# kb

id: institut-de-recherche-robert-sauv-en-sant-et-en-s-curit-du-travail-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_Robert-Sauvé_en_santé_et_en_sécurité_du_travail
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:31.979584+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institut-de-recherche-robert-sauv-en-sant-et-en-s-curit-du-travail-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_Robert-Sauvé_en_santé_et_en_sécurité_du_travail-0.md

summary:
The Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) (Occupational Health and Safety Research Institute) is a private, non-profit organization known for its scientific research on the prevention of industrial accidents and occupational diseases and the rehabilitation of affected workers. It was established in Quebec in 1980. Its board of directors is composed of an equal number of trade union and employers' representatives. The Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST) provides most of the Institute's funding from the contributions it collects from employers. IRSST's mission is to contribute to workers' health and safety through research, its laboratories' expertise, and knowledge dissemination and transfer, with a view to promoting prevention and sustainable return to work. == Reference framework == As both a research center and a funding organization, the expertise of the Institut Institut is divided into 3 research orientations and 6 themes: === Orientations === Prevention of physical and mental impairments Rehabilitation and sustainable return to work OHS data surveillance and data mining === Themes === Identification of hazards, estimation and assessment of risks Elimination of hazards and control of risks Metrology applied to OHS Organization of


id: institut-f-r-nukleare-entsorgung-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_für_Nukleare_Entsorgung-0.md
category: reference
title: Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_für_Nukleare_Entsorgung
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:33.164517+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institut-f-r-nukleare-entsorgung-20260505-0
summary:
The Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung (English: Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal) is a large German research center at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology where R&D in the field of safe disposal of nuclear waste is being provided. It is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Linkenheim-Hochstetten. == External links == Homepage


id: institut-pierre-simon-laplace-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Pierre_Simon_Laplace-0.md
category: reference
title: Institut Pierre Simon Laplace
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Pierre_Simon_Laplace
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:34.346879+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institut-pierre-simon-laplace-20260505-0
summary:
The Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (Pierre Simon Laplace Institute) is a French organization made up of 9 laboratories (CEREA, GEOPS, LATMOS, LERMA:TASQ, LISA, LMD, LOCEAN, LSCE, METIS) that conduct research into climate science. == Organization == The 9 laboratories that make up the institute include: Centre d'enseignement et de recherche en environnement atmosphérique (CEREA) Géosciences Paris-Saclay (GEOPS) Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales (LATMOS) TASQ team from LERMA Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphériques (LISA) Laboratoire de météorologie dynamique (LMD) Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat (LOCEAN) Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement (LSCE) Laboratoire Milieux environnementaux, transferts et interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les sols (METIS) == References == == External links == Official website


id: korea-basic-science-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Basic_Science_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Korea Basic Science Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Basic_Science_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:35.546445+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: korea-basic-science-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI; Korean: 한국기초과학지원연구원) is a Korean government-funded research institute that conducts basic science research and relevant pure basic research. KBSI was established in August 1988 as a research institute under the National Research Council of Science and Technology of Korea. Headquarters are located in Daejeon and Cheongju while nine regional centers are located in eight domestic cities. == KBSI presidents == Kim Hyeonnam (김현남), 1988–1991 Kang Bakgwang (강박광), 1991–1993 Bak Byeonggwon (박병권), 1993–1994 Choe Deokin (최덕인), 1995–1998 Lee Jeongsun (이정순), 1998–2005 (KBSI cites Lee as 5th and 6th presidency) Kang Sinwon (강신원), 2005–2008 Park Juntaek (박준택), 2008–2012 (KBSI cites Park as 8th and 9th presidency) Chung Kwang Hwa (정광화), 2013–2016 Lee Kwang Sik (이광식), 2016–2019 Shin Hyung-Shik (신형식), 2019–2023 Yang Sung-kwang (양성광), 2023-current == References == == External links == Official website (English and Korean)


id: institute-for-complex-adaptive-matter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Complex_Adaptive_Matter-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Complex_Adaptive_Matter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:36.740547+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-complex-adaptive-matter-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter (ICAM) is an international multicampus collective of scientists studying emergent phenomena in biology, chemistry and physics and in wider context. ICAM was founded in December 1998 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory with support from the University of California by experimental condensed matter physicist Zack Fisk and theoretical physicist David Pines, receiving support from the University of California Office of the Present, ICAM member branches all over the world, the US National Science Foundation from 2003-2013, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for QuantEmX Fellows from 2015–present. == External links == ICAM-I2CAM web site Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Web site


id: institute-for-micro-process-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Micro_Process_Engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Micro Process Engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Micro_Process_Engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:37.923601+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-micro-process-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Micro Process Engineering IMVT (from the German name Institut für Mikroverfahrenstechnik) is an institute within the Karlsruhe Research Center (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) in Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. Its main field of activity is micro process engineering, the science of conducting chemical and/or physical processes in confines with typical dimensions below 1 mm. == History and organization == The IMVT was formally established in July 2001 and continued previous activities in micro process engineering carried out by the Central Experimentation Department (Hauptabteilung Versuchstechnik, HVT) at the Karlsruhe Research Center. Its first director was Klaus Schubert. Between 1997 and 2001 the first activities, which were focused on developing and testing micro heat exchangers, were expanded by a new group (Head: Maximilian Fichtner) to chemical process engineering in microchannels, with a focus on fuel processing (methanol steam reforming, partial oxidation of methane), synthesis of chemicals and fundamental studies on new types of micro heat exchangers and heterogeneous catalysis under dynamic reaction conditions and in the Knudsen regime. In 2001, the entire activity was turned into a new institute, the IMVT. Professor Roland Dittmeyer assumed control of the institute in July 2009. The IMVT operates within the programs "Nano- and Microsystems" and "Sustainability and


id: institute-for-nuclear-research-and-nuclear-energy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Nuclear_Research_and_Nuclear_Energy-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Nuclear_Research_and_Nuclear_Energy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:39.088695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-nuclear-research-and-nuclear-energy-20260505-0
summary:
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is the leading center for research and application of the nuclear physics in Bulgaria. The research areas include: Theory of the elementary particles, string theory, theory of atomic nuclei, soliton interactions and quantum phenomena Experimental physics of the elementary particles Gamma-astrophysics at very high energies Nuclear reactions, structure of atomic nuclei Neutron interactions and cross sections, physics of the fission Reactor physics, nuclear energy and nuclear safety and security Dosimetry and radiation safety Monitoring and management of the environment, radioecology Radiochemistry, high precision analyses of substances, development and production of radioactive sources Nuclear and neutron methods for investigations of substances Nuclear instrument design and production The institute's staff of about 320 (150 of them are scientific researchers) works in 16 laboratories, 2 scientific experimental facilities and 9 departments providing general support activities. == References == == External links == Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy


id: institute-for-operations-research-and-the-management-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Operations_Research_and_the_Management_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Operations_Research_and_the_Management_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:40.286280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-operations-research-and-the-management-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) is an international society for practitioners in the fields of operations research (O.R.), management science, and analytics. It was established in 1995 with the merger of the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) and The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS). The INFORMS Roundtable includes institutional members from operations research departments at major organizations. INFORMS administers the honor society Omega Rho. == See also == Institute of Industrial Engineers == References == == Further reading == Chile wins international prize for the development of analytical tools against the pandemic Vishal Gupta Awarded INFORMS Wagner Prize for System to Curb COVID Spread in Greece == External links == INFORMS homepage


id: institute-of-biochemistry-molecular-biology-and-biotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Biochemistry,_Molecular_Biology_and_Biotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Biochemistry,_Molecular_Biology_and_Biotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:41.412857+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-biochemistry-molecular-biology-and-biotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IBMBB), Sri Lanka, is the National Node for European Molecular Biology Network (EMBnet) and is designated as a Resource Centre for Molecular Life Sciences by the International Programme in Chemical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden. == References == == External links == Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Archived 2010-10-01 at the Wayback Machine


id: institute-of-cardiology-of-the-ministry-of-health-of-azerbaijan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Cardiology_of_the_Ministry_of_Health_of_Azerbaijan-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Cardiology_of_the_Ministry_of_Health_of_Azerbaijan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:42.565561+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-cardiology-of-the-ministry-of-health-of-azerbaijan-20260505-0
summary:
Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası Səhiyyə Nazirliyinin Elmi-Tədqiqat Kardiologiya instututu) named in honor of the academician Jahangir Abdullayev is an institute in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is primarily focused on scientific researchs on cardiology. The Institute is directed by Gulnaz Dadashova. == History == In 1979, the Institute was opened by the initiative of Heydar Aliyev. In 2019, a scientific and practical conference was held in Baku to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Institute of Cardiology. In 2024, "Abacus Audit And Consulting" LLC became a winner of request for quotations for the audit of financial statements concluded by Institute of Cardiology. In 2024, an Angiography Department opened at the Institute of Cardiology. == References ==


id: institute-of-molecular-pathology-and-immunology-of-the-university-of-porto-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:58.334878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-molecular-pathology-and-immunology-of-the-university-of-porto-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Molecular_Pathology_and_Immunology_of_the_University_of_Porto-0.md

summary:
The Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, best known by its acronym IPATIMUP (Portuguese: Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), is a Portuguese non-profit institution of public utility dedicated to the health sciences research. An associate laboratory of the University of Porto, Porto, starting on November 23, 2000, it has been headed by Portuguese researcher Manuel Sobrinho Simões who was empowered with the task of founding it. IPATIMUP's major lines of action are the prevention and early diagnosis of stomach cancer or precocious lesions, and diagnosis quality improvement of malignant neoplasia and pre-malignant lesions. The numerous published papers and important results related to gastric and esophagical cancer make this one of the (if not the) top-level cancer-related research institutions in Portugal and in Europe. But as a scientific teaching-associated institution, its main goals also are: Research in human pathology, specifically oncobiology (cancer); Training of graduate students, technicians, residents and specialists in Pathology; Share of scientific knowledge and teaching of undergraduate students; Providing sophisticated diagnostic expertise in the covered research fields covered - Pathology, Oncobiology and Population Genetics. == References == "IPATIMUP". Retrieved 2007-01-20. == See also == Science and technology in

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Molecular_Pathology_and_Immunology_of_the_University_of_Porto


id: institute-of-predictive-and-personalized-medicine-of-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Predictive_and_Personalized_Medicine_of_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Predictive_and_Personalized_Medicine_of_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:37:59.495882+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-predictive-and-personalized-medicine-of-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC) (Barcelona) is located in Badalona as a research institute set up by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), the City Council of Badalona, the Catalan Institute of Health (ICS), The Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital (HUGTiP) and the Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (FIICSGTiP). The IMPCC is adjacent to the Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol. The mission of the IMPPC is to identify the molecular patterns that are predictors of the development of a cancer and can inform its personalized treatment. == References == == External links == IMPPC home page. FIICSGTiP home page.


id: institutum-canarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutum_Canarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Institutum Canarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutum_Canarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:00.702931+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institutum-canarium-20260505-0
summary:
Institutum Canarium (IC) is an academic association founded in 1969 concerned with the cultural history of the Canary Islands and the neighbouring cultures of the Mediterranean region. The headquarters are in Vienna. It publishes two periodicals: Almogaren IC-Nachrichten It is a member of the International Federation of Rock Art Organizations. == Medal Dominik Wölfel == The organisation gives out the Dominik-Wölfel-Medaille, an award named after Dominik Josef Wölfel (1888–1963), explorer of the cultures of North Africa and the Canary Islands. Prize winners include: 2001 José Manuel Alamo González 2003 Fred Olsen == References == == External links == Official website


id: instruments-research-and-development-establishment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_Research_and_Development_Establishment-0.md
category: reference
title: Instruments Research and Development Establishment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_Research_and_Development_Establishment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:01.902880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: instruments-research-and-development-establishment-20260505-0
summary:
The Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located in Dehradun, its primary function is research and development in the field of optical and electro-optical instrumentation. Their objective is to develop products like night vision devices, electro-optical surveillance and fire control systems. == Projects == === Holographic sight === The IRDE has developed holographic sights which are manufactured by India Optel's Ordnance Factory Dehradun, and have a range of up to 300 m. The Indian Army has already put in a demand for 20,000 holographic device units, while the National Security Guards has shown interest in the device and requested some units in 2008. === Laser-guided anti-tank guided missile === In 2020, IRDE was among other DRDO laboratories that jointly developed an indigenous laser-guided anti-tank guided missile that can be fired from an Arjun main battle tank. === Anti-drone system === In 2021, IRDE was among other DRDO laboratories that jointly developed with Bharat Electronics a fully indigenous anti-drone system that has been acquired by all three branches of the Indian Armed Forces. ==== Drone detection and tracking system ==== Due to constant threat of UAV attacks, IRDE is working


id: inter-agency-space-debris-coordination-committee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee-0.md
category: reference
title: Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:03.025145+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: inter-agency-space-debris-coordination-committee-20260505-0
summary:
The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) is an inter-governmental forum whose aim is to co-ordinate efforts to deal with debris in orbit around the Earth founded in 1993. The primary purposes of the IADC is information exchange on space debris research activities, facilitating opportunities for joint research, and reviewing progress of ongoing activities. All of these are designed to support identification of space debris mitigation options. == Debris mitigation guidance == In March 2020, the organization has developed recommendations that each program or project establish and document a feasible Space Debris Mitigation Plan. The plan should include the following items: A management plan addressing space debris mitigation activities A plan for the assessment and mitigation of risks related to space debris, including applicable standards The measures minimising the hazard related to malfunctions that have a potential for generating space debris A plan for disposal of the spacecraft and/or orbital stages at end of mission Justification of choice and selection when several possibilities exist Compliance matrix addressing the recommendations of these Guidelines == Members == Members of the IADC include: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) China National Space Administration (CNSA) Canadian Space Agency (CSA) German Aerospace


id: interamerican-network-of-academies-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterAmerican_Network_of_Academies_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterAmerican_Network_of_Academies_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:04.367865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: interamerican-network-of-academies-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences (IANAS) is a regional network made up of National Academy of Sciences from the nations in the Americas. It was founded in 2004 as an organization utilizing science diplomacy to "build scientific and technological capacities and strengthen relationships among the countries of the Americas as a tool for societal development." The creation of the organization was in part inspired by the InterAcademy Panel (IAP), to function as a regional network in the manner of the Network of African Science Academies (previously founded with help from the IAP). Support also came from the Organization of American States and the Inter-American Development Bank for the creation of IANAS. The IAP continues to be its principal source of financial support. Current co-chairs are Helena B. Nader, President of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and Karen B. Strier, member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. == Mission == The purpose of the network is to connect and develop the scientific community and institutions in each country, and thus to contribute to sustainable development and help build research capacity . Its main objectives are: 1. "To help improve national scientific capacities, especially as a tool for societal


id: interdisciplinary-association-for-population-health-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Association_for_Population_Health_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Association_for_Population_Health_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:05.553969+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: interdisciplinary-association-for-population-health-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science (abbreviated IAPHS) is an interdisciplinary membership organization dedicated to research in population health. It was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in 2015, and was officially launched on September 19, 2016. Its inaugural president was Sandro Galea (Boston University), who was elected in 2016. Galea served as president of the IAPHS until he was succeeded in 2017 by current president Bruce Link (University of California, Riverside). In 2016, David Nash of Thomas Jefferson University wrote, "What is fascinating about [the IAPHS] is its commitment to an interdisciplinary population-based approach to health and healthcare. From IAPHS's perspective, population health means everything from improving children's lives to help them become healthy adults, to building healthier community environments, and even to changing discriminatory policies in the public sector." == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-academy-of-cytology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Cytology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Academy of Cytology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Cytology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:06.704795+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-academy-of-cytology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) is a scientific global NGO for cytopathologists and cytologists. The IAC's goals are the advancement of cytopathology and cytology and it promotes research, education and collaboration within the field. == History == The IAC was founded in 1957 in Brussels by a committee of 27 individuals from 19 countries. George N. Papanicoloau was installed as Honorary President. The IAC's first president was Dr. Hans-Klaus Zinser The original name was International Academy of Gynecological Cytology, the IAC renamed itself International Academy of Cytology in 1961 to reflect advances in other fields. == Structure == The IAC is an international umbrella association working together with over 50 national cytology associations including the American Society of Cytopathology, the Società Italiana di Anatomia Patologica e Citologia Diagnostica, the Academía Mexicana de Citopatológica and the European Federation of Cytology Societies. The current president is Fernando Schmitt, Professor of Pathology at the Medical Faculty of University of Porto, Head of Molecular Pathology Unit at IPATIMUP, Director of RISE (Health Research Network). == Publications == The IAC issues the journal Acta Cytologica at the publishing house Karger. The Acta Cytologica was founded by George L. Wied in 1957, the founding year


id: international-academy-of-the-history-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Academy of the History of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:07.943001+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-academy-of-the-history-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Academy of the History of Science (French: Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences) is a membership organization for historians of science. The Academy was founded on 17 August 1928 at the Congress of Historical Science by Aldo Mieli, Abel Rey, George Sarton, Henry E. Sigerist, Charles Singer, Karl Sudhoff, and Lynn Thorndike. == Publications == Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, formerly Archivio di storia della scienza and then Archeion, is an international academic journal of the history of science now published by the International Academy of the History of Science. The journal is published twice yearly and its chief editor, since 2018, is Michela Malpangotto. The content is published in six languages: English, French, Italian, German, Russian, and Spanish. Issues are distributed in print and online by Brepols. The journal was founded as Archivio di storia della scienza by Aldo Mieli in 1919, renamed Archeion in 1927, and edited by Mieli from its founding in 1919 until its closure, due to wartime political pressures on Mieli, in 1943. The journal was revived in 1947 as Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences. Its early history was notable for its commitment to political internationalism and for its role in the establishment of


id: international-arctic-research-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Arctic_Research_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: International Arctic Research Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Arctic_Research_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:09.163522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-arctic-research-center-20260505-0
summary:
The International Arctic Research Center, or IARC, established in 1999, is a research institution focused on integrating and coordinating study of Climate change in the Arctic. The primary partners in IARC are Japan and the United States. Participants include organizations from Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. == Overview == The center is located at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, in the Syun-Ichi Akasofu Building. The Keith B. Mather Library is the science library housed in the Akasofu Building, serving IARC and the Geophysical Institute of UAF. The building also houses the UAF atmospheric sciences department, the Center for Global Change and the Fairbanks forecast office of the National Weather Service. Study projects are focused within four major themes: Arctic ocean models and observation Arctic atmosphere: feedbacks, radiation, and weather analysis Permafrost/Frozen soil models and observations Arctic biota/vegetation (ecosystem models) IARC is devoting specific effort to answering the following three questions: To what extent is climate change due to natural vs man-made causes? What parameters, processes and interactions are needed to understand and predict future climate change? What are the likely impacts of climate change? == References == == External links ==


id: international-association-for-analytical-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Analytical_Psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Analytical Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Analytical_Psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:10.384486+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-analytical-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) is the international accrediting and regulatory body for all societies and groups of analytical psychology practitioners, trainees, and affiliates. Analytical psychology was founded by Carl Gustav Jung. The association is based in Zurich and was founded in 1955 by Jung and a group of international analysts. It has member associations and affiliates in 58 countries. == Objectives == The main objectives of the IAAP are to advance the understanding and utility of analytical psychology worldwide, and to ensure that the highest professional, scientific and ethical standards are maintained in the training and practice of analytical psychologists among its member groups. == See also == Society of Analytical Psychology British Psychotherapy Foundation == References == == External links == Official website International Association for Jungian Studies


id: international-association-for-jungian-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Jungian_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Jungian Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Jungian_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:11.496217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-jungian-studies-20260505-0
summary:
Formed in 2002, the International Association for Jungian Studies (IAJS) is a learned society for Jungian scholars and clinicians. == Background == The IAJS differs in its focus from the international Jungian organisation, the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP), in that the IAAP is a professional regulatory body for member societies and developing groups of clinicians, and those in training, whereas the IAJS concentrates on professional or scholarly interest in Jungian and post-Jungian theory. Both are open to clinicians, scholars, scientists, clergy, artists, and others. The IAJS organises semi-annual to annual conferences, at which academic papers are presented. The IAJS formerly had a stake in the Jungian journal Harvest, until it was announced in February 2007 that IAJS had amicably parted with Harvest and would be publishing the International Journal for Jungian Studies. As of July 2006, the IAJS had 408 members from various countries around the world. == See also == Carl Jung Depth Psychology == External links == International Association for Jungian Studies International Journal for Jungian Studies (Official) International Journal for Jungian Studies (Publisher) International Association for Analytical Psychology


id: international-association-for-relationship-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Relationship_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association for Relationship Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Relationship_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:12.689757+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-relationship-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Relationship Research (IARR) is an international, interdisciplinary learned society dedicated to promoting research on personal relationships. It was formed in 2004 from the merger of the International Network on Personal Relationships (INPR) and the International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships (ISSPR). Its official peer-reviewed journals are Personal Relationships and the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. IARR also sponsors the Advances in Personal Relationships book series and publishes a newsletter called Relationship Research News. == Organizational aims == IARR proclaims a commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion and also to expanding access to researchers and research populations beyond Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD) nations, as a way of better understanding relationship processes. According to the organization's website (as of May 8, 2024), "it is imperative that the experiences of diverse people and relationship styles and structures are understood through the lens of a myriad of cultures and disciplines." The organization further states that, "Geographical, linguistic, and cultural diversity are essential for understanding how interpersonal relationships are experienced across the globe." == Past conferences == == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-association-of-mathematical-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Mathematical_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Mathematical Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Mathematical_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:13.882503+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-mathematical-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Mathematical Physics (IAMP) was founded in 1976 to promote research in mathematical physics. It brings together research mathematicians and theoretical physicists, including students. The association's ordinary members are individual researchers, although associate membership is available to organizations and companies. The IAMP is governed by an executive committee elected by the ordinary members. The association sponsors the International Congress on Mathematical Physics (ICMP), which takes place every three years, and it also supports smaller conferences and workshops. There is a quarterly news bulletin. IAMP currently awards two kinds of research prizes in mathematical physics at its triannual meetings, the Henri Poincaré Prize (created in 1997) and the Early Career Award (created in 2009). == List of presidents == The presidents of the IAMP since its foundation were: 2024–: Kasia Rejzner 2021–23: Bruno Nachtergaele 2015–20: Robert Seiringer 2012–14: Antti Kupiainen 2009–11: Pavel Exner 2006–08: Giovanni Gallavotti 2003–05: David Brydges 2000–02: Herbert Spohn 1997–99: Elliott Lieb 1991–96: Arthur Jaffe 1988–90: John R. Klauder 1985–87: Konrad Osterwalder 1982–84: Elliott Lieb 1979–81: Huzihiro Araki 1976–78: Walter Thirring == Prizes awarded by IAMP == === Henri Poincaré Prize === The Henri Poincaré Prize is sponsored by the Daniel Iagolnitzer Foundation to recognize


id: international-bulb-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bulb_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Bulb Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bulb_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:15.048475+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-bulb-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Bulb Society was founded on May 31, 1933 and is an international society dedicated to informing the public about the science, cultivation, conservation and botany of geophytic plants, commonly known as bulbs. It began in 1933 as the American Amaryllis Society, publishing its first yearbook (Year Book, American Amaryllis Society) in 1934. One of its founders was Hamilton Traub, who edited the yearbook in its early days. Two years later (1936) the title was changed to Herbertia. Later the society was renamed the American Plant Life Society, and its yearbook was called Plant Life. Amaryllis Year Book. In 1984 Plant Life became Herbertia again. The society became inactive in January 2014. == Awards == The Herbert Medal - the society awards this medal to people who have made outstanding contributions to the study of geophytic plants. The Hamilton P. Traub Outstanding Service Award - the society awards this medal to persons who provide outstanding service to the society. == Publications == Series 1, Vols. 3–15, 1936–48; Series 2, Vols. 16–26, 1949–59; vol. 40-, 1984- == References == == External links == International Bulb Society "Under construction"** IBS. "International Bulb Society". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013.


id: international-centre-for-hydrogen-energy-technologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Hydrogen_Energy_Technologies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Hydrogen_Energy_Technologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:16.186735+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-centre-for-hydrogen-energy-technologies-20260505-0
summary:
The International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) was a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Its role was to support, demonstrate and promote viable implementations of hydrogen energy technologies with the aims of enhancing future economic development, particularly in emerging countries. Founded through a Trust Fund Agreement signed between UNIDO and the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources in 2003 in Vienna, ICHET started operation in 2004 and closed down in December 2012. For the rest of the 2010s hydrogen was hardly in Turkey’s energy policy. == See also == == References == == Sources == Independent Mid-Term Review of the UNIDO Project: Establishment and operation of the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET), TF/INT/03/002 Archived 2010-06-01 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Industrial Development Organization - Europe and NIS Programme in Action 2009 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine


id: international-centre-for-low-dose-radiation-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Low_Dose_Radiation_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Centre for Low Dose Radiation Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Low_Dose_Radiation_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:17.359397+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-centre-for-low-dose-radiation-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Centre for Low Dose Radiation Research (ICLDRR) was established at the University of Ottawa, in 1997, with national and international support. The ICLDRR assembles all published data and conducts analyses concerning the effects of low doses of radiation on humans and in the environment. ICLDRR's main focus is to contribute to clarifying whether low and very low doses of ionizing radiation increase the risk of cancer. To that end, the ICLDRR has assembled and analysed virtually all published data on cancer induction in laboratory animals by low doses of ionizing radiation, and published initial findings at specialized international conferences, since 1998. The foremost contribution of the ICLDRR is the setup of a radiation low-dose mammal-experiment database. Their results have been used in support of the radiation hormesis hypothesis, wherein low-dose radiation may actually be beneficial for health. They were quoted in a famous report by the French Academies as evidence that this effect takes place in 40% of low-dose animal experiments. The work at ICLDRR is funded by several actors of the nuclear industry such as the United States Department of Energy, Électricité de France, Cogema Resources, Inc. (Canada) or the Central Research Institute of the Electric Power


id: international-committee-for-coal-petrology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_for_Coal_Petrology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Committee for Coal Petrology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_for_Coal_Petrology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:18.582574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-committee-for-coal-petrology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) is an organization that deals with coal petrology and organic petrology. It was founded in 1951. The 200 scientists working for the ICCP seek to develop standardized nomenclature and classification systems that help identify organic constituents in coal and sedimentary organic matter. Such systems, one of which is the 'System 1994' are used in coal petrography and organic petrology research. The ICCP is an affiliate organization of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). Annual meetings and other activities of the ICCP are hosted by various research institutions in Europe. In 2015, the annual meeting was hosted by GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Further meetings took place in Bucharest, Romania (2017), The Hague, Netherlands (2019), Prague, Czech Republic (2021), Patras, Greece (2023), and Oviedo, Spain (2024). The 2026 meeting is planned to take place in Porto/Lisbon, Portugal. == References ==


id: international-committee-on-anthropogenic-soils-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Anthropogenic_Soils-0.md
category: reference
title: International Committee on Anthropogenic Soils
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Anthropogenic_Soils
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:19.724688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-committee-on-anthropogenic-soils-20260505-0
summary:
The International Committee on Anthropogenic Soils (ICOMANTH) was a committee active between 1995 and 2013 concerned with classifying soils derived from human activity. According to the National Resources Conservation Service, the committee’s major contribution was "improving technical standards used to describe anthropogenic soils and defining the taxa to classify them". When it was founded, the committee chair was Dr. Ray Bryant, but due to career-related changes, he was succeeded by Dr. John Galbraith in 2004. The committee was considered to have completed its task by the NRCS, and several proposed changes were added to the soil taxonomy in 2014. == References == == External links == ICOMANTH home page


id: international-institute-of-air-and-space-law-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Air_and_Space_Law-0.md
category: reference
title: International Institute of Air and Space Law
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Air_and_Space_Law
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:20.854433+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-institute-of-air-and-space-law-20260505-0
summary:
The International Institute of Air and Space Law (IIASL) is a leading research and teaching institution. It specialises in legal and policy issues for aviation and space activities. It forms part of the Leiden Law School at Leiden University. The institute co-operates with many sister institutions and maintains contact with national and international organisations throughout the world. It is guided by an International Advisory Board populated by people professionally involved with the development of aviation and space-related activities who meet at least once per year. It organises courses and conferences on all aspects of aviation and space law and policy. == History == The first professor appointed to teach air law was Daniel Goedhuis in 1938. A chair in air law was created in 1947 and extended to space law in 1961. Professor Goedhuis held it until 1977. His successor Professor Henri Wassenbergh was the catalyst for the creation of the current institute. The institute held its Silver Jubilee in August 2011 == Purpose == The purpose of the institute is to contribute to the development of aviation and space law and related policy by conducting and promoting research and teaching at university level. == Facilities == The Institute possesses


id: international-institute-of-welding-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Welding-0.md
category: reference
title: International Institute of Welding
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Welding
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:22.076393+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-institute-of-welding-20260505-0
summary:
The International Institute of Welding (IIW) is an international scientific and engineering body for welding, brazing and related technologies. Its membership consists of the national welding societies from around the world. The Institute was founded in 1948 by 13 national societies. By 2011 its membership has expanded to 55 national welding societies. == Organization == The general assembly of the national societies defines the policy of the institute and elects its president and a board of directors. A permanent secretariat deals with regular day-to-day activities and maintains contact with other international bodies. The institute has established a number of technical commissions, each one covering a relatively broad subject of welding science and technology. Under some of them there exist a number of technical sub-commissions, each one involved in a more specific aspect. The IIW participates in International Organization for Standardization (IOS) standardization activities in Technical Committee TC44 (welding and allied processes). A total of 21 ISO standards and updates have been published under the direct responsibility of IIW. == Authorised bodies and governance == IIW operates a structured quality and governance system to ensure that education, training, qualification, and certification activities in welding engineering are harmonised across its global network.


