# kb

id: nitro-nobel-gold-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro_Nobel_Gold_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Nitro Nobel Gold Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro_Nobel_Gold_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:43.894239+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nitro-nobel-gold-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Nitro Nobel Gold Medal is an explosives industry award given by the Nitro Nobel Company of Sweden (now part of Dyno Nobel). The medal is gold, and features the same obverse as the Nobel Prize, but a different reverse. The medal has sometimes been confused with the Nobel Prize. The award has only been given three times since its creation in 1967. The recipients are: 1967 — Dr. Robert W. Van Dolah, for the development of a theory he developed to explain the accidental initiation of liquid explosives 1968 — Dr. Melvin A. Cook, for the discovery of slurry explosives 1990 — Dr. Per-Anders Persson for the invention of the Nonel fuze. == See also == List of engineering awards == References ==


id: norman-f-ramsey-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Norman F. Ramsey Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:45.043161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: norman-f-ramsey-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Norman F. Ramsey Prize in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, and in Precision Tests of Fundamental Laws and Symmetries is a prize given by the American Physical Society. It is awarded for outstanding work in the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, especially in the precision measurement of physical constants, tests of fundamental laws and symmetries, and precision spectroscopy. Instituted in 2016, the prize pays tribute to Nobel Laureate Norman Ramsey, celebrated for pioneering contributions such as the separated oscillatory field method and the hydrogen maser. It consists of $10,000 plus travel expenses to the annual meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (DAMOP) where the prize is bestowed. == Recipients == 2018: Peter Zoller 2019: Jun Ye 2020: Philip H. Bucksbaum 2021: Dmitry Budker 2022: Mikhail Lukin 2023: Olga Kocharovskaya 2024: David DeMille, Gerald Gabrielse, John Doyle 2025: Alan Kostelecký 2026: Mark Saffman, Antoine Browaeys == See also == List of physics awards List of American Physical Society prizes and awards == References ==


id: norman-hackerman-young-author-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hackerman_Young_Author_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Norman Hackerman Young Author Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hackerman_Young_Author_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:46.217599+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: norman-hackerman-young-author-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Norman Hackerman Young Author Award was established in 1982 by The Electrochemical Society (ECS). The award is presented annually for the best paper published in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society for a topic in the field of electrochemical science and technology by a young author or authors. (This award incorporates the Turner Book Prize.) Recipients of the award are presented with a scroll, cash prize (divided equally among eligible authors), and travel assistance to enable winner(s) to attend the ECS meeting where the award is presented. This award is named after the chemist Norman Hackerman. == Notable Recipients == == See also == List of chemistry awards == References ==


id: james-flack-norris-award-for-outstanding-achievement-in-the-teaching-of-chemistry-20260505-0
category: reference
title: James Flack Norris Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Teaching of Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:47.362393+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: james-flack-norris-award-for-outstanding-achievement-in-the-teaching-of-chemistry-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Flack_Norris_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_the_Teaching_of_Chemistry-0.md

summary:
The James Flack Norris Award is an award handed out yearly for "outstanding contributions to the field of chemical education". The award, which was established in 1950 and was handed out the first time in 1951 was created by the Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society in memory of the contributions of James Flack Norris, professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. == See also == List of chemistry awards == References == == External links == Official Website

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Flack_Norris_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_the_Teaching_of_Chemistry


id: novartis-drew-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Novartis-Drew Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:48.977109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: novartis-drew-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Novartis-Drew Award for Biomedical Research is an award jointly presented by Novartis and Drew University. It comprises a cash award (originally $2000) and a plaque. The award was initially created as the Ciba-Drew Award for Biomedical Research and renamed following the change of company name from Ciba-Geigy to Novartis in 1996. == Incomplete list of winners == Novartis-Drew Award 2003: Elaine Fuchs; Philip A. Sharp; David Botstein 2002: Frank McCormick; Brian J. Druker; Harold Varmus 2001: Sidney Brenner; Eric Lander; Craig Venter 2000: Susan L. Lindquist 1999: Elizabeth Helen Blackburn; Joan Steitz 1998: Tom Maniatis; Alexander Varshavsky 1997: Edward Alan Berger Ciba-Drew Award 1996: H. Robert Horvitz; Stanley J. Korsmeyer 1995: Joseph Schlessinger; Günter Blobel ; Arnold J. Levine 1994: Thomas R. Cech; Albert Eschenmoser; Manfred Eigen 1993: Leroy Hood; Francis S. Collins 1992: Stuart L. Schreiber ; Peter G. Schultz ; Richard Lerner 1991: Sir Michael Berridge 1990: Roger David Kornberg; Nicholas R. Cozzarelli 1989: Robert William Mahley 1988: Samuel Broder; Robert C. Gallo ; Luc Montagnier 1987: Thomas A. Waldmann 1986: Michael H. Wigler 1985: Jean-Pierre Changeux; Solomon Halbert Snyder 1984: Albrecht Fleckenstein; Harald Reuter 1983: Ronald Levy; 1982: 1981: C. Ronald Kahn; Donald F. Steiner ;


id: ryoji-noyori-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryoji_Noyori_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Ryoji Noyori Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryoji_Noyori_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:50.165534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ryoji-noyori-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Ryoji Noyori Prize was established by the Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan in 2002 to commemorate Ryōji Noyori winning the 101st Nobel Prize in Chemistry as well as the 60th anniversary of the Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry. The prize is given "to recognize and encourage outstanding contributions to research in asymmetric synthetic chemistry defined in its broadest sense." The prize is sponsored by Takasago International Corporation. == Prizewinners == Source: Noyori Prize winners == See also == List of chemistry awards List of prizes named after people == References ==


id: o-moore-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O'Moore_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: O'Moore Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O'Moore_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:51.329506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: o-moore-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The O'Moore Medal is awarded by the Healthcare Informatics Society of Ireland to individuals or organisations that have made a major contribution to Healthcare Informatics. The award is named after Professor Rory O'Moore, who received the award in 2003 when it was inaugurated by then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern. == Awards == 2003: Rory O'Moore 2005: Georges De Moor 2007: Jane Grimson 2008: Glyn Hayes 2009: H. Stephen Lieber 2011: Kieran Hickey 2018: Richard Corbridge (FBCS) == See also == List of computer science awards == References == == External links == Official website


id: lars-onsager-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Onsager_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Lars Onsager Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Onsager_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:52.504521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lars-onsager-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Lars Onsager Prize is a prize in theoretical statistical physics awarded annually by the American Physical Society. Prize recipients receive a medal, certificate, and $10,000. It was established in 1993 by Drs. Russell and Marian Donnelly in memory of Lars Onsager. == Recipients == == See also == List of physics awards == Notes ==


id: otto-hahn-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Otto Hahn Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:53.659352+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: otto-hahn-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Otto Hahn Medal (German: Otto-Hahn-Medaille) is awarded by the Max Planck Society to young scientists and researchers in both the natural and social sciences. The award takes its name from the German chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Otto Hahn, who served as the first president of the Max Planck Society from 1948 to 1960. The medal is awarded annually to a maximum of thirty junior scientists in recognition of outstanding scientific achievement. Up to ten awardees are selected in each of three thematized sections: 1) Biological-Medical, 2) Chemical-Physical-Engineering, and 3) Social Science-Humanities. It is accompanied by a monetary award of €7,500. Medalists are awarded during a ceremony at the General Meeting of the Max Planck Society, taking place annually in alternating locales in Germany. == Notable awardees == Ralf Adams, biochemist Susanne Albers, computer scientist, 2008 Leibniz Prize winner Niko Beerenwinkel, mathematician Niklas Beisert, theoretical physicist, 2007 Gribov Medal winner Martin Beneke, theoretical physicist, 2008 Leibniz Prize winner Immanuel Bloch, experimental physicist, 2004 Leibniz Prize winner Guido Bünstorf, economist Demetrios Christodoulou, mathematician, 1993 MacArthur Fellow Bianca Dittrich, theoretical physicist Reinhard Genzel, astrophysicist, 2020 Nobel Prize winner Daniel Goldstein, cognitive psychologist Christiane Koch, physicist, 2002 Juliane Kokott, Advocate General at


id: paolo-farinella-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Farinella_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Paolo Farinella Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Farinella_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:54.854329+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: paolo-farinella-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Paolo Farinella Prize is named after Paolo Farinella. The prize recognizes significant contributions in the fields of planetary sciences, space geodesy, fundamental physics, science popularization, security in space, weapons control, and disarmament. Recipients must be under the age of 47 (the age at which Farinella died) to qualify for the prize. == Prize winners == == See also == List of astronomy awards == References ==


id: parzen-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzen_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Parzen Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzen_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:56.039301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: parzen-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Emanuel and Carol Parzen Prize for Statistical Innovation, known in brief as the Parzen Prize, is awarded biennially by the Department of Statistics at Texas A&M University to North American mathematicians to recognize their outstanding and influential contributions to the development of statistical methods and that the winners received their PhD at least 25 years prior to the award. It is named after the mathematician and statistician Emanuel Parzen (1929–2016). The award consists of $1,000 and travel expenses to College Station, Texas, where the winner speaks at the award ceremony. == List of winners == == References ==


