# kb

id: chopper-core-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_core-0.md
category: reference
title: Chopper core
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_core
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:44.601302+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chopper-core-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeology a chopper core is a suggested type of stone tool created by using a lithic core as a chopper following the removal of flakes from that core. They may be a very crude form of early handaxe although they are not bifacially-worked and there is debate as to whether chopper cores were ever used as tools or simply discarded after the desired flakes were removed. They are found in the early Mode 1 tool industries of the Oldowan and Clactonian industries during the Lower Palaeolithic. == References == Ashton, NM, McNabb, J, and Parfitt, S, Choppers and the Clactonian, a reinvestigation, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, pp21–28, qtd in Butler, C (2005). Prehistoric Flintwork, Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 0-7524-3340-7.


id: chunlim-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunlimón-0.md
category: reference
title: Chunlimón
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunlimón
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:46.438520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chunlim-n-20260505-0
summary:
Chunlimón is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche. It is located 20 kilometers east from Kankabchen in Hopelchén Municipality. == References ==


id: city-of-hormuz-ardeshir-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hormuz_Ardeshir-0.md
category: reference
title: City of Hormuz Ardeshir
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hormuz_Ardeshir
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:47.598064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: city-of-hormuz-ardeshir-20260505-0
summary:
The City of Hormizd-Ardashir, known as Hormuz-Ardeshir (Persian: شهرستان هرمزد اردشیر), is an archaeological area from the Persian Sassanid time. It's located in the Khuzestan Province and the current Ahvaz in South-Western Persia (current Iran). It is believed that Ezzatollah Negahban first referred to the location as the city of Hormuz Ardashir. He had uncovered many Sassanid pottery artifacts in the region. Hormuz Ardashir is believed to have been originally built by Ardashir I, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty (224-651 CE), upon the ruins of the Achaemenid city of Tareiana. In 2007, the construction was halted due to concerns by local heritage activists that the tunneling would destroy the ancient Sassanid city of Hormuz Ardeshir. == See also == Ardeshir I Persian Empire Sasanian Dynasty == References == == External links == Hormuz-Ardeshir City Photo Gallery (Hamshahri Online)


id: classic-stage-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_stage-0.md
category: reference
title: Classic stage
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_stage
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:48.753908+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: classic-stage-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeological cultures of North America, the classic stage is the theoretical North and Meso-American societies that existed between AD 500 and 1200. This stage is the fourth of five stages posited by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Cultures of the Classic Stage are supposed to possess craft specialization and the beginnings of metallurgy. Social organization is supposed to involve the beginnings of urbanism and large ceremonial centers. Ideologically, Classic cultures should have a developed theocracy. The "Classic Stage" was initially defined as restricted to the complex societies of Mesoamerica and Peru. However, the time period includes other advanced cultures, such as Hopewell, Teotihuacan, and the early Maya. The "Classic Stage" followed the Formative stage (Pre-Classic) and was superseded by the Post-Classic stage. There are alternative classification systems, and this ranking would overlap what others classify as the Woodland period and Mississippian cultures. The Lithic stage The Archaic stage The Formative stage The Classic stage The Post-Classic stage == See also == Archaeology of the Americas Category:Archaeology in the Americas Chachapoyas culture Cultural periods of Peru Mesoamerican chronology Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures == References == == External links == Media related


id: coobool-creek-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coobool_Creek-0.md
category: reference
title: Coobool Creek
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coobool_Creek
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:49.954958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coobool-creek-20260505-0
summary:
Coolbool Creek is an archaeological site near the Wakool River in New South Wales, Australia. It is about halfway between Swan Hill and Deniliquin. The site is near Doherty's Hut at Coobool Crossing, although the exact spot is unknown. == Human remains == In 1950, G. M. Black found 126 skulls at the site. It has been difficult to give an exact age for the skulls, but one has been dated to 14,300 years ago. Some of the skulls also show artificial cranial deformation. The age, location, and deformities make the site similar to another Pleistocene site at Kow Swamp. Some scientists have said that this shows they were part of the same population, but others have disagreed. Because Coolbool Creek skulls were found on the surface it is difficult to date them, and other scientists have argued that they might be much older. The skulls were kept at the University of Melbourne until 1984. They were then returned to the local Aboriginal communities and reburied. == References ==


id: coroplast-artisan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroplast_(artisan)-0.md
category: reference
title: Coroplast (artisan)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroplast_(artisan)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:51.136446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coroplast-artisan-20260505-0
summary:
A coroplast (or koroplast) was a modeler of terracotta figurines in Greek antiquity. Coroplastic studies, the study of ancient terracotta figurines, involves the analysis of the types and sources of clays used, the methods of production employed, the chronology, context, distribution and display of the objects, and their social, political, economic, sacred and historical meaning. A Coroplast's Dump was located at an archaeological site on the north slope of the Areopagus. Local koroplast workshops existed also in many other Greek centers. Thus, the excavations in Tauric Chersonesos yielded very rich results for this small colony. == See also == Psi and phi type figurine == References ==


id: cylcon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylcon-0.md
category: reference
title: Cylcon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylcon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:52.326671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cylcon-20260505-0
summary:
Cylcons are among the earliest artefacts of the Aboriginal Australians. A cylcon is a cylindrical stone tapering at one end and marked with incisions. The name is a shortening of the descriptive term "cylindro-conical stone". Matthew Flinders saw two cylcons in 1802 and wrote a description. Archaeologists have sometimes assigned cylcons an original ritual, magical, or religious function that over time was displaced by a more utilitarian one, that of a pestle for use in food production. It is impossible to date most cylcons, but the very heavy weathering of most attests to their great age. The earliest yet found in a dateable archaeological context is about 20,000 years old. They belong, with the earliest Aboriginal rock art, to the Early Stone Age. They are earlier than tjurungas. If they were used to communicate messages, as generally thought, they are the oldest form of recorded communication. Some are even thought to contain maps, which would be the oldest maps in existence. == References == == Further reading == Etheridge, Robert. "The Cylindro-conical and Cornute Stone Implements of Western New South Wales and Their Significance". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Ethnological Series No. 2, 1916:1–41. Black, Lindsay.


id: dabuzi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabuzi-0.md
category: reference
title: Dabuzi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabuzi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:53.732961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dabuzi-20260505-0
summary:
Dabuzi (Chinese: 大堡子山遗址及墓群) is an archaeological site in Li County, Gansu. Music instruments have been found there. == External links == Wang Kaihao (21 July 2015). "Academics wrestle with history". China Daily.


id: debdieba-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debdieba-0.md
category: reference
title: Debdieba
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debdieba
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:54.985195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: debdieba-20260505-0
summary:
Debdieba (Maltese: Id-Debdieba) is a megalithic temple in Luqa, Malta dating to around 3000–2500 BC. They were first excavated by Sir Themi Zammit in 1914. Although most of the remains were destroyed, the excavation found several fragments of pottery. The majority of the site was buried in the 1960s due to the construction of an extension to the runway of Luqa airport. Concerns whether the site was destroyed were raised in 2007 by Lufthansa Technik while they were building a new hangar. The place was also known as "the place of the echo" by Maltese natives as shouting near the site would produce an echo. This is most probably due to the two hills surrounding the site. == References ==


id: dugi-archeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugi_Archeological_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Dugi Archeological Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugi_Archeological_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:56.125875+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dugi-archeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Dugi Archeological Site is a prehistoric latte stone site on the north side of Rota Island in the Northern Mariana Islands. The site is a rare inland site that survived the intensive sugar cane development introduced by the Japanese during the South Seas Mandate period of the 1920s and 1930s. It consists of sixteen deteriorated latte stone structures on three high terraces. Some of the latte stones have fallen over and others are missing features normally found at these sites. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands == References ==


id: the-discourse-on-the-eighth-and-ninth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:57.272303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-discourse-on-the-eighth-and-ninth-20260505-0
summary:
The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth is an ancient Hermetic treatise. It is one of the three short texts attributed to the legendary Hellenistic figure Hermes Trismegistus that were discovered among the Nag Hammadi findings. Insufficient information has survived from the manuscript to reconstruct the original title, and so the modern title has been taken from an expression in the treatise itself. References to the Egyptian city of Diospolis and to hieroglyphic characters, as well as certain affinities with the Middle Platonist philosopher Albinus (fl. c. 150 CE), point to composition in Roman Egypt somewhere in the second century CE. It only exists in a Coptic translation, the original Greek being lost. == References == == Further reading == Bull, Christian H. (2018). "Heavenly Ascent: The Discourse on the Eighth and the Ninth (NHC VI,6)". The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian Priestly Figure as a Teacher of Hellenized Wisdom. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. Vol. 186. Leiden: Brill. pp. 316–371. doi:10.1163/9789004370845_008. ISBN 978-90-04-37084-5. Mahé, Jean-Pierre (1998). "A Reading of the Discourse on the Ogdoad and the Ennead (Nag Hammadi Codex VI.6)". In Van den Broek, Roelof; Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (eds.). Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times.


id: fafai-beach-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafai_Beach_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Fafai Beach Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafai_Beach_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:58.489250+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fafai-beach-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Fafai Beach Site is a prehistoric archaeological site near the village of Tamuning on the island of Guam. The site is stratified, containing layers representative of both the Latte and Pre-Latte periods of prehistory. The site includes several latte stone house sites, stone mortar sites, and rock overhang areas with cultural deposits. Stone, shell, and charcoal artifacts have been found here, as have several human burials. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: falefa-valley-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falefa_Valley-0.md
category: reference
title: Falefa Valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falefa_Valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:59.721018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: falefa-valley-20260505-0
summary:
Falefa Valley is situated inland on the east side of Upolu Island in Samoa. The valley forms part of the traditional domain of Falefa with the southern part at Le Mafa pass forming the natural boundary between Falefa and neighbouring Lotofaga. The area has been excavated and studied by archaeologists, in particular a New Zealand team led by Roger Curtis Green and Janet Davidson. Towards the north of the valley is Falefa village. The valley is situated in the political district of Atua. To the north east is the smaller district of Va'a-o-Fonoti which includes an extensive conservation area. A main island highway runs north to south on the east side of the valley connecting the north coast of the island to the east and south coast settlements including the Aleipata Islands and Lotofaga. == See also == Archaeology in Samoa == References ==


id: fauba-archaeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauba_Archaeological_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Fauba Archaeological Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauba_Archaeological_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:00.861297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fauba-archaeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Fauba Archaeological Site is a prehistoric stoneworks on a mountain ridge on Tol Island in Chuuk State of the Federated States of Micronesia. The site was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1978, when the region was part of the US-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. == Description == The site consists of an area enclosed by a stone wall that is roughly triangular in shape. The wall is between 1 and 1.5 metres (3 and 5 ft) in height, and is about 1 metre (3 ft) thick. The enclosed area includes a number of stone platforms, and there is a refuse midden outside the enclosure that is believed to be associated with the site. The exact purpose of the site is a subject of debate: although its siting has obvious military benefits (including commanding views of Chuuk Lagoon and other islands of the atoll, it is not clear that it actually saw military activity. == References ==


id: ficron-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficron-0.md
category: reference
title: Ficron
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficron
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:02.048286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ficron-20260505-0
summary:
A ficron handaxe is the name given to a type of prehistoric stone tool biface with long, curved sides and a pointed, well-made tip. They are found in Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and Acheulean contexts, and are some of the oldest tools ever created by humans. The tool was named by the French archaeologist François Bordes. == Production process == Like other types of handaxes, ficrons are created through a process called flint-knapping or lithic reduction. This involves a process of percussing the stone with a hard hammer such as a stone, a soft hammer such as a bone or antler, and pressure flaking using a punch made of bone or antler. == Distribution == === Africa === Acheulean tools such as ficrons can be found in the rift valley of Kenya, and sites such as Gona and Bouri in Ethiopia, where early humans and others evolved. As these groups found their way out of Africa, the tools went with them. === Great Britain === However, Great Britain has also yielded its share of ficrons, found in gravel pits and fluvial deposits. Swanscombe Heritage Park is famous for its many archaeological discoveries, including ficrons. Because Britain was often covered in


id: fouha-bay-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouha_Bay_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Fouha Bay Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouha_Bay_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:03.241848+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fouha-bay-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Fouha Bay Site is a prehistoric archaeological site near the village of Umatac on the southwestern coast of Guam. First identified in 1977 during a systematic survey by archaeologist Fred Reinman, the site was radiocarbon dated to CE 1200–1400. However, differences in the rate of sediment deposition along stream and river banks make these dates uncertain. Because of a proportionally larger number of archaeological sites in the geologically different parts of eastern Guam, this site is significant in understanding how deposition rates affect site dating methods. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: foundation-deposit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_deposit-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation deposit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_deposit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:04.456299+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-deposit-20260505-0
summary:
Foundation deposits are the archaeological remains of the ritual burial of materials under the foundations of buildings. == Ancient Egypt == In the case of Ancient Egypt, foundation deposits took the form of ritual mudbrick lined pits or holes dug at specific points under temples or tombs, which were filled with ceremonial objects, usually amulets, scarabs, food, or ritual miniature tools, and were supposed to prevent the building from falling into ruin. == Examples == == See also == Builders' rites Cornerstone Cyrus Cylinder == References ==


id: frog-shaped-jade-ornament-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog-shaped_jade_ornament-0.md
category: reference
title: Frog-shaped jade ornament
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog-shaped_jade_ornament
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:05.604753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frog-shaped-jade-ornament-20260505-0
summary:
The Frog-shaped jade ornament is an ancient artifact unearthed in the archaeological site at Yenliao, Hualien, Taiwan in 1994. It can be dated back to 2,800 to 2,300 years ago (B.P.; or 851-351 BC). It is one of the most significant jade ornaments of the Huakangshan Culture during the Neolithic period. It is thought to have been used as a pendant. This ornament, made of nephrite (Taiwanese jade) is 36.4 millimetres (1.43 in) in length and 27 millimetres (1.1 in) in width. The shape is reminiscent of a frog, with a pair of big, round eyes, as well as forking limbs. There is a notch on the head, possibly to allow the ornament to be worn on a string. The ornament is unique and rare for being a complete animal-shaped jade ornament dating from prehistoric Taiwan. It demonstrates the jade production techniques of prehistoric Taiwan, and was therefore designated as a national treasure in 2014. It is now held in the National Museum of Prehistory collections. == References ==


id: gods-graves-and-scholars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods,_Graves_and_Scholars-0.md
category: reference
title: Gods, Graves and Scholars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods,_Graves_and_Scholars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:06.825131+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gods-graves-and-scholars-20260505-0
summary:
Gods, Graves, and Scholars is a book by German writer C. W. Ceram about the history of archaeology. First published in 1949, Ceram's book introduced the general reading public to the origin and development of archaeology. It sold extremely well — over five million copies have been published in 30 languages — and remains in print today. The book covers Greek, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, as well as Mexican, Central American, and South American archaeology. It gives brief biographies of archaeologists like Heinrich Schliemann, Jean-François Champollion, Paul-Émile Botta, and Howard Carter, among others. MGM bought the rights to the book for "protection purposes", as it contained a chapter titled "Robbers in the Valley of the Kings", which might have been seen as having influenced the film's script. They paid a reported $25,000. The book inspired the German children' book author and humorist Hans Traxler to his "fairy-tale archaeological" parody The Truth About Hansel and Gretel, which was initially not recognized as a parody by numerous media and the public, and which depicts how the teacher Georg Ossegg allegedly archaeologically explores the witch's house of Hansel and Gretel. == References ==


id: great-pompeii-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pompeii_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Great Pompeii Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pompeii_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:08.025909+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: great-pompeii-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Great Pompeii Project (Grande Progetto Pompeii) was a 10-year programme of excavation and restoration at the archaeological site of Pompeii which started in 2012. Its discoveries included an inscription which indicated that the eruption which buried the city took place in October rather than August, as previously thought. == References == == External links == Mauro, A. (2019-05-05). "From the Extraordinary Nature of the Great Pompeii Project to Planned Conservation". The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLII-2-W11: 867–871. Bibcode:2019ISPAr4211..867M. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-867-2019. ISSN 1682-1750. "Mary Beard presents new BBC One landmark documentary with unprecedented access to ancient site of Pompeii". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-03-04.


id: the-greatness-that-was-babylon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatness_That_Was_Babylon-0.md
category: reference
title: The Greatness That Was Babylon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatness_That_Was_Babylon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:09.204874+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-greatness-that-was-babylon-20260505-0
summary:
The Greatness That Was Babylon (1962; second edition 1988) is a book about Babylonia by the Assyriologist H. W. F. Saggs. == Summary == Saggs, writing for the "general reader", describes the ancient Babylonians before and during the ancient Assyrian Empire. Topics discussed include cuneiform writing. == Publication history == The Greatness That Was Babylon was first published in 1962 by Sidgwick & Jackson. In 1988, the book was reissued in a revised and updated edition. Excavations in Mesopotamia have revealed a large amount of new information relevant to the study of Babylonian civilization, presented here as a revised and rewritten account of the book first published in 1962. The roots of much of western civilization lie in Babylonia the ancient civilization of south Iraq. Alexander the Great recognized the importance of its heritage and planned to make Babylon his world capital. The splendors and supposed wickedness of Babylon lived on in a tradition transmitted through the Bible and classical writers. The author aims here to reconstruct all aspects of this lost culture, presenting the Babylonians as living people - showing their eating and drinking habits, their worship, their relationships and lifestyle and so present an integrated picture. == Reception


id: greenstone-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Greenstone (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:10.396219+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenstone-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Greenstone is a common generic term for valuable, green-hued minerals and metamorphosed igneous rocks and stones which early cultures used in the fashioning of hardstone carvings such as jewelry, statuettes, ritual tools, and various other artifacts. Greenstone artifacts may be made of greenschist, chlorastrolite, serpentine, omphacite, chrysoprase, olivine, nephrite, chloromelanite among other green-hued minerals. The term also includes jade and jadeite, although these are perhaps more frequently identified by these latter terms. The greenish hue of these rocks generally derives from the presence of minerals such as chlorite, hornblende, or epidote. Greenstone minerals were presumably selected for their color rather than their chemical composition. In archaeology therefore, having a loosely applied general term is at least partially influenced by the observation that ancient cultures often used and considered these various green-hued materials as interchangeable. Greenstone objects are often found very considerable distances from the source of the rock, indicating early travel or trading networks. A polished jadeite axe head in the British Museum (4000–2000 BCE) was found in Canterbury, Kent but uses stone from the Alps of Northern Italy, and objects from other parts of the world had travelled comparable distances to their findspots. Ancient China and Mesoamerica have special


id: hacienda-grande-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda_Grande_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Hacienda Grande culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda_Grande_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:11.591837+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hacienda-grande-culture-20260505-0
summary:
Hacienda Grande is a culture that flourished in Puerto Rico from 250 BC to 300 AD. The main site in which Hacienda Grande culture was studied was in Loíza. == Characteristics == Similar to the Saladoid culture, out of Venezuela, the Hacienda Grande culture was known primarily for its ceramic works. Ceramic techniques include vessel forms, such as zoomorphic effigy vessels, platters, jars and bowls with D-shaped strap handles, and many other types of vessels. These potters decorated their vessels with polychrome designs mainly using white-on-red, black paint, and negative-painted designs. These pottery findings, which are considered some of the best in Puerto Rico, represent the "earliest immigration of pottery-making Indians into the island." Similar 'white-on-red' pottery has been found in the Virgin Islands, the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, and the Orinoco region of Venezuela. Though much of what we know about this culture is based on their ceramics, we do know that a principal part of not only their diet, but their society, was crab. The fact that an abundance of crab remains were discovered along with the pottery, combined with the fact that shell and shell artifacts are so rare, points directly to this site corresponding with what Froelich


id: haputo-beach-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haputo_Beach_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Haputo Beach Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haputo_Beach_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:12.767731+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: haputo-beach-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Haputo Beach Site is a prehistoric village site in northwestern Guam. The site, located on Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Guam land near a sheltered cove, includes standing latte stones, as well as rock shelters and caves with evidence of human occupation. In addition to needing military permission for access to the site, the main trail leads through the Navy's Haputo Ecological Preserve. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: hatihe-u-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatihe'u-0.md
category: reference
title: Hatihe'u
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatihe'u
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:13.918294+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hatihe-u-20260505-0
summary:
Hatihe'u is a village in Nuku Hiva, in the Marquesas Islands. It lies on the bay of the same name and is also the name of an "amphitheater-shaped valley on the northeast side of the island". An ancient village in the area contains petroglyphs. Archaeologists have identified some 400 different features in the Hatihe'u Valley area. == References ==


id: hidden-treasures-of-swat-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Treasures_of_Swat-0.md
category: reference
title: Hidden Treasures of Swat
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Treasures_of_Swat
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:15.113000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hidden-treasures-of-swat-20260505-0
summary:
Hidden Treasures of Swat (ISBN 978-969-23042-0-7) is a non-fiction book based on the achievements of the Italian Archaeological Mission (IAM) in Pakistan and the Department of Archaeology and Museums (DOAM) Pakistan. Six major discoveries by Italian archaeologists in Swat District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan are discussed in the book. == References == 23042: Code for Hidden Treasures of Swat in National Library of Pakistan. The Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan Domenico Faccenna and Sebastiano Tusa East and West Vol. 36, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 473–511 Published by: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). Book: Travels of Tibetan Pilgrims in the Swat Valley by Giuseppe Tucci


id: hill-slope-enclosure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill-slope_enclosure-0.md
category: reference
title: Hill-slope enclosure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill-slope_enclosure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:16.324905+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hill-slope-enclosure-20260505-0
summary:
The term hill-slope enclosure describes a type of late prehistoric earthwork found across South West England and also in Wales. == Description == Normally formed from a single bank, or ditch and bank, enclosing an area of less than 1 hectare (2.5 acres; 10,000 m2), and not on the summit of a hill. They are often found on a spur of a larger hill or range of hills. == Purpose == The original purpose of the hill-slope enclosure is obscure but it is thought that they were not primarily defensive structures. Surveys and excavations have revealed low densities of postholes and storage pits suggesting they functioned as defensible farmsteads and permanent livestock enclosures. They may also have served different purposes at different times and they may have had symbolic and religious significance which is now impossible to determine. == References ==


id: honeycomb-hill-cave-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_Hill_Cave-0.md
category: reference
title: Honeycomb Hill Cave
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_Hill_Cave
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:17.480469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: honeycomb-hill-cave-20260505-0
summary:
Honeycomb Hill Cave is located in the Oparara Basin, on the northwestern edge of the South Island of New Zealand. The Oparara River flows through a section of the cave. The cave was discovered in 1976 by the Buller Caving Group. Since then, 14 km of passages have been mapped, and several important deposits of moa bones have been discovered in the caves. In 2008 an extra 38 hectares of Kahurangi National Park was included in the Honeycomb Hill Caves Specially Protected Area to protect the cave system. == See also == Caving in New Zealand List of caves in New Zealand == References == == External links == Welcome New Zealand Speleological Society (NZSS) (umbrella organisation of the New Zealand caving clubs)


id: hornfels-in-victorian-archaeological-sites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornfels_in_Victorian_archaeological_sites-0.md
category: reference
title: Hornfels in Victorian archaeological sites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornfels_in_Victorian_archaeological_sites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:18.670483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hornfels-in-victorian-archaeological-sites-20260505-0
summary:
Hornfels is an unusual and relatively rare stone used in making flaked stone tools, and which is found in Aboriginal archaeological sites in Victoria, Australia. A sample of places where it has been found can be seen in the geographic section below. The term has been used for ...a group of compact, fine-grained, metamorphic rocks that form as a result of contact between sedimentary country rocks and a magma intrusion. The mineral composition is variable, but commonly contains mica and pyroxene while porphyroblasts of pyroxene, cordierite or andulusite also develop. Sedimentary structures are rarely evident due to a high degree of recrystallisation. == References ==


id: independence-ii-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_II_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Independence II culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_II_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:19.875236+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: independence-ii-culture-20260505-0
summary:
Independence II was a Paleo-Eskimo culture that flourished in northern and northeastern Greenland from around 700 to 80 BC, north and south of the Independence Fjord. The Independence II culture existed in roughly the same areas of Greenland as the Independence I culture, which became extinct six centuries before the beginning of Independence II. Independence II is attested in northern Greenland by settlements on central Peary Land. There, it is estimated that the Independence II population was of no more than four to six families, and that it must therefore have been in contact with people of Ellesmere island in Canada or with people in north-eastern Greenland. It has been argued that there is virtually no difference in the material cultures of Independence II and the contemporary Dorset culture in southern Greenland, locally known as Dorset I. Those who lump these two entities together refer to them jointly as Greenlandic Dorset. Unlike Independence II, to the south, Dorset I persisted to at least AD 800. Danish explorer Eigil Knuth first recognised the existence of Independence I and II. == References == == Further reading == McGhee, Robert (1981). "The Independence II sites at Port Refuge, High Arctic Canada". Dorset Occupations


id: industry-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Industry (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:21.047101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: industry-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
In the archaeology of the Stone Age, an industry or technocomplex is a typological classification of stone tools. An industry consists of a number of lithic assemblages, typically including a range of different types of tools, that are grouped together on the basis of shared technological or morphological characteristics. For example, the Acheulean industry includes hand-axes, cleavers, scrapers and other tools with different forms, but which were all manufactured by the symmetrical reduction of a bifacial core producing large flakes. Industries are usually named after a type site where these characteristics were first observed (e.g. the Mousterian industry is named after the site of Le Moustier). By contrast, Neolithic axeheads from the Langdale axe industry were recognised as a type well before the centre at Great Langdale was identified by finds of debitage and other remains of the production, and confirmed by petrography (geological analysis). The stone was quarried and rough axe heads were produced there, to be more finely worked and polished elsewhere. As a taxonomic classification of artefacts, industries rank higher than archaeological cultures. Cultures are usually defined from a range of different artefact types and are thought to be related to a distinct cultural tradition. By contrast,


id: institute-for-field-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Field_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Field Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Field_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:22.208852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-field-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Field Research (IFR) is a nonprofit organization established in 2011 by a group of academic archaeologists. It operates as an independent, nonprofit academic organization that offers field research courses (field schools) at various sites around the world. The IFR worked with different universities to provide students with academic credit units. At present, the IFR school of record is Connecticut College. Through this agreement, students receive 8 semester credit units (equivalent to 12 quarter units) for attending any of the field schools offered by the IFR. These units are transferable to student's home institution through official Connecticut College transcripts. Students receive a letter grade for attending a field school. All field schools provide a minimum of 160 direct instructional hours. The IFR has conducted field schools at numerous sites around the world, including Cahokia, Spike Island and Ribchester. The institute has also collaborated with forensic anthropologists from the San Bernardino County Sheriff Department to excavate and identify human remains. == References == == External links == Official website


id: instrumentum-domesticum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentum_domesticum-0.md
category: reference
title: Instrumentum domesticum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentum_domesticum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:23.404566+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: instrumentum-domesticum-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeology, instrumentum domesticum (or simply instrumentum) refers to instruments, tools, and other artifacts intended for ordinary and domestic use (as opposed, for instance, to objects with religious, ceremonial, or monumental purposes). It also includes replicas of such objects made to be deposited in graves. The name is Latin for "domestic instruments", a term originally defined by Roman Law. In epigraphy and paleography, the term refers to inscriptions that were written on such objects at or near the time of their use. In this sense, it also includes inscriptions in oracular objects (like the sortes of the Romans), talismans, and personal spells (like the Roman and Greek curse tablets). It does not however include objects whose function was to carry text, such as writing tablets and books. == Gallery == == References ==


id: insurance-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_archaeology-0.md
category: reference
title: Insurance archaeology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_archaeology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:24.605086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: insurance-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Insurance archaeology is the process of recovering old insurance policies. Organizations that are worth a lot of money, and with a long history of providing a product that have the potential of causing harm, accident, or even death to others must make sure that their liability is mitigated. At times, lawsuits are brought up against organizations for harm caused to someone by a product they provided years ago. When that happens, companies rely on old insurance policies, but keeping record of those policies can be difficult. When no cases arise, there is no need to worry about the old policy, but when lawsuits are brought to the table, documentation of all past insurance policies becomes necessary. == Legal Cases == There are cases where the company has no evidence of the coverage. While insurance archaeologists are able to find the policy documentation from decades long past, sometimes that is not possible, but they are still able to get the insurance company to cover the claims should a case arise using secondary evidence. == References ==


id: japanese-jail-historic-and-archeological-district-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Jail_Historic_and_Archeological_District-0.md
category: reference
title: Japanese Jail Historic and Archeological District
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Jail_Historic_and_Archeological_District
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:25.733071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: japanese-jail-historic-and-archeological-district-20260505-0
summary:
The Japanese Jail Historic and Archeological District in Garapan (Saipan), MP, is a historic district that was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2011. The listing included two contributing structures and 15 contributing sites. It includes ruins of a jail that was built in 1930 and was used until 1944. == See also == Japanese Hospital (Saipan), also NRHP-listed in the Northern Mariana Islands == References ==


id: jhukar-jo-daro-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhukar-jo-Daro-0.md
category: reference
title: Jhukar-jo-Daro
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhukar-jo-Daro
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:26.897900+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jhukar-jo-daro-20260505-0
summary:
The Jhukar-jo-Daro (Sindhi: جهڪر جو دڙو) is the highest mud mound in Larkana, located at a distance of 6 miles (10 kilometers) from Larkana city towards west near to village Mithodero on the left of the Larkana-Mehar Road (N55 National Highway) in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It was explored and excavated by renowned archaeologist N. G. Majumdar in 1928. Jhukar-Jo-Daro is an archaeological site where Jhukar Phase was explored and it has been recorded that Harappan Phase came after or it is followed by Jhukar Culture. Some historians have revealed that Jhukar Phase partly covers or overlaps with the Harapppan Phase but obviously persists much later. The remains of late Harappan culture of Chalcolithic period were discovered here at Jhukar-Jo-Daro. == References ==


id: kent-archaeological-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Archaeological_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Kent Archaeological Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Archaeological_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:28.117620+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kent-archaeological-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Kent Archaeological Society was founded in 1857 to promote the study and publication of archaeology and history, specifically that pertaining to the ancient county of Kent in England. This includes the modern administrative county as well as areas now subsumed by south east London and in the district of Medway. It carries out archaeological surveys and excavations funded through membership subscriptions as well as being involved in the protection and recording of historic buildings and churches. In addition, it organises lectures, excursions and other education projects and can make grants or loans of equipment to archaeological projects. A library in the museum at Maidstone is available for members' use and a field school, the Kent Archaeological Field School, is often run in the summer. The society publishes an annual journal, Archaeologia Cantiana, and a quarterly newsletter. Through its Record Series, it publishes editions of archival texts relating to the county, and it therefore functions as the record society for Kent. It publishes other occasional volumes on specific topics. Recent projects have included assisting in the excavation of the Ringlemere barrow and an edition and translation of the Kent Hundred Rolls. A number of local societies are affiliated to it


id: kfar-hahoresh-archaeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_HaHoresh_(archaeological_site)-0.md
category: reference
title: Kfar HaHoresh (archaeological site)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_HaHoresh_(archaeological_site)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:29.306092+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kfar-hahoresh-archaeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
Kfar HaHoresh is a Neolithic archaeological site near the kibbutz of the same name in the Jezreel Valley, Israel. Excavations by Nigel Goring-Morris of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem were started in the early 1990s. According to Goring-Morris, the site is a "regional funerary and cult centre" dating to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. == References ==


id: klimova-treasure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimova_Treasure-0.md
category: reference
title: Klimova Treasure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimova_Treasure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:30.440734+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: klimova-treasure-20260505-0
summary:
The Klimova Treasure is a hoard of Early Byzantine and Sasanian silver objects that was discovered in 1907 near the village of Klimova in the Perm Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern-day Perm Krai, in central Russia). It is one of several hoards of Byzantine and Sasanian silverware uncovered in that region, which are collectively referred to as the Perm Treasures. == Description == Amongst the Byzantine objects from the Klimova Treasure are a dish containing an image of a goatherd which bears the silver stamps of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) and two 7th-century dishes adorned with crosses. The Sasanian objects from the hoard include a dish depicting King of Kings Shapur III (r. 383–388) slaying a leopard, as well as another which portrays a tigress beneath a tree. Other works associated with the Klimova Treasure also include an 8th or 9th century Iranian dish and a Mawarannahr piece. A bucket was also found. The Klimova Treasure is currently housed in the collections of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. == Sources ==


id: kopagarh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopagarh-0.md
category: reference
title: Kopagarh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopagarh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:31.612531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kopagarh-20260505-0
summary:
Kopagarh (Maithili: कोपगढ) is an archaeological site in the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. It is located in the Keoti block of the Darbhanga district in the state of Bihar in India. There is mound at the site. The size of the mound is smaller than that of Balirajgarh but the antiquity of the site excels. The site seems to be an important urban centre in the ancient period of the region. The neighbouring village of the Kopagarh is Miran Than. == Description == Kopagarh is an ancient site in the state of Bihar in India. It lies off the Rahika - Darbhanga road. It was originally a moat. There is ruins of mud fortification wall. The mound at the site is spread over 70 acres of land. It was originally discovered by the archaeologist Dr S K Jha. The site yields micaceous Black and Red Ware (BRW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP) and later potteries. Presently, the whole area of the site is under cultivation. == References ==


id: kutlug-tepe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlug-Tepe-0.md
category: reference
title: Kutlug-Tepe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlug-Tepe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:32.798691+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kutlug-tepe-20260505-0
summary:
Kutlug-Tepe is an archaeological mine site in the north of Afghanistan, in ancient Bactria. == Description == Kutlug-Tepe is a fortification dating from the first millennium BC, during the time of the Achaemenid Empire in Bactria province. It is about a kilometer away from the remains of a village and entails a hill that is 40 by 40 metres (130 ft × 130 ft) in extent and 4 metres (13 ft) high. The building is round and has three outer walls; the spaces between the walls form two galleries or corridors. The walls have openings to light the galleries and were once vaulted. In the two inner walls there is a passage and on the east side of the outer wall there is a rounded tower. It encloses a round courtyard in which stands a rectangular building. The building is poorly maintained but features an altar that may indicate the whole complex is a temple rather than a fortress. == Literature == Viktor Sarianidi: The Art of Old Afghanistan, Leipzig 1986, pp. 72–75 ISBN 3-527-17561-X == References ==


id: lapa-do-picareiro-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_do_Picareiro-0.md
category: reference
title: Lapa do Picareiro
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_do_Picareiro
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:33.996319+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lapa-do-picareiro-20260505-0
summary:
The Lapa do Picareiro is a natural cave and prehistoric archaeological site located on the northern slopes of the Serra de Aire mountains in the Ribatejo region of Portugal. It contains the oldest human artifacts ever recovered in the western Iberian peninsula, which provide evidence of human occupation of the area dating back at least 38,000 years BP. == Description == The depth of the archeological, geological, and paleoecological deposits in Lapa do Picareiro exceeds 10 meters. Artifacts include pieces made from ceramic and stone (mainly flint, quartzite, and quartz), as well as various ornaments and remains of fauna like rabbit, red deer, ibex, chamois, aurochs, rodents, birds, and marine mollusks. The earliest evidence human occupation of the Lapa do Picareiro dates back to the early Aurignacian period between 38,000 and 41,000 years BP—some 5,000 years earlier than humans were previously believed to have inhabited the western Iberian peninsula. Although it is not known whether anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals interacted in Iberia, evidence from Lapa do Picareiro suggests that their presence there may have overlapped for around 1,000 years. Artifacts found within the Lapa do Picareiro also indicate human occupation during the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Iron Age, including


