reference
title: Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:32.374695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-mpp-encyclopedia-natural-products-20260505-0
summary:
The Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products is an encyclopedia of natural products written by German chemists who specialize in this area of science. It is published by Thieme Medical Publishers. == See also == Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon == References == == Further reading == == External links == Official website


id: r-mpp-s-chemistry-lexicon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon-0.md
category: reference
title: Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:33.532065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-mpp-s-chemistry-lexicon-20260505-0
summary:
Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon (German Römpp Lexikon Chemie) is a chemical encyclopedia from Germany. Started by chemistry teacher Hermann Römpp in 1947 it has evolved to the leading chemical encyclopedia in German language. Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon contains around 64,000 entries and 215,000 links. == History == After the first five editions by Hermann Römpp, Erhard Ühlein took over editorship in 1964. He died shortly after publishing the 6th edition. The 7th and 8th edition were edited by Otto-Albrecht Neumüller. In 1988, Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon was transferred to Thieme Medical Publishers, with editorship handled by a team of authors. The 9th edition and 10th edition, the final two print editions, were published in 1992 and 1999, respectively. Since 2002 the Römpp is published online as a web encyclopedia. == Spin-offs == The editorial team has created several spinoffs, e.g. the Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products (2000) and volumes about biotechnology & genetics, environment, food chemistry, and paint & varnish. == References == == External links == Official website


id: rp-photonics-encyclopedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP_Photonics_Encyclopedia-0.md
category: reference
title: RP Photonics Encyclopedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP_Photonics_Encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:34.680656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rp-photonics-encyclopedia-20260505-0
summary:
The RP Photonics Encyclopedia (formerly Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology) is an encyclopedia of optics and optoelectronics, laser technology, optical fibers, nonlinear optics, optical communications, imaging science, optical metrology, spectroscopy and ultrashort pulse physics. It is available online as a free resource. An earlier version of the encyclopedia appeared as a two-volume book. As of March 2024, the online version of the encyclopedia contains 1043 articles. Since 2012, the encyclopedia is closely interlinked with the RP Photonics Buyer's Guide, a large directory of photonics product suppliers. For the majority of products, there is a one-to-one correspondence between an encyclopedia article and a listing of suppliers for that product. Other resources linked with the RP Photonics Encyclopedia are a blog named The Photonics Spotlight, a glossary of photonics terms and acronyms, various tutorials and case studies, and a photonics quiz. The author is Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta, founder and managing director of RP Photonics AG in Frauenfeld, Switzerland. == References == == External links == RP Photonics Encyclopedia


id: the-simon-schuster-encyclopedia-of-dinosaurs-and-prehistoric-creatures-20260505-0
category: reference
title: The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:35.828034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-simon-schuster-encyclopedia-of-dinosaurs-and-prehistoric-creatures-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simon_&_Schuster_Encyclopedia_of_Dinosaurs_and_Prehistoric_Creatures-0.md

summary:
The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life is an encyclopedia that was published in 1999 by Simon & Schuster. The book was first published in 1988. == Reception == The Houston Chronicle stated, "this reference work for the serious student combines succinct scientific descriptions with superbly rendered color illustrations". In a positive review for Palaeos, M. Alan Kazlev wrote, "This is a very good non-technical introduction to prehistoric vertebrates" and "it is the sheer number and diversity of creatures covered here, that makes this book so interesting". The Globe and Mail said of the book, "Here's an elegantly illustrated directory of ancient animals, from a tiny marine creature of Canada called a pkaia through a dim-witted, 21-metre dinosaur named after the Alamo, to mankind's departed brethren, the Cro-Magnon." == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simon_&_Schuster_Encyclopedia_of_Dinosaurs_and_Prehistoric_Creatures


id: the-skeptic-encyclopedia-of-pseudoscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience-0.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:37.033504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptic-encyclopedia-of-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience is a two-volume collection of articles that discuss the Skeptics Society's scientific findings of investigations into pseudoscientific and supernatural claims. The editor, Michael Shermer, director of the Skeptics Society, has compiled articles originally published in Skeptic magazine with some conceptual overviews and historical documents to create this encyclopedia. It was published by ABC-CLIO in 2002. == About the editor == Michael Shermer is an American science writer and science historian. He gained Bachelor's and master's degrees in psychology before completing a PhD in the history of science. The author of more than 18 books on skepticism and science, Shermer is the founder of The Skeptics Society—which began in Los Angeles but now has an international membership—and the editor of its magazine Skeptic. Between April 2001 to January 2019, he was a monthly contributor to Scientific American magazine with a column called Skeptic. Shermer regularly engages in debates on a variety of topics, in which he emphasises the application of scientific skepticism to combat pseudoscience. Shermer was the producer and co-host of the 13-hour Fox Family television series "Exploring the Unknown" which was broadcast in 1999. He is also a scientific advisor to the American Council


id: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-0.md
category: reference
title: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-0
summary:
The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, published from 1953–1966 by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, 1969–2007 by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas, then 2009–present by the University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, is a definitive multi-authored work of currently 55 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and covering every phylum, class, order, family, and genus of fossil and extant (still living) invertebrate animals. The prehistoric invertebrates are described as to their taxonomy, morphology, paleoecology, stratigraphic and paleogeographic range. However, taxa with no fossil record whatsoever have just a very brief listing. Publication of the decades-long Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology is a work-in-progress; and therefore it is not yet complete: For example, there is no volume yet published regarding the post-Paleozoic era caenogastropods (a molluscan group including the whelk and periwinkle). Furthermore, when needed, previously published volumes of the Treatise are revised. == Evolution of the project == Raymond C. Moore, the project's founder and first editor, originally envisioned this Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology as comprising just three large volumes, and totaling only three thousand pages. The Treatise project has expanded far beyond that original expectation. The project began with work


id: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-1.md
category: reference
title: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-0
summary:
== Editors of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: == Raymond C. Moore, the founder of the Paleontological Institute was the first editor of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, serving from 1953–1969. As Moore stated in the Editorial Preface to the first published Treatise volume, “the aim of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology is … to present the most comprehensive and authoritative, yet compact statement of knowledge concerning invertebrate fossil groups that can be formulated by collaboration of competent specialists.” Moore’s idea was that the Treatise “could serve two purposes: summarizing the past and looking to the future.” The initial purpose of the Paleontological Institute was to expedite the Treatise project. Moore’s vision and guidance of the project, beginning with the first published volume in 1953, set the template for all subsequent Treatise volumes. Since Moore’s original idea was that the Treatise would not publish new genera, he accordingly oversaw the creation of the journal Paleontological Contributions in which systematic and taxonomic papers would be published containing new material that would eventually be published in the Treatise. In addition to editing the Treatise, Moore himself also contributed, to some extent, to nine individual volumes: Part D Protista 3, 1954; Part F