id: pasteur-medal-swedish-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Medal_(Swedish)-0.md
category: reference
title: Pasteur Medal (Swedish)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Medal_(Swedish)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:57.188362+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pasteur-medal-swedish-20260505-0
summary:
The Pasteur Medal is given every ten years by the Swedish Society of Medicine (SSM) to a scientist who has excelled in the fields of bacteriology or hygiene. It first was struck and given to its honorand Louis Pasteur on the occasion of his 70th birthday in 1892. The Yale Art Gallery mischaracterizes the bronze medallion as French. The medal was designed by Frenchman Victor Peter (1840–1918). == References ==


id: patterson-crane-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson–Crane_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Patterson–Crane Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson–Crane_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:58.367255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: patterson-crane-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Patterson–Crane Award, previously the Austin M. Patterson Award, is an award for contributions to chemical information and is sponsored by the Columbus and Dayton sections of the American Chemical Society. The Austin M. Patterson award was established in 1949 and its first recipient was Austin M. Patterson, in recognition of his work on chemical nomenclature and as editor of Chemical Abstracts. In 1975 the award was renamed to commemorate also Evan J. Crane, who edited Chemical Abstracts 1915–1958, and who had received the award in 1953. The Patterson-Crane Award acknowledges “meritorious contributions in the field of chemical literature and especially in the documentation of chemistry.” The award, which, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, was presented in odd-numbered years, consists of a personalized commendation and an honorarium of $3,000. An international honor, the Patterson-Crane Award acknowledges outstanding contributions to the field of chemical information science, including the design, development, production or management of chemical information systems or services; electronic access to and retrieval of chemical information; critically evaluated data compilations; information technology applications in chemistry; or other significant chemical documentation, including production of original works, editorial works, or chemical library work. Past recipients of this international award have included research


id: peter-mark-memorial-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mark_Memorial_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Peter Mark Memorial Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mark_Memorial_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:24:59.534502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: peter-mark-memorial-award-20260505-0
summary:
This Peter Mark Memorial Award was established in 1979 by American Vacuum Society " To recognize outstanding theoretical or experimental work by a young scientist or engineer." == See also == List of physics awards == References == == External links == Peter Mark Memorial Award Archived 2018-06-17 at the Wayback Machine


id: peter-nicol-russell-memorial-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicol_Russell_Memorial_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Peter Nicol Russell Memorial Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicol_Russell_Memorial_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:00.740973+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: peter-nicol-russell-memorial-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Peter Nicol Russell Memorial Medal is awarded by Engineers Australia. It has been awarded since 1923 when its first recipient was the Australian engineer Prof William Henry Warren. It is given annually to an Honorary Fellow of Engineers Australia who has significantly advanced engineering in Australia. The award consists of a framed certificate and medal. == Recipients == == See also == List of engineering awards == References ==


id: poincar-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincaré_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Poincaré Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincaré_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:01.893308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: poincar-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Henri Poincaré Medal (Médaille Henri Poincaré) is a mathematics award from the Institut de France, Academie des Sciences, Fondation Henri Poincaré. The medal recognizes an eminent mathematician and is awarded only on exceptional occasions. It was established in 1914 and was eliminated in 1997 in favor of the Grande Médaille. It should be distinguished from the Henri Poincaré Prize of the International Association of Mathematical Physics, and from various other medals featuring Poincaré's name and likeness. == Recipients == 1954 Georges Valiron 1974 Pierre Deligne 1992 John G. Thompson == See also == List of things named after Henri Poincaré List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: polhem-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Polhem Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:03.093165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polhem-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Polhem Prize (Polhemspriset) is a Swedish award for a high-level technological innovation or an ingenious solution to a technical problem. The innovation must be available and shown competitive on the open market. The prize is awarded by Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers (Sveriges Ingenjörer) (formerly Civilingenjörsförbundet and Svenska Teknologföreningen) The prize is named after Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist Christopher Polhem (1661–1751). == Laureates == == References == == External links == Official website (in Swedish) About the Polhem Prize (in Swedish) All Winners of the Polhem Prize (in Swedish)


id: pollin-prize-for-pediatric-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollin_Prize_for_Pediatric_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollin_Prize_for_Pediatric_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:04.291311+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pollin-prize-for-pediatric-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research was an annual award given to physicians who contributed important advances to the field of pediatrics, and was the only existing international pediatric award. The prize was created in 2002 by Irene and Abe Pollin, and funded by the Linda and Kenneth Pollin Foundation. It was administered by the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, and as of 2003, Dr. Rudolph Leibel was chairman of the selection panel. The prize is no longer awarded. == Recipients == 2010 – Roscoe O. Brady and Charles R. Scriver 2009 – Basil S. Hetzel 2008 – John Allen Clements 2007 – Samuel L. Katz 2006 – No award 2005 – Eric N. Olson, Abraham Rudolph 2004 – Alfred Sommer 2003 – Emil Frei, Emil J. Freireich, Donald Pinkel, and James F. Holland 2002 – Dilip Mahalanabis, Norbert Hirschhorn, David Nalin, and Nathaniel F. Pierce == See also == List of medicine awards == References ==


id: pomeranchuk-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranchuk_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Pomeranchuk Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranchuk_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:05.456596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pomeranchuk-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Pomeranchuk Prize is an international award for theoretical physics, awarded annually since 1998 by the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) from Moscow. It is named after Russian physicist Isaak Yakovlevich Pomeranchuk, who together with Landau established the Theoretical Physics Department of the Institute. == Laureates == 2024 Andrei Linde and Igor Tyutin 2023 Yakir Aharonov and Arkady Tseytlin 2022 Luciano Maiani and Irina Aref'eva 2021 Larry D. McLerran and Alexei Starobinsky 2020 Sergio Ferrara and Mikhail Andrejewitsch Vasiliev 2019 Roger Penrose and Vladimir S. Popov 2018 Giorgio Parisi and Lev Pitaevskii 2017 Igor Klebanov and Juri Moissejewitsch Kagan 2016 Curtis J. Callan and Yuri A. Simonov 2015 Stanley J. Brodsky and Victor Fadin 2014 Leonid Keldysh and Alexander Zamolodchikov 2013 Mikhail Shifman and Andrei Slavnov 2012 Juan Martín Maldacena and Spartak Belyaev 2011 Heinrich Leutwyler and Semyon Gershtein 2010 André Martin and Valentine Zakharov 2009 Nicola Cabibbo and Boris Ioffe 2008 Leonard Susskind and Lev Okun 2007 Alexander Belavin and Yoichiro Nambu 2006 Vadim Kuzmin and Howard Georgi 2005 Iosif Khriplovich and Arkady Vainshtein 2004 Alexander F. Andreev and Alexander Polyakov 2003 Valery Rubakov and Freeman Dyson 2002 Ludvig Faddeev and Bryce Seligman DeWitt 2001 Lev Lipatov


id: potamkin-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamkin_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Potamkin Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamkin_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:06.580801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: potamkin-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Potamkin Prize for Research in Pick's, Alzheimer's, and Related Diseases was established in 1988 and is sponsored by the American Academy of Neurology. The prize is funded through the philanthropy of the Potamkin Foundation. The prize is awarded for achievements on emerging areas of research in Pick's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. The award includes a medallion, $100,000 prize, and a 20-minute lecture at the American Academy of Neurology annual meeting. The prize is named after Luba Potamkin (wife of Victor Potamkin) who, in 1978, was diagnosed with a form of dementia which was identified as Pick's disease, a form of frontotemporal dementia. A website dedicated to the Potamkin Prize was launched in 2020 and included background on the prize, biographies of past winners, and information about applying or being nominated. == Awards == Source (to 2017): American Academy of Neurology 2024: Francisco Lopera 2023: Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini 2021: Vladimir Hachinski 2021: Kenneth Kosik, Giovanna Mallucci 2020: J. Paul Taylor 2019: Randall J. Bateman 2018: David Bennett 2017: Claudia Kawas, Kristine Yaffe 2016: Rosa Rademakers, Bryan J. Traynor 2015: Peter Davies, Reisa Sperling 2014: Marek-Marsel Mesulam 2013: Eric M. Reiman, Michael W. Weiner, William J. Jagust 2012: Takeshi


id: prix-georges-lema-tre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître-0.md
category: reference
title: Prix Georges Lemaître
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:07.842632+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prix-georges-lema-tre-20260505-0
summary:
The Prix Georges Lemaître is an award created in 1995, in celebration of the centenary of the birth in 1894 of Georges Lemaître. The Association des Anciens et Amis de l'Université catholique de Louvain (Association of the Alumni and Friends of the Université catholique de Louvain) initiated the award, as well as the Fondation Georges Lemaître (Georges Lemaître Foundation). The prize, endowed with 25,000 euros as of 2003, is awarded every two years to a scientist who has made a remarkable contribution to développement et à la diffusion des connaissances dans les domaines de la cosmologie, de l'astronomie, de l'astrophysique, de la géophysique, ou de la recherche spatiale (development and dissemination of knowledge in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, geophysics, or space science). The winner is chosen by an international jury of scientists, chaired by the rector of the Université catholique de Louvain. == List of recipients == 1995 — Philip James Edwin Peebles, astrophysicist and cosmologist 1997 — Jean-Claude Duplessy, geochemist and climatologist 1999 — Jean-Pierre Luminet, astrophysist, and Dominique Lambert, philosopher of science 2001 — Kurt Lambeck, geophysicist 2003 — Alain Hubert, explorer and climatologist 2005 — Édouard Bard, climatologist 2007 — Susan Solomon, atmospheric chemist and