id: lau-agae-ridge-quarry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau'agae_Ridge_Quarry-0.md
category: reference
title: Lau'agae Ridge Quarry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau'agae_Ridge_Quarry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:35.157402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lau-agae-ridge-quarry-20260505-0
summary:
The Lau'agae Ridge Quarry is a prehistoric stone quarry on the eastern side of the island of Tutuila in the United States territory of American Samoa. It is located on a ridge above another archaeological site, the prehistoric village of Tulauta. The quarry site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. == Description == The site includes a carpet of stone flakes, evidence of rough stonework (creating forms probably finished in Tulauta), signs of habitation, and two tia'ave, oval stone platforms found in abundance on the island. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa == References ==


id: lohum-jo-daro-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohum_Jo_Daro-0.md
category: reference
title: Lohum Jo Daro
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohum_Jo_Daro
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:36.372081+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lohum-jo-daro-20260505-0
summary:
Lohum Jo Daro (Sindhi:لوهم جو دڙو, Urdu:لوہم جو دڑو) is an archaeological site which is situated close to Piaro Goth railway station previous Larkana now Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is near to the bank of Indus River. The site belongs to the late period of Indus Valley Civilization like Jhukar-Jo-Daro, Chanhudaro and others. This site was excavated by N. G. Majumdar during the excavations in Sindh in the 1930s. The terracotta bull figurine was discovered from lohum Jo Daro. The findings were examined at the site proves that the flow of Indus River was closed to Lohum Jo Daro in Chalcolithic period. As of January 2026 there is a settlement located on the archaeological site. == References == == External links == Site Location on Google Maps


id: lost-cities-and-vanished-civilizations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cities_and_Vanished_Civilizations-0.md
category: reference
title: Lost Cities and Vanished Civilizations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cities_and_Vanished_Civilizations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:37.572790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lost-cities-and-vanished-civilizations-20260505-0
summary:
Lost Cities and Vanished Civilizations is a 1962 book by Robert Silverberg that deals with the then-current archaeology studies of six past civilizations. The book is divided into six chapters, and each deals with a particular civilization: Pompeii, Troy, Nicola, Babylon, Chichen Itza, and Angkor Wat. Silverberg also deals with the historical search for the past through the life works of archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann and Henry Rawlinson. == References ==


id: macula-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Macula (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:38.710192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macula-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Macula (plural maculae) is a term used by archaeologists to describe small two-dimensional features of ancient human origin visible on an aerial photograph. These appear as points, spots or patches, which may represent features such as burial places, pits, Grubenhäuser (homesteads with sunken floors), constructions marked by postholes, or features above ground level. Maculae are differentiated from other features visible in aerial photographs such as enclosures, linear features and linear systems, which include paths, roads, boundaries or limits. Identification and interpretation of maculae in aerial photographs is difficult and depends upon the experience of the observer, who has to take factors such as shape, size, relative position or proximity to other maculae, ground condition, and knowledge of cultural practices of ancient humans in the region under observation, into account. The term is used in a different context in art on objects where it refers to the mesh of a net (in singular), or its depiction, the plural being maculae. == References ==


id: marine-reservoir-effect-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_reservoir_effect-0.md
category: reference
title: Marine reservoir effect
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_reservoir_effect
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:39.908002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marine-reservoir-effect-20260505-0
summary:
The marine reservoir effect is a phenomenon affecting radiocarbon dating. Because much of the carbon consumed by organisms in the ocean is older than that consumed by organisms on land, samples from marine life and from organisms that consumed a lot of sea-based foods while alive may appear older when tested than they truly are. It is necessary to account for changes in the Earth's oceans to correct for the marine reservoir effect. The level of the effect on a particular sample varies significantly, depending on the body of water, and more locally on depths, upwelling currents, and freshwater discharges. Typically, affected radiocarbon dates appear c. 400 14C years older than they would if unaffected. But the effect is highly variable in space and time, and can reach 800 to 1200 14C years in Arctic regions. In 2013, archaeologists at the Gottorp Castle Museum tested the effects of fish prepared in a newly made clay vessel on their ability to accurately measure carbon-14 in the clay pottery. After making the clay vessel fish was prepared in the vessel over a fire. The archaeologists made sure some of the fish stuck to the pot. The pot and some of the burnt


id: marra-wonga-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marra_Wonga-0.md
category: reference
title: Marra Wonga
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marra_Wonga
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:41.072412+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marra-wonga-20260505-0
summary:
Marra Wonga (or Turraburra), formerly known as Gracevale, is a major Aboriginal rock art site near Barcaldine in Queensland, Australia. The location of a sandstone escarpment forming a rock shelter over 160 metres in length, it comprises 111 stencils and over 15,000 petroglyphs (carvings), the oldest of which date back more than 5,000 years. The petroglyphs are mostly lines, grooves, drilled holes, and representations of animal tracks, although a cluster of human feet with six toes is carved into the floor of the shelter. Amongst the unique compositions to be found at Marra Wonga are "engraved star-like designs with central engraved pits and large, engraved snake-like designs running across and through other petroglyphs". In 2019, the site was purchased for the custodians of the local Iningai people by the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) of the Australian Government. It is now managed by the Yambangku Aboriginal Cultural Heritage and Tourism Development Aboriginal Corporation (YACHATDAC) and there are plans to open a multimillion-dollar education centre. == See also == Rock art Indigenous Australian art == References == == External links == YACHATDAC website


id: the-megalithic-european-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megalithic_European-0.md
category: reference
title: The Megalithic European
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megalithic_European
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:42.293014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-megalithic-european-20260505-0
summary:
The Megalithic European: The 21st Century Traveller in Prehistoric Europe (2004) is Julian Cope's second book on historic sites, this time looking at continental Europe and Ireland. Like its predecessor, The Modern Antiquarian, this book is split into a shorter, discursive introduction with the bulk of the text being a gazetteer of sites. As with The Modern Antiquarian, sites are listed alphabetically within their various sections. == See also == Megalith Neolithic Europe Dolmen Stone Circles == References == == External links == The Modern Antiquarian


id: the-megaliths-of-upper-laos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megaliths_of_Upper_Laos-0.md
category: reference
title: The Megaliths of Upper Laos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megaliths_of_Upper_Laos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:43.484259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-megaliths-of-upper-laos-20260505-0
summary:
The Megaliths of Upper Laos (French: Les Megaliths du Haut Laos) is a 1930 work of archaeology by Madeleine Colani, examining and cataloging approximately ten thousand megaliths in Upper Laos. Prior to Colani's work, the megaliths were considered among the more mysterious megaliths. Colani, after reviewing the Plain of Jars for decades, cataloged the megaliths and argued "convincingly" in The Megaliths of Upper Laos that they were urns, used in Bronze Age funerary rites. The Megaliths of Upper Laos, a two-volume, 600-page work that both cataloged and described the artifacts, and presented Colani's theories as to their origin and use, has been described as Colani's "great contribution to archaeological literature". The book brought the megaliths to the broader attention of the Western public and scholarly community. == Notes ==


id: meisterschwanden-erlenh-lzli-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli-0.md
category: reference
title: Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:44.698287+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meisterschwanden-erlenh-lzli-20260505-0
summary:
Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli refers to an archaeological site in Meisterschwanden in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is located approximately 80 metres from the shore of Lake Hallwil. It is a lakeside settlement (also known as a pile dwelling village or palafitte) from the Neolithic period (4th to 3rd millennium BC). The site is not designated as a World Heritage Site, but is recognised and protected as an associated site of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps. == References ==


id: melchizedek-text-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek_(text)-0.md
category: reference
title: Melchizedek (text)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek_(text)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:45.979679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: melchizedek-text-20260505-0
summary:
Melchizedek is the first tractate from Codex IX of the Nag Hammadi Library. It is a Gnostic work that features the Biblical figure Melchizedek. The text is fragmentary and highly damaged. The original text was 750 lines; of these, only 19 are complete, and 467 are fragmentary. The remaining 264 lines have been lost from the damage to the text. Like much of Nag Hammadi, the text was likely used by Gnostic Christians in Roman Egypt. It makes reference to Seth, suggesting it may have been used in Sethianism, a school of Gnosticism. The date it was written is unknown; all that can be said is that it was created during the period of early Christianity, presumably at some point during the 3rd century. == Content == The main character and purported author is Melchizedek, who was the king of Salem and priest of El Elyon (the "most high God") in the Hebrew Bible. The text identifies Melchizedek with Jesus Christ; whether this was as a precursor or earlier equivalent, or as exactly the same entity, is disputed by scholars. Melchizedek, as Jesus, lives, preaches, dies, and experiences the resurrection over the Aeons, a Gnostic concept where different emanations of


id: the-might-that-was-assyria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Might_That_Was_Assyria-0.md
category: reference
title: The Might That Was Assyria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Might_That_Was_Assyria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:47.103012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-might-that-was-assyria-20260505-0
summary:
The Might That Was Assyria (1984; ISBN 0-283-98961-0) is a 1984 book by the Assyriologist H. W. F. Saggs, in which the author illustrates the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Saggs spent half of his life studying the ancient Assyrians, before he wrote the book. == See also == The Greatness That Was Babylon == References ==


id: miscellaneous-babylonian-inscriptions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Babylonian_Inscriptions-0.md
category: reference
title: Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Babylonian_Inscriptions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:48.276449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: miscellaneous-babylonian-inscriptions-20260505-0
summary:
Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions is a 1918, Sumerian linguistics and mythology book written by George Aaron Barton. It was first published by Yale University Press in the United States and deals with commentary and translations of twelve cuneiform, Sumerian myths and texts discovered by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology excavations at the temple library at Nippur. Many of the texts are extremely archaic, especially the Barton Cylinder, which Samuel Noah Kramer suggested may date as early as 2500 BC. A more modern dating by Joan Goodnick Westenholz has suggested the cylinder dates to around 2400 BC. == Contents == Some of the myths contained in the book are shown below: == References == == External links == Barton, George Aaron., Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions, Yale University Press, 1918. Online Version


id: mission-de-ph-nicie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_de_Phénicie-0.md
category: reference
title: Mission de Phénicie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_de_Phénicie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:49.477678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mission-de-ph-nicie-20260505-0
summary:
The Mission de Phénicie was the first major archaeological mission to Lebanon and Syria. It took place in 1860-61 by a French team led by Ernest Renan. Renan was entrusted with the mission in October 1860, after French interest had been sparked by the 1855 discovery of the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II. The Phoenician artefacts and inscriptions that discovered by the mission were published in Renan's Mission de Phénicie (1864–74; “Phoenician Expedition”), published by Imprimerie impériale in Paris 1864, and republished by Beyrouth in 1997. == Volumes == Text: [1] and [2] Plates: [3] and [4] Catalogue des objets provenant de la Mission de Phénicie == Bibliography == == References ==


id: morasi-gonday-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morasi_Gonday-0.md
category: reference
title: Morasi Gonday
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morasi_Gonday
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:51.034111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: morasi-gonday-20260505-0
summary:
Morasi Gonday (Hill of Morasi; Pashto: مراسي غونډۍ or دیمراسي غونډۍ) is a Bronze Age archeological site in Kandahar, Afghanistan. It is located about 27 km Kandahar City, and 6.5 km Panjwayi District. == Geography == Morasi is located at 34° 90’ N, 65° 30’ E, near to Morasi village. The bound rises approximately 3.5 meters above the surrounding earth surface. == History == Morasi Gonday was discovered by Louis Dupree in 1951. He found four trenches, but only the largest (2×6 m) was excavated to sterile soil, at a depth of 6.6 m. Radiocarbon dates from this and the site suggest that the place was occupied between 2000/2500 BC. The Morāsī IV layers were disturbed and included pottery from the early South Asian historic period (after 500 B.C.E.) and the Islamic period. When combined with Kushan burials found in the upper levels of occupation III, it shows there was a long period of abandonment after Morāsī III. Present evidences indicate that Morāsī Ḡonday was a small Bronze Age agricultural village, dependent on cultivation of barley and raising of sheep, goats, and cattle. == References ==


id: mortuary-cave-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_cave-0.md
category: reference
title: Mortuary cave
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_cave
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:52.200424+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mortuary-cave-20260505-0
summary:
== Definition == A mortuary cave or a mortuary sinkhole, alternately known as burial cave, burial sinkhole, or crevice interment, is a naturally formed cavity in the earth that is intentionally used for the placement of human remains. Unlike constructed tombs or graves, mortuary caves utilize pre-existing geological formation such as limestone caves, sinkholes and rock fissures. Using archeological evidence, Mortuary Caves demonstrated to be used across multiple continents and time periods, ranging from prehistoric contexts to historic events. These sites are of particular importance in archaeology, due to cave environments often preserving human remains and associated artifacts more effectively compared to open-air burial sites, while also providing strong ties to cultural and ritualistic practice surrounding death. == Archaeological Context and Preservation == Mortuary caves are most commonly found in karst landscapes, where soluble rock such as limestone, tend to form caves and sinkholes. Because these natural cavities are already present in the landscape, not requiring construction for their burial sites. Archaeological are able to distinguish mortuary caves from accidental cave deaths or natural deposition by examining the arrange of skeletal remains, the presence of burial bundles, and associated burial artifacts such as tools, ornaments or textiles. Environmental conditions within


id: native-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Point-0.md
category: reference
title: Native Point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:53.510651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: native-point-20260505-0
summary:
Native Point (Inuktitut: Tunirmiut or Tuneriut) is a peninsula in the Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located on Southampton Island's Bell Peninsula at the mouth of Native Bay. It is notable for being the location of an abandoned Sadlermiut settlement, currently an archaeological site. == Archaeological site == The Sadlermiut settlement, situated on the west side of the point, was left empty after the last Sadlermiut perished during the winter of 1902–03, due to an epidemic. Now a notable archeological site, it is referred to as "T1" because of the Inuktitut name, "Tuneriut", for Native Point. T1 is the largest Sadlermiut site on the island. The material culture of the Sadlermiut was limited to chipped stone tools and various manufactured organic artifacts. Among the artifacts found in the site were human figurines called aarnguaq, which was probably used for a healing ritual. This indicates that the Sadlermiut were shamanistic. In addition, multiple human remains were found on the site. Merbs and Wilson grouped the burials into three time stages: the "village" graves, which were thought to be the oldest, "peripheral" burials located northeast and southeast of the settlement which were ranked as intermediate in age, and a series of


id: nautical-archaeology-association-of-south-australia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Association_of_South_Australia-0.md
category: reference
title: Nautical Archaeology Association of South Australia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Association_of_South_Australia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:54.662666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nautical-archaeology-association-of-south-australia-20260505-0
summary:
The Nautical Archaeological Association of South Australia (NAASA) was an amateur maritime archaeology organisation which was founded in 1982 by individuals who resigned from the Society for Underwater Historical Research (SUHR) in April 1982 following a dispute. The association is believed to have ceased operation in the early 1990s. == Naming Controversy == The newly formed Association had proposed to be known as the Maritime Archaeology Association of South Australia. However, the SUHR quickly altered its official name to The Society for Underwater Historical Research (Maritime Archaeology Association of South Australia) Incorporated to prevent this action. The reason given by the SUHR for its action was that it ‘has been known interstate as the Maritime Archaeology Association of South Australia for some years.' == HMS Buffalo wreck site discovery == In April 1986, NAASA participated in an expedition led by the South Australian Government's State Heritage Branch to search for and to survey the wreck of HMS Buffalo in Mercury Bay, Whitianga, New Zealand. == References ==


id: neolithic-tomb-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_tomb-0.md
category: reference
title: Neolithic tomb
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_tomb
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:55.818115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: neolithic-tomb-20260505-0
summary:
Neolithic tombs are structures built by humans during the New Stone Age. == Types == === Northwestern Europe === The main types in Northwestern Europe, particularly Ireland, include passage graves, court cairn, and menhir. All these types of tomb were built from large slabs of rock which were uncut or worked only slightly. In each case, there was a "doorway" made from two large stones facing each other. The doorway led to an inner chamber, or a passage and chamber, lined with flat slabs. In all but the portal dolmens, the tomb was then covered in earth and small stones to make a mound. === Asia === The five types of Neolithic tombs found in Korea include dolmen or menhir, cist, cairn, urn, and wooden chamber. == Uses == While some of these stone structures did indeed have human remains contained within them, it is erroneous to suggest that they all were "tombs". It is peculiar to note that after being in use for 3–4,000 years many of these contained no bones whatsoever. Some remains that were carbon dated showed that the interments were inserted hundreds of years after the megaliths were constructed. It would seem that when the original


id: netiv-hagdud-archaeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiv_HaGdud_(archaeological_site)-0.md
category: reference
title: Netiv HaGdud (archaeological site)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiv_HaGdud_(archaeological_site)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:57.004728+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: netiv-hagdud-archaeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
Netiv HaGdud is a Neolithic archaeological site in the West Bank. It was discovered in the 1970s during the construction of an Israeli settlement and excavated by Ofer Bar-Yosef in the 1980s. == References ==


id: netted-ware-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netted_Ware_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Netted Ware culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netted_Ware_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:58.170658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: netted-ware-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The Netted Ware culture (also called Textile Ceramic culture) was a Bronze Age culture in northeastern Europe that extended from Finland to the upper Volga region in Russia. == Origins == The Netted Ware culture emerged around 1900 BCE with the arrival of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon in the upper Volga region, replacing the earlier Volosovo cultures, and soon expanded to the west to Karelia and eastern and central Finland. The Netted Ware culture did not reach southwestern Finland, the area of the Kiukainen culture and later the Nordic Bronze culture. The subsistence of the Netted Ware culture was based on small-scale swidden agriculture and animal husbandry. == Hypothetical linguistic affiliation == The spread of the Netted Ware culture has been linked to the dispersal of early forms of the Finno-Volgaic languages, especially Finnic languages and Saami languages. == References ==


id: north-sinai-archaeological-sites-zone-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Archaeological_Sites_Zone-0.md
category: reference
title: North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Archaeological_Sites_Zone
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:59.372252+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: north-sinai-archaeological-sites-zone-20260505-0
summary:
The North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone is composed of a collection of important ancient sites between the Suez Canal and Gaza along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. == Archaeology == In 2020, a limestone cave decorated with scenes of animals such as donkeys, camels, deer, mule and mountain goats was uncovered in the area of Wadi Al-Zulma by the archaeological mission from the Tourism and Antiquities Ministry. Rock art cave is 15 meters deep and 20 meters high. == World Heritage Status == This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on November 1, 1994, in the Cultural category. == Notes == == References == North Sinai archaeological Sites Zone - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-04.


id: ocomt-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocomtún-0.md
category: reference
title: Ocomtún
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocomtún
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:00.541353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ocomt-n-20260505-0
summary:
Ocomtún, whose original name could have been Maatz', is an ancient Late Classic Maya city located on the Yucatan Peninsula in the Mexican state of Campeche. Archaeologists from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History announced the discovery of the city in June 2023, after finding the ruins of several pyramid structures measuring approximately 15 m (49 ft 2+1⁄2 in) in height in a relatively unexplored area of the state. Analysis of pottery fragments found in the area indicate the area was inhabited by the Maya people between 600 CE and 800 CE, and that the city fell into ruin in around 1000 CE, coinciding with the Classic Maya collapse. Archaeologists named the site Ocomtún after the Mayan word for stone column. == Discovery == The site was discovered during an expedition led by Dr. Ivan Šprajc after he received Lidar images showing significant human cultural structures hidden in the landscape. Šprajc named the site after the many cylindrical columns scattered throughout the settlement. The research was carried out in May and June 2023. == The archaeological site == Ocumtún is located in the Balamkú Ecological Conservation Zone, in a virtually impenetrable place. The lush jungle vegetation creates what has


id: old-cordilleran-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Old Cordilleran culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:01.792350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: old-cordilleran-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The old Cordilleran culture, also known as the Cascade phase, is an ancient culture of Native Americans that settled in the Pacific Northwestern region of North America that existed from 8000 or 9000 BC until about 3500 BC. The Cascade phase may be even older, depending on when human beings first arrived in America. They originated in Alaska, and migrated to occupy a wide area as far as Idaho and the plateaus of California, but they are generally not considered a maritime society. However, their spear points, or points bearing resemblance have been found as far south as Mexico and South America. This was the typical artifact of these people — a simple, bi-facial, leaf-shaped projectile point which average about 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. These tools were used as spears or darts, or also knives, indicating the importance of hunting, although they also fished and gathered for subsistence. However, the main dependence was on land hunting, mostly of deer, bison, and other large mammals. The culture possibly spoke a Macro-Penutian language (a hypothetical macrofamily which may include Penutian, Uto-Aztecan, and some other language families). This culture also created the oldest attested examples of art in the Pacific Northwest.


id: orote-historical-complex-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orote_Historical_Complex-0.md
category: reference
title: Orote Historical Complex
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orote_Historical_Complex
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:02.979169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orote-historical-complex-20260505-0
summary:
The Orote Historical Complex is a series of prehistoric and historic features at the northern tip of the Orote Peninsula on the island of Guam. This area is on the grounds of Naval Base Guam and requires military permission to see. Major features include Fort Santiago, built by Spanish colonial authorities in the early 18th century to secure Apra Harbor, the so-called "Spanish Steps", which provide access from the fortifications to a well at the base of the cliff, which may actually be of early 20th-century American origin, and a series of rock shelters and caves exhibiting evidence of human occupation to the Pre-Latte Period (c. 3500 BCE). The area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: the-oxford-encyclopedia-of-archaeology-in-the-near-east-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Archaeology_in_the_Near_East-0.md
category: reference
title: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Archaeology_in_the_Near_East
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:04.137649+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-oxford-encyclopedia-of-archaeology-in-the-near-east-20260505-0
summary:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East is an encyclopedia of the archaeology of the Near East edited by Eric M. Meyers and published by Oxford University Press. It was welcomed by Douglas R. Givens as "one of the most important compendiums of information comprising the history of Near Eastern Archaeology in recent time". and by Walter E. Aufrecht as "the epitome of what Near East architecture has been and what it is now". Robert D. Biggs also welcomed the encyclopedia but regretted the number of typographical errors in the text. == References == == Further reading ==


id: parchments-of-avroman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchments_of_Avroman-0.md
category: reference
title: Parchments of Avroman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchments_of_Avroman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:05.329938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: parchments-of-avroman-20260505-0
summary:
The Parchments of Avroman (or Awraman) are three parchment documents, found in 1909 in a cave in the Hawraman region of Iranian Kurdistan. They were found in Tang-i Var, Kuh-e Salan Mountain, near the village of Shahr Hawraman. The documents were found in a sealed jar by a villager, and then sent to London in October 1913. The documents date from 88/87 BC to 33 AD, with two written in Greek and one in Parthian. They document the sale of a vineyard and other land, and include the names of Pātaspak, son of Tīrēn and Awīl, son of Baænīn. They were translated by philologist Ellis H. Minns and published in the Journal of Hellenic Studies. == References ==


id: pech-de-l-az-caves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pech-de-l'Azé_caves-0.md
category: reference
title: Pech-de-l'Azé caves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pech-de-l'Azé_caves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:06.502903+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pech-de-l-az-caves-20260505-0
summary:
The Pech-de-l'Azé caves are a prehistoric site located in the French commune of Carsac-Aillac, in the Dordogne department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France. Pech-de-l'Azé I is a reference site for the regional Middle Palaeolithic. == Description == The caves contain occupational debris from many millennia of intermittent Neanderthal occupation of the cave. This sequence of cave deposits begins about 80,000 to 90,000 years ago, and ends about 35,000 years ago. There are four caves at the site labelled, Pech I to Pech IV. Pech I , was the first of the caves to be discovered sometime early in the 19th century. Most of its archaeological record was then destroyed by treasure hunters. It is however notable for being the place of discovery of the skull of a Neanderthal child in 1909. Pech II was discovered by the archaeologist François Bordes, in 1948. Part of the site had been demolished by the construction of a railway line in the 19th century. An occupational sequence from the so-called Meridional Acheulian, followed by a variety of Mousterian industries was discernable. Pech III was discovered in 1951. It is a very small empty cave that is thought once contained a sequence corresponding to


id: personenlexikon-zur-christlichen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personenlexikon_zur_Christlichen_Archäologie-0.md
category: reference
title: Personenlexikon zur Christlichen Archäologie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personenlexikon_zur_Christlichen_Archäologie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:07.666968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: personenlexikon-zur-christlichen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
summary:
The Personenlexikon zur Christlichen Archäologie: Forscher und Persönlichkeiten vom 16. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert is a German biographical dictionary of figures in biblical archaeology from the 16th century to the present day. It includes entries on individuals from thirty countries in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. == Bibliography == (in German) Stefan Heid, Martin Dennert (ed.): Personenlexikon zur Christlichen Archäologie. Forscher und Persönlichkeiten vom 16. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert. 2 Bände. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7954-2620-0. (in German) Stefan Heid: Zum Projekt einer Prosopographie zur Christlichen Archäologie. In: Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte. Bd. 102 (2007), S. 215–224.


id: el-per-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Perú_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: El Perú (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Perú_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:08.861575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: el-per-book-20260505-0
summary:
El Perú: Itinerarios de Viajes is an expansive written work covering a variety of topics in the natural history of Peru, written by the prominent Italian-born Peruvian geographer and scientist Antonio Raimondi in the latter half of the 19th century. The work was compiled from extensive and detailed notes Raimondi took while criss-crossing the country, studying the nation's geography, geology, meteorology, botany, zoology, ethnography, and archaeology; El Perú focuses to some extent on each of these topics and others. The first volume was published in 1874; several more volumes were published both before Raimondi's death and posthumously from his notes, the last being released in 1913, making a five volume set. The volumes are a classic example of exploration scholarship, and form one of the earliest and broadest scientific reviews of Peru's natural and cultural heritage. == References == Raimondi, Antonio. El Perú : itinerarios de viajes (literal transcription from published 1929 copy). Published online by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes from a 1929 edition. Spanish language. Wiard, Brenda. "2neat books: For Sale: Peruvian Publications". Retrieved September 23, 2005. == External links == El Perú : itinerarios de viajes (versión literal de libretas originales) Original text, tables, and drawings


id: petroglyph-provincial-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Provincial_Park-0.md
category: reference
title: Petroglyph Provincial Park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Provincial_Park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:10.052905+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: petroglyph-provincial-park-20260505-0
summary:
Petroglyph Provincial Park is a Canadian provincial park located at the south end of the city of Nanaimo, British Columbia. The park was established on August 24, 1948, to protect a collection of petroglyphs found near the estuary of the Nanaimo River. == Cultural history == The park hosts a remarkably high concentration of petroglyphs that date to at least the 10th century CE. These carvings depict mythological sea creatures, human figures, and animals that are symbolic of the spiritual and cultural history of the Coast Salish and Snuneymuxw First Nations. The locations of these carvings were almost always made where forces of nature were believed to be especially strong. These areas are usually marked by a natural feature such as a waterfall or rock formation. == Facilities == No facilities are provided at this park. == References == == External links == "Petroglyph Park". BC Geographical Names. Petroglyph Provincial Park


id: pherme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherme-0.md
category: reference
title: Pherme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:11.235863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pherme-20260505-0
summary:
Pherme was the location of a community of ascetic monks in the Nile Delta in Egypt which grew after the 4th century CE as a satellite community of the better known community of Kellia ('the cells'). The site of the monastic remains at Pherme, located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of central Kellia, escaped some of the water damage suffered by the lower Kellia site because of its higher elevation. Today the site contains some 115 monastic hermitages, only ten of which were excavated by Swiss archaeologists during digs from 1987 to 1989. Pherme is mentioned in the Apophthegmata Patrum (Sayings of the Desert Fathers) as the dwelling of several Desert Fathers, including Abba Theodore of Pherme and Abba Lucius. == References ==


id: pindai-caves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindai_Caves-0.md
category: reference
title: Pindai Caves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindai_Caves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:12.353742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pindai-caves-20260505-0
summary:
The Pindai Caves of New Caledonia are an archaeological and palaeontological site important for the study of prehistoric human settlement as well as of the Holocene fauna of the island. The Pindai area has been occupied by humans for varying periods over the last 2,800 years. == Description == The site comprises six caves, in coral limestone upraised about 5 m (16 ft), at the seaward tip of the Népoui Peninsula on the north-west coast of Grande Terre, about 240 km (149.1 mi) north-west of Noumea. Two of the caves have easy walk-in access; they contain the richest cultural material and the fewest fossils. The other four caves are sinkholes capable of trapping animals, especially ground-dwelling and flightless birds, and contain the most fossils. All the caves broaden from their entrances into large underground chambers. Numerous subfossils of extinct fauna have been found in the caves, including the endemic terrestrial crocodile Mekosuchus, the giant horned turtle Meiolania, and numerous bird taxa, with remains of the giant flightless Sylviornis being especially common. == References ==


id: philip-piper-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Piper-0.md
category: reference
title: Philip Piper
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Piper
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:13.552233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: philip-piper-20260505-0
summary:
Philip John Piper (born Devon, England, 1966) is a Professor of Archaeology in the School of Archaeology & Anthropology at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra. His research is instrumental in expanding research in Zooarchaeology and Paleoecology, particularly in Southeast Asia, and more recently in Vietnam. He is currently the Secretary-General of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2025. == References ==


id: pittsfield-phylactery-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield_phylactery-0.md
category: reference
title: Pittsfield phylactery
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield_phylactery
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:14.776012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pittsfield-phylactery-20260505-0
summary:
The Pittsfield phylactery is a missing phylactery with a black leather strap. It was discovered in Pittsfield, Massachusetts on the property of Joseph Merrick in 1815. It contained Hebrew writing and was later lost. "In June 1815, a boy employed by Merrick 'to clear the yard between the house and the wood house' found a black leather strap among the debris left by plowing. According to Josiah Priest, who took the account from the Reverend Mr. Ethan Smith, author of "View of the Hebrews," Merrick tossed the object in a box and forgot about it for several days until his curiosity got the better of him. When Merrick cut the strap open, he found that the box contained several tightly scrolled pieces of parchment inscribed with Hebrew characters." Historian William H. Goetzmann wrote that "the Pittsfield phylactery caught the attention of nearly every major nineteenth-century proponent of the Lost Tribes theory before it mysteriously disappeared. A local Congregational minister, William Allen, was asked by Presbyterian minister Sylvester Larned to interpret the 4 pieces, interpreting them as being Hebrew version of parts of Deuteronomy and Exodus. At first accepting the suggestion it was old and backed the lost tribes argument, he


id: profile-gauge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_gauge-0.md
category: reference
title: Profile gauge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_gauge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:16.002333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: profile-gauge-20260505-0
summary:
A profile gauge or contour gauge is a tool for recording the cross-sectional shape of a surface. Contour gauges consist of a set of steel or plastic pins that are set tightly against one another in a frame which keeps them in the same plane and parallel while allowing them to move independently, perpendicularly to the frame. When pressed against an object, the pins conform to the object. The gauge can then be used to draw the profile or to copy it on to another surface. == Applications == Profile gauges are used widely in metalworking and woodworking. In architectural conservation, they are used to document the profiles of decorative moldings. In archaeological illustration, they are typically used to record the profile of pots, and are thus named pottery gauges; but in ceramics, a pottery gauge is a template used in making pots. == References ==


id: prostration-formula-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_formula-0.md
category: reference
title: Prostration formula
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_formula
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:17.151773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prostration-formula-20260505-0
summary:
In the 1350 BC correspondence of 382 letters, called the Amarna letters, the prostration formula is usually the opening subservient remarks to the addressee, the Egyptian pharaoh. The formula is based on prostration, namely reverence and submissiveness. Often the letters are from vassal rulers or vassal city-states, especially in Canaan but also in other localities. The formula is often repetitive, or multi-part, with parts seeming to repeat and can go forward in a typical standard format. However, the prostration formula may also be duplicated in a similar format at the end of a letter, or a foreshortened part of the formula may be entered, for effect, in the middle of a letter. == Some example letters with the Prostration formula == The letters EA 242 and 246 are from Biridiya of Magidda-(Megiddo), (EA for 'el Amarna'). === Biridiya letter 242, no. 1 of 7: title: "Request granted" === Say to the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord and my Sun: Message-('um–ma') of Biridiya, the ruler of Magidda, the loyal servant of the king. I prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord and my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. I herewith give what the king, my lord, requested: 30


id: puna-pau-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_Pau-0.md
category: reference
title: Puna Pau
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_Pau
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:18.360375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: puna-pau-20260505-0
summary:
Maunga Puna Pau is a small crater or cinder cone and prehistoric quarry on the outskirts of Hanga Roa in the south west of Easter Island (a Chilean island in the Pacific Ocean). Puna Pau gives its name to one of the seven regions of the Rapa Nui National Park. Puna Pau was the sole source of the red scoria that the prehistoric Rapanui used to carve the pukao (topknots) that they put on the heads of some of their iconic moai statues. The stone from Puna Pau was also used for ahu facia blocks and a non-standard moai found in front of one of the ahu at Vinapu. It was not used to fashion the crouching moai Tukuturi at Rano Raraku, which is of Rano Raraku tuff. Archaeological excavations were carried out at Puna Pau between 2009 and 2013 by members of the UK Rapa Nui Landscapes of Construction Project team. The photo shown here is of the re-erected moai on Ahu Kote Riku, part of the Tahai ceremonial complex, not Ahu Tahai, and the topknot is not the original of Puna Pau red scoria, which is now in Hanga Roa cemetery, but a replacement made of red scoria


id: punta-sur-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Sur-0.md
category: reference
title: Punta Sur
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Sur
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:19.568984+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: punta-sur-20260505-0
summary:
Punta Sur marks the southern point of Cozumel and is part of the Parque Punta Sur, a 247-acre (1.00 km2) ecological park that covers the reefs, beaches, lagoons, and low forest of the surrounding area. The reef system is also part of the Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park. The Celarain lighthouse (Faro de Celarain) sits on the Punta Sur promontory (Punta Celarain) and is part of a nautical museum. Just northeast of it is the Caracol (Tumba del Caracol), a Maya building erected during the post-classic period. There is a persistent myth, often repeated by tour guides, that the building functioned as a weather alarm, producing a whistle that would precede the arrival of a hurricane, but that is only a legend. The idea that the building somehow functioned as a lighthouse or beacon used to send signals to the mainland is another legend, but also incorrect; it was a temple and nothing more. Some of the sandy beaches are protected to allow hatching for sea turtles. Observation towers have been erected at the Columbia lagoon to watch wildlife. Off Punta Sur is the Devil's Throat scuba diving area, while in the closer reef visitors can snorkel. The dirt road


id: qiance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiance-0.md
category: reference
title: Qiance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:20.776905+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qiance-20260505-0
summary:
Qiance, i.e., qiǎncè (Chinese traditional: 遣冊; Chinese simplified: 遣册), is a term for funerary-furnishing inventory list documents excavated from Chinese archaeological sites. == Description == Qiance were usually written on bamboo and wooden slips. According to Professor Qiu Xigui of Fudan University, most of the bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from ancient tombs and frontier fortress sites in China are ancient books and qiance. According to archaeological discoveries and ancient textual evidence, scholars believe that shorter funerary inventory lists, usually with less than one hundred item names, were written on fengfang, a wooden tablet, instead. == Purpose == It has been argued that qiance, together with the other tomb objects, were meant to guarantee the tomb owner's social status in the world beyond. == References ==