id: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-2.md
category: reference
title: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-0
summary:
== Layout of the articles == From the beginning, the character of the Treatise volumes has followed and further developed the pattern of the classic Invertebrate Paleontology written by Moore, Lalicker and Fischer (1953). Following their lead, the Treatise includes in a typical article (a) a description of the basic anatomy of the modern members of each invertebrate group, (b) distinctive features of the fossils, (c) a comprehensive illustrated glossary of terms, (d) a short discussion of the evolutionary history of the group, (e) a stratigraphic range chart, done at the level of the major subdivision (lower, middle and upper) of each Geologic period. This is followed by (f) a listing and technical description of every known genus, along with (g) geographic distribution (usually by continent only, but occasionally by country) and (h) stratigraphic range. Next come (i) one or two representative species illustrated by line drawings (in the early volumes) or by black-and-white photographs (in subsequent volumes), each accompanied by an appropriate reference for that genus. Furthermore, each Treatise article includes (j) the date, authorship, and scientific history of the taxa. Finally, there is (k) a comprehensive bibliography and list of references. Not only that, but the more recent


id: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology-3.md
category: reference
title: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:38.182148+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: treatise-on-invertebrate-paleontology-20260505-0
summary:
=== Mollusca (I, J, K, L, M & N) === Part I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda General Features, Archaeogastropoda, Mainly Paleozoic Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia), xxiii + 351 p., 216 fig., 1960. ISBN 0-8137-3009-0. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here. --- Parts I and J refer to primitive mollusks and gastropods (such as snails). (Part J, Mollusca 2: Paleozoic Gastropoda --- volume in preparation). Part K. Mollusca 3: Cephalopoda General Features, Endoceratoidea, Actinoceratoidea, Nautiloidea, & Bactritoidea, xxviii + 519 p., 361 fig., 1964. ISBN 0-8137-3011-2. The original volume is out of print, but is available here. --- Parts K and L refer to cephalopods with external shells, including ammonites and Nautilus-like creatures. (Part K, Revised. Mollusca 3: Nautiloidea --- volume in preparation). Part L. Mollusca 4: Ammonoidea, xxii + 490 p., 558 fig., 1957. ISBN 0-8137-3012-0. The original volume is out-of-print, but is available here. Part L. Revised. Mollusca 4, Volume 2: Carboniferous and Permian Ammonoidea (Goniatitida and Prolecanitida), xxix + 258 p., 139 fig., 1 table, 2009, available here. ISBN 978-1-891276-61-3. Part L. Revised. Mollusca 4, Volume 4: Cretaceous Ammonoidea, xx + 362 p., 216 fig., 1995 / 1996, available here. ISBN


id: ullmann-s-encyclopedia-of-industrial-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:39.298987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ullmann-s-encyclopedia-of-industrial-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a major reference work related to industrial chemistry by chemist Fritz Ullmann, first published in 1914, and exclusively in German as "Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie" until 1984. == History == Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a major reference work related to industrial chemistry by chemist Fritz Ullmann. Its first edition was published in German by Fritz Ullmann in 1914. The fourth edition, published 1972 to 1984, already contained 25 volumes. The fifth edition, published 1985 to 1996, was the first version available in English. In 1997, the first online version was published. The year 2014 marked its centenary. As of 2016, Ullmann's Encyclopedia was in its seventh edition, in 40 volumes, including one index volume and more than 1,050 articles (200 more than the sixth edition), approximately 30,000 pages, 22,000 images, 8,000 tables, 19,000 references and 85,000 indices. Furthermore, Ullmann's Encyclopedia has been continuously updated with new online by multiple authors as of January 2026, primarily on the Wiley Online Library. == Editions == === German === 1914–1922: 1st edition in 12 volumes, which can be viewed online (hosted by Internet Archive) 1928–1932: 2nd edition in 11 volumes 1951–1970: 3rd edition in 22


id: van-nostrand-s-scientific-encyclopedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia-0.md
category: reference
title: Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:40.443378+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: van-nostrand-s-scientific-encyclopedia-20260505-0
summary:
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia is an encyclopedia published in the United States. Currently in a three volume 10th edition, it was published in two volumes for editions 6 to 9. The 8th edition is available as two CD ROMs. The first edition was published in 1938 by the D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. From about 1976 the encyclopedia was published by the Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. From the late 1990s it was published by John Wiley and Sons and by Wiley-Interscience. More than 4,000 pages long, the work provides a thorough scientific reference, while establishing a midpoint between massive multi-volume science encyclopedias and handheld reference books. This work is sometimes compared to the McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. == References ==


id: zipcodezoo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZipcodeZoo-0.md
category: reference
title: ZipcodeZoo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZipcodeZoo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:41.614248+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zipcodezoo-20260505-0
summary:
ZipcodeZoo was a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all living species and infraspecies known to science. It was compiled from existing databases. It offered one page for each living species, supplementing text with video, sound, and images where available. ZipcodeZoo was integrated into an app called Lookup Life. As of 2019 the site no longer works. ZipcodeZoo was an online database that collected the natural history, classification, species characteristics, conservation biology, and distribution information of thousands of species and infraspecies. It included over 800,000 photographs, 50,000 videos, 160,000 sound clips, and 3.2 million maps describing nearly 3.2 million species and infraspecies. Its content is now only available on the Internet Archive The site and its sister site lookup.life included a number of specialized search functions, such as identifying a bird species from its color, shape and other traits, including where it was seen; or generating a list of plants or animals likely to be found in or near a specific location (a zipcode, state, country, latitude/longitude, etc.). The searches could be restricted to specific taxa, or broad categories like reptiles or fish. A sound trainer could play multiple bird song recordings simultaneously. ZipcodeZoo drew on the Catalogue of Life