id: prix-paul-langevin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Paul_Langevin-0.md
category: reference
title: Prix Paul Langevin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Paul_Langevin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:09.007893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prix-paul-langevin-20260505-0
summary:
The prix Paul-Langevin is a prize created in 1956 and named in honor of Paul Langevin. It has been awarded each year since 1957 by the Société française de physique (SFP). The prize honors French physicists for work in theoretical physics. The prix Paul Langevin should not be confused with the prix Langevin, which is a prize awarded in mathematics, physics, chemistry, or biology by the Académie des sciences. == Recipients == == References ==


id: prix-jean-ricard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Jean_Ricard-0.md
category: reference
title: Prix Jean Ricard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Jean_Ricard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:10.189336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prix-jean-ricard-20260505-0
summary:
The Prix Jean-Ricard is a prize awarded by the Société française de physique (SFP) to a French physicist for remarkable and original work. Jean Ricard, alumnus of École Polytechnique, engineer École supérieure d'électricité (E.S.E), and member of the SFP since 1925, donated to the SFP in April 1970 a portfolio of securities amounting to around four million francs to found the prize. The prize has been awarded each year since 1971. == List of laureates == == References ==


id: prize-for-innovation-in-distributed-computing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_for_Innovation_in_Distributed_Computing-0.md
category: reference
title: Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_for_Innovation_in_Distributed_Computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:11.390350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prize-for-innovation-in-distributed-computing-20260505-0
summary:
The Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing (also called SIROCCO award) is an award presented annually at the conference International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIROCCO) to a living individual (or individuals) who have made a major contribution to understanding "the relationships between information and efficiency in decentralized computing", which is main area of interest for this conference. The award recognizes innovation, in particular, it recognizes inventors of new ideas that were unorthodox and outside the mainstream at the time of their introduction. There are two restrictions for being eligible for this award: (1) The original contribution must have appeared in a publication at least five years before the year of the award, (2) One of the articles related to this contribution and authored by this candidate must have appeared in the proceedings of SIROCCO. The award was presented for the first time in 2009. == Winners == == See also == List of computer science awards == References == == External links == Official website


id: prize-of-the-verkhovna-rada-of-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_the_Verkhovna_Rada_of_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: Prize of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_the_Verkhovna_Rada_of_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:12.602305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prize-of-the-verkhovna-rada-of-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
The Prize of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, for young scientists in the field of basic and applied research and scientific and technological research works, was established to promote domestic science and technology, increase the participation of young scientists in interdisciplinary basic and applied research and scientific development and increasing the prestige of the researcher. The award was established by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2007. Every year, since January 1, 2008, 20 Prizes of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine are awarded to young scientists. The awardees also receive a sum of ₴20 thousand each. == Laureates == Tetiana Ivanova Oleksandr Kolodiazhnyi == References ==


id: pythagoras-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Pythagoras Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:13.802123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pythagoras-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Pythagoras Award, or The Pythagoras Prize, or The Pitagor Prize (named after Pythagoras - a Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist, Bulgarian: Награда Питагор), established in 2008, is an award given annually to Bulgarian nationals by the Ministry of Science and Education of Bulgaria in recognition for outstanding scientific achievements. The Pythagoras Prizes are the most prestigious Scientific awards in Bulgaria, frequently referred as the Bulgarian Nobel Prizes. There are several categories each with its own award. The Pythagoras statuettes symbolize The Third Eye which provides perception beyond ordinary sight. The statuettes are designed by the famous Bulgarian sculptor Georgi Chapkanov. == Categories == 1. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Seminal Contribution to Advancement of Science 2. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Principal Investigator of International Synergy Project 3. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Young Scientist 4. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Natural Science and Engineering 5. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Physiology and Medicine 6. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Humanities and Social Science 7. Pythagoras Prize for Bulgarian Scientist abroad for Seminal Contribution to Science 8. Pythagoras Prize for Scientific Team with Successful Commercialization of Scientific Results 9. Pythagoras Prize for Scientific Book 10. Pythagoras Prize for Company


id: aneesur-rahman-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneesur_Rahman_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Aneesur Rahman Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneesur_Rahman_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:14.934433+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aneesur-rahman-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1993. The recipient is chosen for "outstanding achievement in computational physics research" and it is the highest award given by the APS for work in computational physics. The prize is named after Aneesur Rahman (1927–1987), pioneer of the molecular dynamics simulation method. The prize was valued at $5,000 from 2007 to 2014, and is currently valued at $10,000. == Recipients == == See also == List of American Physical Society prizes and awards List of physics awards == References ==


id: rema-lapouse-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rema_Lapouse_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Rema Lapouse Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rema_Lapouse_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:16.107657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rema-lapouse-award-20260505-0
summary:
Rema Lapouse Award is granted to an outstanding scientist in the area of psychiatric epidemiology in recognition of "significant contributions to the scientific understanding of the epidemiology and control of mental disorders. It is sponsored by the Mental Health, Epidemiology, and Applied Public Health Statistics Sections of the American Public Health Association. It was established in 1972 by the American physician Milton Terris in honor of his wife, Dr. Rema Lapouse, who was a founding member of the Mental Health Section. == Recipients == === Other recipients === No other known recipients. == See also == List of medicine awards == References == American Public Health Association description of the Rema Lapouse Award, 2025. APHA Rema Lapouse Award. (1979). Human Organization, 38(1), 105–105.


id: reusch-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusch_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Reusch Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusch_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:17.304586+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reusch-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Reusch Medal (Norwegian: Reusch-medaljen) is a medal awarded by the Norwegian Geological Society to young researchers in recognition of a high-quality treatise on geology. It has been awarded since 4 January 1926 in honor of the geologist Hans Henrik Reusch (1852–1922). == See also == List of geology awards == References ==


id: richard-von-mises-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Mises_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Richard von Mises Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Mises_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:18.447170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: richard-von-mises-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Richard von Mises Prize is awarded annually by the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (GAMM). Since its inception in 1989, the award is given to a young scientist (not older than 36) for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. The prize is presented during the opening ceremony of the GAMM Annual Meeting where the winner will present his research in a plenary talk. The prize aims to reward and encourage young scientists whose research represents a major advancement in the field of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. Richard von Mises was an Austrian-American mathematician who worked among others on numerical mathematics, solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, statistics and probability theory. == Winners == The prize winners have included: == See also == List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: rob-sias-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sias_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Rob Sias Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sias_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:19.662580+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rob-sias-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Robert J. Sias senior resident award for excellence in clinical dermatology recognizes the outstanding clinical skills of a graduating resident at the University of Minnesota department of dermatology, and is presented annually at the Resident Graduation Celebration in June. The recipient is chosen by faculty and staff as the resident doctor they would most want to care for family and friends. == See also == List of medicine awards == References ==


id: rolf-wideroe-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Wideroe_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Rolf Wideroe Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Wideroe_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:20.859866+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rolf-wideroe-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Rolf Wideroe Prize is awarded every third year by the Accelerator Group of the European Physical Society (EPS), in memory of Rolf Widerøe, to individuals in recognition of outstanding work in the field of accelerator physics. The prize was awarded for the first time in 1996, but was only named the Rolf Wideroe Prize in 2011. Before this year the prize was simply referred to as EPS Accelerator Group Prizes. == Laureates == 2023: Katsunobu Oide 2020: Lucio Rossi 2017: Lyn Evans 2014: Mikael Eriksson 2011: Shin-Ichi Kurokawa 2008: Alexander Chao 2006 Vladimir Teplyakov 2004: Igor Meshkov 2002: Kurt Hübner 2000: Eberhard Keil 1998: Cristoforo Benvenuti 1996: R.D. Kohaupt and the DESY Feedback Group: M. Ebert, D. Heins, J. Klute, K.-H. Matthiesen, H. Musfeldt, S. Pätzold, J. Rümmler, M. Schweiger, J. Theiss == See also == List of physics awards == References ==