id: international-laboratory-accreditation-cooperation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Laboratory_Accreditation_Cooperation-0.md
category: reference
title: International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Laboratory_Accreditation_Cooperation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:23.269656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-laboratory-accreditation-cooperation-20260505-0
summary:
The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation or ILAC started as a conference in 1977 to develop international cooperation for facilitating trade by promoting the acceptance of accredited test and calibration results. In 1996, ILAC became a formal cooperation with a charter to establish a network of mutual recognition agreements among accreditation bodies that would fulfil this aim. The ultimate aim of the ILAC is increased use and acceptance by industry as well as government of the results from accredited laboratories, including results from laboratories in other countries. In this way, the free-trade goal of a 'product tested once and accepted everywhere' can be realised. == See also == Accreditation Good laboratory practice (GLP) Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ISO/IEC 17025 Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine Reference range Reference values == References == == External links == International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) ILAC Mutual Recognition Arrangement (ILAC MRA) ISO/IEC 17025 Resource Center


id: international-magnetospheric-study-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Magnetospheric_Study-0.md
category: reference
title: International Magnetospheric Study
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Magnetospheric_Study
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:24.371002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-magnetospheric-study-20260505-0
summary:
The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) was proposed in 1970 as a concerted effort to acquire coordinated ground-based, balloon, rocket, and satellite data needed to improve our understanding of the behavior of earth's plasma environment. Projects done as a contribution to International Magnetospheric Study: Prognoz 6 Scandinavian Magnetometer array == References ==


id: international-partnership-for-microbicides-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Partnership_for_Microbicides-0.md
category: reference
title: International Partnership for Microbicides
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Partnership_for_Microbicides
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:25.521349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-partnership-for-microbicides-20260505-0
summary:
The International Partnership for Microbicides or IPM was a non-profit product development partnership (PDP) founded by Dr. Zeda Rosenberg in 2002 to prevent HIV transmission by accelerating the development and availability of a safe and effective microbicide for use by women in developing countries. Since its inception, IPM had focused on developing HIV-prevention products for women including gels, films, tablets and rings that contain antiretroviral (ARV)-based microbicides. Rights to incorporate existing ARVs into products developed specifically for use in developing countries had been negotiated with pharmaceutical companies working in the HIV field. In October 2022, IPM's intellectual property, grant agreements and assets were transferred to the Population Council. == See also == International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Tibotec == References == == External links == International Partnership for Microbicides


id: international-planetary-data-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: International Planetary Data Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:26.758565+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-planetary-data-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The International Planetary Data Alliance (IPDA), founded in 2006, is a closely cooperating partnership to maintain the quality and performance of data (including data formats) from planetary research using instruments in space. Specific tasks include promoting the international exchange of high-quality scientific data, organized by a set of standards to facilitate data management. NASA's Planetary Data System is the de facto standard for archiving planetary data. Member organizations participate in both its Board and on specific projects related to building standards and interoperable systems. In 2008, a Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) resolution made the IPDA an official body to set standards around the world regarding the archiving of planetary data. == See also == Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Centre National d'Études Spatiales European Space Agency German Aerospace Center Indian Space Research Organisation Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration UK Space Agency == References == == External links == The International Planetary Data Alliance ESA Planetary Science Archive NASA Planetary Data System


id: international-society-for-quality-of-life-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Quality_of_Life_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Quality of Life Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Quality_of_Life_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:27.919867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-quality-of-life-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Quality of Life Studies (ISQOLS) is an international, academic organization which promotes research in and measurement of "quality of life." == Objectives == The organization's stated general objectives are to provide a worldwide interdisciplinary collaboration framework between academics and professionals in the field of Quality of Life Studies with the intention of generating policy and society changes based on scientific research. == Conferences and publications == The society sponsors international conferences. The ninth annual ISQOLS conference was held in Florence, Italy on the theme "Measures and Goals of the Progress of Societies"; in attendance were 373 participants from 44 countries. OECD chief statistician Enrico Giovannini, in his keynote address to the conference, referenced the Istanbul Declaration of 2007, an agreement by number of international organizations (the European Commission, OECD, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the United Nations, the UNDP and the World Bank) to develop a new paradigm for statistical evaluation and policy-making which would go beyond gross domestic product and also include subjective indicators of well-being. The society publishes the journal Applied Research in Quality of Life. == See also == Social Weather Stations Gross National Happiness == References == == External links ==


id: international-society-for-research-on-aggression-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Research_on_Aggression-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Research on Aggression
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Research_on_Aggression
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:29.063876+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-research-on-aggression-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Research on Aggression (abbreviated ISRA) is an international learned society dedicated to scientific research on all aspects of human aggressive behavior. It was established in August 1972 in Tokyo, Japan, by a group of academics who were there to attend the 20th Annual International Congress of Psychology. The Society was co-founded by Saul Rosenzweig and John Paul Scott, who served as its first and second president, respectively. Its official journal is Aggressive Behavior, which is published by John Wiley & Sons. The current president of the society is Barbara Krahé. == Presidents == Notable past presidents of the ISRA include: Saul Rosenzweig (first president) John Paul Scott (second president) Dan Olweus (1995-1996) Leonard Eron (1989–1991) Craig A. Anderson (2010–2012) == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-society-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Electrochemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society of Electrochemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Electrochemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:30.322259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) is a global scientific society founded in 1949. The Head Office of ISE is located now in Lausanne, Switzerland. ISE is a Member Organization of IUPAC. The Society has now more than 1900 Individual Members, 15 Corporate Members (Universities and non-profit research organizations from Belgium, Croatia, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and Serbia) and 16 Corporate Sustaining Members. ISE has also 8 Divisions and Regional Representatives. ISE's objectives are: to advance electrochemical science and technology to disseminate scientific and technological knowledge to promote international cooperation in electrochemistry to maintain a high professional standard among its members. == See also == Electrochemistry Quantum electrochemistry Revaz Dogonadze Rudolph A. Marcus == External links == International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) IUPAC


id: international-society-on-oxygen-transport-to-tissue-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_Oxygen_Transport_to_Tissue-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_on_Oxygen_Transport_to_Tissue
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:31.504077+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-on-oxygen-transport-to-tissue-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT) is an interdisciplinary society of approximately 300 members that represents essentially every major tissue oxygen research laboratory in the world. Its purpose is to further the understanding of all aspects of the processes involved in the oxygen transport from the air to its ultimate consumption in the cells of the various organs of the body. ISOTT was founded in April 1973 by Duane F. Bruley, Ph.D., P.E. and James Haim I. Bicher, M.D. They also served as the first co-presidents of the Clemson-Charleston founding meeting. At that meeting, Dr. Melvin H. Knisely served as the first honorary president of the society. The first elected president was Dr. Gerhard Thews. The Society has been the leading platform for the presentation of many of the technological and conceptual developments within the field both at the meetings themselves and in the proceedings of the society. These have been published by Plenum Publishers in 1973, then Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, and then Kluwer Academic Publishers and lately by Springer in its Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology series. Examples of areas in which members have made highly significant contributions include electrode techniques, spectrophotometric methods, mathematical modeling


id: international-test-and-evaluation-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Test_and_Evaluation_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: International Test and Evaluation Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Test_and_Evaluation_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:32.698478+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-test-and-evaluation-association-20260505-0
summary:
The International Test and Evaluation Association (ITEA) is a professional body founded in 1980. Its primary purpose is to further the exchange of technical information in the field of test and evaluation. Membership is open to professionals, students and corporate bodies involved in the development and application of policy and techniques used to assess the effectiveness, reliability, and safety of new and existing systems and products. == External links == ITEA Website


id: international-union-against-sexually-transmitted-infections-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_against_Sexually_Transmitted_Infections-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_against_Sexually_Transmitted_Infections
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:33.854656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-against-sexually-transmitted-infections-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI) is a non-governmental organisation established in 1923, and has charitable status in the UK. It produces guidelines for Europe on the management of sexually transmitted infections and is organisation in consultative status with the WHO. It also provides training and management in the field of STIs, publishes an STI textbook, and publishes the journal Sexual Health. It also runs conferences, such as IUSTI Europe Congress (as of 2024, 36 annual conferences) and the IUSTI World Congress (as of 2024, 24) and many other regional meetings. == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-union-of-radio-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Radio_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Radio Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Radio_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:35.073988+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-radio-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Radio Science (abbreviated URSI, after its French name, Union radio-scientifique internationale) is one of 26 international scientific unions affiliated to the International Council for Science (ICSU), devoted to radio science. == History and objectives == URSI was officially created in 1919, during the Constitutive Assembly of the International Research Council (now ICSU), based on the earlier French: Commission Internationale de Telegraphie sans Fil (1913–1914) when the only radio communication system was radiotelegraphy. It has held a general assembly every three years from 1922. Fifty years ago URSI was one of the most important promoters of the International Geophysical Year. In addition to publishing the open access journal URSI Radio Science Letters, it sponsors the journals Advances in Radio Science, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, and Radio Science, last of which is co-sponsored by the American Geophysical Union. URSI's original objective (to encourage "scientific studies of radiotelegraphy, especially those which require international cooperation") has been broadened to include all radio science, from telecommunications to radio astronomy, acquisition of radar information about distant passive objects, studies of the radiation stimulated or spontaneously emitted by these objects, biological effects of electromagnetic radiation and active modification of objects by


id: international-workshop-on-1-2-dimensional-magnetic-measurement-and-testing-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Workshop on 1 & 2 Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:36.269167+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-workshop-on-1-2-dimensional-magnetic-measurement-and-testing-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workshop_on_1_&_2_Dimensional_Magnetic_Measurement_and_Testing-0.md

summary:
International Workshop on 1 & 2 Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing (commonly referred to as 1&2DM or even 2DM) - international meeting devoted to problems in one- and two-directional magnetisation of ferromagnetic materials. == Scope == Basic problems, magnetisation processes, domain structures, Barkhausen noise Aspects of industrial testing and standardisation Power loss, polarisation, magnetostriction and anisotropy measurement Magnetisation systems and sensors for 1 and 2D measurements High frequency related aspects B and H vector relationships and their interpretation Relevance to applications (e.g., electrical machines, transformers, etc.). Modelling of magnetic properties of materials, relevance of microstructures From the 8th 1&2DM the technical papers written in English are published in Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (which in Polish means Electric Review) issued in Warsaw, Poland. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is one of the oldest European periodicals (since 1919), which is still being in print. From the 12th edition full conference papers have been published on the International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics-IJAEM, (IOS Press, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). == International Steering Committee == == 1&2DM Workshops == 1&2DM is usually held in September. The years are chosen as to alternate with the Soft Magnetic Materials Conference: == Notes == == References == == External links == http://www.2-dm.com

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workshop_on_1_&_2_Dimensional_Magnetic_Measurement_and_Testing


id: iowa-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Iowa Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:37.398156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iowa-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Iowa Academy of Science is the oldest existing scientific association in Iowa, founded in 1875. It was established to promote scientific research, science education, public understanding of science, and recognition of excellence. Its membership consists primarily of professional and academic scientists and science educators. It publishes the Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science twice a year, as well as the New Bulletin newsletter four times a year. It publishes the Iowa Science Teachers Journal electronically. == References ==


id: iranian-national-institute-for-oceanography-and-atmospheric-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_National_Institute_for_Oceanography_and_Atmospheric_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_National_Institute_for_Oceanography_and_Atmospheric_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:38.583872+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iranian-national-institute-for-oceanography-and-atmospheric-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS, Persian: پژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوس شناسی و علوم جوی Pazhoheshgah e Melli e Oghianoos Shenasi va Oloum e Javvi) is a research center established by Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in 1992 under the name 'Iran Oceanography Center' to perform research in the field of oceanography. In March 2010, the organization was renamed to 'Iranian National Center for Oceanography (INCO)'. In June 2013, the organization was again renamed to 'Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS)'. Upon its completion, INIOAS will have the Khalije Fars sea explorer at its disposal to conduct oceanographic research. == References == == External links == Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science English website


id: iranian-research-institute-for-information-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Research_Institute_for_Information_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Research_Institute_for_Information_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:39.763765+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iranian-research-institute-for-information-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IRANDOC) (previously known as Iranian Research Institute for Scientific Information and Documentation) is an Iranian research center with a national mission to meet the country's needs in the field of information science and technology == Faculties == The institute has three faculties: Faculty of Information Technology Faculty of Information Sciences Faculty of Information & Society == History == The institute was established in 1968 as the governmental organization known as Iranian Documentation Centre to "bring modern information to scientists and professors". In March 1969 IRANDOC became part of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education's new Institute for Research and Planning in Science and Education, along with Center for Scientific Policy, Center for Educational Planning and the Center for Library Services. In 1970 it had a staff of 60 personnel, with 30 being college graduates, and seven had doctorates. When the Institute was disestablished in 1983, IRANDOC continued under the supervision of the Deputy Minister Office for Research. A revised charter was approved by the Council for Development of Higher Education in 1991, changing its status to a research center and its name changed to its present form. IRANDOC is a national


id: israel-geological-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Geological_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Israel Geological Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Geological_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:40.890104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: israel-geological-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Israel Geological Society (IGS) is a non-profit organization that is the national organization for geologists in Israel, including those working in academic institutions, research institutions and commercial organizations; it is also open to private individuals interested in earth sciences. The IGS has 400 members, including students, retired individuals and new immigrants. The society is administrated by an annually elected committee, which includes the President and the Vice President and five committee members. The society's activities are funded by the annual membership fee and by contributions from various institutions and organizations. == Activities == Main activities of the IGS: The Annual Meeting, for the presentation and discussion of current topics of interest in its fields, including lectures, posters and field excursion. Earth Sciences Day, with lectures open to the general public. The Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, a professional journal. It is published annually in English in four issues. The journal is a primary journal for the publication of Earth Sciences research in the region, and is distributed to all society members and to libraries in Israel and abroad. Society Awards—annual awards for research achievements in earth sciences and a medal for outstanding contribution to public awareness of the subject.


id: istituto-di-genetica-e-biofisica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_di_Genetica_e_Biofisica-0.md
category: reference
title: Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_di_Genetica_e_Biofisica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:42.071077+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: istituto-di-genetica-e-biofisica-20260505-0
summary:
The Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica (IGB) (Institute of Genetics and Biophysics) is an integral part of the institutes of the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (National Research Council). It was founded in 1962 in Naples by the Italian geneticist Adriano Buzzati-Traverso and called Laboratorio Internazionale di Genetica e Biofisica (LIGB) (International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics). In 1968 the Laboratory came under the full control of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, changing its name to the Istituto Internazionale di Genetica e Biofisica (IIGB) (International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics). Successively it assumed its present name of Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica. == References == == External links == Official Homepage of the IGB


id: iupac-iupap-joint-working-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party-0.md
category: reference
title: IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:43.246653+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iupac-iupap-joint-working-party-20260505-0
summary:
The IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party is a group convened periodically by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) to consider claims for discovery and naming of new chemical elements. It is sometimes called the Joint Working Party on Discovery of Elements. The working party's recommendations are voted on by the General Assembly of the IUPAP. == References ==


id: japan-agency-for-medical-research-and-development-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Agency_for_Medical_Research_and_Development-0.md
category: reference
title: Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Agency_for_Medical_Research_and_Development
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:44.438862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: japan-agency-for-medical-research-and-development-20260505-0
summary:
The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; Japanese: 日本医療研究開発機構), created in April 2015, is an independent Japanese medical research and development organization, overseen by the Office of Healthcare Policy of Cabinet Secretariat, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). AMED has a headquarters in the Chiyoda City district of Tokyo and international offices in London, Singapore, and Washington D.C. == References == == External links == Official Website


id: japan-society-of-neurovegetative-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Society_of_Neurovegetative_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Japan Society of Neurovegetative Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Society_of_Neurovegetative_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:45.569475+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: japan-society-of-neurovegetative-research-20260505-0
summary:
This is main scientific society in Japan interested in the study of the Autonomic Nervous System. It is affiliated with the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences. Its official journal is The Autonomic Nervous System (Jiritsu shinkei; ISSN 0288-9250) founded in 1964. == External links == Japanese Association of Medical Sciences International Society for Autonomic Neuroscience == References ==


id: johanneberg-science-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanneberg_Science_Park-0.md
category: reference
title: Johanneberg Science Park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanneberg_Science_Park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:46.742283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: johanneberg-science-park-20260505-0
summary:
Johanneberg Science Park was established in December 2009 by the Chalmers University of Technology Foundation and the City of Gothenburg to create better conditions for regional sustainable growth, based on the activities currently conducted within Chalmers University of Technology at Campus Johanneberg in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Science Park primarily support development of activities within the disciplines of Urban Development, Environment, Energy, Materials and Nanoscience. == External links == www.johannebergsciencepark.com


id: joint-evaluated-fission-and-fusion-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Evaluated_Fission_and_Fusion-0.md
category: reference
title: Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Evaluated_Fission_and_Fusion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:47.925202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joint-evaluated-fission-and-fusion-20260505-0
summary:
The Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion (JEFF) organization is an international collaboration for the production of nuclear data. It consists of members of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). JEFF produces the Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion Nuclear Data Library, which is in the universal ENDF format. == References ==


id: jourdain-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jourdain_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Jourdain Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jourdain_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:49.118853+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jourdain-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Jourdain Society is or was a controversial society based in the United Kingdom, its aims being "the advancement of the science of oology", the collection and study of intact birds' eggs. Established in 1922 as the British Oological Association, it changed its name in 1946 in memory of distinguished ornithologist and oologist Reverend Francis Jourdain (1865–1940). The society was a social gathering that held regular dinners, established as an elitist club, which did not admit women and professional dealers. Egg-collecting is the removal of intact, unhatched eggs from a birds' nest, followed by drilling out the contents to keep the egg intact. It was considered a respectable leisure pursuit in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, at a time when conservation, study and hunting were not seen as opposed activities. However the activity became extremely controversial after conservationists concluded that the taking of rare birds' eggs was a major factor in their extinction and endangerment, and that the activity lacked real scientific value. Jourdain co-founded the society after being offended by early criticism of the practice. In 1954, the collection of new eggs from nests was made illegal by the Protection of Birds Act, and from this point the


id: kavli-institute-of-nanoscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Institute_of_Nanoscience-0.md
category: reference
title: Kavli Institute of Nanoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Institute_of_Nanoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:50.303935+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kavli-institute-of-nanoscience-20260505-0
summary:
The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft was established in 2004 at the Department of NanoScience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology through a grant by the US-based The Kavli Foundation. Two different departments, Quantum Nanoscience and Bionanoscience, as well as the Institute of Quantum Technology, are part of this institute. The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience has a staff of 35 professors. An article in de Volkskrant, a Dutch national newspaper in 2012, claimed that four of the ten most cited scientists in the Netherlands belong to the institute. == Prizes == === Best thesis prize === Best thesis prize is awarded to best PhD thesis emerged from Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft in the previous two years. This prize, which consists of an award and an amount of €3000, is given out every two years and will be announced on annual Kavli day. ==== Recipients ==== Marijn van Loenhout (2012-2013) Fabai Wu (2016-2017) Afshin Vahid (2017-2019) Guoji Zheng (2019-2021) === Best publication prize === Best publication award is given biannually for the best publication resulting from Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft that appeared in print in the previous two years. This prize, which consists of an award and


id: kohn-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Kohn Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:51.496336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kohn-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society Kohn Award was an award given by the Royal Society since 2005 to beginning scientists who had achieved significant cultural impact through broadcasting or public speech. It was funded by the Kohn Foundation (set up by Ralph Kohn) and consisted of a grant for £7,500 for science communication activities and a gift of £2,500. == Past winners == 2013 Peter Vukusic 2012 Suzannah Lishman 2011 Christopher Lintott 2010 No Award 2009 Lucie Green 2008 Chris Smith 2007 Carolyn Stephens 2006 Kathy Sykes 2005 Colin Pulham == References ==


id: korea-brain-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Brain_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Korea Brain Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Brain_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:52.689242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: korea-brain-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) is a research institute in South Korea. Core facilities include the Korea Brain Bank and lab animal centers. The KBRI is an affiliated institute of the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology. == History == Legally enacted in 1998 through the Brain Research Promotion Act, the preliminary feasibility survey took place in 2007. Daegu was selected in 2011 and construction was completed in 2014. == KIMS Presidents == Suh Yoo-hun (서유헌), July 2012–July 2015 Kim Gyeongjin (김경진), July 2015–December 2018 Suh Pann-Ghill (서판길), December 2018–Current == See also == Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea == References == == External links == Official website


id: korea-polar-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Polar_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Korea Polar Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Polar_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:53.809564+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: korea-polar-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
Established in 2004, the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) is the lead agency for South Korea's national polar programme for the Arctic and the Antarctic and an advisor to the Government of South Korea. Its research projects have focused on biodiversity, climate change and geological evolution. The Institute participates in fora such as the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, the International Arctic Science Committee and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). KOPRI researchers and support staff operate on the icebreaker Araon, on campus at the Korea University of Science and Technology and in the country's three research stations — King Sejong and Jang Bogo in Antarctica, and Dasan at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. KOPRI sits within South Korea's Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. Through international collaboration, KOPRI researches have undertaken studies in Alaska and Canada. == External links == Official website of the Korea Polar Research Institute == References ==


id: korean-society-of-earth-and-exploration-geophysicists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Society_of_Earth_and_Exploration_Geophysicists-0.md
category: reference
title: Korean Society of Earth and Exploration Geophysicists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Society_of_Earth_and_Exploration_Geophysicists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:54.980364+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: korean-society-of-earth-and-exploration-geophysicists-20260505-0
summary:
The Korean Society of Earth and Exploration Geophysicists (KSEG, 한국지구물리·물리탐사학회) is an incorporated association, with the aim of promoting the solid earth geophysics, the geophysical exploration and the related applications, and thus contributing to the national life of high quality and to the national economy. It was founded June 7, 2007 by integrating the two then existing societies of Korean Society of Geophysics and Korean Society of Exploration Geophysicists established respectively in 1998. == References ==


id: korean-sociological-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Sociological_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Korean Sociological Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Sociological_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:56.190133+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: korean-sociological-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Korean Sociological Association is South Korea's national academic organization for sociologists and those researching the related social sciences. It was founded in 1956 and has been publishing the Korean Journal of Sociology since 1964. In addition it organises annual symposia and workshops and hosts biannual nationwide conventions as well as quarterly seminars, and various occasional workshops. It is one of the larger of Korea's academic organizations with over 800 members. The role of the KSA in the development of Korean sociology is discussed by Park Myoung-Kyu and Chang Kyung-Sup (1999). In particular its role in permitting "the values and norms of scientific research to be articulated, shared and controlled". They also note the key role played by the KSA in debates about the need for relevance and indigenization. == References == == External links == Official website (In Korean)


id: laboratory-of-tree-ring-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_of_Tree-Ring_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_of_Tree-Ring_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:57.374788+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-of-tree-ring-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (LTRR) was established in 1937 by A.E. Douglass, founder of the modern science of dendrochronology. The LTRR is a research unit in the College of Science at the University of Arizona in Tucson. Since its founding, visiting scholars and faculty at the lab have done notable work in the areas of climate change, fire history, ecology, archeology and hydrology. == References == == External links == Official website Kaib, Mark (Winter 1999). "Enlightenment in Burnt Forests - Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research". Whole Earth. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011.


id: leiden-bio-science-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_Bio_Science_Park-0.md
category: reference
title: Leiden Bio Science Park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_Bio_Science_Park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:58.543381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leiden-bio-science-park-20260505-0
summary:
The Leiden Bio Science Park (LBSP) is the largest life sciences cluster in the Netherlands and ranks in the top five of the most successful science parks in Europe. It is part of Leiden and Oegstgeest and focuses on companies and universities in the Biotechnology sector. The park comprises 110 hectares (270 acres) with over 215 organisations, including 150 Life Sciences & Health companies. The park is located mostly in Leiden and lies between Wassenaarseweg on the north and the Plesmanlaan on the south. The park focuses mostly on the use of biotechnology for medical and biopharmaceutical applications. == History == The LBSP was founded in 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek area west of Leiden Central Station, between the Faculty of Science of the Leiden University and the former Academic Medical Hospital Leiden, now known as the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC). The municipality decided that this area should primarily be focused on biotechnology. In 2005, the foundation Leiden Life meets Science was founded by the Leiden University, the municipality Leiden, the LUMC, the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Chamber of Commerce, the province South Holland, the University of Applied Sciences Leiden, and the ROC


id: linnaean-society-of-new-york-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_Society_of_New_York-0.md
category: reference
title: Linnaean Society of New York
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_Society_of_New_York
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:38:59.744200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linnaean-society-of-new-york-20260505-0
summary:
The Linnaean Society of New York (LSNY) was established in 1878, in the city of New York, United States, by a group of amateurs interested in natural science, especially ornithology. The founding members included H.P. Bailey, Eugene P. Bicknell, Ernest Ingersoll, Clinton Hart Merriam and John Burroughs. == References == == External links == Official website


id: lithoprobe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithoprobe-0.md
category: reference
title: Lithoprobe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithoprobe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:00.942249+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lithoprobe-20260505-0
summary:
Lithoprobe was a Canadian national geoscience research project funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council from 1984 to 2005, and one of the largest geoscientific research programs in Canadian history. The project aimed to research and map the lithosphere structure and composition, and its findings were used by scientists as well as petroleum and mining companies. By the end of the project, Lithoprobe had employed more than 1,000 scientists. The name "Lithoprobe" is derived from "probing the lithosphere". The project used 20-tonne trucks, called vibroseis trucks and nicknamed "dancing elephants," that forced seismic waves beneath the Earth to generate geological and historical data, allowing researchers to glean information from at least 80 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface. == History == The concept of Lithoprobe was proposed at a 1981 meeting sponsored by Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, and the project itself launched in 1984. It was jointly funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Geological Survey of Canada. == Notable contributors == Charlotte E. Keen Richard Lee Armstrong Ronald M. Clowes, Director (1987) Hu Gabrielse Thomas Edvard Krogh (1991–1996) James Monger John Oliver Wheeler, lobbied for establishment of the project, chairman of


id: louis-jeantet-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Jeantet_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Louis-Jeantet Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Jeantet_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:02.092772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: louis-jeantet-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Louis-Jeantet Foundation was set up in Geneva in 1982 according to the wish of the Geneva-resident French businessman Louis Jeantet, having been endowed with his fortune upon his death from cancer in 1981. The Foundation commenced activities in 1983. It funds the Louis-Jeantet Prize, and a number of professorships at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva. Inspired from the luxurious Italian houses and built in the early XXth century, the Louis-Jeantet Villa is part of the architectural heritage of the Geneva landscape. Classified as an historic building in 1983, the Villa was abandoned for a long period of time before the Louis-Jeantet Foundation decided to establish its headquarters in this unique place and to totally restore the Villa.Located in the residential area of Florissant, the Louis-Jeantet Centre opened its doors in 1998. The Centre offers both the distinction of a patrician Neo-renaissance residence and the sobriety of a contemporary Auditorium. The grounds of Geneva's Fondation Louis-Jeantet contain a 15 by 15 sq. m. courtyard within a sunken hortus conclusus (i.e. an enclosed garden) with an area of about 1300 sq. m. In 1904 Aimée Wexel, princess Franceschi, commissioned the so-called « Helios » villa, built in


id: luria-neuroscience-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria_Neuroscience_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Luria Neuroscience Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luria_Neuroscience_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:03.277790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luria-neuroscience-institute-20260505-0
summary:
Luria Neuroscience Institute (LNI) and its not-for-profit arm Luria Scientific Foundation (LNF) were founded in 2011 with the broad purpose of advancing research in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology, and disseminating knowledge in these areas. Fostering international scientific and educational collaborations is among LNI's priorities. The Institute has been named in honor of Alexander Luria, one of the founding fathers of modern neuropsychology as a scientific discipline. LNI is based in New York City and is directed by Elkhonon Goldberg, a student and close associate of Alexander Luria. == Research activities == LNI has supported and continues to support a number of research collaborations in the areas of cognitive and clinical neurosciences. These include the function and dysfunction of the frontal lobes, cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, shared genetic/epigenetic causation of psychiatric disorders and dementias, and others. In keeping with the LNI's priorities, these collaborations involve scientists both in leading North American and European universities. == Educational activities == Luria Neuroscience Institute is offering several neuropsychology courses about the brain and brain disorders of potential interest both to the mental health professionals and the general educated public. The programs are offered in New York City. == References == == External links


id: masurian-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurian_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Masurian Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurian_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:04.493813+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: masurian-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Masurian Institute (Polish: Instytut Mazurski) in Olsztyn was a scientific research body established in 1943 during World War II in German-occupied Poland in Radość near Warsaw by the underground Masurian Union (Związek Mazurski). In 1945 the headquarters moved to Olsztyn, the main city of the Masurian movement. Its purpose was to undertake all kinds of research relating to the regions of Warmia and Masuria. Its main publication, which still continues, is the quarterly Komunikaty Warmińsko-Mazurskie, considered by the State Committee for Scientific Research to be one of the most important Polish historical journals. In 1948 the Masurian Institute became the scientific branch of the Western Institute in Poznań, and since 1953 part of the Polish Historical Society. In 1961 the Fundacja Naukowa im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego (Wojciech Kętrzyński Scientific Foundation) was established in Olsztyn and took over some of the resources and staff of the Masurian Institute. In 1963 the organisation changed its name to the Ośrodek Badań Naukowych im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie (Wojciech Kętrzyński Scientific Research Centre in Olsztyn), now the Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego (Wojciech Kętrzyński Northern Institute). == References == == Further reading == Sukertowa-Biedrawina, Emilia: "Działalność Instytutu Mazurskiego w Olsztynie" in Kalendarz dla Warmii


id: max-planck-institute-for-behavioral-physiology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Behavioral_Physiology-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Behavioral_Physiology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:05.692306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-behavioral-physiology-20260505-0
summary:
The former Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology was located in Bulldern, Westphalia, Germany, moved to Seewiesen in 1957. It was one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). == Background == A working group was founded in 1954 by Erich von Holst (Max Planck Institute for Oceanic biology, Wilhelmshaven) and Konrad Lorenz. In 1958 it moved into new buildings in Seewiesen. After working from 1951 to 1965, Irenaeus Eibl-Eibesfeldt became director of the institute in 1975. It became an independent institute 1987. In 1997 the Max Planck Society was required to cut its budget and four institutes, including the Behavioral Physiology unit, were chosen for closure, reportedly because their directors were nearing retirement and not due to any failures in scientific research. A part of it survived as the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology. == Famous scientists == Erich von Holst Irenaeus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Horst Mittelstaedt == References == == External links == Homepage of the institute


id: max-planck-institute-for-comparative-and-international-private-law-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Comparative_and_International_Private_Law-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Comparative_and_International_Private_Law
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:06.847848+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-comparative-and-international-private-law-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, MPIPRIV) is a legal research institute located in Hamburg, Germany. It is operated by the Max Planck Society. Founded in 1949, it is the successor institution of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Foreign and International Private Law, which was founded in 1926. Since 1956 it has been based in Hamburg's district of Rotherbaum. The institute is part of the research network Max Planck Law. == See also == Max Planck Society University of Hamburg Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law == References ==


id: max-planck-institute-for-dynamics-of-complex-technical-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Dynamics_of_Complex_Technical_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Dynamics_of_Complex_Technical_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:08.079622+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-dynamics-of-complex-technical-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems is a German engineering research institute in Magdeburg, focusing on dynamics. The institute was founded in 1996 and belongs to the Max Planck Society. The founding director was Ernst Dieter Gilles. Currently, the institute has four research department along with several research groups and is housed in a building designed by Henn GmbH. The institute currently consists of the following four departments: Bioprocess Engineering (headed by Udo Reichl) Computational Methods in Systems and Control Theory (headed by Peter Benner) Physical and Chemical Foundations of Process Engineering (headed by Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern) Process Systems Engineering (headed by Kai Sundmacher) == References == == External links == Official website


id: max-planck-institute-for-human-cognitive-and-brain-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:09.229660+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-human-cognitive-and-brain-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences is located in Leipzig, Germany. The institute was founded in 2004 by a merger between the former Max Planck Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience in Leipzig and the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research in Munich. It is one of 86 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). Research at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences revolves around human cognitive abilities and cerebral processes, with a focus on the neural basis of brain functions like language, emotions and human social behaviour, music and action. == Departments == Neuropsychology - Director: Professor Angela D. Friederici Neurology - Director: Professor Arno Villringer Neurophysics - Director: Professor Nikolaus Weiskopf Psychology - Director: Professor Christian Doeller == Former Departments == Social Neuroscience - Director: Professor Tania Singer Neurophysics - Director: Professor Robert Turner Psychology - Director: Professor Wolfgang Prinz Cognitive Neurology - Director: Professor D. Yves von Cramon == References == == External links == Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences


id: max-planck-institute-for-meteorology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Meteorology-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Meteorology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:10.385345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-meteorology-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie; MPI-M) is an internationally renowned institute for climate research. Its mission is to understand Earth's changing climate. Founded in 1975, it is affiliated with the Max Planck Society and the University of Hamburg, and is based in Hamburg's district of Eimsbüttel. Its founding director was the Nobel laureate Klaus Hasselmann. The current managing director is Jochem Marotzke. == Organization and Research == The MPI-M comprises three departments and hosts independent research groups. They also conduct work with national and international partners. Departments: Climate Physics – investigates how water in the atmosphere, on the land surface, and as exchanged with the ocean, influences Earth’s climate, and its response to perturbations Climate Dynamics – aims to understand global climate dynamics with a focus on exploring the mechanisms that govern large-scale climate change patterns across various regions Climate Variability – investigates the role of the ocean in climate variability and climate change on all timescales from hours to millennia Independent research groups: Multiscale Cloud Physics (Lise Meitner Research Group) Climate Vegetation Dynamics Environmental Modeling Cooperative Work: the German national weather service CMIP6 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Grand Ensemble == International Max Planck Research


id: max-planck-institute-for-molecular-genetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Genetics-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Genetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:12.352502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-molecular-genetics-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG) is a research institute for molecular genetics based in Berlin, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Institute network of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science. == Departments and research groups == Department of Developmental Genetics (Bernhard Herrmann) Department of Genome Regulation (Alexander Meissner) Genome Regulation Group (Alexander Meissner) Stem Cell Chromatin Group (Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu) Lab for Human Brain & Neural Stem Cell Studies (Yechiel Elkabetz) Precision Gene Control group (Denes Hnisz) Cellular Phenotyping Group (Franz-Josef Müller) Department of Computational Molecular Biology (Martin Vingron) Transcriptional Regulation Group (Martin Vingron) Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation Group (Sebastiaan H. Meijsing) Chromatin Structure and Function Group (Sarah Kinkley) Bioinformatics Group (Ralf Herwig) Research Group Evolutionary Genomics (Peter Arndt) Otto Warburg Laboratories Quantitative RNA Biology (Tugce Aktas) Epigenomics (Ho-Ryun Chung) RNA Bioinformatics (Annalisa Marsico) Nascent Transcription & Cell Differentiation (Andreas Mayer) Regulatory Networks in Stem Cells (Edda Schulz) Gene Regulation & System Biology of Cancer (Marie-Laure Yaspo) Cell Signaling Dynamics (Zhike Zi) Efficient Algorithms for Omics Data (Knut Reinert) Scientific Services Flow Cytometry Facility (Claudia Giesecke-Thiel) Mass Spectrometry Facility (David Meierhofer) Microscopy & Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit (Thorsten Mielke) Sequencing Core Facility (Bernd Timmermann)


id: max-planck-institute-for-multidisciplinary-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Multidisciplinary_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Multidisciplinary_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:14.153339+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-multidisciplinary-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society, located in Göttingen, Germany. It was formed on January 1, 2022, through a merger of Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine. == See also == List of Max Planck Institutes == References == == External links == Official website (in English)


id: max-planck-institute-for-psychological-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psychological_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psychological_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:15.309203+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-psychological-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research was a research institute of the Max Planck Society formerly located in Munich in Germany. Founded in 1981, the institute included the following units: Behavioral and Cognitive Development (formerly Development Psychology) under the direction of Prof. Dr. Franz E. Weinert Motivational Psychology under the direction of Prof. Dr. Heinz Heckhausen Intention and Action under the direction of Dr. Peter Gollwitzer Cognition and Action under Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Prinz Adaptive Behavior and Cognition under Prof. Dr. Gerd Gigerenzer, which moved in 1997 to the Max Planck Institute for Human Development In 2004, the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research merged with the Max Planck Institute for Neuropsychological Research to become the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany. The Munich site of the institute was officially closed on September 30, 2006. == References == == External links == Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research (not updated after 2001) German Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research (including the closing of the institute in 2004 and 2006)


id: max-planck-institute-for-social-anthropology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Social_Anthropology-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Social_Anthropology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:16.539835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-social-anthropology-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (German: Max-Planck-Institut für ethnologische Forschung) is a scientific research institute founded in 1999 in Halle, Germany. It is one of the institutes of the Max Planck Society. == Organization == The institute consists of three departments and several independent research groups. === Law and Anthropology === Headed by Prof. Dr. Marie-Claire Foblets, the Department of Law and Anthropology was established in 2012 to focus on the effects of societies and cultures towards law and politics and vice versa. This department also carefully looks how scholars of this specific discipline can and should take responsibility for implications surrounding the interplay of these societal factors. === Anthropology of Politics and Governance === Headed by Prof. Dr. Ursula Rao, the Department of Anthropology of Politics and Governance brings together a group of successful scholars undertaking research in form of in-depth case studies in Asia, Africa and Europe about the tactics, strategies, and motivations that shape political action in times of perceived crisis to study programmes and initiatives that aim to shape the future by proposing new ways of managing complexity and caring for relations in a more-than-human world. === Anthropology of Economic Experimentation === Headed by


id: max-planck-institute-for-the-history-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_History_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_History_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:17.774927+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-the-history-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte) is a scientific research institute founded in March 1994. The Institute is one of the more than 80 research institutes of the Max Planck Society. Since its inception, the Institute has continually expanded the boundaries of the field of the history of science—critically interrogating basic concepts, bringing multiple disciplines into dialog, and experimenting with novel research methods.. == Organization and Research == The MPIWG comprises three departments and several independent research groups. As of August 2024, two departments are filled: "Knowledge Systems and Collective Life," directed by Etienne Benson "Artifacts, Action, Knowledge," directed by Dagmar Schäfer Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, who headed Department III from 1995 to 2014, and Lorraine Daston, who headed Department II from 1995 to 2019, remain at the MPIWG as emerita. Jürgen Renn headed the department "Structural Changes in Systems of Knowledge" from 1994 to 2023. The Research Groups are: "Astral Sciences in Trans-Regional Asia (ASTRA)," led by Anuj Misra. "China in the Global System of Science," led by Anna L. Ahlers "Experience in the Premodern Sciences of Soul & Body ca. 800–1650," led by Katja Krause The Institute also hosts an International Max Planck


id: max-planck-institute-for-the-study-of-societies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Societies-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Societies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:18.961016+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-institute-for-the-study-of-societies-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, MPIfG) is a German social-science research institute within the Max Planck Society located in Cologne. Established in 1985, it was initially headed by sociologist Renate Mayntz (1985/86), followed by political scientist Fritz W. Scharpf (1986–2003), both of whom exerted a profound influence on the institute's research and public image. The institute is currently directed by Lucio Baccaro and Jens Beckert with 31 employees and around 20 doctoral and post-doctoral fellows. The research group leaders are Martin Höpner and Leon Wansleben. Wolfgang Streeck became director of the institute in 1995 and remained in this position until his retirement in 2014, becoming emeritus director. == References == == External links == mpifg.de, English site


id: max-planck-research-unit-for-enzymology-of-protein-folding-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Research_Unit_for_Enzymology_of_Protein_Folding-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Research_Unit_for_Enzymology_of_Protein_Folding
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:20.119200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-research-unit-for-enzymology-of-protein-folding-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding was located in Halle (Saale), Germany. It was founded in 1996 and closed 31 December 2012. It was one of 80 institute in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). == External links == Official site MPI at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2009-05-21)


id: mexican-petroleum-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Petroleum_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Petroleum Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Petroleum_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:21.315951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-petroleum-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Mexican Petroleum Institute (in Spanish: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, IMP) is a public research organization dedicated to developing technical solutions, conducting basic and applied research and providing specialized training to Pemex, the state-owned government-granted monopoly in Mexico's petroleum industry. The Institute was founded on 23 August 1965 by federal decree and is based in Mexico City. Despite facing significant budget constraints in recent years and being accused of depending excessively on foreign technology by noted physicist Leopoldo García-Colín, it was the leading patent applicant among Mexican institutions in 2005 and houses one of the most advanced microscopes on the planet. == Noted researchers == Leopoldo García-Colín: physicist laureated with the 1988 National Prize for Arts and Sciences. Luis E. Miramontes: co-inventor of the first oral contraceptive. Laureated with the National Prize on Chemistry "Andrés Manuel del Rio" in 1986. Octavio Novaro: recipient of the 1993 UNESCO Science Prize for his contributions to understanding catalysis phenomena. Alexander Balankin: physicist laureated with the 2002 National Prize for Arts and Sciences and recipient of the 2005 UNESCO Science Prize for his remarkable ability to relate his research in fractal mechanics to technological applications that has provided great benefits to Mexico and worldwide.


id: michigan-tech-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Tech_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Michigan Tech Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Tech_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:22.478594+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: michigan-tech-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI) is a research center of Michigan Technological University located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The institute specializes in advancing the state of the art in remote sensing and information technology for a variety of applications. MTRI has its heritage in the branch of the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) that remained not-for-profit and developed into the Altarum Institute after ERIM's organization was divided by a corporate takeover in the late 1990s. It became part of Michigan Tech in 2006 and includes research programs related to national security, protecting and evaluating critical infrastructure, bioinformatics, earth sciences, and environmental processes, including transportation. == References == == External links == Michigan Tech Research Institute−MTRI website ERIM Corporate History


id: middle-east-society-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Society_for_Organ_Transplantation-0.md
category: reference
title: Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Society_for_Organ_Transplantation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:23.886925+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: middle-east-society-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
summary:
The Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation (MESOT) is an organization that promotes developments in the field of organ transplantation between medical centers in Middle Eastern, North African and some neighbouring Asian countries. It was founded in Turkey by Mehmet A. Haberal in 1987 and there are more than 29 countries that have membership covering a population of more than 600 million. With the aim of preventing transplant tourism and promoting ethical standards in organ transplantation, MESOT organizes meetings and annual conferences on the improvement of transplantation practices in the Asian region. Its official journal is the Experimental and Clinical Transplantation. == Past presidents == === 2010-2020 === == References ==


id: midwestern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Universities_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Midwestern Universities Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Universities_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:25.065635+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: midwestern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Midwestern Universities Research Association (MURA) was a consortium of 15 universities formed to design and build a particle accelerator in the Midwestern United States. Active from 1953 to 1967, the association ultimately did not achieve its goal and lost funding. It is believed that President John F. Kennedy would have supported the MURA project, whereas one of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s first actions was to shut down the MURA machine and laboratory. In its early years, Donald Kerst served as director of MURA. At the institution, Keith Symon independently invented the FFAG accelerator, alongside Tihiro Ohkawa. This design combined principles from both cyclotrons and synchrotrons. FFAG concepts were extensively developed at MURA. The proposed accelerators were scaling FFAG synchrotrons, meaning that particle orbits at different momenta were geometrically similar—essentially scaled versions of each other. The concept of FFAG acceleration was revived in the early 1980s and continues to attract interest today—for example, in projects such as EMMA (accelerator). == References == == Further reading == F. Cole. O Camelot. Supplement to Proc. 16th Intl. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2001) This paper was published posthumously. Jones, L.; Mills, F.; Sessler, A.; Symon, K.; Young, D. (2010). Innovation


id: monte-l-bean-life-science-museum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_L._Bean_Life_Science_Museum-0.md
category: reference
title: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_L._Bean_Life_Science_Museum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:26.273083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: monte-l-bean-life-science-museum-20260505-0
summary:
The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum is a natural history museum housed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah, United States. == Description == The museum is named for Monte Lafayette Bean, a self-made Seattle-based magnate who entirely funded and paid for the building's construction. He also donated many of his own animal trophies to the collection. The Bean Museum opened on March 28, 1978, and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. It maintains collections of vascular and non-vascular plants, and invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Before 1978, it was known as the BYU Life Sciences Museum and did not have its own building. The Bean Museum now houses the Liger Shasta who lived at the Hogle Zoo from when she was born on May 6, 1948, till when she died, on July 12, 1972. Admission to the three-story museum is free of charge and over 100,000 unique visitors come to see the over 2 million specimens of insects, plants, reptiles, fish, shells, and birds. == References == == External links == Official website M.L. Bean Museum records, MSS 1132 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University Wilmer W. Tanner papers, including the records regarding


id: municipal-services-standards-committee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Services_Standards_Committee-0.md
category: reference
title: Municipal Services Standards Committee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Services_Standards_Committee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:27.466868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: municipal-services-standards-committee-20260505-0
summary:
The Municipal Services Standards Committee (NKT) of the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) is responsible for standardisation in the field of waste management and city cleaning. It chairs a number of European standardisation committees (CEN) and it issues specifications on technical and logistical aspects in waste handling, road cleaning, highway maintenance and winter service. == Organization == The full title is "Normenausschuss Kommunale Technik" (standards committee on municipal engineering) "im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V" (in the DIN German institute for standardisation). The NKT was founded on 26. November 1968 in Frankfurt on the initiative of the municipal authority associations like the "VKS im VKU" (full title "Verband kommunaler Abfallwirtschaft und Stadtreinigung" / association on municipal waste management and city cleaning) and the "BDE" (full title "Bundesverband der Deutschen Entsorgungs-, Wasser- und Rohstoffwirtschaft" / federal association of German waste management, water management and natural resources). The current organization is substructured in five departements (Fachbereich 1 „Grundlagen“ - basics; Fachbereich 2 „Behälter“ - containers; Fachbereich 3 „Fahrzeuge“ - vehicles; Fachbereich 4 „Anlagen“ - facilities; Fachbereich 5 „EDV“ - electronic data processing) running 29 projects. There are 106 national standards and 9 recommendations created by the NKT. The NKT is


id: national-agricultural-research-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Research_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: National Agricultural Research Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Research_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:28.642269+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-agricultural-research-centre-20260505-0
summary:
National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) (Urdu: قومی مرکز برائے تحقیقِ زراعت) is a research institution of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) based in Islamabad, Pakistan. It works in collaboration with Ministry of National Food Security and Research. == Research institutes == Crop Sciences Institute (CSI) Horticulture Research Institute (HRI) Agricultural Engineering Institute (AEI) Honeybee Research Institute (HBRI), started by Rafiq Ahmad Social Sciences Research Institute (SSRI) Institute of Plant & Environmental Protection (IPEP) Food Sciences Research Institute (FSRI) Land Resources Research Institute (LRRI) Animal Sciences Institute (ASI) Crops Diseases Research Institute (CDRI) Climate Energy & Water Research Institute (CEWRI) Bio Resources Conservation Institute (BCI) National Institute of Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB) Rangeland Research Institute (RRI) == Events == In 2015, Chief Justice of Pakistan intervened and took notice on a land issue that involved converting land owned by National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) into a residential housing society scheme. In October 2019, World Food Day was observed at an event at the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) in Islamabad. This event was organized by the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization, Pakistan's Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) and the World Food


id: national-council-for-scientific-and-technological-development-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technological_Development-0.md
category: reference
title: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technological_Development
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:29.851848+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-council-for-scientific-and-technological-development-20260505-0
summary:
The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Portuguese: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, earlier Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas) is a government agency under the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Brazilian federal government. The council is dedicated to the promotion of scientific and technological research and to the formation of human resources for research in the country. == Background == The main attributes that the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) see towards is the national development of Brazilian researchers and institutes, while developing recognition it wants on a global scale. The CNPq was started in 1951, and has a leading role in conducting and formulating research about technology, science and also innovation on current topics such as artificial intelligence and others. The goal of the CNPq is to promote science, technology and innovation and act in the formulation of their policies which thereby will lead to taking the frontier in knowledge, national sovereignty and sustainable development. By doing this, they are on the road to being recognized for their excellence and development not only in these elements but for the country as a whole. == See also == CAPES (Brazil) Lattes Platform


id: national-environmental-research-institute-of-denmark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Denmark-0.md
category: reference
title: National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Denmark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:31.018528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-environmental-research-institute-of-denmark-20260505-0
summary:
The National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark, abbreviated NERI, (Danish: Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, abbreviated DMU) was an independent research institute under the Ministry of the Environment. It was created in 1989 by merging the existing laboratories of the Environmental Protection Agency, which covered marine, freshwater and air pollution, soil ecology and analytical chemistry, with the Danish Wildlife Research, under the Ministry of Agriculture. The laboratories were physically located on Risø, in Silkeborg and on Kalø, north of Aarhus. In 1995, Greenland Biological Research laboratory was added. The research institute was detached from the ministry in 2007 and merged into Aarhus University as a separate unit with largely unchanged tasks and responsibilities. On 1 July 2011, it was reorganized, renamed and lost status as a separate entity. The research departments were divided between the Department of Bioscience and the Department of Environmental Science, while the secretariat and coordination of consultancy services to the Ministry of Environment was placed in the Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (abbreviated DCE). The institute participated in a large number of national and international research programmes, and also in scientific working groups, commissions, and organizations under such bodies as the European Union and the United Nations. It


id: national-foundation-of-science-and-advanced-technologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_of_Science_and_Advanced_Technologies-0.md
category: reference
title: National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_of_Science_and_Advanced_Technologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:32.123184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-foundation-of-science-and-advanced-technologies-20260505-0
summary:
The National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies (NFSAT) (Armenian: Գիտության և առաջադեմ տեխնոլոգիաների ազգային հիմնադրամ, romanized: Gitut’yan yev arrajadem tekhnologianeri azgayin himnadram) is an Armenian non-profit, voluntary organization established in 1997 by legislation. Its mission is to develop the scientific and engineering potential of Armenia. The headquarters of the federation is located in Yerevan. == Objectives == NFSAT's mission is to promote scientific research and technological development in various fields within conformity with international standards, as well as to provide financial and technological support for scientific research and project development. The foundation has several grants which are available for Armenian scientists and engineers. == See also == Science and technology in Armenia == External links == Official website National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies on Facebook


id: national-information-processing-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Processing_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: National Information Processing Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Processing_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:33.286329+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-information-processing-institute-20260505-0
summary:
National Information Processing Institute (OPI PIB) is a modern centre for information technology, artificial intelligence, and data analysis based in Warsaw, Poland. The institute supports the implementation of Polish government policy in science and higher education, and contributes to the construction of an innovative, knowledge-based economy. == Scope of Activities == OPI PIB supports the development of Polish science and higher education by providing advanced digital tools, conducting reliable research and analysis, and fostering the development of research infrastructure. The Institute’s experts conduct research technical IT and communication, as well as in social sciences. OPI PIB develops modern software primarily for the science and higher education sector. Integrating technology with the data that the institute processes enables more effective management of the sector and helps align education offerings with labour market demand and student expectations. OPI PIB also creates innovative solutions using artificial intelligence and is actively involved in the development of digital medicine. It is one of the leading centres in the development of cutting-edge AI-based solutions. Its tools are recognised not only in Poland, but also in other EU member states. The Institute’s experts prepare comprehensive reports and analyses in business analytics, the sociology of science, and scientometrics.


id: national-institute-for-nanotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Nanotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute for Nanotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Nanotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:34.505699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-for-nanotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council of Canada Nanotechnology Research Centre (formerly National Institute for Nanotechnology) is a research institution located on the University of Alberta main campus, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Its primary purpose is nanoscience research. The institute was established in 2001 as a partnership between the National Research Council of Canada, the University of Alberta, and the Government of Alberta. It is administered as an institute of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), and governed by a board of trustees nominated by the partners. Its core funding comes from the Government of Canada and additional funding and research support comes from the university, Government of Alberta, and various federal and provincial funding agencies. In June 2006, the institute moved into its present 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft) facility, designed to be one of the world's largest buildings for nanotechnological research. There are at most two or three other facilities worldwide matching the new building in scale and capacity. In 2017, the institute became the Nanotechnology Research Centre, following a recognition of the institute as its own research centre. Although on the premises of the University of Alberta, the research centre is a branch of the National Research Council


id: national-institute-of-amazonian-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Amazonian_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute of Amazonian Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Amazonian_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:35.694962+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-of-amazonian-research-20260505-0
summary:
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia or INPA) is a public educational and research institution headquartered in Manaus, Brazil. It was founded in 1952, with the purpose of furthering scientific knowledge of the Brazilian Amazon Region. Most of INPA's research focuses on tropical forest management, ecology, molecular ecology, zoology, botany, tropical agriculture and tropical pisciculture. The institution also maintains important vertebrate, invertebrate, and vascular plants research collections. It also publishes the scientific journal Acta Amazônica. == Graduate programs == Graduate programs offered by INPA: Agriculture in the Humid Tropics (Masters and Doctorate) Botany (Masters and Doctorate) Ecology (Masters and Doctorate) Entomology (Masters and Doctorate) Tropical Forestry (Masters and Doctorate) Climate and Environmental Sciences (Masters and Doctorate) Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology (Masters and Doctorate) Freshwater Biology and Inland Fisheries (Masters and Doctorate) Aquaculture (Masters) Management of Protected Areas in the Amazon (Professional Masters) == See also == Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke == References == == External links == INPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia


id: national-institute-of-chemical-physics-and-biophysics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Chemical_Physics_and_Biophysics-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Chemical_Physics_and_Biophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:37.117041+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-of-chemical-physics-and-biophysics-20260505-0
summary:
National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian Keemilise ja Bioloogilise Füüsika Instituut, or KBFI) is public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research and engages in the development of the novel directions in material sciences, physics, chemistry, gene- and biotechnology, environmental technology, and computer science. in Estonia, Tallinn at the address Akadeemia tee 23. == References == == External links == Official website Keemilise ja Bioloogilise Füüsika Instituudi seadus. Riigi Teataja (RT I 1998, 101, 1664). Vastu võetud 29.10.1998


id: national-institute-of-neurosciences-hospital-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurosciences_&_Hospital-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurosciences_&_Hospital
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:38.309716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-of-neurosciences-hospital-20260505-0
summary:
National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital (NINS) is a state-run tertiary care institute in Bangladesh focused on neurological disorders. It is located at Agargaon in Dhaka. Bangladeshi neurologist Prof Quazi Deen Mohammad was the founding director of this institute. == History == Inaugurated by then Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the institute started its journey in September 2012. == Administration == Director of NINS is the administrative chief of the institute. He is assisted by Joint Director, deputy director, assistant directors (Admin, Finance & Store). Administrative officers assist them in this task. == Hospital facilities == It is a 450-bed hospital. Its ten-story building has six modern operation theaters, a 16-bed ICU, a 12-bed HDU, a six-bed Recovery Unit, and a 12-bed post-operative room. The hospital is equipped with the most modern radiology and imaging department. It has a 24/7 emergency unit. == Hospital Services == There are a lot of Medical Technologist, So 24x7 diagnostic services (Blood, urine, ECG, CT Scan Etc.) are available. == Publications == Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh is the official journal of NINS. It's launched in 2015 and publisbed biannually. == References == == External links == Media related to National Institute of


id: national-science-and-technology-museum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Museum-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science and Technology Museum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Museum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:39.506089+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-and-technology-museum-20260505-0
summary:
The National Science and Technology Museum (NSTM; traditional Chinese: 國立科學工藝博物館; simplified Chinese: 国立科学工艺博物馆; pinyin: Guólì Kēxué Gōngyì Bówùguǎn) is a museum of applied science and technology in Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. == History == The museum was established in November 1997. == Architecture == The museum covers an area of 19 hectares on Chiuju Road in Sanmin District. The floor area covers 112,400 square meters and as a result claims to be the largest science museum in Asia. The architecture features geometric forms including triangles, rectangles, and circles, and the buildings are connected by straight bridges. == Transportation == The museum accessible via the Science and Technology Museum railway station of Taiwan Railway. == See also == List of museums in Taiwan == References == == External links == National Science and Technology Museum on Facebook


id: national-science-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:40.699533+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The National Science Centre (Polish: Narodowe Centrum Nauki, often abbreviated NCN) is a governmental grant-making agency responsible for providing financial support for the conduct of basic science research in Poland and various programs to assist scientists throughout their careers. The NCN was founded in 2010, three years after the foundation of National Centre for Research and Development. Similar to National Science Foundation in the United States, NCN is the largest grant-making agency in Poland for fundamental research and basic science and collaborates with corresponding agencies worldwide. == Works == The central tasks of NCN include: financing: basic research carried out in the form of research projects, doctoral scholarships and post-doctoral fellowships, research projects for experienced scientists aiming at implementation of pioneering scientific research; international cooperation in the financing of basic research activities; dissemination of information about contests announced by the National Science Center; supervision over the implementation of the above-mentioned scientific research; inspiring and monitoring the financing of basic research with resources coming from outside the state budget; other tasks commissioned by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, including the development of research programs important for national culture. == Major Grants and Fellowships == The National Science Center finances


id: national-science-foundation-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:41.852419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
The National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka (NSF) (Sinhala: ජාතික විද්‍යා පදනම, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව; Jāthika Vidyā Padanama, Śrī Laṅkāva) was established in 1998 as the successor to the Natural Resources Energy & Science Authority of Sri Lanka (NARESA) established in 1981 and the National Science Council set up in 1968. It was created by the Science and Technology Development Act, No. 11 of 1994. == Objectives == The objectives of the NSF are to initiate, facilitate and support basic and applied scientific research conducted by universities, science and technology institutions and scientists, with the aim to: strengthen scientific research potential, including research in the social sciences, and scientific education programmes. develop the natural resources of Sri Lanka. promote the welfare of the people of Sri Lanka. train research personnel in science and technology. == Divisions == The NSF has the following divisions: Research Division Technology Division Science & Technology Policy Research Division Science Popularisation Division International Liaison Division National Science Library & Resource Centre It also maintains the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka Digital Repository, a digital library and open access repository. === National Science Library and Resource Centre === National Science Library and Resource Centre (NSLRC) (Sinhala: ජාතික


id: national-time-service-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Time_Service_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: National Time Service Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Time_Service_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:43.057429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-time-service-center-20260505-0
summary:
The National Time Service Center (NTSC; Chinese: 国家授时中心) is a public institute under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, responsible for generating, maintaining, and broadcasting standard time in China. It is located in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Its predecessor was the Shaanxi Astronomy Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which was established in 1966 and renamed the National Time Service Center in March 2001. The center is China's only statutory agency for issuing national standard time and frequency. NTSC includes short-wave (BPM) and long-wave (BPL) standard time and frequency radio stations. And in 2007, low-frequency (BPC) time signal station began trial broadcasting from Shangqiu. In October 2025, China's national security authorities released the technical investigation report on the series of major cyber attacks carried out by the National Security Agency of the United States against the National Time Service Center from March 2022 to July 2024. == References ==


id: natural-sciences-collections-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences_Collections_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Natural Sciences Collections Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences_Collections_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:44.278030+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: natural-sciences-collections-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Natural Sciences Collections Association (NatSCA) is a United Kingdom based membership organisation and charitable organization (No.1098156) run by volunteers from the membership. NatSCA's mission is "to promote and support natural science collections, the institutions that house them and the people that work with them, in order to improve collections care, understanding, accessibility and enjoyment for all." The subject specialist network promotes research and exchange of ideas, advances in technical and ethical standards, and raises the public profile of the conservation and preservation of natural science collections and objects. The organisation describes their focus as: Community – developing an open, friendly and accessible network for sharing information, experience and skills. Support – facilitating the professional development of stakeholders in natural science collections. Standards – identifying and promoting good quality practice in the care and use of natural science collections. Promoting collections – increasing awareness of the scientific and cultural value of natural science collections. Advocacy – challenging neglect of collections and lobbying for the appropriate resourcing of collections for their care and sustainable use. == History == The Natural Sciences Collections Association was founded in April 2003 from the merger of Natural Sciences Conservation Group (NCSG) and Biological Curator's Group


id: navigational-aids-for-the-history-of-science-technology-and-the-environment-project-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology, and the Environment Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:45.413336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: navigational-aids-for-the-history-of-science-technology-and-the-environment-project-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_Aids_for_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_the_Environment_Project-0.md

summary:
The Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology, and the Environment Project (NAHSTE) was a research archives/manuscripts cataloguing project based at the University of Edinburgh. Following a proposal led by Arnott Wilson in 1999, the project received £261,755 funding from the Research Support Libraries Programme (RSLP) from 2000 until 2002. The project was designed to access a variety of outstanding collections of archives and manuscripts held at the three partner Higher Education Institutions (HEIs); the University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow and Heriot-Watt University and to make them accessible on the Internet. The project additionally included linkages to related records held by non-HEI collaborators. Descriptions of the material conform to ISAD(G) (Second edition), whilst information about key individuals conform to ISAAR(CPF). Catalogues were tagged using the Encoded Archival Description XML standard. Although the project was completed in 2002, the resulting web service continues to be hosted at Edinburgh. == References == == External links == NAHSTE website - homepage with links to online collections.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_Aids_for_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_the_Environment_Project


id: network-of-african-science-academies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_of_African_Science_Academies-0.md
category: reference
title: Network of African Science Academies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_of_African_Science_Academies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:46.637733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: network-of-african-science-academies-20260505-0
summary:
The Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) is a coalition of national science academies across Africa, established in December 2001. It serves as a platform for collaboration on scientific challenges, policy advice, and advancing research relevant to the continent. NASAC promotes evidence-based decision-making, training, and joint statements on issues like health, environment, and sustainable development. Headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, it has grown to include 32 member academies and 7 affiliate members. Member academies are: African Academy of Sciences Académie Algérienne des Sciences et Technologies Académie Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Lettres du Benin Botswana Academy of Sciences L’Académie Nationale des Sciences, des Arts et des Lettres du Burkina Faso Burundi Academy of Sciences and Technology Cameroon Academy of Sciences Académie Nationale des Sciences et Technologies du Congo Congolese Academy of Sciences in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt Kingdom of Eswatini Academy of Sciences Ethiopian Academy of Sciences Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences Académie des Sciences de Guinée Kenya National Academy of Sciences Madagascar's National Academy of Arts, Letters and Sciences Académie des Sciences du Mali Mauritius Academy of Science and Technology Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology in Morocco Academy


id: new-jersey-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: New Jersey Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:47.801566+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-jersey-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The New Jersey Academy of Science (NJAS) is a private, nonprofit society of scientists and others interested in science, with a membership of about 400 individuals in academia, government, and industry. The academy also includes college students who are pursuing both graduate and undergraduate degrees in the senior academy, as well as high school students in the junior academy. Founded in 1954, the NJAS is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the National Academy of Sciences and works with the New Jersey state government to stimulate education and scientific research throughout the state. The NJAS is headquartered at Kean University in Union, New Jersey. == References == == External links == Official website


id: new-york-mineralogical-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mineralogical_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: New York Mineralogical Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mineralogical_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:48.943610+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-york-mineralogical-club-20260505-0
summary:
The New York Mineralogical Club, Inc. is the oldest continually-operating mineral club in the United States. The club was founded by George Frederick Kunz, Benjamin B. Chamberlin and Professor Daniel S. Martin, on September 21, 1886, in the home of Professor Daniel S. Martin at 236 West 4th Street, New York City. The club's collection of more than 700 mineral specimens from New York City is stored at the American Museum of Natural History and includes a large 6 inch (15 cm) almandine garnet called the Subway Garnet discovered in 1885. The New York Mineralogical Club is affiliated with the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies (AFMS, Organized 1947) and a member of the Eastern Federation of Mineralogical and Lapidary Societies, Inc. (EFMLS, Organized 1950). The club has EIN 35-2928901 as a 501(c)(3) Public Charity. == External links == History of the New York Mineralogical Club == References ==