id: elements-of-general-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Elements of General Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:43.056959+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elements-of-general-science-20260505-0
summary:
Elements of General Science is a book written by Otis W. Caldwel and William L. Eikenberry that was first published by Ginn and Company in 1914. A revised version appeared in 1918. The book was designed to provide an introduction to the fundamental concepts of various scientific disciplines, aimed at high school students. It was the first general science textbook and contributed to the development of the general science movement in the United States in the early 20th century. == Context == In 1893, the Committee of Ten of the National Education Association (NEA) in the United States called for the gap between the goals of secondary education and the academic standards of the university to be closed, citing the poor quality and lack of preparation for college at the secondary level. The new goal was to make education more practical and relevant to everyday life. This triggered a process of educational reorganisation in secondary education, leading to the emergence of the general science in the US. General science, in contrast to separate sciences such as biology, physics or chemistry, was an integrated or combined science that emerged as an introductory secondary school subject in the 20th century in the


id: elements-of-general-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: Elements of General Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:43.056959+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elements-of-general-science-20260505-0
summary:
The 1918 revised version of the book retained the organization and methodology of the original edition while incorporating updates based on scientific discoveries and educational experimentation. Certain topics were omitted from the revised edition. The Work and Energy major division was expanded to include electricity. An additional major section, The Earth in Relation to Other Astronomical Bodies, has been introduced. It discusses topics about the Moon, planets and comets, and the Sun and other stars. A list of Questions for Discussion was included at the beginning of each chapter, intended for teachers to read and discuss them briefly. These questions aimed to help students recall their previous experiences and establish new, relevant problems related to the book. According to the authors, they could serve as the best review of the material. The revised edition also includes fifty extra illustrations. == Reception == === Reviews === In the revised edition of The Elements of General Science, the authors claimed that the use of the course resulted in students feeling that they hadn't had any of the differentiated sciences (for example physics, chemistry or biology) and made them much more interested in studying these differentiated sciences in the future. The textbook was


id: elements-of-general-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science-2.md
category: reference
title: Elements of General Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_General_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:43.056959+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elements-of-general-science-20260505-0
summary:
The general science course faced challenges such as the lack of clear definitions, despite Eikenberry's attempts to address this issue in 1922, and inadequate training in general science within teacher training programs. Not all educators could effectively grasp or teach the course, with many preferring to focus on specialized sciences or lacking the comprehensive understanding needed to teach general science. The professor of educational history and culture John M. Heffron's also criticised the general science course, developed and promoted by Caldwell and Eikenberry, for its approach to integrating science into general education, which he argued often diluted the rigour of scientific inquiry. He claimed that the course's emphasis on common sense and practical reasoning overshadowed the theoretical foundations of science, leading to a reduction in scientific education to problem-solving techniques applicable to everyday life. This, he suggested, compromised the integrity of science by blurring the line between science and non-science. Heffron noted that the course's broad sociological framing of science, while aimed at fulfilling educational and vocational goals, failed to foster a deep understanding of scientific principles, limiting its educational value.Whether couched in broad sociological terms or in the language of common sense observation rejected by scientists over three centuries


id: environmental-principles-and-policies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Principles_and_Policies-0.md
category: reference
title: Environmental Principles and Policies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Principles_and_Policies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:44.179395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: environmental-principles-and-policies-20260505-0
summary:
Environmental Principles and Policies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction is a textbook written by Professor Sharon Beder. The book examines six environmental and social principles that have been used at the international and national level. It uses them to evaluate the new wave of market-based policy instruments that have been introduced in many countries. == Six principles == The six principles discussed in the book are: the sustainability principle the polluter pays principle the precautionary principle the equity principle the human rights principles the participation principle == Interdisciplinary approach == This book on environmental policy-making takes a critical and interdisciplinary approach. Rather than merely setting out policy options in a descriptive way, it evaluates policies from different perspectives. This enables readers to gain a thorough understanding of important principles and current policies, and also to be able to apply the various principles and critically evaluate them. == The author == Professor Beder was included in a list of "Australia's most influential engineers", published by Engineers Australia in 2004. She was also included in Bulletin Magazine's "Smart 100" in 2003. == See also == Sustainable development Environmental policy List of Australian environmental books == References == == External links == Review: Principled environmental


id: free-high-school-science-texts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_High_School_Science_Texts-0.md
category: reference
title: Free High School Science Texts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_High_School_Science_Texts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:45.364559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: free-high-school-science-texts-20260505-0
summary:
The Free High School Science Texts (FHSST) organization is a South African non-profit project, which creates open textbooks on scientific subjects. Textbooks are edited to follow the government's syllabus, and published under a Creative Commons license (CC BY), allowing teachers and students to print them or share them digitally. == History == FHSST was conceived in 2002 by Mark Horner, a physicist, when some rural South African children asked him to proofread notes that they had taken on a talk he gave on wave phenomena. The children intended to take the notes back to their schoolmates to use as a textbook on the subject. == Subjects == FHSST has released books for grades 10-12 on physics, chemistry and mathematics. They are developing books in life sciences and computer literacy and a guide to teach students how to study. == See also == OpenCourseWare Open educational resources Open textbook Bookboon China Open Resources for Education Connexions Curriki Flat World Knowledge Flexbook Khan Academy MIT OpenCourseWare National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning India Open.Michigan Tufts OpenCourseWare == References == == External links == Official website


id: hydrology-in-practice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_in_Practice-0.md
category: reference
title: Hydrology in Practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_in_Practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:46.534024+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hydrology-in-practice-20260505-0
summary:
Hydrology in Practice is a hydrology textbook by British hydrologist Elizabeth M. Shaw. The book was originally published in 1983 by Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd. and the most recent fourth edition was published in July 2010 by CRC Press, a division of Taylor & Francis. The book has been described as both an introductory text and a resource for professionals. == Synopsis == The third edition of the book is separated into three parts which discuss hydrological measurements, hydrological analysis, and engineering applications. == Reception == Hydrology in Practice has been described by CRC Press as "likely to be the course text for every undergraduate/MSc hydrology course in the UK". The book has been reviewed by the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, the Journal of the American Water Resources Association, the Hydrological Sciences Journal, and the Journal of Hydrology, along with being cited in many scientific journals. In a review of the third edition, the Hydrological Sciences Journal described the book as "an excellent compendium of techniques and methods of hydrological measurement and data analysis". The book is also recommended reading at Dartmouth College, Utah State University, the University of Malta, the American Institute of Hydrology,


id: school-of-natural-philosophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy-0.md
category: reference
title: School of Natural Philosophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:47.694044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: school-of-natural-philosophy-20260505-0
summary:
School of Natural Philosophy is an 1837 scientific textbook by Richard Green Parker. It is credited with inspiring the inventor Thomas Edison. == References == == External links == Parker's Natural And Experimental Philosophy (Electronic Historical Publications) John H. Lienhard (2006). "Parker's Philosophy". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 2071. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020.