id: romer-simpson-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer-Simpson_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Romer-Simpson Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer-Simpson_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:22.068053+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: romer-simpson-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Romer-Simpson Medal is the highest award issued by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology for "sustained and outstanding scholarly excellence and service to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology". The award is named in honor of Alfred S. Romer and George G. Simpson. == Past awards == Source: Society for Vertebrate Paleontology 1987 Everett C. Olson 1988 Bobb Schaeffer 1989 Edwin H. Colbert 1990 Richard Estes 1991 no award 1992 Loris S. Russell 1993 Zhou Mingzhen 1994 John H. Ostrom 1995 Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska 1996 Percy Butler 1997 Colin Patterson 1998 Albert E. Wood 1999 Robert Warren Wilson 2000 John A. Wilson 2001 Malcolm McKenna 2002 Mary R. Dawson 2003 Rainer Zangerl 2004 Robert L. Carroll 2005 Donald E. Russell 2006 William A. Clemens 2007 Wann Langston, Jr. 2008 Jose Bonaparte 2009 Farish Jenkins 2010 Rinchen Barsbold 2011 Alfred W. Crompton 2012 Philip D. Gingerich 2013 Jack Horner 2014 Hans-Peter Schultze 2015 Jim Hopson 2016 Mee-mann Chang 2017 Philip J. Currie 2018 Kay Behrensmeyer 2019 Michael Archer 2020 Jenny Clack 2021 Blaire Van Valkenburgh 2022 David W. Krause == See also == List of biology awards List of paleontology awards == References ==


id: rutherford-memorial-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Memorial_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Rutherford Memorial Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Memorial_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:23.232672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rutherford-memorial-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Rutherford Memorial Medal is an award for research in the fields of physics and chemistry by the Royal Society of Canada. It was dedicated to the memory of Ernest Rutherford. It is awarded once for physics and once for chemistry each year, "for outstanding research", when there is a suitable candidate. == Recipients == Source: Royal Society of Canada === Chemistry === === Physics === == See also == List of chemistry awards List of physics awards List of prizes named after people == References == == External links == RSC Rutherford Memorial Medal


id: larry-sandler-memorial-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sandler_Memorial_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Larry Sandler Memorial Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sandler_Memorial_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:24.453232+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: larry-sandler-memorial-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Larry Sandler Memorial Award is a prestigious international award given for research in the Drosophila community. The award is given for the best dissertation of the preceding year, and is given at the annual Drosophila Research Conference. Awardees may be nominated only by their graduate advisors. The awardees give the Larry Sandler Memorial Lecture at the annual Drosophila Research Conference. The award honors Dr. Larry Sandler. == Award recipients == 1988 Bruce Edgar 1989 Kate Harding 1990 Michael Dickinson 1991 Maurice Kernan 1992 Doug Kellogg 1993 David Schneider 1994 Kendal Broadie 1995 David Begun 1996 Chaoyong Ma 1997 Abby Dernburg 1998 Nir Hacohen 1999 Terence Murphy 2000 Bin Chen 2001 James Wilhelm 2002 Matthew C. Gibson 2003 Sinisa Urban 2004 Sean McGuire 2005 Elissa Hallem 2006 Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos 2007 Yu-Chiun Wang 2008 Adam A. L. Friedman 2009 Timothy T. Weil 2010 Leonardo B. Koerich 2011 Daniel Babcock 2012 Stephanie Turner Chen 2013 Weizhe Hong 2014 Ruei-Jiun Hung 2015 Zhao Zhang 2016 Alejandra Figueroa-Clarevega 2017 Danny E. Miller 2018 Lucy Liu 2019 Laura Seeholzer 2020 Balint Kacsoh 2021 Ching-Ho Chang 2022 Lianna Wat 2023 James O'Connor 2024 Sherzod A. Tokamov 2025 Peiwei Chen == Former chairs of the Award ==


id: sarnat-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnat_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Sarnat Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnat_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:25.803244+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sarnat-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Mental Health was established in 1992 and is awarded annually by the National Academy of Medicine in the United States to recognize individuals, groups, or organizations for outstanding achievement in improving mental health. It is accompanied by a medal and $20,000. == Recipients == Source: 1992: Daniel X. Freedman, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine 1993: Seymour S. Kety, Harvard Medical School 1994: Myrna Weissman, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Gerald Klerman, Cornell University Medical College 1995: Samuel B. Guze, Barnes and Renard Hospital 1996: Leon Eisenberg, Harvard Medical School 1997: Herbert Pardes, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 1998: David Kupfer, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre 1999: Nancy C. Andreasen, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics 2000: Rosalynn Carter, The Carter Centre 2001: Michael L. Rutter, King's College London and Solomon H. Snyder, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 2002: David Satcher, Morehouse School of Medicine 2003: Aaron T. Beck, University of Pennsylvania 2004: Albert J. Stunkard, University of Pennsylvania 2005: Floyd E. Bloom, Neurome, Inc 2006: Jack D. Barchas, Weill Cornell Medical College 2007: Beatrix Hamburg and David Hamburg, Weill Cornell Medical College 2008:


id: schleiden-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleiden_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Schleiden Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleiden_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:26.968538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schleiden-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Schleiden Medal is an award given by the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the National Academy of Germany, to honour outstanding achievements in the field of cellular biology. The award is named after botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden. == Recipients == == See also == List of biology awards == References == == External links == Official website (in English and German)


id: schottenstein-prize-in-cardiovascular-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottenstein_Prize_in_Cardiovascular_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Schottenstein Prize in Cardiovascular Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottenstein_Prize_in_Cardiovascular_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:28.161778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schottenstein-prize-in-cardiovascular-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Schottenstein Prize in Cardiovascular Sciences is awarded biennially to physicians or biomedical scientists who are judged to have made extraordinary and sustained contributions to improving cardiovascular health. The award is worth US$100,000 and is conferred by The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center’s Heart and Vascular Center. == Laureates == == See also == List of medicine awards == References ==


id: science-communication-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Communication_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Communication Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Communication_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:29.369956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-communication-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Science Communication Prize is an annual award in science writing given by the European Commission. It was begun as a Descartes Prize in 2004, but in 2007 was separated to its own prize. It is a "prize of prizes" that is only open to winners of other award schemes from the year preceding the award. Eligible forms of science communication include public engagement, written communication including newspaper articles and popular science books, audio-visual media including TV programmes and websites, and "innovative action". Proposals (also referred to as submissions) received are judged and a shortlist of nominees are announced, from which five Laureates (finalists) and five Winners are announced at a prize ceremony in December each year. == References == == External links == Official EU site FP6-2005-Science-and-society-18: René Descartes Prizes 2006. Call for proposal


id: seligman-crystal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seligman_Crystal-0.md
category: reference
title: Seligman Crystal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seligman_Crystal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:30.567065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seligman-crystal-20260505-0
summary:
The Seligman Crystal is an award of the International Glaciological Society. The prize is "awarded from time to time to one who has made an outstanding scientific contribution to glaciology so that the subject is now enriched" and named after Gerald Seligman. == Recipients == Source: International Glaciological Society Gerald Seligman (1963) H. Bader (1967) J.F. Nye (1969) John W. Glen (1972) B. L. Hansen (1972) S. Evans (1974) Willi Dansgaard (1976) W. B. Kamb (1977) Marcel de Quervain (1982) William Osgood Field, Jr (1983) Johannes Weertman (1983) Mark F. Meier (1985) Gordon de Quetteville Robin (1986) Hans Oeschger (1989) W. F. Weeks (1989) Charles R. Bentley (1990) Akira Higashi (1990) Hans Röthlisberger (1992) Louis Lliboutry (1993) Anthony J. Gow (1995) William F. Budd (1996) Sigfús J. Johnsen (1997) Claude Lorius (1998) Charles F. Raymond (1999) S.C. Colbeck (2000) Geoffrey S. Boulton (2001) Garry K. C. Clarke (2001) Kolumban Hutter (2003) Richard Alley (2005) Lonnie G. Thompson (2007) Paul A. Mayewski (2009) Almut Iken (2011) David E. Sugden (2012) Paul Duval (2013) Richard C.A. Hindmarsh (2019) Douglas R. MacAyeal (2019) Andrew C. Fowler (2020) Catherine Ritz (2020) Adrian Jenkins (2021) == See also == List of earth sciences awards List


id: st-paul-s-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul's_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: St Paul's Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul's_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:31.738994+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: st-paul-s-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The St Paul's Medal, established by British urologist Richard Turner-Warwick in 1989, is awarded annually by the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) for contributions to the surgical field of urology by a person from outside of the United Kingdom. Awardees include Mohamed Ghoneim, Mark Soloway, Anthony J. Costello, Culley C. Carson III, Indy Gill, and Mani Menon. == List of awardees == == See also == St Peter's Medal == References == == External links == "Medals & Awards". www.baus.org.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2024.