id: nhs-research-scotland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Research_Scotland-0.md
category: reference
title: NHS Research Scotland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Research_Scotland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:50.089976+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nhs-research-scotland-20260505-0
summary:
NHS Research Scotland (NRS, formerly Health Science Scotland and Scottish Academic Health Science Collaboration), is a government agency that supports clinical and translational research in Scotland. NRS is a partnership between 4 of Scotland's medical schools (Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen), the Scottish NHS Boards and the Chief Scientist Office. NRS brings together the most senior figures from across Government, academia and the NHS. == References == == External links == Official website


id: nike-sport-research-lab-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Sport_Research_Lab-0.md
category: reference
title: Nike Sport Research Lab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Sport_Research_Lab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:51.309819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nike-sport-research-lab-20260505-0
summary:
The Nike Sport Research Lab is a research and development institute located in Beaverton in the U.S. state of Oregon. Opened in 1980, the lab is owned by American apparel and footwear maker Nike. Commercials for the facility have featured famous NBA and PGA athletes talking positively about the products and the research behind them. == Details == The first Nike lab opened in 1980 in Exeter, New Hampshire. The 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) Sport Research Lab is located in the Mia Hamm building at the company's headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. The Nike campus spans a total of 213 acres (9,300,000 sq ft) on the west side of the Portland metropolitan area. They deal with creating new footwear from athletic endeavors like track and field, golf, and basketball. Equipment at the lab include a mannequin constructed of copper, motion capture rooms, and environmental chambers, among others. The lab's facilities are also known as "the Kitchen" and "the Oven" (for most of their professional golf equipment). Nike Golf operates The Oven in Fort Worth, Texas, for developing golf clubs, while The Oven West in Oregon develops balls. Massotherapists are also employed within the facility. == References == == External links == Official


id: north-staffordshire-field-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Field_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: North Staffordshire Field Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Field_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:52.477823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: north-staffordshire-field-club-20260505-0
summary:
The North Staffordshire Field Club was an organisation founded in 1865 to study the natural history, geology, industrial history, folklore and local history of North Staffordshire, England. Its establishing president from 1865-70 was industrialist and banker James Bateman FRS. == History == The club was founded in 1865 at a meeting convened at the North Staffordshire Infirmary by W.D. Spanton, as the North Staffordshire Naturalists Field Club. It became the North Staffordshire Naturalists Field Club and Archaeological Society in 1877, and shortened its name to North Staffordshire Field Club in 1897. == Publications == The organisation produced its first printed book, Annual addresses, papers, etc. Author, North Staffordshire Field Club, in 1875, having previously published a short Annual Report for members. A history of the early years was published by R. Simms in 1886 as Coming of age of the North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field Club and Archaeological Society, 1865-1885: chronological history and bibliography of the Society. A further extensive history, including that of the various specialist sections, can be found in the Club's special 1916 Jubilee year publication. The annual Transactions were then titled North Staffordshire Field Club, Transactions and Annual Report (to 1960); this later became the North Staffordshire


id: nuclear-research-and-consultancy-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Research_and_Consultancy_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Research_and_Consultancy_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:53.690631+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nuclear-research-and-consultancy-group-20260505-0
summary:
Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) is a Dutch institute that performs nuclear research for the government and private companies. It is the most important producer of radionuclides, such as molybdenum-99, lutetium-177 and iridium-192, in Europe and maintains and operates the Petten nuclear reactor. The institute also offers services to medical, chemical, oil, and gas companies. == See also == Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands Institute for Energy (IE) EURATOM == References == == External links == NRG institute website


id: oak-ridge-institute-for-science-and-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Institute_for_Science_and_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Institute_for_Science_and_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:54.865173+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oak-ridge-institute-for-science-and-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) is an asset of the U.S. Department of Energy that provides expertise in STEM workforce development, scientific and technical reviews, and the evaluation of radiation exposure and environmental contamination. Located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, ORISE was established in 1992 to support DOE's mission by prepare the next generation of STEM professionals and by collaborating with the DOE Office of Science and other DOE programs, federal agencies, the scientific community, and industry to address scientific initiatives. == Overview == The ORISE mission is focused on five areas that support the U.S. Department of Energy's overall mission. Mission areas include recruiting and preparing the next generation of the United States scientific workforce; promoting sound scientific and technical investment decisions through independent peer reviews; facilitating and preparing for the medical management of radiation incidents around the world; evaluating health outcomes in individuals exposed to chemical and radiological hazards; and ensuring public confidence in environmental cleanup through independent environmental verification activities. The Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS) operates as a part of ORISE. REAC/TS provides emergency response and subject matter expertise on the medical management of radiation incidents for the National Nuclear Security Administration’s


id: oak-ridge-school-of-reactor-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_School_of_Reactor_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_School_of_Reactor_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:56.051312+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oak-ridge-school-of-reactor-technology-20260505-0
summary:
Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology (ORSORT) was the successor of the school known locally as the Clinch College of Nuclear Knowledge, later shorten to Clinch College. ORSORT was authorized and financed by the U.S. government and founded in 1950 by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover and Alvin Weinberg. During its existence, the school was the only educational venue in the U.S. from where a comprehensive twelve-month education and training in either "Reactor Hazards Analysis" or "Reactor Operations" could be obtained, with accompanying certificates. Funding ended and the school was closed in 1965, shortly after authorization was extended to select U.S. universities to develop their own Nuclear Engineering curricula. Housed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, this unique venue and its renowned instructors offered its students the highest level of education of practical applications of atomic energy available at the time, and first-hand exposure to a variety of nuclear reactor designs including the legendary first graphite reactor, pool reactor, high temperature gas reactor, molten salt reactor, fast reactor and high flux reactor. The school was made known first nationally and eventually worldwide to U.S. enterprises and to U.S. allies involved in the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy, and who


id: odontological-society-of-great-britain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontological_Society_of_Great_Britain-0.md
category: reference
title: Odontological Society of Great Britain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontological_Society_of_Great_Britain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:57.198654+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: odontological-society-of-great-britain-20260505-0
summary:
The Odontological Society of Great Britain was a learned society formed in 1863 by the merger of the Odontological Society of London and the College of Dentists of England, both of which had been founded within a day of each other in 1856. In 1907 it joined the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and other specialist medical societies to form the Royal Society of Medicine. == References ==


id: office-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Office of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:13.124529+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: office-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Office of Science and Technology (OST), later (briefly) named the Office of Science and Innovation, was a non-ministerial government department of the British government between 1992 and 2007. The office was responsible for co-ordination of the government's science and technology related activities and policies, and the distribution of some £2.4 billion among the seven UK Research Councils. It was headed by the Chief Scientific Adviser; initially this was Sir William Stewart, then Sir Robert May (later Lord May of Oxford), and finally Sir David King. The OST was originally formed in 1992 as a merger of the Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser with the Science Branch of the Department of Education and Science (as it then was). Although originally run under the Cabinet Office, it was moved between departments in 1995 to operate under the Department of Trade and Industry. In early 2006, the office was renamed to the Office of Science and Innovation and was subsequently absorbed into the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills in the Summer of 2007 when the Department for Education and Skills was split in two. The Government Chief Scientific Advisor now heads the Government Office for Science. == External links ==


id: organization-for-human-brain-mapping-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping-0.md
category: reference
title: Organization for Human Brain Mapping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:14.322112+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: organization-for-human-brain-mapping-20260505-0
summary:
The Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) is an international society of scientists dedicated to advancing the understanding of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain using neuroimaging. Among its main activities is the organization of annual conferences named "Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping." The organization was established in 1995 in Paris, where its inaugural meeting, named “International Conference on Human Brain Mapping,” took place with over 800 people attending it. Its senior organizers were Bernard Mazoyer, Rüdiger Seitz, and Per Roland. In the following years, OHBM, in coordination with the International Society for Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (ISCBFM), organized several additional conferences, namely, in Boston, Copenhagen, and Cologne. Although the 1999 meetings of the two societies were still coordinated, ISCBFM and OHBM have since split completely. OHBM's stated mission is "to advance the understanding of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain" by bringing "together scientists of various backgrounds who are engaged in investigations relevant to human brain organization" and engaging "in other activities to facilitate communication among these scientists and promote education in human brain organization." OHBM's past and present council members include, among others, David Van Essen, Russell


id: organization-for-tropical-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Organization for Tropical Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:15.492201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: organization-for-tropical-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET), founded in 1963, is a non-profit consortium of over 50 universities and research institutions based in the United States, Latin America, and South Africa. OTS manages a network of ecological research stations in Costa Rica and South Africa. The North American Office is located on the Duke University campus in Durham, North Carolina. OTS offers a variety of courses in Spanish and English for high school, university, graduate students and professionals. Most of the coursework and research conducted at OTS stations focuses on tropical ecology, and the three research stations in Costa Rica are located in distinct ecoregions. OTS provides housing and a cafeteria for students researchers, and sometime ecotourists. OTS is involved in the policy related to tropical biology through courses, hosting meetings and conferences and managing conservation related projects [1] Along with Cocha Cashu Biological Station and the Manu Learning Centre in Peru, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, the OTS research stations in general (and La Selva in particular) provide some of the most important and productive sites of original research on neotropical ecology. OTS research stations in Costa Rica: ·


id: pacific-section-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section-0.md
category: reference
title: Pacific Section
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:16.717440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pacific-section-20260505-0
summary:
The Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, or PSAAPG, is a non-profit geological society whose members are interested in the geology of the West Coast of the United States. Originally founded in 1924 as the Pacific Society of Petroleum Geologists, this organization today is one of the regional divisions of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). Although mainly geologists associated with the petroleum industry join the society, its membership also includes environmental geologists, educators, geophysicists and engineers who find membership in the organization benefits their personal interests and/or careers. == Affiliated societies == The Pacific Section is affiliated with several smaller geologic organizations, and the Pacific Section in most cases functions as a liaison between these societies and the parent organization of the AAPG. Alaska Geological Society Coast Geological Society Los Angeles Basin Geological Society Northern California Geological Society Northwest Energy Association Sacramento Petroleum Association (no website) San Joaquin Geological Society == References == == External links == Official website


id: pakistan-agricultural-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:17.900835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-agricultural-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) (ہیئت برائے زرعی تحقیق پاکستان) is based in Islamabad, Pakistan. == Mission and achievements == It works in collaboration with Ministry of National Food Security and Research which is headed by a Federal Minister, Tariq Bashir Cheema who is heading the ministry since April 2022. It is an apex agricultural research organization at the national level. Its main objective is to strengthen Pakistan's agricultural research system, comprising the federal and provincial components. Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Ali is the current Chairman of PARC, a scientist. His visionary approach has taken PARC to real apex position. Dr. Ali is accompanied with the technical members for different divisions in PARC. Among them Dr. Imtiaz Hussain is Member of Plant Sciences Division, Dr. Shahid Maqsood Gill (Member Natural Resource Division), Dr, Zia ul Hasan (Member Animal Sciences Division), Dr. Ghulam Sadiq Afridi (Member Social Sciences Division). Agricultural Engineering Division is headed by Engineer Zulfiqar Ali. The technical assistance is provided by Dr. Faisal Sohail Fateh (Director Technical). National Agricultural Research Centre is the largest research establishment under PARC in Islamabad. The Director General in charge is Dr. Shahzad Asad. In 2019, Pakistan was able to produce 20 new


id: pakistan-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:19.077573+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science (PAAS) is a scientific organisation based in Pakistan. Headquartered in Lahore, the organisation was founded in December 1947 soon after the independence of Pakistan, and is among the oldest and premier science organisations in the country. Its aim is the promotion and development of science in the country, as well as to provide a forum for scientific meetings, and facilitate the publication of scientific research papers. Since 1949 the Pakistan Association for the advancement of science has published Pakistan Journal of Science (PJS). == References == == Further reading == Chughtai, M.I.D. (1977). Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science: its history and achievements, 1947-1975. Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science.


id: pakistan-science-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Science Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:20.287364+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-science-club-20260505-0
summary:
Pakistan Science Club (PSC) (Urdu: پاکستان سائنس کلب) is a youth organization in Pakistan that engages students on various scientific activities aimed at promoting scientific and technological knowledge amongst the country's young generation. Based in Karachi, capital of the Sindh province, the organization runs various seminars and organized activities and, more recently, arranged summer camps in such activities. The club has more recently been engaging in activities in collaboration with other science clubs such as the Karachi astronomy club. PSC has also participated in international science events such as the World Science Day for Peace and Development. PSC is also member of International Federation of Inventors Associations: IFIA . == See also == Science and technology in Pakistan == References == == External links == Official site Official YouTube channel Facebook page Official Vimeo channel


id: passano-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Passano Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:21.539587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: passano-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Passano Foundation, established in 1945, provides an annual award to a research scientist whose work – done in the United States – is thought to have immediate practical benefits. Many Passano laureates have subsequently won the Nobel Prize. == Selection of award winners == === Passano Laureates === 2024 K. Christopher Garcia 2023 Se-Jin Lee 2022 Duojia Pan 2021 Alfred Goldberg 2020 David Eisenberg 2019 Robert Fettiplace, James Hudspeth 2018 Carl June, Michel Sadelain 2017 Yuan Chang, Patrick S. Moore 2016 Jonathan C. Cohen, Helen Hobbs 2015 James P. Allison (2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2014 Jeffrey I. Gordon 2013 Rudolf Jaenisch 2012 Eric N. Olson 2011 Elaine Fuchs 2010 David Julius (2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2009 Irving Weissman 2008 Thomas Südhof (2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2007 Joan Massagué Solé 2006 Napoleone Ferrara 2005 Jeffrey M. Friedman 2003 Andrew Z. Fire (2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2002 Alexander Rich 2001 Seymour Benzer 2000 Giuseppe Attardi, Douglas C. Wallace 1999 Elizabeth Blackburn (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Carol W. Greider (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 1998 H. Robert Horvitz (2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)


id: pc-104-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: PC/104 Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:22.708348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pc-104-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The PC/104 Consortium is a technology consortium that was established in February 1992 by 12 companies, all sharing a vision of adapting desktop computer technology for embedded applications. Based on the technologies of a IBM PC-based single-board computer developed by American company Ampro in 1987, the PC/104 Consortium has since had a positive effect on the embedded computer marketplace and now includes over 50 member companies. The PC/104 Consortium's technological philosophy is to support legacy technology while developing new solutions for the future. Longevity is a requirement for embedded systems and one of the hallmarks of PC/104 technology. == Adopted specifications == PC/104 – based on Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) PC/104-Plus – based on Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) and ISA PCI-104 – based on PCI PCI/104-Express – based on PCI Express (PCIe) and PCI PCIe/104 – based on PCIe EBX Express – based on PCIe and PCI EPIC – based on PCI and ISA EPIC Express – based on PCIe and PCI == Notes == == External links == Official website RMS Consortium


id: penn-genome-frontiers-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Penn Genome Frontiers Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:23.899396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: penn-genome-frontiers-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, previously known as the Penn Genomics Institute, was established in January 2001 to provide a focus for all aspects of and participants in the genomics community at University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the Wistar Institute. == References == == External links == Official website


id: performance-analysis-of-telecommunication-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Performance Analysis of Telecommunication Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:25.115250+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: performance-analysis-of-telecommunication-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Performance Analysis of Telecommunication Systems (PATS) research group is part of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Antwerp. The group was founded in 1995. PATS performs basic, applied, and contract research related to the performance analysis of telecommunication systems and the impact of performance on the architecture and the design of these systems. The PATS research group is one of the groups that are involved in the Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT) which was founded by the Flemish government on 19 March 2004. == References == == External links == PATS homepage Archived 8 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine


id: phipps-institute-for-the-study-treatment-and-prevention-of-tuberculosis-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:26.281365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phipps-institute-for-the-study-treatment-and-prevention-of-tuberculosis-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis-0.md

summary:
The Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania was established in 1903 with a grant from Henry Phipps, a former business partner of Andrew Carnegie. Dr. Esmond R. Long was the director of the institute from 1935 until his retirement in 1955. == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis


id: plan-te-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Planète Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:27.458512+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: plan-te-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Planète Sciences is a French voluntary association founded in 1962 dedicated to the sciences. The organization organizes the Coupe de France de robotique and Eurobot, an international amateur robotics contest == External links == Planète Sciences (in French)


id: plasma-science-society-of-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Plasma Science Society of India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:28.642974+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: plasma-science-society-of-india-20260505-0
summary:
Plasma Science Society of India was founded in 1978 at Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad in India for the benefit of the fusion community working on plasma. This serves the thrive for knowledge towards the fusion research in the field of theoretical and experimental research, it associated with India Science, Technology and Innovation, . The devices are SST-1, SINP-Tokamak, AdityaTokamak, SST-2 (DEMO) to generate the electricity.There are over 950 life-member of this society along with number of annual members. == References == == External links == Official website


id: platteville-atmospheric-observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Platteville Atmospheric Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:29.842137+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: platteville-atmospheric-observatory-20260505-0
summary:
The Platteville Atmospheric Observatory located near Platteville, Colorado was one of the first major ionospheric heaters in the world. Operating from 1968 through 1984, it expanded knowledge of ionospheric processes greatly. The observatory continues operation, but now focuses on wind profiling. The first studies were made of HF heater induced airglow, heater-induced spread F, wide band heater-induced absorption, and heater created field-aligned ionization. == References == == External links == References to experiments and programs at Platteville


id: polish-limnological-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish Limnological Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:30.970169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-limnological-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Polish Limnological Society (Polish: Polskie Towarzystwo Limnologiczne (PTLim)) is a Polish scientific society that disseminates information among limnologists, those who study all aspects of lakes, including their physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and management. It was founded at the "Fifth National Limnological Conference" in 2001 and, as of 2021, has over 100 active members. In 2009 it organized the International Conference "Lakes, Reservoirs and Ponds. Impacts – Threats – Conservation" partnered with the Czech Limnological Society and Romanian Limnogeographical Association. In 2019, PLS organized the International Conference "Lakes & Reservoirs: Hot Spots in Limnology" in co-operation with the Romanian Limnogeographical Association [1]. PTLim publishes the scientific journal Limnological Review. == References == == External links == PTLim official website


id: prospace-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace-0.md
category: reference
title: ProSpace
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:32.177090+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prospace-20260505-0
summary:
ProSpace is a nonprofit citizens space advocacy group. Annually, these members speak to the congressional leaders in an attempt to open space for the average citizen. One such initiative is expanding the use of prize competitions that would spur space innovations and the creation of a National Space Prize Board (NSPB). ProSpace helped push the passage of space-related legislative initiatives, among these are the Commercial Space Act of 1998, space solar power programs, and technology development for the reusable launch system. Every year in March many of the group's members travel to Washington, D.C. for an event called "March Storm." == See also == National Space Society Space colonization Space Frontier Foundation Vision for Space Exploration == References == == External links == Official website


id: quantum-communications-hub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md
category: reference
title: Quantum Communications Hub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:33.464175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quantum-communications-hub-20260505-0
summary:
The Quantum Communications Hub is a quantum technology research hub established as part of the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme. The hub is a consortium of 8 UK universities and 13 industrial partners, which received funding of £24m over a 5-year period. The hub has established techniques for quantum key distribution (QKD), and in particular the chip-scale integration of QKD, as well as developed the UK's first quantum network. == Organisation == The hub is led by the University of York and its academic partners are the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, Heriot-Watt University, the University of Leeds, Royal Holloway, University of London, the University of Sheffield and the University of Strathclyde. The Quantum Communications Hub works with 13 industrial partners including Airbus, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, ID Quantique, the UK National Physical Laboratory, and Toshiba. == Independent Coverage == Independent media have reported on experimental advances in UK quantum communications infrastructure associated with the Quantum Communications Hub, including long-distance demonstrations of quantum-secure data transmission over deployed optical fibre networks. This coverage references research activity led by Richard Penty at the University of Cambridge in the context of UK quantum network development, with further technical details documented


id: rathenau-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Rathenau Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:34.647233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rathenau-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Rathenau Institute (Dutch: Rathenau Instituut) is an organisation in the Netherlands for technology assessment. It is a member of the European Parliamentary Technology Assessment. The Institute was formed in 1986 as the Netherlands Organisation for Technology Assessment (Dutch: Nederlandse Organisatie van Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek). It was formed by the Minister of Education and Sciences on the recommendation of a commission led by Gerhart Wolfgang Rathenau. In 1994, several years after the death of Rathenau in 1989, it was renamed to the Rathenau Institute and relocated within the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. == References ==


id: recherche-en-pr-vision-num-rique-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique-0.md
category: reference
title: Recherche en Prévision Numérique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:35.829835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: recherche-en-pr-vision-num-rique-20260505-0
summary:
The Recherche en Prévision Numérique center (RPN) is responsible for the research and development of the modelling component of the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) System for the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) and the Regional Meteorological Centers of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment Canada (EC). Their work continues to underpin the operational MSC forecast systems. The roots of RPN can be traced back to 1959, when the Dynamic Prediction Research (DPR) unit was established in Montréal. Over time, DPR was renamed RPN, and the CAO, with which RPN has always been co-located, evolved into the CMC. The evolution of weather forecasting in Canada has transformed dramatically from manual, chart-based forecasting to an automated process powered by advanced computer models. This transformation was largely driven by the continual development of the Canadian NWP suite and the contributions of RPN scientists. These scientists were at the forefront of numerous NWP innovations, such as the integration of semi-Lagrangian schemes in the 1980s, which played a key role in advancing computational weather prediction. == References == == External links == "Introduction to RPN (Recherche en Prévision Numérique)". Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC). Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2026-03-16.


id: the-regenerative-medicine-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: The Regenerative Medicine Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:36.985639+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-regenerative-medicine-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), was established in 2003 as a Centre for Science, Technology & Engineering in collaboration with National University of Ireland, Galway. It obtained an award of €14.9 million from Science Foundation Ireland over five years. It conducts basic research and applied research in regenerative medicine, an emerging field that combines the technologies of gene therapy and adult stem cell therapy. The goal is to use cells and genes to regenerate healthy tissues that can be used to repair or replace other tissues and organs in a minimally invasive approach. Centres for Science, Engineering & Technology help link scientists and engineers in partnerships across academia and industry to address crucial research questions, foster the development of new and existing Irish-based technology companies, attract industry that could make an important contribution to Ireland and its economy, and expand educational and career opportunities in Ireland in science and engineering. CSETs must exhibit outstanding research quality, intellectual breadth, active collaboration, flexibility in responding to new research opportunities, and integration of research and education in the fields that SFI supports. == References == == External links == Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) Science Foundation Ireland National University of Ireland, Galway


id: research-council-of-finland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council of Finland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:38.232009+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-of-finland-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Akatemia, Swedish: Finlands Akademi) is a governmental funding body for scientific research in Finland. Until August 2023, its official English-language name was Academy of Finland. It is based in Helsinki. Yearly, the council administers over 260 million euros to Finnish research activities. Over 5000 researchers are working on projects supported by the council. The Academy of Finland should not be confused with The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Suomalainen tiedeakatemia) and the Finnish Society of Science and Letters (Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten) which are the two Finnish learned societies for scientists and scholars. For engineers, there are two language-based honorary academies, the Finnish Academy of Technology (Teknillisten Tieteiden Akatemia) and the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland (Svenska tekniska veteskapsakademien i Finland). The Finnish title of Academician (akateemikko / akademiker) is an award given by the President of Finland upon the recommendation of the Research Council to the most distinguished Finnish scientists, scholars and artists. It may also be bestowed on foreign scientists, scholars or artists who have contributed very significantly to Finnish intellectual life. At any time, there may be a maximum of 12 living scientific and scholarly academicians and eight living


id: research4life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Research4Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:39.402546+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research4life-20260505-0
summary:
Research4Life is a platform and website dedicated to making peer-reviewed knowledge public to students and researchers in lower income countries. Research4Life provides free or low cost access to academic and professional peer-reviewed content online. In 2021 Research4Life offered 132,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. == Organization == === Partners === Research4Life is led by an Executive Council and several supporting teams of representatives from a variety of partner organizations, including: Cornell University Elsevier Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Information Training & Outreach Centre for Africa (ITOCA) International Labour Organization (ILO) Librarians Without Borders Oxford University Press Portsys STM Taylor & Francis Group United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Yale University Library === Programs === Research4Life consists of five programs: HINARI, research for health; AGORA, research on agriculture; ARDI, research for development and innovation; OARE, research in the environment; GOALI, research for global justice. == External links == Official website == References ==


id: royal-danish-geographical-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Danish Geographical Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:40.563736+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-danish-geographical-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Danish Geographical Society (RDGS, Danish: Det Kongelige Danske Geografiske Selskab) is a scientific society. The society aims to furthethe knowledge of the Earth and its inhabitants and to disseminate interest in the science of geography. It was founded 18 November 1876 on the initiative of Professor E. D. Erslev. The society is based in Copenhagen, Denmark. The society publishes an academic journal, the Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. == Awards and medals == The society awards several prizes and medals to those people who contribute to geographical science and research in areas of natural and cultural geography. The society awards the Hans Egede Medal in silver 'preferably for geographical studies and research in the Arctic countries'. It was established in 1916 and named after Hans Egede, who was a Danish missionary in Greenland. == References == == External links == Royal Danish Geographical Society website (in Danish and English)


id: royal-dutch-mathematical-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Dutch Mathematical Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:41.755153+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-dutch-mathematical-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Dutch Mathematical Society (Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap in Dutch, abbreviated as KWG) was founded in 1778. Its goal is to promote the development of mathematics, both from a theoretical and applied point of view. The society publishes the quarterly journal Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, the magazine Pythagoras, wiskundetijdschrift voor jongeren for high school children, and the scientific journal Indagationes Mathematicae. Each year the society organizes a winter symposium for high school teachers. Biannually Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap organizes the Dutch Mathematical Congress. Once every three years, the society awards the prestigious Brouwer Medal to a distinguished mathematician. This medal is named after L. E. J. Brouwer. == Honorary members == == Institutional members == The society has the following institutional members: Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica Delft University of Technology Eindhoven University of Technology Leiden University Radboud University Nijmegen University of Amsterdam: Institute for Logic, Language and Computation Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics University of Groningen Utrecht University Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam == References == == External links == "KWG". wiskgenoot.nl Official website. Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap. 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.


id: royal-physical-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:42.894881+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-physical-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh was a learned society based in Edinburgh, Scotland "for the cultivation of the physical sciences". The society was founded in 1771 as the Physico-Chirurgical Society but soon after changed its name to the Physical Society. After being granted a Royal Charter in 1778 it became the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. It absorbed a number of other societies over the next fifty years, including the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1782 (not to be confused with the extant Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, founded in 1821), the American Physical Society in 1796 (not to be confused with the extant American Physical Society, founded in 1899), the Hibernian Medical Society in 1799, the Chemical Society in 1803, the Natural History Society in 1812 and the Didactic Society in 1813. The society occupied a lecture hall in Nicholson Street, Edinburgh, complete with library. From 1854 to 1965, it published the journal Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, devoted to articles on experimental biology and natural history. Members of the society were known as Fellows and permitted to use the post-nominal letters FRPSE. Presidents were elected at intervals, sometimes more than one for each year. Some of


id: royal-scottish-forestry-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Scottish Forestry Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:44.018515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-scottish-forestry-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Scottish Forestry Society was founded in 1854 as the Scottish Arboricultural Society. In 1869, the society received the patronage of Queen Victoria and the "Royal" prefix was added in 1887. The name changed to the current one in 1930. In addition to advising the forestry industry, the RSFS manages its own woodland, Cashel Forest at Cashel, near Milarrochy Bay on the east shore of Loch Lomond. The RSFS purchased the site in 1996 and since then has been establishing a native woodland to demonstrate best practice in woodland management and growing timber. The RSFS publishes a journal, Scottish Forestry. Among its past presidents was the Scottish botanist Dr. Hugh Cleghorn. == See also == The Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland == References == == External links == "Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society 1888-1926". in the Biodiversity Heritage Library.