id: de-natura-fossilium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium-0.md
category: reference
title: De Natura Fossilium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:49.241517+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-natura-fossilium-20260505-0
summary:
De Natura Fossilium is a scientific text written by Georg Bauer also known as Georgius Agricola, first published in 1546. The book represents the first scientific attempt to categorize minerals, rocks and sediments since the publication of Pliny's Natural History. This text along with Agricola's other works including De Re Metallica compose the earliest comprehensive "scientific" approach to mineralogy, mining, and geological science. == Notes == == References == == External links == Full text searchable English version and illustrations Archived 2021-05-14 at the Wayback Machine


id: de-re-metallica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-0.md
category: reference
title: De re metallica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-re-metallica-20260505-0
summary:
De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals [Minerals]) is a book in Latin cataloguing the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published a year posthumously in 1556 due to a delay in preparing woodcuts for the text. The author was Georg Bauer, whose pen name was the Latinized Georgius Agricola ("Bauer" and "Agricola" being respectively the German and Latin words for "farmer"). The book remained the authoritative text on mining for 180 years after its publication. It was also an important chemistry text for the period and is significant in the history of chemistry. Mining was typically left to professionals, craftsmen and experts who were not eager to share the experiential knowledge they had accumulated over centuries; this knowledge was passed down orally within a small group of technicians and mining overseers. In the Middle Ages, these people held the same leading role as the master builders of the great cathedrals, or were perhaps like alchemists; a small, cosmopolitan elite within which knowledge was guarded from the outside world. Only a few writers found it worth the effort to write about mining, and only in the Renaissance did this begin to change. With


id: de-re-metallica-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-1.md
category: reference
title: De re metallica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-re-metallica-20260505-0
summary:
=== Book I: Arguments for and against this art === This book consists of the arguments used against the art and Agricola's counter arguments. He explains that mining and prospecting are not just a matter of luck and hard work; there is specialized knowledge that must be learned. A miner should have knowledge of philosophy, medicine, astronomy, surveying, arithmetic, architecture, drawing and law, though few are masters of the whole craft and most are specialists. This section is full of classical references and shows Agricola's classical education to its fullest. The arguments range from philosophical objections to gold and silver as being intrinsically worthless, to the danger of mining to its workers and its destruction of the areas in which it is carried out. He argues that without metals, no other activity such as architecture or agriculture are possible. The dangers to miners are dismissed, noting that most deaths and injuries are caused by carelessness, and other occupations are hazardous too. Clearing forests for timber is advantageous as the land can be farmed. Mines tend to be in mountains and gloomy valleys with little economic value. The loss of food from the forests destroyed can be replaced by purchase from


id: de-re-metallica-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-2.md
category: reference
title: De re metallica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-re-metallica-20260505-0
summary:
This book is extensively illustrated and describes the tools and machinery associated with mining. Handtools and different sorts of buckets, wheelbarrows and trucks on wooded plankways are described. Packs for horses and sledges are used to carry loads above ground. Agricola then provides details of various kinds of machines for lifting weights. Some of these are man-powered and some powered by up to four horses or by waterwheels. Horizontal drive shafts along tunnels allow lifting in shafts not directly connected to the surface. If this is not possible, treadmills will be installed underground. Instead of lifting weights, similar machines use chains of buckets to lift water. Agricola also describes several designs of piston force pumps, which are either man or animal-powered, or powered by water wheels. Because these pumps can only lift water about 24 feet, batteries of pumps are required for the deepest mines. Water pipe designs are also covered in this section. Designs of wind scoop for ventilating shafts or forced air using fans or bellows are also described. Finally, ladders and lifts using wicker cages are used to get miners up and down shafts. === Book VII: On the assaying of ore === This book deals with


id: de-re-metallica-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica-3.md
category: reference
title: De re metallica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:50.484105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-re-metallica-20260505-0
summary:
=== Book XII: Manufacturing salt, soda, alum, vitriol, sulphur, bitumen, and glass === This describes the preparation of what Agricola calls "juices": salt, soda, nitre, alum, vitriol, saltpetre, sulphur and bitumen. Finally glass making is covered. Agricola seems less secure about this process. He is not clear about making glass from the raw ingredients but clearer about remelting glass to make objects. Prof. Philippus Bechius (1521–1560), a friend of Agricola, translated De re metallica libri XII into German. It was published with the German title Vom Bergkwerck XII Bücher in 1557. Herbert Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover describe the translation as "a wretched work, by one who knew nothing of the science," but it, like the Latin original, saw further editions. In 1563 Agricola's publisher, Froben and Bischoff ("Hieronimo Frobenio et Nicolao Episcopio") in Basel, published an Italian translation by Michelangelo Florio as well. == Publication history == Although Agricola died in 1555, the publication was delayed until the completion of the extensive and detailed woodcuts one year after his death. A German translation was published in 1557 and a second Latin edition appeared in 1561. A version in Spanish, though not a mere translation, was produced by Bernardo Pérez


id: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-0.md
category: reference
title: Aberdeen Bestiary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-0
summary:
The Aberdeen Bestiary (Aberdeen University Library, Univ Lib. MS 24) is a 12th-century English illuminated manuscript bestiary that was first listed in 1542 in the inventory of the Old Royal Library at the Palace of Westminster. Due to similarities, it is often considered to be the "sister" manuscript of the Ashmole Bestiary. The connection between the ancient Greek didactic text Physiologus and similar bestiary manuscripts is also often noted. Information about the manuscript's origins and patrons are circumstantial, although the manuscript most likely originated from the 13th century and was owned by a wealthy ecclesiastical patron from northern or southern England. Currently, the Aberdeen Bestiary resides in the Aberdeen University Library in Scotland. == History == The Aberdeen Bestiary and the Ashmole Bestiary are considered by Xenia Muratova, a professor of Art History, to be "the work of different artists belonging to the same artistic milieu." Due to their "striking similarities" they are often compared and described by scholars as being "sister manuscripts." The medievalist scholar M. R. James considered the Aberdeen Bestiary ''a replica of Ashmole 1511" a view echoed by many other art historians. === Provenance === The original patron of both the Aberdeen and Ashmole Bestiary was