id: state-science-and-technology-prizes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Science_and_Technology_Prizes-0.md
category: reference
title: State Science and Technology Prizes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Science_and_Technology_Prizes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:32.993037+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: state-science-and-technology-prizes-20260505-0
summary:
The State Science and Technology Prizes (Chinese: 国家科学技术奖励) are the highest honors conferred by the national government of the People's Republic of China in science and technology, in order to recognize citizens and organizations who have made remarkable contributions to scientific and technological progress, and to promote the development of science and technology. The State Council enacted the Regulations on the State Science and Technology Prizes and established five State prizes in science and technology: Highest Science and Technology Award (simplified Chinese: 国家最高科学技术奖; traditional Chinese: 國家最高科學技術獎) (established in 2000); State Natural Science Award (simplified Chinese: 国家自然科学奖; traditional Chinese: 國家自然科學獎); State Technological Invention Award (simplified Chinese: 国家技术发明奖; traditional Chinese: 國家技術發明獎); State Science and Technology Progress Award (China) (simplified Chinese: 国家科学技术进步奖; traditional Chinese: 國家科學技術進步獎); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Award (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国国际科学技术合作奖; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國國際科學技術合作獎) The State Natural Science Award, the State Technological Invention Award and the State Science and Technology Progress Award are classified into two grades, that is, the First Class Award (simplified Chinese: 一等奖; traditional Chinese: 一等獎) and the Second Class Award (simplified Chinese: 二等奖; traditional Chinese: 二等獎). The Highest Science and Technology Award is awarded by the President of China, while the State Natural Science Award


id: ashg-scientific-achievement-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHG_Scientific_Achievement_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: ASHG Scientific Achievement Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHG_Scientific_Achievement_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:34.175484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ashg-scientific-achievement-award-20260505-0
summary:
The ASHG Scientific Achievement Award was established in 2001 and is presented annually by the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) for outstanding scientific achievements in human genetics that have occurred in the last 10 years. The award was formerly known as the Curt Stern Award, or the Stern Award, named in honor of Curt Stern (1902–1981), a pioneering human geneticist. It was renamed in 2023 along with several other ASHG awards in a new organizational policy that removed individual's names from awards in favor of descriptive names. == Award recipients == Source: American Society of Human Genetics == See also == List of genetics awards == References == == External links == Past ASHG Award Recipients


id: suzanne-j-levinson-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_J._Levinson_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Suzanne J. Levinson Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_J._Levinson_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:35.427372+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: suzanne-j-levinson-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Suzanne J. Levinson Prize is a prize of the History of Science Society, awarded biennially and established in 2006. The prize is given to the author of "a book in the history of the life sciences and natural history," published in the previous four years. The following authors have won the Levinson Prize: 2006 Prize – Sandra Herbert, Charles Darwin: Geologist ISBN 978-0-8014-4348-0 2008 Prize – Hannah Landecker, Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies ISBN 978-0-674-02328-4 2010 Prize – Gregory Radick, The Simian Tongue: The Long Debate about Animal Language ISBN 978-0-226-70224-7. 2012 Prize – Martin Rudwick, Worlds before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform ISBN 978-0-226-73128-5 2014 Prize – Daniela Bleichmar, Visible Empire.Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment ISBN 978-0-226-05853-5 2016 Prize – Nick Hopwood, Haeckel’s Embryos: Images, Evolution, and Fraud ISBN 978-0-226-04694-5 2018 Prize – Evelleen Richards, Darwin and the Making of Sexual Selection ISBN 978-0-226-43690-6 2020 Prize – Erika Lorraine Milam, Creatures of Cain: The Hunt for Human Nature in Cold War America ISBN 978-0-691-18188-2 2022 Prize – Jenny Bangham, Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics ISBN 978-0226740034 2024 Prize - Ruth Rogaski, Knowing Manchuria: Environments,


id: swartz-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartz_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Swartz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:36.656390+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swartz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience is an annual award supported by the Swartz Foundation and administered by the Society for Neuroscience. == History == The prize was inaugurated in 2008 to "honor an individual whose activities have produced a significant cumulative contribution to theoretical models or computational methods in neuroscience or who has made a particularly noteworthy recent advance in theoretical or computational neuroscience." The winner receives a cash prize of US$25,000 and expenses to attend the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting. == Awardees == Source: Society for Neuroscience 2008: Wilfrid Rall 2009: Horace Barlow 2010: Larry Abbott 2011: Haim Sompolinsky 2012: John J. Hopfield 2013: William S. Bialek 2014: Tomaso Poggio 2015: Terry Sejnowski 2016: Nancy Kopell 2017: Xiao-Jing Wang 2018: Kenneth D. Miller 2019: John Rinzel 2020: Emery N. Brown 2021: Nicolas Brunel 2022: Ila R. Fiete 2023: Misha Tsodyks 2024: Eero Simoncelli 2025: Alexandre Pouget == See also == List of neuroscience awards Neuroscience == References == == External links == Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience - Society for Neuroscience. Info and winner list.


id: tammann-commemorative-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammann_Commemorative_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Tammann Commemorative Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammann_Commemorative_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:37.891145+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tammann-commemorative-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Tammann Commemorative Medal is awarded once a year and was established in remembrance of Gustav H. J. A. Tammann. It honors members of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde, who have made outstanding contributions to the field of materials research. == Awardees == == References ==


id: thomas-hunt-morgan-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:39.077270+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thomas-hunt-morgan-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal is awarded by the Genetics Society of America (GSA) for lifetime contributions to the field of genetics. The medal is named after Thomas Hunt Morgan, the 1933 Nobel Prize winner, who received this award for his work with Drosophila and his "discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity." Morgan recognized that Drosophila, which could be bred quickly and inexpensively, had large quantities of offspring and a short life cycle, would make an excellent organism for genetic studies. His studies of the white-eye mutation and discovery of sex-linked inheritance provided the first experimental evidence that chromosomes are the carriers of genetic information. Subsequent studies in his laboratory led to the discovery of recombination and the first genetic maps. In 1981 the GSA established the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal for lifetime achievement to honor this classical geneticist who was among those who laid the foundation for modern genetics. == Laureates == Source: Genetics Society of America == See also == List of genetics awards == References ==


id: three-physicists-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Physicists_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Three Physicists Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Physicists_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:40.274297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: three-physicists-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Three Physicists Prize (French: Prix des trois physiciens, pronounced [pʁi de tʁwa fizisjɛ̃]) is a physics prize awarded by the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris and the Eugène Bloch Foundation. It is named in honour of the physicists Henri Abraham, Eugene Bloch and Georges Bruhat, who were successive directors of the physics laboratory at the ENS and all of whom were murdered in Nazi concentration camps between 1943 and 1945. The prize was established by Bloch's widow. == Winners == == See also == List of physics awards == References ==


id: thulin-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulin_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Thulin Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulin_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:41.437654+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thulin-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Thulin Medal (Swedish: Thulinmedaljen) is an annual award given by the Swedish Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics. It is given to individuals who have contributed to the advancement of aeronautical or aerospace engineering through their studies or work. The award, approved by the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, is considered Sweden's highest recognition in the aerospace field. The Thulin Medal was established in 1944 in memory of Enoch Thulin, a Swedish aviation pioneer. The medals can be in gold, silver and bronze and are awarded annually on 14 May, the date on which Thulin died at an air show. == References == == External links == "Medalists – history". Swedish Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Retrieved 12 February 2025.


id: tinbergen-lecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbergen_Lecture-0.md
category: reference
title: Tinbergen Lecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbergen_Lecture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:42.613665+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tinbergen-lecture-20260505-0
summary:
The Tinbergen Lecture is an academic prize lecture awarded by the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB). == Lecturers == 1974 W.H. Thorpe 1975 G.P. Baerends 1976 J. Maynard Smith 1977 F. Huber 1978 R.A. Hinde 1979 J. Bowlby 1980 W.D. Hamilton 1981 S.J. Gould 1982 H. Kummer 1983 Jörg-Peter Ewert 1984 Frank A. Beach 1985 Peter Marler 1986 Jürgen Aschoff 1987 Aubrey Manning 1988 Stephen T. Emlen 1989 P.P.G. Bateson 1990 J.D. Delius 1991 John R. Krebs 1992 E. Curio 1993 Linda Partridge 1994 Fernando Nottebohm 1995 G.A. Parker 1996 Serge Daan 1997 N.B. Davies 1998 Michael Land 1999 Bert Hölldobler 2000 Richard Dawkins 2001 Felicity Huntingford 2002 Marian Dawkins 2003 Tim Clutton-Brock 2004 Tim Birkhead 2005 P.K. McGregor 2006 Pat Monaghan 2007 M. Kirkpatrick 2008 Peter Slater 2009 Kate Lessells 2010 Laurent Keller 2011 Cancelled 2012 A Cockburn 2013 Marlene Zuk 2014 Innes Cuthill 2015 Nina Wedell 2016 Alex Kacelnik 2017 Christine Nicol 2018 Bart Kempenaers 2019 Rebecca Kilner 2020 Lars Chittka 2021 Dora Biro 2022 Nicola Clayton 2023 Giorgio Vallortigara 2024 Cancelled 2025 Toshitaka Suzuki 2026 Phyllis Lee == References ==


id: v-m-goldschmidt-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._M._Goldschmidt_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: V. M. Goldschmidt Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._M._Goldschmidt_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:43.812513+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: v-m-goldschmidt-award-20260505-0
summary:
The V. M. Goldschmidt Award is an award given by the Geochemical Society at the V. M. Goldschmidt Conference for achievements in the fields of geochemistry and cosmochemistry. The award in honor of Victor Moritz Goldschmidt, a pioneer in both those fields. == Winners == Source: == References ==


id: vera-rubin-early-career-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Rubin_Early_Career_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Vera Rubin Early Career Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Rubin_Early_Career_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:44.987099+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vera-rubin-early-career-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Vera Rubin Early Career Prize is named after the American astronomer Vera Rubin and is awarded by the Division on Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society. The prize recognizes excellence in dynamical astronomy. Recipients must have received their doctorate no more than ten years prior. == Winners == == See also == List of astronomy awards == References ==