id: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-computer-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: RWTH Aachen Faculty of Computer Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:45.174674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-computer-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Faculty of Computer science is a faculty of the RWTH Aachen University. The faculty was founded in 2025, though computer science has been taught at the university since 1972. == History == === Founding === The faculty was founded in 2025 and is the first faculty to be founded at the university since 1966. === Previous status === Previously, it was part of the RWTH Aachen Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, which has since been renamed to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Computer science was added to the curriculum in 1972 and was then added to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences as a new department in 1986. It has since become a large part of the university with national and international recognition. === Students === At the time of the split, its students made up 50% of the students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. == References ==


id: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-mathematics-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: RWTH Aachen Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:46.379162+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-mathematics-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural sciences is one of nine faculties at the RWTH Aachen University. It comprises four sections for mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. The faculty was founded in 1880 and produced several notable individuals like Arnold Sommerfeld and Nobel Prize laureates Philipp Lenard, Wilhelm Wien, Johannes Stark or Karl Ziegler. Peter Debye studied physics at the RWTH Aachen and won the Nobel Prize in 1936. Furthermore, Helmut Zahn and his team of the Institute for textile chemistry were the first who synthesised Insulin. The faculty cooperates with Forschungszentrum Jülich and the 4 Fraunhofer Institutes in Aachen. Several projects are assisted by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Union. In the academic year 2019/20, approximately 9,700 students are enrolled in the faculty, which makes it the second largest faculty at the RWTH. == References == == External links == Department of Mathematics (German version) Department of Physics (English version) Department of Chemistry (English version) Department of Biology (German version)


id: saudi-center-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation-0.md
category: reference
title: Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:47.582287+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: saudi-center-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
summary:
The Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation (SCOT), was established in 1985 by the Government of Saudi Arabia. It was formerly known as the National Kidney Foundation (Saudi), until it was renamed in 1993, and is a centre for the transplantation of organs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its Director General is Talal Algoufi. == References == == External links == Official website Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine


id: schimmel-conrades-science-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Schimmel-Conrades Science Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:48.812793+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schimmel-conrades-science-center-20260505-0
summary:
The Schimmel-Conrades Science Center is a science building at Ohio Wesleyan University. The Science Center involved the renovation of 100,000 square feet (9,290 m²) of indoor space, including physically connecting the two old science facilities, constructing 52,000 square feet (4,830 m²) of additional space, and creating an expanded and integrated science library, amphitheatre, and three-story atrium. The Science Center includes a cafe and vending machines. The floorspace is used for events ranging from the annual President's Ball to regular poster sessions. == References == == External links == Schimmel-Conrades Science Center Site


id: science-oxford-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Oxford
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:49.990648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-oxford-20260505-0
summary:
Science Oxford is part of a charitable organisation called The Oxford Trust, based in Oxford, England. Science Oxford is the trust's education and public engagement branch. The Oxford Trust was founded in 1985 by Sir Martin and Lady Audrey Wood. Science Oxford was founded in 2006. Science Oxford operates the Science Oxford Centre, a science discovery centre located in Headington, and educational programmes. == References == == External links == Science Oxford website


id: scientific-analysis-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific Analysis Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:51.701399+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-analysis-group-20260505-0
summary:
Scientific Analysis Group (SAG) is a laboratory of the Indian Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located in Delhi its primary function is to evolve new scientific methods for design and analysis of communication systems == References == == External links == DRDO


id: scottish-oceanographical-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:52.858646+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scottish-oceanographical-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory was founded in Nicolson Street, Edinburgh in 1906, by William Speirs Bruce, who had travelled widely in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and had led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE) 1902–04. Bruce had originally studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but had transferred his studies to the natural sciences and, through his varied experiences, had established a reputation as a polar scientist. He had also collected a large number of botanical, biological, zoological and geological specimens, together with vast amounts of meteorological and magnetic data. The laboratory, established in Edinburgh at premises in Nicolson Street, provided a place to examine, store or display these materials, an office from which Bruce could work on the SNAE scientific reports, and a base from which further expeditions could be planned. It was Bruce's ambition that the laboratory should develop into a Scottish National Oceanographical Institute. A meeting to discuss this possibility was held in May 1914, and the proposal gained significant support from leading Scottish scientists. An organising committee was established, but the matter was shelved on the outbreak of war in August 1914 and was not revived. In 1919 lack of funding, combined with his failing


id: siberian-branch-of-the-russian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:54.031242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siberian-branch-of-the-russian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SBRAS) was established by the Decree of the Government of the USSR which was based on the proposal of Mikhail Lavrentyev, Sergei Sobolev and Sergey Khristianovich in 1957 as a regional division of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, replacing a previous small branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Novosibirsk State University was founded to serve as a staff base for the Siberian Branch. Lavrentyev was also the founding chairman of the branch. == History == During the war, hundreds of scientists were evacuated to Siberia, and in 1943 the West Siberian Branch (WSF) of the Soviet Union Academy of Sciences was created. Initially, the WSF allowed scientists to work in various cities. But since 1948, most scientists have been working in Novosibirsk. Formed in May 1957 on the initiative of academicians Mikhail Lavrentyev, Sergei Sobolev, and Sergey Khristianovich. When the department was organized, it included scientific institutions of the West Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (formed in 1943), East Siberian Branch of the Soviet Union Academy of Sciences (formed in 1949), Yakut Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (formed


id: silesian-institute-in-katowice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice-0.md
category: reference
title: Silesian Institute in Katowice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:55.229997+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silesian-institute-in-katowice-20260505-0
summary:
The Silesian Institute in Katowice (Polish: Instytut Śląski w Katowicach) was a regional scientific organization collecting local information about the region of Silesia, working in Katowice from 1934 to 1939 and 1945 to 1949, and during the Nazi occupation of Poland during World War II (1939 to 1945) as an underground movement in Warschau, Krakau and Lemburg. Between 1945 and 1948, the Silesian Institute founded branches in Wrocław and Kłodzko and also the Jerzy Bandtkie Library in Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój. During reorganization in 1948, the Silesian Institute became part of the Western Institute in Poznań. The works and tradition of the Silesian Institute are continued by the Silesian Institute in Opole (Instytut Śląski w Opolu) established in 1957 and the Silesian Scientific Institute in Katowice (Śląski Instutut Naukowy w Katowicach) established in 1958. Designed by Stanislaw Kwasniewicz, the Silesian Scientific Institute building located at 32 Graniczna Street was representative of an architectural style known as Katowice brutalism. It was demolished in 2022. == References ==


id: sirris-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris-0.md
category: reference
title: Sirris
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:56.405217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sirris-20260505-0
summary:
Sirris is a non-profit scientific organisation in Belgium. It is an important collaborative centre for the Belgian technology industry. Until 2007, Sirris was known as CRIF-WTCM, which was founded in 1949 by Fabrimetal (now known as Agoria, the Belgian federation of technology industries). == Mission == The mission of Sirris is to support its members and clients in order to increase their competitive position on the international market through technological innovation. The organization carries out applied research and development in close cooperation with industry. Sirris participates in development projects at different levels, from European Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development to regional ones. == COPTURN == One of the biggest achievements of Sirris so far is the Cutting Optimisation Program, or COPTURN for short. It is a software package that is used to calculate the optimal cutting conditions, the program then calculates the job time and cost. == Development fields == === Additive manufacturing === Sirris performs researches on mains additive manufacturing technologies such as selective laser melting, 3D printing, laser cladding, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, Aero Jet Printing and paste polymerization (ceramic + polymer). All these technologies start from a CAD file to build it in metal, polymer


id: skochinsky-institute-of-mining-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining-0.md
category: reference
title: Skochinsky Institute of Mining
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:57.581359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: skochinsky-institute-of-mining-20260505-0
summary:
The Skochinsky Institute of Mining (full name: National Mining Research Center – A.A. Skochinsky Institute of Mining; Russian: Институт горного дела им. А. А. Скочинского) is an institute of mining located in Lyubertsy, Russia. It was established in 1927 as the All-Union Institute of Coal. In 1959, it merged with the Institute of Mining of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, established in 1938. In 1962, it was named after academician Alexander Skochinsky. In 1968, a branch of the Skochinsky Institute of Mining was established in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia, which researched oil shale mining. == References == == External links == Official website


id: snow-and-avalanche-study-establishment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment-0.md
category: reference
title: Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:59.167010+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: snow-and-avalanche-study-establishment-20260505-0
summary:
Center for Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located near Manali, Himachal Pradesh its primary function is research in the field of snow and avalanches to provide avalanche control measures and forecasting support to Indian Armed Forces. In 2020, Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) was merged with Snow and Avalanche Studies Establishment which is renamed into Defence Geoinformatics Research Establishment (DGRE). == See also == List of DRDO laboratories Aeronautical Development Agency Bharat Electronics Limited Defence Institute of Advanced Technology Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Ordnance Factories Board == References == == External links == Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment


id: soci-t-d-encouragement-au-progr-s-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès-0.md
category: reference
title: Société d'Encouragement au Progrès
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:00.344198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soci-t-d-encouragement-au-progr-s-20260505-0
summary:
Société d'Encouragement au Progrès is a NGO fighting for initiative, responsibility and progress headquartered in Paris (France). It publishes a quarterly review called La Tribune du Progrès. In 2009, the article "Cancer: curing is good, preventing is better" awarded André Gernez. == Founders == Albert Lebrun Paul Painlevé Louis Cailletet Lumière brothers Édouard Belin Edouard Branly == Notes == == External links == Albert Masri presentation


id: soci-t-royale-belge-de-g-ographie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie-0.md
category: reference
title: Société Royale Belge de Géographie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:01.502902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soci-t-royale-belge-de-g-ographie-20260505-0
summary:
The Société Royale Belge de Géographie (In English, the Royal Belgian Geographical Society) or SRBG, is a Belgian learned society which works to promote geographical sciences. == History == The Société was founded on 27 August 1876 as the Belgian Society of Geography a few days before the opening of the Brussels Geographic Conference to promote the exploration of various parts of the world. It was initially involved with commercial investment in Belgian colonies. In 1882 King Leopold II authorised the society to use the prefix "Royal". Although it was later funded privately Adrien de Gerlache first unveiled his plans for the Belgian Antarctic Expedition to the society in 1894. In 1900 the society had more than one thousand members including several explorers such as the American, Richard Mohun. By the middle of the twentieth century the society had changed its objectives from exploration to scientific research and study. The SRBG represents Belgium in the European Society of Geography and publishes the Belgian Journal of Geography, now branded as Belgeo (ISSN 2294-9135). The SRBG awards a gold medal to noted geographers and explorers. == Presidents == Count Hippolyte d'Ursel. == See also == Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp == References


id: society-and-technology-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Society and Technology Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:02.711972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-and-technology-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Society and Technology Institute (Dutch: Instituut Samenleving en Technologie) was from 2000 until 2013 a Flemish institute. The institute was associated with the Flemish Parliament, for which it provided advice on complex issues involving society and technology. Until 2008 it was called the Flemish Institute for Scientific and Technological Aspect research (Dutch: Vlaams Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk en Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek, viWTA). The Flemish Parliament abolished the institute per 1 January 2013. The technology assessment function and several employees were transferred to the Flemish Institute for Technological Research. == See also == Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences Flemish Council for Science and Innovation (VRWI) Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Science and technology in Flanders == External links == Official website


id: society-for-biomolecular-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Biomolecular Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:03.919681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-biomolecular-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Biomolecular Sciences (SBS) was an international learned society, originally established as the Society for Biomolecular Screening in 1994, for scientists and technologists in academia, government and industry, headquartered in Danbury, CT, US. Its focus was education and information exchange among professionals in the chemical, pharmaceutical, biotech, and agrochemical industries in the field of drug discovery and technologies. It was the publisher of the peer-reviewed scientific journal, Journal of Biomolecular Screening. In 2010, it merged with the Association for Laboratory Automation to form the Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening. SBS has created, in collaboration with ANSI, dimensional standards for microplates used in screening. Originally, recognized as the ANSI/SBS standard, it is now as the ANSI/SLAS standard. == External links == Society for Biomolecular Sciences, described by its successor organization, SLAS Journal of Biomolecular Screening web site


id: society-for-industrial-microbiology-and-biotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:05.078267+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-industrial-microbiology-and-biotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB) is a nonprofit, international association dedicated to the advancement of microbiological sciences, especially as they apply to industrial products, biotechnology, materials, and processes. SIMB promotes the exchange of scientific information through its meetings and publications, and serves as liaison among the specialized fields of microbiology. SIMB was established in 1949 as the Society for Industrial Microbiology (SIM) by Walter Ezekiel, Charles Thom, and Charles L. Porter. == Governance == The SIMB is governed by a constitution and bylaws. The membership of SIMB elects a Board of Directors that consists of a President, President-Elect, Past-President, Secretary, Treasurer, and four Directors. == Publications == SIMB has two publications, the Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology and SIMB News. == Scientific Meetings == === SIMB Annual Meeting === Source: === Symposium on Biomaterials, Fuels and Chemicals (SBFC) === Source: The first Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was held in 1978 and hosted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN). It was the first technical meeting focusing exclusively on the biotechnologically-‐mediated conversion of renewable feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic plant biomass, to fuels and chemicals. This annual meeting soon became large enough to be co-‐hosted


id: society-for-intercultural-education-training-and-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:06.216621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-intercultural-education-training-and-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR) was founded in 1974 as an interdisciplinary network for trainers and researchers in the area of intercultural and cross-cultural communication. As of 2004, SIETAR had a network of national and regional professional networks with more than 3,000 members worldwide. It holds NGO status with the United Nations. Kathryn Sorrells states that it "played a central role in facilitating collaboration among intercultural practitioners". For a time, SIETAR was the publisher of the International Journal of Intercultural Relations before the publication was taken over by the International Academy of Intercultural Research. SIETAR has many different bodies, like Argentina, Austria, Brazil, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Europe, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USA, and Young Sietar. == Foundation == L. Robert Kohls is a founding member. == References == == External links == Official website (Sietar USA)


id: society-for-prevention-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Prevention Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:07.419748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-prevention-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Prevention Research (SPR) is an American non-profit learned society dedicated to prevention science. == History == The Society for Prevention Research was established in 1991 at a meeting of National Institute on Drug Abuse staff and prevention research center directors held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. By the following spring, it was incorporated as a non-profit organization in New York. Steven P. Schinke served as the Society's first president from 1993 to 1995. In 2000, its official journal, Prevention Science, was established. == Presidents == The president of the Society for Prevention Research is Guillermo "Willy" Prado. The following is a partial list of the Society's past presidents: 1993–1995: Steven P. Schinke 1995–1997: Richard Clayton 1997–1998: Karol Kumpfer 1998 (interim): Richard Clayton 1998–2001: Sheppard Kellam 2001–2003: Gilbert Botvin 2003–2005: J. David Hawkins 2005–2007: Anthony Biglan 2007–2009: Zili Sloboda 2009–2011: Linda Collins 2011–2013: Deborah Gorman-Smith 2013–2015: Felipe Gonzalez Castro == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-research-synthesis-methodology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Research Synthesis Methodology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:08.642688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-research-synthesis-methodology-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Research Synthesis Methodology (abbreviated SRSM) is an international, interdisciplinary learned society dedicated to promoting and fostering the study of research synthesis: the process whereby the results of multiple scientific studies are combined. It was founded in November 2005, with its organizational meeting held on November 11 and 12 of that year. It has 85 active members. Its official journal is Research Synthesis Methods, which has been published by Wiley since 2010. It holds annual meetings every summer for members (and occasionally nonmembers) to present their research. The president for the 2024–2025 term is Ian Shrier, and the president-elect is James Pustejovsky. == Past presidents == Terri Pigott (2023-24) Tianjing Li (2022–23) Georgia Salanti (2021–22) Jack Vevea (2019–21) Christopher H. Schmid (2018–19) Michael Borenstein (2017–18) Kay Dickersin (2016–17) Jessica Gurevitch (2015–16) Lesley Stewart (2014–15) William Shadish (2013–14) Hannah Rothstein (2012–13) Jesse Berlin (2011–12) David Jones (2010–11) John Ioannidis (2009–10) Larry V. Hedges (2008–09) Alex Sutton (2007–08) Betsy Becker (2006–07) Julian Higgins (2005–06) == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Scientific Study of Religion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:09.834333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (was founded at Harvard University in 1949) was formed to advance research in the social scientific perspective on religious institutions and experiences. The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion is published by the society to provide a forum for empirical papers in the topic area. On the society's home page, it is clear that they promote interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration - with organizations etc. - carried out by prominent members. (See Hoesly and nondenominationals, for example, as gleaned from the references — one of Hoesly's texts: “‘Need a Minister? [...]"). == Presidents == == See also == American Academy of Religion Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry Association for the Sociology of Religion Canadian Society for the Study of Religion Psychology of religion Religious Research Association Religious studies Sociology of religion == References == === Footnotes === === Bibliography === == Further reading == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-the-social-history-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Social History of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:11.022084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-social-history-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM) was established in 1970. It is known for its peer-reviewed journal Social History of Medicine (since 1988) and the three book series it has sponsored, Studies in the Social History of Medicine (1989-2009), Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine, and Social Histories of Medicine. Its first meeting and inaugural lecture was in May 1970. == References ==


id: society-for-the-study-of-human-development-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Study of Human Development
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:12.195994+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-study-of-human-development-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Study of Human Development (SSHD) is a professional society formed by a group of scholars from multiple disciplines (e.g., medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, economics, and history). The central focus of SSHD is to provide an organization that moves beyond age-segmented scholarly organizations to take an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to ages/stages across the life span, generational and ecological contexts of human development, and research and applications to human development policies and programs. It was founded in 1998 when a group of scholars met at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Its first meeting was held in November 1999. The current president of the society is Carolyn Aldwin (Oregon State University), and the president-elect is Lynn S. Liben (The Pennsylvania State University). The society's official journal is Research in Human Development. == Past presidents == Former presidents of the SSHD include: David Henry Feldman (Tufts University) Kristine Ajrouch (Eastern Michigan University) Willis Overton (Temple University) Cynthia García Coll (Brown University/University of Puerto Rico) Lawrence Schiamberg (Michigan State University) Toni Antonucci (University of Michigan) Susan Whitbourne (University of Massachusetts) Jacquelyn James (Boston College) Richard M. Lerner (Tufts University) == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-of-economic-geologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists-0.md
category: reference
title: Society of Economic Geologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:13.335314+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-of-economic-geologists-20260505-0
summary:
The Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) is a scientific organization that promotes the study of geology as it relates to mining, mineral exploration, mineral resource classification and mineral extraction. The society's Publication Board publishes the scientific journal Economic Geology. The society serves 7,000+ members worldwide with research, publications, courses, and field trips. == History == SEG began in 1919 with a group of Geological Society of America (GSA) with an interest in economic geology. December 28, 1920, 60 distinguished professionals met and established the organization. == Notable economic geologists == Pavel Pavlovich Goudkoff (Gudkov) (1921). He was the organizer of the journal "Economic Geology" also. Josiah E. Spurr (1923-1924) C.K. Leith (1925-1926) William E. Wrather (1934-1935) William O. Hotchkiss, President (1946-1947) Anthony J. Naldrett, President (1991-1992) == See also == List of geoscience organizations == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-of-friends-of-science-in-wilno-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno-0.md
category: reference
title: Society of Friends of Science in Wilno
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:14.513616+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-of-friends-of-science-in-wilno-20260505-0
summary:
Society of Friends of Science in Wilno (Polish: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie) was a Polish scientific society which functioned in Wilno (since 1945 Vilnius) from 1906 to 1939. The Society was involved with the reopening of the Stefan Batory University in Wilno. One of its presidents was Marian Zdziechowski, a popular figure in the pre-World War II Wilno. The Society was destroyed during World War II by the occupying authorities.


id: sociologists-for-women-in-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Sociologists for Women in Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:15.739957+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sociologists-for-women-in-society-20260505-0
summary:
Sociologists for Women in Society (SWS) is an international organization of social scientists—students, faculty, practitioners, and researchers—working together to improve the position of women within sociology and society in general. == History == In 1969, several hundred women gathered at a "counter-convention" at Glide Memorial Church rather than attend the ASA meetings at the Hilton Hotel. Sharing feelings of insecurity and stories of initially mystifying experiences as graduate students and faculty, and encouraging each other with applause, they came to see that some of the stresses in being sociologists were not idiosyncratic, but part of the experience of being women. Later that year, some 20 founding women met to build an organization and network. Although SWS was created to redress the plight of women sociologists, SWS has become an organization that also focuses on improving the social position of women in society through feminist sociological research and writing. SWS holds annual meetings and publishes the academic journal Gender & Society. == Journal == Gender & Society == References == Baker, Carrie N. (2008). The women's movement against sexual harassment (1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9780521879354. Spade, Joan Z.; Valentine, Catherine G., eds. (2013). The


id: south-australian-science-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: South Australian Science Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:16.909661+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: south-australian-science-council-20260505-0
summary:
The South Australian Science Council is a body which provides high level, independent science policy advice to the Government of South Australia and to the Chief Scientist of South Australia. It also oversees the implementation of the state's Investing in Science action plan. Prior to June 2015 the council was known as the Premier's Science and Industry Council, and prior to that, the Premier's Science and Research Council. The council was established during the first term of the Rann government in June 2002 "to advise the government on strategies for boosting local science and research capabilities and improving levels of innovation." In 2011, the council re-examined its priorities, and focused on the development of the State's science and research capabilities "in the critical area of adaptation to industry." Minister Tom Kenyon said the shift of focus was "in line with the recommendations to revitalise manufacturing as proposed by the ‘Thinker in Residence’, Professor Göran Roos and in the establishment of the Department of Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy." == Membership == Members of the council are recommended by the Chief Scientist then approved by the Minister for Science and Information Economy. As of October 2016, membership of


id: southeastern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Southeastern Universities Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:18.056682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: southeastern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. (SURA) is a non-profit association with member universities from the United States and Canada. SURA is focused on advancing science, research, and educational discovery. SURA is the parent company of Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (JSA), which is the Management and Operations (M&O) contractor for Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Virginia. In addition to Jefferson Lab, SURA supports space science and technology, information technology, and coastal and environmental research. SURA was founded in May 1980 at a meeting at The College of William & Mary, in which a group of research physicists from various universities recognized the opportunity to create a consortium to promote the expansion of nuclear physics in southeastern United States. Harry Holmgren, of the University of Maryland, was the first elected president of SURA, with Jim McCarthy of the University of Virginia as the Vice President. SURA was initially formed in response to the science community’s desire to build an electron macerator to explore the role of quarks in nuclear structure. This CEBAF is now known as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). == Organization == As a consortium of 57 advanced research institutions, SURA collaborates with


id: statistics-without-borders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders-0.md
category: reference
title: Statistics Without Borders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:19.233755+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: statistics-without-borders-20260505-0
summary:
Statistics Without Borders (SWB) is an organization of volunteers that provide pro bono statistical consulting and assistance to organizations or governments to help deal with health issues. SWB is sponsored by the American Statistical Association. Their goal is to help international health initiatives and projects be delivered more effectively through better use of statistics. Some of the past and present projects include design and analysis about a survey about a public health intervention project in Sierra Leone, and another in Haiti, a survey of the economic impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, reviewing food security survey projects for the Food and Nutritional Technical Assistance II (FANTA-2) project at the Academy for Educational Development, and helping to prepare a proposal to survey households in Mexico about their use of bottled water. == Projects == == References == == External links == Statistics Without Borders homepage


id: student-space-exploration-technology-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:20.408523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: student-space-exploration-technology-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative (SSETI) is a unique project put into execution by students from different universities spread over European countries. In collaboration with space industry they aim to build microsatellites together. Most universities do not have capabilities to build their own complete satellite. The SSETI aims to combine different academic capabilities to realise pan-European student missions. Space projects, which are beyond the local existing capabilities, will be made possible through the fragmentation and redistribution of many small, locally achievable tasks. Ambitious projects, such as a lunar lander, may be realised by this distributed development. == SWARM == SWARM is the youngest project in line. SWARM will be developed consisting by a nanosatellite releasing femtosatellites into low Earth orbit from where scientific and/or technical experiments will be conducted. == ESEO == The ESEO (European Student Earth Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who ran the project independently from SSETI. ESEO was launched from Vandenberg AFB on 3 December 2018 as a part of Spaceflight's SmallSat Express and was expected to function for 6 to 18 months. The Mission Control Center was located in Forlì (Italy).


id: sunshine-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Sunshine Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:21.564708+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sunshine-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Sunshine Project was an international NGO dedicated to upholding prohibitions against biological warfare and, particularly, to preventing military abuse of biotechnology. It was directed by Edward Hammond. With offices in Austin, Texas, and Hamburg, Germany, the Sunshine Project worked by exposing research on biological and chemical weapons. Typically, it accessed documents under the Freedom of Information Act and other open records laws, publishing reports and encouraging action to reduce the risk of biological warfare. It tracked the construction of high containment laboratory facilities and the dual-use activities of the U.S. biodefense program. Another focus was on documenting government-sponsored research and development of incapacitating "non-lethal" weapons, such as the chemical used by Russia to end the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002. The Sunshine Project was also active in meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention, the main international treaty prohibiting biological warfare. An announcement was posted on The Sunshine Project website, "As of 1 February 2008, the Sunshine Project is suspending its operations", due to a lack of funding. Its website remained online for some time after this date and could be used as an archive of its activities and publications from 2000 through 2008. However, as of October 2013,


id: swiss-association-of-scientific-zoos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Association of Scientific Zoos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:22.722115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-association-of-scientific-zoos-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Association of Scientific Zoos, or zooschweiz/zoosuisse, is the zoological association responsible for the operation of zoos in Switzerland. The full name is: zooschweiz - Verein wissenschaftlich geleiteter zoologischer Gärten der Schweiz / zoosuisse - Association des parcs zoologiques suisses gérés de façon scientifique ((German)Zooschweiz/(French)Zoosuisse - Association of scientifically managed swiss zoological parks). Zooschweiz/zoosuisse is a member of Verband der Zoologischen Gärten, which is in turn affiliate to WAZA. The mission of the association is to make a contribution to the biodiversity of the Earth, through the conservation of animal species and their habitats. The association currently handles the management of nine zoos: Basel Zoo Tierpark Bern Nature and Animal Park Goldau Knie's Kinderzoo La Garenne Papiliorama in Kerzers Zurich Zoo Wildnispark Zurich, Langenberg Walter Zoo, Gossau == See also == List of zoo associations == External links == "(official website of) zooschweiz/zoosuisse". Archived from the original on 2025-08-20. Retrieved 2025-09-06. == References ==


id: switch-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Switch Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:23.919645+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: switch-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The VIB Switch laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven is a department of VIB located at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Leuven, Belgium. The laboratory is headed by Frederic Rousseau and Joost Schymkowitz. Its research focuses on functional regulation of cellular processes, which are governed by protein conformational switches that have to be actively controlled to ensure cell viability. The laboratory combines in vitro biophysical techniques and computational structural biology methods with advanced cell biological studies. == References == Fernandez-Escamilla AM, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Serrano L., Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Oct;22(10):1302-6, Prediction of sequence-dependent and mutational effects on the aggregation of peptides and proteins. == Sources == J. Comijn, P. Raeymaekers, A. Van Gysel, M. Veugelers, Today = Tomorrow : a tribute to life sciences research and innovation : 10 years of VIB, Snoeck, 2006, ISBN 978-90-5349-630-5 Switch laboratory (VIB) Switch laboratory (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)


id: sydney-nanoscience-hub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub-0.md
category: reference
title: Sydney Nanoscience Hub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:25.087060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sydney-nanoscience-hub-20260505-0
summary:
The Sydney Nanoscience Hub is a nanoscience facility of The University of Sydney Nano Institute (formerly the Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology) at the University of Sydney in Camperdown, Sydney, Australia. The laboratories in the building are isolated from outside influences such as vibration, electromagnetic fluctuations, temperature and atmospheric pressure variation, the air in the laboratories is also filtered to be free of dust. == History == The facility opened in April 2016. Construction cost AU$150 million; the Australian federal government's Commonwealth Education Infrastructure Fund contributed AU$40 million. Microsoft has invested in a quantum computing research facility. == References == == External links == University of Sydney Nano Institute Sydney Nanoscience Hub


id: the-syncml-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: The SyncML Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:26.258118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-syncml-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The SyncML Initiative, Ltd. was a non-profit corporation formed by a group of companies who co-operated to produce an open standard for data synchronization and device management. Prior to SyncML, data synchronization and device management had been based on a set of different, proprietary protocols, each functioning only with a limited number of devices, systems and data types. The SyncML Initiative, Ltd. consolidated into the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) in 2002, contributing their technical work to the OMA technical Working Groups: Device Management Working Group and Data Synchronization Working Group. The SyncML legacy specifications were converted to the OMA format with the 1.2.2 versions of OMA SyncML, OMA Data Synchronization and OMA Device Management specifications. == References == Recent documents OMA SyncML Section (old site)


id: tekla-labs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs-0.md
category: reference
title: Tekla Labs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:27.406359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tekla-labs-20260505-0
summary:
Tekla Labs (TeklaLabs.org) is a non-profit organization of researchers, educators and hobbyists committed to developing do it yourself (DIY) science infrastructure. Tekla Labs objective is to "enable scientists to construct their own high quality lab equipment using readily available, off the shelf items." Tekla Labs has been featured in numerous publications, including in MAKE, TechHive, Nature.com Blogs, New Scientist, and SciDev.Net. == History == The organization was founded in 2010 in Berkeley, California by postdoctoral and graduate student researchers at UC Berkeley and UCSF. One of the founders, Lina Nilsson, cofounded Tekla Labs to develop high quality, open-source lab equipment that scientists could build themselves. She drew on her experiences visiting biology labs in Asia and South America, where she saw researchers hindered by lack of access to proper laboratory equipment. == See also == Open Source Lab (book) == References ==


id: thailand-national-metal-and-materials-technology-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Thailand National Metal and Materials Technology Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:28.598951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thailand-national-metal-and-materials-technology-center-20260505-0
summary:
National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) is one of Thailand's National Research Centers. It is directed by the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), which belongs to Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. A publicly funded governmental organization, MTEC enjoys more freedom in its operation than government-only bodies. MTEC aims to promote, support and coordinate research and development in polymers, metals, ceramics, and related materials, and to encourage collaborations among research, education and technology organizations. == References == == External links == 2015 MTEC review: Niranatlumpong, P.; Ramangul, N.; Dulyaprapan, P.; Nivitchanyong, S.; Udomkitdecha, W. (2015). "Material research for environmental sustainability in Thailand: Current trends". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (3) 034601. Bibcode:2015STAdM..16c4601N. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/034601. PMC 5099825. PMID 27877788.