id: qumran-physiognomies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies-0.md
category: reference
title: Qumran Physiognomies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:21.976621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qumran-physiognomies-20260505-0
summary:
The Qumran Physiognomies was one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a large collection of scrolls and fragments found near the Qumran community. The document labeled 4Q186, was known as "Astrological Physiognomies" or "Horoscopes". == Astrological characteristics == Although 4Q186 is not a horoscope in the Greek sense, it has horoscopic characteristics. Vermes' translation of 4Q186 describes different parts of its subject "him" as in light and in darkness, which determines some characteristics of physiognomy, based on the astrology during an individual's birth (in this case relating to Taurus). This light and darkness could be explained by the location of Taurus above or below the horizon at the moment of birth. == Parts == The zodiac nature of the horoscope can only be inferred through "in the foot of the bull" in the text and then applying zodiacal thought from other sources. This phrase can then be understood through possible Greek zodiacal sources, such as Teukros. This form of interpreting the text does not use the typical locations of the sun, moon and planets as in modern horoscopes. Rather, Qumran physiognomies utilizes the location, as mentioned before, of different "parts" of Taurus (see Teukros) on or above the horizon. Therefore, a


id: rastroj-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrojón-0.md
category: reference
title: Rastrojón
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrojón
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:23.163124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rastroj-n-20260505-0
summary:
Rastrojón is a Maya archaeological site in western Honduras. It appears to be associated with the major Classical period city of Copán―the capital of a Maya kingdom that existed from 5th to 9th centuries CE―situated just two kilometres away. == History == El Rastrojón site was built under the concept of a residential area for the elite as retirement homes. The rubble shows the enormity of the palaces in the area, showing that the owners were part of the Mayan nobility and high society. The site was abandoned following the collapse of the Copán kingdom in 822; the site was constructed on top of a geological fault that made building difficult, so it may be that the inhabitants judged the location not worth the effort after the fall of the nearby royal centre. Rastrojón was discovered in 1979, during a survey of the area around Copán. From 2007 to 2013, the Rastrojón Archaeological Project (Spanish: El Proyecto Arqueológico Rastrojón Copán, PARACOPAN), sponsored by Harvard University and the Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History undertook a programme of rescue archaeology and conservation at the site. The project was led by archaeologists William Fash and Jorge Ramos, and conservator Antonia Martínez, and


id: reallexikon-der-assyriologie-und-vorderasiatischen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Archäologie-0.md
category: reference
title: Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Archäologie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:24.327971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reallexikon-der-assyriologie-und-vorderasiatischen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology (German: Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie; formerly Reallexikon der Assyriologie, RlA for short) is a multi-language (English, German, and French) encyclopedia on the Ancient Near East. It was founded by Bruno Meissner in 1922, reformed in 1966 by editor Ruth Opificius and publisher Wolfram von Soden. The lead editor was Dietz Otto Edzard from 1972 to 2004, with Michael P. Streck taking over in 2005. A team of 585 different authors from many countries have been involved in the project, producing 15 volumes, the latest of which was published in 2018. Not to be confused with the Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (AHw). == Publication History == The idea for the RlA came to the Berlin Assyriologist Bruno Meissner in 1922. He recognized that Assyriology lacked a reference work comparable to Pauly's Encyclopedias and the Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte ('Encyclopedia of Prehistory'). Meissner found interested collaborators in his Berlin colleague Erich Ebeling and in the publishing house Walter de Gruyter, which already published the Zeitschrift für Assyriologie. It took another six years before the first fascicle was published. Initially, the editors planned to publish two volumes totaling 1600 pages, but the rapidly growing body of


id: reclaiming-the-dead-sea-scrolls-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaiming_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls-0.md
category: reference
title: Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaiming_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:25.488805+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reclaiming-the-dead-sea-scrolls-20260505-0
summary:
Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls is a book was written by Lawrence Schiffman, published in 1994 by Doubleday, as part of the Anchor Research Library. The book's aim was to explain the true meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls for Judaism and Christianity. Previous to the publication of the book, many exaggerated and irresponsible claims about the scrolls were published. Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls, according to itself, “sets before the public the real Dead Sea Scrolls.” The book sets forth the author's theory that the Dead Sea Scrolls were gathered at Qumran by a sect which left Jerusalem in the aftermath of the Maccabean Revolt. When the Hasmonean rulers accepted the rulings of the Pharisees, these Sadducees took up residence in the Judean desert. == Contents == I. Discovery and Disclosure: Liberating the Scrolls II. The Community at Qumran III. Closing the Canon: Biblical Texts and Interpretations IV. To Live as a Jew V. Mysticism, Messianism, and the End of Days VI. Sectarianism, Nationalism and Consensus == References ==


id: rena-hoard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_hoard-0.md
category: reference
title: Rena hoard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_hoard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:26.658875+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rena-hoard-20260505-0
summary:
The Rena hoard is a hoard of Viking-era coins discovered in April 2026 near Rena, Norway. == Discovery == Two metal detectorists discovered 19 silver coins in a farm near Rena, in the Østerdalen region, on 10 April 2026. As of April 2026, the hoard remains under archaeological investigation. == Contents == Since the initial discovery, 3,150 coins have been found. The hoard itself (i.e., when the coins were deposited) dates to approximately 1047. Most of the coins were made the areas now called England and Germany, not in Norway itself (during the Viking Age). Some did originate in Norway or Denmark. The coins were likely minted during the respective reigns of Cnut and Æthelred the Unready, of England; Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor; and Harald Hardrada of Norway. The hoard also contained fragments of silver fibulae (hacksilver). == Further reading == "Fant historisk myntskatt fra vikingtiden" (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. 29 April 2026. == References ==


id: ritual-and-domestic-life-in-prehistoric-europe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_and_Domestic_Life_in_Prehistoric_Europe-0.md
category: reference
title: Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_and_Domestic_Life_in_Prehistoric_Europe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:27.824972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ritual-and-domestic-life-in-prehistoric-europe-20260505-0
summary:
Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe is a book by the English archaeologist Richard Bradley of the University of Reading. It was first published by Routledge in 2005. Bradley questions whether a distinction can be drawn between ritual and non-ritual behavior in prehistoric Europe, citing ethnographic comparisons and archaeological examples to suggest that ritualised activities were a part of domestic life and agriculture. == Synopsis == Part One, "The Importance of Ordinary Things", opens with chapter one, "Death and the Harvest", in which Bradley looks at the manner in which archaeologists have differentiated between ritual and domestic life. Discussing the Galician hórreos, or raised storehouses, he uses them as an example to highlight that both ritual and domestic features can be found in the same structure. Moving on to other archaeological examples, he discusses Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, England, and then the viereckschanzen of southern Germany and Bohemia. He then rounds off the chapter with a discussion of what ritual is, citing the work of social anthropologists and ritual studies scholars like Jack Goody, Maurice Bloch and Catherine Bell, emphasising that ritual is a form of action. Chapter two, "The consecration of the house" explores ritual elements in the


id: ritual-landscape-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_landscape-0.md
category: reference
title: Ritual landscape
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_landscape
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:29.000265+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ritual-landscape-20260505-0
summary:
Ritual landscapes or ceremonial landscapes are large archaeological areas that were seemingly dedicated to ceremonial purposes in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Most are dated to around 3500–1800 BC, though a mustatil in Arabia has been dated to between 5300 and 5000 BC. The term emerged in the early 1980s in British archaeology and was contrasted with more conventional studies of monument sites concerned with dating, classification, and political divisions. Ritual landscapes are often associated with origin myths, ancestors, homes of spiritual essences, or locales where mythical or historical events occurred while the landscape features include social memory and the preservation of the myths, histories, trusts, and the belongings of a people. Aside from a place of origin and mythology, ritual landscapes were also considered places of protection and renewal. == Features == === In Britain and Ireland === In Britain, many ritual landscapes were gradually built around the two earliest classes of Neolithic communal monuments: long barrows and causewayed enclosures. For instance, the Avebury ritual site featured a giant, flat-topped barrow called Silbury Hill, which is considered the largest artificial mound in prehistoric Europe. The evidence of contemporary settlement within these landscapes is often sparse or absent altogether; conversely,


id: rock-art-and-the-prehistory-of-atlantic-europe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_and_the_Prehistory_of_Atlantic_Europe-0.md
category: reference
title: Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_and_the_Prehistory_of_Atlantic_Europe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:30.165069+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rock-art-and-the-prehistory-of-atlantic-europe-20260505-0
summary:
Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe: Signing the Land is an archaeological book authored by the English academic Richard Bradley of the University of Reading. It was first published by Routledge in 1997. Taking Atlantic Europe as its area of focus, Bradley's book deals with Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles and in Galicia. == Synopsis == Bradley's first chapter provides a brief introduction to the topic. Chapter two introduces the prehistory of Atlantic Europe, exploring ideas regarding societal connections between Galicia and various parts of the British Isles where rock art is found. The third chapter goes into greater depth into Atlantic rock art, discussing various scholars' views on the connection between the petroglyphs of different regions. == Reviews == Caroline Malone of Queen's University, Belfast reviewed Bradley's tome for Antiquity alongside his later publication, The Significance of Monuments. == See also == List of Stone Age art == References == === Footnotes === === Bibliography === Bradley, Richard (1997). Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16536-5.


id: sacrificial-calendar-of-athens-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_calendar_of_Athens-0.md
category: reference
title: Sacrificial calendar of Athens
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_calendar_of_Athens
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:31.365071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sacrificial-calendar-of-athens-20260505-0
summary:
The sacrificial calendar of Athens is an Ancient Greek religious document inscribed on stone as part of the Athenian law revisions from 410/9–405/4 and 403/2–400/399 BC. It provides a detailed record of sacrificial practices, listing festivals, types of offerings (both animal and non-animal), and payments to priests and officials. The fragments are preserved in the Agora and Epigraphical Museum in Athens. It was described as "one of the most important documents of ancient Greek religion". == See also == Ancient Greek calendars == References == == Further reading == Dow, Sterling (1968). "Six Athenian sacrificial Calendars". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. 92 (1): 170–186. doi:10.3406/bch.1968.2206. JSTOR 30073193. Retrieved 4 November 2024. Gawlinski, Laura (1 January 2007). "The Athenian Calendar of Sacrifices: A New Fragment from the Athenian Agora" (PDF). Hesperia. 76: 37–55. doi:10.2972/hesp.76.1.37. "AIO 1189 Sacrificial Calendar of Athens (later phase)". www.atticinscriptions.com. Retrieved 4 November 2024.


id: safonfok-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safonfok-0.md
category: reference
title: Safonfok
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safonfok
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:32.557987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: safonfok-20260505-0
summary:
Safonfok is a prehistoric archaeological site near Walung, on the island of Kosrae in the Federated States of Micronesia. At the time of its discovery in 1999, it was one of the largest prehistoric industrial complex found in the islands of the Pacific. The site, whose extent has not been fully determined, was excavated in 1999-2000, revealing a major complex where an estimated hundreds of workers manufactured coral fish hooks and other tools. The site was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 2002. == References ==


id: sapapali-i-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapapaliʻi-0.md
category: reference
title: Sapapaliʻi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapapaliʻi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:33.709377+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sapapali-i-20260505-0
summary:
Sapapaliʻi is a village near the southeast coast of Savaiʻi island in Samoa. It is the village where John Williams, the first missionary to bring Christianity to Samoa, landed in 1830. Sapapali'i is in the Fa'asaleleaga political district and has a population of 896. Sapapaliʻi became the second Malietoa base in the district in 1750 when Malietoa Tiʻa married a woman from the village. Their son Malietoa Fitisemanu was the father of Malietoa Vaiinupo who received Williams in 1830. Sapapaliʻi is 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Salelologa ferry terminal and township. == Archaeology == In the 1970s, Gregory Jackmond carried out archaeological surveys inland from Sapapali'i. Jackmond, a Peace Corps in Samoa, surveyed a 20 hectare area with extensive pre-historic settlements. Jackmond later carried out field work at Palauli on the south east coast where the Pulemelei Mound is situated. == References ==


id: schroda-south-africa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroda,_South_Africa-0.md
category: reference
title: Schroda, South Africa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroda,_South_Africa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:34.910227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schroda-south-africa-20260505-0
summary:
Schroda is an archaeological site located on the Limpopo River in northern South Africa. Starting in approximately 900 CE it was settled by the Zhizo people and like became the regional capital. The Zhizo made elaborate pottery with diverse styles, for which they were named after. Figurines were used as props in school lessons. They traded ivory, gold, rhino skins, leopard skins, and iron to coastal cities such as Chibuene in exchange for glass beads, cotton and silk cloths, and glazed ceramics. == Finds == Schroda is well known for its abundant finds of anthropomorphic figurines. == See also == Thomas Huffman == References == == External Sites == Schroda Figurines


id: seengen-riesi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seengen–Riesi-0.md
category: reference
title: Seengen–Riesi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seengen–Riesi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:36.114393+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seengen-riesi-20260505-0
summary:
Seengen–Riesi refers to an archaeological site in Seengen in the Swiss canton of Aargau, in the Riesi (also known as Risle or Rieslen) moorland reserve on Lake Hallwil, in the area where the Aabach stream flows into the lake. It is a lakeside settlement (also known as a pile dwelling village or palafitte) from the Late Bronze Age (11th–9th century BC). Since 2011, the site has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps. == References ==


id: sikligarh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikligarh-0.md
category: reference
title: Sikligarh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikligarh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:37.320646+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sikligarh-20260505-0
summary:
Sikligarh (Maithili: सिकलीगढ़) or Sikligadh is an ancient archeological site in the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. It is located in the Banmankhi block of the Purnia district in the state of Bihar in India. It is spread over 200 acres of land surrounded by mud rampart. It is an important archeological site in Bihar which has yielded NBP ware. == References ==


id: silent-witnesses-the-black-heritage-tree-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Witnesses:_The_Black_Heritage_Tree_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Silent Witnesses: The Black Heritage Tree Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Witnesses:_The_Black_Heritage_Tree_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:53.907006+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-witnesses-the-black-heritage-tree-project-20260505-0
summary:
Silent Witnesses: The Black Heritage Tree Project is an archaeological project that began in 2024, funded by the National Geographic Society through the Meridian grant program. The project received support for a collaborative team comprising Alicia Odewale, Justin Dunnavant, Clinton Johnson, Nick Okafor, Kristi Williams, and James Edward Mills. They will work alongside descendant communities, historians, forestry experts, and educators in Oklahoma, Texas, and the U.S. Virgin Islands to create a Global Black Heritage Tree Map. The aim of this project is to document generations of Black freedom stories by the year 2027. == References ==


id: simu-xin-ding-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simu_Xin_Ding-0.md
category: reference
title: Simu Xin Ding
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simu_Xin_Ding
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:55.064009+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: simu-xin-ding-20260505-0
summary:
The Simu Xin Ding (Chinese: 司母辛鼎) is a ding, or an ancient Chinese vessel used for sacrifices by the Shang dynasty royal family. It was found at Yinxu in the tomb of Fu Hao, a wife of King Wu Ding of the Shang dynasty. == References ==


id: sins-of-the-shovel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins_of_the_Shovel-0.md
category: reference
title: Sins of the Shovel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins_of_the_Shovel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:56.284998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sins-of-the-shovel-20260505-0
summary:
Sins of the Shovel: Looting, Murder, and the Evolution of American Archaeology is a 2023 non-fiction book by American archaeologist and writer Rachel Morgan. Morgan graduated from University of York and the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Her work appeared in The Collector. == References ==


id: siutu-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siutu-0.md
category: reference
title: Siutu
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siutu
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:57.486334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siutu-20260505-0
summary:
Siutu is a village on the island of Savai'i in Samoa. It is situated on the south coast of the island in the district of Palauli and the electoral district of Palauli 1. The population is 449. Archaeology in Samoa uncovered pre-historic samples at a midden site in the village. == References ==


id: small-finds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_finds-0.md
category: reference
title: Small finds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_finds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:58.606104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: small-finds-20260505-0
summary:
Small finds is an archaeological term for artifacts discovered on excavations that are considered distinct from the common finds for that type site or type phase on multi phasic sites. The special nature of the find is dictated by research agendas and the information the artifact can provide. As the name implies, small finds tend to be small artifacts, and generally appear infrequently on sites. Some examples of artifacts classified as small finds include items of personal adornment, clothing, health, or hygiene, hand tools or items used for food preparation, recreation, or crafts like needlework; and personal items like smoking pipes, children's toys, or coins. In particular, coins can be much more specific when it comes to dating evidence. Small finds are usually treated differently in the recording system; often they are recorded on plan rather than being attributed to a single context like other generic finds. == Gallery == == See also == Archaeological field survey Artifact (archaeology) Assemblage (archaeology) Dating methodology (archaeology) Excavation Post excavation == References ==


id: sociopolitical-typology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociopolitical_typology-0.md
category: reference
title: Sociopolitical typology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociopolitical_typology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:59.850912+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sociopolitical-typology-20260505-0
summary:
Sociopolitical typology refers to four types, or levels, of a political organization: "band", "tribe", "chiefdom", and "state", created by the anthropologist Elman Service. == Overview == Service's work is fundamental to cultural materialism, one among several influential paradigms in modern anthropology. Ethnographic and archaeological studies in hundreds of places have revealed many correlations between economy and social and political organizations. These types correlate with adaptive strategies or economic typology. Thus, foragers as an economic type tend to have band organization. Similarly, many pastoralists and horticulturalists have lived in tribal societies or, more simply, tribes. While most chiefdoms had farming economies, herding was important in some of the Middle Eastern chiefdoms. The non-industrial states usually had an agricultural base. With food production come the larger, denser populations and more complex economies than are found among foragers. New regulatory problems were created by these features and that gave rise to more complex relations and linkages. foragers (hunter-gatherer): band society horticulture: tribe pastoralism: chiefdom agriculture: state There have been many sociopolitical trends reflecting the increased regulatory demands associated with food production. Archaeologists study these trends through time, and cultural anthropologists observe them among contemporary groups. == References == Elman Service, Primitive Social Organization


id: soil-mark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mark-0.md
category: reference
title: Soil mark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:01.057301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soil-mark-20260505-0
summary:
Soil marks are differences in soil colour as a result of underlying archaeological features. They can be seen when a ploughed-out earthwork has left hard dry material of a former bank and damper wetter material from a former ditch. They can also occur when a feature has cut through the top soil to reveal underlying chalk. Soil marks typically become visible in ploughed or harrowed fields, usually where there are restricted periods before the crops grow. == Appearance == The most obvious and occurring trace of soil marks is a difference in color relative to the rest of soil. Depending on the local geology, the soil marks can show up as dark against a light background or vice versa. The color of the soil is very important in determining whether or not organic or burnt deposits happened over the soil, producing a black or red colored soil. This allows archaeologists to understand the purpose of the artefacts found in the vicinity of the soil mark and can indicate whether or not fire was used. == Occurrence == Archaeology that involves plough-damaged field systems, burial mounds, Roman villas or former sites usually produce soil marks. The soil marks gives the archaeologists


id: somogyv-r-vinkovci-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogyvár-Vinkovci_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogyvár-Vinkovci_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:02.256207+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: somogyv-r-vinkovci-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture was an Early Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Central Danube Carpathian Region. This culture occurred in parallel with the Makó-Kosihy-Čaka cultural group. The period of its development covers the entire Early Bronze Age, from 2300/2200 BC to 1700/1600 BC (calibrated years). This culture occurs throughout most of Transdanubia, stretching beyond the Sava River in the south, encompassing a large part of Serbia and South Moravia, eastern Bosnia and Montenegro, reaching as far as the Adriatic coast. It was preceded by the Vučedol culture. The end of this culture is not clear. According to N. Tasic, its decline would fall in the early stage of the development of the Encrusted Pottery culture and the Vatin culture. This is based on the presence of pottery typical of the population of the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture in the inventories of the groups mentioned. == Genetic profile == At Balatonkeresztúr-Réti-dűlő necropolis only one burial can be associated with this archaeological culture according to its 14C date (2560-2290 cal BCE). The individual buried there was lying on his back and with the knees and head on the left side, oriented North/Northeast to South/Southwest. His Y-DNA belonged to halplogroup R-M417. Further examination confirmed negative


id: sondage-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondage-0.md
category: reference
title: Sondage
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondage
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:03.478334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sondage-20260505-0
summary:
A sondage is an archaeological process to clarify stratigraphic sequences during preliminary investigations of the terrain prior to an archaeological dig. In a narrower sense it is a "deep trial trench for inspecting stratigraphy". In doing so, several approximately 1 m2 (11 ft2) test excavations are carried out over the area, as far as possible down to the 'natural soil' level. Clearly recognizable layers of sediment (possibly created by hiatuses or fire horizons) allow an initial overview, and individual finds made in the process can be assigned to a specific layer in suitable cases. In the case of a probe, technical work steps such as the precise measurement of the cut are particularly important. In a figurative sense, a survey procedure is also called a sondage. == References ==


id: south-australian-archaeology-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Archaeology_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: South Australian Archaeology Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Archaeology_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:04.690680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: south-australian-archaeology-society-20260505-0
summary:
The South Australian Archaeology Society was an avocational archaeology organisation operating in South Australia. It evolved from the Society for Underwater Historical Research which was renamed in March 2012 as part of a plan to create an organisation with a broader community base in archaeological practice. The Society was de-registered as an incorporated group in September 2024. It continues solely as a Facebook group, along with a privately-owned blog. == References ==


id: spheroid-lithic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroid_(lithic)-0.md
category: reference
title: Spheroid (lithic)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroid_(lithic)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:05.856355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spheroid-lithic-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeology, a spheroid is a piece of rock that has been shaped into a nearly spherical shape (spheroidal). Spheroids have been found at sites from as long ago as 1.8 million years. It is not known what their purpose was, but it has been speculated that they were used as projectiles in hunting. At one site (Ubeidiya prehistoric site near the Sea of Galilee, 1.4 million years old) around 600 baseball-sized spheroids of limestone, basalt, and flint have been found, and it has been demonstrated that they were not simply hand axes that became spherical through use, but were deliberately made as spheres. Similarly, at Qianshangying (North China), spheroids dating to 429 ka can be quantitatively distinguished from polyhedrons and exhausted cores, showing strong evidence that some were deliberately shaped using a conceptual template, not just byproducts of core reduction. == References ==


id: squeeze-paper-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze_paper-0.md
category: reference
title: Squeeze paper
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze_paper
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:06.997192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: squeeze-paper-20260505-0
summary:
A squeeze or squeeze paper is a reverse copy of an inscription, made by applying moist filter paper and pushing into the indentations by percussive use of a stiff brush. The paper is allowed to dry and then removed. The image is reversed from the inscription, and protrudes from the squeeze paper. The use of a squeeze allows more information to be gleaned than examining the original inscription, for example curves inside the cuts can identify the scribe who originally carved the inscription. Squeezes can also (and some have been since the 1950s) be made by applying layers of liquid latex. This method works best on horizontal surfaces. Modern digitising methods mean that the image can be restored to its original orientation. Large collections of squeezes are held by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and other epigraphic collections. == See also == Rubbing (art) Brass rubbing == References == == External links == Squeeze making at the Smithsonian Institution (Archived here) Squeeze Making in the Athenian Agora Video showing how squeezes are made: "Wissens | Räume – Antikenforschung in Berlin", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFOsb7QRM2A (last accessed: March 1, 2026).


id: john-steane-archaeologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steane_(archaeologist)-0.md
category: reference
title: John Steane (archaeologist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steane_(archaeologist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:08.136143+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-steane-archaeologist-20260505-0
summary:
John M. Steane (3 May 1931 – 12 April 2024) was a British headmaster and archaeologist. == Early life and career == John Steane was born in Balham, London on 3 May 1931. He was educated at Dulwich College and then Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied for a degree in Modern History. From 1964 to 1976, Steane was Headmaster of Kettering Grammar School. He then became County Archaeologist for Oxfordshire during 1976–1990). He was also a consultant archaeologist and part-time tutor at Kellogg College, Oxford, within the Oxford University Department for Continuing Education. Steane undertook research into various aspects of the historic landscape, such as fishponds, palaces, and parks. He was the author of the following books: The Northamptonshire Landscape (1974) Peopling Past Landscapes (with B.F. Dix, 1978) The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales (1984) The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy (1993) Oxfordshire (1996) The Archaeology of Power (2001) Traditional Buildings in the Oxford Region c.1300–1840 (2013) Steane also exhibited watercolours and drawings. Steane was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and a member of the Institute of Field Archaeologists. == Personal life and death == John Steane was married to the painter Nina Carroll (1932–1990)


id: stomion-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomion_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Stomion (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomion_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:09.328518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stomion-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
A stomion was a deep doorway of post and lintel construction that formed the entrance of Mycenaean megalithic structures particularly on tholoi or beehive tombs. Contrasting with the cyclopean masonry that formed the basis of much of Mycenaean construction, stomioi were formed of large ashlars. The ashlars are typically topped with a large corbelled relieving triangle which in the case of the Lion Gate at Mycenae contains a bas-relief carving. The stomion of a tomb is fronted by a dromos, a narrow passageway dug into the side of a hill. == References ==


id: stretton-on-fosse-ii-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretton-on-Fosse_II-0.md
category: reference
title: Stretton-on-Fosse II
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretton-on-Fosse_II
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:10.508011+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stretton-on-fosse-ii-20260505-0
summary:
Stretton-on-Fosse II is an Anglo-Saxon cemetery in Warwickshire which is notable for showing intermarriage between Anglo-Saxon men and Romano-British women. These were uncovered during commercial extraction of sand. These burials were the result of internecine warfare between local tribal factions. It is located on the western fringes of the early Anglo-Saxon settlement area. the proportion of male adults with weapons is 82%, well above the average in southern England. Cemetery II, the Anglo-Saxon burial site, is immediately adjacent to two Romano-British cemeteries, Stretton-on-Fosse I and III, the latter only 60 metres (200 feet) away from Anglo-Saxon burials. Continuity of the native female population at this site has been inferred from the continuity of textile techniques (unusual in the transition from the Romano-British to the Anglo-Saxon periods), and by the continuity of epigenetic traits from the Roman to the Anglo-Saxon burials. At the same time, the skeletal evidence demonstrates the appearance in the post-Roman period of a new physical type of males who are more slender and taller than the men in the adjacent Romano-British cemeteries. Taken together, the observations suggest the influx of a group of males, probably most or all of them Germanic, who took control of the local


id: superburial-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superburial-0.md
category: reference
title: Superburial
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superburial
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:11.686494+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: superburial-20260505-0
summary:
A superburial is similar to a mass grave, but is a term typically used by archaeologists to denote an area of dense burial activity without the negative connotations often associated with mass graves. A superburial may also span a much longer time period than is typical for a mass grave, such as a cemetery in constant use for centuries. The term has also been used to describe burials found in good condition and with a number of artifacts. == List of superburials under current excavation (far from complete) == Valley of the Kings Ban Non Wat == See also == List of archaeological sites sorted by country == References ==


id: tabunian-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabunian-0.md
category: reference
title: Tabunian
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabunian
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:12.867701+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tabunian-20260505-0
summary:
The Tabunian is a Palaeolithic stone tool industry that is a Near Eastern variant of the Tayacian and Clactonian of Europe. It was excavated in Israel from layer G at the site of Tabun Cave by Dorothy Garrod and layers E, F and G at Umm Qatafa by R. Neuville and later identified as distinct by Francis Clark Howell. The tools of this culture are characterized by a lack of bifaces and use of Levallois technique is absent. == References ==


id: talagi-pictograph-cave-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talagi_Pictograph_Cave-0.md
category: reference
title: Talagi Pictograph Cave
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talagi_Pictograph_Cave
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:14.066176+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: talagi-pictograph-cave-20260505-0
summary:
The Talagi Pictograph Cave is a rock art site on the island of Guam. It is located on property owned by the government of Guam within the bounds of Andersen Air Force Base on the northern part of the island near Tarague Beach. The cave contains thirteen pictographs representing human figures, and a place where limestone mortar was used that is of prehistoric origin. Based on the characteristics of the figures, it is believed that they were probably the work of a single individual. It is one of fewer than ten known rock art sites on the island. The cave was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: tel-qasile-ostraca-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Qasile_ostraca-0.md
category: reference
title: Tel Qasile ostraca
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Qasile_ostraca
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:15.212575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tel-qasile-ostraca-20260505-0
summary:
The Tel Qasile ostraca are two small ostraca (pottery fragments with writing on them) found at Tell Qasile, then part of Mandatory Palestine, in 1945–46. The longer of the two ostraca is known as the Beth-horon sherd, on the basis of a possible reference to the biblical site of Bethoron. The Beth-horon sherd is now at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. == Discovery == The two inscribed ostraca were found on the surface of the southwestern slope of the hill, separately by Jacob Kaplan and Robert Hoff, prior to any excavations. The excavations which subsequently took place between 1948 and 1950 on the same site were carried out in a careful stratigraphic sequence, but no further inscriptions were found. == Inscriptions == The ostraca read: Hiyahu ostracon: "For the king. One thousand and one hundred [log] of oil. Hiyahu" (about 550 litres, or 145 US gallons) Beth-horon sherd: "Gold of Ophir to Beth Horon 30 Shekels" (about 225 g, or 7.2 troy oz) == Custody == Both ostraca were in private hands for the first few years after their discovery, as neither finder reported them to the Palestine Department of Antiquities. Having put the Beth-Horon sherd up for sale in


id: tell-banat-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Banat-0.md
category: reference
title: Tell Banat
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Banat
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:16.830958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tell-banat-20260505-0
summary:
Tell Banat is an archaeological site in northern Syria and is considered the world's oldest war memorial. == History == Tell Banat was constructed by an ancient Mesopotamian civilization during the 3rd millennium BC, in the early Bronze Age. The burial findings at the site are considered unique within Upper Mesopotamia. Excavations uncovered two primary mounds—one located within the small settlement of Tal Banat, and the other, known as Tell Banat North, situated outside the settlement boundaries. Tell Banat North came to be referred to as "The White Monument" due to its coating of lime-rich mud and gypsum. Beneath this outer layer, archaeologists discovered an older and distinctively corrugated construction, unlike any previously found in the region. == Research == Excavations at the site were halted when the area was submerged following the construction of the Tishrin Dam on the Euphrates River in the 1990s. Unfortunately, part of the excavated material was later lost when IS destroyed a storage facility housing some of the finds. The University of Toronto, which conducted excavations at the site between 1988 and 1999 as part of the Tall Bazi project, reopened its research based on surviving materials dated to around 2450 BC. == References


id: tell-feyda-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Feyda-0.md
category: reference
title: Tell Feyda
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Feyda
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:18.015021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tell-feyda-20260505-0
summary:
Tell Feyda on the right bank of the Khabur River is an archaeological site in northern Syria. The material remains date to the pre-pottery neolithic and the site was excavated in 1990. == References ==


id: tipu-belize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu,_Belize-0.md
category: reference
title: Tipu, Belize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu,_Belize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:19.204984+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tipu-belize-20260505-0
summary:
Tipu is a Mayan archaeological site in the Maya Mountains near the Belize–Guatemala border. This site is situated near the Macal River. Further downstream is located the Maya site of Chaa Creek. Slightly further downstream is the site of Cahal Pech. In Spanish colonial times, Tipu is thought to have played a major role in delaying the conquest of Peten. == Notes and references == === Short citations === === Full citations ===


id: tree-throw-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_throw-0.md
category: reference
title: Tree throw
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_throw
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:20.377747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tree-throw-20260505-0
summary:
A tree throw or tree hole is a bowl-shaped cavity or depression created in the subsoil by a tree. They are formed either by the long-term presence and growth of tree roots or when a large tree is blown over (as a windthrow) or has its stump pulled out which tears out a quantity of soil along with the roots. The resultant hole will often slowly fill with organic material and can be identified during archaeological fieldwork. The pit left in the ground after a rootwad is removed can be several meters across and 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) deep. Fresh tree throws also provide a degree of shelter amongst the roots for animals. Some also contain evidence of prehistoric human activity such as flint tools suggesting that they were sometimes used by people in the distant past. Tree throws expose humus-poor, mineral-rich soil. Over time the hole will fill with rain water, fallen leaves, animal excrement and other organic matter which over time becomes a habitat for decomposers which soon form a community on the thick organic layer and so are able to nurture certain types of organisms. Tree throws contribute to bedrock weathering and soil formation, and why it


id: trend-surface-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_surface_analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: Trend surface analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_surface_analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:21.551036+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trend-surface-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
Trend surface analysis, also known as trend surface mapping, is a mathematical technique used in archaeology and environmental sciences such as geology and soil science. The method involves using low-order polynomials of spatial coordinates to estimate a regular grid of points from scattered observations such as archeological finds or soil survey results. == References ==


id: troitsky-dugout-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troitsky_dugout-0.md
category: reference
title: Troitsky dugout
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troitsky_dugout
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:22.788478+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: troitsky-dugout-20260505-0
summary:
Troitsky dugout (Russian: Троицкий раскоп) is a long-running archaeological excavation in Veliky Novgorod, Russia. The site was first laid out in 1973 at the corner of today's Proletarskaya and Meretskov streets and took its name from the Church of the Trinity located 83 meters to the south; the spot was chosen amid planned landscaping for a nearby Victory monument. Fieldwork grew from an initial 320 m2 trench (Troitsky I) into adjacent areas (Troitsky II–V), with more than 1,140 m2 examined by the late 1970s. Excavations revealed deep urban cultural layers—some of the earliest dating to the 920s–930s—and multi-layered wooden street pavements, which together enabled construction of an absolute dendrochronological timescale for the area. Researchers mapped several medieval homesteads (Estates A, B, and V) and traced the alignments of ancient streets, including Proboynaya (roughly modern Proletarskaya) and the east–west Chernitsyna and Ryaditina. The team also documented heavy disturbances from 16th–17th-century fortification works near the Novinsky bastion and the Okolny Gorod riverside wall, which removed upper horizons and backfilled them with gravel and sand. Multiple birch bark letters in Old Novgorodian dialect were found at the site. == References == == External links == Media related to Troitsky dugout at Wikimedia Commons


id: typometry-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typometry_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Typometry (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typometry_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:23.974776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: typometry-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Typometry in archaeology is the measurement and analysis of artifacts by various methods with metric measurements including length, width, surface area, cutting planes, hafting axis and others. Typometric data is taken along with other criteria including typological, functional, and stylistic criteria, in examination of archaeological finds. The use of computers and mathematics in archaeology, and in particular of automated statistical analysis, have participated in the development of this field. In 1953, Albert Spaulding published the first statistical method for typometry. == References ==


