# kb

id: the-sacred-balance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Balance-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sacred Balance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Balance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:22.930487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sacred-balance-20260505-0
summary:
The Sacred Balance is a book by environmentalist David Suzuki, which is in its second edition as of 2007. The book explores human society's impact on the natural world, both for the planet and the people living on it. Suzuki reveals how dependent humankind is upon the planet's water, soil, sunlight, and the breath of its vegetation. Threats to the planet's balance, ranging from toxic pollution to global warming are also discussed. A series of documentary films, also called The Sacred Balance, is based on the book produced by Kensington Communications, Inc. Producer Robert Lang was the producer of the series. == References ==


id: a-sand-county-almanac-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac-0.md
category: reference
title: A Sand County Almanac
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:24.094650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-sand-county-almanac-20260505-0
summary:
A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There is a 1949 non-fiction book by American ecologist, forester, and environmentalist Aldo Leopold. Describing the land around the author's home in Sauk County, Wisconsin, the collection of essays advocate Leopold's idea of a "land ethic", or a responsible relationship existing between people and the land they inhabit. Edited and published by his son, Luna, a year after Leopold's death, the book is considered a landmark in the American conservation movement. Interspersed throughout the book are illustrations by American wildlife artist Charles W. Schwartz. The book has had over two million copies printed and has been translated into at least fourteen languages. It has informed and changed the environmental movement and stimulated a widespread interest in ecology as a science. == Overview == A Sand County Almanac is a combination of natural history, scene painting with words, and philosophy. It is perhaps best known for the following quote, which defines Leopold's land ethic: "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." The original publication format was issued by Oxford University Press in 1949. It incorporated


id: a-science-on-the-scales-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Science_on_the_Scales-0.md
category: reference
title: A Science on the Scales
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Science_on_the_Scales
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:25.273502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-science-on-the-scales-20260505-0
summary:
A Science on the Scales: The Rise of Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Biology, 1898-1939 is a 2011 book by Jennifer Hubbard. The book provides an analysis of Canadian fisheries history with the tools of the professional historian, when most earlier works on the topic came from fisheries scientists themselves. The book traces the development of fisheries science in Canada in the first decades of the twentieth century. Fisheries biology arose in the mid-1800s in Northern Europe from concerns around the conservation of what appeared to be dwindling stocks in the face of new technology. Marine biological stations were established in Europe in the last decades of the nineteenth century—particularly in Naples (the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn) and Plymouth—but the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries, established in 1892, did not see a need for one in Canada, though a floating station on board a scow was eventually set up. The book "surveys the tortuous process by which the Biological Board of Canada was established in 1912 to supersede a board of management that had overseen a floating biological station off the Atlantic coast since 1898, and permanent stations at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and Nanaimo, British Columbia, since 1908." Norwegian zoologist


id: science-under-siege-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Under_Siege-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Under Siege
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Under_Siege
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:26.429696+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-under-siege-20260505-0
summary:
Science Under Siege: The Politicians' War on Nature and Truth is a 1998 book by journalist Todd Wilkinson. Wilkinson describes the careers of a variety of publicly employed scientists who, in the course of their work for government agencies, found habitat degradation, threatened species, or other decline in availability of a natural resource. When they expressed their views that certain activities must be scaled back or areas protected, they met with poor job performance ratings, hostility from their supervisors, transfers out of the region, and in many cases a severely damaged career. Science is "under siege" in these cases because many of the researchers were told to modify their scientific reports so that commercial uses or environmentally destructive activities could continue. == See also == List of books about the politics of science == References == == External links == The Politics of Science


id: scorched-south-africa-s-changing-climate-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched:_South_Africa's_Changing_Climate-0.md
category: reference
title: Scorched: South Africa's Changing Climate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched:_South_Africa's_Changing_Climate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:27.630430+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scorched-south-africa-s-changing-climate-20260505-0
summary:
Scorched: South Africa's Changing Climate is a non-fiction book by Leonie Joubert. == Synopsis == Scorched is a narrative on southern Africa’s landscapes in the age of climate change. It reads from a local point of view. The book deals with climate modeling produced by scientific institutions. Scorched ponders the morality of the changes mankind has wrought, as well as the future of life on Earth. == Awards == In May 2007, Scorched was awarded an honorable mention by the judging panel of the Sunday Times Alan Paton Literary Awards. "The judges have chosen to cite Scorched for an Honorary Award for breaking into the new territory of science journalism, and its skill in popularising this often inaccessible field." Paperback - 240 pages (30 September 2006) South Africa: Wits University Press ISBN 9781868144372 == References == == External links == Website of book Sunday Times Literary Awards Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Interview with the author