id: thailand-national-nanotechnology-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Thailand National Nanotechnology Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:29.786010+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thailand-national-nanotechnology-center-20260505-0
summary:
National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) is one of Thailand's National Research Centers, directed by National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. == See also == Nanotechnology National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) == External links == Official website


id: thomas-young-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Thomas Young Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:30.966675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thomas-young-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Thomas Young Centre (TYC) is an alliance of London research groups working on the theory and simulation of materials (TSM). It is named after the scientist and polymath Thomas Young (1773–1829), who lived and worked in London and is known in the world of science for a number of important discoveries concerning the wave nature of light, the theory of vision, the elastic properties of solids, and the theory of surface tension. The participating research groups are based mainly at Imperial College London, King's College London, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) and University College London (UCL), but there are also members at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington. The aims of the TYC are to foster collaboration between TSM research groups in London, to provide a world-class source of graduate education in the field, and to address problems of major importance to industry and society. The current (2009) membership of TYC numbers about 80 research groups, of which six are led by Fellows of the Royal Society. == Participating academic departments == The breadth of scientific expertise offered by TYC can be inferred from the range of home academic departments of TYC research groups at the three main


id: thomson-scientific-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific-0.md
category: reference
title: Thomson Scientific
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:32.158246+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thomson-scientific-20260505-0
summary:
Thomson Scientific was one of the six (later five) strategic business units of The Thomson Corporation, beginning in 2007, after being separated from Thomson Scientific & Healthcare. Following the merger of Thomson with Reuters Group to form Thomson Reuters in 2008, it became the "Scientific" business unit of the new company. In 2009, the unit came together with the Healthcare division of Thomson Reuters to form the Healthcare & Science division. The healthcare business was sold in 2012 to become Truven Health Analytics. The Science unit of Thomson Reuters provided information services for the academic, business, and R&D communities. It had headquarters in Philadelphia, London, Singapore and Tokyo with about 2,400 staff in more than 20 countries. Its products were Aureka, Delphion, Cortellis, Derwent World Patents Index (DWPI), EndNote, Horizon Global, Horizon Sourcing, IDdb, IDRAC, IP Management Services, ISI Web of Knowledge, MicroPatent PatentWeb, Techstreet Industry Standards, ThomsonPharma, GeneGo, IDDB, Thomson Regulatory Solutions, and Web of Science. In late 2011, Thomson Reuters announced a new organizational structure, with one of its divisions being Intellectual Property & Science. This science unit of Thomson Reuters (known as IP & Science unit) was sold in 2016 to Onex and Baring Private Equity Asia


id: tocklai-tea-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Tocklai Tea Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:33.372312+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tocklai-tea-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Tocklai Tea Research Institute (formerly Tocklai Experimental Station) of Tea Research Association (TRA) is an Indian tea research institute for the development of tea and its agricultural practices located in Jorhat, Assam, India. Founded in 1911, it is the world's oldest tea research institute. == See also == History of tea in India Assam tea == References == == External links == Tocklai Tea Research Institute website


id: turkish-national-research-institute-of-electronics-and-cryptology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology-0.md
category: reference
title: Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:34.501126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turkish-national-research-institute-of-electronics-and-cryptology-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology of Turkey (Turkish: Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü), shortly UEKAE, is a national scientific organization with the aim of developing advanced technologies for information security. UEKAE is the most prominent and also the founder (first) institute of the TÜBİTAK. The institute was founded by Yılmaz Tokad, professor at ITU (Istanbul Technical University), and four researchers under his supervision in the building of engineering at METU (Middle East Technical University)in 1972, with the name Electronic Research Unit. In 1995 the institute's name has become National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology and moved to Gebze, Kocaeli. == Affiliates and facilities == It is affiliated with the TÜBİTAK Informatics and Information Security Research Center (BİLGEM), which is bound to Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK). The institute was later reorganized as the prime institute of the BİLGEM in the Gebze, Kocaeli Province campus of TÜBİTAK. The institute consists of facilities on fields and for products as follows: Semiconductor Technologies Research Laboratory (YITAL) Cryptanalysis Center EMC/Tempest Test Center Speech and Language Technologies Software Development Surveillance Systems Communication and Information Security Electro-Optics Laboratory Spectrum Analysis and Management Open Source Software Government Cerficiation Authority


id: turkish-state-meteorological-service-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service-0.md
category: reference
title: Turkish State Meteorological Service
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:35.692515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turkish-state-meteorological-service-20260505-0
summary:
Turkish State Meteorological Service (Turkish: Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü or MGM) is the Turkish government bureau commissioned with producing the meteorological and climatic data pertaining to Turkey. It is responsible to the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change. == History == Efforts to conduct meteorological services in Turkey through a single and organized channel were addressed within the year 1936. The commission formed for the establishment of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs submitted a legislative proposal to the Council of Ministers on February 11, 1936. The justifications for the establishment of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs were discussed and accepted by the Council of Ministers under the chairmanship of Prime Minister İsmet İnönü and were submitted to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on November 30, 1936, with letter number 6/3727 from the Prime Ministry Directorate of Resolutions. The following justifications were included in the bill regarding the creation of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs: "Prior to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, there was no organization in the country working with various station networks dealing with atmospheric phenomena. Within the last ten years, the need for weather and climate information in our


id: u-s-national-ice-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: U.S. National Ice Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:36.927748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: u-s-national-ice-center-20260505-0
summary:
The U.S. National Ice Center (USNIC) is a tri-agency operational center and echelon V command of the Fleet Weather Center - Norfolk (FWC-N), whose mission is to provide worldwide navigational ice analyses for the armed forces of the United States, allied nations, and U.S. government agencies. It is represented by the United States Navy (Department of Defense); the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Department of Commerce); and the United States Coast Guard (Department of Homeland Security). The U.S. National Ice Center is a subordinate command of the Fleet Weather Center - Norfolk (FWC-N). Originally known as the Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center, which was established on December 15, 1976 in a memorandum of agreement between the U.S. Navy and NOAA, the National Ice Center was formed in 1995 when the U.S. Coast Guard became a partner. The U.S. National Ice Center produces global sea ice charts and various cryospheric GIS products. They also name and track Antarctic icebergs if greater than 10 nautical miles (20 km) on its longest axis. Icebergs must be a minimum of 19 kilometers in length to be tracked by the USNIC. == See also == International Ice Charting Working Group International Ice Patrol == References ==


id: uk-national-tide-gauge-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: UK National Tide Gauge Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:38.107928+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uk-national-tide-gauge-network-20260505-0
summary:
The UK National Tide Gauge Network is part of the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility. It was set up in 1953 to record sea levels around the coast of the UK, after the east coast of England was affected by severe floods. Gauges positioned at 43 locations around the UK coast record data which is archived at the British Oceanographic Data Centre in Liverpool. Once quality controlled, this data is made available for scientific use. == External links == National Tidal & Sea Level Facility Tide Gauge data from the British Oceanographic Data Centre Archived 2006-06-23 at the Wayback Machine


id: ungdommens-naturvidenskabelige-forening-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening-0.md
category: reference
title: Ungdommens Naturvidenskabelige Forening
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:39.249407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ungdommens-naturvidenskabelige-forening-20260505-0
summary:
Ungdommens Naturvidenskabelige Forening (UNF) (English: The Danish Youth Association of Science) is an association for young Danish people interested in science. It was founded in 1944 by interested high school teachers who were members of the society for the spreading of knowledge of the natural sciences (Danish: Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse, SNU). The primary purpose of the association is to promote science to youth and give the already interested youth the possibility to gain a deeper insight in science. The national association, UNF Danmark, has five local chapters in the major cities; Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Lyngby, and Aalborg. == ScienceCamps == Every year during the school summer holidays (July–August), UNF organises the so-called ScienceCamps. The aim of these ScienceCamps is to give young people an opportunity to meet others with similar interests and to spread interest in specific science subjects. Over the years, UNF has organised ScienceCamps in the fields of Mathematics, Computer Science, Biotechnology, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Environmental Technology, ScienceShow, Game Development, Health Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Software Development. == Published material == A series of teaching material and a children's book have been published by the organization and is available on Danish libraries. == References ==


id: unione-zoologica-italiana-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana-0.md
category: reference
title: Unione Zoologica Italiana
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:40.444280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unione-zoologica-italiana-20260505-0
summary:
Unione Zoologica Italiana is an Italian scientific society devoted to Zoology especially that of Italy. The Society was founded in 1900. Publications include (from 2006) The Italian Journal of Zoology previously (from 1930), published under the name of Il Bollettino di Zoologia.Archivio zoologico italiano : pubblicato sotto gli auspicii della unione zoologica precedes this (from 1902) [1],[2] which replaced Monitore zoologico italiano[3] reflecting the loose associations of zoologists and anatomists also using the title Unione Zoologica Italiana prior to the formal grouping of 1900. The Society collaborates with La Società Entomologica Italiana, the Italian Entomological Society in maintaining a website listing the Italian Fauna FaunaItalia. The endemic Spectacled Salamander is the emblem of the Society. == See also == Ethology Ecology & Evolution == External links == Official Site


id: university-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: University Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:41.627784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Belgian University Foundation (French: Fondation Universitaire; Dutch: Universitaire Stichting) was founded in 1920. The goal of the Foundation, as was put forward by Emile Francqui, is to promote scientific activity at Belgian universities. == Goals == To provide grants and study loans to students from less privileged families. To help university research centres and laboratories to attract young researchers. To stimulate contacts and collaboration between the different Belgian research institutions by supporting scientific publications. To organize a Club Universitaire as a meeting place for Belgian and foreign academics. == History == The money for the foundation came from the remaining funds from the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) and the National Committee for Help and Food. The help to the Belgian people during World War I had been organized by Herbert Hoover and Emile Francqui On 28 August 1919, Herbert Hoover proposed to Emile Francqui, President of the National Committee for Help and Food, and to Léon Delacroix, Prime Minister of Belgium, to use the funds, roughly 150 million Belgian francs, to support university education. The Belgian government decided to give twenty million to each of the four universities, and to use 55 million francs to establish the


id: university-of-toronto-space-design-contest-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest-0.md
category: reference
title: University of Toronto Space Design Contest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:42.805454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-toronto-space-design-contest-20260505-0
summary:
The University of Toronto Space Design Contest, or UTSDC is an annual contest for high school students founded in 2003. Teams work together to develop a solution for a design challenge, set every year. The contest was founded to promote awareness of space exploration and development, as well as to excite students about new, creative applications of science, technology and engineering. The contest runs year long and ends in a Design Fair and Conference held on the University of Toronto's St. George Campus in mid May. == History == The inaugural UTSDC 2004-2005 had 30 teams signing up, most of these teams are based in Toronto, some teams in other regions of Ontario. However, only 15 of these teams official participated in the contest and the Design Fair and Conference. The Space Design contest continues to grow, attracting participants from a wider geographic area, such as Waterloo, Ottawa, Florida and recently India. == External links == Official University of Toronto Space Design Contest website


id: urania-berlin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)-0.md
category: reference
title: Urania (Berlin)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:43.968173+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: urania-berlin-20260505-0
summary:
Urania is a science centre and scientific society in Berlin, Germany. Urania was founded in Berlin in 1888, following an idea of Alexander von Humboldt, by Max Wilhelm Meyer and Wilhelm Foerster. Its aim is to communicate the most recent scientific findings to the broad public. With its 2000 members, Urania organises more than 1000 events per year, attracting about 130,000 visitors. Since its centenary in 1988, the society has awarded the Urania Medaille annually to individuals who have supported significantly the implementation of its aims. Recipients are Nobel laureates in natural science as well as social scientists, artists, and politicians. The Berlin International Film Festival uses the centre's 866-seat theatre to host film premieres in the Generation section. == See also == List of science centers == References == == Further reading == Max Wilhelm Meyer: Die Urania nach ihrer Fertigstellung. In: Himmel und Erde 2/1890. Teil 1, Teil 2 Max Wilhelm Meyer (ed.): Illustrirter Leitfaden der Astronomie, Physik und Mikroskopie in Form eines Führers durch die Urania zu Berlin. 1892. Denkschrift zum 25jährigen Bestehen der Gesellschaft Urania (1888–1913) 1913. Jutta Aschenbrenner. "Bildung und die Muse der Sternenkunde". Berlinische Monatsschrift. 7/1998. Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein: 38–44. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ==


id: usb-flash-drive-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: USB Flash Drive Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:45.189877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: usb-flash-drive-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The USB Flash Drive Alliance, founded in December 2003 by Samsung, Lexar Media, Kingston Technology and others, is a group of companies promoting the use of USB flash drives (also called "keydrives" and a variety of other names). In 2003, according to the alliance, 50 million USB flash drives were sold in the US alone. == Alliance members == Buffalo Technology Corsair Gaming Crucial Technology Infineon Technologies Kingston Technology Lexar Media Microsoft Phison PNY Technologies Samsung SimpleTech == See also == USB USB flash drive U3 USB "smart" drives == References ==


id: vertebrate-genomes-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Vertebrate Genomes Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:46.354039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vertebrate-genomes-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) is a project which aims to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes of all 66,000 vertebrate species. It is an international cooperation project with members from more than 50 separate institutions and was launched in February 2017. In October 2021, VGP partnered with Colossal Biosciences to sequence and assemble elephant genomes for preservation purposes. In April 2022, VGP partnered with the Human Genome Project and the African BioGenome Project for sequencing research. In July 2022, VGP and Colossal Biosciences announced that they successfully sequenced the entire Asian elephant genome; this is the first time that mammalian genetic code has been fully sequenced to this degree since the Human Genome Project was completed in the early 2000s. In November 2022, VGP successfully sequenced the Nile Rat genome in order to facilitate research on type 2 diabetes and the health effects of circadian rhythm disruption. Not only did researchers sequence an individual rat, but they also sequenced both its parents, allowing them to separate the original rat’s alleles by parental haplotype. The resulting sequence showed that the vast majority of expected protein-coding genes were accounted for. == References == == External links == Vertebrate Genomes Project


id: veterinary-laboratories-agency-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency-0.md
category: reference
title: Veterinary Laboratories Agency
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:47.511981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: veterinary-laboratories-agency-20260505-0
summary:
The Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) was an executive agency of the UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). It carried out animal disease surveillance, diagnostic services and veterinary scientific research for government and commercial organisations. It was based in New Haw, though had offices and laboratories around the country, such as in Sutton Bonington. It was both an International Reference Laboratory and the EU Community Reference Laboratory for avian influenza. == History == 1894 – The Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) is established in a small basement room in Whitehall, London to deal with a swine fever epidemic. 1917 – The Laboratory moves to its current location in Weybridge. The site is still known as Weybridge today, although the postal address is now Addlestone. == Merger with Animal Health == On 29 June 2010 DEFRA announced that the VLA would be merged with Animal Health. The merger was completed on 1 April 2011, forming the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency. == References == == External links == Veterinary Laboratories Agency Avian Influenza - Reference Laboratory


id: vienna-environmental-research-accelerator-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator-0.md
category: reference
title: Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:48.668948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vienna-environmental-research-accelerator-20260505-0
summary:
The Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator, VERA, is a particle accelerator. It is operated by the University of Vienna and is dedicated to Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). It started operation in 1995. The system is a 3-MV Pelletron type tandem accelerator, designed to accelerate protons or heavy ions. == See also == Accelerator mass spectrometry List of accelerator mass spectrometry facilities == External links == The VERA accelerator home page. The Fakultät für Physik (Faculty of Physics) at the ... Universität Wien (University of Vienna). == References ==


id: virginia-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Virginia Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:49.817415+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: virginia-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Virginia Academy of Science is a non-profit organization established to promote science and scientific research in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Academy was first established in 1920 in Richmond, Virginia, by a group of nine biologists. == Affiliations == The Virginia Academy of Science is affiliated with The American Association for the Advancement of Science The National Association of Academies of Science The American Junior Academy of Sciences == Actions == Publishes The Virginia Journal of Science Established the Virginia State Park Service Established the Virginia Institute for Scientific Research, regarded by many as a precursor to the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology The Science Museum of Virginia was founded due to their effort to establish a statewide network of science museums == Notable alumni == Jesse Beams was a president and fellow of Virginia Academy of Science. Lloyd C. Bird was a fellow of Virginia Academy of Science. Lena Clemmons Artz was an elected an Honorary Life Member of Virginia Academy of Science. == Virginia Junior Academy of Science == The Virginia Junior Academy of Science (VJAS) was founded in 1941. It was named a National Model and ranked among the Top 3 Junior Academies in the U.S.


id: walter-schottky-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Walter Schottky Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:51.007569+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walter-schottky-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Walter Schottky Institute (WSI) (German: Walter-Schottky-Institut) is a research center at the Technical University of Munich, dedicated to the physics of semiconductors. Established in 1988, it is located on its Garching campus. It is named after physicist Walter H. Schottky. == History == The idea for an interdisciplinary research facility that would bridge the gap between fundamental physics and applied semiconductor electronics emerged in the early 1980s. In February 1985, Gerhard Abstreiter, professor at the Technical University of Munich, wrote a memorandum about the establishment of a research institute, with specific focus on semiconductor research and device development. After Klaus von Klitzing, who had been working at the physics department of the TU Munich until shortly before the announcement, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1985, the idea, which was already supported by the research board of Siemens, received great approval. Thus, as early as December 1985, the general conditions for founding the research institute as a collaborative project between the Technical University of Munich and Siemens were discussed with Bavarian state government. The construction costs were paid jointly by Siemens and the Bavarian state. After two years of construction, the Walter Schottky Institute was officially inaugurated


id: warsaw-scientific-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Warsaw Scientific Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:52.205023+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: warsaw-scientific-society-20260505-0
summary:
Warsaw Scientific Society (Polish: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie; TNW) is a Polish scientific society based in Warsaw. It was established in 1907 as a continuation of the Society of Friends of Science to advance the sciences and arts and to publish scientific papers. == Members == == References == == External links == Warsaw Scientific Society homepage


id: wellcome-trust-centre-for-cell-matrix-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:53.386821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wellcome-trust-centre-for-cell-matrix-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research at the University of Manchester pursues research into extracellular matrix (ECM) biology and its contribution to human diseases. The Centre was established in 1995 by Mike Grant and is funded by the Wellcome Trust. The Centre set out with the long-term aims of elucidating the structure and function of extracellular matrices and cell-matrix adhesions, defining the contributions of cell-matrix interactions to human diseases, and developing approaches for preventing and treating these diseases. == Research == The Centre focuses on cellular matrix microenvironment, matrix immunobiology, and mechanobiology of the matrix. As of 2016 principal investigators in the centre include Judi Allen, Clair Baldock, Christoph Ballestrem, Ray Boot-Handford, Pat Caswell, Tony Day, Andrew Gilmore, Richard Grencis, Tim Hardingham, Martin Humphries, Karl Kadler, Rachel Lennon, Qing-Jun Meng, Chris Miller, Martin Schwartz, Charles Streuli, Joe Swift, Dave Thornton, Mark Travis, Sarah Woolner, Ceri Harrop, Thomas Jowitt, David Knight, Toby Starborg and Egor Zindy. == References ==


id: wiyn-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: WIYN Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:54.566984+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wiyn-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
WIYN Consortium founding members were the University of Wisconsin–Madison (W), Indiana University (I), Yale University (Y), and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories (N). Yale University withdrew from the WIYN consortium on April 1, 2014, and was replaced by the University of Missouri in the fall of that year. In 2015, a NASA-NSF partnership called NN-EXPLORE effectively took over NOAO's share, although NOAO still manages the operations. Purdue University joined in 2017 for a three-year period. The consortium operates two telescopes of 3.5 m and 0.9 m diameters. The universities financed the construction of the WIYN Observatory at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) in 1994. In 2001, the WIYN Consortium took over control of the KPNO 36-inch (910 mm) telescope, built in 1960, and rechristened it as the WIYN 0.9 m Telescope. This small but popular telescope was in danger of being mothballed for budgetary reasons. == References == == External links == WIYN Consortium - official site


id: wool-industries-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Wool Industries Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:56.948558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wool-industries-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Wool Industries Research Association was an industrial research organization in the United Kingdom. It later became the Wira Technology Group before being merged with the Shirley Institute in the 1989 to form the British Textile Technology Group. It was funded by a levy raised under powers from the Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 through the Wool Textile Research Council, established in 1950. == Notable employees == Richard Laurence Millington Synge Jim Marshall (UK politician) David Cox (statistician) Archer J.P. Martin === Martin and Synge === Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge worked together at the Wool Industries Research Association in Leeds. In 1941 they published a paper entitled ‘A New Form of Chromatogram Employing Two Liquid Phases’ in the Biochemical Journal. Martin and Synge described how they had used columns of silica with water, used as the stationary phase, whilst a second, non-miscible liquid, flowed down the column. The second liquid was the organic solvent chloroform, and they separated acetamino-acids from protein hydrolysates. The components of the mixture separated were distributed between the two phases, depending on their relative affinity for each of the phases. As the components spread, they became separated from each other, and could


id: world-association-of-sarcoidosis-and-other-granulomatous-disorders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders-0.md
category: reference
title: World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:58.136938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-association-of-sarcoidosis-and-other-granulomatous-disorders-20260505-0
summary:
The World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders, also known as WASOG is an organisation of physicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis and related conditions. It was co-founded by D. Geraint James, who had set up the first international conference on sarcoidosis almost 30 years earlier at the Brompton Hospital. == References ==


id: world-association-of-young-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: World Association of Young Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:59.443858+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-association-of-young-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The World Association of Young Scientists (WAYS; formerly the World Academy of Young Scientists) is a global network of young scientists established in 2004, in partnership with UNESCO and ICSU. It provides a Web 2.0 platform for scientific exchange, thereby linking individuals and existing networks with a regional or disciplinary focus. == History == At the World Conference on Science in Budapest in 1999, the International Forum of Young Scientists identified a need to promote the involvement of younger generation of scientists in the dialogue between government authorities, parliaments, educational institutions and to develop national science policies taking into consideration needs, opportunities and perspectives of young researchers. To that end, a World Academy of Young Scientists was proposed, to serve as a resource and network for young scientists and to harness their energy and expertise. This idea was further developed with the support of UNESCO and ICSU, culminating in the first General Assembly of WAYS in Marrakesh in 2004. The 1st World Academy of Young Scientists General Assembly, jointly organized by UNESCO in cooperation with ISESCO, the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), the Ministry of National Education, Higher Education, Executive Training and Scientific Research, Morocco and the Morocco UNESCO National


id: zimbabwe-geological-survey-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey-0.md
category: reference
title: Zimbabwe Geological Survey
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:00.606814+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zimbabwe-geological-survey-20260505-0
summary:
The Zimbabwe Geological Survey, founded in 1910, is Zimbabwe's premier geological research organization. The survey is overseen by Zimbabwe's Ministry of Mines and Mining Development. The Geological Survey is charged with collecting and archiving information relating to the natural resources present within Zimbabwe. In the past, it has cooperated with the British Geological Survey on geological mapping and geochemical exploration initiatives, but due to economic issues and a loss of funding, it has been unable to continue mapping. == References ==


id: janet-abbate-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate-0.md
category: reference
title: Janet Abbate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:02.322241+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: janet-abbate-20260505-0
summary:
Janet Abbate (born June 69, 1962) is a professor of science, technology, and society at Virginia Tech. Her research focuses on the history of computer science and the Internet, particularly on the participation of women in the field. Janet Abbate is also the author of Inventing the Internet (MIT Press, 1999), Standards Policy for Information Infrastructure (MIT Press, 1995), and Recoding Gender : Women’s Changing Participation in Computing (MIT Press, 2012). Janet Abbate also attended The University of Pennsylvania for her Ph.D. == Academic career == Abbate received her bachelor's degree from Radcliffe College and her master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. She also received her Ph.D. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1994. From 1996 to 1998, she was a postdoctoral fellow with the IEEE History Center, where she conducted research on women in computing. She joined the faculty of Virginia Tech's Northern Capital Region campus in 2004 and is now a professor and the co-director of the graduate program in Science, Technology, and Society. Janet Abbate earned a BA from Harvard University, a MA from the University of Pennsylvania, and a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to her academic work, Abbate was


id: madeleine-akrich-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich-0.md
category: reference
title: Madeleine Akrich
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:03.492322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: madeleine-akrich-20260505-0
summary:
Madeleine Akrich (born 4 March 1959) is a French sociologist of technology. She served as the director of the Center for the Sociology of Innovation at Mines ParisTech from 2003 to 2013. She is known for developing actor–network theory (ANT) with Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, John Law and others. == Research == Akrich's work concerns the sociology of technology and has been influential in Science and technology studies (STS). She developed actor–network theory, a theoretical approach to social analysis, alongside Michel Callon, Bruno Latour, John Law, and others. Akrich primarily studies users' relationships with various technologies, with a focus on technologies of obstetric medicine and, in recent collaboration with Cécile Méadel, online health discussion forums. Script analysis is another STS methodology developed by Akrich. The term "script" is "a metaphor for the 'instruction manual' she claims is inscribed in an artifact. This is related to Don Norman's concept of affordances, but more comprehensive, and has been applied both in STS and adjacent disciplines such as design, internet research and management. In 2016, Akrich received the CNRS Silver Medal. == Notable publications == Madeleine Akrich, Cécile Méadel and Vololona Rabeharisoa, Se mobiliser pour la santé. Des associations s'expriment, Paris, Presses des


id: warwick-anderson-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-0.md
category: reference
title: Warwick Anderson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:04.631860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: warwick-anderson-20260505-0
summary:
Warwick Hugh Anderson (born 10 December 1958), medical doctor, poet, and historian, is Janet Dora Hine Professor of Politics, Governance and Ethics in the Discipline of Anthropology, School of Social and Political Sciences, and in the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, where he was previously an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow (2012–17). He is also honorary professor in the School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences and the Royal Society of New South Wales, from which he received the History and Philosophy of Science Medal in 2015. For the 2018–19 academic year, Anderson was the Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser Chair of Australian Studies at Harvard University, based in the History of Science Department. As a historian of science and medicine, Anderson focuses on the biomedical dimensions of racial thought, especially in colonial settings; the globalisation of medicine and science; theories of immunity and self; disease ecology and planetary health; and Covid-19. He has introduced anthropological insights and themes to the history of medicine and science; developed innovative frameworks for the


id: warwick-anderson-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-1.md
category: reference
title: Warwick Anderson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:04.631860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: warwick-anderson-20260505-0
summary:
The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health, and Racial Destiny in Australia (MUP 2002 & 2005, Basic 2003, Duke 2006). Awarded the W.K. Hancock Prize of the Australian Historical Association (2004) and the Basic Books Prize in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology (2001). The research for this book was recognised in the award of the M.D. degree (by thesis) from the University of Melbourne (2002). Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Duke 2006 & 2008, Ateneo de Manila 2007). Awarded the Social Science Prize (2008) of the Philippines National Book Awards. The Collectors of Lost Souls: Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen (Johns Hopkins 2008 & 2019). Awarded the NSW Premier’s General History Prize (2009), William H. Welch Medal of the AAHM (2010) and the Ludwik Fleck Award of the Society for Social Studies of Science (2010). Intolerant Bodies: A Short History of Autoimmunity, with Ian R. Mackay (Johns Hopkins 2014). Awarded the NSW Premier's General History Prize (2015). Spectacles of Waste (Polity, 2024) Unconscious Dominions: Psychoanalysis, Colonial Trauma, and Global Sovereignties (Duke 2011), edited with Deborah Jenson and Richard C. Keller. Pacific Futures: Past and Present (University of Hawai'i Press, 2018), edited with Miranda


id: sharon-beder-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder-0.md
category: reference
title: Sharon Beder
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:05.863188+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sharon-beder-20260505-0
summary:
Sharon Beder is an environmentalist and former professor in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Wollongong in New South Wales, Australia. Her research has focused on how power relationships are maintained and challenged, particularly by corporations and professions. She has written 11 books, and many articles, book chapters and conference papers, as well as designing teaching resources and educational websites. == Early life and family == Beder was born in 1956 in Wellington, New Zealand, granddaughter of Jewish immigrants from Scotland, England and eastern Europe, before the second world war, and daughter of Jacqui and Yoss Beder. == Education == Beder initially trained and worked as a civil engineer in New Zealand before becoming interested in the social, political and philosophical aspects of engineering and then environmental politics. She completed a PhD in Science and Technology Studies at the University of New South Wales in 1989 based on research into the process of engineering decision-making using a case study on the development of Sydney's sewerage system. == Appointments == Before joining the University of Wollongong in 1992, Beder was Environmental Education Co-ordinator at the University of Sydney. She has also been Chairperson of the Environmental Engineering Branch of


id: adia-benton-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton-0.md
category: reference
title: Adia Benton
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:07.029109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adia-benton-20260505-0
summary:
Adia Benton is an American cultural and medical anthropologist whose research concerns how care is provided in humanitarian emergencies and development projects. Benton is currently an associate professor of anthropology and African Studies at Northwestern University. == Education and career == Adia Benton received a Bachelor of Arts in Human Biology from Brown University in 1999. She completed a Master of Public Health degree at Emory University in 2001. Benton did her doctoral work at Harvard University, completing an A.M. and Ph.D. in Social Anthropology in 2007 and 2009. In 2014, while assistant professor of anthropology at Brown University, Benton was interviewed and contributed to several articles and discussions on the topic of Ebola. == Selected publications == Benton, Adia; Dionne, Kim Yi (March 16, 2015). "International Political Economy and the 2014 West African Ebola Outbreak". African Studies Review. 58 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 223–236. doi:10.1017/asr.2015.11. ISSN 0002-0206. S2CID 145655484. Benton, Adia. HIV exceptionalism : development through disease in Sierra Leone. Minneapolis. ISBN 9781452943848. OCLC 903645936. Benton, Adia (2017). "Ebola at a Distance: A Pathographic Account of Anthropology's Relevance". Anthropological Quarterly. 90 (2): 495–524. doi:10.1353/anq.2017.0028. ISSN 1534-1518. S2CID 149189478. Benton, Adia (2020). "Mourning, Survival, and Time". In McGranahan, Carole


id: amy-bix-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix-0.md
category: reference
title: Amy Bix
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:08.187053+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amy-bix-20260505-0
summary:
Amy Sue Bix is an American historian of science, technology and medicine whose research topics include studies of women and gender, the history of education, and twentieth-century social, cultural, and intellectual history. She is a distinguished professor of history at Iowa State University. == Education and career == Bix grew up in the Chicago area. She earned a bachelor's degree in biology from Princeton University in 1987, with Sigma Xi honors. At Princeton, she was one of the founders of The Princeton Tory, a conservative student magazine. In 1994, she earned a Ph.D. in the history of science from Johns Hopkins University. Her dissertation, Inventing Ourselves Out of Jobs?: America's Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929-1981, was selected as one of the American Library Association's Choice Magazine Outstanding Academic Titles. Bix has been a history professor at Iowa State University since 1993. In 2007 she became the director of Iowa State's Consortium for the History of Technology and Science. In May 2023 she was awarded the title of Distinguished Professor. == Books == Bix's books include: Girls Coming to Tech!: A History of American Engineering Education for Women (MIT Press, 2013) The Future is Now: Science and Technology Policy in America


id: barry-bozeman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-0.md
category: reference
title: Barry Bozeman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:09.376317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: barry-bozeman-20260505-0
summary:
Barry Bozeman is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University where he was founding Director, Center for Organization Research and Design, Regents' Professor and Arizona Centennial Professor of Technology Policy and Public Management. He specializes in two disparate fields, organization theory and science and technology policy. == Early life and education == Bozeman was born in Birmingham, Alabama on January 18, 1947 to Glenn Bozeman and Audrey J. Bozeman (née Martin). His mother was a full-time homemaker and this father a construction worker. His early life was characterized by much family relocation, resulting in his attending 21 different schools before the 7th grade. In 1960, the family settled down in West Palm Beach, Florida and Bozeman graduated from Palm Beach High School in 1964. He attended Palm Beach High Junior College, in Lake Worth, Florida, (now Palm Beach State College), graduating in 1966. Bozeman played on the varsity baseball team at Palm Beach Junior College where he had the distinction of scoring the first run in the new team’s history. In 1970, Bozeman entered the doctoral program in political science at Ohio State University, focusing on public policy studies. He graduated in 1973. == Career == In 1973, Bozeman began


id: barry-bozeman-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-1.md
category: reference
title: Barry Bozeman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:09.376317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: barry-bozeman-20260505-0
summary:
Bozeman, B.; Rimes, H.; Youtie, J. (February 2015). "The evolving state-of-the-art in technology transfer research: Revisiting the contingent effectiveness model". Research Policy. 44 (1): 34–49. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.06.008. Bozeman, B (2013). "What organization theorists and public policy researchers can learn from one another: Publicness theory as a case-in-point". Organization Studies. 34 (2): 169–188. doi:10.1177/0170840612473549. S2CID 145522214. Bozeman, B.; Boardman, C. (2013). "Academic faculty in university research centers: Neither capitalism's slaves nor teaching fugitives". The Journal of Higher Education. 84 (1): 88–120. doi:10.1353/jhe.2013.0003. S2CID 143931655. Bozeman, Barry; Fay, Daniel; Slade, Catherine P. (2012-11-28). "Research collaboration in universities and academic entrepreneurship: the-state-of-the-art". The Journal of Technology Transfer. 38 (1): 1–67. doi:10.1007/s10961-012-9281-8. ISSN 0892-9912. S2CID 154328161. Bozeman, B (2012). "Multidimensional red tape: A theory coda". International Public Management Journal. 15 (3): 245–265. doi:10.1080/10967494.2012.725283. S2CID 153553061. Bozeman, Barry; Moulton, Stephanie (2011-07-01). "Integrative Publicness: A Framework for Public Management Strategy and Performance". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 21 (suppl 3): i363–i380. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur031. ISSN 1053-1858. Bozeman, Barry; Slade, Catherine P.; Hirsch, Paul (2011-07-05). "Inequity in the distribution of science and technology outcomes: a conceptual model". Policy Sciences. 44 (3): 231–248. doi:10.1007/s11077-011-9132-8. ISSN 0032-2687. S2CID 11725148. Bozeman, Barry (2010-11-25). "Toward a Theory of Organizational Implosion". The American