id: ujuxte-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujuxte-0.md
category: reference
title: Ujuxte
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujuxte
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:25.154691+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ujuxte-20260505-0
summary:
The site of Ujuxte after the Ramón or Breadnut tree (Brosimum alicastrum)) is the largest Preclassic Maya site to be discovered on the Guatemalan Pacific coast. It is in the Retalhuleu Department, in western Guatemala. == Site == The site includes approximately two hundred earthen mounds spread over some 200 hectares (494 acres) of farmland. Located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, the site is of particular importance because there has been no Preclassic site of comparable size and period of occupation excavated in this region. The site was probably founded about 1200 BC and was occupied until about AD 200, when it was apparently abandoned in favor of Takalik Abaj, to the east. The two largest mounds are the focus of the central plaza which is oriented to the raising of the sun on the mornings of the spring and fall equinoxes. Mound 1 is 20 metres (66 ft) in height and Mound 2 is 16 metres (52 ft) high. The plaza also consists of an early ballcourt formed by Mounds 3 and 4, each over 7 metres (23 ft) tall. Early occupation of the site was widespread, covering over 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi). Later


id: unchambered-long-cairn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn-0.md
category: reference
title: Unchambered long cairn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:26.346698+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unchambered-long-cairn-20260505-0
summary:
Unchambered long cairns (sometimes also chamberless long cairns) are found in Scotland and Northern England, and form a group of non- or semi-megalithic monuments. There are about 28 long cairns in north Scotland and 21 in south Scotland that show no evidence of internal stone chambers. However, proving the existence of wooden chambers under a cairn is not possible without excavation work. The exact classification of this group of monuments is therefore not easy. Three particularly noteworthy examples of these cairns are: Dalladies in Kincardineshire, with cup and ring marks Slewcairn in Kirkcudbrightshire. Lochhill in Kirkcudbrightshire. All have narrow rectangular chambers whose positions are marked by wooden posts. The last two are especially interesting, because stone chambers were built into the mound at a later date. These make the connexions and overlaps of ideas clearly visible, something which can otherwise only be imagined from their classification by type. Although none of the northern cairns has been excavated, their existence is significant for the architectural history of Scotland. The north is a region where passage tombs in circular cairns are especially common (the Orkney-Cromarty type). Sites that span several periods of time, such as Tulach an t'Sionnaich, demonstrate that both forms


id: uyun-al-hammam-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyun_al-Hammam-0.md
category: reference
title: Uyun al-Hammam
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyun_al-Hammam
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:27.516599+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uyun-al-hammam-20260505-0
summary:
Uyun al-Hammam is a prehistoric burial site in Jordan. It is the earliest known formal burial site in the Middle East, and is possibly the oldest in the world. Remains at the 16,500-year-old burial site, located in Wadi Ziqlab, were first discovered in 2000. == Discoveries == The Natufian culture occupied the Levant, and had interred a red fox together with a human in this site dated 17,700–14,750 YBP. The remains were buried in such a manner as to suggest that prehistoric humans in that locale may have kept foxes as companion animals, in a similar way to dogs. The find provides information on the earliest burial practices of ancient humans. == References ==


id: valley-of-the-tombs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Tombs-0.md
category: reference
title: Valley of the Tombs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Tombs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:28.702393+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: valley-of-the-tombs-20260505-0
summary:
The Valley of the Tombs (Arabic: وادي القبور, romanized: Wādī al-Qubūr) is a necropolis at the west of Palmyra, Syria. It is one of the three necropoleis present around the ancient city. It is one kilometre long (0.62 mi), and easily recognizable by its tower-tombs, among which the former towers of Atenatan, Kitot, Iamblichus and Elahbel where the earliest finds of silk were made and that were destroyed by ISIS in 2015. == Tower-tombs == === Tower of Atenatan === As worded by Anna Witecka, "The tower-tomb of Atenatan is the earliest dated tomb in the Palmyrene necropolis. The date of the tower, established by an inscription, is 9 B.C. and the date of the fall of Palmyra in 273 A.D. must be accepted as the terminus ante quem. Built of irregular stones, the tower is quadrangular and narrows toward the top." As described by J. M. C. Toynbee, the tomb "has a facade of limestone blocks and a panelled stone door, composed of two wings that turn on pivots, above which is the slab for a bilingual Greek and Palmyrene (Araméenne) inscription." === Tower of Kitot === The Tower of Kitot dated from 40 AD. === Tower of Iamblichus


id: vijasan-caves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasan_Caves-0.md
category: reference
title: Vijasan Caves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasan_Caves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:29.896069+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vijasan-caves-20260505-0
summary:
The Vijasan Caves are a series of caves containing Buddhist art located near the village of Vijasan in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India. Some of the caves at Vijasan have been in use since the 1st century AD. The closest nearby city is Bhadravati. == Description == The oldest sites around Vijasan date to the 1st century AD, during the reign of Yajna Sri Satakarni of the Satavahana dynasty. Like similar megalithic caves, the caves at Vijasan were cut into stone foothills with intentionally narrow tunnels to prevent collapse. The main cave at Vijasan extends 71 feet (22 m) into the rock in a straight line, ending in a chamber with a carved Buddha sculpture. The tunnel also contains galleries furnished with wall carvings of religious scenes, though some of these have been damaged. Other, smaller caves and archaeological sites are also present in the area around Vijasan. By the 19th century, the caves were being used to shelter the village's cattle. The caves were visited by British general Alexander Cunningham, who mentioned them in one of his books. The largest cave has been designated a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India. == References ==


id: wadi-shu-eib-archaeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Shuʿeib_(archaeological_site)-0.md
category: reference
title: Wadi Shuʿeib (archaeological site)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Shuʿeib_(archaeological_site)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:31.081501+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wadi-shu-eib-archaeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
Wadi Shuʿeib is a Neolithic archaeological site in Wadi Shuʿeib, Jordan. Considered a "mega-site", it consists of the remains of large village occupied through the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Late Neolithic periods. == References ==


id: weerdinge-men-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerdinge_Men-0.md
category: reference
title: Weerdinge Men
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerdinge_Men
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:32.315346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weerdinge-men-20260505-0
summary:
The Weerdinge Men are a pair of remarkably well preserved Iron Age bog bodies discovered on 29 June 1904 in the southern part of the Bourtange moor near the village of Weerdinge in Drenthe, the Netherlands. Radiocarbon dating places their deaths between about 160 BC and AD 220. The men were originally known as the Weerdinge Couple because one of the bodies was thought to be female, but later examination confirmed that both individuals were adult males. Their preservation, paired deposition, and unusual injuries have made them one of the most studied archaeological finds in the Netherlands. == Identity and dating == Early investigation misidentified the smaller individual as female, based largely on stature and bodily proportions. This interpretation remained common for decades and gave rise to the popular names Weerdinge Couple and Mr. and Mrs. Veenstra, the latter playing on the Dutch word for bog, veen. Closer study eventually revealed beard stubble on the smaller man and well preserved male genitalia on the taller man, confirming that both individuals were adult males. The taller man is estimated to have been between 25 and 35 years old at the time of death; the smaller man was likely in a similar


id: west-bona-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bona_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: West Bona Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bona_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:33.588405+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: west-bona-site-20260505-0
summary:
The West Bona Site (also spelled "Bonya") is an archaeological site near Santa Rita on the island of Guam. It encompasses a prehistoric village site consisting of at least seven latte stone house sites. Most of them are not in good condition, although the largest, with twelve stones, is in good condition. Radiocarbon dating places early occupation of the site to between 1285 and 1435, reaching its height around 1500. The site is on the grounds of Naval Station Guam. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: wiggle-matching-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiggle_matching-0.md
category: reference
title: Wiggle matching
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiggle_matching
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:34.793854+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wiggle-matching-20260505-0
summary:
Wiggle matching, also known as carbon–14 wiggle-match dating (WMD), is a dating method that uses the non-linear relationship between 14C age and calendar age to match the shape of a series of closely sequentially spaced 14C dates with the 14C calibration curve. A numerical approach to WMD allows one to assess the precision of WMD chronologies. The method has both advantages and limitations for the calibration of individual dates. High-precision chronologies are needed for studies of rapid climate changes. Andrew Millard refers to wiggle matching as a way of dealing with the flat portion of the carbon-14 calibration graph that is known as the Hallstatt plateau, named after the Hallstatt culture period in central Europe that it coincides with. == Methodology == Wiggle matching may be used as a complement to ordinary radiocarbon dating in some situations where the latter yields several alternatives. In its simplest form, radiocarbon dating works by taking the logarithm of the proportion of the isotope 14C of the total amount of carbon of both isotopes 12C and 14C in an organic sample. Since 12C is stable, but 14C decays radioactively, the proportion of 14C in a given sample gets smaller with time. There is indeed


id: yohualichan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohualichan-0.md
category: reference
title: Yohualichan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohualichan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:35.993487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yohualichan-20260505-0
summary:
Yohualichan (Yohualican or House of Night in Nahuatl) is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site located in Cuetzalan del Progreso in the Mexican state of Puebla. == History == Yohualican and the larger nearby city of El Tajín both reached a cultural and political epoch during the Classic period and are both believed to have been constructed and populated by the Totonac people. With the end of the Classic Period, the nomadic Chichimecas begin migrating into the modern day Valley of Mexico around the year 1200. From then on, Yohualican would come under pressure from these migratory tribes and would begin to fall into a gradual decline. == References ==


id: a-c-redfield-lifetime-achievement-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Redfield_Lifetime_Achievement_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Redfield_Lifetime_Achievement_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:38.706345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-c-redfield-lifetime-achievement-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Lifetime Achievement Award was first presented in 1994 to honor major long-term achievements in the fields of limnology and oceanography, including research, education and service to the community and society. In 2004, the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography board renamed the award in honor of Alfred C. Redfield. == Recipients == Notes The information in the table is according to the "A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award" webpage of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography unless otherwise specified by additional citations. == References == == External links == ASLO Awards and Nominations


id: aberconway-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconway_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Aberconway Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconway_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:39.854526+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aberconway-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Aberconway Medal is a medal of the Geological Society of London, formerly awarded annually by the Institution of Geologists. Since 1991, when the institution of geologists merged with the society, the medal has been awarded biennally by the Geological Society. The award was established with a gift from English China Clays and its chairman Charles McLaren, 3rd Baron Aberconway. It is normally awarded to individuals with no more than 25 years full-time equivalent experience to recognise distinction in the practice of applied or economic geology with special reference to work in industry. == Aberconway Medallists == Source: Geological Society === Awarded by the Institution of Geologists === === Awarded by the Geological Society === == See also == List of geology awards == References ==


id: aby-warburg-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aby_Warburg_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Aby Warburg Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aby_Warburg_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:40.990554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aby-warburg-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Aby Warburg Prize (German Aby Warburg-Preis; formerly Aby M. Warburg-Preis) is a science prize of the city of Hamburg. It was established in 1979. Since 1980, it is donated by the senate of the city for excellence in the humanities and social sciences. It is named after the Hamburg-born art historian Aby Warburg. The prize is worth 25,000 Euros and awarded every four years. Young scientists will receive a scholarship of 10,000 euros. == Award winners == 1980 Jan Białostocki, art historian 1984 Meyer Schapiro, art historian 1988 Michael Baxandall, art historian 1992 Carlo Ginzburg, historian 1996 Claude Lévi-Strauss, anthropologist and ethnologist 2000 Natalie Zemon Davis, historian 2002 Rüdiger Campe, professor of German literature 2004 Horst Bredekamp, art historian 2008 Werner Hofmann, art historian 2012 Martin Warnke, art historian 2016 Sigrid Weigel, professor of German literature 2020 Georges Didi-Huberman, art historian 2024 Eva Illouz, sociologist == See also == List of social sciences awards == References == == External links == Official website Kulturpreise: Aby Warburg-Preis


id: david-adler-lectureship-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adler_Lectureship_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: David Adler Lectureship Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adler_Lectureship_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:42.183145+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: david-adler-lectureship-award-20260505-0
summary:
The David Adler Lectureship Award in the Field of Materials Physics is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1988. The recipient is chosen for "an outstanding contributor to the field of materials physics, who is noted for the quality of his/her research, review articles and lecturing." The prize is named after physicist David Adler with contributions to the endowment by friends of David Adler and major support from Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., as well as support from the American Physical Society's Division of Materials Physics. The prize includes a $5,000 honorarium. == Recipients == Source: American Physical Society == See also == Leo Szilard Lectureship Award List of physics awards == References == == External links == David Adler Lectureship Award in the Field of Materials Physics, American Physical Society


id: african-adaptation-solutions-challenge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Adaptation_Solutions_Challenge-0.md
category: reference
title: African Adaptation Solutions Challenge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Adaptation_Solutions_Challenge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:43.390174+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-adaptation-solutions-challenge-20260505-0
summary:
The African Youth Adaptation Solutions Challenge (YouthADAPT Challenge) is an annual competition and award. It was launched on 6th September 2021 that focuses on youth-led enterprises in Africa working on climate adaptation solutions. It is a collaborative effort between the Global Center on Adaptation, European Union and the Climate Investment Funds under the Africa Adaptation Acceleration Program's YouthADAPT flagship pillar. The challenge aims to support and highlight innovative ideas and projects developed by young entrepreneurs who addressing climate change challenges and contributing to building resilience in African communities. In 2021, Akinwumi Adesina, President, African Development Bank presented the awards and it was moderated by Alan Kasujja. == References ==


id: aitken-lectureship-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitken_Lectureship-0.md
category: reference
title: Aitken Lectureship
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitken_Lectureship
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:44.601482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aitken-lectureship-20260505-0
summary:
The Aitken Lectureship is awarded by the New Zealand Mathematical Society to a research mathematician from New Zealand. The lectureship is named for New Zealander Professor Alexander Aitken, who was a highly distinguished mathematician who spent most of his career at the University of Edinburgh. The lectureship was funded in 2009 by the London Mathematical Society and the New Zealand Mathematical Society, and is normally awarded every two years, alternating with the Forder Lectureship. Recipients of the lectureship will give a several-week lecturing tour of UK universities and a lecture at the annual meeting of the London society. == Recipients == The recipients of the Aitken Lectureship are: 2011: Geoff Whittle 2013: Robert Mclachlan 2015: Steven Galbraith 2017: Hinke Osinga 2019: Bakh Khoussainov 2022: Lisa Orloff Clark == See also == List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: alan-d-berenbaum-distinguished-service-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_D._Berenbaum_Distinguished_Service_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_D._Berenbaum_Distinguished_Service_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:45.771586+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-d-berenbaum-distinguished-service-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Computing Machinery SIGARCH Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award is given for outstanding service in the field of computer architecture and design. == Recipients == Source: ACM 2022 – David A. Wood 2022 – Kathryn S. McKinley 2021 – Per Stenström 2020 – Alvin R. Lebeck 2019 – Margaret Martonosi 2018 – Koen De Bosschere 2016 – Michael Flynn 2014 – Doug DeGroot 2013 – Norman P. Jouppi 2011 – David A. Patterson 2010 – Mary Jane Irwin 2009 – Mark D. Hill 2008 – Alan Berenbaum == See also == ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture Computer engineering Computer science Computing Service List of computer-related awards List of computer science awards == References == == External links == ACM SIGARCH Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award


id: alexander-hollaender-award-in-biophysics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hollaender_Award_in_Biophysics-0.md
category: reference
title: Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hollaender_Award_in_Biophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:46.950767+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alexander-hollaender-award-in-biophysics-20260505-0
summary:
The Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for outstanding contributions in biophysics". Named in honor of Alexander Hollaender, it has been awarded every three years since 1998. The award consists of a prize of $20,000, accompanied by a medal and a diploma, and is presented every three years. Notable recipients of the award include Wayne A. Hendrickson (1998) for his pioneering work in X-ray crystallography, and Wolfgang Baumeister (2022) for his fundamental contributions to structural biology through cryo-electron tomography. == Recipients of Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics == Source: National Academy of Sciences == See also == List of biology awards List of physics awards Prizes named after people == References ==


id: alfred-stock-memorial-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock_Memorial_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Alfred Stock Memorial Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock_Memorial_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:48.142116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alfred-stock-memorial-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Marianne Baudler Prize, known before 2023 as the Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize or Alfred-Stock-Gedächtnispreis, is an award for "an outstanding independent scientific experimental investigation in the field of inorganic chemistry." It is awarded biennially (originally annually) by the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker). The award, consisting of a gold medal and money, was created in 1950 in recognition of the pioneering achievements in inorganic chemistry by the German chemist Alfred Stock. In 2022, the GDCh board decided to change the name of the previous Alfred Stock Memorial Prize. The new name is Marianne Baudler Prize. == Recipients == Source: == See also == List of chemistry awards == References == == External links == Official website (in German)


id: alfredo-di-braccio-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_di_Braccio_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Alfredo di Braccio Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_di_Braccio_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:49.298461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alfredo-di-braccio-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Alfredo di Braccio Award is a prestigious prize for young Italian scientists given by the Italian Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. == Award winners == Every year a top young chemist or physicist receives this honor for their research. 2008 Chemistry prize was awarded to Lorenzo Malavasi (University of Pavia, Italy) 2009 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Alessandro Mirizzi (University of Bari, Italy) and Alessio Recati (CNR Trento, Italy) 2010 Chemistry prize was awarded to Riccardo Baron (Codoxo, USA) 2011 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Antonio Politano (University of Calabria, Italy) and Alessandro Giuliani (Roma Tre University, Italy) 2012 Chemistry prize was awarded to Tiziano Montini (University of Trieste, Italy) 2013 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Francesco Pellegrino (University of Catania, Italy) and Pasquale Serpico (CNRS, France) 2014 Physics prize was awarded to Stefano Protti (University of Pavia) 2015 Physics prize was awarded (ex aequo) to Filippo Caruso (University of Florence, Italy), Michele Cicoli (University of Bologna, Italy), and Alessandro Pitanti (CNR Pisa, Italy) 2016 Chemistry prize was awarded to Francesca Maria Toma (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Italy) 2017 Physics prize was awarded to Marco Genoni (University of Milan, Italy) 2018 Chemistry prize was


id: andronov-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronov_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Andronov Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronov_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:50.589072+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: andronov-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Andronov Prize is a Soviet and Russian mathematics prize, awarded for outstanding works in the classical mechanics and control theory. It is named after the Soviet physicist and member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Alexander Alexandrovich Andronov. Between 1971 and 1990 the prize was awarded by the USSR Academy of Sciences. It was re-established by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993 and was awarded till 2024. It is generally awarded to a single scientist or a team of up to three scientists once every three years. The first prize in 1971 was awarded to Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.V. Petrov for a series of works on control theory and the principles of constructing nonlinear systems and servomechanisms, the last prize in 2024 was awarded to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.V. Kuznetsov for a series of works on the theory of hidden oscillations and stability of control systems. In total, the prize was awarded 17 times (7 times to one laureate and 10 times to groups) and 32 scientists became laureates of the prize. Since 2024, the prize is no longer awarded due to reforms in the Russian Academy of Sciences. ==


id: anton-tedesko-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Tedesko_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Anton Tedesko Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Tedesko_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:51.765495+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anton-tedesko-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Anton Tedesko Medal is awarded by the International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineers (IABSE) Foundation to both honour a Laureate and financially support a young engineering Fellow of the Association. The medal is awarded to a distinguished structural engineer as recognition of his/her life achievements, and includes a grant of 25,000 CHF for study leave for a promising young engineer to gain practical experience in a prestigious engineering firm outside his/her home country. The medal is named after and honours Anton Tedesko (1903 - 1994) (sometimes written 'Tedesco') who was an outstanding engineer, eminent designer and builder of innovative structures. the award was created in 1998. Past recipients include: == See also == List of engineering awards List of prizes named after people == References ==


id: apa-distinguished-scientific-award-for-an-early-career-contribution-to-psychology-20260505-0
category: reference
title: APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:52.933648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: apa-distinguished-scientific-award-for-an-early-career-contribution-to-psychology-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_Distinguished_Scientific_Award_for_an_Early_Career_Contribution_to_Psychology-0.md

summary:
The Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology is an annual award that has been given by the American Psychological Association since 1974. It is given to outstanding research psychologists who are in the early stages of their career, defined as the first nine years after they receive their Ph.D. Every year, the award is given to five psychologists, each from one of ten different areas of psychology: Animal learning and comparative psychology, Developmental psychology, Health psychology, Cognitive psychology, Psychopathology, Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience, Perception and motor control, Social psychology, Applied psychology, and Individual differences. This means that every two years, one psychologist from each area will receive the award. == Notable past winners == Former winners of the Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology include: David M. Buss (1989, personality) Michael S. Fanselow (1985, animal learning and behavior) Martha Farah (1992, perception/motor performance) Baruch Fischhoff (1980, methodological) Angela Grippo (2012, health) == See also == List of psychology awards == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_Distinguished_Scientific_Award_for_an_Early_Career_Contribution_to_Psychology


id: arrhenius-plaque-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_Plaque-0.md
category: reference
title: Arrhenius Plaque
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_Plaque
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:54.144523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arrhenius-plaque-20260505-0
summary:
The Arrhenius Plaque (Swedish: Arrhenius-plaketten) is awarded annually by the Swedish Chemical Society in memory of Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish physicist, chemist, and long-time member of the society, "to a person or persons who have distinguished themselves through outstanding research in the field of chemistry or who have performed valuable work for the good of the Swedish Chemical Society". Past recipients include Ragnar Ryhage (1962), Jerker Porath and Per Flodin (1963), Carl-Ivar Brändén (1976), Svante Wold (1984), Gunnar von Heijne (1997), Per Claesson (2008), Jonas Bergquist (2009), Lisbeth Olsson (2018), Berit Olofsson (2021), Belén Martín-Matute (2024) and Karin Schillén (2025). == References ==


id: aryabhata-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Aryabhata Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:55.411666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aryabhata-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Aryabhata Award or Aryabhatta Award is an annual award, presented to individuals with notable lifetime contributions in the field of astronautics and aerospace technology in India. It was instituted by the Astronautical Society of India (ASI) (established 1990), an International Astronautical Federation member since 1958. The award is usually presented by the Minister of State of the Prime Minister's Office, and consists of a citation and ₹1 lakh (₹100,000). == History == The award is named after the fifth century Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, and in commemoration of the first Indian satellite Aryabhata (launched 19 April 1975). == Award winners == == See also == List of astronomy awards List of engineering awards List of physics awards List of space technology awards == References ==


id: asab-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAB_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: ASAB Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAB_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:56.614888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: asab-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The ASAB Medal is a scientific award given by the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB). It is cast in bronze to a design by Jonathan Kingdon, awarded "annually for contributions to the science of animal behaviour - through teaching, writing, broadcasting, research, through fostering any of these activities, or through contributing to the affairs of ASAB itself." == ASAB Medallists == 1995 John Maynard Smith 1996 Nicholas B. Davies 1997 Robert A. Hinde 1998 Aubrey W.G. Manning 1999 Peter J.B. Slater 2000 John R. Krebs 2001 P.P.G. Bateson 2002 Geoffrey A. Parker 2003 John C. Wingfield 2004 John Alcock 2005 Linda Partridge 2006 Felicity Huntingford 2007 Robert Elwood 2008 Christopher John Barnard 2009 Marian Stamp Dawkins 2010 Michael Dockery 2011 Alan Grafen 2012 Tim Birkhead 2013 Alasdair Houston and John McNamara 2014 Tim Clutton-Brock 2015 Pat Monaghan 2016 Kate Lessells 2017 Jane Hurst 2018 Innes Cuthill 2019 Alex Kacelnik 2020 Leigh Simmons 2021 Anne Magurran 2022 Nicola Clayton 2023 Ben Hatchwell 2024 Rebecca Kilner 2025 Hanna Kokko == References ==


id: avicenna-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Avicenna Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:57.811841+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: avicenna-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science is awarded every two years by UNESCO and rewards individuals and groups in the field of ethics in science. The aim of the award is to promote ethical reflection on issues raised by advances in science and technology, and to raise global awareness of the importance of ethics in science. The prize was named after the 11th century Persian physician and philosopher Avicenna (980-1038). The Prize consists of a gold medal, a certificate, US$10,000, and a one-week academic visit to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since it was founded, the award has been given to five individuals. == Award recipients == 2004 Margaret Somerville, Canada 2005 Abdallah Daar, Canada 2009 Renzong Qiu, China 2015 Zabta Khan Shinwari, Pakistan 2019 Donald A. Brown, US == References == == External links == Official site


id: awm-service-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWM_Service_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: AWM Service Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWM_Service_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:20:58.995166+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: awm-service-award-20260505-0
summary:
The AWM Service Award is an annual award given by the Association for Women in Mathematics. The AWM depends largely on the work of volunteers. In order to recognize individuals for helping to promote and support women in mathematics through exceptional volunteer service to the association the AWM Executive Committee approved the AWM Service Award in 2012 and it was first awarded in 2013. The recipients of the award are recognized at the annual AWM Reception and Awards Presentation at the Joint Mathematics Meetings and in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society. == List of Award Winners == == See also == List of mathematics awards == References == == External links == "AWM Service Awards". Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics. 43 (2): 13. March–April 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2019. "Snider Award Release". Cornell University. Retrieved 30 March 2019. "Melcher Award Release". University of Virginia. Retrieved 30 March 2019. "2014 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association for Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019. "2015 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association for Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019. "2016 AWM Service Award Press Release". Association for Women in Mathematics. Retrieved 7 July 2019. "2017 AWM


id: azriel-rosenfeld-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azriel_Rosenfeld_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Azriel Rosenfeld Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azriel_Rosenfeld_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:00.160571+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: azriel-rosenfeld-award-20260505-0
summary:
In computer vision, the Azriel Rosenfeld Award, or Azriel Rosenfeld Life Time Achievement Award was established at ICCV 2007 in Rio de Janeiro to honor outstanding researchers who are recognized as making significant contributions to the field of Computer Vision over longtime careers. This award is in memory of the computer scientist and mathematician Prof. Azriel Rosenfeld. == Recipients == The first Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2007 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Takeo Kanade. The second Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2009 in Kyoto Japan, to Berthold K.P. Horn. The third Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2011 in Barcelona, Spain, to Thomas Huang. The fourth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2013 in Sydney, Australia, to Jan Koenderink. The fifth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2015 in Santiago, Chile, to Olivier Faugeras. The sixth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2017 in Venice, Italy to Tomaso Poggio. The seventh Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented at ICCV 2019 in Seoul, Korea to Shimon Ullman. The eighth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was presented in 2021 at the ICCV (held virtually that year), to Ruzena Bajcsy. The tenth Azriel Rosenfeld Award was


id: bailey-distinguished-member-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Distinguished_Member_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Bailey Distinguished Member Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Distinguished_Member_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:01.336692+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bailey-distinguished-member-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Marilyn and Sturges W. Bailey Distinguished Member Award, is the highest honor of The Clay Minerals Society, based in Virginia, United States. It is awarded solely for scientific eminence in clay mineralogy (in its broadest sense) as evidenced by the publication of outstanding original scientific research and by the impact of this research on the clay sciences. It is endowed by Linda and David Bailey and replaces The Clay Mineral Society's Distinguished Member Award. It is not restricted to members of the CMS. The award is presented at the CMS annual meeting. == Recipients == 1968 – Ralph E. Grim 1969 – C. S. Ross 1970 – Paul F. Kerr 1971 – Walter D. Keller 1972 – G. W. Brindley 1975 – William F. Bradley 1975 – Sturges W. Bailey 1975 – Jose J. Fripiat 1977 – M. L. Jackson 1979 – Toshio Sudo 1980 – Haydn H. Murray 1984 – C. Edmund Marshall 1985 – Charles E. Weaver 1988 – Max M. Mortland 1989 – R. C. Reynolds Jr. 1990 – Joe L. White 1990 – John Hower 1991 – Joe B. Dixon 1992 – Philip F. Low 1993 – Thomas J. Pinnavaia 1995 – W. D. Johns


id: beijerinck-virology-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijerinck_Virology_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Beijerinck Virology Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijerinck_Virology_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:02.503782+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beijerinck-virology-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The M.W. Beijerinck Virology Prize (M.W. Beijerinck Virologie Prijs) is a prize in virology awarded every two years by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW). The prize consists of a medal and a monetary award of €35,000. KNAW's two conditions for the prize nomination are that the nominee must be an internationally recognized researcher who has "made a groundbreaking contribution to research in the field of virology in the broadest sense" and must have an appointment at a university or research institute. The prize is named in honor of the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Willem Beijerinck. KNAW appoints an advisory committee which gives advice to KNAW concerning the prize nominees. KNAW has regulations for who may submit nominations. Before 2014 the prize was awarded every three years. == Prize winners == 1966 Egbertus van Slogteren, Netherlands 1969 R.L. Sinsheimer, United States 1972 W. Berends, Netherlands 1975 E.M.J. Jaspars and A. van Kammen, Netherlands 1978 Lex van der Eb, Netherlands 1983 B.A.M. van der Zeijst, Netherlands 1986 Walter Fiers, Belgium 1989 Jan van der Noordaa, Netherlands 1992 H. zur Hausen, Germany 1996 Marian Horzinek, Netherlands/Germany 1998 A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, Netherlands 2001 R.A. Weiss, United Kingdom 2004 D.C. Baulcombe, United Kingdom 2007 Charles


id: bingham-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Bingham Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:03.712950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bingham-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Bingham Medal is an annual award for outstanding contributions to the field of rheology awarded at the Annual Meeting of The Society of Rheology. It was instituted in 1948 by the society to commemorate Eugene C. Bingham (1878–1945). == List of Award Winners == Source : Society of Rheology == See also == List of physics awards == References == Society of Rheology - Bingham Medallists


id: bj-rk-n-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björkén_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Björkén Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björkén_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:06.069657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bj-rk-n-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Björkén Prize (Swedish: Björkénska priset) is a scientific award given by Uppsala University. It is awarded for outstanding research in science and the theoretical branches of medicine. The prize was established in 1893 from a donation given by university lecturer John Björkén (1833–1893). Björkén was a physician and medical assistant professor in surgery and obstetrics at Uppsala. The prize was first awarded in 1902 on the day of his death. The Björkén Prize is alternately awarded for achievement in four different fields: Botany, zoology, and landscape planning Chemistry, mineralogy, metallurgy, and geology Physics, mechanics, and engineering science Theoretical disciplines of medical sciences == Winners == == References == == External links == The Björkén Prize webpage


id: blaise-pascal-chair-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_Chair-0.md
category: reference
title: Blaise Pascal Chair
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_Chair
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:07.308819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blaise-pascal-chair-20260505-0
summary:
The Blaise Pascal Chairs (Chaires Internationales de Recherche Blaise Pascal), established in 1996 by the Government of the Île-de-France Region for internationally acclaimed foreign scientists in all disciplines. A scientific committee annually selects the most outstanding candidates from all over the world. Since their inception a number of famous scientists have been Blaise Pascal Chair laureates: Gérard Debreu (UC Berkeley, 1983 Nobel Prize in Economics), Ahmed Zewail (Caltech, 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), Igor Mel'čuk (University of Montreal, the world leading researcher in linguistics), George Smoot (LBL, 2006 Nobel Prize in experimental Astrophysics), Robert Langlands (UBC, 1996 Wolf Prize, one of the most influential mathematicians of the 20th century), outstanding theoretical physicists Gabriele Veneziano (CERN/College de France), Alexander Zamolodchikov (Rutgers), and others. == External links == Chaires Internationales de Recherche Blaise Pascal, France == References ==


id: borlaug-cast-communication-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlaug_CAST_Communication_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Borlaug CAST Communication Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlaug_CAST_Communication_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:08.523187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: borlaug-cast-communication-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Borlaug CAST Communication Award, formerly the Charles A. Black Award, is an annual award presented by the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) to a "scientist, engineer, technologist, or other professional working in the agricultural, environmental, or food sectors for contributing to the advancement of science in the public policy arena". The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) is a non-profit whose primary purpose is to publish science-based reviews and reports on topics related to agriculture and food. As originally named, the award acknowledged the contributions of Charles Allen Black, founding president of CAST. Its current name honors Nobel Prize winner Norman Borlaug, "The Man Who Fed the World". who was the author of the first of CAST's publications, in 1973. == Recipients == As the Charles A. Black Award: 1986: Charles Allen Black 1987: William E. Larson 1989: Stanley E. Curtis 1990: Donald E. Davis 1991: Homer McKay LeBaron 1992: John T. Pesek 1993: F. M. Clydesdale 1994: Frederick John Francis 1995: Dale E. Bauman 1996: Luther G. Tweeten 1997: Neil E. Harl 1998: Per Pinstrup-Andersen 1999: Abner W. Womack 2000: Dennis Keeney 2001: Judith S. Stern 2002: C. O. Qualset 2003: Kong Luen Heong 2004:


id: bourke-liversidge-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourke–Liversidge_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Bourke–Liversidge Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourke–Liversidge_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:09.732627+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bourke-liversidge-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Bourke–Liversidge Award was created in 2020 by the merger of the Bourke Award with the Liversidge Award. The Bourke–Liversidge Award is awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry. == Winners == As of 2025, there have been 4 winners of the Bourke–Liversidge Award: == References ==


id: brazilian-mathematical-society-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Mathematical_Society_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Brazilian Mathematical Society Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Mathematical_Society_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:10.881178+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brazilian-mathematical-society-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Brazilian Mathematical Society Award is the highest award for mathematical expository writing. It consists of a prize of R$20,000 and a certificate, and is awarded biennial by the Brazilian Mathematical Society in recognition of an outstanding expository article on a mathematical topic. == Winners == == See also == List of mathematics awards == External links == Brazilian Mathematical Society Award Archived 2022-08-24 at the Wayback Machine. Regulations Governing the Brazilian Mathematical Society Award. == References ==


id: bullerwell-lecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullerwell_Lecture-0.md
category: reference
title: Bullerwell Lecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullerwell_Lecture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:12.082635+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bullerwell-lecture-20260505-0
summary:
The Bullerwell Lecture is an annual award from the British Geophysical Association (BGA) bestowed on an individual for significant contribution to the field of geophysics. Scientists of any nationality but working in an academic institution in the United Kingdom qualify for the award. A scientist must be within 10 years of their PhD. The award is named in honour of William Bullerwell. The first lecture was in 1981 by A. Douglas on a topic rarely associated with "pure" geophysics today: Forensic Seismology. == Laureates == Notable recipients include: 2026 Dr. Ualisson Donardelli Bellon from University of Edinburgh 2025 Dr. Susanna Ebmeier from University of Leeds 2024 Dr. Iraklis Giannakis from University of Aberdeen 2023 Mildon, Z. 2022 Craig, T. 2021 Nagy, L. 2020 Bell, R. 2019 Cottaar, S. 2018 Tom Mitchell from University College London 2017 Biggs, J. 2016 Whitehouse, P. 2015 Wright, T. 2014 Catherine Rychert from University of Southampton 2013 Derek Keir from University of Southampton 2012 King, M. 2011 Muxworthy, A. 2010 Dobson, D. 2009 Rost, S. 2008 Murray, T. 2007 Milne, G. 2006 Jackson, A. 2005 Helffrich, G. 2004 Ebinger, C. 2003 John-Michael Kendall 2002 Sinha, M. 2001 White, N. 2000 James Jackson 1999 England, P.