id: w-alden-spencer-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Alden_Spencer_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: W. Alden Spencer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Alden_Spencer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:46.226401+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: w-alden-spencer-award-20260505-0
summary:
The W. Alden Spencer Award is awarded to an investigator in recognition of outstanding research contributions by the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Department of Neuroscience, and The Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University. It is named after W. Alden Spencer, a professor of Physiology and Neurology at Columbia University. The award winner also gives a lecture. In 2018, it took place at on October 9, 2018. Since 2018, the award transitioned to a biennial schedule, alternating with the Eric R. Kandel Lecture, providing a platform for honoring developing talent in the field. == Recipients == 2024 Vivek Jayaraman, Gaby Maimon == See also == The Kavli Prize The Brain Prize Gruber Prize in Neuroscience Karl Spencer Lashley Award The Mind & Brain Prize Perl-UNC Prize Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience List of neuroscience awards == References == == External links == Website


id: wallace-clark-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Clark_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Wallace Clark Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Clark_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:47.406545+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wallace-clark-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Wallace Clark Award or Wallace Clark Medal is a former management award for Distinguished Contribution to Scientific Management, named after Henry Wallace Clark (1880-1948). The Wallace Clark Award was established in 1949 and was sponsored by the American Management Association (AMA), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Association for Consulting Management Engineers and the Society for the Advancement of Management. The first Wallace Clark Medal was in 1948 awarded in the Swiss Hugo de Haan, who was in those days executive secretary of Comite International de l'Organisation Scientifique (CIOS). This organization was dedicated to the promotion of scientific management worldwide, and was founded in the first International Management Congress at Prague in 1924. == Award winners == == References ==


id: g-k-warren-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Warren_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: G. K. Warren Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Warren_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:48.579418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: g-k-warren-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The G. K. Warren Prize is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for noteworthy and distinguished accomplishment in fluviatile geology and closely related aspects of the geological sciences." Named in honor of Gouverneur Kemble Warren, it was first awarded in 1969 and has been awarded every four years since 1982. == List of G. K. Warren Prize winners == Source: NAS == See also == List of geology awards Prizes named after people == References == == External links == G.K. Warren Prize National Academy of Sciences web site


id: weldon-memorial-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon_Memorial_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Weldon Memorial Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon_Memorial_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:49.762816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weldon-memorial-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Weldon Memorial Prize, also known as the Weldon Memorial Prize and Medal, is given yearly by the University of Oxford. The prize is to be awarded without regard to nationality or membership of any University to the person who, in the judgement of the electors, has, in the ten years next preceding the date of the award, published the most noteworthy contribution to the development of mathematical or statistical methods applied to problems in Biology. (Biology shall, for the purposes of this clause, be interpreted as including Zoology, Botany, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, and Medical Science.) It is named in honor of Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, former Linacre Professor of Zoology at the university. It was established through the efforts of Francis Galton and Karl Pearson. Although intended to be given yearly, it has in the past been given less often. == Recipients == == References ==


id: albert-leon-whiteman-memorial-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Leon_Whiteman_Memorial_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Albert Leon Whiteman Memorial Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Leon_Whiteman_Memorial_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:50.934504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: albert-leon-whiteman-memorial-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Albert Leon Whiteman Memorial Prize is awarded by the American Mathematical Society for notable exposition and exceptional scholarship in the history of mathematics. The prize was endowed in 1998 with funds provided by Sally Whiteman in memory of her late husband Albert Leon Whiteman. Originally it was awarded every 4 years with the first prized handed out in 2001. Since 2009 the prize is awarded every 3 years and carries a prize money of $5000. == Past recipients == 2001 Thomas Hawkins 2005 Harold M. Edwards 2009 Jeremy Gray 2012 Joseph Dauben 2015 Umberto Bottazzini 2018 Karen Parshall 2021 Judith Grabiner 2024 Leo Corry == See also == List of mathematics awards == External links == Albert Leon Whiteman Memorial Prize on the website of the American Mathematical Society


id: sir-edmund-whittaker-memorial-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Whittaker_Memorial_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Sir Edmund Whittaker Memorial Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Whittaker_Memorial_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:52.127828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sir-edmund-whittaker-memorial-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Sir Edmund Whittaker Memorial Prize is awarded every four years by the Edinburgh Mathematical Society to an outstanding young mathematician having a specified connection with Scotland. It is named after Sir Edmund Whittaker. == History == After the death of Sir Edmund Whittaker in 1956, his son John Macnaghten Whittaker donated on behalf of the Whittaker Family the sum of £500 to the Edinburgh Mathematical Society to establish a prize for mathematical work in memory of his father. As of 2009, the award money remains £500. == Winners == 2023 Jonathan Fraser (University of St Andrews) 2021 Ben Davison (University of Edinburgh) 2019 Michela Ottobre (Heriot-Watt University) 2016 Arend Bayer (University of Edinburgh) 2013 Stuart White (University of Glasgow) 2009 Agata Smoktunowicz (University of Edinburgh) 2005 Tom Bridgeland (University of Sheffield) 2001 Michael McQuillan and J A Sherratt 1997 Alan D Rendall (Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik) 1993 Mitchell A. Berger and Alan W. Reid 1989 A A Lacey and Michael Röckner 1985 John Mackintosh Howie 1981 John M. Ball (University of Oxford) 1977 Gavin Brown and C A Stuart 1973 A M Davie (University of Edinburgh) 1970 Derek J S Robinson (University of Illinois) 1965 John Bryce McLeod (University of


id: william-gilbert-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilbert_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: William Gilbert Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilbert_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:53.363898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: william-gilbert-award-20260505-0
summary:
The William Gilbert Award is presented annually by the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism section of the American Geophysical Union and is "in recognition of outstanding and unselfish work in magnetism of Earth materials and of the Earth and planets." The awardees are chosen based on demonstrated excellence in: (1) scientific rigor, originality, and impact; (2) leadership and service to the geomagnetism and paleomagnetism research community; and/or (3) development of new cross-disciplinary research areas and methods. Every other year, the award is designated for an early-career scientist. The award is named after William Gilbert who first proposed the concept of a geomagnetic field in De Magnete (published in 1600). == William Gilbert Award Winners == Source: American Geophysical Union == See also == List of geophysicists List of geophysics awards List of prizes named after people == References ==


id: william-m-habirshaw-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Habirshaw_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: William M. Habirshaw Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Habirshaw_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:54.545730+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: william-m-habirshaw-award-20260505-0
summary:
The William M. Habirshaw Award was an award given by the IEEE and, prior to the formation of the IEEE in 1963, by its predecessor the AIEE, from 1959 through 1986 for outstanding contributions to the field of electric transmission and distribution. Starting in 1987, the award was renamed as the IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award. Herman Halperin had been a recipient of the Habirshaw Award in 1962 and had worked for 40 years for the Commonwealth Edison Company. == Winners == 1963- Lawrence Marshall Robertson == External links == IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award page at IEEE


id: women-in-science-hall-of-fame-u-s-state-department-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)-0.md
category: reference
title: Women in Science Hall of Fame (U.S. State Department)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:55.779015+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: women-in-science-hall-of-fame-u-s-state-department-20260505-0
summary:
Women in Science Hall of Fame was established in 2010 by the U.S. State Department Environment, Science, Technology, and Health Hub for the Middle East and North Africa to recognize the exceptional women scientists in this region of the world. Annual awards were made 2011-2015 and coordinated by the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan. == References ==


id: a-b-wood-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_B_Wood_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: A B Wood Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_B_Wood_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:56.936878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-b-wood-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The A B Wood Medal is a prize awarded annually by the Institute of Acoustics for "distinguished contributions to the application of underwater acoustics". The prize, named after Albert Beaumont Wood, is presented in alternate years to European and North American scientists. == Recipients == Source: Institute of Acoustics == See also == List of physics awards == References ==


id: young-experimental-physicist-prize-of-eps-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Experimental_Physicist_Prize_of_EPS-0.md
category: reference
title: Young Experimental Physicist Prize of EPS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Experimental_Physicist_Prize_of_EPS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:58.139615+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: young-experimental-physicist-prize-of-eps-20260505-0
summary:
The Young Experimental Physicist Prize, launched in 2001, honors the work by one or more early-career experimental physicists in the field of Particle Physics and/or Particle Astrophysics. It is awarded every two years by the High Energy Particle Physics Division (EPS-HEPP) of the European Physical Society (EPS) during the EPS conference on High Energy Physics, together with the High Energy Particle Physics Prize, the Cocconi Prize, the Gribov Medal and the Outreach Prize. Nominations for the award may be submitted through an open call for nominations issued by the EPS-HEPP, usually in January of odd years. Selection of the prize recipients will be made by the Division and proposed to the president of EPS, who will officially announce the name(s) of the winner(s). == Recipients == 2025 Thea Klaeboe Aarrestad, Laura Zani “Thea Klaeboe Aarrestad for influential and innovative ideas, as well as high-impact contributions to the integration of modern machine learning technologies into particle physics. Laura Zani for outstanding work on searches for physics beyond the standard model at B-Factories, in particular dark matter portals and lepton-flavor-violating decays of the tau lepton, and for remarkable contributions to the construction, commissioning and operation of the Belle II experiment”. 2023 Valentina