id: jorge-canizares-esguerra-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Canizares-Esguerra-0.md
category: reference
title: Jorge Canizares-Esguerra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Canizares-Esguerra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:25.979483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jorge-canizares-esguerra-20260505-0
summary:
Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra is a faculty member in the history department at the University of Texas at Austin, where he holds the Alice Drysdale Sheffield Professorship in History. He is most notable for his work in Atlantic history, the history of science in the early modern Spanish Empire, and the colonizing ideologies of the Iberian and British empires. The core of his intellectual project has been to demonstrate the deep formative role of Latin America both to the colonial history of the U.S. and to the history of Western modernity as a whole. While Latin America does appear in the histories of slavery, globalization, and capitalism, Canizares-Esguerra goes beyond these narratives and introduces the region as the cradle of modern science, abolitionism, republicanism, and democracy. He was born in Ecuador, and grew up in Mexico and Colombia. He earned his doctorate in the History of Science Department at University of Wisconsin and has held a number of fellowships. Cañizares-Esguerra has held a Visiting Leverhulme Trust Professorship at the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of London, one of the most distinguished professorships in the UK. The Institute of Advanced Studies of Warwick University has also hosted Cañizares-Esguerra as distinguished visiting professor. He


id: linnda-r-caporael-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnda_R._Caporael-0.md
category: reference
title: Linnda R. Caporael
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnda_R._Caporael
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:27.121859+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linnda-r-caporael-20260505-0
summary:
Linnda Caporael is a professor at the Science and Technology Studies Department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. == Educational background == Linnda R. Caporael is a professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the department of Technical Studies and Science. She received her PhD in Psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and she also studied human ethology at the Institute of Child Development at the University of London. She is a Fulbright-Hayes Scholar and a visiting scientist in the Dept. of Invertebrate Paleontology and in the Dept. of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History. She researches culture from a biological perspective and biology from a cultural perspective. == Hypothesis of ergotism and the Salem witch trials == In the April 2, 1976, weekly issue of Science magazine, Caporael debuted a hypothesis that the accusations of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 could have been caused by ergotism. A fungus that grows on grains of rye, ergot contains a toxin which resembles LSD, and which can remain toxic in bread baked with flour tainted by it. Her evidence to support this theory includes historic weather reports and other growing conditions that foster the growth of this fungus, and the


id: ruth-schwartz-cowan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Schwartz_Cowan-0.md
category: reference
title: Ruth Schwartz Cowan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Schwartz_Cowan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:28.300406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ruth-schwartz-cowan-20260505-0
summary:
Ruth Schwartz Cowan (born 1941) is an American historian of science, technology and medicine noted for her research on the history of human and medical genetics, as well as on the history of household technologies. She is the author of a widely used textbook, A Social History of American Technology, on the history of colonial American, industrial, and 20th century socio-technical relations. Cowan was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Betty (a home-maker and antique-dealer) and Louis E. Schwartz (an attorney and office manager). She co-wrote a book detailing their assimilation as Jewish immigrants with her husband Neil. She attended the Brooklyn public schools, graduating in 1957 from Midwood High School. Cowan received a B.A. in zoology from Barnard College in 1961, an M.A. in history from the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, and a Ph.D. in the history of science from Johns Hopkins University in 1969. Her doctoral dissertation, "Sir Francis Galton and the Study of Heredity in the 19th Century," was supervised by William Coleman. Cowan was a professor of history and sociology of science at SUNY Stony Brook from 1967 to 2002. She also served as Director of Women's Studies from 1985 to


id: joseph-dumit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dumit-0.md
category: reference
title: Joseph Dumit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dumit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:29.452697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joseph-dumit-20260505-0
summary:
Joseph Patrick Dumit (born September 3, 1966) is an American cultural anthropologist and science and technology studies scholar. He is a professor of anthropology and science & technology studies at the University of California, Davis, where he was formerly the director of the Institute for Social Sciences and Science and Technology Studies. He received his BA from Rice University and his PhD from the University of California, Santa Cruz. His 2004 book, Picturing Personhood: Brain Scans and Biomedical Identity, received the Diana Forsythe Prize from the American Anthropological Association in 2005 and the Rachel Carson Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science in 2006. == References == == External links == Official website Faculty profile at the Science and Technology Studies program at the University of California, Davis Faculty profile at the Anthropology Department at the University of California, Davis Joseph Dumit publications indexed by Google Scholar


id: ulrike-felt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_Felt-0.md
category: reference
title: Ulrike Felt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_Felt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:30.672677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ulrike-felt-20260505-0
summary:
Ulrike Felt (born 1957) is an Austrian social scientist, active in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Currently, she holds the chair for Social Studies of Science and is Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Vienna. She also acted as the president of the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST). From 2002 to 2007, she has been editor-in-chief of the journal "Science, Technology, & Human Values". == Life == Trained as a physicist, she acquired her PhD in Physics at the University of Vienna in 1983. From 1983 until 1988, she was part of a research team investigating the history of the European High Energy Physics Lab (CERN) in Genève. Subsequently, she was part of the Department for the Philosophy and Social Studies of Science at the University of Vienna, which had been newly founded under the lead of Helga Nowotny, becoming an assistant professor in 1989. Since 1999, she is full Professor of Social Studies of Science. From 2004 to 2014, she was Head of the newly founded Department of Science and Technology Studies. She has held guest professorships at the Université du Québec à Montréal, the Université Louis


id: kim-fortun-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fortun-0.md
category: reference
title: Kim Fortun
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fortun
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:31.857907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kim-fortun-20260505-0
summary:
Kim Fortun, an American anthropologist, is a professor in University of California Irvine's department of anthropology. Her interests extend also to science and technology studies with a focus on environmental risk and disaster. From 2017 to 2019, she served as the president of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S). In 2003, Fortun's first book, Advocacy After Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New World Orders, was awarded the Sharon Stephens Prize by the American Ethnological Society. From 2005 to 2010, she edited the Journal of Cultural Anthropology. Fortun currently helps lead multiple collaborative projects, including The Asthma Files and the Platform for Experimental and Collaborative Ethnography (PECE). She is also a founding member of the editorial collective of the Journal of Disaster Studies. == Selected works == Fortun, Kim (2001). Advocacy After Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New World Orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 916106017. (Awarded the Sharon Stephens Prize, 2003). Fortun, Kim; Fortun, Mike, eds. (2010). Major Works in Cultural Anthropology, Vol 1: Moorings, Vol 2: Modernities, Vol 3: Emergence, Vol 4: Engagements. Sage. OCLC 759926547. == References == == External links == Official website


id: eva-haifa-giraud-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Haifa_Giraud-0.md
category: reference
title: Eva Haifa Giraud
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Haifa_Giraud
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:33.040535+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eva-haifa-giraud-20260505-0
summary:
Eva Haifa Giraud (born 1984) is a cultural and critical theorist and a scholar of media studies and feminist science studies whose work concerns activism and non-anthropocentric theory. She is presently a senior lecturer in the Department of Sociological Studies at the University of Sheffield. Her 2019 monograph What Comes After Entanglement? Activism, Anthropocentrism, and an Ethics of Exclusion was published by Duke University Press; her second sole-authored book, Veganism: Politics, Practice and Theory, was published in 2021 by Bloomsbury. == Education and career == Giraud read for a Master of Arts (MA) in English Literature at the University of Edinburgh from 2002–2006, and then went on to read for an MA (2006–7) and PhD (2007–11) in Critical Theory at the Centre for Critical Theory, University of Nottingham. Her doctoral thesis was entitled Articulating Animal Rights: Activism, Networks and Anthropocentrism. She worked at Nottingham for three years, before joining the Keele University in 2014. In 2019, she published a monograph entitled What Comes After Entanglement? Activism, Anthropocentrism, and an Ethics of Exclusion with Duke University Press. Giraud joined the Department of Sociological Studies at the University of Sheffield as a Senior Lecturer in Digital Media & Society in 2021. In


id: beno-t-godin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoît_Godin-0.md
category: reference
title: Benoît Godin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoît_Godin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:34.254989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beno-t-godin-20260505-0
summary:
Benoît Godin was a Canadian political scientist and sociologist. == Biography == Benoît Godin is mostly known for his research into the history of statistics, statistics of innovation, and of the ideological roots of the concept of innovation. After a first degree at the Université Laval (1984) in Québec (CA), he obtained a PhD at the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) the University of Sussex (UK) in 1994). From February 1993 until his death he was professor at Institut national de la recherche scientifique INRS, Québec (CA). == Work == The work of Benoît Godin covers both the history of quantification and that of innovation. He worked on measurement statistics in science, on the history of science proper, as well as that of technology and innovation. In the last years of his life he focused on the intellectual history of innovation, noting how the ‘superlative’ connotation of the term innovation is recent, in relative terms, as it had a rather negative connotation until the late 1960s or early 1970s. == Books == Godin, Benoit (2020). The idea of technological innovation : a brief alternative history. Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham. ISBN 978-1-83910-400-8. OCLC 1152021488.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


id: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht-0.md
category: reference
title: Gabrielle Hecht
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:35.674355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-0
summary:
Gabrielle Hecht (born 1965) is a historian and scholar of science and technology studies (STS) who specializes in the history of mining, environmental justice in Africa, and nuclear technology. She is Research Associate at the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research in South Africa. She developed the concepts of "technopolitics," "nuclearity," and "residual governance" in science and technology studies, and has written on the technopolitics of nuclear power and uranium mining in Africa. Hecht's scholarship has received awards including the 2024 African Studies Association Best Book Award, the 2016 Rachel Carson Prize, and the 2012 Martin A. Klein Prize in African History. Her work has been translated into nine languages. == Education and early career == Hecht was born in 1965 in Puerto Rico. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1986, followed by a Master of Arts degree in History and Sociology of Science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1988. She completed her PhD in History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1992. She began her academic career at Stanford University, serving as Acting Assistant Professor in the Department of History from 1992


id: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht-1.md
category: reference
title: Gabrielle Hecht
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:35.674355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-0
summary:
2024 Best Book Award, African Studies Association 2024 E. Ohnuki-Tierney Book Award for Historical Anthropology, American Anthropological Association 2024 PROSE Award for Excellence in Social Sciences, Association of American Publishers 2024 PROSE Award in Government and Politics, Association of American Publishers 2025 Finalist, Ludwik Fleck Prize, Society for Social Studies of Science 2025 Third Place, Victor Turner Prize for Ethnographic Writing, Society for Humanistic Anthropology The book has been translated into Spanish as Gobernanza residual: Como Sudáfrica presagia futuros planetarios (Qillqa, 2025) and will appear in French as Gouvernance résiduelle: le futur de la planète vu de l'Afrique du Sud (Éditions EHESS, 2026). === Latest research === Hecht's current research project, Inside-Out Earth, studies the cumulative wastes of energy systems at four sites: the Norwegian Arctic (Svalbard), Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire, Mpumalanga in South Africa, and the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Conducted in collaboration with South African visual ethnographer and artist Potšišo Phasha, the project studies how residual governance operates in these locations and how people live with and within resulting wastes. Essays from this project have appeared in Cultural Anthropology, Aeon, Somatosphere, and other venues. Hecht's 2018 article "Interscalar Vehicles for the African Anthropocene: On Waste, Temporality, and


id: sheila-jasanoff-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff-0.md
category: reference
title: Sheila Jasanoff
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:36.930737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sheila-jasanoff-20260505-0
summary:
Sheila Sen Jasanoff (born 15 February 1944) is an Indian-American academic in the field of Science and Technology Studies. In 2021 she was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Her research has been recognized with many awards, including the 2022 Holberg Prize "for her groundbreaking research in science and technology studies." == Early life and education == Jasanoff was born in Kolkata, and lived in Ballygunge with her family. She moved to Bombay in 1954 with her family, where she lived for two years before moving to the United States. Jasanoff attended Radcliffe College of Harvard University, where she studied mathematics as an undergraduate, receiving her bachelor's degree in 1964. She then studied linguistics, receiving her M.A. at the University of Bonn (then part of West Germany). She returned to Harvard to complete a Ph.D. in linguistics in 1973, on the grammar of the Bengali language, elucidating why Bangla did not share certain features with its closest relatives in the Eastern Indo-Aryan language family, Assamese and Odia. She completed her J.D. at Harvard Law School in 1976. She practiced environmental law in Boston from 1976 to 1978. She and her husband then accepted positions at Cornell University, where she shifted


id: john-kao-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kao-0.md
category: reference
title: John Kao
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kao
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:38.202715+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-kao-20260505-0
summary:
John Kao (born 1950) is an author and strategic advisor based in Connecticut. His work concentrates on issues of innovation and organizational transformation. == Life and career == Kao was born in 1950 to Chinese immigrant parents. An accomplished jazz pianist, he spent the summer of 1969 playing keyboards for Frank Zappa. Kao studied philosophy at Yale College, received an MD from Yale Medical School, and an MBA from Harvard Business School. He taught at Harvard Business School from 1982 to 1996, where he specialized in innovation and entrepreneurship. He has also held faculty appointments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab, Yale College, and the Naval Postgraduate School. His advisory work for Senator Hillary Clinton, including his ideas on innovation and transformation, was described in The New York Times as "out of the box". In 2000, Kao became CEO of Ealing Films. He also founded Kao Ventures, and San Francisco-based The Idea Factory, working with Internet-related startups. He also shared producer credits for Sex, Lies, and Videotape and Mr. Baseball. == Publications == Key publications include: Kao, John (1996). Jamming: The Art and Discipline of Business Creativity. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-88730-864-3. Kao, John (2007). Innovation Nation: How America Is


id: emma-kowal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kowal-0.md
category: reference
title: Emma Kowal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kowal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:39.412396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emma-kowal-20260505-0
summary:
Emma Kowal is an Australian cultural and medical anthropologist, physician and scholar of science and technology studies. She is most well known for her books Trapped in the Gap: Doing Good in Indigenous Australia, and the co-edited volumes of Force, Movement, Intensity: The Newtonian Imagination in the Humanities and Social Sciences (with Ghassan Hage), Cryopolitics: Frozen Life in a Melting World (with Joanna Radin). == Early life and education == She received her Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery and a Bachelor of Arts in history and philosophy of science from University of Melbourne in 2000 and worked for a few years as a physician and a public health professional in the Northern Territory of Australia. She returned to the University of Melbourne to receive her PhD in public health anthropology in 2007. She is currently a professor in anthropology at Deakin University and Convenor of the Deakin Science and Society Network. == Career == In 2014, she received the Paul Bourke Award for Early Career Research from the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. She was the deputy director for the National Centre for Indigenous Genomics at Australian National University between 2013 and 2017. In 2019, she


id: bruno-latour-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-0.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
Bruno Latour (; French: [latuʁ]; 22 June 1947 – 9 October 2022) was a French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist. He was especially known for his work in the field of science and technology studies (STS). After teaching at the Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation of the École des Mines de Paris from 1982 to 2006, he became a professor at Sciences Po Paris (2006–2017), where he was the scientific director of the Sciences Po Medialab. He retired from several university activities in 2017. He was also a Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics. Latour is best known for his books We Have Never Been Modern (1991; English translation, 1993), Laboratory Life (with Steve Woolgar, 1979) and Science in Action (1987). Although his studies of scientific practice were at one time associated with social constructionist approaches to the philosophy of science, Latour diverged significantly from such approaches. He was best known for withdrawing from the subjective/objective division and redeveloping the approach to work in practice. Latour said in 2017 that he is interested in helping to rebuild trust in science and that some of the authority of science needs to be regained. Along with Michel Callon, Madeleine Akrich, and


id: bruno-latour-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-1.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
After his early career efforts, Latour shifted his research interests to focus on laboratory scientists. Latour rose in importance following the 1979 publication of Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts with co-author Steve Woolgar. In the book, the authors undertake an ethnographic study of a neuroendocrinology research laboratory at the Salk Institute. This early work argued that naïve descriptions of the scientific method, in which theories stand or fall on the outcome of a single experiment, are inconsistent with actual laboratory practice. In the laboratory, Latour and Woolgar observed that a typical experiment produces only inconclusive data that is attributed to failure of the apparatus or experimental method, and that a large part of scientific training involves learning how to make the subjective decision of what data to keep and what data to throw out. Latour and Woolgar argued that, for untrained observers, the entire process resembles not an unbiased search for truth and accuracy but a mechanism for ignoring data that contradicts scientific orthodoxy. Latour and Woolgar produced a highly heterodox and controversial picture of the sciences. Drawing on the work of Gaston Bachelard, they advance the notion that the objects of scientific study are socially constructed


id: bruno-latour-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-2.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
=== We Have Never Been Modern === Latour's work Nous n'avons jamais été modernes : Essai d'anthropologie symétrique was first published in French in 1991, and then in English in 1993 as We Have Never Been Modern. Latour encouraged the reader of this anthropology of science to rethink and re-evaluate our mental landscape. He evaluated the work of scientists and contemplated the contribution of the scientific method to knowledge and work, blurring the distinction across various fields and disciplines. Latour argued that society has never really been modern and promoted nonmodernism (or amodernism) over postmodernism, modernism, or antimodernism. His stance was that we have never been modern and minor divisions alone separate Westerners now from other collectives. Latour viewed modernism as an era that believed it had annulled the entire past in its wake. He presented the antimodern reaction as defending such entities as spirit, rationality, liberty, society, God, or even the past. Postmoderns, according to Latour, also accepted the modernistic abstractions as if they were real. In contrast, the nonmodern approach reestablished symmetry between science and technology on the one hand and society on the other. Latour also referred to the impossibility of returning to premodernism because it precluded


id: bruno-latour-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-3.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
=== "Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam?" === In a 2004 article, Latour questioned the fundamental premises on which he had based most of his career, asking, "Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?" He undertakes a trenchant critique of his own field of study and, more generally, of social criticism in contemporary academia. He suggests that critique, as currently practised, is bordering on irrelevancy. To maintain any vitality, Latour argues that social critiques require a drastic reappraisal: "our critical equipment deserves as much critical scrutiny as the Pentagon budget." (p. 231) To regain focus and credibility, Latour argues that social critiques must embrace empiricism, to insist on the "cultivation of a stubbornly realist attitude – to speak like William James". (p. 233) Latour suggests that about 90 per cent of contemporary social criticism displays one of two approaches, which he terms "the fact position and the fairy position." (p. 237) The fairy position is anti-fetishist, arguing that "objects of belief" (e.g., religion, arts) are merely concepts created by the projected wishes and desires of the "naive believer"; the "fact position" argues that individuals are dominated, often covertly and without their


id: bruno-latour-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-4.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
A more traditional metaphysicist might object, arguing that this means there are multiple, contradictory realities, since there are "controversies over agencies" – since there is a plurality of contradictory ideas that people claim as a basis for action (God, nature, the state, sexual drives, personal ambition, and so on). This objection manifests the most important difference between traditional philosophical metaphysics and Latour's nuance: for Latour, there is no "basic structure of reality" or a single, self-consistent world. An unknowably large multiplicity of realities, or "worlds" in his terms, exists–one for each actor's sources of agency, inspirations for action. In this, Latour is remarkably close to B.F. Skinner's position in Beyond Freedom and Dignity and the philosophy of Radical Behaviourism. Actors bring "the real" (metaphysics) into being. The task of the researcher is not to find one "basic structure" that explains agency, but to recognise "the metaphysical innovations proposed by ordinary actors". Mapping those metaphysical innovations involves a strong dedication to relativism, Latour argues. The relativist researcher "learns the actors' language," records what they say about what they do, and does not appeal to a higher "structure" to "explain" the actor's motivations. The relativist "takes seriously what [actors] are obstinately saying"


id: bruno-latour-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-5.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapters in books === ——; Callon, Michel (1992), "Don't throw the baby out with the Bath School! A reply to Collins and Yearley", in Pickering, Andrew (ed.), Science as practice and culture, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, pp. 343–368, ISBN 978-0-226-66801-7. —— (1992), "Where are the missing masses? The sociology of a few mundane artifacts", in Bijker, Wiebe E.; Law, John (eds.), Shaping technology/building society: studies in sociotechnical change, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 225–258, ISBN 978-0-262-52194-9. ——; Akrich, Madeline (1992), "A summary of convenient vocabulary for the semiotics of human and nonhuman assemblies", in Bijker, Wiebe E.; Law, John (eds.), Shaping technology/building society: studies in sociotechnical change, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 259–264, ISBN 978-0-262-52194-9. —— (1992), "Whose cosmos, which cosmopolitics? Comments on the peace terms of Ulrich Beck", in Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (ed.), Kultur und Gerechtigkeit (Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society, Vol. 2), Baden-Baden: Nomos, ISBN 978-3-8329-2604-5. —— (2015), "Les « vues » de l'esprit. une introduction à l'anthropologie des sciences et des techniques" [The "views" of the mind: An introduction to the anthropology of science and technology], in Emmanuel Alloa (ed.), Penser l'image II. Anthropologies du visuel [Think on the image II:


id: paul-leonardi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leonardi-0.md
category: reference
title: Paul Leonardi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leonardi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:41.927109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: paul-leonardi-20260505-0
summary:
Paul M. Leonardi was the Duca Family Professor of Technology Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was also the Investment Group of Santa Barbara Founding Director of the Master of Technology Management Program. Leonardi moved to UCSB to found the Technology Management Program and start its Master of Technology Management and Ph.D. programs. Before joining UCSB, Leonardi was a faculty member in the School of Communication, the McCormick School of Engineering, and the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. Leonardi’s research focuses on how companies can design their organizational networks and implement new technologies to more effectively create and share knowledge. He was particularly interested in how data intensive technologies, such as simulation and social media tools, enable new ways to access, store, and share information; how the new sources of information these technologies provide can change work routines and communication partners; and how shifts in employees’ work and communication alter the nature of an organization's expertise. His work on these topics cuts across the fields of Organization Studies, Communication Studies, and Information Systems and has been published in leading journals in these fields, such as Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of


id: ilana-l-wy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilana_Löwy-0.md
category: reference
title: Ilana Löwy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilana_Löwy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:43.132775+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ilana-l-wy-20260505-0
summary:
Ilana Löwy (née Zelmanowicz) (born 1948) is a Polish-born French historian of biomedical sciences. She works as a research director at an interdisciplinary and cross-institutional research unit CERMES-3 (Centre de recherche médecine, sciences, santé, santé mentale, société, Inserm-CNRS-EHESS), and is associated with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at King's College London, the Department of the History of Science at Harvard University and Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro. == Biography == Born in a Jewish family in Poland, her parents decided to leave for Israel in 1957. She gained her Msc in microbiology and biochemistry from Tel Aviv University in 1971, and her PhD (Doctorat D'Etat es Sciences) from Paris VII University in 1977. == Career == At the beginning of her career, Löwy worked at the Institut Pasteur at the Cellular immunity lab. Her interest in the history of science initially evolved around the history of organ transplantation, bacteriology, immunology, virology and tropical medicine. With an increasing interest in human reproduction and cancer, her work covers an extensive study of biomedical analysis and gender studies. She has extensively published on Ludwik Fleck, Polish historian and philosopher of medicine. Her current (2017) research focuses on


id: d-s-malik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._S._Malik-0.md
category: reference
title: D. S. Malik
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._S._Malik
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:44.354507+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: d-s-malik-20260505-0
summary:
Davender Singh Malik (14 August 1958 – 13 May 2025) was an Indian-American mathematician and professor of mathematics and computer science at Creighton University. == Education == Malik attended the University of Delhi in New Delhi, India, receiving his bachelor's and master's degrees in mathematics, where he won the Prof. Ram Behari Gold Medal in 1980 for his high marks. Then at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, he received a master's degree in pure mathematics. In the United States, Malik went to Ohio University, earning an M.S. in computer science, and a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1985, writing his dissertation on "A Study of Q-Hypercyclic Rings." == Career == In 1985, Malik joined the faculty of Creighton University, teaching in the mathematics department. In 2013, he became the first holder of the Frederick H. and Anna K. Scheerer Endowed Chair in Mathematics. His research focused on ring theory, abstract algebra, information science, and fuzzy mathematics, including fuzzy automata theory, fuzzy logic, and applications of fuzzy set theory in other disciplines. In the academic community, Malik was a member of the American Mathematical Society and Phi Kappa Phi. Within his community, he co-created a Creighton program in which faculty


id: aryn-martin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryn_Martin-0.md
category: reference
title: Aryn Martin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryn_Martin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:45.579704+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aryn-martin-20260505-0
summary:
Aryn Martin is a sociologist, and historian of biomedicine, as well as a scholar of feminist science and technology studies at York University, where she is an associate professor of sociology. She is affiliated with the graduate programs in social, political, science, technology, and environmental studies. She received her Bachelor of Science in biology at Queen's University, a master's degree in environmental studies at York University, and a PhD in science and technology studies at Cornell University, under the supervision of Michael Lynch. Her work is on feminist theories of the body and biology, especially the implications for identity surrounding the phenomenon of fetomaternal microchimerism and other forms of genetic chimeras. Her dissertation on the history of human chimeras was funded by the National Science Foundation. In 2017, Martin became the Associate Dean of Students at York University's Faculty of Graduate Studies. == References == == External links == Aryn Martin publications indexed by Google Scholar


id: alice-marwick-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Marwick-0.md
category: reference
title: Alice Marwick
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Marwick
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:46.709902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alice-marwick-20260505-0
summary:
Alice E. Marwick is a communication scholar, academic, and author, who currently works as an Associate Professor in the Communication department and Principal Researcher at the Center for Information, Technology and Public Life at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and an affiliated researcher with the Data and Society Research Institute. Marwick has written for publications such as the New York Times, and the Guardian. Her works include the examination of politics, race, social media and gender. She has been a keynote speaker for various universities throughout the United States. == Education == Marwick graduated with her political science and women's studies bachelor's degree from Wellesley College in Massachusetts in 1998. She received her Master of Arts degree in communication from the University of Washington in 2005. She received her PhD in the Department of Media, Culture and Communication from New York University in 2010. == Written works == She has written for the New York Review of Books. Marwick has authored two books: Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity and Branding in the Social Media Age (2013) and The Private Is Political: Networked Privacy and Social Media (2023). She also co-edited The Sage Handbook of Social Media (2016) with


id: carl-r-may-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R._May-0.md
category: reference
title: Carl R. May
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R._May
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:47.901229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carl-r-may-20260505-0
summary:
Carl May FAcSS (born 1961, in Farnham, Surrey) is a British sociologist. He researches in the fields of medical sociology and Implementation Science. Formerly based at Southampton University and Newcastle University, he is now Professor of Health Systems Implementation at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Carl May was elected an Academician of the Academy of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences in 2006. He was appointed a Senior Investigator at the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) in 2010. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners in 2020. He has honorary professorial appointments in primary care at the University of Melbourne, and in public health at Monash University. May is best known for his contributions to Implementation Science and his work is represented by many studies of the interaction between health technologies and their users. In Implementation Science his work investigates how innovations become routinely embedded in health care and other organizational systems. This research has led to Normalization Process Theory, developed with Tracy Finch and others, including Victor Montori. This is a sociological theory of the implementation, embedding, and integration of new technologies and organizational innovations. May and


id: annemarie-mol-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Mol-0.md
category: reference
title: Annemarie Mol
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Mol
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:49.088552+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: annemarie-mol-20260505-0
summary:
Annemarie Mol (born 13 September 1958) is a Dutch ethnographer and philosopher. She is the Professor of Anthropology of the Body at the University of Amsterdam. Winner of the Constantijn & Christiaan Huijgens Grant from the NWO in 1990 to study 'Differences in Medicine', she was awarded a European Research Council Advanced Grant in 2010 to study 'The Eating Body in Western Practice and Theory'. She has helped to develop post-ANT/feminist understandings of science, technology and medicine. In her earlier work she explored the performativity of health care practices, argued that realities are generated within those practices, and noted that since practices differ, so too do realities. The body, as she expressed it, is multiple: it is more than one but it is also less than many (since the different versions of the body also overlap in health care practices). This is an empirical argument about ontology (which is the branch of philosophy that explores being, existence, or the categories of being.) As a part of this she also developed the notion of 'ontological politics', arguing that since realities or the conditions of possibility vary between practices, this means that they are not given but might be changed. Mol has


id: michael-mulkay-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mulkay-0.md
category: reference
title: Michael Mulkay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mulkay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:50.294697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: michael-mulkay-20260505-0
summary:
Michael Joseph Mulkay (10 August 1936 – 21 October 2025) was a British sociologist known for his contributions to the development of the sociology of scientific knowledge, discourse analysis, and reflexive sociology. == Early life and education == Mulkay was born in London on 10 August 1936 to Joseph Mulkay, a window cleaner, and Annie Johnson, a housewife. After his mother left the family home in 1946, he was raised by his father in a council house in Tottenham. He attended a Catholic boys' school in North London, which he later recalled as being austere and highly disciplined. Leaving school at 16 without a desire to continue education, he worked as a clerk for the London Water Board. In 1954, he began National Service but was released early after collapsing on parade and being diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. He subsequently completed A-level correspondence courses funded by itinerant work, including periods as a grave digger and a deckchair attendant, and these enabled him to enter the London School of Economics (LSE), where he graduated with a first-class degree in Sociology in 1965. == Academic career == After LSE, Mulkay was invited to move to Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Vancouver


id: fabian-muniesa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Muniesa-0.md
category: reference
title: Fabian Muniesa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Muniesa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:51.497419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fabian-muniesa-20260505-0
summary:
Fabian Muniesa (alternative spelling: Fabián Muniesa) is an author, social scientist, and poet of French and Spanish citizenship. He is a Professor at the École des Mines de Paris, and a member of the Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation in Paris, France. == Life == Fabian Muniesa (born 16 October 1972 in Madrid, Spain) received high school education at the Lycée Français de Madrid, in Spain. He graduated (sociology) from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología) in 1996, and obtained a master's degree in that same institution in 1998. Notable mentors and influences in this institution included Ignacio Gómez de Liaño, Jesús Ibáñez, and Ramón Ramos Torre. He then joined the Centre National d'Études des Télécommunications in France, enrolling simultaneously in the doctoral programme of Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation, at the École des Mines de Paris, and completing a doctoral dissertation in 2003 (on the automation of the Paris Bourse). After a year working as a post-doctoral researcher at the London School of Economics (Department of Information Systems), he returned to Paris with an international grant from the city's municipal government. He obtained a permanent position at the École des Mines de Paris in


id: natasha-myers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Myers-0.md
category: reference
title: Natasha Myers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Myers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:52.704792+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: natasha-myers-20260505-0
summary:
Natasha Myers is an associate professor of anthropology at York University. In 2016 she coined the term "Planthroposcene". Her first book, Rendering Life Molecular: Models, Modelers, and Excitable Matter is an ethnography of protein crystallographers and discusses how scientists teach one another how to sense the molecular realm. This book won the 2016 Robert Merton Book Prize from the Science, Knowledge, and Technology Section of the American Sociological Association. She received her BSc in biology from McGill University, a Masters in Environmental Studies from York University's Faculty of Environmental Studies and her PhD in the Program in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology & Society (HASTS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. == References == === Further reading === Yoshizawa RS. Rendering life molecular: models, modelers, and excitable matter. New Genetics & Society. 2017;36(4):410-411. doi:10.1080/14636778.2016.1162093 Wald JG. A Haptic Anthropology of Science. Current Anthropology. 2016;57(4):533-534. doi:10.1086/687564