id: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-1.md
category: reference
title: Aberdeen Bestiary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-0
summary:
=== Illuminations === Folio page 1 to 3 recto depicts the Genesis 1:1-25 which is represented with a large full page illumination Biblical Creation scene in the manuscript. Folio 5 recto shows Adam, a large figure surrounded by gold leaf and towering over others, with the theme of 'Adam naming the animals' - this starts the compilation of the bestiary portion within the manuscript. Folio 5 verso depicts quadrupeds, livestock, wild beasts, and the concept of the herd. Folio 7 to 18 recto depicts large cats and other beasts such as wolves, foxes and dogs. Many pages from the start of the manuscript's bestiary section such as 11 verso featuring a hyena shows small pin holes which were likely used to map out and copy artwork to a new manuscript. Folio 20 verso to 28 recto depicts livestock such as sheep, horses, and goats. Small animals like cats and mice are depicted on folio 24 to 25. Pages 25 recto to 63 recto feature depictions of birds and folio 64 recto to 80 recto depicts reptiles, worms and fish. 77 recto to 91 verso depicts trees and plants and other elements of nature such as the nature of man. The


id: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-2.md
category: reference
title: Aberdeen Bestiary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-0
summary:
=== Livestock (Pecora) === Folio 20 verso : Sheep (Ovis) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 9; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 20) Folio 21 recto : Wether (Vervex) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 10) Folio 21 recto : Ram (Aries) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 11) Folio 21 recto : Lamb (Agnus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 12; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 28) Folio 21 recto : He-goat (Hircus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 14) Folio 21 verso : Kid (Hedus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 13) Folio 21 verso : Boar (Aper) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 27) Folio 21 verso : Bullock (Iuvencus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 28) Folio 21 verso : Bull (Taurus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 29) Folio 22 recto : Horse (Equus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 41–56; Hugh of Fouilloy, III, xxiii) Folio 23 recto : Mule (Mulus) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, i, 57–60) === Small animals (Minuta animala) === Folio 23 verso : Cat (Musio) (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 38) Folio 23 verso : Mouse (Mus) (Isidore


id: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary-3.md
category: reference
title: Aberdeen Bestiary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:51.826157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aberdeen-bestiary-20260505-0
summary:
=== Stones (Lapides) === Folio 93 verso : Fire-bearing stone (Lapis ignifer) Folio 94 verso : Adamas stone (Lapis adamas) Folio 96 recto : Myrmecoleon (Mermecoleon) Folio 96 verso : Verse (Versus) Folio 97 recto : Stone in the foundation of the wall (Lapis in fundamento muri) Folio 97 recto : The first stone, Jasper Folio 97 recto : The second stone, Sapphire Folio 97 recto : The third stone, Chalcedony Folio 97 verso : The fourth stone, Smaragdus Folio 98 recto : The fifth stone, Sardonyx Folio 98 recto : The sixth stone, Sard Folio 98 verso : The seventh stone, Chrysolite Folio 98 verso : The eighth stone, Beryl Folio 99 recto : The ninth stone, Topaz Folio 99 verso : The tenth stone, Chrysoprase Folio 99 verso : The eleventh stone, Hyacinth Folio 100 recto : The twelfth stone, Amethyst Folio 100 recto : Of stones and what they can do (De effectu lapidum) == Gallery == == See also == Bestiary List of medieval bestiaries Physiologus Ashmole Bestiary Paris Psalter Aviarium == References == == External links == The Aberdeen Bestiary Project - University of Aberdeen, Online version of the bestiary. David Badke, The Medieval Bestiary


id: almost-like-a-whale-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Like_a_Whale-0.md
category: reference
title: Almost Like a Whale
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Like_a_Whale
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:53.025647+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: almost-like-a-whale-20260505-0
summary:
Almost like a Whale by Steve Jones is a modern introduction to Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and closely follows its structure. It won the 1999 BP Natural World Book Prize. An American version was published as Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated (ISBN 978-0-375-50103-6). The title refers to Darwin's observation that a bear, swimming in a lake and catching insects in its mouth, might conceivably evolve over time into a creature "almost like a whale". This statement attracted much ridicule at the time. == References ==


id: the-ancestor-s-tale-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ancestor's Tale
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:54.233690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ancestor-s-tale-20260505-0
summary:
The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life is a popular science book by Richard Dawkins and Yan Wong in which the history of life is retraced in reverse chronological order. A growing band of species meet their most recent common ancestors (concestors) at 40 rendezvous points. First published in 2004, it was updated in 2016 to reflect recent discoveries. Many reviewers described it as Dawkins's magnum opus. Dawkins dedicated the book to John Maynard Smith. == Background == The book is patterned on Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, in which pilgrims on the road to Canterbury converge with other travelers and tell tales. Here, species convene with their common ancestors ("concestors"), and "Canterbury" is the origin of life. The epigraph is from Mark Twain: "History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes." The authors contend that "Evolution rhymes, patterns occur. And this doesn't just happen to be so. It is so for well-understood reasons: Darwinian reasons, mostly, for unlike human history or even physics, biology already has its grand unifying theory." They emphasize that no living species is ancestral to any other, but that all share a common ancestor, some more recently than others. Evidence for this fact


id: the-ancestor-s-tale-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale-1.md
category: reference
title: The Ancestor's Tale
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancestor's_Tale
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:54.233690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ancestor-s-tale-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == Carl Zimmer of the New York Times wrote that it is one of the best books to understand evolutionary trees. Rob Colwell of the Wall Street Journal called it "a fittingly superior beast -- lavishly produced and, weighing in at 1.6 kilograms, substantially heavier than the fully-evolved human brain that thought it up." Clive Cookson of the Financial Times called it "one of the richest accounts of evolution ever written. It is also an object lesson in the way thorough picture research, carefully commissioned illustrations and good design can enhance even the best text." He adds "He is so good at explaining complex scientific issues that readers will learn painlessly about matters well outside the author's field of evolutionary biology, from maths to cosmology. But he interlaces the hard science with 'pleasing speculations', humorous asides, personal anecdotes and even political observations." He concludes "we have no right to expect a second magnum opus on the scale of The Ancestor's Tale." Marek Kohn wrote "The success of this book comes from having one truly Chaucerian character: the author himself." Robin McKie in The Guardian thought it awkward to move backward in time starting from humans and thought this