id: scorcher-the-dirty-politics-of-climate-change-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorcher:_The_Dirty_Politics_of_Climate_Change-0.md
category: reference
title: Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorcher:_The_Dirty_Politics_of_Climate_Change
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:28.753577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scorcher-the-dirty-politics-of-climate-change-20260505-0
summary:
Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change is a 2007 book by Clive Hamilton which contends that Australia rather than the United States is the major stumbling block to a more effective Kyoto Protocol. In the final chapter of the book Hamilton argues that "the Howard government has been actively working to destroy the Kyoto Protocol". Scorcher is an updated version of Hamilton's 2001 book, Running from the Storm. Other books by Clive Hamilton include Requiem for a Species, Silencing Dissent, Growth Fetish, Affluenza and The Freedom Paradox. == Quotes == "In the tight little world of greenhouse lobbying, the Prime Minister saw nothing improper in going to the country's biggest greenhouse polluters to ask them what the Government should do about greenhouse policy, without extending the same opportunity to other industries, not to mention environment groups and independent experts". == See also == An Inconvenient Truth – a 2006 documentary featuring Al Gore Climate Code Red – a 2008 book from Australia on climate change Greenhouse Mafia List of Australian environmental books Politics of global warming Storms of My Grandchildren – a 2009 book by climate scientist James Hansen == References == == Bibliography == Hamilton, Clive (2007). Scorcher:


id: secrets-and-lies-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_and_Lies_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Secrets and Lies (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_and_Lies_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:29.902024+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: secrets-and-lies-book-20260505-0
summary:
Secrets and Lies: The Anatomy of an Anti-Environmental PR Campaign is a 1999 book by Nicky Hager and Bob Burton. == The book == The book documents the public relations information put out by Timberlands West Coast Limited in order to win public support for logging of native forests on the West Coast of New Zealand. The material is based on a large amount of documentation leaked by a staff member from the local branch of Shandwick (now Weber Shandwick Worldwide), a global public relations company, which had been hired by Timberlands to run a secret campaign against environmental groups such as Native Forest Action between 1997 and 1999. The book describes its tactics of surveillance of meetings, monitoring the press and responding to every letter to the editor, greenwashing, the use of SLAPPs, cleaning anti-logging graffiti and blotting out campaign posters in public places, and managing to install its pro-logging educational materials into schools. The book alleges that almost every pro-logging letter or article was organized by this campaign. == Reception and responses == In 2000, a press council complaint was made against a letter to the editor in The Press, which argued that Hager had lied in the


id: selling-solar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selling_Solar-0.md
category: reference
title: Selling Solar
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selling_Solar
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:31.097548+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: selling-solar-20260505-0
summary:
Selling Solar: The Diffusion of Renewable Energy in Emerging Markets is a 2009 Earthscan book by Damian Miller. Miller argues that, in order to solve the climate crisis, the world must immediately and dramatically accelerate the commercialization of renewable energy technology. This needs to happen in the industrialized world, as well as in the emerging markets of the developing world where most future greenhouse gas emissions will occur. Author Damian Miller holds a doctorate from the Judge School of Business, Cambridge. He is the founder and CEO of Orb Energy, which is based in India. == See also == List of books about renewable energy Clean Tech Nation == References ==


id: sense-of-place-20260505-0-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_Place-0.md
category: reference
title: Sense of Place
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_Place
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:32.242519+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sense-of-place-20260505-0-2
summary:
Sense of place: a response to an environment: the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia is a 1972 book by George Seddon. It documents Seddon's struggle to understand the Swan Coastal Plain, a biogeographic region that he initially found harsh and unwelcoming. It includes information on landforms, climate, geology, soils, flora, the Swan River, the coast, offshore islands, wetlands, and urban areas. This information is, however, essentially presented in a literary style; in the words of Mark Tredinnick: "This is the kind of geography an essayist writes. This is the kind of essay a literate scientist writes. This is a literary natural history." In Australia it is considered a landmark environmental publication. Among its claims to influence is having given modern currency to the term sense of place. Although Seddon did not coin the phrase, it was this book that introduced the phrase into the fields of landscape and environmental design. == References ==