id: yuri-rubinsky-memorial-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Rubinsky_Memorial_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Rubinsky_Memorial_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:25:59.356616+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yuri-rubinsky-memorial-award-20260505-0
summary:
The "Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award" was a prize that was awarded annually at the International World Wide Web Conference. Yuri Rubinsky, in cooperation with the International WWW Conference Committee (iW3C2), presented the SoftQuad Award for Excellence to Doug Engelbart at the Fourth International WWW Conference in Boston in December, 1995. Following his death in January 1996, the Yuri Rubinsky Insight Foundation took up the award. According to the foundation, it is given "to an individual who has contributed, through a lifetime of effort, to the care and feeding of the global information infrastructure." The award is accompanied by a cash payout of $10,000. Ted Nelson, upon receiving the award in 1998, informed the audience that it was the first award that he had ever received in recognition of his work. The iW3C2 withdrew its cooperation in 2000 after Richard Stallman was chosen in 1999 by a panel of previous recipients of the award. == Recipients == 1995 Douglas Engelbart 1996 Vint Cerf 1997 Gregg Vanderheiden 1998 Ted Nelson 1999 Richard Stallman == References == == External links == Memories of Yuri Rubinsky


id: acetyl-trialkyl-citrate-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_trialkyl_citrate-0.md
category: reference
title: Acetyl trialkyl citrate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_trialkyl_citrate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:03.047639+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: acetyl-trialkyl-citrate-20260505-0
summary:
Acetyl trialkyl citrates are a family of organic compounds derived from citric acid, consisting of acetylated citrate triesters. These compounds are used as plasticisers in cosmetics such as eyeliner and nail polish. The compounds have a good safety profile and are expected to be biodegradable via hydrolysis of their ester bonds. The most common acetyl trialkyl citrate is acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), but the triethyl derivative is also used in some products. The trihexyl and tri(2-ethylhexyl) derivatives have been studied for human use but were not listed in any products as of 2019. == Preparation == Acetyl trialkyl citrates may be prepared by esterfication of citric acid with the appropriate alcohol, such as butanol for ATBC, followed by acetylation of the hydroxyl group of the citrate ester. Acetic anhydride is a suitable acetylating agent. == Sources ==


id: actinide-contraction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide_contraction-0.md
category: reference
title: Actinide contraction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide_contraction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:04.234378+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: actinide-contraction-20260505-0
summary:
The actinide contraction is the greater-than-expected decrease in atomic radii and ionic radii of the elements in the actinide series, from left to right. == Description == The actinide contraction is more pronounced than the lanthanide contraction since 5f electrons are less effective at shielding than 4f electrons. It is caused by the poor shielding effect of nuclear charge by the 5f electrons along with the expected periodic trend of increasing electronegativity and nuclear charge on moving from left to right. About 40-50% of the actinide contraction has been attributed to relativistic effects. A decrease in atomic radii can be observed across the 5f elements from atomic number 89, actinium, to 102, nobelium. This results in smaller than otherwise expected atomic radii and ionic radii for the subsequent d-block elements starting with 103, lawrencium. This effect causes the radii of transition metals of groups 5 and 6 to become unusually similar, as the expected increase in radius going down a period is nearly cancelled out by the f-block insertion, and has many other far ranging consequences in post-actinide elements. The decrease in ionic radii (M3+) is much more uniform compared to decrease in atomic radii. == See also == Lanthanide


id: adomet-mtase-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdoMet_MTase-0.md
category: reference
title: AdoMet MTase
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdoMet_MTase
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:05.398611+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adomet-mtase-20260505-0
summary:
S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase (SAM-MTase or AdoMet-MTase) is a conserved protein domain and protein superfamily. SAM-MTase proteins are methyltransferases. There are five protein families within SAM-MTase, SAM-MTases use S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a substrate for methylation, creating the product S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. == Structure and subgroups == All SAM-MTases contain a structurally conserved SAM-binding domain consisting of a central seven-stranded beta-sheet that is flanked by three alpha-helices per side of the sheet. A review published in 2003 divides all methyltransferases into 5 main classes based on the structure of their catalytic domain (fold): class I: Rossmann-like α/β, the largest subgroup. class II: TIM β/α-barrel α/β class III: tetrapyrrole methylase α/β class IV: SPOUT α/β class V: SET domain all β == References ==


id: anomalous-oxygen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_oxygen-0.md
category: reference
title: Anomalous oxygen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_oxygen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:06.583689+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anomalous-oxygen-20260505-0
summary:
Anomalous oxygen is hot atomic and singly ionized oxygen believed to be present in Earth's exosphere above 500 km near the poles during their respective summers. This additional component augmenting mainly the hydrogen and helium exosphere is able to explain the unexpectedly high drag forces on satellites passing near the poles in their summers. Anomalous oxygen densities are included in the NRLMSISE-00 models of Earth's atmosphere. == References ==


id: antagonism-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonism_(chemistry)-0.md
category: reference
title: Antagonism (chemistry)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonism_(chemistry)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:07.772978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antagonism-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Chemical antagonists impede the normal function of a system. They function to invert the effects of other molecules. The effects of antagonists can be seen after they have encountered an agonist, and as a result, the effects of the agonist is neutralized. Antagonists such as dopamine antagonist slow down movement in lab rats. Although they hinder the joining of enzymes to substrates, Antagonists can be beneficial. For example, not only do angiotensin receptor blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors work to lower blood pressure, but they also counter the effects of renal disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Chelating agents, such as edetate calcium disodium, fall into the category of antagonists and operate to minimize the lethal effects of heavy metals such as mercury or lead. In chemistry, antagonism is a phenomenon wherein two or more agents in combination have an overall effect that is less than the sum of their individual effects. The word is most commonly used in this context in biochemistry and toxicology: interference in the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure. For instance, a receptor antagonist is an agent that reduces the response that a ligand produces when the receptor


id: arka-descriptors-in-qsar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKA_descriptors_in_QSAR-0.md
category: reference
title: ARKA descriptors in QSAR
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKA_descriptors_in_QSAR
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:08.927074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arka-descriptors-in-qsar-20260505-0
summary:
In computational chemistry and cheminformatics, ARKA descriptors in QSAR are a class of molecular descriptors used in quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling (or related approaches such as QSPR and QSTR), a computational method for predicting the biological activity or toxicity of chemical compounds based on their molecular structure. Molecular descriptors are numerical values that summarize information about a molecule's structure, topology, geometry, or physicochemical properties in a form suitable for machine learning or statistical modeling. ARKA (Arithmetic Residuals in K-Groups Analysis) descriptors differ from traditional descriptors by encoding atomic-level information through recursive autoregression techniques, which aim to capture subtle structural patterns and improve predictive accuracy. They are designed to be both interpretable and well-suited to modeling nonlinear relationships in QSAR studies. == Comparisons == While QSAR is essentially a similarity-based approach, the occurrence of activity/property cliffs may greatly reduce the predictive accuracy of the developed models. The novel Arithmetic Residuals in K-groups Analysis (ARKA) approach is a supervised dimensionality reduction technique developed by the DTC Laboratory, Jadavpur University that can easily identify activity cliffs in a data set. Activity cliffs are similar in their structures but differ considerably in their activity. The basic idea of the ARKA descriptors is to


id: arsenobetaine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenobetaine-0.md
category: reference
title: Arsenobetaine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenobetaine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:10.093150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arsenobetaine-20260505-0
summary:
Arsenobetaine is an organoarsenic compound found primarily in fish and other marine life and also in fungi. It is the arsenic analog of trimethylglycine, commonly known as betaine. The biochemistry and biosynthesis of this molecule are similar to those of choline and glycine betaine. Arsenobetaine is a common substance in marine biological systems and unlike many other organoarsenic compounds, such as trimethylarsine, it is relatively non-toxic. The compound may play a similar role as urea does for nitrogen, as a non-toxic waste compound made in the bodies of animals to dispose of the relevant element. It has been known since 1920 that marine fish contain organoarsenic compounds, but it was not until 1977 that the chemical structure of arsenobetaine was determined. Arsenobetaine may be synthesized in the lab from trimethylarsine and ethyl bromoacetate, followed by basic saponification of the resulting ester such as by using a Dowex 2 ( OH − {\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}} ) exchange resin column: Me 3 As + BrCH 2 COOEt ⟶ Me 3 As + CH 2 COOEt + Br − {\displaystyle {\ce {Me3As + BrCH2COOEt -> Me3As+CH2COOEt + Br-}}} Me 3 As + CH 2 COOEt + OH − ⟶ Me 3 As +