id: anticipatory-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Anticipatory Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:55.400444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anticipatory-systems-20260505-0
summary:
Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations is a book by Robert Rosen, conceived in the 1970s and published for the first time in 1985. The book describes the way that biological systems anticipate the environment. The book draws from mathematics, in particular category theory, in describing the way systems can anticipate. The first five chapters of the book are about modeling: Rosen shows that natural systems, physical things in the world, are modeled by formal systems, which are at their heart mathematical. These formal systems simulate the natural systems. But in order to provide anticipatory knowledge, they must produce predictions ahead of the predicted phenomena. == Publication history == The first edition of Anticipatory Systems was published in 1985 by Pergamon Press. The second edition of Anticipatory Systems was published in 2012 by Springer. == Publication details == The second edition includes a fifty-page prolegomena by Mihai Nadin, as well as contributions by Judith Rosen and John J. Kineman. The book is the 27th volume in the International Federation for Systems Research International Series on Systems Science and Engineering, a series edited by George Klir. == Critical reception == A review by Eric Minch of the first edition called


id: behave-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behave_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Behave (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behave_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:56.575701+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behave-book-20260505-0
summary:
Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst is a 2017 non-fiction book by Robert Sapolsky. It describes how various biological processes influence human behavior, on scales ranging from less than a second before an action to thousands of years before. == Reception == A review in The Guardian called Behave "a miraculous synthesis of scholarly domains". Kirkus Reviews called it "An exemplary work of popular science, challenging but accessible." A review in the Star Tribune considers Behave to be Sapolsky's magnum opus as well as "a stunning achievement and an invaluable addition to the canon of scientific literature." In Science Magazine's edited book review blog, Behave was described as "exceptional in its scale, scope, detail, and writing style". == References ==


id: the-biology-of-the-cell-surface-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biology_of_the_Cell_Surface-0.md
category: reference
title: The Biology of the Cell Surface
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biology_of_the_Cell_Surface
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:57.758861+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-biology-of-the-cell-surface-20260505-0
summary:
The Biology of the Cell Surface is a book by American biologist Ernest Everett Just. It was published by P. Blakiston’s Son & Co in 1939. Just began writing the book in 1934 in Naples and finished it in France, shortly before being sent to a prisoner-of-war camp. He considered the book to be his "crowning achievement". The book examined the role of the cell surface in embryology, development and evolution, and presented a critique of gene theory, particularly the views of Jacques Loeb. Sapp suggests that "Just’s theorizing on the cell cortex [in this work] was unsurpassed". == References == == External links == The Biology of the Cell Surface - full text Biodiversity Heritage Library


id: brain-gender-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Gender-0.md
category: reference
title: Brain Gender
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Gender
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:29:58.927865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brain-gender-20260505-0
summary:
Brain Gender is a 2005 biology book by Melissa Hines, published by Oxford University Press. Hines is a psychologist and neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge in England. Hines graduated with an undergraduate degree from Princeton, following through with a doctorate in psychology from UCLA. Brain Gender is a book exploring the biological differences between sex and gender. Hines questions whether different biological differences, such as hormones, affect the way people develop and act. Hines demonstrates the possibilities that genetic, biological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, social, and statistical aspects of born sex affect the differences between males or females in gender roles. In the end of the book, it is concluded that the human tendency to perceive generalized gender differences is not supported by evidence. Biology does not imply a deterministic set of gender creation or identification. == References ==


id: frank-macfarlane-burnet-bibliography-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet_bibliography-0.md
category: reference
title: Frank Macfarlane Burnet bibliography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet_bibliography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:00.062720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frank-macfarlane-burnet-bibliography-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of books and monographs by Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, arranged thematically, with original titles, publishers and dates of publication. Burnet wrote widely on virology, immunology and later in life on popular science issues. He wrote over 500 papers and 31 books, several of which were published in multiple editions; 15 of those books followed his retirement as director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute. == Virology == The Use of the Developing Egg in Virus Research (Special Report No, 220), London: Medical Research Council, 1936 Biological Aspects of Infectious Disease Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1940. Later editions of the book were published as The Natural History of Infectious Disease in 1953, 1962 and in 1973 with D.O. White. Published in Italian, Japanese, Spanish and German. With E. Clarke, Influenza: A Survey of the Last 50 years in Light of Modern Work and the Virus of Epidemic Influenza (Monograph of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute). Melbourne: Macmillam, 1942 Virus as Organism: evolutionary and ecological aspects of some human virus diseases. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945. Published in Russian and Japanese. The Background of Infectious Diseases in Man. Melbourne: The Melbourne Permanent Postgraduate Committee, 1946 With


id: campbell-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Campbell Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:01.197728+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campbell-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Campbell Biology is a biology textbook used for introductory Biology and Advanced Placement Biology courses. The textbook was initially published in 1987 by American biologist Neil Campbell, and has been used internationally by over 700,000 students in both high school and college-level classes. == History == The first edition of the textbook was published in 1987 by Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Pearson Education. Over time, the textbook was substantially revised and updated. American biologists Jane Reece and Lisa Urry have provided substantial pedagogical contributions, making it an internationally known biology textbook. It is used in 90 percent of AP Biology classes and 60 percent of introductory college biology courses. As of 2024, the textbook has been used by over 14 million students and has been translated into over 20 languages. The book is currently in its 13th edition. == Contents == The textbook is divided into eight separate units comprising 56 chapters. The organization of the units are logical, appropriate, and easy for first-year university students to follow and help them learn the content. The first unit is an introductory unit that introduces the scientific method and concepts of evolution. The second unit focuses on the various components of


id: the-canon-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Canon (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:02.438846+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-canon-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Canon: A Whirligig Tour of the Beautiful Basics of Science is a book written by American science author Natalie Angier. == Overview == The Canon presents a summary of some of the different areas of science, as well as extensive descriptions of, and interviews with, contemporary scientists who work in these fields. Angier's tenet is that an understanding of the basics of major areas of science can assist with providing a means by which to understand current scientific issues, and that this process should be fun. In her Introduction, Angier writes: Of course you should know about science, for the same reason Dr. Seuss counsels his readers to sing with a Ying or play Ring the Gack: These things are fun, and fun is good. Angier included quotes from the scientists she interviewed throughout her descriptions of different scientific topics in an attempt to show how scientists experience and think about their work, and why they do it. == Scientists interviewed == To obtain material for The Canon, Angier interviewed a number of scientists, professors, and other science professionals, and incorporated their stories and quotes into her work. She asked them questions such as, "What does it mean to