id: sensing-changes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensing_Changes-0.md
category: reference
title: Sensing Changes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensing_Changes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:33.341192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sensing-changes-20260505-0
summary:
Sensing Changes: Technologies, Environments, and the Everyday, 1953–2003 is a 2010 book by Canadian historian Joy Parr. The book examines the "embodied histories" of Canadians who were affected by Canadian megaprojects in the postwar period, assessing how such developments, which significantly altered local environments, affected people's senses of place and identity through their sensory experiences. The book features cases studies such as the damming of the Arrow Lakes in British Columbia, the relocation of the village of Iroquois as part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway project, and the construction of a NATO base in rural New Brunswick. The book also explores the E. coli outbreak that occurred in Walkerton, Ontario in 2000. Beyond just documenting the changes brought about by such developments, which were significant in remaking entire landscapes, Parr argues that these periods of sudden changes for local residents reveal important insights into embodied knowledge, or the ways in which we come to know our surroundings through sensory engagement. The book effectively demonstrates that "[t]he human body... becomes the fundamental archive of historical experience that is researchable through written and oral accounts of lived experience." == Contents == Sensing Changes consists mainly of six case studies and the ways


id: serpent-river-resurgence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_River_Resurgence-0.md
category: reference
title: Serpent River Resurgence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_River_Resurgence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:34.482991+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serpent-river-resurgence-20260505-0
summary:
Serpent River Resurgence: Confronting Uranium Mining at Elliot Lake is a 2022 book by Lianne C. Leddy, Associate Professor of History at Wilfrid Laurier University. The book documents the environmental history of uranium mining at Elliot Lake, Ontario, on Serpent River First Nation, including the advocacy of the Serpent River Anishinaabe to raise awareness about mining impacts on the community. Leddy grew up in Elliot Lake and is a member of Serpent River First Nation. == Contents == Serpent River Resurgence characterizes the uranium industry at Elliot Lake as a form of "Cold War colonialism," given the connection between mining in the area and American nuclear weapons production and the impacts of the industry on the Serpent River First Nation. The main impacts that the book focuses on are those on the Serpent River watershed and those of a sulphuric acid production plant located on the Serpent River reserve. In addition to elucidating the impacts of the uranium industry on the local environment, the book documents the efforts of Serpent River residents, including elders, to be heard by government and industry officials. The book highlights how community members were not opposed to economic development, but resisted both the environmental consequences


id: the-shamba-raiders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shamba_Raiders-0.md
category: reference
title: The Shamba Raiders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shamba_Raiders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:35.667345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-shamba-raiders-20260505-0
summary:
The Shamba Raiders: Memories of a Game Warden is Bruce Kinloch's account of his experiences in late colonial East Africa. The first edition, published in 1972 proved so successful that a second edition was published in 1988, and a third in 2004. The title refers to the marauding elephants destroying peasant crops, driven by heavy poaching pressure in wilderness areas, which formed the most urgent task for Kinloch. That his book is still in demand is a source of pride to him and his wife, Elizabeth, who accompanied him frequently and typed up the notes of his original book. "It is a book that never dies, its contents are as relevant now as ever," she said. The Shamba Raiders is an account of the struggle to preserve herds of game threatened by modern civilisation, poaching, war and the political and economic changes which have swept Africa in the middle of the last century. As the Chief Game Warden in Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi, Kinloch walked the tight rope of retaining Africa's wildlife heritage while safeguarding crops and livelihood of the population, featuring ivory poachers and middlemen as well as uncaring and bigoted officials. In particular, the book describes Kinloch's management


id: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress-0.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of Progress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:36.814063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
summary:
A Short History of Progress is a non-fiction book and lecture series by Ronald Wright about societal collapse. The lectures were delivered as a series of five speeches, each taking place in different cities across Canada as part of the 2004 Massey Lectures which were broadcast on the CBC Radio program, Ideas. The book version was published by House of Anansi Press and released at the same time as the lectures. The book spent more than a year on Canadian best-seller lists, won the Canadian Book Association's Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year, and was nominated for the British Columbia's National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction. It has since been reprinted in a hardcover format with illustrations and also in Kindle and EPUB digital formats. Wright, an author of fiction and non-fiction works, uses the fallen civilisations of Easter Island, Sumer, Rome, and Maya, as well as examples from the Stone Age, to see what conditions led to the downfall of those societies. He examines the meaning of progress and its implications for civilizations—past and present—arguing that the twentieth century was a time of runaway growth in human population, consumption, and technology that has now placed an unsustainable burden