id: bundestag-science-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag_Science_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Bundestag Science Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag_Science_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:13.274917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bundestag-science-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Bundestag Science Prize (in German: Wissenschaftspreis des Deutschen Bundestages) is a German science prize. It awards €10,000 every two years for outstanding work about parliamentarism. The prize donor is the German Bundestag. == Recipients == == References ==


id: bunsen-kirchhoff-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen–Kirchhoff_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen–Kirchhoff_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:14.450592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bunsen-kirchhoff-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award is a prize for "outstanding achievements" in the field of analytical spectroscopy. It has been awarded since 1990 by the German Working Group for Applied Spectroscopy, and is endowed with €2,500 by PerkinElmer, Germany. The prize is named in honor of chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. == Prizewinners == 1990 Günter Snatzke, Germany 1991 Hannes Aiginger, Austria; Peter Wobrauschek, Austria; Joachim Knoth, Germany; Heinrich Schwenke, Germany 1992 Kurt Laqua, Germany; Arnulf Röseler, Germany 1993 Boris L'vov, Russia 1994 D. Bruce Chase, United States; W. J. Orville-Thomas, Great Britain 1995 Paul W.J.M. Boumans, Netherlands 1998 Annemie Bogaerts, Belgium 2000 Dieter Fischer, Germany 2001 John A. McLean, United States 2002 Jürgen Popp, Germany 2003 Sergei Boulyga, Germany 2004 Ewa Bulska, Poland 2005 Nicolas Bings, Germany 2006 Volker Deckert, Germany 2007 Jörg Bettmer, Germany 2008 Sebastian Schlücke, Germany 2009 Joachim Koch, Switzerland 2010 Janina Kneipp, Germany 2011 Daniel Pröfrock, Germany 2012 Christoph Haisch, Germany 2013 Maria Montes-Bayón, Spain 2014 Oliver Reich, Germany 2015 Martín Resano, Spain 2016 Torsten Frosch, Germany 2017 Jacob T. Shelley, United States 2018 Zsuzsanna Heiner, Hungary 2020 Natalia P. Ivleva 2022 Carlos Abad Andrade 2024 Björn Meermann == In popular culture == The Steely


id: buys-ballot-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buys_Ballot_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Buys Ballot Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buys_Ballot_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:15.630997+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: buys-ballot-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Buys Ballot Medal is a prize given out by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. It was instituted in 1888 to honour the achievements of the Dutch meteorologist C.H.D. Buys Ballot. The prize is awarded approximately every ten years to an individual that has made significant contributions to meteorology. The recipients have been: 1893 – Julius von Hann, Austria 1903 – Richard Assmann and Arthur Berson, Germany 1913 – Hugo Hergesell, Germany 1923 – Sir Napier Shaw, United Kingdom 1933 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norway 1948 – Sverre Petterssen, Norway 1953 – Gustav Swoboda, Czech Republic 1963 – Erik Palmén, Finland 1973 – Joseph Smagorinsky, United States 1982 – Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen, Denmark 1995 – Veerabhadran Ramanathan, United States 2004 – Edward Norton Lorenz, United States 2014 – Sir Brian Hoskins, United Kingdom 2023 – Sandrine Bony, France == See also == List of meteorology awards == References == == External links == Description of the prize KNAW


id: carl-hermann-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hermann_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Carl Hermann Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hermann_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:16.840895+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carl-hermann-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Carl Hermann Medal is the highest award in the field of crystallography from the German Crystallographic Society. It is named after the German physicist and professor of crystallography Carl Hermann, who along with Paul Peter Ewald, created the Strukturbericht designation system for crystallographic prototypes. The medal is awarded annually during the annual meeting of the society == Carl Hermann Medal recipients == == See also == Ewald Prize == References == == External links == Recipients of the Carl Hermann Medal from the German Crystallographic Society


id: carl-sagan-memorial-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Memorial_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Carl Sagan Memorial Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Memorial_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:18.040567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carl-sagan-memorial-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Carl Sagan Memorial Award is an award presented jointly by the American Astronautical Society and The Planetary Society to an individual or group "who has demonstrated leadership in research or policies advancing exploration of the Cosmos." The annual award, first presented in 1997, was created in honor of American astronomer, astrobiologist and science popularizer, Carl Sagan (1934–1996). == Recipients == Source: American Astronautical Society == See also == List of astronomy awards List of space technology awards == References == == External links == Carl Sagan Memorial Award


id: carpenter-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Carpenter Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:19.180660+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carpenter-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Carpenter Medal was awarded by the Senate of the University of London once every three years. The recipient was a former student who had submitted a thesis (resulting in the award of a doctorate) of exceptional distinction in statistical, genetic, comparative or experimental psychology during the three-year period. This could include work on the physiology of the central nervous system and "special senses". It was accompanied by a prize of £20. The medal was named after William Benjamin Carpenter, registrar of the university from 1856 until 1879. The Carpenter Testimonial Committee had allocated money for an annual prize in 1881, but the Carpenter Medal was not instituted until 1910, with the first award for the period ending 31 May 1913. The medal need not be awarded if the Senate did not consider that a sufficiently good thesis had been submitted during the three-year period. Winners of the prize included Francis Aveling, 1912 Nellie Carey == References ==


id: chambliss-amateur-achievement-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambliss_Amateur_Achievement_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambliss_Amateur_Achievement_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:20.401969+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chambliss-amateur-achievement-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award is awarded by the American Astronomical Society for an achievement in astronomical research made by an amateur astronomer resident in North America. The prize is named after Carlson R. Chambliss of Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, who donated the funds to support the prize. The award will consist of a 224-gram (½-lb) silver medal and $1,000 cash. == Previous winners == 2006 Brian D. Warner 2007 Ronald H. Bissinger 2008 Steve Mandel 2009 Robert D. Stephens 2010 R. Jay GaBany 2011 Tim Puckett 2012 Kian Jek 2013 No award 2014 Mike Simonsen 2015 No award 2016 Daryll LaCourse 2017 No award 2018 Donald G. Bruns 2019 No award 2020 Dennis Conti 2021 No award 2022 No award 2023 No award 2024 Dan Caselden 2025 Richard Donnerstein == See also == Amateur Achievement Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific List of astronomy awards List of awards named after people == References == == External links == Official website


id: charles-babbage-premium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Premium-0.md
category: reference
title: Charles Babbage Premium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Premium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:21.594262+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charles-babbage-premium-20260505-0
summary:
The Charles Babbage Premium was an annual award "for an outstanding paper on the design or use of electronic computers". The award was established in 1959. It was initiated by the British Institution of Radio Engineers, which became the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers. In 1988, it merged with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), which later became the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) in 2006. Winners have been announced in journals such as Nuclear Power, Electronic Engineering, British Communications and Electronics, and the Software Engineering Journal. The Premium was named after the mathematician Charles Babbage FRS (1791–1871), inventor of the Analytical Engine, a design for an early mechanical computer. The IET now makes separate Premium Awards for papers in each of its journals, named after the journal itself. This includes the IET Software Premium Award, the nearest equivalent to the Charles Babbage Premium Award. == References ==


id: charles-schuchert-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schuchert_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Charles Schuchert Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schuchert_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:22.771874+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charles-schuchert-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Charles Schuchert Award is presented by the Paleontological Society to a person under 40 whose work reflects excellence and promise in the science of paleontology. The award was made in honor of Charles Schuchert (1858 – 1942), an American invertebrate paleontologist. == Awardees == Source: Paleontological Society Archived 2022-02-26 at the Wayback Machine == See also == List of paleontology awards == References ==


id: felix-chayes-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Chayes_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Felix Chayes Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Chayes_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:23.918500+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: felix-chayes-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Felix Chayes Prize is presented in alternate years for Excellence in Research in Mathematical Petrology by the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG). The cash prize, named after American geologist and petrographer Felix Chayes, was established in 1997. The prize has a strict internal guideline that the recipient must be between 35 and 60 years old. == Recipients == Source: 1997: Committee on Data Bases for Petrology 1999: Hugh R. Rollinson 2001: James Nicholls 2003: Antonella Buccianti 2005: Eric Grunsky 2007: Hilmar von Eynatten 2009: not awarded for this year 2011: Istvan Dunkl 2013: Raimon Tolosana-Delgado 2015: Yongzhang Zhou 2017: Clifford R. Stanley 2019: Peter Filzmoser 2021: Grethe Hystad 2023: Pieter Vermeesch 2025: Dario Grana == See also == List of geology awards List of geophysics awards List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: chesney-gold-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesney_Gold_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Chesney Gold Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesney_Gold_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:25.108004+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chesney-gold-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Chesney Gold Medal is an award given by the Royal United Services Institute awarded to "any especially eminent work calculated to advance the military sciences and knowledge". == List of Medallists == The following people have received the Chesney Gold Medal: 1900: Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan USN 1907: Major General Sir John Frederick Maurice 1909: The Hon J.W. Fortescue 1910: Sir John Knox Laughton 1911: Professor C.W.C. Oman 1913: Colonel Sir Lonsdale Augustus Hale 1914: Sir Julian Corbett 1919: Major General E.D. Swinton 1921: Major General Sir Charles Callwell 1924: Professor G.A.R. Callender 1925: Captain Sir George Arthur 1926: Vice Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond 1927: Brigadier-General Sir James E. Edmonds 1928: L.G. Carr-Laughton 1929: Colonel H.C. Wylly 1930: C.E.W. Bean 1931: Commander C.N. Robinson 1932: Colonel C. de W. Crookshank MP 1936: Professor Spenser Wilkinson 1950: The Rt Hon Winston Churchill 1955: Sir Arthur Bryant 1963: Major General J.F.C. Fuller and Captain Basil Liddell Hart 1965: Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Slessor 1968: Professor Arthur J. Marder 1973: Professor Michael Howard 1975: Captain Stephen W. Roskill RN 1981: John Terraine and Ronald Lewin 1985: General Sir John Hackett 1991: Correlli Barnett 1997: Henry Paget, 7th Marquess


id: cnrs-silver-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNRS_Silver_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: CNRS Silver Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNRS_Silver_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:26.293677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cnrs-silver-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The CNRS Silver Medal is a scientific award given every year to about fifteen researchers by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). It is awarded to a researcher for "the originality, quality and importance of their work, recognised on a national and international level". It is part of the "CNRS Talents" medals, along with the CNRS gold medal, which rewards a whole scientific career, the CNRS bronze medal, which rewards young researchers, the Innovation medal, which honours remarkable work in the technological, therapeutic, economic or societal fields, and the CNRS Crystal medal, which rewards research support staff. == Notable recipients == Gabriel Peyré (mathematics) (2021) Marie-Hélène Verlhac (biology) (2021) Claire Mathieu (computer science) (2019) Margaret Maruani (sociology) (2014) Marie-Françoise André (2011) Anca Muscholl (mathematics) (2010) Edith Heard (biology) (2008) Marc Fontecave (2004) Leanne Pitchford (physics) (1999) Pascale Delecluse (physics) (1999) Guy Joulin (1996) == References ==


id: edwin-grant-conklin-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Grant_Conklin_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Edwin Grant Conklin Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Grant_Conklin_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:27.419478+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: edwin-grant-conklin-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Edwin Grant Conklin Medal was inaugurated in 1995 by the Society for Developmental Biology in honor of the biologist Edwin Conklin. It is awarded annually to recognise a member of the society who has carried out distinguished and sustained research in developmental biology. The recipient delivers a feature lecture at the annual society meeting and is presented with a commemorative plaque. == List of recipients == The following have won the award: 1995 – John Phillip Trinkaus (Yale University) 1996 – John W. Saunders Jr. (State University of New York at Albany) 1997 – Elizabeth D. Hay (Harvard Medical School) 1998 – Thomas C. Kaufman (Indiana University) 1999 – Clement Markert (Yale University) 2000 – Charles B. Kimmel (University of Oregon) 2001 – John B. Gurdon (University of Cambridge) 2002 – Gail R. Martin (University of California, San Francisco) 2003 – Allan C. Spradling (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland) 2004 – Matthew Scott (Stanford University) 2005 – Nicole Marthe Le Douarin (Honoraire at the Collège de France and Secrétaire Perpétuelle of the Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France) 2006 – Trudi Schupbach (Princeton University) 2007 – Janet Rossant (Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada) 2008 – Elizabeth


id: dana-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Dana Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:28.646678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dana-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Dana Medal, established in 1998, is awarded by the Mineralogical Society of America and is named in honor of the contributions made by James Dwight Dana (1813–1895) and Edward Salisbury Dana (1849–1935) to the science of mineralogy. It recognizes outstanding scientific contributions through original research in the mineralogical sciences by an individual in the midst of his or her career. == Recipients == Source: == See also == List of geology awards == References ==


id: dilys-breese-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilys_Breese_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Dilys Breese Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilys_Breese_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:29.864110+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dilys-breese-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Dilys Breese Medal is a medal awarded by the British Trust for Ornithology to recognise communicators who help to deliver ornithological science to new audiences. It is named in memory of film maker Dilys Breese, who died in 2007, and was inaugurated in 2009, funded by a bequest from Breese. The medal features a design by Robert Gillmor, showing a robin in front of a TV screen. The inaugural awards were made in November 2009, to six recipients at a ceremony at the House of Lords. == Dilys Breese Medallists == Source: British Trust for Ornithology 2009 (2009): Fiona Barclay of BirdGuides 2009 (2009): Ray Collier 2009 (2009): Stephen Moss 2009 (2009): Tony Soper 2009 (2009): Brett Westwood 2009 (2009): Stuart Winter 2010 (2010): Chris Packham 2011 (2011): Michael McCarthy 2012 (2012): Sheena Harvey 2013 (2013): John Ingham 2014 (2014): Victoria Gill 2015 (2015): Ben Hoare 2016 (2016): Dr Max Whitby 2017 (2017): Mary Colwell 2018 (2018): Martin Hughes-Games 2019 (2019): Lesley Dolphin 2020 (2020): Graham Appleton 2021 (2021): Dominic Couzens 2022 (2022): Kit Jewitt 2023 (2023): Harriet Mead & Jack Baddams 2024: Megan McCubbin 2025: Julian Hughes == See also == List of ornithology awards == References ==


id: donald-t-campbell-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Donald T. Campbell Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:31.051662+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: donald-t-campbell-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Donald T. Campbell Award is an annual award presented by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, division 8 of the American Psychological Association, since 1980. It recognizes distinguished researchers in the field of social psychology and is named after social scientist and social psychologist Donald T. Campbell. == Recipients == Source: SPSP 1980: Elliot Aronson 1982: Richard Nisbett 1984: Ellen Berscheid 1986: Bibb Latane 1988: Robert Rosenthal 1990: Bernard Weiner 1992: Marilynn Brewer 1993: Alice Eagly 1994: Anthony Greenwald 1995: Shelley Taylor 1996: E. Tory Higgins 1997: Mark Zanna 1998: Arie Kruglanski 1999: Abraham Tesser 2000: Richard E. Petty, John Cacioppo 2001: Claude Steele 2002: Hazel Markus 2003: Robert Cialdini 2004: Mark Snyder 2005: David Kenny 2006: John A. Bargh 2007: Michael Scheier, Charles S. Carver 2008: Carol Dweck 2009: Susan T. Fiske 2010: Russ Fazio 2011: John Dovidio 2012: Daniel Wegner 2013: Timothy Wilson 2014: Norbert Schwarz 2015: Brenda Major and Jennifer Crocker 2016: Mahzarin R. Banaji 2017: Daniel Gilbert 2018: Eliot R. Smith 2019: Thomas Gilovich 2020: Dale Miller == See also == List of psychology awards == References ==


id: duncan-davies-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Davies_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Duncan Davies Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Davies_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:32.261785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: duncan-davies-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Duncan Davies Medal is a medal of Research and Development Society to "an individual who has made an outstanding contribution toward making the UK the best-performing research and development environment in the world.". The medal is named in honor of Duncan S. Davies (1921–1987), a prominent figure in British science and government. Recipients of the Duncan Davies Medal are typically invited to give a public lecture or address on a topic related to R&D and innovation in the UK. == Recipients == 1990 Robert Malpas – Marketing the Future 1991 Sir Austin Bide – The influence of science and technology on social progress 1992 Brian Newbould – The Birth And Growth Of The Pharmaceutical Industry 1993 Derek Roberts – How To Get The Best Out Of Academic Research 1994 Sir Robin Nicholson – Industrial R&D In The UK: A New Future? 1995 David McMurtry – Cost-Effective R&D In A Small High-Tech Environment 1996 Sir Geoffrey Allen – A Sporting Attitude To R&D 1997 Sir Richard Sykes – Science In The Business Context: Turning Technology Into Health And Wealth 1998 Alan Rudge – Research, Relevance, And The Road To Ruin 1999 Sir Peter Williams – Barriers To Innovation: Myth Or


id: echegaray-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echegaray_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Echegaray Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echegaray_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:33.477510+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: echegaray-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Echegaray Medal (Spanish: La Medalla Echegaray) is the highest scientific award granted by the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences. The award was created by Alfonso XIII at the request of Santiago Ramón y Cajal after the award of the Nobel Prize to José Echegaray and is awarded in recognition of an exceptional scientific career. The first time it was granted was in 1907 to the eponymous José Echegaray. More than a hundred years after the award was created, the first woman to receive the Echegaray Medal was Margarita Salas in 2016 during a ceremony which was presided over by Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain. == Past recipients == 1907 José Echegaray 1910 Eduardo Saavedra 1913 SAS el Príncipe Alberto I de Mónaco 1916 Leonardo Torres Quevedo 1919 Svante Arrhenius 1922 Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1925 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz 1928 Ignacio Bolívar 1931 Ernest Rutherford 1934 Joaquín María de Castellarnau 1968 Obdulio Fernández 1975 José María Otero de Navascués 1979 José García Santesmases 1998 Manuel Lora Tamayo 2016 Margarita Salas 2018 Mariano Barbacid 2020 Francisco Guinea 2022 José A. Carrillo 2025 Luis Oro == References ==


id: eckert-mauchly-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert–Mauchly_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Eckert–Mauchly Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert–Mauchly_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:34.675139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eckert-mauchly-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Eckert–Mauchly Award recognizes contributions to digital systems and computer architecture. It is known as the computer architecture community’s most prestigious award. First awarded in 1979, it was named for John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, who between 1943 and 1946 collaborated on the design and construction of the first large scale electronic computing machine, known as ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. A certificate and $5,000 are awarded jointly by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the IEEE Computer Society for outstanding contributions to the field of computer and digital systems architecture. == Recipients == == See also == ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture Computer engineering Computer science Computing List of computer science awards == References == ACM-IEEE CS Eckert-Mauchly Award winners Eckert Mauchly Award


id: edwin-h-sutherland-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Sutherland_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Edwin H. Sutherland Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Sutherland_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:35.841236+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: edwin-h-sutherland-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Edwin H. Sutherland Award is an annual award that has been given by the American Society of Criminology (ASC) since 1960. Named for the influential American criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland, the award recognizes a scholar who has made distinguished contributions to theory or research in criminology. It is the most important annual award given by the ASC. By celebrating exceptional scholarly achievements in criminology, the award not only honors individual contributions but also fosters continued innovation and excellence within the discipline. == See also == List of social sciences awards == References == == External links == List of past winners Archived 2023-11-02 at the Wayback Machine


id: eisenmann-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenmann_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Eisenmann Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenmann_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:37.016796+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eisenmann-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Eisenmann Medal is awarded by the Linnaean Society of New York (LSNY) in recognition of the recipient's ornithological excellence and encouragement of amateur efforts in ornithology and birding. The medal commemorates the ornithologist and prominent LSNY member Eugene Eisenmann (1906–1981). It has been awarded since 1983; in some years no medal is awarded. == Eisenmann medalists == Source: Linnaean Society of New York 1983 – Ernst Mayr 1984 – Joseph Hickey 1985 – Olin Sewall Pettingill 1986 – Roger Tory Peterson 1987 – Chandler S. Robbins 1988 – Frank B. Gill 1989 – Helen Hays 1990 – C. Stuart Houston 1991 – David B. Wingate 1993 – G. Stuart Keith 1995 – Guy Tudor 1998 – Dean Amadon 2001 – Robert S. Ridgeley 2002 – William S. Clark 2003 – F. Gary Stiles 2004 – David J.T. Hussell and Erica H. Dunn 2005 – John W. Fitzpatrick 2006 – David A. Sibley 2008 – Malcolm C. Coulter 2009 – Kenneth V. Rosenberg 2011 – Alvaro Jaramillo 2012 – Clive Minton 2013 – Kenn Kaufman 2014 – Sophie Webb 2016 – Tim Birkhead 2017 – Peter Harrison 2018 – John P. O'Neill 2020 – Stephen W. Kress 2021 – Peter


id: elizabeth-l-scott-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Scott_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Elizabeth L. Scott Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Scott_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:38.248820+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elizabeth-l-scott-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Elizabeth L. Scott Award is an biennial award given (in even years) by the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies and named in honor of Elizabeth Scott, an American statistician. This award recognizes an individual who exemplifies the contributions of Elizabeth L. Scott’s lifelong efforts to further the careers of women in academia. The award is given to an individual who has helped foster opportunities in statistics for women and is presented at the Joint Statistical Meetings. Starting in 2020, the recipient of the award will give a lecture at the Joint Statistical Meetings. == List of Award winners == == See also == List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: elizabeth-w-jones-award-for-excellence-in-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_W._Jones_Award_for_Excellence_in_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Elizabeth W. Jones Award for Excellence in Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_W._Jones_Award_for_Excellence_in_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:39.434882+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elizabeth-w-jones-award-for-excellence-in-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Elizabeth W. Jones Award for Excellence in Education is awarded annually by the Genetics Society of America to recognize individuals who have made noteworthy contributions to genetics education. It was founded in 2007 as the Genetics Society of America Award for Excellence in Education. Its first recipient was Elizabeth W. Jones, after whom the award was renamed following her death in 2008. == Recipients == Source: Genetics Society of America 2007: Elizabeth W. Jones 2008: R. Scott Hawley 2009: Sarah Elgin 2010: Utpal Banerjee 2011: Peter J. Bruns 2012: David A. Micklos 2013: A. Malcolm Campbell 2014: Robin Wright 2015: Louisa A. Stark 2016: William Wood 2017: Sally G. Hoskins 2018: Steven A. Farber, Carnegie Institute for Science & Jamie Shuda 2019: Bruce Weir 2020: Seth Bordenstein, Vanderbilt University 2021: Edward J. Smith, Virginia Tech 2022: Alana O'Reilly and Dara Ruiz-Whalen, Fox Chase Cancer Center and eCLOSE Institute == See also == List of genetics awards == References ==


id: mile-picard-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Picard_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Émile Picard Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Picard_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:40.607855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mile-picard-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Émile Picard Medal (or Médaille Émile Picard) is a medal named for Émile Picard awarded every 6 years to an outstanding mathematician by the Institut de France, Académie des sciences. This rewards a mathematician designated by the Academy of Sciences every six years. The first medal was awarded in 1946. == Recipients == The Émile Picard Medal recipients are 1946: Maurice Fréchet 1953: Paul Lévy 1959: Henri Cartan 1965: Szolem Mandelbrojt 1971: Jean-Pierre Serre 1977: Alexandre Grothendieck 1983: André Néron 1989: François Bruhat 1995: Jean-Pierre Kahane 2001: Jacques Dixmier 2007: Louis Boutet de Monvel 2012: Luc Illusie 2018: Yves Colin de Verdière 2025: Marie-France Vignéras == See also == List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: emily-m-gray-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_M._Gray_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Emily M. Gray Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_M._Gray_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:41.805958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emily-m-gray-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Emily M. Gray Award from the Biophysical Society in Rockville, Maryland, is given in recognition of "significant contributions to education in biophysics." The award was established in 1997 and first awarded the year thereafter. == Award recipients == 1998: Muriel S. Prouty 1999: Kensal E. van Holde 2000: Charles Cantor and Paul Schimmel 2001: Jane Richardson 2002: Norma Allewell 2003: Michael Summers 2004: Richard D. Ludescher 2005: Barry R. Lentz 2006: Ignacio Tinoco, Jr. 2007: John Steve Olson 2008: David S. Eisenberg and Donald M. Crothers 2009: Philip C. Nelson 2010: Greta Pifat-Mrzljak 2011: Bertil Hille 2012: Kenneth Dill and Sarina Bromberg 2013: Louis de Felice 2014: Alberto Diaspro 2015: Meyer Jackson 2016: Douglas Robinson 2017: Enrique De La Cruz 2018: Madeline Shea 2019: Yves De Koninck 2021: Doug Barrick == References == == External links == Emily M. Gray Award page


id: emmy-noether-fellowship-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether_Fellowship-0.md
category: reference
title: Emmy Noether Fellowship
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether_Fellowship
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:43.008105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emmy-noether-fellowship-20260505-0
summary:
The LMS Emmy Noether Fellowship is a fellowship awarded by the London Mathematical Society. "The fellowships are designed to enhance the mathematical sciences research, broadly construed, of holders either re-establishing their research programme after returning from a major break associated with caring responsibilities or those requiring support to maintain their research programme while dealing with significant ongoing caring responsibilities. The fellowship is named after the German mathematician Emmy Noether. == Winners == The winners of the LMS Emmy Noether Fellowship have been: 2020 - Dr Milena Hering, University of Edinburgh 2020 - Dr Anne-Sophie Kaloghiros, Brunel University 2020 - Dr Irene Kyza, University of Dundee 2020 - Dr Cristina Manolache, University of Sheffield == References ==


id: ercim-cor-baayen-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCIM_Cor_Baayen_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: ERCIM Cor Baayen Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCIM_Cor_Baayen_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:44.176418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ercim-cor-baayen-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Cor Baayen Award is an annual award given to a promising young researcher in computer science and applied mathematics. In 1995, the award was created to honor the first ERCIM (European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics) president. As a young researcher award, nominees must have obtained their PhD in the three years before the yearly nomination deadline. A researcher can be nominated for the award only once. The award is presented as a check for 5000 Euro and a certificate. The awardee is then invited to ERCIM meetings the following autumn. An article is published in ERCIM news with the name of the winner, and all nominees of the year. == See also == List of computer science awards List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: erd-s-r-nyi-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdős–Rényi_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Erdős–Rényi Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdős–Rényi_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:45.367373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: erd-s-r-nyi-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Erdős–Rényi Prize of the Network Science Society is named after Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi. This international prize is awarded annually in a special ceremony at the International Conference on Network Science to a selected young scientist (under 40 years old on the day of the nomination deadline) for their research achievements in the area of network science, broadly construed. While the achievements can be both theoretical and experimental, the prize is aimed at emphasizing outstanding contributions relevant to the interdisciplinary progress of network science. Past recipients are: 2012: Roger Guimera, Rovira i Virgili University, for outstanding work as a young researcher in Network Science for the technical depth and the interdisciplinary values of his scientific contributions to the analysis of network cartography and community identification. 2013: Adilson E. Motter, Northwestern University, for his groundbreaking contributions to the study of synchronization phenomena and the control of cascading failures in complex networks. 2014: Mason A. Porter, University of Oxford, for his fundamental research on the mathematics of networks and his outreach efforts to teach network science to students in schools. 2015: Chaoming Song, University of Miami, for the breadth and depth of his influential work, ranging from network applications of


id: erwin-marx-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Marx_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Erwin Marx Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Marx_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:46.542038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: erwin-marx-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Erwin Marx Award is an award made every two years, in odd numbered years, jointly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society at the IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. It is awarded to an individual for their contribution over at least ten years in the field of pulsed power technology. The recipient receives US$2,000 and a plaque, and delivers the Erwin Marx Lecture at conference. Named after a German electrical engineer, it was awarded for the first time in 1981 at the 3rd IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. == References ==


id: william-and-katherine-estes-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_and_Katherine_Estes_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: William and Katherine Estes Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_and_Katherine_Estes_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:47.755225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: william-and-katherine-estes-award-20260505-0
summary:
The William and Katherine Estes Award, previously known as the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War is awarded by the US National Academy of Sciences "to recognize basic research in any field of cognitive or behavioral science that has employed rigorous formal or empirical methods, optimally a combination of these, to advance our understanding of problems or issues relating to the risk of nuclear war". It was first awarded in 1990. == Recipients == Source: NAS 2019: No award was given 2020: No award was given 2021: Charles L. Glaser 2022: No award was given 2023: No award was given Etel Solingen (2018) - For providing the first systematic analysis in contemporary international relations connecting political economy, globalization, and nuclear choices on the one hand with domestic politics and nuclear behavior on the other. Her theoretical and empirical contributions have left an indelible impact on work within the academy and on broader public understanding of nuclear war. Scott D. Sagan (2015) - For his pioneering theoretical and empirical work addressing the risks of nuclear possession and deployment and the causes of nuclear proliferation. Robert Powell (2012) - For sophisticated game theoretic models of conflict


id: european-latsis-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Latsis_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: European Latsis Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Latsis_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:48.978649+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-latsis-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The European Latsis Prize is awarded annually by the European Science Foundation for "outstanding and innovative contributions in a selected field of European research". The prize is worth 100,000 Swiss francs and is awarded within a different discipline each year. The prize was inaugurated in 1999 by the Latsis Foundation and ended in 2012. The prize was awarded in a different scientific field. == Laureates == == See also == Swiss Science Prize Latsis == Notes and references == == External links == European Science Foundation


id: euryi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURYI-0.md
category: reference
title: EURYI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURYI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:50.181365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: euryi-20260505-0
summary:
The European Young Investigator (EURYI) Awards scheme was a prestigious research award designed to attract outstanding young scientists in all research fields to the European research landscape. It was set up by the European Heads of Research Councils (EuroHORCs) and the European Science Foundation together as a grant scheme for researchers from any country in the world to create their own research teams at research institutions in any country in Europe participating in the scheme. Awards were worth up to 1.25 Million Euros, to be spent over a period of five years. It was meant to attract the strongest scientists, irrespective of age and gender. It had a two-stage selection process. In a first step, the applications were assessed by the participating organisation from the proposed host country. The second selection step was carried out by the European Science Foundation, involving interviews in front of broadly-based international panels, and resulted in the final selection of awardees. The first 25 prizes were awarded on 26 August 2004 as the EURYI Awards 2005 during the EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) in Stockholm by the then president of the EuroHORCs, Professor Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker. The scheme was born out of the wish to allow the


id: fellow-of-the-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:51.360315+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) is an award for medical scientists who are judged by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences for the "excellence of their science, their contribution to medicine and society and the range of their achievements". == Fellowship == Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FMedSci; see Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom) for examples of fellows. Honorary Fellowship is awarded to exceptional individuals who enhance the Academy’s distinction through outstanding contributions to medical science or healthcare, but who do not meet the criteria for Ordinary Fellowship. Honorary Fellows are also entitled to use the post-nominal letters FMedSci. == References ==


id: fellow-of-the-british-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the British Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:52.527074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-british-academy-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the British Academy (post-nominal letters FBA) is an award granted by the British Academy to leading academics for their distinction in the humanities and social sciences. The categories are: Fellows – scholars resident in the United Kingdom Corresponding Fellows – scholars resident overseas Honorary Fellows – an honorary academic title (whereby the post-nominal letters "HonFBA" are used) Deceased Fellows – Past Fellows of the British Academy The award of fellowship is based on published work and fellows may use the post-nominal letters FBA. Examples of Fellows are Edward Rand; Mary Beard; Roy Porter; Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford; Michael Lobban; M. R. James; Friedrich Hayek; John Maynard Keynes; Lionel Robbins; Rowan Williams; and Margaret Boden. == See also == List of fellows of the British Academy == References ==


id: fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:21:53.709086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), previously Fellowship of the Society of Biology (FSB), is an award and fellowship granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Biology has adjudged to have made a "prominent contribution to the advancement of the biological sciences, and has gained no less than five years of experience in a position of senior responsibility". == Fellowship == Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRSB. As of 2016 examples of fellows include Sir David Attenborough, Martin Hume Johnson, Jasmin Fisher, Sir Tom Blundell and Dame Nancy Rothwell. See the Category: Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology for more examples. == References ==


id: fenner-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenner_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Fenner Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenner_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:10.810615+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fenner-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Fenner Medal, named after the Australian virologist Frank Fenner, is awarded each year by The Australian Academy of Science for distinguished research in biology (excluding the biomedical sciences) by a scientist up to 10 years post-PhD in the calendar year of nomination. The award is restricted to Australian residents or for biologists whose research was conducted mainly in Australia. == Recipients == Source: Fenner Medal Awardees Australian Academy of Science == See also == List of academic awards == References ==


id: fernstr-m-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernström_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Fernström Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernström_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:11.999918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fernstr-m-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Fernström Prize (Swedish: Fernströmpriset) is a series of annual awards for prominent Swedish and Nordic scientists in medicine. The prize money is donated by the Eric K. Fernström' Foundation. The prizes are managed by the medical faculty at Lund University. There are two versions of the prize, both awarded annually – the main prize and a separate prize for particularly promising young researchers. == Nordic Prize == The Nordic Fernström Prize (Nordiska Fernströmpriset) is awarded annually to an outstanding Nordic scientist in medicine. As of 2023, the prize money is 500,000 krona (approximately €50,000). Recipients of the Nordic Fernström Prize == Swedish Prize == The Swedish Fernström Prize (Svenska Fernströmpriset) is awarded annually to six promising Swedish scientists in medicine. The prizes are distributed so that each winner works in one of the six medical faculties in Sweden: Gothenburg (University of Gothenburg) Linköping (Linköping University) Lund (Lund University) Stockholm (Karolinska Institutet) Umeå (Umeå University) Uppsala (Uppsala University) == See also == List of medicine awards List of prizes named after people Fernström Prize for Young Researcher – another prize from the same foundation to younger researcher who is successful and shows particular promise and who, as of 31 December


id: forder-lectureship-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forder_Lectureship-0.md
category: reference
title: Forder Lectureship
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forder_Lectureship
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:13.160840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forder-lectureship-20260505-0
summary:
The Forder Lectureship is awarded by the London Mathematical Society to a research mathematician from the United Kingdom who has made an eminent contribution to the field of mathematics and who can also speak effectively at a more popular level. The lectureship is named for Professor H.G. Forder, formerly of the University of Auckland, and a benefactor of the London Mathematical Society. The lectureship was funded in 1986 by the London Mathematical Society and the New Zealand Mathematical Society, first began in 1987, and is normally awarded every two years. Recipients of the lectureship will give a four- to six-week lecturing tour of most New Zealand universities. In alternate years the Aitken Lectureship is awarded. == Recipients == The recipients of the Forder Lectureship are: 1987: E.C. Zeeman 1989: Michael F. Atiyah 1991: Peter Whittle 1993: Roger Penrose 1995: E.G. Rees 1997: Ian Stewart 1999: Michael Berry 2001: Tom Körner 2003: Caroline Series 2005: Martin Bridson 2008: Peter Cameron 2010: Ben Green 2012: Geoffrey Grimmett 2015: Endre Süli 2016: Julia Gog 2020: Julia Wolf 2023: Imre Leader == See also == Naylor Prize and Lectureship List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: yves-fortier-earth-science-journalism-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Fortier_Earth_Science_Journalism_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Yves Fortier Earth Science Journalism Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Fortier_Earth_Science_Journalism_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:14.337089+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yves-fortier-earth-science-journalism-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Yves O. Fortier Earth Science Journalism Award is presented annually by the Geological Association of Canada to "a journalist who is a resident of Canada and who has been exceptionally effective in presenting one or more earth science stories during the previous 1-3 years in one of Canada's daily or weekly newspapers or periodicals." The award was established by and is named after Yves O. Fortier, a founding member of the Geological Association of Canada and a former director of the Geological Survey of Canada. == Recipients == Source: GAC == See also == List of geology awards List of science communication awards Prizes named after people == References ==


id: francis-birch-lecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Birch_Lecture-0.md
category: reference
title: Francis Birch Lecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Birch_Lecture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:15.530642+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: francis-birch-lecture-20260505-0
summary:
The Francis Birch Lecture is an annual lecture constituting the highest honor in tectonophysics from the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The lecture is named in honor of Francis Birch, famous as a pioneer of solid Earth geophysics. The Birch Lecture, inaugurated in 1992, is presented at the AGU autumn meeting by a recipient whose research has significantly contributed to tectonophysics "through observations, experiments, the development of analytical methods or modeling." The Birch Lecture forms part of the AGU's Bowie Lecture Series, established in 1989. The AGU's highest honor is the William Bowie Medal, named in honor of William Bowie — the AGU's first president with an international reputation in geodesy, geophysics, and engineering. The AGU invites the Birch Lecturer and does not accept nominations for the Birch Lectureship. == Birch Lecturers == == See also == List of geology awards List of geophysics awards == References ==


id: frank-newman-speller-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Newman_Speller_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Frank Newman Speller Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Newman_Speller_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:16.728229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frank-newman-speller-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Frank Newman Speller Award is an annual award for significant contributions to corrosion engineering and is administered by NACE International. (The organization was previously known as the National Association of Corrosion Engineers.) The award is named in honor of Frank Newman Speller, a Canadian-born American metallurgical engineer notable for his pioneering text on corrosion. The monetary value is $1000. == Recipients == The following is the list of recipients as of 2021: == See also == List of engineering awards == References == == Sources == "Frank Newman Speller Award - AMPP". AMPP. Retrieved 17 November 2025. Awards, Honors & Prizes: An International Directory of Awards and Their Donors ... Gale Research Company. 1978. ISBN 978-0-7876-7806-7. Retrieved 2025-11-18. == External links == Frank Newman Speller Award Archived 2015-05-30 at the Wayback Machine


id: friedmann-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Friedmann Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:17.921547+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: friedmann-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Friedmann Prize is a Soviet and Russian physics prize, awarded for outstanding work in cosmology and gravity, as well as earth sciences. It is named after the Russian cosmologist Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann. Between 1972 and 1990 the prize was awarded by the USSR Academy of Sciences for the best scientific work in the field of meteorology. It was re-established by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993. It is generally awarded to a single scientist once every three years. == Recipients == Source: == See also == List of astronomy awards List of meteorology awards List of physics awards == References == Some content in this article was translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru:Премия имени А. А. Фридмана; see its history for attribution.