id: chasing-shadows-my-life-tracking-the-great-white-shark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Shadows:_My_Life_Tracking_the_Great_White_Shark-0.md
category: reference
title: Chasing Shadows: My Life Tracking the Great White Shark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Shadows:_My_Life_Tracking_the_Great_White_Shark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:03.601135+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chasing-shadows-my-life-tracking-the-great-white-shark-20260505-0
summary:
Chasing Shadows: My Life Tracking the Great White Shark is a memoir written by Greg Skomal that chronicles his decades long career as an Atlantic shark researcher. It was published in July 2023 by William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollins. Ret Talbot, a science writer and independent journalist, co-authored this book. Talbot collaborated with Skomal so that the book would appeal to a general audience. The goal for Skomal is to educate and share insights with readers about the Great white shark. == Other books == Close to Shore by Michael Capuzzo about the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 Twelve Days of Terror by Richard Fernicola about the same events The Devil's Teeth by Canadian born journalist Susan Casey. == References == == External links == Official website Book excerpt Ret Talbot biography page. ISBN 9780063090835


id: close-to-shore-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Shore-0.md
category: reference
title: Close to Shore
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Shore
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:04.769968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: close-to-shore-20260505-0
summary:
Close to Shore: A True Story of Terror in an Age of Innocence is a non-fiction book by journalist Michael Capuzzo about the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. The book was published in 2001 by Broadway Books. According to a reviewer writing for the New Yorker, it is an "adventure classic". The factual content and backgrounds were based on Richard Fernicola's In Search of the Jersey Man-Eater (1987). An adapted version, Close to Shore: The Terrifying Shark Attacks of 1916, was published in 2003, aimed at a middle-school audience, with fewer biographical background of the victims. There are photos and news clippings not in the original. Capuzzo's description of the shark's behaviour verges on being anthropomorphic. == References == == External links == Close to Shore homepage at RandomHouse.com. Capuzzo, Michael. Close to Shore: The Terrifying Shark Attacks of 1916. Crown. ISBN 0375922318.


id: colecci-n-la-fauna-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colección_La_Fauna-0.md
category: reference
title: Colección La Fauna
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colección_La_Fauna
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:05.933883+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: colecci-n-la-fauna-20260505-0
summary:
Colección La Fauna (La Fauna Collection) is a series of books about the Fauna of Venezuela. The first four titles were published in 2019 by Ediciones La Fauna KPT, based in Madrid. The collection have as origin the studies by German-born, Venezuelan zoologist, Pedro Trebbau, along with the documentary research of Israel Cañizales and Salvador Boher. The adaptation of the texts were made by writer Eduardo Sánchez Rugeles. The illustrations were made by the artist Leonardo Rodríguez. The editorial director of the collection is Miriam Ardizzone, the art direction is in charge of Manuel González Ruiz == History == The collection is part of the project for rescue of the scientific works of Pedro Trebbau, initiated with the re-edition of the book The Turtles of Venezuela (2018), as well of the publication of the biography Trebbau: Maestro por naturaleza (2018), by Albor Rodríguez. Trebbau is known for the promotion and preservation of Venezuelan wildlife and nature. == Titles == == References ==


id: daedalus-or-science-and-the-future-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus-0.md
category: reference
title: Daedalus; or, Science and the Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:08.274374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: daedalus-or-science-and-the-future-20260505-0
summary:
Daedalus; or, Science and the Future is a book by the British scientist J. B. S. Haldane, published in England in 1924. It was the text of a lecture read to the Heretics Society (an intellectual club at the University of Cambridge) on 4 February 1923. Haldane uses the Greek myth of Daedalus as a symbol for the revolutionary nature of science with particular regard to his own discipline of biology. The chemical or physical inventor is always a Prometheus. There is no great invention, from fire to flying, which has not been hailed as an insult to some god. But if every physical and chemical invention is a blasphemy, every biological invention is a perversion. There is hardly one which, on first being brought to the notice of an observer from any nation which had not previously heard of their existence, would not appear to him as indecent and unnatural. He also expressed skepticism over the human benefits of some scientific advances, arguing that scientific advance would bring grief, rather than progress to mankind, unless it was accompanied by a similar advance in ethics. The book is an early vision of transhumanism and his vision of a future in


id: darwin-and-his-children-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_His_Children-0.md
category: reference
title: Darwin and His Children
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_and_His_Children
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:09.432218+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darwin-and-his-children-20260505-0
summary:
Darwin and His Children: His Other Legacy is a 2013 book by biologist and author, Tim Berra. The book examines the full lives of the ten children of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma Wedgwood. This book is written for a lay audience concluding with a timeline, cast of characters, references and index. An overview of Darwin's scientific achievements runs though the chronology of the children's lives. The book was published by Oxford University Press. == Synopsis == The book is broken into twelve chapters. The first, "Darwin's Paradigm Shift", is described by reviewer Christopher Cumo as a good overview of Darwin for any history of science student, saying the book is able to "present the scaffolding of Darwin's ideas without requiring one to build the entire house". Chapter two covers Charles Darwin and his first-cousin soon to be wife, Emma Wedgwood, with whom he had been friends since childhood. Emma's father, Josiah Wedgwood, was brother to Charles's mother Susannah Wedgwood. The stress of believing this close family relationship was the reason so many of their ten children suffered from ill health, and the infertility of three adult children, was woven throughout chapters three to twelve. Darwin struggled with intestinal


id: charles-darwin-bibliography-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography-0.md
category: reference
title: Charles Darwin bibliography
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:10.668533+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charles-darwin-bibliography-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the writings of Charles Darwin. == Works published during lifetime == 1829–1832. [Records of captured insects, in] Stephens, J. F., Illustrations of British entomology 1835: Extracts from Letters to Henslow (Read at a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society on 16 November 1835, with comments by John Stevens Henslow and Adam Sedgwick, and printed for private distribution dated 1 December 1835. Selected remarks had been read by Sedgwick to the Geological Society of London on 18 November 1835, and these were summarised in Proceedings of the Geological Society published in 1836. Further extracts were published in the Entomological Magazine and, with a review, in the Magazine of Natural History. A reprint was issued in 1960, again for private distribution.) 1836: A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c. – BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.' 1838–1843: Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle: published between 1839 and 1843 in five Parts (and nineteen numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts: 1838: Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen (Preface and Geological introduction