id: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress-1.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of Progress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:36.814063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
summary:
In the fourth chapter, "Pyramid Schemes", the fates of the Roman and Mayan civilisations are compared; both peaked with centralised empires but ended with power being diffused to their periphery as the center collapsed and ultra-conservative leadership refused reformations. Anthropologist Joseph Tainter's explanation for the fall of the Roman Empire is invoked, that "complex systems inevitably succumb to diminishing returns" so that the costs of operating an empire are so high that alternatives are implemented. Two examples of civilisations that have been sustainable are described: China and Egypt. Both had an abundance of resources, particularly topsoil, and used farming methods that worked with, rather than against, natural cycles, and settlement patterns that did not exceed, or permanently damage, the carrying capacity of the local environment. The final chapter, "The Rebellion of the Tools", seeks to answer the final Gauguin question, "where are we going?", by applying these past examples to modern society. Wright sees needed reforms being blocked by vested interests who reject multi-lateral organisations, and support laissez-faire economics and transfers of power to corporations as leading to the social and environmental degradations that led to the collapse of previous civilisations. Necessary reforms are, in Wright's view, being blocked by


id: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress-2.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of Progress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:36.814063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication and reception == The book, published by House of Anansi Press, was released at the same time the Massey Lectures were being delivered. In early November 2004, one lecture was given by Wright in each of the following cities: Ottawa, Edmonton, Saskatoon, Halifax, and Toronto. Their recording was broadcast on CBC Radio's Ideas during the week of 22 November. The book was named the Canadian Booksellers Association's 2005 Non-Fiction Book of the Year at their annual Libris Awards and short-listed for the first annual British Columbia Award for Canadian Non-Fiction. A hardcover edition title An Illustrated Short History of Progress was released with a print run of 15,000 copies in 2006. In The Globe and Mail, Canadian author Paul William Roberts praised the book, calling it "... the most important use of printed word and post-consumer recycled fibres I have seen since Jérôme Deshusses's Délivrez Prométhée, 25 years ago." Roberts explains, "[Wright] has such a firm grasp of his goal that scarcely a word is extraneous... You feel you've read volumes, though, not just because of the density of Wright's thoughts, but due to the crushing weight of the burden they carry. In prose that is balefully evocative


id: siberia-siberia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia,_Siberia-0.md
category: reference
title: Siberia, Siberia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia,_Siberia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:37.964486+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siberia-siberia-20260505-0
summary:
Siberia, Siberia (Russian: Сибирь, Сибирь...) is a non-fiction book by the Russian writer Valentin Rasputin. It was originally published in Russian in 1991 by Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guard). The second and third editions appeared in 2000 and 2006; an English translation is available as well. Rasputin is a Russian novelist based in Irkutsk in Eastern Siberia, and a master of the genre known as village prose. His fiction centers around the conflict of the traditional Siberian village lifestyle, characterized by its family values, unambiguous morality, and strong connection with one's ancestral culture and natural environment, with the modernizing developments of the post-World War II period. Since the mid-1970s, he has been increasingly involved in writing non-fiction essays and article, protesting against projects he views as environmentally destructive and advocating for the restoration of "Russian national consciousness". His Siberia, Siberia is both an excursion into the human history of the region, and a diatribe against the industrial developments and infrastructure projects "of the last three decades" (i.e. roughly 1960–1990) that he views as wrecking not only the region's natural environments and the rural way of life, but also the very moral fibre of the nation. == Book summary == Besides an


id: sierra-club-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club_Books-0.md
category: reference
title: Sierra Club Books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club_Books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:39.142863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sierra-club-books-20260505-0
summary:
Sierra Club Books was the publishing division, for both adults and children, of the Sierra Club, founded in 1960 by then club President David Brower. They were a United States publishing company located in San Francisco, California with a concentration on biological conservation. In 2014 the adult division of the organization was sold to Counterpoint LLC and the children's books division to Gibbs Smith. == History == The Sierra Club started its book program in 1952, when David Brower, an editor with the University of California Press, became the club's executive director. In 1954, they published the first of its climbers’ and hikers’ guides. In 1960, when the Sierra Club Books began, they published the ‘Exhibit Format Book Series’, a collection of nature photography and in 1964 they published their first color volume, Elliot Porter's In Wilderness Is the Preservation of the World. Volumes intended for club members had been published prior to 1960. In addition, books under their name had been published before 1960, but done through already established publishers, as was the case with This Is Dinosaur, published by Alfred A. Knopf. Their first in-house book, volume 1 in the Exhibit Format series, was This is the American