id: shobita-parthasarathy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobita_Parthasarathy-0.md
category: reference
title: Shobita Parthasarathy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobita_Parthasarathy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:53.930722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shobita-parthasarathy-20260505-0
summary:
Shobita Parthasarathy is an American academic, author, and contributor to the field of Science and Technology Studies based at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan. She is the director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, a research, education, and policy engagement center concerned with questions at the intersection of science, technology, policy, and society. She has received numerous prominent awards and grants for her work and has provided expert advice on technology, equity, and policy to civil society groups, international organizations, and governments around the world, including testimony to the U.S. Congress. == Career and research == Parthasarathy was the founding director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy (STPP) program at the University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy from 2006 to 2011, and currently serves as its director, in addition to holding a faculty appointment as Professor. At U-M, she is also affiliated with the Department of Women's Studies, the Science/Technology/Society Program, Institute for Data Science, Precision Health Initiative, the Organizational Studies Program, and the Centers for European Studies and South Asian Studies; she sits on the Internal Advisory Board for the Center for Ethics, Society,


id: heather-paxson-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Paxson-0.md
category: reference
title: Heather Paxson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Paxson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:55.090661+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heather-paxson-20260505-0
summary:
Heather Paxson is an American cultural anthropologist and science and technology studies scholar. She is an expert on the anthropology of reproduction, and on the anthropology of food, including in particular cheese and commonplace family food practices. She is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Anthropology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Paxson is a graduate of Haverford College, and obtained her Ph.D. from Stanford University. She is an editor of the Oxford Companion to Cheese. Her other books include: Making Modern Mothers: Ethics and Family Planning in Urban Greece (University of California Press, 2004) The Life of Cheese: Crafting Food and Value in America (University of California Press, 2013) She is married to fellow cultural anthropologist, STS scholar and professor Stefan Helmreich. == References ==


id: trevor-pinch-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Pinch-0.md
category: reference
title: Trevor Pinch
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Pinch
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:56.288526+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trevor-pinch-20260505-0
summary:
Trevor J. Pinch (1 January 1952 – 16 December 2021) was a British sociologist, part-time musician and chair of the science and technology studies department at Cornell University. In 2018, he won the J.D. Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science for "distinguished contributions to Science and Technology Studies over the course of [a] career." == Personal life == Pinch was born in Lisnaskea, Northern Ireland on the New Year's Day of 1952. He lived in Cornell's Forest Home neighborhood and started the band Electric Golem. Pinch died from cancer, four years after his initial diagnosis, on 16 December 2021, 16 days before his 70th birthday. == Career == Pinch held a degree in physics from Imperial College London and a PhD in sociology from the University of Bath. He taught sociology at the University of York before moving to the United States. Together with Wiebe Bijker, Pinch started the movement known as Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) within the sociology of science. == Works == Pinch was a significant contributor to the study of sound culture, and his books include a major study of Robert Moog. His book Confronting Nature is widely considered the definitive sociological


id: joanna-poulton-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Poulton-0.md
category: reference
title: Joanna Poulton
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Poulton
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:57.473663+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joanna-poulton-20260505-0
summary:
Joanna Poulton is a British medical researcher, and Professor of Mitochondrial Genetics at the University of Oxford. She is an honorary consultant in Oxford, where she works on diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Such mutations are associated with many diseases, including diabetes, organ failure, deafness, and blindness, and are also important in neurodegeneration and aging. Poulton has spoken up on behalf of women in academia, as well as on the effects of neurodiversity on women's careers. == Education and career == Poulton is the daughter of the physician and psychologist E. C. Poulton. Her mother, one of the earliest women to study medicine at the University of Cambridge, gained her MD at the age of 90. Poulton credits her parents for having taught her and her siblings a scientific attitude and critical thinking. In 1976, Poulton gained a BA in physiological sciences at Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford, followed by a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery in 1979. She became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London, in 1982. She was awarded a doctorate in medicine at Oxford in 1991. In 1997, she became a Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and


id: arie-rip-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Rip-0.md
category: reference
title: Arie Rip
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Rip
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:58.677262+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arie-rip-20260505-0
summary:
Arie Rip (born 13 June 1941, in Kethel en Spaland) is a Dutch professor emeritus of Philosophy of Science and Technology. == Career == During 1988–1989 he was the President of the international Society for Social Studies of Science. From 2000 until 2005 he was the head of WTMC, the Netherlands Graduate School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture. The WTMC is a formal collaboration of Dutch researchers studying the development of science, technology and modern culture. In 2006 Rip formally retired as the Professor of Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Twente, a position he held since 1987. He has published extensively on various topics concerning the philosophy and sociology of scientific and technological developments, and on science and innovation policy. Rip has, for example, introduced the widely used Constructive Technology Assessment method. Currently he is among others a Professor at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa. Rip became chairman of the Society for the Study of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies (S-NET) in 2008. In 2022 Rip received for his oeuvre the John Desmond Bernal Prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), which will be awarded to him in the second week


id: ulbo-de-sitter-sociologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulbo_de_Sitter_(sociologist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Ulbo de Sitter (sociologist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulbo_de_Sitter_(sociologist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:59.836838+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ulbo-de-sitter-sociologist-20260505-0
summary:
Lamoraal Ulbo de Sitter (April 2, 1930 – December 18, 2010) was a Dutch sociologist and Professor of Business Administration at the Radboud University Nijmegen, known for his seminal work in the field of sociotechnical systems in the Netherlands. == Biography == Born in Jönköping, Sweden, Ulbo de Sitter was named after his father Ulbo de Sitter (1902–1980), a geologist working at the Leiden University. Ulbo, the sociologist, was the grandson of astronomer Willem de Sitter (1872-1934). He studied sociology at the University of Amsterdam, and obtained his PhD in 1970 at the University of Leiden with the thesis, entitled "Leiderschapsvorming en leiderschapsgedrag in een organisatie" (Leadership formation and leadership behavior in an organization). De Sitter had started working as engineer in the merchant navy for four years before he started his studies in Amsterdam. After graduation in Amsterdam he worked as sociologist at the head office of the Koninklijke PTT Nederland, nowadays KPN. Sequentially he was research assistant at the Sociografische Werkgemeenschap (Socio Graphic Work Association) of the University of Amsterdam. In 1971, he was appointed professor at Eindhoven University of Technology. From 1986 to 1988 he was also director of the Koers consulting group in 's-Hertogenbosch. In 1990,


id: softa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softa-0.md
category: reference
title: Softa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:01.056048+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: softa-20260505-0
summary:
According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition written by English historian and Orientalist C.E. Bosworth, the term "softa" (ṣofta) was a name given to students in the fields of theology, law and other sciences within the madrasa educational system of the Ottoman Empire. A parallel form can be found in Persian, pronounced as sūkhte, meaning "in flames" or "to set on fire", i.e. consumed by the love of God or learning. However, the relationship between the two words is unclear. More specifically, "softa" seems to have been used to refer to beginners within their fields of science or theology, where as after they've completed their first courses they're instead referred to as "dānishmend". == History == Starting with Mehmed II, Ottoman sultans established these centers of education to develop a qualified group of individuals that would constitute a strong bureaucracy and fill administrative roles. The cities became intellectual centers of modernization. Through their studies in the madrasa system, softas aimed to become part of the ulama, the class of Muslim religious elites within the Ottoman Empire. The ulama class, especially during the classical period, had significant political and social power and functioned as an avenue of economic advancement. Though


id: lucy-suchman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman-0.md
category: reference
title: Lucy Suchman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:02.237981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lucy-suchman-20260505-0
summary:
Lucy Suchman is professor emerita of Anthropology of Science and Technology in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University, in the United Kingdom, also known for her work at Xerox PARC in the 1980s and 90s. Her current research extends her longstanding critical engagement with the field of human-computer interaction to the domain of contemporary war fighting, including problems of ‘situational awareness’ in military training and simulation, and in the design and deployment of automated weapon systems. At the center of this research is the question of whose bodies are incorporated into military systems, how and with what consequences for social justice and the possibility for a less violent world. Suchman is a member of International Committee for Robot Arms Control and the author of the blog dedicated to the problems of ethical robotics and 'technocultures of humanlike machines' Before coming to Lancaster, she worked for 22 years at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in California, where she held the positions of principal scientist and manager of the Work Practice and Technology research group. While at PARC, she conducted an influential ethnographic study, using video, of office workers and research scientists struggling to use a copy machine. Suchman is


id: lucy-suchman-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman-1.md
category: reference
title: Lucy Suchman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:02.237981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lucy-suchman-20260505-0
summary:
Suchman, L. (1987) Plans and situated actions : The Problem of Human-Machine Communication. Cambridge University Press, New York. Suchman, L. (1993) Response to Vera and Simon's Situated Action: A Symbolic Interpretation. Cognitive Science, 17:71—75, 1993. Suchman, L. (1995) Making Work Visible. Communications of the ACM, 38 (9). pp. 56–61+. Suchman, L. (1995) Representations of Work (Special Report). Communications of the ACM, 38 (9). pp. 33–68. Suchman, L. and Blomberg, J. and Orr, J. E. (1999) Reconstructing Technologies as Social Practice. The American Behavioral Scientist, 43 (3). pp. 392–408. Suchman, L. (2000) Embodied Practices of Engineering Work. Mind, Culture and Activity, 7 (1&2). pp. 4–18. Suchman, L. (2000) Making a case: knowledge and routine work in document production. In: Workplace studies : recovering work practice and informing system design. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 29–45. Suchman, L. (2000) Organising alignment : a case of bridge-building. Organization, 7 (2). pp. 311–327. Suchman, L. and Bishop, L. (2000) Problematizing 'Innovation' as a Critical Project. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 12 (3). pp. 327–333. Suchman, L. (2002) Practice-based design of information systems : notes from the hyperdeveloped world. The Information Society, 18 (2). pp. 139–144. Suchman, L. A. and Blomberg, J. and Trigg, R.


id: kim-tallbear-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear-0.md
category: reference
title: Kim TallBear
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:03.481446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kim-tallbear-20260505-0
summary:
Kim TallBear (born 1968) is a Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate professor at the University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, specializing in racial politics in science. Holding the first ever Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Peoples, Technoscience and Environment, TallBear has published on DNA testing, race science and Indigenous identities, as well as on polyamory as a decolonization practice. == Early life == TallBear was born in 1968 at a public hospital in Pipestone, Minnesota. She grew up moving back and forth between the Sisseton and Flandreau reservations in South Dakota. During this time, she was mostly raised by her maternal grandmother and great-grandmother, until the age of fourteen when she went to live full time with her mother in St. Paul, Minnesota. TallBear is a citizen of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate in South Dakota, as well as a descendant from the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes of Oklahoma through her maternal grandfather. Her Indigenous descent comes from her mother's side. She also has some Cree and Métis ancestry from Canada. Her father, who was only present in her life up to age three, is white. TallBear has two sisters and one brother, whose father is Floyd Westerman, a Dakota Sioux musician, actor and


id: kim-tallbear-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear-1.md
category: reference
title: Kim TallBear
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:03.481446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kim-tallbear-20260505-0
summary:
=== "The Critical Polyamorist" and decolonizing relationships === In her later work, TallBear is focused on sexuality, specifically on decolonizing the valourization of monogamy that she characterizes as emblematic of "settler sexualities". She pursued this topic of study through a blog written under an alter ego, "The Critical Polyamorist". TallBear was part of a panel discussing decolonizing institutions such as relationships, at the National Women's Studies Association meeting in 2016. TallBear's critiques of monogamous, heteronormative colonial relations focus on their incompatibility with an environmentally sustainable world. For TallBear, moving beyond the current environmental problems of the neoliberal nation state requires expanding understandings and practices of kinship. She argues Indigenous conceptions of kin provide opportunities for this transition. TallBear's critical polyamory places emphasis on looking beyond human-centric intimacy to also incorporate relational ways of being with place and other non-human dimensions to relationships. TallBear's focus on kin goes to the "decolonization" of intimacy: relationships outside of what she describes as settler-colonial relationship structures. == Selected works == === Articles === "Dossier: Theorizing Queer Inhumanisms: An Indigenous Reflection on Working Beyond the Human/Not Human" in GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Vol. 21(2–3), 2015: 230–235. "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace


id: zoe-todd-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Todd-0.md
category: reference
title: Zoe Todd
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Todd
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:04.660675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoe-todd-20260505-0
summary:
Zoe Todd is a Métis anthropologist and scholar of Indigenous studies, human-animal studies, science and technology studies and the Anthropocene. She is an associate professor in the Department of Indigenous Studies at Simon Fraser University and a Presidential Visiting Fellow at Yale University during the 2018–19 academic year. == Early life == Todd was born to a Métis father and white mother in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1983. She credits her father, an artist, Gary Todd's engagement with his Métis heritage as an influential factor in her scholarship; especially his art and his knowledge of fish and wildlife of the Canadian prairies. Todd is a descendant of William Todd, a 19th-century surgeon from the British Navy. She received her BSc degree in biological sciences and an MSc in rural sociology from the University of Alberta and her PhD in social anthropology from the University of Aberdeen. She received the prestigious Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Scholarship in 2011 for her PhD research. == Research == Todd's research concerns human-animal relations, in particular, human-fish, relationships in the context of Settler colonialism in Canada. She is an assistant professor at Carleton University's Department of Sociology and Anthropology. She is best known for her work


id: kentaro-toyama-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Toyama-0.md
category: reference
title: Kentaro Toyama
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Toyama
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:05.866135+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kentaro-toyama-20260505-0
summary:
Kentaro Toyama is a computer scientist and international development researcher, who works on the relationship of technology and global development. He is the W. K. Kellogg Professor at the University of Michigan School of Information and author of Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology. He is also a fellow of the Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformative Values at MIT. Toyama was founding assistant director of Microsoft Research India, a Bangalore-based computer science laboratory, where he established the Technology for Emerging Markets group which conducts interdisciplinary research in the field of "information and communication technologies for development" (ICT4D). Together with AnnaLee Saxenian and Raj Reddy, he co-founded the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, a global platform for rigorous, academic, interdisciplinary research in ICT4D. == Education == Toyama graduated from the American School in Japan. Toyama received a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Yale University, and an A.B. in Physics from Harvard University. == Research and career == Toyama's research spans several disparate areas, including ICT4D, development studies, computer vision, human-computer interaction, geographic information systems, and multimedia. He is best known for his research in ICT4D, which includes technology projects such as


id: richard-twine-sociologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Richard Twine (sociologist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:07.072516+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: richard-twine-sociologist-20260505-0
summary:
Richard Twine (born 1974) is a British sociologist whose research addresses environmental sociology as well as gender, human/animal and science studies. He is noted for his "foundational" work in critical animal studies, as well as his contributions to ecofeminism. His work includes developing Barbara Noske's notion of the animal-industrial complex and theorizing the "vegan killjoy", building on Sara Ahmed's "feminist killjoy". Twine is a reader in sociology in the Department of History, Geography & Social Sciences at Edge Hill University, where he is the co-director of the Centre for Human-Animal Studies. He is also the chair of the Research Advisory Committee of The Vegan Society. He is the author of 2010's Animals as Biotechnology and 2024's The Climate Crisis and Other Animals, as well as a co-editor of 2014's The Rise of Critical Animal Studies and 2024's Violence and Harm in the Animal Industrial Complex. == Career == Twine studied for a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology and Psychology at the University of Stirling, graduating in 1995, and then went on to study for a Master of Arts in Sociology at the University of Essex, which he completed in 1996. He was awarded his PhD in Sociology from Manchester Metropolitan


id: helen-verran-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Verran-0.md
category: reference
title: Helen Verran
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Verran
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:08.278103+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: helen-verran-20260505-0
summary:
Helen Verran is an Australian historian and empirical philosopher of science, primarily working in the Social Studies of Science and Technology (STS), and currently adjunct professor at Charles Darwin University. == Background == Verran is from New South Wales, Australia. She trained as a scientist and teacher in the 1960s (BSc, DipEd, University of New England) and has a PhD in metabolic biochemistry (UNE, 1972). She then spent eight years lecturing in science education at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ifẹ, southwestern Nigeria. In the 1980s she became a lecturer and later associate professor at the University of Melbourne, working in a unit dedicated to the study of history and philosophy of science. She retired in 2012. On retiring she became adjunct professor at the Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University in Darwin, where she still teaches. == Scholarship == === Numbers and Enumerated Entities === Verran's book, Science and an African Logic (University of Chicago Press, 2001), received the Ludwik Fleck Prize in 2003. It analyses counting, and its relation to the ontology of numbers based on her lengthy field observations as a mathematics lecturer and teacher in Nigeria. The book draws on her sudden realisation of the radically different nature


id: shiv-visvanathan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Visvanathan-0.md
category: reference
title: Shiv Visvanathan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Visvanathan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:09.466128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shiv-visvanathan-20260505-0
summary:
Shiv Visvanathan is an Indian academic best known for his contributions to developing the field of science and technology studies (STS), and for the concept of cognitive justice, a term he coined. He is currently Professor at O P Jindal Global University, Sonepat. He was Professor, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT), Gandhinagar, India and has held the position of Senior fellow Center for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) in Delhi He has also taught at the Delhi School of Economics. He has held visiting professorships at Smith College, Stanford, Goldsmiths, Arizona State University and Maastricht University, Harvard University & Oxford University. He is author of Organizing for Science (OUP, Delhi, 1985), A Carnival for Science (OUP, Delhi, 1997) and has co-edited Foulplay: Chronicles of Corruption (Banyan Books, Delhi, 1999). He has been consultant to the National Council of Churches and Business India. As a public intellectual, he is a regular columnist to newspapers like The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Asian Age. He also contributes to popular magazines like Outlook, India Today, Governance Today and Tehelka. His popular writings touch topics as wide as science, cricket, anthropology, development,


id: judy-wajcman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Wajcman-0.md
category: reference
title: Judy Wajcman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Wajcman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:10.667848+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: judy-wajcman-20260505-0
summary:
Judy Wajcman, is the Anthony Giddens Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She is the Principal Investigator of the Women in Data Science and AI project at The Alan Turing Institute. She is also a visiting professor at the Oxford Internet Institute. Her scholarly interests encompass the sociology of work, science and technology studies, gender theory, and organizational analysis. Her work has been translated into French, German, Greek, Italian, Korean, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Chinese and Spanish. Prior to joining the LSE in 2009, she was a professor of sociology in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University. She was the first woman to be appointed the Norman Laski Research Fellow (1978–80) at St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1997 she was elected Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Wajcman was President of the Society for the Social Studies of Science (2009–2011), and is the recipient of the William F. Ogburn Career Achievement Award of the American Sociological Association (2013). She received an honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva (2015) and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (2016). Her book Pressed for Time is the


id: robin-williams-academic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams_(academic)-0.md
category: reference
title: Robin Williams (academic)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams_(academic)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:11.822870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: robin-williams-academic-20260505-0
summary:
Robin Williams (born 13 November 1952) is a British social scientist who is professor of social research on technology at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and director of the Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation. He is an interdisciplinary researcher in the field of Science and Technology Studies and contributed much to the social shaping of technology by studying the interplay between 'social' and 'technical' factors in the design and implementation of a range of technologies. == Biography == After studying Natural Sciences and Social and Political Science at Clare College, Cambridge, Robin Williams took an MSc and PhD at Aston University and worked as research fellow in the Technology Policy Unit until 1986. He then joined the Research Centre for Social Sciences (RCSS) at the University of Edinburgh and coordinated the Edinburgh PICT Centre, one of the six university research centres established under the ESRC Programme on Information and Communications Technologies (1986 - 1995). During this time Robin Williams and other researchers in Edinburgh PICT Centre published on issues regarding social, economic and political aspects of the design and implementation of technology. Concluding the findings of a decade's research Robin Williams and David Edge published a


id: langdon-winner-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdon_Winner-0.md
category: reference
title: Langdon Winner
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdon_Winner
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:13.007664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: langdon-winner-20260505-0
summary:
Langdon Winner (born August 7, 1944) is an American academic who is the Thomas Phelan Chair of Humanities and Social Sciences in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. His academic interests include science, technology, American popular culture, and theories of sustainability and he is known for his articles and books on science, technology, and society. He also spent several years as a reporter, rock music critic, and contributing editor for Rolling Stone magazine. == Career == Langdon Winner was born in San Luis Obispo, California. He received his B.A. in 1966, M.A. in 1967 and Ph.D. in 1973, all in political science, at the University of California, Berkeley. His primary focus was political theory. He has served as professor at the University of Leiden, MIT, University of California, Los Angeles and at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Since 1985 he has been at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; he was a visiting professor at Harvey Mudd College (2000) and Colgate University (2001). In 2010 he was a Fulbright Fellow visiting the Universidad Complutense in Madrid. His interests include science, technology, American popular culture, and theories of sustainability. === Technology and politics ===


id: certified-health-physicist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_health_physicist-0.md
category: reference
title: Certified health physicist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_health_physicist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:14.530564+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: certified-health-physicist-20260505-0
summary:
Certified Health Physicist is an official title granted by the American Board of Health Physics, the certification board for health physicists in the United States. A Certified Health Physicist is designated by the letters CHP or DABHP (Diplomate of the American Board of Health Physics) after his or her name. A certification by the ABHP is not a license to practice and does not confer any legal qualification to practice health physics. However, the certification is well respected and indicates a high level of achievement by those who obtain it. Certified Health Physicists are plenary or emeritus members of the American Academy of Health Physics (AAHP). In 2019, the AAHP web site listed over 1600 plenary and emeritus members. == Professional responsibilities == A person certified as a health physicist has a responsibility to uphold the professional integrity associated with the certification to promote the practice and science of radiation safety. It is expected that such a person will always give health physics information based on the highest standards of science and professional ethics. A certified individual has a responsibility to remain professionally active in the health physics field and remain technically competent in the scientific, technical and regulatory developments


id: chartered-scientist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Scientist-0.md
category: reference
title: Chartered Scientist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Scientist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:15.703730+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chartered-scientist-20260505-0
summary:
Chartered Scientist (CSci) is a professional qualification in the United Kingdom that is awarded by the Science Council through its licensed member organisations. Holders of this qualification can use the post-nominal letters CSci. Chartered scientists are professional scientists who are practising and/or advancing science at the full professional level and are individuals for whom scientific knowledge or practice at that level form an essential element of their role. The required standard for Chartered Scientist registration is a master's-level science qualification accredited by one of the licensed bodies (or equivalent) with four years of postgraduate work experience. The standards of the Chartered Scientist designation are upheld by the Science Council’s registration authority, whose members are elected representatives from the licensed bodies and appointed experts from other areas. == Chartered Science Teacher == There is a specialist section of the register for scientists whose primary profession is teaching. Those registered are entitled to use the post-nominal CSciTeach. It was developed in 2007 by the Science Council in partnership with the Association for Science Education, and is also awarded by the Royal Society of Biology and the Royal Society of Chemistry. == See also == Chartered Biologist Chartered Chemist Chartered Engineer (UK) Chartered


id: european-chemist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Chemist-0.md
category: reference
title: European Chemist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Chemist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:16.883101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-chemist-20260505-0
summary:
European Chemist (EurChem) is an international professional qualification awarded by the European Chemist Registration Board (ECRB) of the European Chemical Society (EuChemS) for chemists, for use in many European countries. Through the European Chemist designation, the chemical societies in the European Union (EU) have ensured that there is an easily understood title to indicate a high level of competence in the practice of chemistry. The award of EurChem assists individual chemists who are moving from one employer to another in different EU member states, receiving equal treatment across the Union. EurChem Candidates must meet the following requirements: Be a member of a participating national chemical society; Hold a degree accredited by the participating national chemical society; Have at least eight years of post-secondary school education/experience including a category-A schedule academic qualification; Have at least three years' approved post-graduation professional experience; Two referees who must be members of the applicant's national chemical society; Show proficient professional experience appearing out of: Able to work in conditions with minor leadership Applying knowledge Consciousness of safety, health, and environment aspects Demonstrate of professional skill Excellent written and oral communications Good people's management, advising, evaluating skills. The title EurChem is a post-nominal, placed after the


id: fellow-of-the-institute-of-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the Institute of Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:18.098463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-institute-of-physics-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) is "the highest level of membership attainable" by physicists who are members of the Institute of Physics (IOP), "for those with a degree in physics or related subject (or equivalent knowledge gained in the workplace) and who have made a significant impact on their sector"; it is for "distinguished physicists in recognition of their accomplishments". Honorary Fellowship (HonFInstP) is for "exceptional individuals" who can be nominated in recognition of having "contributed to physics generally or to the work of the IOP", working in fields including business, education, research, and policy relating to physics. The Institute's bye-laws limit the number of fellows in this category to being not more than 100 living Honorary Fellows at any one time. == Fellows (FInstP) == Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FInstP, and receive a number of minor benefits such as a subscription to Physics World magazine (like other members of the IOP). As of 2022 fellows include: See also Category:Fellows of the Institute of Physics == Honorary Fellows (HonFInstP) == The designation of Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics, as an honorary title. The award of Honorary Fellowship is "the highest accolade presented


id: fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:19.321917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) is one of the most prestigious awards conferred by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in the United Kingdom. Existing Fellows include award winning scientists and Nobel prize winners. == FRSC award == Achieving Fellow status in the chemical profession signals to the broader community a high level of accomplishment as a professional chemist. Eligibility for Fellow status is open to Members of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC) who have excelled in their fields through patents, scientific publications, discoveries, and other notable achievements. To be elected, the fellows must have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of the chemical sciences; or to the advancement of the chemical sciences as a profession; or have been distinguished in the management of a chemical sciences organization. In all cases, sponsor references from other RSC Fellows are required. The award of designatory letters FRSC is subject to the final approval of the RSC Applications Committee. In addition to the above, all RSC membership requires acceptance and adherence to a specific code of conduct and an established set of high standards of ethical and professional behavior. The RSC continuously establishes, and evaluates professional qualifications and


id: medical-physicist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physicist-0.md
category: reference
title: Medical physicist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physicist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:20.466169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: medical-physicist-20260505-0
summary:
A medical physicist is a health professional with specialist education and training in the concepts and techniques of applying physics in medicine and competent to practice independently in one or more of the subfields (specialties) of medical physics. A medical physicist plays a fundamental role in applying physics to medicine, but particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The scientific and technological progress in medical physics has led to a variety of skills that must be integrated into the role of a medical physicist in order for them to perform their job. The "medical services" provided to patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic treatments must, therefore, be the result of different but complementary skills. In general, the medical physicist is responsible for all scientific and technical aspects of imaging, radiation treatment, and radiation safety. It is their occupational role to ensure that medical modalities offered to patients are met with the utmost quality assurance. It is the medical physicist that manage and supervise the efforts of dosimetrists, therapists and technologists in that capacity. == Education and training == === Australia and New Zealand === The Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) is the professional body that


id: professional-chemist-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_chemist_(Canada)-0.md
category: reference
title: Professional chemist (Canada)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_chemist_(Canada)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:21.633611+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: professional-chemist-canada-20260505-0
summary:
Professional chemist is the term for registered or licensed chemists in Canada who are permitted to offer their professional services directly to the public. The professional chemist designation is commonly abbreviated to PChem when added as a suffix after a person's name. The term professional chemist and the actual practice of professional chemistry is legally defined and protected by the government. In some jurisdictions only registered or licensed professional chemists or chartered chemists are permitted to use the title, or to practice professional chemistry. The earmark that distinguishes a licensed/registered professional chemist is the authority to sign and seal or "stamp" chemistry documents (reports, drawings and calculations) for a study, estimate, design or analysis, thus taking legal responsibility for it. == Registration and regulation == Each province has specific procedures and requirements for license or registration. On March 20, 2017, the Federation of Canada’s Professional Chemists (FCPC) announced that provincial chemists’ organizations have adopted a Memorandum of Understanding to facilitate mobility of professional chemists between provinces which enabled Professional Chemists who are members of organizations established in each province to move and work in other provinces. The licensing procedure varies, but the general process is: Graduate with a degree from


id: registered-science-technician-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Science_Technician-0.md
category: reference
title: Registered Science Technician
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Science_Technician
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:22.800978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: registered-science-technician-20260505-0
summary:
Registered Science Technician (RSciTech) is a professional qualification in the United Kingdom for science technicians. It was introduced in 2011 alongside Registered Scientist as an extension to the UK Science Council's existing professional register for Chartered Scientists. the Registered Science Technician (RSciTech) was developed with the support of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, with the aim of increasing the professionalism and recognition of those working in technical roles in science. Holders of this qualification can use the post-nominal letters RSciTech. Registration as RSciTech has been encouraged by institutions such as Imperial College London, and the UK Government's Science manufacturing technician and Laboratory technician apprenticeship standards are designed to lead to registration as an RSciTech. == Licensed Bodies == The Science Council licences its member bodies to award professional statuses. The professional bodies listed below are those licensed to award Registered Science Technician as of May 2017: Association for Science Education British Psychological Society Institute of Animal Technology Institute of Biomedical Science Institute of Food Science & Technology Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Institute of Physics Institute of Science and Technology Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine Institution of Chemical Engineers Institute of Water Royal Society of Biology Royal Society


id: regtech-technician-registration-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegTech_technician_registration-0.md
category: reference
title: RegTech technician registration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegTech_technician_registration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:23.952238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: regtech-technician-registration-20260505-0
summary:
RegTech is a project established by the Prospect union to promote and support the professional registration of engineering, IT and science technicians in the UK. == Membership bodies == With technician members across hundreds of workplaces in sectors ranging from defence and energy to heritage and telecoms, the union is working in conjunction with membership bodies including professional associations: the Engineering Council, Science Council, BCS - The Chartered Institute for IT and EngTechNow. == Entitlement == Technicians who successfully gain professional registration status through a relevant membership body have the right to display the appropriate letters after their name. In the case of RegTech this means either EngTech, RSciTech or RITTech. The title or “post nominal” provides a formal recognition of relevant skills and experience. == Career progression & skills gap == Prospect believes technician registration is a key means of supporting apprentices and other young professionals with structured vocational routes to career progression. While it is a valuable asset in its own right it can provide the foundation for achieving chartered status. More broadly the RegTech project is aimed at helping to address skills shortages, by raising the profile of technicians and attracting more recruits to the roles. ==


id: list-of-science-communicators-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators-0.md
category: reference
title: List of science communicators
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:25.531034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-science-communicators-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable science communicators or popularizers of science, in alphabetical order by last name. == A == John Acorn, naturalist and broadcaster known as the "Nature Nut" Amir Aczel, Jewish author and mathematician Maggie Aderin-Pocock, space scientist and broadcaster Hashem Al-Ghaili, molecular biotechnologist and video producer Jim Al-Khalili, theoretical physicist, author, and science communicator Alan Alda, actor; inspired the Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science Michael Allaby, writes on science, ecology, and weather Elise Andrew, British blogger, founder and maintainer of the Facebook page "I Fucking Love Science" Alberto Angela (born 1962), television presenter, paleontologist, writer, popularizer of science and history Piero Angela (1928–2022), journalist, television presenter, writer, popularizer of science, founder of CICAP (Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims on Pseudosciences) Natalie Angier, science journalist and writer Isaac Asimov, biochemist, science-fiction writer, and author Peter Atkins, physical chemist and author Sir David Attenborough, naturalist and broadcaster Amy Atwater, paleontologist, podcaster and author == B == Francis Bacon, English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author J. Michael Bailey, psychologist; known for his research on the etiology of sexual orientation Johnny Ball, broadcaster and math popularizer Kirsten Banks, Australian astrophysicist and science communicator of the Wiradjuri