id: fr-hlich-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fröhlich_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Fröhlich Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fröhlich_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:19.097381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fr-hlich-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Fröhlich Prize of the London Mathematical Society is awarded in even numbered years in memory of Albrecht Fröhlich. The prize is awarded for original and extremely innovative work in any branch of mathematics. According to the regulations the prize is awarded "to a mathematician who has fewer than 25 years (full time equivalent) of involvement in mathematics at post-doctoral level, allowing for breaks in continuity, or who in the opinion of the Prizes Committee is at an equivalent stage in their career." The prize fund was established by a generous donation from Mrs. Fröhlich. == Prize winners == Source: LMS website 2004 Ian Grojnowski 2006 Michael Weiss 2008 Nicholas Higham 2010 Jonathan Keating 2012 Trevor Wooley 2014 Martin Hairer 2016 Dominic Joyce 2018 Francesco Mezzadri 2020 Françoise Tisseur 2022 Richard Thomas 2024 Emmanuel Breuillard == See also == Whitehead Prize Senior Whitehead Prize Shephard Prize Berwick Prize Naylor Prize and Lectureship Pólya Prize (LMS) De Morgan Medal List of mathematics awards == References == == External links == LMS prizes


id: g-k-gilbert-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Gilbert_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: G. K. Gilbert Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Gilbert_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:20.271420+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: g-k-gilbert-award-20260505-0
summary:
The G. K. Gilbert Award is presented annually by the Planetary Geology Division of the Geological Society of America for outstanding contributions to the solution of fundamental problems in planetary geology in the broadest sense, which includes geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, geophysics, geologic mapping, and remote sensing. Such contributions may consist either of a single outstanding publication or a series of publications that have had great influence in the field. The award is named for the pioneering geologist G. K. Gilbert. This award is not to be confused with the G. K. Gilbert Award for Excellence in Geomorphological Research given by the American Association of Geographers, or the G.K. Gilbert Award in Surface Processes given by the Earth and Planetary Surface Processes Section of the American Geophysical Union. == Award winners == Source: == See also == List of geology awards Prizes named after people == References ==


id: galileo-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Galileo Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:21.490141+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: galileo-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Galileo Award recognizes innovative and creative solutions to the United States future intelligence challenges. It is normally granted on the basis of competitively judged papers submitted annually by individuals for juried review and is open to all eligible USG civilian and military personnel. USG civilian awardees receive accompanying monetary recognition. == References == == External links == DNI Blair's remarks at 2009 Galileo Awards Ceremony


id: genetics-society-of-america-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_Society_of_America_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Genetics Society of America Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_Society_of_America_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:22.644113+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: genetics-society-of-america-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Genetics Society of American Medal is a medal awarded by the Genetics Society of America for outstanding contributions to the field of genetics in the last 15 years. The Medal was established by the society in 1981 and recognizes members who have made recent contributions to the field. == Award recipients == Source: Genetics Society of America == See also == List of genetics awards == References ==


id: george-westinghouse-award-asee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse_Award_(ASEE)-0.md
category: reference
title: George Westinghouse Award (ASEE)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse_Award_(ASEE)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:23.850631+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: george-westinghouse-award-asee-20260505-0
summary:
The George Westinghouse Award, named after George Westinghouse, was given by the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) for outstanding contributions to engineering education. It was awarded to "a young engineering educator of outstanding ability to recognize and encourage his or her contributions to improving engineering teaching". The award was established by the Westinghouse Foundation in 1946, last issued in 1999 and consisted of an honorarium and a certificate. == Recipients == The following people received the George Westinghouse Award: == See also == List of engineering awards == References == == External links == "Westinghouse - Charitable Giving". Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010. Westinghouse's principal foundation for the company's social investments.


id: goethals-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethals_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Goethals Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethals_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:25.052705+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: goethals-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Goethals Medal is a national award given annually by the Society of American Military Engineers (SAME) to a registered engineer who is also a member of SAME prior to nomination. The nominated engineer must have made eminent and notable contributions in engineering, design, or construction in the past five years. The award is named in honor of General George Washington Goethals, a civil engineer and United States Army officer best known for his work as Chief engineer on the Panama Canal and his service in WWI as Acting Quartermaster General. == Past award winners == == See also == List of engineering awards George Washington Goethals History of the Panama Canal Society of American Military Engineers == References == == External links == Society of American Military Engineers official website Goethals Medal information


id: gold-cystoscope-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Cystoscope_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Gold Cystoscope Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Cystoscope_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:26.220944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gold-cystoscope-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Gold Cystoscope Award founded in 1936, revised in 1977, and named after the cystoscope, is awarded annually by the American Urological Association. The first recipient was Donald G. Skinner. == List of awardees == Ranjith Ramasamy 2023 Angela Smith 2022 Stacy Loeb 2021 Edward J. McGuire 1982 E. Darracott Vaughan 1981 Stuart S. Howards 1979 Carl A. Olsson 1978 Patrick C. Walsh 1977 Donald G. Skinner 1976 == References ==


id: gordon-e-moore-medal-for-outstanding-achievement-in-solid-state-science-and-technology-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:27.402652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gordon-e-moore-medal-for-outstanding-achievement-in-solid-state-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_E._Moore_Medal_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Solid_State_Science_and_Technology-0.md

summary:
The Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology (formerly the Solid-State Science and Technology Award) was established by The Electrochemical Society in 1971 to recognize individuals distinguished for outstanding contributions to solid-state science and technology. The award is presented every two years, and recipients receive a silver medal, wall plaque, cash prize, Society Life membership, and a complimentary meeting registration. == History == Despite the fact that the solid-state community represented a major force in The Electrochemical Society, there was no form of recognition at the Society level of achievements in the field prior to the establishment of this award. Known as the Solid-State Science and Technology Award until 2005, the award was then renamed after Intel co-founder and author of Moore's Law, Gordon E. Moore, who is a long-time member of The Electrochemical Society. == Notable Recipients == As listed by ECS: == See also == List of chemistry awards == References == == External links == Gordon E. Moore Medal Recipients

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_E._Moore_Medal_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Solid_State_Science_and_Technology


id: greve-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Greve Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:28.579633+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greve-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Greve Prize of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina honors outstanding research achievements since 2022. The prize is financed by the "Foundation for Science and Culture Helmut and Hannelore Greve". The award is endowed with €250,000 and is awarded every two years in Hamburg. == Recipients == 2022 Kerstin Volz (University of Marburg) and Jürgen Janek (University of Giessen) for basic research on rechargeable high-performance batteries == References == == External links == Official website


id: gunning-victoria-jubilee-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_Victoria_Jubilee_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_Victoria_Jubilee_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:29.770519+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gunning-victoria-jubilee-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lectureship is a quadrennial award made by the Royal Society of Edinburgh to recognise original work done by scientists resident in or connected with Scotland. The award was founded in 1887 by Dr Robert Halliday Gunning, a Scottish surgeon, entrepreneur and philanthropist who spent much of his life in Brazil. Awards by a similar name have also been awarded by the University of Edinburgh. == Prizewinners == Source: Royal Society of Edinburgh 1887: Sir William Thomson, for a series of papers on Hydrokinetics 1887–1890: Peter Guthrie Tait, for work done on the Challenger Expedition 1890–1893: Alexander Buchan, for his contributions on meteorology 1893–1896: John Aitken, for his work on the formation and condensation of aqueous vapour 1896–1899: Rev. Thomas David Anderson, for his discoveries of new and variable stars 1900–1904: Sir James Dewar, for his researches on the liquefaction of gases 1904–1908: George Chrystal, for a series of papers on Seiches 1908–1912: John Norman Collie, for his contributions to organic and inorganic chemistry 1912–1916: Thomas Muir, for his memoirs on the theory and history of determinants 1916–1920: Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, for his studies in connection with condensation nuclei, ionisation of gases and atmospheric electricity


id: g-nther-laukien-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Günther_Laukien_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Günther Laukien Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Günther_Laukien_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:30.976729+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: g-nther-laukien-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Günther Laukien Prize is a prize presented at the Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference "to recognize recent cutting-edge experimental NMR research with a high probability of enabling beneficial new applications". The prize was established in 1999 in memoriam to Günther Laukien, who was a pioneer in NMR research. The prize money of $20,000 is financed by Bruker, the company founded by Laukien. == Winners == The recipients of the Günther Laukien Prize have been: 2026: Ago Samoson and Guido Pintacuda 2025: Zhehong Gan 2024: Hashim Al-Hashimi 2023 Lyndon Emsley and Anne Lesage 2022 Michael Garwood 2021 Gareth Morris 2020 Simon Duckett, Konstantin Ivanov, and Warren S. Warren 2019 Geoffrey Bodenhausen, and Christian Griesinger 2018 Gerhard Wagner 2017 Kurt Zilm and Bernd Reif 2016 Robert S. Balaban and Peter van Zijl 2015 Arthur Palmer III 2014 Marc Baldus, Mei Hong, Ann McDermott, Beat H. Meier, Hartmut Oschkinat, and Robert Tycko 2013 Clare Grey 2012 Klaes Golman and Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen 2011 Daniel Rugar, John Mamin, and John Sidles 2010 Paul Callaghan 2009 Daniel Weitekamp 2008 Malcolm Levitt 2007 Robert G. Griffin 2006 Thomas Szyperski, Eriks Kupce, Ray Freeman, and Rafael Bruschweiler 2005 Stephan Grzesiek 2004 Lewis E. Kay 2003 Jacob


id: haldane-lecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Lecture-0.md
category: reference
title: Haldane Lecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Lecture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:32.222708+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: haldane-lecture-20260505-0
summary:
The Haldane Lecture is an award lecture given at the John Innes Centre in the United Kingdom since 2001. The lecture is named in honour of J.B.S. Haldane, who was employed by the John Innes Trustees from 1927 to 1937 under the directorship of Alfred Daniel Hall. == Haldane Lecturers == Source: John Innes Centre 2017 Eske Willerslev 2016 Michael Elowitz 2014 Michael Lynch 2011 Simon Levin 2007 Herbert Jäckle 2006 Bruce Stillman 2004 Pat Brown 2003 Sydney Brenner 2002 Tim Mitchison 2001 John Maynard Smith All Haldane Lecturers are presented with a print of a work of art by Leonie Woolhouse, wife of Harold Woolhouse. During their visit to the John Innes Centre, Haldane Lecturers are given the opportunity to have their portrait painted by Enrico Coen as a memento. == See also == List of genetics awards == References ==


id: hans-schneider-prize-in-linear-algebra-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schneider_Prize_in_Linear_Algebra-0.md
category: reference
title: Hans Schneider Prize in Linear Algebra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schneider_Prize_in_Linear_Algebra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:33.525439+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hans-schneider-prize-in-linear-algebra-20260505-0
summary:
The Hans Schneider Prize in Linear Algebra is awarded every three years by the International Linear Algebra Society. It recognizes research, contributions, and achievements at the highest level of linear algebra and was first awarded in 1993. It may be awarded for an outstanding scientific achievement or for lifetime contributions and may be awarded to more than one recipient. The award honors Hans Schneider, "one of the most influential mathematicians of the 20th Century in the field of linear algebra and matrix analysis.” The prize includes a plaque, certificate and/or a monetary award. == Recipients == The recipients of the Hans Schneider Prize in Linear Algebra are: 1993: Miroslav Fiedler 1993: Shmuel Friedland 1993: Israel Gohberg 1996: Mike Boyle 1996: David Handelman 1996: Robert C. Thompson 1999: Ludwig Elsner 2002: Tsuyoshi Ando 2002: Peter Lancaster 2005: Richard A. Brualdi 2005: Richard S. Varga 2010: Cleve Moler 2010: Beresford Parlett 2013: Thomas J. Laffey 2016: Rajendra Bhatia 2016: Paul Van Dooren 2019: Lek-Heng Lim 2019: Volker Mehrmann 2022: Pauline van den Driessche 2022: Nicholas Higham 2025: Chi-Kwong Li 2025: Dario Bini == See also == List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: hans-sigrist-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sigrist_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Hans Sigrist Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sigrist_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:34.665421+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hans-sigrist-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Hans Sigrist Prize is awarded by the Hans Sigrist Foundation, at the University of Bern in Switzerland. The Foundation's benefactor Hans Sigrist died on December 30, 1982. The Foundation was founded in 1993. The Foundation's first award was presented in 1994. The Hans Sigrist Prize is for mid-career researchers in order to boost those researcher's potential impact. Every year, the Foundation asks faculty members at the University of Bern to propose a prize field. The Foundation board chooses a field from those proposals and selects a chair for the prize search committee. Two former Hans Sigrist prize winners have gone on to win Nobel prizes later in their careers. The Hans Sigrist Doctoral Fellowship is an up to three year Fellowship for doctoral candidates at the University of Bern. Its field changes with the field chosen for that year's Hans Sigrist Prize. N Later won a Nobel Prize == References ==


id: harnack-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Harnack Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:35.906467+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: harnack-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The highest award which is presented by the Max Planck Society for services to society is the Harnack Medal, first awarded in 1925. The Harnack Medal is named after the theologian Adolf von Harnack, who was the first president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, the predecessor organization of the MPG, from 1911 to 1930. The medal has only been awarded 33 times since 1924, including 10 times by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1924–1936) and 23 times by the Max Planck Society (1953–2017). Past recipients of the Harnack Medal are: == References == == External links == Official website


id: harold-herzlich-distinguished-technology-achievement-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Herzlich_Distinguished_Technology_Achievement_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Harold Herzlich Distinguished Technology Achievement Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Herzlich_Distinguished_Technology_Achievement_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:37.083334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: harold-herzlich-distinguished-technology-achievement-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Harold Herzlich Distinguished Technology Achievement Medal is an award conferred that recognizes "innovators, who through persistence and dedication, have advanced a paradigm shift in tire manufacturing, tire reliability or performance". It is awarded as a part of the biennial ITEC tire show. Prior to 2012, it had been known by the name ITEC Distinguished Technology Achievement Award. == Recipients == 2012 - Marion Pottinger- American mechanical engineer known for his work on tire footprint mechanics, tire wear and tire force and moment behavior. 2014 - Bernhard Blümich - RWTH Aachen Professor who developed nondestructive NMR tire measurement technology 2016 - Andreas Limper - former HF Mixing executive and developer of mixing technology 2018 - Steven M. Cron - retired Michelin product research engineer and co-inventor of the Tweel. 2020 - Walter H. Waddell - retired ExxonMobil Chemical senior research associate and consultant to the tire and rubber industry with expertise in silica technology, rubber compounding, butyl polymer applications, and tire aging. 2022 - William V. Mars - Endurica founder and developer of software for simulating tire durability 2024 - Brendan Rodgers - retired ExxonMobil scientist known for work on tire curing bladder technology 2025 - Frederick Ignatz-Hoover - retired


id: heinz-billing-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Billing_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Heinz Billing Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Billing_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:38.281916+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heinz-billing-prize-20260505-0
summary:
In 1993, the Heinz Billing Prize for the advancement of scientific computation was presented for the first time. The aim of this award is to honour the achievements of those who have spent time and effort developing the hardware and software crucial for scientific advances. It is the purpose of the award to honour outstanding scientific contributions in all areas of computational science, specifically: Modelling and computer simulation Design of user interfaces based on new scientific findings Data handling and data analysis procedures Scientific visualization of data and processes == Previous Winners == 1993 Dr. Hans Thomas Janka, Dr. Ewald Müller, Dr. Maximilian Ruffert 1994 Dr. Rainer Goebel 1995 Dr. Ralf Giering 1996 Dr. Klaus Heumann 1997 Dr. Florian Mueller 1998 Prof. Dr. Edward Seidel 1999 Dr. Alexander Pukhov 2000 Dr. Oliver Kohlbacher 2001 Dr. Jörg Haber 2002 Dipl. Ing. Daan Broeder, Dr. Hennie Brugman and Dipl. Ing. Reiner Dirksmeyer 2003 Dipl. Phys. Roland Chrobok, Dr. Sigurður F. Hafstein and Dipl. Phys. Andreas Pottmeier 2004 Dr. Markus Rampp and Dr. Thomas Soddemann 2005 Dr. Patrick Jöckel and Dr. Rolf Sander 2006 Rafal Mantiuk 2007 Axel Fingerle and Klaus Röller/ Hannah Bast and Stefan Funke 2011 Peter Wittenburg 2013 Thomas Hrabe


id: henri-poincar-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincaré_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Henri Poincaré Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincaré_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:39.453455+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: henri-poincar-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Henri Poincaré Prize is awarded every three years since 1997 for exceptional achievements in mathematical physics and foundational contributions leading to new developments in the field. It is named after the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The prize is sponsored by the Daniel Iagolnitzer Foundation and is awarded to approximately three scientists at the International Congress on Mathematical Physics. The prize was also established to support promising young researchers that already made outstanding contributions in mathematical physics. == Prize recipients == == See also == List of physics awards List of mathematics awards == References == == External links == Website of the prize Daniel Iagolnitzer Foundation


id: henry-stommel-research-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stommel_Research_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Henry Stommel Research Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stommel_Research_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:40.697706+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: henry-stommel-research-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Henry Stommel Research Award is awarded by the American Meteorological Society to researchers in recognition of outstanding contributions to the advancement of the understanding of the dynamics and physics of the ocean. The award is in the form of a medallion and was named for Henry Stommel. == Recipients == == See also == List of oceanography awards == References == Notes ^A. The information in the table is according to the "Past winners" web page at the official website of the American Meteorological Society, unless otherwise specified by additional citations. (Enter award name only and click submit) == External links == AMS Awards and Nominations


id: henry-w-woltman-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Woltman_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Henry W. Woltman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Woltman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:41.876010+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: henry-w-woltman-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Henry Woltman Award is an annual medical prize in neurology, first awarded to Leonard Robin Carney in 1966 by the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. It is named for neurologist Henry Woltman with the purpose of honouring a “fellow or resident in the neurological sciences who demonstrates superior ability and performance in the field of clinical neurology in regard to careful observation of clinical phenomena, sympathetic care of patients and initiative in teaching of clinical neurology.” == References ==


id: hertha-sponer-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_Sponer_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Hertha Sponer Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_Sponer_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:43.067723+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hertha-sponer-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Hertha Sponer Prize is a scientific prize of the German Physical Society (German: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, DPG). It has been awarded annually since 2002 to a female scientist for outstanding scientific work in the field of physics, and was initiated by the Equal Opportunities Working Group of the DPG. The prize is intended to encourage younger female scientists by publicly recognizing them, with the hope that this recognition attracts more women to study physics. The prize consists of a certificate and award of €3,000. Nominations are for recognition of a particular work (journal article or thesis), and self-nominations are permitted. The prize is named after the German physicist Hertha Sponer (1895–1968), who made important contributions to molecular physics and spectroscopy. == Prizewinners == Former prizewinners include: 2002: Karina Morgenstern (Freie Universität Berlin) for dynamic scanning tunneling microscope investigations on nanostructures. 2003: Uta Fritze-von Alvensleben (Göttingen Observatory) for the investigation of galaxy evolution on cosmological time scales, in particular with regard to their interaction. 2004: Myrjam Winning (RWTH Aachen University) for contributions to metallurgy and materials science, in particular X-ray structure investigations of grain boundaries. 2005: Elena Vedmedenko (University of Hamburg) for outstanding work on the magnetism of nanostructures with


id: highest-science-and-technology-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_Science_and_Technology_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Highest Science and Technology Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_Science_and_Technology_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:44.222053+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: highest-science-and-technology-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Highest Science and Technology Award (Chinese: 国家最高科学技术奖) also known as the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award, State Supreme Science and Technology Award, or China's Nobel Prize is the highest scientific award issued by the President of the PRC to scientists working in China. The award, given annually each January since 2000, is one of the five State Science and Technology Prizes established by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The award comes with a prize of 8 million RMB (about 1.16 million USD), with 10% of this awarded, as a bonus to the scientist and the remainder awarded to support the scientist's research. == Award winners == 2000 Yuan Longping - agriculturist Wu Wenjun - mathematician 2001 Wang Xuan - computer scientist Huang Kun - physicist 2002 Jin Yilian - computer scientist 2003 Liu Dongsheng - geologist Wang Yongzhi - aerospace scientist 2004 Not awarded 2005 Ye Duzheng - meteorologist Wu Mengchao - hepatobiliary surgery scientist and surgeon 2006 Li Zhensheng - plant geneticist 2007 Min Enze - petrochemical engineer Wu Zhengyi - biologist 2008 Wang Zhongcheng - neurologist Xu Guangxian - chemist 2009 Gu Chaohao - mathematician Sun Jiadong - satellite engineer 2010 Shi


id: houtermans-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtermans_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Houtermans Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtermans_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:45.402028+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: houtermans-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Houtermans Award is given annually by the European Association of Geochemistry for outstanding contributions to geochemistry made by scientists under 35 years old or within 6 years of their PhD award. The award is named after Fritz Houtermans and consists of an engraved medal and an honorarium of 1000 Euros. The F.G. Houtermans award is the only category from Geochemica Society and European Association of Geochemistry awards with equal gender representation in the last decade. == Award winners == Source: ERG == See also == List of geology awards == References ==


id: howard-vollum-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Vollum_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Howard Vollum Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Vollum_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:46.577837+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: howard-vollum-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Howard Vollum Award for Distinguished Accomplishment in Science and Technology is an annual award that was created by Reed College and endowed in 1975 by a grant from the Millicent Foundation, now a part of the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust. The award was created as a tribute to the late C. Howard Vollum, a 1936 Reed graduate and lifelong friend of the college. For his senior thesis project, Vollum built an oscilloscope; he later went on to co-found Tektronix, which revolutionized oscilloscope design and became a world leader in test, measurement, and monitoring technology. The award "recognizes and celebrates the exceptional achievement of one or more members of the scientific and technical community of the Northwest." Winners are selected for "the perseverance, creative imagination, ability to work with people, and fresh approach to problem solving that characterized Howard Vollum's career." Past recipients include Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, and Leroy Hood. == Recipients == 2022 - Kevan M. Shokat 2018 - Mary Ruckelshaus 2017 - Geraldine (Geri) Richmond 2015 - Mary-Claire King 2014 - Ivan E. Sutherland 2013 - Kip S. Thorne 2012 - Edward D. Lazowska 2011 - Lynn M. Riddiford 2010 - Brian Druker 2009 - Carl E.


id: ico-ophthalmic-pathology-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_Ophthalmic_Pathology_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: ICO Ophthalmic Pathology Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_Ophthalmic_Pathology_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:47.939425+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ico-ophthalmic-pathology-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Ophthalmic Pathology Award is an international award given to one ophthalmic pathologist under 60 years of age every four years by the International Council of Ophthalmology to encourage scientists and researchers working in this field with clinical relevance (i.e., ophthalmic pathology, imaging and disease mechanisms). The award, which presently amounts to 20,000 USD, is presented during the opening ceremony of the World Ophthalmology Congress. It is said to recognize "outstanding research in the field of ophthalmic pathology." The award is sponsored by the Gottfried und Lieselotte Naumann-Stiftung and is administered with the support and cooperation of the German Ophthalmological Society. Candidates can be recommended by scientific societies and may also submit their applications personally whereafter an international scientific advisory board consisting of seven members will establish a triple list of candidates, ranked by priority. The final selection will be made by the board of trustees of the International Council of Ophthalmology. Following the award ceremony, the awardee will give the 'Ophthalmic Pathology Award Lecture' at the World Ophthalmology Congress and, later, the 'Naumann Lecture' at the following congress of the German Ophthalmological Society in Berlin in honour of the late professor Gottfried O.H. Naumann, the creator of the Ophthalmic


id: ieee-andrew-s-grove-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Andrew_S._Grove_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Andrew S. Grove Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Andrew_S._Grove_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:49.103124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-andrew-s-grove-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Andrew S. Grove Award is a Technical Field Award presented by the IEEE "for outstanding contributions to solid-state devices and technology." The award may be presented to an individual or a team of up to three people. It was established in 1976 as the IEEE Jack A. Morton Award, and was renamed in 1999. The award is named in honor of the lifetime achievements of Andrew S. Grove, including helping to found Intel Corporation. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == Source: == References == == External links == IEEE Andrew S. Grove Award page at IEEE


id: ieee-biomedical-engineering-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Biomedical_Engineering_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Biomedical Engineering Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Biomedical_Engineering_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:50.279105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-biomedical-engineering-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Biomedical Engineering Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE given annually for outstanding contributions to the field of biomedical engineering. It was established in 2010. The award is sponsored by the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate and a cash honorarium. == Recipients == Source 2013, Robert Plonsey, "For developing quantitative methods to characterize the electromagnetic fields in excitable tissue, leading to a better understanding of the electrophysiology of nerve, muscle, and brain." Plonsey retired from Duke University in 1996 as Professor Emeritus of Biomedical Engineering. 2014, Lihong Wang, "For pioneering photoacoustic tomography." Wang is Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, USA. 2015, Christofer Toumazou,"For outstanding contributions to biomedical circuit technology." He is Regius Professor of Engineering at Imperial College London and has developed numerous medical devices that have revolutionised healthcare. 2016, K. Kirk Shung, "For contributions to ultrasound imaging and transducer technology". Shung is Dean's Professor in Biomedical Engineering at University of Southern California. 2017, Bin He, "For contributions to neuroengineering and neuroimaging". Bin He is Distinguished Professor


id: ieee-centennial-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Centennial_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Centennial Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Centennial_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:51.423170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-centennial-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Centennial Medal was a medal minted and awarded in 1984 to persons deserving of special recognition for extraordinary achievement to celebrate the Centennial of the founding of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1884. The medal was designed by sculptor Gladys Gunzer. The medal obverse shows 1884 in calligraphic writing and 1984 in an LCD font. The medal reverse shows a map of the world and the name of the recipient. The number of medals minted was 1984, the same as the year of the centenary. == References ==


id: ieee-charles-proteus-steinmetz-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:52.592251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-charles-proteus-steinmetz-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award is a technical field award given to an individual by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for major contributions to standardization within the field of electrical and electronics engineering. This IEEE-level award, which honors mathematician and pioneering electrical engineer Charles Proteus Steinmetz, was created in 1979 by the board of directors of the IEEE and sponsored by the IEEE Standards Association. The award is given only to individual recipients (not groups or multiple individuals in a single year). Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, a certificate, and an honorarium. == Recipients == The following people have received the IEEE Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award: == See also == Charles P. Steinmetz Memorial Lecture == References ==


id: ieee-cledo-brunetti-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Cledo_Brunetti_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Cledo Brunetti Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Cledo_Brunetti_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:53.784508+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-cledo-brunetti-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Cledo Brunetti Award is an award for outstanding contributions to nanotechnology and miniaturization in the electronics arts. It may be presented to an individual or a team up to three. The award was established in 1975 by the IEEE Board of Directors. Recipients of this award receive bronze medal, a certificate and honorarium. Basis for judging: In the evaluation process, the following criteria are considered: innovation, development, social value, uniqueness of concept, other technical accomplishments, and the quality of the nomination. Nomination deadline: 31 January Notification: Recipients are typically approved during the June IEEE Board of Directors meeting, usually held towards the end of the month. Recipients and their nominators will be notified following the meeting. Subsequently, the nominators of unsuccessful candidates will be notified of the status of their nomination. Presentation: IEEE policy requires that its awards be presented at major IEEE events that are in keeping with the nature of the award and the cited achievement. == Recipients == The past recipients are: == References == == External links == IEEE Cledo Brunetti Award page on IEEE web site


id: ieee-computer-science-and-engineering-undergraduate-teaching-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Science_and_Engineering_Undergraduate_Teaching_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Computer Science and Engineering Undergraduate Teaching Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Science_and_Engineering_Undergraduate_Teaching_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:54.980785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-computer-science-and-engineering-undergraduate-teaching-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Computer Science & Undergraduate Teaching Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE that was established by the IEEE Computer Society in 1999. It is presented for outstanding contributions to undergraduate computer science education through teaching and service. The award nomination requires a minimum of 3 endorsements. Recipients of this award receive a certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == The recipients of the IEEE Computer Science & Engineering Undergraduate Teaching Award include the following people: 2017: Sven Koenig 2016: Mark Sherriff 2015: Henry C.B. Chan 2014: Elizabeth Gerber 2013: Robert J. Fornaro 2012: Mark Guzdial 2011: Benjamin Hescott 2010: No Award 2009: Judy Robertson 2008: Elizabeth L. Burd 2007: Darrin M. Hanna 2006: No Award 2005: No Award 2004: No Award 2003: Sally Fincher 2002: Alan Clements 2001: Steven S. Skiena, and David G. Meyer 2000: No Award 1999: Joseph L. Zachary, and Bruce W. Weide and Timothy J. Long == References ==


id: ieee-roger-w-brockett-control-systems-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Roger_W._Brockett_Control_Systems_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Roger W. Brockett Control Systems Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Roger_W._Brockett_Control_Systems_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:56.183817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-roger-w-brockett-control-systems-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Roger W. Brockett Control Systems Award is a technical field award given to an individual by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) "for outstanding contributions to control systems engineering, science or technology". It is an IEEE-level award, created in 1980 by the board of directors of the IEEE, but sponsored by the IEEE Control Systems Society. Originally the name was IEEE Control Systems Science and Engineering Award, but after 1991 the IEEE changed it to IEEE Control Systems Award, and in 2025 to IEEE Roger W. Brockett Control Systems Award. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, a certificate, and an honorarium. == Recipients == The following people received the IEEE Control Systems Science and Engineering Award: The following people received the IEEE Control Systems Award: The following people received the IEEE Roger W. Brockett Control Systems Award: == See also == List of people in systems and control List of engineering awards Giorgio Quazza Medal Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award Rufus Oldenburger Medal == References ==


id: ieee-dennis-j-picard-medal-for-radar-technologies-and-applications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Dennis_J._Picard_Medal_for_Radar_Technologies_and_Applications-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Dennis J. Picard Medal for Radar Technologies and Applications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Dennis_J._Picard_Medal_for_Radar_Technologies_and_Applications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:57.378883+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-dennis-j-picard-medal-for-radar-technologies-and-applications-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Dennis J. Picard Medal for Radar Technologies and Applications is an award presented for outstanding accomplishments in advancing the fields of radar technologies and their applications. This award can be presented to an individual or group of up to three people. The IEEE Board of Directors established the award in 1999. Its name honors Dennis J. Picard, whose lifetime of work at the Raytheon Company helped make them a leader in tactical missile systems. The criteria considered in the evaluation process include field leadership, contribution, originality, breadth, inventive value, publications, other achievements, society activities, honors, sustained impact, and overall strength of the nomination. There is a 1 July deadline for nominations. Recipients are typically approved during the November IEEE Board of Directors meeting. Recipients and their nominators are notified following the meeting. Then the nominators of unsuccessful candidates will be notified of the status of their nomination. The award is presented at the annual IEEE Honors Ceremony. == Recipients == Source: == References == == External links == IEEE Dennis J. Picard Medal for Radar Technologies and Applications page at IEEE List of recipients of the IEEE Dennis J. Picard Medal for Radar Technologies and Applications


id: ieee-donald-g-fink-prize-paper-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Donald_G._Fink_Prize_Paper_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Donald_G._Fink_Prize_Paper_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:58.612588+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-donald-g-fink-prize-paper-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award was established in 1979 by the board of directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in honor of Donald G. Fink. He was a past president of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), and the first general manager and executive director of the IEEE. Recipients of this award received a certificate and an honorarium. The award was presented annually since 1981 and discontinued in 2016. == Purpose == This award was given for "the most outstanding survey, review, or tutorial paper published in the IEEE Transactions, Journals, Magazines, or in the Proceedings of the IEEE between 1 January and 31 December of the preceding year". The award recipient was selected from the nominees by IEEE's Prize Papers/Scholarship Awards Committee and Awards Board. == Recipients == The following people received the IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award: == References ==


id: ieee-donald-o-pederson-award-in-solid-state-circuits-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Donald_O._Pederson_Award_in_Solid-State_Circuits-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Donald_O._Pederson_Award_in_Solid-State_Circuits
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:22:59.771826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-donald-o-pederson-award-in-solid-state-circuits-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits is a Technical Field Award of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It was previously called the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Award. In November 2005 the award was renamed to honor Donald O. Pederson. He was one of the co-founders of the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Council, and was a driving force behind the initiation of the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, a certificate and an honorarium. This award is given for "outstanding contributions to solid-state circuits, as exemplified by benefit to society, enhancement to technology, and professional leadership". The award may be presented to an individual, or a team of up to three people. == Recipients == The following people received this award as the IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits: 2024: Deong-Kyoon Jeong 2023: Ingrid Verbauwhede 2022: Akira Matsuzawa 2021: A. Paul Brokaw 2020: Klaas Bult 2019: Laurence W. Nagel 2018: William S. Carter 2018: Stephen M. Trimberger 2017: Takao Nishitani 2017: John S. Thompson 2016: Miles A. Copeland 2015: Robert Whitlock Adams 2014: Robert G. Meyer 2013: Anantha P. Chandrakasan 2012: Behzad Razavi 2011: Willy Sansen 2010: Takayasu