id: avicide-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicide-0.md
category: reference
title: Avicide
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicide
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:11.305279+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: avicide-20260505-0
summary:
An avicide is any substance (normally a chemical) used to kill birds. Commonly used avicides include strychnine (also used as rodenticide and predacide), DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, Starlicide) and CPTH (3-chloro-p-toluidine, the free base of Starlicide), Avitrol (4-aminopyridine) and chloralose (also used as rodenticide). In the past, highly concentrated formulations of parathion in diesel oil were sprayed by aircraft over birds' nesting colonies. Avicides are banned in many countries because of their ecological impact, which is poorly studied. They are still used in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The practice is criticized by animal rights advocates and those who kill birds with guns and traps. Pigeon fanciers sometimes poison problematic birds of prey, even in countries like Russia and Ukraine where avicides are illegal. == See also == Bird kill == References == == External links == 4-Aminopyridine Exposure of nontarget birds to DRC-1339 avicide in fall baited sunflower fields BIOONE Online Journals - BIOONE Online Journals Access Control E554-95 Guide for Use and Development of Strychnine as an Avicide (Withdrawn 2000) IngentaConnect DRC-1339 avicide fails to protect ripening sunflowers


id: bates-guggenheim-convention-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates–Guggenheim_Convention-0.md
category: reference
title: Bates–Guggenheim Convention
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates–Guggenheim_Convention
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:12.475301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bates-guggenheim-convention-20260505-0
summary:
In chemistry, the Bates–Guggenheim Convention refers to a conventional method based on the Debye–Hückel theory to determine pH standard values. == References ==


id: beehive-shelf-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_shelf-0.md
category: reference
title: Beehive shelf
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_shelf
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:13.613826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beehive-shelf-20260505-0
summary:
A beehive shelf is a piece of laboratory equipment, usually of pottery, used to support a receiving jar or tube while a gas is being collected over water with a pneumatic trough. It is used so that when the gas emerges from the delivery tube into the beehive shelf, it is funneled into the receiving jar instead of being released elsewhere. == History == The name derives from the design of early beehives made from bound grass called a skep. The squat circular shape was made by binding the grass bundles to form a flat wheel. Sides were added using the same material with a cutout to allow honey bees to enter and leave the hive. == See also == Pneumatic chemistry == Further reading == Griffin, John Joseph, Chemical Handicraft: A Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of Chemical Apparatus, page 226, 1877


id: beilstein-registry-number-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein_Registry_Number-0.md
category: reference
title: Beilstein Registry Number
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein_Registry_Number
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:14.791969+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beilstein-registry-number-20260505-0
summary:
The Beilstein Registry Number is a way of identifying compounds similar to the CAS registry number. It is the unique identifier for compounds in the Beilstein database. == References ==


id: bema-hapothle-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bema_Hapothle-0.md
category: reference
title: Bema Hapothle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bema_Hapothle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:15.957324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bema-hapothle-20260505-0
summary:
In chemistry, Bema Hapothle is an extended acronym for Bell–Marcus–Hammond–Polanyi–Thornton–Leffler, referring to the combined contribution of the theories of these chemists to the rationalization of changes in transition state structure to perturbations, such as change of reaction solvent. == See also == Hammond–Leffler postulate == References ==


id: bijel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijel-0.md
category: reference
title: Bijel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:17.128863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bijel-20260505-0
summary:
A bijel (or bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels) is a structurally stable emulsion generated by jamming nanoparticles at the interface between two (or more) immiscible liquids during spinodal decomposition. == References ==


id: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule-0.md
category: reference
title: The Billion-Dollar Molecule
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:18.351709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
summary:
The Billion-Dollar Molecule is a book by journalist Barry Werth about the founding and early research efforts of the American biotechnology company Vertex Pharmaceuticals, which was founded in 1989 by Joshua Boger and was among the first biotechnology companies to adopt an explicit strategy of rational drug design as opposed to techniques based on combinatorial chemistry. This book is notable as an inside look at a biotechnology company, and the stresses and marketing pressures on funding research into drug design. This book is a mixture of finance and technology. In February, 2014, Barry Werth published a follow-on book, The Antidote, that looks at Vertex 20 years later after his original effort. == References ==


id: binary-liquid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_liquid-0.md
category: reference
title: Binary liquid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_liquid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:19.533462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: binary-liquid-20260505-0
summary:
Binary liquid is a type of chemical combination, which creates a special reaction or feature as a result of mixing two liquid chemicals, that are normally inert or have no function by themselves. A number of chemical products are produced as a result of mixing two chemicals as a binary liquid, such as plastic foams and some explosives. == See also == Binary chemical weapon Thermophoresis Percus–Yevick equation == References == Wei, I Chien; Rowley, Richard L. (1984). "Binary liquid mixture viscosities and densities". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 29 (3): 332–335. doi:10.1021/je00037a032. ISSN 0021-9568. Ashcroft, N.; Langreth, David (1967). "Structure of Binary Liquid Mixtures. I". Physical Review. 156 (3): 685–692. Bibcode:1967PhRv..156..685A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.156.685. ISSN 0031-899X. Ashcroft, N.; Langreth, David (1967). "Structure of Binary Liquid Mixtures. II. Resistivity of Alloys and the Ion-Ion Interaction". Physical Review. 159 (3): 500–510. Bibcode:1967PhRv..159..500A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.159.500. ISSN 0031-899X. == External links == Phase separation of a binary liquid mixture in porous media studied by nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry Surface adsorption and orientation near the critical point of binary liquid mixtures Binary liquid mixtures in porous solids


id: bioinorganic-chemistry-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinorganic_Chemistry_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Bioinorganic Chemistry Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinorganic_Chemistry_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:20.784385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioinorganic-chemistry-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Bioinorganic Chemistry Award has been awarded by the Dalton division of the Royal Society of Chemistry every two years since 2009. The winner receives £2000 and undertakes a lecture tour in the UK. The award was discontinued in 2020. == Winners == Source: == See also == List of chemistry awards == References ==


id: biraco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraco-0.md
category: reference
title: Biraco
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraco
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:21.953711+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biraco-20260505-0
summary:
Biraco is the acronym of Bismuth, Radium, and Cobalt. It was the name of a now-defunct subsidiary company of Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK) and Société Générale de Belgique created to refine these elements from the copper and uranium ores coming from the Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Radium was industrially produced in the beginning of the 20th century by Biraco in its Olen plant near Antwerp in Belgium. The radium production plant was demolished during the years 1970 and the radium production wastes confined in a shallowly buried vault. The Olen site is still the object of remediation works financed by Umicore in the frame of its historical liability. == See also == Radium Bismuth Cobalt Société Générale de Belgique Union Minière du Haut Katanga Umicore == References == == External links == Umicore


id: buffered-oxide-etch-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffered_oxide_etch-0.md
category: reference
title: Buffered oxide etch
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffered_oxide_etch
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:23.126551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: buffered-oxide-etch-20260505-0
summary:
Buffered oxide etch (BOE), also known as buffered HF or BHF, is a wet etchant used in microfabrication. It is a mixture of a buffering agent, such as ammonium fluoride NH4F, and hydrofluoric acid (HF). Its primary use is in etching thin films of silicon nitride (Si3N4) or silicon dioxide (SiO2), by the reaction: SiO2 + 4HF + 2NH4F → (NH4)2SiF6 + 2H2O Concentrated HF (typically 49% HF in water) etches silicon dioxide too quickly for good process control and also peels photoresist used in photolithographic patterning. Buffered oxide etch is commonly used for more controllable etching. Buffering HF with NH4F results in a solution with a more stable pH; thus, more stable concentrations of HF and HF−2, and a more stable etch rate. Some oxides produce insoluble products in HF solutions. Thus, HCl may be added to BHF solutions in order to dissolve these insoluble products and produce a higher quality etch. == Production == Buffered oxide etch can be produced in laboratory quantities by dissolving NH4F powder into water, and adding a solution of HF. == Uses == A buffered oxide etch solution of 6:1 volume ratio of 40% NH4F to 49% HF will etch thermally grown oxide


id: c7h15n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7H15N-0.md
category: reference
title: C7H15N
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7H15N
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:24.302690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: c7h15n-20260505-0
summary:
== Description == C7H15N, otherwise known as cyclohexanemethylamine, is a corrosive, flammable chemical that may cause severe burns when exposed to skin or eyes. The molecular formula C7H15N (molar mass: 113.20 g/mol, exact mass: 113.1204 u) may refer to: Azocane Dimethylpiperidines 2,6-Dimethylpiperidine 3,5-Dimethylpiperidine == References ==


id: carbochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbochemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Carbochemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbochemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:26:27.049677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carbochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Carbochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of coal (bituminous coal, coal tar, anthracite, lignite, graphite, and charcoal) into useful products and raw materials. The processes that are used in carbochemistry include degasification processes such as carbonization and coking, gasification processes, and liquefaction processes. == History == The beginning of carbochemistry goes back to the 16th century. At that time, large quantities of charcoal were needed for the smelting of iron ores. Since the production of charcoal required large amounts of slowly-regenerating wood, the use of coal was studied. The use of pure coal was difficult because of the amount of liquid and solid by-products that were generated. In order to improve the handling the coal was initially treated as wood in kilns to produce coke. Around 1684, John Clayton discovered that coal gas generated from coal was combustible. He described his discovery in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. == See also == Bergius process Clean coal technology Coal tar Fischer–Tropsch process Petrochemistry Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program Coking factory == References ==