id: darwinian-happiness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian_Happiness-0.md
category: reference
title: Darwinian Happiness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian_Happiness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:11.849211+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darwinian-happiness-20260505-0
summary:
Darwinian Happiness: Evolution As a Guide for Living and Understanding Human Behavior, ISBN 0-87850-159-2, is a 2002 book by the Norwegian biologist Bjørn Grinde from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. He argues that human emotions find their cause in evolution, and offers ways by which we can use this to our advantage. More specifically, mammals are equipped with a nerve system that enables them to distinguish not only between pleasant and unpleasant sensations, but positive and negative experiences in general. While the biological term fitness refers to the capacity to create offspring, happiness (or quality of life) is, at least in a biological perspective, a question of the qualities of the experiences our nervous system offers us. In order to improve these experiences there are two main principles to consider: To utilize the rewarding sensations the brain has evolved to offer in a way that gives optimal long-term benefits; and, similarly, to avoid punishing sensations. To avoid stress and maladaptive ways of living in order to have a healthy mind with optimal potential for positive experiences. As to the first principle, humans may actually have been equipped with more powerful positive and negative sensations, compared to other mammals, due


id: demonic-males-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_Males-0.md
category: reference
title: Demonic Males
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_Males
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:12.979177+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: demonic-males-20260505-0
summary:
Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence is a 1996 book by Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson examining the evolutionary factors leading to human male violence. == Summary == Demonic Males begins by explaining that humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans are a group of genetically related great apes, that humans are genetically closer to chimps than chimps are to gorillas, and that chimps and bonobos are most closely genetically related. After speculating about what enabled humans' ancestors to leave the rainforest (the use of roots as sources of water and food), Demonic Males next provides a catalog of the types of violence practiced by male chimpanzees (intragroup hierarchical violence, violence against females, and extragroup murdering raids). The high incidence of rape by non-alpha male orangutans and infanticide by male gorillas are also cited as examples of our mutual genetic heritage. The authors present chimp society as extremely patriarchal, in that no adult male chimpanzee is subordinate to any female of any rank. They present evidence that most dominant human civilizations have always been likewise behaviorally patriarchal, and that male humans share male chimpanzees' innate propensity for dominance, gratuitous violence, war, rape, and murder. They claim that the brain's


id: a-devil-s-chaplain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Devil's_Chaplain-0.md
category: reference
title: A Devil's Chaplain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Devil's_Chaplain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:14.150365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-devil-s-chaplain-20260505-0
summary:
A Devil's Chaplain: Reflections on Hope, Lies, Science, and Love is a 2003 book of selected essays and other writings by Richard Dawkins. Published five years after Dawkins's previous book Unweaving the Rainbow, it contains essays covering subjects including pseudoscience, genetic determinism, memetics, terrorism, religion and creationism. A section of the book is devoted to Dawkins' late adversary Stephen Jay Gould. The book's title is a reference to a quotation of Charles Darwin, in a letter to J.D. Hooker dated 13 July 1856, made in reference to Darwin's lack of belief in how "a perfect world" was designed by God (and a reference to Reverend Robert Taylor): "What a book a devil's chaplain might write on the clumsy, wasteful, blundering low and horridly cruel works of nature!" == Reception == Robin McKie reviewed the book for The Observer and stated that the book contained a mixture of touching essays and "the good, old knockabout stuff at which Dawkins excels". == See also == Argument from poor design Great Ape Project == References == == External links == Review by Michael Ruse, 2003. "Through a Glass, Darkly." American Scientist. Review by Richard Holloway, 2003. "A callous world." The Guardian.


id: the-devil-s-teeth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil's_Teeth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Devil's Teeth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil's_Teeth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:15.324544+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-devil-s-teeth-20260505-0
summary:
The Devil's Teeth: A True Story of Obsession and Survival Among America's Great White Sharks is a non-fiction book about great white sharks by Canadian born journalist Susan Casey. The text was initially published by Henry Holt and Company on June 7, 2005. == Overview == Susan Casey became infatuated with great white sharks of the Farallon Islands—dubbed by sailors in the 1850s the "devil's teeth." The sharks there are at the top of the food chain, some longer than twenty feet, and they congregate 27 miles off the coast of San Francisco. After going through many restrictions and barriers, she manages to join a group of scientists studying predation patterns by great white sharks within the so-called Red Triangle. == Commentary == As the creative director of Outside magazine during its Jon Krakauer-Sebastian Junger heyday, Casey ([then] the development editor of Time Inc.) acquired a good ear for the false notes of ecotourism and a thorough understanding of the humbling swipe nature can take at cocky adventurers. Because of that awareness, she often allows herself to come across as a blundering nautical novice, which is refreshing (and true), though somewhat alarming considering that her lack of competence puts the


id: the-dialectical-biologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dialectical_Biologist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Dialectical Biologist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dialectical_Biologist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:16.453154+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-dialectical-biologist-20260505-0
summary:
The Dialectical Biologist is a 1985 book by the ecologist Richard Levins and the biologist Richard Lewontin, in which the authors sketch a dialectical approach to biology. They see "dialectics" more as a set of questions to ask about biological research, a weapon against dogmatism, than as a set of pre-determined answers. They focus on the (dialectical) relationship between the "whole" (or totality) and the "parts." "Part makes whole, and whole makes part". That is, a biological system of some kind consists of a collection of heterogeneous parts. All of these contribute to the character of the whole, as in reductionist thinking. On the other hand, the whole has a nature of its own and feeds back to affect and determine the nature of the parts. This back-and-forth (dialectic) of causation implies a dynamic process. For example, Darwinian evolution points to the competition of a variety of species, each with heterogeneous members, within a given environment. This leads to changing species and even to new species arising. A dialectical biologist fully accepts this picture then looks for ways in which the competing creatures (which serve as the internal conflicts in the environment) lead to changes. The changes manifest in the


id: the-different-forms-of-flowers-on-plants-of-the-same-species-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species-0.md
category: reference
title: The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:30:17.609466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-different-forms-of-flowers-on-plants-of-the-same-species-20260505-0
summary:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species is a book by Charles Darwin first published in 1877. It is the fifth of his six books devoted solely to the study of plants (excluding The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication). == Context == These writings contributed to Darwin's pursuit of evidence that would support his theory of natural selection. There were only two more books to follow: The Power of Movement in Plants (1880) and The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881). He conducted a wide range of experiments and observations and the results of these form the framework of the book. He was assisted in this work by his son, Francis Darwin who also wrote a preface for the second edition which was published two years after his father's death in 1882. The book was dedicated to his longtime friend and colleague, Harvard botany professor Asa Gray "as a small tribute of respect and affection". == The work == Using the four classifications established by Carl Linnaeus (hermaphroditic, monoecious, dioecious, polygamous), Darwin concentrated on two divisions of the hermaphroditic class, namely the cleistogamic and heterostyled. Darwin’s reflections indicate the economy