id: ieee-electromagnetics-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Electromagnetics_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Electromagnetics Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Electromagnetics_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:00.912559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-electromagnetics-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Electromagnetics Award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1996. This award is presented for outstanding contributions to electromagnetics theory, application or education. It may be presented to an individual only. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate and honorarium. == Recipients == 2026: John L. Volakis 2025: George V. Eleftheriades 2024: Kamal Sarabandi 2023: John Bandler 2022: Arthur D. Yaghjian 2021: Constantine A. Balanis 2020: Tapan Kumar Sarkar 2019: Richard W. Ziolkowski 2018: Tatsuo Itoh 2017: Weng Cho Chew 2016: Giorgio Franceschetti 2015: Donald R. Wilton 2014: Allen Taflove 2013: Leung Tsang 2012: Nader Engheta 2011: Yahya Rahmat-Samii 2010: Thomas B. A. Senior 2009: Kenneth K. Mei 2008: Werner Wiesbeck 2007: Carl Edward Baum 2006: Raj Mittra 2005: Clayton R. Paul 2004: Jin Au Kong 2003: Leopold B. Felsen 2002: Robert C. Hansen 2001: Fawwaz T. Ulaby 2000: Roger F. Harrington 1999: Robert E. Collin == References == == External links == Information on the award at IEEE


id: ieee-emanuel-r-piore-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Emanuel_R._Piore_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Emanuel_R._Piore_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:02.096651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-emanuel-r-piore-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award was a Technical Field Award given each year by the IEEE to an individual or team of two people who have made outstanding contributions to information processing systems in relation to computer science. The award was discontinued in 2012. The award was established in 1976 and named in honor of Emanuel R. Piore. It could be presented to an individual or a team of two. Recipients of this award received a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == The following people received the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award: == References == == External links == IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award page at IEEE List of recipients of the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award


id: ieee-founders-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Founders Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:03.356575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-founders-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Founders Medal is an award presented for outstanding contributions in the leadership, planning, and administration of affairs of great value to the electrical and electronics engineering profession. It may be presented to an individual or team of up to three in number. This medal was established by the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) in 1952. The medal continued to be awarded after the merge of the IRE with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) in 1963 to form the IEEE. Recipients of this medal receive a gold medal, bronze replica, certificate, and cash honorarium. The award is sponsored by the IEEE Foundation. The basis for Judging: In the evaluation process, the following criteria are considered: outstanding leadership, planning or administration of affairs related to the profession, major industry administrator and manager of a complex scientific mission. An additional consideration may be service to the IEEE beyond normal expectations. Nomination deadline: 1 July Notification: Recipients are typically approved during the November IEEE Board of Directors meeting. Recipients and their nominators will be notified following the meeting. Then the nominators of unsuccessful candidates will be notified of the status of their nomination. Presentation: At the annual IEEE Honors Ceremony


id: ieee-fourier-award-for-signal-processing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Fourier_Award_for_Signal_Processing-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Fourier_Award_for_Signal_Processing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:04.528687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-fourier-award-for-signal-processing-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing is a Technical Field Award that is given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. This award is presented for contributions in the field of signal processing. The award is named after Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician and physicist who is noted for the representation of periodic signals as linear superpositions of sine-wave basis functions known as the Fourier series, and applications of the Fourier Series to the analysis of vibration and heat transfer. The Fourier transform, which is widely used throughout electrical engineering and in particular signal processing, image processing, and communication theory, is also named in his honor. The IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing may be presented to an individual or team of up to three people. Recipients of the IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. The Fourier Award is presented annually at the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) in the Spring. == Recipients == Source: 2015: Georgios B. Giannakis 2016: Bede Liu 2017: Russell Mersereau 2018: Peter Stoica 2019: Alan Conrad Bovik 2020: Alfred O. Hero III 2021: K. J. Ray Liu 2022: Ali H. Sayed


id: ieee-frank-rosenblatt-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Frank_Rosenblatt_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Frank_Rosenblatt_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:05.727824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-frank-rosenblatt-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award is a Technical Field Award established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Board of Directors in 2004. This award is presented for outstanding contributions to the advancement of the design, practice, techniques, or theory in biologically and linguistically motivated computational paradigms and systems, including neural networks, connectionist systems, evolutionary computation, fuzzy systems, and hybrid intelligent systems in which these paradigms are contained. The award may be presented to an individual, multiple recipients, or a team of up to three people. It is named for Frank Rosenblatt, creator of the perceptron. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == 2026: Andrew G. Barto & Richard S. Sutton 2025: Yaochu Jin 2024: Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier 2023: Marios Polycarpou 2022: Paul Werbos 2021: James M. Keller 2020: Xin Yao 2019: Erkki Oja 2018: Enrique H. Ruspini 2017: Stephen Grossberg 2016: Ronald R. Yager 2015: Marco Dorigo 2014: Geoffrey E. Hinton 2013: Terrence Sejnowski 2012: Vladimir Vapnik 2011: Hans-Paul Schwefel 2010: Michio Sugeno 2009: John J. Hopfield 2008: Teuvo Kohonen 2007: James C. Bezdek 2006: Lawrence J. Fogel == References == == External links == IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award page at IEEE


id: ieee-frederik-philips-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Frederik_Philips_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Frederik Philips Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Frederik_Philips_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:06.929926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-frederik-philips-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Frederik Philips Award is a Technical Field Award that was established by the IEEE in 1971. The award is presented for outstanding accomplishments in the management of research and development resulting in effective innovation in the electrical and electronics industry. This award may be presented to an individual or team of up to three people. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == Source: == References == == External links == IEEE Frederik Philips Award page at IEEE List of recipients of the IEEE Frederik Philips Award


id: ieee-gustav-robert-kirchhoff-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:08.056719+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-gustav-robert-kirchhoff-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Award is a Technical Field Award established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2003. This award is presented for outstanding contributions to the fundamentals of any aspect of electronic circuits and systems that has a long-term significance or impact. The award may be presented to an individual or multiple recipients where all members of the group could be judged to have made a crucial contribution(s) to the overall outcome. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == 2023: Mary Jane Irwin 2022: Yoshisuke Ueda 2021: Thomas Lee 2020: Martin Hasler 2019: Kenneth W. Martin 2018: Alan N. Willson Jr. 2017: Marcel Pelgrom 2016: P. P. Vaidyanathan 2015: Yosiro Oono 2014: Chung Laung Liu 2013: Sanjit Kumar Mitra 2012: Ronald A. Rohrer 2011: Charles A. Desoer 2010: Hitoshi Watanabe 2009: Ernest S. Kuh 2008: Alfred Fettweis 2007: Yannis P. Tsividis 2006: Gabor Temes 2005: Leon O. Chua == References == == External links == IEEE Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Award page at IEEE List of recipients of the IEEE Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Award


id: ieee-haraden-pratt-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Haraden_Pratt_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Haraden Pratt Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Haraden_Pratt_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:09.239956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-haraden-pratt-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Haraden Pratt Award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1971 in honor of Haraden Pratt. This award is presented to recognize individuals who have rendered outstanding volunteer service to the IEEE. This award is presented to an IEEE Senior Member or Fellow. Following people received the IEEE Haraden Pratt Award: == Recipients == == References ==


id: ieee-herman-halperin-electric-transmission-and-distribution-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Herman_Halperin_Electric_Transmission_and_Distribution_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Herman_Halperin_Electric_Transmission_and_Distribution_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:10.449546+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-herman-halperin-electric-transmission-and-distribution-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE that is presented for outstanding contributions to electric transmission and distribution. The award may be presented annually to an individual or a team of up to three people. It was instituted by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1986. Prior to 1987, the award was called the William M. Habirshaw Award. Starting in 1987, the award became renamed in honor of Herman Halperin, who had been a recipient of the Habirshaw Award in 1962 and had worked for 40 years for the Commonwealth Edison Company. The award is sponsored by the Robert and Ruth Halperin Foundation, in memory of Herman and Edna Halperin, and the IEEE Power and Energy Society. The funds for the award were contributed by the Halperins, and are administered by the IEEE Foundation. Recipients of this award receive a certificate and honorarium. == Recipients == Source == References == == External links == IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award page at IEEE List of recipients of the IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award


id: ieee-honorary-membership-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Honorary_Membership-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Honorary Membership
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Honorary_Membership
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:11.695973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-honorary-membership-20260505-0
summary:
IEEE Honorary Membership is an honorary type of membership of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), that is given for life to an individual. It is awarded by the board of directors of IEEE to people 'who have rendered meritorious service to humanity in [the] IEEE's designated fields of interest' while not being members of IEEE. This membership provides all the rights and privileges of a normal IEEE membership, except the right to hold an IEEE office. The recipients of this grade will receive a certificate, an 'Honorary Member' pin and a crystal sculpture. In a given year, if the IEEE Medal of Honor recipient is not an IEEE member, they will be automatically recommended to the IEEE Board of Directors for IEEE Honorary Membership. == Recipients == The following people received the IEEE Honorary Membership: == References ==


id: ieee-innovation-in-societal-infrastructure-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Innovation_in_Societal_Infrastructure_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Innovation in Societal Infrastructure Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Innovation_in_Societal_Infrastructure_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:12.917281+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-innovation-in-societal-infrastructure-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Innovation in Societal Infrastructure Award is a Technical Field Award established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2011. The IEEE Technical Field Awards are awarded for contributions or leadership in specific fields of interest of the IEEE. This award is typically presented to an individual or a team of up to three people. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. See [1] for list of recipients and their citations. == Recipients == 2014: Balaji Prabhakar "For his demonstration of the innovative use of information technology and distributed computing systems to solve long-standing societal problems, in areas ranging from transportation to healthcare and recycling." 2015: Takemochi Ishii and Hirokazu Ihara and Atsunobu Ichikawa "For pioneering the concept of dependable autonomous decentralized systems and contributing to its practical application in early transport control systems." 2016: William H. Sanders "For the assessment-driven design of trustworthy cyber infrastructures for electric grid systems." 2017: Antonello (Anto) Monti "For accelerating innovation of energy, information, and communication technologies for the urban environment." 2018: David F. Ferraiolo, D. Richard Kuhn, and Ravi Sandhu "For advancing the foundations and practice of information security through creation, development, and technology transfer of role-based access


id: ieee-jack-s-kilby-signal-processing-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Jack_S._Kilby_Signal_Processing_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Jack_S._Kilby_Signal_Processing_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:14.120664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-jack-s-kilby-signal-processing-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal is presented "for outstanding achievements in signal processing" theory, technology or commerce. The recipients of this award will receive a gold medal, together with a replica in bronze, a certificate and an honorarium. The award was established in 1995 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and is sponsored by Texas Instruments Inc. It is named after Jack S. Kilby, whose innovation – like the co-invention of the integrated circuit – was fundamental for the signal processor and related digital signal processing development. The award may be presented to an individual or a group up to three in number. Nomination deadline: 1 July Notification: Recipients are typically approved during the November IEEE Board of Directors meeting. Recipients and their nominators will be notified following the meeting. Then the nominators of unsuccessful candidates will be notified of the status of their nomination. Presentation: At the annual IEEE Honors Ceremony == Recipients == The following people have received the IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal: 2026: Biing-Hwang (Fred) Juang 2025: Richard Gordon Baraniuk 2024: P. P. Vaidyanathan 2023: José M. F. Moura 2022: David Donoho 2021: Emmanuel Candès, Justin Romberg and


id: ieee-james-l-flanagan-speech-and-audio-processing-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_James_L._Flanagan_Speech_and_Audio_Processing_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_James_L._Flanagan_Speech_and_Audio_Processing_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:15.311225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-james-l-flanagan-speech-and-audio-processing-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award is a Technical Field Award presented by the IEEE for an outstanding contribution to the advancement of speech and/or audio signal processing. It may be presented to an individual or a team of up to three people. The award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2002. The award is named after James L. Flanagan, who was a scientist from Bell Labs where he worked on acoustics for many years. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate and honorarium. == Recipients == Source 2024: Keiichi Tokuda 2023: Alex Waibel 2022: Nelson Morgan and Herve Bourlard 2021: David Nahamoo 2020: Hynek Hermansky 2019: Hermann Ney 2018: Mari Ostendorf 2017: Mark Y. Liberman 2016: Takehiro Moriya 2015: Steve Young 2014: Biing-Hwang Juang 2013: Victor Zue 2012: James Baker and Janet M. Baker 2011: Julia Hirschberg 2010: Sadaoki Furui 2009: John Makhoul 2008: Raj Reddy 2007: Allen Gersho 2006: James D. Johnston 2005: Frederick Jelinek 2004: Kenneth N. Stevens 2004: Gunnar Fant == References == == External links == Information on the award at IEEE


id: ieee-john-von-neumann-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_John_von_Neumann_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE John von Neumann Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_John_von_Neumann_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:16.447721+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-john-von-neumann-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually "for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology." The achievements may be theoretical, technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award. The medal is named after John von Neumann. == Recipients == The following people have received the IEEE John von Neumann Medal: == See also == List of computer science awards John von Neumann Theory Prize awarded by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). Prizes named after people == References ==


id: ieee-joseph-f-keithley-award-in-instrumentation-and-measurement-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Joseph_F._Keithley_Award_in_Instrumentation_and_Measurement-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Joseph F. Keithley Award in Instrumentation and Measurement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Joseph_F._Keithley_Award_in_Instrumentation_and_Measurement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:17.593379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-joseph-f-keithley-award-in-instrumentation-and-measurement-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Joseph F. Keithley Award in Instrumentation and Measurement is a Technical Field Award of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) that was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2001 and first awarded in 2004. It is named in honor of Joseph F. Keithley, the founder of Keithley Instruments, and it replaced the previous IEEE Morris E. Leeds Award, which was named in honor of Morris E. Leeds, an inventor of electrical measuring devices and controls. The award is presented annually for outstanding contributions in electrical measurements, and is sponsored by Keithley Instruments and the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society. The award is not to be confused with the similarly-named Joseph F. Keithley Award For Advances in Measurement Science of the American Physical Society, which was also endowed by Keithley Instruments. == Recipients == The award has been given to the following people. == References ==


id: ieee-judith-a-resnik-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Judith_A._Resnik_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Judith A. Resnik Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Judith_A._Resnik_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:18.813019+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-judith-a-resnik-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Judith A. Resnik Award is a technical field award presented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to either an individual, or a team, "for outstanding contributions to space engineering within the fields of interest of the IEEE". The award is named in honor of Judith A. Resnik, a mission specialist, killed when the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated during launch in January 1986 and was established later that year. Recipients receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. Through 2012, the IEEE administered the award process. The IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society assumed administration of the award starting in 2015. == Recipients == The following people have received the IEEE/IEEE-AESS Judith A. Resnik Award: == See also == List of space technology awards == References ==


id: ieee-kiyo-tomiyasu-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Kiyo_Tomiyasu_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Kiyo_Tomiyasu_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:20.030479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-kiyo-tomiyasu-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award is a Technical Field Award established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2001. It is an institute level award, not a society level award. It is presented for outstanding early to mid-career contributions to technologies holding the promise of innovative applications. The prize is sponsored by Dr. Kiyo Tomiyasu, the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, and the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT). This award may be presented to an individual, multiple recipients or team of up to three people. Candidates must have graduated within the last fifteen years and must be no more than forty-five years old when nominated. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients & citations == 2022: Pieter Abbeel - for contributions to deep learning. 2021: Zhu Han - for contributions to game theory and distributed management of autonomous communication networks. 2020: Andrea Alù 2019: Robert W. Heath Jr. and Jeffrey Andrews - for contributions to wireless communication systems 2018: Nicholas Laneman - for cooperative communications and relaying techniques in wireless communications 2017: Emilio Frazzoli - for developing planning and control algorithms of autonomous vehicles 2016: Yonina Eldar - "for development of


id: ieee-lotfi-a-zadeh-award-for-emerging-technologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Lotfi_A._Zadeh_Award_for_Emerging_Technologies-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Lotfi A. Zadeh Award for Emerging Technologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Lotfi_A._Zadeh_Award_for_Emerging_Technologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:21.177756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-lotfi-a-zadeh-award-for-emerging-technologies-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Lotfi A. Zadeh Award for Emerging Technologies (until 2020 IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award) is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE for contributions to emerging technologies. The award is named after the US-Azerbaijani mathematician Lotfi A. Zadeh. The award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2000, replacing the prior IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award. The award may be presented to an individual or a team of up to three people. Recipients receive a bronze medal, certificate and honorarium. == Recipients == == References == == External links == IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award for Emerging Technologies List of recipients of the IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award for Emerging Technologies


id: ieee-marie-sklodowska-curie-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:22.361336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-marie-sklodowska-curie-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award is a Technical Field Award that was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2008. This award may be presented for outstanding contributions to the field of nuclear and plasma sciences and engineering. This award may be presented to an individual, individuals on a team, or up to three multiple recipients. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. This award was presented for the first time in 2011. The recipients include the following: 2024: Richard E. Carson, for "contributions to image reconstruction and tracer kinetic analysis in positron emission tomography.” 2023: Janet L. Barth, for "leadership of and contributions to the advancement of the design, building, deployment, and operation of capable, robust space systems." 2021: Michel Defrise 2020: Michael A. Lieberman 2019: Sanjiv "Sam" Gambhir 2018: David R. Nygren, an American particle physicist, for "pioneering radiation detector developments, enabling major discoveries in diverse areas of science." 2017: Chandrashekhar J. Joshi, an American experimental plasma physicist, for "groundbreaking contributions to and leadership in the field of plasma particle accelerators." 2016: Simon R. Cherry, an American positron emission tomography expert and biomedical engineer, for "contributions to the development and application of in


id: ieee-medal-for-engineering-excellence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_for_Engineering_Excellence-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Medal for Engineering Excellence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_for_Engineering_Excellence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:23.623124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-medal-for-engineering-excellence-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Medal for Engineering Excellence was an award presented by the IEEE to recognize exceptional achievements in application engineering in the technical disciplines of the IEEE, for the benefit of the public and the engineering profession. The medal was awarded to an individual or a group of up to three people. It was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1986 and was last awarded in 2004. Recipients of this medal received a gold medal, bronze replica, certificate and honorarium. This award was discontinued in November 2009. == Recipients == == References ==


id: ieee-medal-for-environmental-and-safety-technologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_for_Environmental_and_Safety_Technologies-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_for_Environmental_and_Safety_Technologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:24.787557+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-medal-for-environmental-and-safety-technologies-20260505-0
summary:
The Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies was established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Board of Directors in 2008. This award is presented for outstanding accomplishments in the application of technology in the fields of interest to IEEE, that improve the environment and/or public safety. The medal is sponsored by Toyota Corporation. The award may be presented to an individual or a team of up to three people. Recipients of this award receive a gold medal, a bronze replica, a certificate, and an honorarium. The award was presented for the first time in 2010. The basis for judging: In the evaluation process, the following criteria are considered: public benefits of the contribution; degree of improvement in important performance metrics; innovative design, development, or application engineering; favorable influence on the contribution to technical professions. Nomination deadline: 1 July Notification: Recipients are typically approved during the November IEEE Board of Directors meeting. Recipients and their nominators will be notified following the meeting. Then the nominators of unsuccessful candidates will be notified of the status of their nomination. Presentation: At the annual IEEE Honors Ceremony == Recipients == == References ==


id: ieee-photonics-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Photonics_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Photonics Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Photonics_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:25.977909+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-photonics-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Photonics Award is a Technical Field Award established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2002. This award is presented for outstanding achievements in photonics, including work relating to: light-generation, transmission, deflection, amplification and detection and the optical/electro-optical componentry and instrumentation used to accomplish these functions. Also included are storage technologies utilizing photonics to read or write data and optical display technologies. It also extends from energy generation/propagation, communications, information processing, storage and display, biomedical and medical uses of light and measurement applications. This award may be presented to an individual or a team of up to three people. The IEEE Photonics Award consists of a bronze medal, a certificate, and an honorarium. The award is administered by the IEEE Technical Field Awards Council, with recipients selected by a committee based on technical merit, impact, and innovation in the field of photonics. == Recipients == 2024: Kim Roberts For leadership in the introduction and development of digital coherent signal processing for optical fiber transmission systems. 2023: Roel Baets For pioneering research in integrated photonics, including silicon, silicon-nitride, III-V devices, and their heterogeneous integration. 2022: Rodney S. Tucker For contributions to photonic device modelling and bridging the gap between


id: ieee-rao-r-tummala-electronics-packaging-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Rao_R._Tummala_Electronics_Packaging_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Rao R. Tummala Electronics Packaging Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Rao_R._Tummala_Electronics_Packaging_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:27.201746+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-rao-r-tummala-electronics-packaging-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Electronics Packaging Award, formerly called the IEEE Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technologies Award, is a Technical Field Award established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2002. It is awarded for meritorious contribution to the advancement of components, electronic packaging or manufacturing technologies. The award may be presented to an individual or a team of up to three recipients. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate and an honorarium. == Recipients == Recipients of the award for each year include: == References == == External links == Information on the award at IEEE


id: ieee-reynold-b-johnson-data-storage-device-technology-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Reynold_B._Johnson_Data_Storage_Device_Technology_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Reynold_B._Johnson_Data_Storage_Device_Technology_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:28.399348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-reynold-b-johnson-data-storage-device-technology-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award was a Technical Field Award of the IEEE that was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2004 and was discontinued in 2011. The award was presented annually from 2006–2010 for outstanding contributions to the advancement of information storage, with an emphasis on technical contributions in computer data storage device technology. The award was named to honor Reynold B. Johnson. The award was presented to three co-recipients in 2006, and to individuals from 2007–2010. Recipients of this award received a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == 2010: David B. Bogy 2009: Kinam Kim 2008: Stanley H. Charap 2007: Mason L. Williams 2006: Eliyahou Harari 2006: Sanjay Mehrotra 2006: Jack Yuan == References == == External links == IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award page at IEEE List of recipients of the IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award


id: ieee-transportation-technologies-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transportation_Technologies_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Transportation Technologies Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transportation_Technologies_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:29.592038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-transportation-technologies-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Transportation Technologies Award is a technical field award given for advances in technologies within the fields of interest to the IEEE as applied in transportation systems. This IEEE-level award, was created in 2011 by the board of directors of the IEEE and sponsored by the IEEE Industry Applications Society, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society, IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society, IEEE Power Electronics Society, IEEE Power & Energy Society, IEEE Vehicular Technology Society. The award is given to an individual, a team, or multiple recipients up to three in number. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, a certificate, and an honorarium. == Recipients == The following people have received the IEEE Transportation Technologies Award : 2021: Philip T. Krein 2020: Markos Papageorgiou 2019: Hao Huang 2018: C.C. Chan 2017: Claire J.Tomlin 2016: Petros Ioannou 2015: Robert Dean King 2014: Linos J. Jacovides == References ==


id: ieee-undergraduate-teaching-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Undergraduate_Teaching_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Undergraduate_Teaching_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:30.793414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-undergraduate-teaching-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE that was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1990. It is presented for inspirational teaching of undergraduate students in the fields of interest of the IEEE. This award may be given to an individual only. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == The recipients of the IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award include the following people: 2021: Cristine Agra Pimentel 2020: Rajesh Kannan Megalingam 2019: Lisa Gresham Huettel 2018: Susan Lord 2017: Bonnie Heck Ferri 2016: Terri Fiez 2015: Branislav M. Notaros 2014: Hsi-Tseng Chou 2013: Charles Kenneth Alexander 2012: Santosh K. Kurinec 2011: Raghunath Shevgaonkar 2010: Ned Mohan 2009: John C. Bean 2008: Muhammad Harunur Rashid 2007: Clayton R. Paul 2006: John B. Peatman 2005: Yannis Tsividis 2004: Richard C. Jaeger 2003: Mehrdad Ehsani 2002: No Award 2001: No Award 2000: Haniph A. Lachman 1999: Michael G. Pecht 1998: J. David Irwin 1997: Chand R. Viswanathan 1996: Karan L. Watson 1996: David A. Patterson 1995: David G. Meyer 1994: N. Narayana Rao 1993: Ronald G. Hoelzeman 1992: James W. Nilsson == References ==


id: ieee-william-e-newell-power-electronics-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_William_E._Newell_Power_Electronics_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: IEEE William E. Newell Power Electronics Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_William_E._Newell_Power_Electronics_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:31.975434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ieee-william-e-newell-power-electronics-award-20260505-0
summary:
The IEEE William E. Newell Power Electronics Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE that was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2005. This award is presented annually for outstanding contribution(s) to the advancement of power electronics. The award is named in honor of William E. Newell. This award may be presented to an individual only. Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. == Recipients == The following people received the IEEE William E. Newell Power Electronics Award: The following people received the William E. Newell Award from the IEEE Power Electronics Society: == References == == External links == IEEE William E. Newell Power Electronics Award page at IEEE


id: ijcai-award-for-research-excellence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJCAI_Award_for_Research_Excellence-0.md
category: reference
title: IJCAI Award for Research Excellence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJCAI_Award_for_Research_Excellence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:33.124014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ijcai-award-for-research-excellence-20260505-0
summary:
The IJCAI Award for Research Excellence is a biannual award before given at the IJCAI conference to researcher in artificial intelligence as a recognition of excellence of their career. Beginning in 2016, the conference is held annually and so is the award. == Laureates == The recipients of this award have been: John McCarthy (1985) Allen Newell (1989) Marvin Minsky (1991) Raymond Reiter (1993) Herbert A. Simon (1995) Aravind Joshi (1997) Judea Pearl (1999) Donald Michie (2001) Nils Nilsson (2003) Geoffrey E. Hinton (2005) Alan Bundy (2007) Victor R. Lesser (2009) Robert Kowalski (2011) Hector Levesque (2013) Barbara Grosz (2015) for her pioneering research in Natural Language Processing and in theories and applications of Multiagent Collaboration. Michael I. Jordan (2016) for his groundbreaking and impactful research in both the theory and application of statistical machine learning. Andrew Barto (2017) for his pioneering work in the theory of reinforcement learning. Jitendra Malik (2018) Yoav Shoham (2019) Eugene Freuder (2020) Richard S. Sutton (2021) Stuart J. Russell (2022) Sarit Kraus (2023) for her pioneering work of the study of interactions among self-interested agents, creating the field of automated negotiation, and developing methods for coalition formation and teamwork, both as formal models and


id: intel-foundation-achievement-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Foundation_Achievement_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Intel Foundation Achievement Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Foundation_Achievement_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:34.322597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intel-foundation-achievement-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Intel Foundation Achievement Awards are US$5,000 scholarships presented to high school students in recognition of their achievements in the scientific disciplines. Up to 15 are awarded, on selection by a panel of judges, each year at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF). == External links == Intel ISEF About the ISEF awards ISEF Press Release, 2005


id: jacques-herbrand-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Herbrand_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Jacques Herbrand Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Herbrand_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:35.517519+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jacques-herbrand-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Jacques Herbrand Prize (French: Prix Jacques Herbrand) is an award given by the French Academy of Sciences to young researchers (up to 35 years) in the fields of mathematics and physics, and their non-military applications. The prize was created in 1996, and first awarded in 1998. In 2001, it was renamed the Grand Prix Jacques Herbrand . From 1998 until 2002, both a mathematics prize and a physics prize were awarded every year; from 2003 until 2021, a mathematrics prize was awarded in odd numbered years and a physics prize in even ones; in 2022, the earlier protocol was reinstated. As of 2015, winners were awarded €15,000; this sum was later increased to €20,000. The prize is named after the French logician Jacques Herbrand (1908-1931). == Recipients == 1998: Loïc Merel, mathematics; Franck Ferrari, physics 1999: Laurent Manivel, mathematics; Brahim Louis, physics 2000: Albert Cohen (mathematician), mathematics; Philippe Bouyer, physics 2001: Laurent Lafforgue, mathematics; Yvan Castin, physics 2002: Christophe Breuil, mathematics; Pascal Salière, physics 2003: Wendelin Werner, mathematics 2004: Nikita Nekrasov, physics 2005: Franck Barthe, mathematics 2006: Maxime Dahan, physics 2007: Cédric Villani, mathematics 2008: Lucien Besombes, physics 2009: Artur Ávila, mathematics 2010: Julie Grollier, physics 2011: Nalini Anantharaman,


id: jonathan-eberhart-planetary-sciences-journalism-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Eberhart_Planetary_Sciences_Journalism_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Jonathan Eberhart Planetary Sciences Journalism Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Eberhart_Planetary_Sciences_Journalism_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:36.717577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jonathan-eberhart-planetary-sciences-journalism-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Jonathan Eberhart Planetary Sciences Journalism Award was established by the Division for Planetary Sciences to recognize and stimulate distinguished popular writing on planetary sciences. The winning author (or authors) receives (or divide) a prize of $1,000, plus a citation. The award is named after science journalist Jonathan Eberhart. == Jonathan Eberhart Planetary Sciences Journalism Award winners == == See also == List of astronomy awards == References ==


id: joseph-f-keithley-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Keithley_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Joseph F. Keithley Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Keithley_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:37.892038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joseph-f-keithley-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Joseph F. Keithley Award For Advances in Measurement Science is an award of the American Physical Society (APS) that was first awarded in 1998. It is named in honor of Joseph F. Keithley, the founder of Keithley Instruments. The award is presented annually for outstanding contributions in measurement techniques and equipment, and is sponsored by Keithley Instruments and the Topical Group on Instrument and Measurement Science (GIMS). The award is not to be confused with the similarly named IEEE Joseph F. Keithley Award in Instrumentation and Measurement of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which is also endowed by Keithley Instruments. == Recipients == The award has been given to the following people. == See also == List of physics awards == References ==


id: kalai-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalai_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Kalai Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalai_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:39.052487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kalai-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Prize in Game Theory and Computer Science in Honour of Ehud Kalai is an award given by the Game Theory Society. The prize is awarded for outstanding articles at the interface of game theory and computer science. Following the eligibility rules of the Gödel Prize, preference is given to authors who are 45 years old or younger at the time of the award. It was established in 2008 by a donation from Yoav Shoham in honor of the Ehud Kalai's contributions in bridging these two fields. == Recipients == == See also == List of economics awards List of prizes named after people John Bates Clark Medal == References ==


id: karen-harvey-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Harvey_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Karen Harvey Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Harvey_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:40.248792+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: karen-harvey-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Karen Harvey Prize is awarded by the American Astronomical Society's Solar Physics Division in recognition for a significant contribution to the study of the Sun early in a person's professional career. Past winners are: 2003 Dana Longcope 2004 Harry Warren 2005 Sarah E. Gibson 2006 Steven R Cranmer 2007 Jiong Qiu 2008 Mark G. Linton 2009 Laurent Gizon 2010 Brian Welsch 2011 Mathias Rempel 2012 Dibyendu Nandi 2013 Tibor Torok 2014 Alexis Rouillard 2015 Jonathan Cirtain 2016 Katharine Reeves 2017 Mark Cheung 2018 Nicholeen Viall 2019 Anthony Yeates 2020 Hui Tian 2021 Lucia Kleint 2022 Adam Kowalski 2023 Bin Chen 2024 Kristopher G. Klein 2025 Lisa Upton 2026 Lakshmi Pradeep Chitta == See also == List of astronomy awards == References == == External links == Gurman, J.B. (July 22, 2013). "Previous winners of the Karen Harvey Prize". aas.org. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016.


id: kelvin-gold-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Gold_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Kelvin Gold Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Gold_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:41.421383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kelvin-gold-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Kelvin Gold Medal is a British engineering prize. In the annual report for 1914, it was reported that the Lord Kelvin Memorial Executive Committee decided that the balance of funds left over from providing a memorial window at Westminster Abbey should be devoted to providing a Kelvin Gold Medal to mark "a distinction in engineering work or investigation" by the Presidents of eight leading British Engineering Institutions. There was a delay in awarding the first medal due to the World War. The medal has been given triennially since 1920 for "distinguished service in the application of science to engineering". The Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) administered the prize. The Committee of Presidents considers recommendations received from similar bodies from all parts of the world. The first recipient was William Unwin. == Recipients == == See also == List of engineering awards == References ==


id: kempe-award-for-distinguished-ecologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempe_Award_for_Distinguished_Ecologists-0.md
category: reference
title: Kempe Award for Distinguished Ecologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempe_Award_for_Distinguished_Ecologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:42.915787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kempe-award-for-distinguished-ecologists-20260505-0
summary:
The Kempe Award for Distinguished Ecologists is a prize awarded biennially from 1994 onwards to recognise outstanding individuals within the science of ecology. The Award is an honorarium of SEK 50,000. The award is given by the Kempe Foundations (Kempefonden), Umeå University and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in cooperation. == Kempe Award Laureates == 1994 Stuart L. Pimm 1996 F. Stuart Chapin III 1998 John Lawton 2000 Daniel Simberloff 2002 David Read 2004 Mary Power 2006 Peter M. Vitousek 2008 Stephen P. Hubbell 2011 Ilkka Hanski == See also == List of ecology awards == References ==


id: ken-kennedy-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kennedy_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Ken Kennedy Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kennedy_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:44.112387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ken-kennedy-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Ken Kennedy Award, established in 2009 by the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Computer Society in memory of Ken Kennedy, is awarded annually and recognizes substantial contributions to programmability and productivity in computing and substantial community service or mentoring contributions. The award includes a $5,000 honorarium and the award recipient will be announced at the ACM - IEEE Supercomputing Conference. == Ken Kennedy Award Past Recipients == Source: IEEE 2023 Keshav K Pingali. "For contributions to programmability of high-performance parallel computing on irregular algorithms and graph algorithms." 2022 Ian Foster. "For contributions to programmability and productivity in computing via the establishment of new programming models and foundational science services." 2021 David Abramson. "For innovation in parallel and distributed computing tools with broad applications, as well as leadership contributions to professional service, creating international technical communities, and mentoring." 2020 Vivek Sarkar. "For foundational technical contributions to the area of programmability and productivity in parallel computing, as well as leadership contributions to professional service, mentoring, and teaching." 2019 Geoffrey Charles Fox. "For foundational contributions to parallel computing methodology, algorithms and software, data analysis, and their interface with broad classes of applications, and mentoring students at minority-serving institutions". 2018 Sarita


id: kihara-memorial-foundation-academic-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihara_Memorial_Foundation_Academic_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Kihara Memorial Foundation Academic Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihara_Memorial_Foundation_Academic_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:45.285355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kihara-memorial-foundation-academic-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Kihara Memorial Foundation Academic Award (木原記念財団学術賞, Kihara Kinen Zaidan Gakujutsushō) is an award for biological sciences in Japan. It is awarded annually by the Kihara Memorial Yokohama Foundation for the Achievement of Life Sciences, to commemorate Hitoshi Kihara, Japan's pioneer geneticist. == Award information == The Kihara Memorial Foundation Award is presented to young researchers who have conducted outstanding original research in life sciences. At the annual award presentation held at the Kihara Institute for Biological Research, winners receive 2 million yen, a diploma, and a silver statuette of Benthamidia japonica (Japanese flowering dogwood). == Award winners == Notable award winners are: 1993: Taisei Nomura, Osaka University 1994: Makoto Asashima, University of Tokyo 1995: Takashi Gojobori, National Institute of Genetics 1999: Takao Kondo, Nagoya University 2001: Kunihiro Matsumoto, Nagoya University 2002: Shigeo Ohno, Yokohama City University 2006: Nobuki Matsuoka, Nagoya University 2009: Takashi Araki, Kyoto University 2011: Ken Shirasu, RIKEN 2014: Yukiko Goto, University of Tokyo == See also == List of biology awards == References == == External links == Official website(in Japanese)


id: ko-os-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kołos_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Kołos Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kołos_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:46.490525+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ko-os-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Kołos Medal (Polish: Medal im. Włodzimierza Kołosa) is a prestigious medal awarded every two years by the University of Warsaw and the Polish Chemical Society for distinction in theoretical or experimental physical chemistry. It was established in 1998 to commemorate the life and career of Włodzimierz Kołos, one of the founding fathers of modern quantum chemistry. The medal features the picture of Kołos, his date of birth and death, the Latin inscriptions Societas Chimica Polonorum, Universitas Varsoviensis and Servire Veritatis Kołos Lectio Praemiumque as well as the name of the recipient. == Recipients == The winners of the award so far have been: Source: Warsaw University Archived 2015-01-19 at the Wayback Machine == See also == List of chemistry awards == References == == External links == Kołos Medal page


id: kovalevskaya-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalevskaya_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Kovalevskaya Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalevskaya_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:47.677110+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kovalevskaya-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Kovalevskaya Prize (Russian: Премия имени С. В. Ковалевской) is a national scientific prize awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences for outstanding achievements in mathematics since 1997 in honor of Sofya Kovalevskaya. == Kovalevskaya Prize winners == O. A. Ladyzhenskaya, 1992 N. M. Ivochkina, 1997 V. V. Kozlov, 1999 G. A. Seregin, 2003 S. V. Manakov and V. V. Sokolov, 2007 A. B. Bogatyrev, 2009 A. V. Borisov and I. S. Mamaev, 2012 A. I. Bufetov, 2015 I. A. Taimanov, 2018 I. G. Goryacheva, 2024 == References ==


id: lenin-komsomol-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Komsomol_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Lenin Komsomol Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Komsomol_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:48.852904+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lenin-komsomol-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Lenin Komsomol Prize (Russian: премия Ленинского комсомола) was a Soviet annual award for the best works in science, engineering, literature or art carried out by young authors of age not exceeding 33 years. Komsomol was the abbreviated name of The Communist Union of Youth (Russian: Коммунистический союз молодёжи; hence Ком-со-мол, Kom-so-mol). The award was instituted by the Central Committee of VLKSM in March 1966. The reason for the selection of this particular age threshold is unclear (the age threshold for Komsomol membership is 28). The coincidence of the upper threshold of 33 with the "age of Christ" was a matter of jokes. Symbolically, the first winner of this award in the Soviet Union was writer Nikolai Ostrovsky (who had died aged 32 in 1936). In addition to the all-Union prize, Union republics had republican versions of the prize, named respectively, e.g., Belarus Lenin Komsomol Prize, and awarded by the republican Komsomol branches. The prizes were introduced as follows: In the field of science and technology - 1967; For great achievements in teaching - 1984; For great achievements in labour - 1986 The winner was known as "Lenin Komsomol Prize Laureate", and together with the diploma was awarded a medal. ==


id: leroy-e-doggett-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy_E._Doggett_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: LeRoy E. Doggett Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy_E._Doggett_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:49.979942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leroy-e-doggett-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The LeRoy E. Doggett Prize is awarded biennially by the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society for individuals who have significantly influenced the field of the history of astronomy by a career-long effort. The prize is a memorial to LeRoy Doggett, who was an active and highly regarded member of the Division and was serving as Secretary-Treasurer at the time of his untimely death. == See also == List of astronomy awards == References ==


id: the-louis-and-artur-lucian-award-in-cardiovascular-diseases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Louis_and_Artur_Lucian_Award_in_Cardiovascular_Diseases-0.md
category: reference
title: The Louis and Artur Lucian Award in Cardiovascular Diseases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Louis_and_Artur_Lucian_Award_in_Cardiovascular_Diseases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:51.156315+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-louis-and-artur-lucian-award-in-cardiovascular-diseases-20260505-0
summary:
The Louis and Artur Lucian Award in Cardiovascular Diseases is a prize for cardiovascular medicine conferred by McGill University. Described as Canada's "top cardiovascular research prize", it has been awarded annually since 1978, except in 2007. == Previous recipients == Source: McGill University == See also == List of medicine awards == References ==


id: loye-and-alden-miller-research-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loye_and_Alden_Miller_Research_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Loye and Alden Miller Research Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loye_and_Alden_Miller_Research_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:52.356694+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: loye-and-alden-miller-research-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Loye and Alden Miller Research Award, now known as the AOS Miller Award, was established in 1993 by the Cooper Ornithological Society (COS) to recognize lifetime achievement in ornithological research. The namesakes were Loye H. Miller and his son Alden H. Miller, both of whom focused largely on ornithology. Since the merger of the Cooper Ornithological Society with the American Ornithologists' Union to form the American Ornithological Society in 2016 the award has been presented by the latter. == Recipients of the award == Source: American Ornithological Society Cooper Ornithological Society 1993 – George Bartholomew 1994 – Storrs Olson 1995 – Barbara De Wolfe 1996 – William Dawson 1997 – Robert Storer 1998 – Russell Balda 1999 – Gordon Orians 2000 – Ernst Mayr 2001 – Frank Pitelka 2002 – Richard Holmes 2003 – Peter and Rosemary Grant 2004 – Alexander Skutch 2005 – John Wiens 2006 – Robert Ricklefs 2007 – Robert Payne 2008 – Peter Marler 2009 – Frances James 2010 – Keith A. Hobson 2011 – Susan Haig 2012 – Thomas Martin 2013 – Trevor Price 2014 – Ellen Ketterson 2015 – Jerram Brown 2016 – Walter D. Koenig American Ornithological Society 2017 – Carol Vleck


id: mahathir-science-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Science_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Mahathir Science Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Science_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:53.669563+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mahathir-science-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Mahathir Science Award is an award for outstanding contributions in science and technology that address issues related to the tropics. The Foundation was established 17 August 2004 in honour of the former Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad. It is presented by the Mahathir Science Award Foundation. == Award-winners == Alimuddin Zumla Hugh Possingham Kerrie Wilson Erik Meijaard Rita R. Colwell Alan Cowman Yuan Longping == References ==


id: marcel-benoist-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Benoist_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Marcel Benoist Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Benoist_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:54.900610+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marcel-benoist-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Marcel Benoist Prize, offered by the Marcel Benoist Foundation, is a monetary prize that has been offered annually since 1920 to a scientist of Swiss nationality or residency who has made the most useful scientific discovery. Emphasis is placed on those discoveries affecting human life. Since 1997, candidates in the humanities have also been eligible for the prize. The Marcel Benoist Foundation was established by the will of the French lawyer Marcel Benoist, a wartime resident of Lausanne, who died in 1918. It is managed by a group of trustees comprising the Swiss interior minister and heads of the main Swiss universities. It has been dubbed the "Swiss Nobel Prize." == History == The first award was given to immunologist Maurice Arthus (1862–1945) at the University of Lausanne. Other winners have included computer scientist Niklaus Wirth, astronomer Michel Mayor, and cardiologist Max Holzmann. As of 2019, eleven Marcel Benoist winners have later also won the Nobel Prize: Paul Karrer, Leopold Ruzicka, Walter R. Hess, Tadeus Reichstein, Vladimir Prelog, Niels Kaj Jerne, Johannes G. Bednorz, Karl. Alexander Müller, Richard R. Ernst, Kurz Wüthrich, and Michel Mayor. In 2009, Françoise Gisou van der Goot (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne) was the


id: march-of-dimes-prize-in-developmental-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Dimes_Prize_in_Developmental_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Dimes_Prize_in_Developmental_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:56.091656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: march-of-dimes-prize-in-developmental-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology is awarded once a year by the March of Dimes. The Prize honors outstanding scientists who profoundly advance the science that underlies our understanding of pregnancy, parturition, and prenatal development. Created as a tribute to Dr. Jonas Salk shortly before his death in 1995, the Prize has been awarded annually since 1996. It is now named in recognition of Dr. Richard B. Johnston, Jr. MD, March of Dimes Medical Director when the Prize was initiated. Dr. Johnston, Jr. is a member of the National Academy of Medicine. It carries a cash award "to scientific leaders who have pioneered research to advance our understanding of prenatal development and pregnancy". == Laureates == Source: March of Dimes 2024 Marisa Bartolomei 2022–23 Patrica Hunt 2021 Alan W. Flake 2020 Susan Fisher 2019 Myriam Hemberger 2018 Allan C. Spradling 2017 Charles David Allis 2016 Victor R. Ambros and Gary B. Ruvkun 2015 Rudolf Jaenisch 2014 Huda Y. Zoghbi 2013 Eric N. Olson 2012 Elaine Fuchs and Howard Green 2011 Patricia Ann Jacobs and David C. Page 2010 Shinya Yamanaka 2009 Kevin P. Campbell and Louis M. Kunkel 2008 Philip A. Beachy and Clifford Tabin 2007 Anne


id: marconi-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Marconi Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:57.381184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marconi-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Marconi Prize is an annual award that the Marconi Society gives for outstanding achievements and advancements in communications (radio, mobile, wireless, telecommunications, data communications, networks, the Internet, etc.). Prizewinners receive in-person recognition from distinguished colleagues and other guests as well as a work of sculpture at the Marconi Society's annual symposium and gala. == Criteria == The Marconi Prize is awarded based on the candidate’s contributions in the following areas: The significance of the impact of the nominee’s work on widely-used technology. The scientific importance of the nominee’s work in setting the stage for, influencing, and advancing the field beyond the nominee’s own achievements. The nominee’s contributions to innovation and entrepreneurship by introducing completely new ideas, methods, or technologies. These may include forming, leading, or advising organizations, mentoring students on moving ideas from research to implementation, or fostering new industries/enabling scale implementation. The social and humanitarian impact of the nominee’s contributions to the design, development, and/or deployment of new communication technologies or communications public policies that promote social development and/or inclusiveness. == Marconi Fellowships == Marconi Prize recipients are also named Marconi Fellows. The foundation and the prize are named in honor of Guglielmo Marconi, a Nobel laureate and


id: margaret-morse-nice-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Morse_Nice_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Margaret Morse Nice Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Morse_Nice_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:58.506970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: margaret-morse-nice-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Margaret Morse Nice Medal is an ornithological award made annually by the Wilson Ornithological Society (WOS). It was established in 1997 (1997) and named in honour of ornithologist Margaret Morse Nice (1883–1974). The medal recipient is expected to give the plenary lecture at the WOS annual general meeting. == Recipients == Source: Wilson Ornithological Society 1997 – Elsie Collias and Nick Collias (University of California, Los Angeles), "Seeking to understand the living bird" 1998 – Ellen Ketterson and Val Nolan (Indiana University), "Studying birds: one species at a time" 1999 – Frances C. James 2000 – Susan M. Smith 2001 – Glen E. Woolfenden 2002 – Richard T. Holmes 2003 – Robert E. Ricklefs 2004 – Stephen T. Emlen 2005 – Bridget J. M. Stutchbury and Eugene S. Morton 2006 – Gary Stiles 2007 – Patricia L. Schwagmeyer and Douglas Mock 2008 – Jerome Jackson 2009 – Sidney A. Gauthreaux (Clemson University), "Bird movements in the atmosphere: discoveries from radar and visual studies" 2010 – Robert B. Payne and Laura Payne (University of Michigan), "Brood parasitism in cuckoos, cowbirds, and African finches" 2011 – Richard N. Conner (USDA-Forest Service (retired)), "The ecology of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker, by necessity a


id: margaret-oakley-dayhoff-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oakley_Dayhoff_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oakley_Dayhoff_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:23:59.789012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: margaret-oakley-dayhoff-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award from the Biophysical Society in Rockville, Maryland, is given to a woman who "holds very high promise or has achieved prominence while developing the early stages of a career in biophysical research". It is "one of the top national honors" in biophysics. The award was established in 1984 in honor of Margaret Dayhoff, a biophysicist associated with the Biophysical Society and the National Biomedical Research Foundation. == Award recipients == Source: Biophysical Society 1984/85: Dagmar Ringe and Bonnie Ann Wallace 1985/86: Barbara A. Lewis 1986/87: Barbara E. Ehrlich 1987/88: Rachel E. Klevit 1988/89: Nancy L. Thompson 1989/90: Anne Walter 1990/91: Jeanne Rudzki Small 1991/92: Hazel M. Holden and Francine R. Smith 1992/93: Carol Vandenberg 1993/94: Jean S. Baum 1994/95: Hillary C. M. Nelson 1995/96: Lynne Regan 1996/97: Susan Marqusee 1997/98: Bonnie Anne Berger 1998/99: Judith R. Mourant 1999: Lydia Gregoret 2000/2001: Millie M. Georgiadis and Ka Yee Christina Lee 2002: Gina MacDonald 2003: Hao Wu 2004: Dorothee Kern 2005: Sarah Keller 2006: Anne Hinderliter 2007: Kalina Hristova 2008: Judith Klein-Seetharaman 2009: Teresa Giraldez, Adrienne L. Fairhall, and Jin Zhang 2010: Crina Nimigean and Maria Spies 2011: Diane Lidke 2012: Lucy R. Forrest 2013: Jennifer L.


id: margaret-w-rossiter-history-of-women-in-science-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_W._Rossiter_History_of_Women_in_Science_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_W._Rossiter_History_of_Women_in_Science_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:01.039868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: margaret-w-rossiter-history-of-women-in-science-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize is awarded by the History of Science Society for an outstanding book (in odd-numbered years) or article (in even-numbered years) on the history of women in science, published at most four years before the year of the award. It was previously called the Women's Prize, but in 2004 the History of Science Society Council voted unanimously at its annual meeting to rename it the Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize. == Recipients == == See also == List of general science and technology awards List of history awards List of science and technology awards for women Women in chemistry Women in science == References ==


id: marsh-award-for-conservation-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Award_for_Conservation_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Marsh Award for Conservation Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Award_for_Conservation_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:02.235545+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marsh-award-for-conservation-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The Marsh Award for Conservation Biology, established 1991, is an award run in partnership between the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and the Marsh Charitable Trust that recognises an individual for his or her "contributions of fundamental science to the conservation of animal species and habitats". == Recipients == == See also == List of environmental awards == References ==


id: mary-p-dolciani-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_P._Dolciani_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Mary P. Dolciani Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_P._Dolciani_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:03.479203+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mary-p-dolciani-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Mary P. Dolciani Award is an award established in 2012 by the Mathematical Association of America. The award recognizes a pure or applied mathematician with a record of distinguished contributions to K-16 mathematics education in the United States or Canada and comes with a $5,000 award. Examples of significant contributions include, but are not limited to, the development of K-16 mathematics curriculum, educational technology, or programs to improve teaching or teacher preparation. The prize is funded by a grant established by mathematician, educator, and author Mary P. Dolciani, who dedicated her career to improving mathematics education and is the author of several secondary- and college-level mathematics textbooks. It should be distinguished from the Mary P. Dolciani Prize for Excellence in Research, awarded beginning in 2019 by the American Mathematical Society. == Award recipients == == References ==


id: maryam-mirzakhani-prize-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Mirzakhani_Prize_in_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Maryam Mirzakhani Prize in Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Mirzakhani_Prize_in_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:04.671236+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maryam-mirzakhani-prize-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The Maryam Mirzakhani Prize in Mathematics (ex-NAS Award in Mathematics until 2012) is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for excellence of research in the mathematical sciences published within the past ten years." The original prize was for $5,000 and was awarded every four years; this was suspended after 2012. In 2018, the prize was renamed after the Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani; the prize money was increased to $20,000 and was to be awarded every two years. == Award winners == Source: 2026: Roman Bezrukavnikov "for varied and profound contributions to geometric representation theory."[1] 2024: Sylvia Serfaty "for outstanding contributions to nonlinear partial differential equations and statistical physics." 2022: Camillo De Lellis "for his fundamental contributions to the study of dissipative solutions to the incompressible Euler equations and to the regularity theory of minimal surfaces." 2020: Larry Guth "for developing surprising, original, and deep connections between geometry, analysis, topology, and combinatorics, which have led to the solution of, or major advances on, many outstanding problems in these fields." 2012: Michael J. Hopkins "For his leading role in the development of homotopy theory, which has both reinvigorated algebraic topology as a central field in mathematics and led to the


id: maurice-wilkes-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Maurice Wilkes Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:05.872216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maurice-wilkes-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Computing Machinery SIGARCH Maurice Wilkes Award is given annually for outstanding contribution to computer architecture by a young computer scientist or engineer; "young" defined as having a career that started within the last 20 years. The award is named after Maurice Wilkes, a computer scientist credited with several important developments in computing such as microprogramming. The award is presented at the International Symposium on Computer Architecture. Prior recipients include: 1998 – Wen-mei Hwu 1999 – Gurindar S. Sohi 2000 – William J. Dally 2001 – Anant Agarwal 2002 – Glenn Hinton 2003 – Dirk Meyer 2004 – Kourosh Gharachorloo 2005 – Steve Scott 2006 – Doug Burger 2007 – Todd Austin 2008 – Sarita Adve 2009 – Shubu Mukherjee 2010 – Andreas Moshovos 2011 – Kevin Skadron 2012 – David Brooks 2013 – Parthasarathy (Partha) Ranganathan 2014 – Ravi Rajwar 2015 – Christos Kozyrakis 2016 – Timothy Sherwood 2017 – Lieven Eeckhout 2018 – Gabriel Loh 2019 – Onur Mutlu 2020 – Luis Ceze and Karin Strauss 2021 – Thomas Wenisch 2022 – Moinuddin Qureshi 2023 – Abhishek Bhattacharjee 2024 – Reetuparna Das 2025 – Carole-Jean Wu == See also == ACM Special Interest Group on Computer


id: grand-prix-charles-leopold-mayer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Charles-Leopold_Mayer-0.md
category: reference
title: Grand Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Charles-Leopold_Mayer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:07.008955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grand-prix-charles-leopold-mayer-20260505-0
summary:
The Grand Prix Charles-Léopold Mayer (Charles-Léopold Mayer Prize) is awarded annually by the Académie des Sciences (French Academy of Sciences) de l'Institut de France (the French Institute) to researchers who have performed outstanding work in the biological sciences; especially in the areas of cell or molecular biology. Citizens or residents of any nation are eligible for the prize, but it is never awarded to individuals of the same nation two years in a row, nor is the prize ever presented to scholars who are more than 65 years of age. Between the first presentation of the award in 1961 and the year 2009, there have been more than 60 laureates, eleven of whom subsequently received the Nobel Prize in medicine, physiology, or chemistry. The prize is named after French biochemist Charles Léopold Mayer. == List of Recipients of the Grand Prix Charles-Léopold Mayer == Source: Académie des sciences == See also == List of biology awards == External links == Institut de France, Académie des Sciences - Official Site List of Laureates since 1961 (retrieved March 20, 2011)


id: mayor-s-award-for-excellence-in-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor's_Award_for_Excellence_in_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor's_Award_for_Excellence_in_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:08.234710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mayor-s-award-for-excellence-in-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology is given annually to recognise important members of the science and engineering communities in New York City. Candidates must live or work in the city. Nominations are submitted in five categories: Biological and Medical Sciences Mathematical, Physical, Engineering Sciences Technology Public Understanding of Science and Technology Young Investigator (for scientists and engineers under the age of 40) The Mayor chooses winners from a list of finalists submitted by the New York Academy of Sciences and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. == References ==


id: the-mcneil-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McNeil_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: The McNeil Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McNeil_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:09.420490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mcneil-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The McNeil Medal for public awareness of science was established by the Royal Society of Canada (RSC) in 1991 with support from McNeil Consumer Healthcare. It recognized outstanding contributions to communicating science to the public and students within Canada. The award took the form of a bronze medallion and cash in the amount of $1,500.00 (CDN) before it was discontinued in 2016. Winners during the medal's history included leading academics in a range of disciplines as well as Canadian media figures such as David Suzuki, Jay Ingram, and Bob McDonald. == References ==


id: medawar-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medawar_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Medawar Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medawar_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:26.246539+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: medawar-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The British Transplant Society (BTS) awards the Medawar Medal each year for the best clinical and scientific research presentations by a scientist or doctor. The Medawar medal is the most prestigious award that the society can offer, is highly competitive, and cannot be won more than once by a single individual. The award is named after Peter Medawar, a Nobel Prize winner in Medicine or Physiology. Two medals are awarded every year. == See also == List of medicine awards == References == == External links == BTS Medawar Medal


id: melchett-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchett_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Melchett Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchett_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:27.418113+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: melchett-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Melchett Award is an honour awarded by the Energy Institute for outstanding contributions to the science of fuel and energy. It was created by and named for Alfred Moritz Mond, 1st Baron Melchett, the 20th century businessman and philanthropist. == Winners == Source: == See also == List of chemistry awards == References ==


id: meyenburg-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyenburg_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Meyenburg Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyenburg_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:28.586579+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meyenburg-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Meyenburg Prize is awarded for outstanding achievements in cancer research by the Meyenburg Foundation in support of the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg (DKFZ), which is the largest biomedical research institution in Germany. The prize has been awarded annually since 1981, the prize money is €50,000. A notable number of Meyenburg Prize recipients won also the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Chemistry. == List of Recipients == Source: Meyenburg Award Winners indicates Nobel Prize recipients == See also == List of biomedical science awards == References == == External links == Official website (in German)


id: michelson-prize-and-grants-in-reproductive-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson_Prize_and_Grants_in_Reproductive_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Michelson Prize and Grants in Reproductive Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson_Prize_and_Grants_in_Reproductive_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:29.739961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: michelson-prize-and-grants-in-reproductive-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The Michelson Prize and Grants in Reproductive Biology Program is a $75 million (USD) initiative to create a safe and effective, single-dose, nonsurgical sterilant for male and female cats and dogs. It includes a $25 million (USD) prize for the first entity to develop a product that meets a series of criteria, which include: a single-dose, permanent, nonsurgical sterilant; safe and effective in male and female cats and dogs, ablates sex steroids and/or their effects, suitable for administration in a field setting, viable pathway to regulatory approval, and reasonable manufacturing process and cost. The program has also committed up to $50 million (USD) in grant funding for promising research in pursuit of a sterilant that meets these criteria. To date, $19 million has been awarded to 41 research projects worldwide, including a 2023 study on durable anti-Mullerian hormone treatments for female cats. == History == The prize was established in October 2008 by Michelson Found Animals Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization funded by inventor, philanthropist, and retired orthopedic surgeon Dr. Gary K. Michelson. The prize seeks to make sterilization for cats and dogs accessible and affordable worldwide through a high-volume, low-profit model. Michelson Found Animals Foundation also offers Michelson Grants,


id: mind-brain-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_&_Brain_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Mind & Brain Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_&_Brain_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:30.920479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mind-brain-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Mind & Brain Prize was established in 2003 and aims at honouring the most relevant researchers in the field of cognitive science, as well as to recognize outstanding achievement in advancing knowledge about mind and brain by persons whose work contributed to the growth and development of the discipline. It is awarded by the University and Polytechnic of Turin. == Laureates == 2003 – Giacomo Rizzolatti, Domenico Parisi 2004 – Philip Johnson-Laird, Carlo Umiltà, Mariateresa Molo 2005 – Jerry A. Fodor, James L. McClelland 2006 – John R. Searle, Giovanni Liotti, Andrea Comba 2007 – Michael Tomasello, Cristiano Castelfranchi, Il Sole 24 Ore 2008 – Jon Kabat-Zinn, Giorgio Rezzonigo, Fondazione Cavalieri Ottolenghi 2009 – Dan Sperber, Jacques Mehler, Tuttoscienze 2010 – Uta Frith 2011 – Daniel Dennett 2013 – Tim Shallice 2014 – Stanislas Dehaene 2015 – Nicholas Humphrey 2016 – Antonio Damasio == See also == The Brain Prize also known as the Grete Lundbeck European Brain Research Prize The Kavli Prize Golden Brain Award Gruber Prize in Neuroscience List of psychology awards W. Alden Spencer Award Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience == References ==


id: mit150-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT150-0.md
category: reference
title: MIT150
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT150
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:32.114538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mit150-20260505-0
summary:
The MIT150 is a list published by the Boston Globe, in honor of the 150th anniversary of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2011, listing 150 of the most significant innovators, inventions or ideas from MIT, its alumni, faculty, and related people and organizations in the 150 year history of the institute. The top 30 innovators and inventions on the list are: Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web Eric Lander, team leader for sequencing one-third of the Human Genome William Shockley, inventor of the solid-state transistor Ray Tomlinson, inventor of the "@" symbol use in email addresses Phillip A. Sharp, founder of Biogen Idec Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, founders of Digital Equipment Corp. Helen Greiner and Colin Angle, founders of iRobot Corp. Ellen Swallow Richards, nutrition expert, and the first woman admitted to MIT Amar Bose, founder of Bose Corporation Ivan Getting, founder of Aerospace Corp., co-inventor of GPS Salvador Luria, father of modern biology Joseph Jacobson, co-founder of E Ink Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston, inventors of VisiCalc Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive Daniel Lewin, F. Thomson Leighton, co-founders of Akamai Vannevar Bush, science advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, founder of Raytheon, father


id: nansen-medal-for-outstanding-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_Medal_for_Outstanding_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Nansen Medal for Outstanding Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_Medal_for_Outstanding_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:33.275285+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nansen-medal-for-outstanding-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Nansen Medal for Outstanding Research is a Norwegian medal awarded by the Nansen Fund. The medal is awarded to scientists who have produced research of international significance of a very high level. The medal is awarded to Norwegian scientists or to scientists residing permanently in Norway. The medal has been awarded to recipients of the Fridtjof Nansen Prize for Outstanding Research since 2003 and was approved as an official Norwegian medal by Royal Resolution on 25 April 2007. The Nansen Prize has been awarded since 1897 and in a ceremony in 2003 all living prizewinners were awarded the medal. Since 2003 the prize and the medal have been awarded in the same ceremony. The medal is ranked 15 in the ranking of orders, decorations and medals of Norway. == Description of the medal == The medal is circular and silver. The obverse shows the head of Fridtjof Nansen surrounded by the inscription FRIDTJOF NANSENS BELØNNING FOR FREMRAGENDE FORSKNING (Fridtjof Nansen Award for Outstanding Research). The reverse bears the inscription FRIDTJOF NANSENS FOND TIL VIDENSKABENS FREMME (Fridtjof Nansen Fund to Promote Science) in a laurel wreath. The ribbon is royal blue with white edge stripes. == See also == ==


id: nas-award-in-aeronautical-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Aeronautical_Engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: NAS Award in Aeronautical Engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Aeronautical_Engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:34.480621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nas-award-in-aeronautical-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The NAS Award in Aeronautical Engineering, also known as the J.C. Hunsaker Award in Aeronautical Engineering, is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for "excellence in the field of aeronautical engineering". Established by Jerome C. Hunsaker and his wife, it was first awarded in 1968. == List of NAS Award in Aeronautical Engineering winners == Source: National Academy of Sciences Alan C. Brown (2020) For innovative contributions to the design of commercial and military aircraft, and particularly leadership of the team that developed the F-117 Stealth Fighter. Alan R. Mulally (2015) For his distinguished leadership in commercial aviation as exemplified by the development and commercialization of the Boeing 777 Norman R. Augustine (2010) For his service to the nation as a dedicated aeronautical engineer, a leader in the aerospace defense industry, a public servant, a civic leader, and a thought leader in the engineering profession. Elbert L. Rutan (2005) For leadership in engineering design and construction of SpaceShipOne, Voyager, and other successful experimental aircraft. Richard T. Whitcomb (2000) For his pioneering contributions to the aerodynamic design of high performance aircraft. William R. Sears (1995) For his significant and enduring contributions to education, aerodynamics, and aircraft design, including the


id: nas-award-in-the-neurosciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_the_Neurosciences-0.md
category: reference
title: NAS Award in the Neurosciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_the_Neurosciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:35.675825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nas-award-in-the-neurosciences-20260505-0
summary:
The NAS Award in the Neurosciences is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "in recognition of extraordinary contributions to progress in the fields of neuroscience, including neurochemistry, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, developmental neuroscience, neuroanatomy, and behavioral and clinical neuroscience." It was first awarded in 1988. == Recipients == Source: National Academy of Sciences Liqun Luo (2025) For advancing understanding of the mechanisms of neural development, neuronal diversity, and brain wiring. Nancy Kanwisher (2022) For her groundbreaking insights into the functional organization of the human brain, including the discovery of neocortical subregions that differentially engage in the perception of faces, places, music and even what others think, thereby linking modularity of mind theories to neuroscience. Eve Marder (2019) For her body of work that has transformed the perception of neuronal circuits as static structures well-described by connectivity diagrams, to our current understanding of microcircuits as flexible and dynamic entities that efficiently balance the needs for plasticity and stability. Mortimer Mishkin (2016) For fundamental contributions to understanding the functional organization of the primate brain, including discovery of the visual functions of inferior temporal cortex, the role of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways in spatial and object processing, and anatomical descriptions of


id: nemmers-prize-in-medical-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemmers_Prize_in_Medical_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Nemmers Prize in Medical Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemmers_Prize_in_Medical_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:36.832361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nemmers-prize-in-medical-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Mechthild Esser Nemmers Prize in Medical Science, established in 2016, is awarded every other year by the Feinberg School of Medicine. The recipient is "a physician-scientist whose body of research exhibits outstanding achievement in their discipline as demonstrated by works of lasting significance". The winner is determined by a jury of biomedical scientists and receives $350,000. The award is one of five Nemmers Prizes awarded by the University, created as a gift to Northwestern by the late brothers Erwin Esser Nemmers and Frederic Esser Nemmers. == Awardees == The following recipients have received this award: 2016: Huda Zoghbi, MD 2018: Stuart Orkin, MD 2020: Not awarded 2022: Jeremy Nathans, MD, PhD 2024: Jeffrey I. Gordon == See also == List of medicine awards == References == Northwestern University's web page describing the origin of the Prize and biographical notes on Nemmers Archived 2012-06-20 at the Wayback Machine Northwestern University's web page describing the Nemmers Prize in Medical Science


id: nerode-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerode_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Nerode Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerode_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:38.003036+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nerode-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The EATCS–IPEC Nerode Prize is a theoretical computer science prize awarded for outstanding research in the area of multivariate algorithmics. It is awarded by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science and the International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation. The prize was offered for the first time in 2013. == Winners == The prize winners so far have been: 2013: Chris Calabro, Russell Impagliazzo, Valentine Kabanets, Ramamohan Paturi, and Francis Zane, for their research formulating the exponential time hypothesis and using it to determine the exact parameterized complexity of several important variants of the Boolean satisfiability problem. 2014: Hans L. Bodlaender, Rodney G. Downey, Michael R. Fellows, Danny Hermelin, Lance Fortnow, and Rahul Santhanam, for their work on kernelization, proving that several problems with fixed-parameter tractable algorithms do not have polynomial-size kernels unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses. 2015: Erik Demaine, Fedor V. Fomin, Mohammad Hajiaghayi, and Dimitrios Thilikos, for their research on bidimensionality, defining a broad framework for the design of fixed-parameter-tractable algorithms for domination and covering problems on graphs. 2016: Andreas Björklund for his paper Determinant Sums for Undirected Hamiltonicity, showing that methods based on algebraic graph theory lead to a significantly improved algorithm for finding Hamiltonian cycles


id: new-investigator-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Investigator_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: New Investigator Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Investigator_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:39.187662+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-investigator-award-20260505-0
summary:
A New Investigator Award is a type of funding grant awarded to "early career" academics in the sciences. A wide array of entities offer New Investigator Awards, including: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy American Medical Informatics Association European Human Behaviour and Evolution Association Canadian Association for Neuroscience == References ==


id: alfred-newton-lecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Newton_Lecture-0.md
category: reference
title: Alfred Newton Lecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Newton_Lecture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:40.331743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alfred-newton-lecture-20260505-0
summary:
The Alfred Newton Lecture is an academic prize lecture awarded by the British Ornithologists' Union. It is named for Alfred Newton. == Lecturers == 1994 Ian Newton 1995 Janet Kear 1998 Jared Diamond 2003 Chris Perrins 2009 Tim Birkhead 2018 Hugh Possingham 2019 Lei Cao 2021 Carl Jones 2022 Nicholas B. Davies == See also == Godman-Salvin Medal Union Medal == References ==


id: percy-nicholls-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Nicholls_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Percy Nicholls Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Nicholls_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:41.520134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: percy-nicholls-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Percy Nicholls Award is an American engineering prize. It has been given annually since 1942 for "notable scientific or industrial achievement in the field of solid fuels". The prize is given jointly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. == Recipients of this Prize == Source: 2023 - David G. Osborne 2022 - Michael A. Karmis 2021 - Not given 2019 - Not given 2018 - Not given 2017 - Not given 2016 - Not given 2015 - Yoginder Paul Chugh 2014 - Yiannis Levendis 2013 - Barbara J. Arnold 2012 - Not given 2011 - Sukumar Bandopadhyay 2010 - Ashwani K. Gupta 2009 - William Beck 2008 - George A. Richards 2007 - Peter J. Bethell 2006 - John L. Marion 2005 - Gerald H. Luttrell 2004 - Dr. Hisashi (Sho) Kobayashi 2003 - J. Brett Harvey 2002 - L. Douglas Smoot 2001 - Robert E. Murray 2000 - Klaus R. G. Hein 1999 - Peter T. Luckie 1998 - Not given 1997 - Frank F. Aplan 1996 - Adel F. Sarofim 1995 - Joseph W. Leonard, III 1994 - Robert H. Essenhigh 1993 - Robert L. Frantz 1992


id: nishina-memorial-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishina_Memorial_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Nishina Memorial Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishina_Memorial_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:42.717997+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nishina-memorial-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Nishina Memorial Prize (仁科記念賞, Nishina Kinenshō) is the oldest and most prestigious physics award in Japan. == Information == Since 1955, the Nishina Memorial Prize has been awarded annually by the Nishina Memorial Foundation. The Foundation was established to commemorate Yoshio Nishina, who was the founding father of modern physics research in Japan and a mentor of the first two Japanese Nobel Laureates, Hideki Yukawa and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga. The Prize, of ¥500,000 (about US$5,000) and the certificate, is bestowed upon young scientists who have made substantial contributions in the field of atomic and sub-atomic physics research. As of 2024, six Nobel Prizes have been awarded to prior Nishina recipients: Leo Esaki, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, Masatoshi Koshiba, Shuji Nakamura and Takaaki Kajita. == Laureates == Notable Nishina laureates are: 1955: Kazuhiko Nishijima 1957: Ryogo Kubo (1977 Boltzmann Medal) 1959: Leo Esaki (1973 Nobel Prize, 1998 Japan Prize) 1961: Takeo Matsubara 1963: Chushiro Hayashi 1968: Jun Kondo 1969: Hisashi Matsuda, Hiroyuki Ikezi, Kyoji Nishikawa 1971: Hirotaka Sugawara 1972: Kyozi Kawasaki (2001 Boltzmann Medal), Kazumi Maki 1973: Fumitaka Sato 1974: Bunji Sakita 1976: Susumu Okubo (2006 Wigner Medal) 1978: Akito Arima 1979: Makoto Kobayashi (2008 Nobel Prize), Toshihide Maskawa (2008 Nobel