id: silence-of-the-songbirds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_of_the_Songbirds-0.md
category: reference
title: Silence of the Songbirds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_of_the_Songbirds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:40.314794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silence-of-the-songbirds-20260505-0
summary:
Silence of the Songbirds (ISBN 978-0-8027-1609-5) is a book by bird lover and scientist Bridget Stutchbury about the rapid decline and loss of many species of songbirds. Some major threats covered include pesticides, sun-grown coffee, city lights, cowbirds, and global warming. The book was published by HarperCollins in 2007 and has 243 pages. Kirkus Reviews published a review of the book on June 1, 2007, and compared it to Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. Stutchbury describes the link between Latin American deforestation and the loss of food for migratory birds, and the impact of large amounts of pesticides. However, deforestation is minimal for shade-grown coffee. She mentions additional threats to songbirds: light pollution, tall buildings, and wind farms. Despite the diminishing populations of songbirds in recent decades, she provides advice for their survival. == Media == === Canadian Broadcasting Corporation === CBC Radio, Quirks and Quarks, April 14, 2007 (fourth topic) (archived by the Wayback Machine) CBC.ca - Words at Large - Author Exclusives - Excerpt: Silence of the Songbirds, by Bridget Stutchbury === Print media === Tweet, tweet, you're dead, The Globe and Mail newspaper (archived by the Wayback Machine) == References == == External links == The Silence


id: silent-spring-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-0.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. Published on September 27, 1962, the book documented the environmental harm caused by the indiscriminate use of DDT, a pesticide used by soldiers during World War II. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting the industry's marketing claims unquestioningly. In the late 1950s, Carson began to work on environmental conservation, especially environmental problems that she believed (and would later learn) were caused by synthetic pesticides. The result of her research was Silent Spring, which brought environmental concerns to the American public. The book was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it swayed public opinion and led to a reversal in US pesticide policy, a nationwide ban on DDT for agricultural uses, and an environmental movement that led to the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency. In 2006, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of Discover magazine. == Research and writing == In the mid-1940s, Carson became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been developed through the military funding of science after World War II. The


id: silent-spring-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-1.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
By 1959, the USDA's Agricultural Research Service responded to the criticism by Carson and others with a public service film, Fire Ants on Trial; Carson called it "flagrant propaganda" that ignored the dangers that spraying pesticides posed to humans and wildlife. That spring, Carson wrote a letter, published in The Washington Post, that attributed the recent decline in bird populations—in her words, the "silencing of birds"—to pesticide overuse. The same year, the 1957, 1958, and 1959 crops of US cranberries were found to contain high levels of the herbicide aminotriazole and the sale of all cranberry products was halted. Carson attended the ensuing FDA hearings on revising pesticide regulations; she was discouraged by the aggressive tactics of the chemical industry representatives, which included expert testimony that was firmly contradicted by the bulk of the scientific literature she had been studying. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs". Research at the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health brought Carson into contact with medical researchers investigating the gamut of cancer-causing chemicals. Of particular significance was the work of National Cancer Institute researcher and founding director of the environmental cancer section Wilhelm Hueper, who


id: silent-spring-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-2.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
No responsible person contends that insect-borne disease should be ignored. The question that has now urgently presented itself is whether it is either wise or responsible to attack the problem by methods that are rapidly making it worse. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease through the control of insect vectors of infection, but it has heard little of the other side of the story—the defeats, the short-lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. Even worse, we may have destroyed our very means of fighting. Carson also said that "Malaria programmes are threatened by resistance among mosquitoes", and quoted the advice given by the director of Holland's Plant Protection Service: "Practical advice should be 'Spray as little as you possibly can' rather than 'Spray to the limit of your capacity'. Pressure on the pest population should always be as slight as possible." === Politics === At the time the book was written, environmental issues were excluded from mainstream political conversation in America. However, Carson believed that governments should consider what environmental impact a policy may have before implementing it; for example, in


id: silent-spring-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-3.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
== Promotion and reception == Carson and the others involved with publication of Silent Spring expected fierce criticism and were concerned about the possibility of being sued for libel. Carson was undergoing radiation therapy for her cancer and expected to have little energy to defend her work and respond to critics. In preparation for the anticipated attacks, Carson and her agent attempted to amass prominent supporters before the book's release. Most of the book's scientific chapters were reviewed by scientists with relevant expertise, among whom Carson found strong support. Carson attended the White House Conference on Conservation in May 1962; Houghton Mifflin distributed proof copies of Silent Spring to many of the delegates and promoted the upcoming serialization in The New Yorker. Carson also sent a proof copy to Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, a long-time environmental advocate who had argued against the court's rejection of the Long Island pesticide spraying case and had provided Carson with some of the material included in her chapter on herbicides. Though Silent Spring had generated a fairly high level of interest based on pre-publication promotion, this became more intense with its serialization, which began in the June 16, 1962, issue. This


id: silent-spring-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-4.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
== Translations == The book was translated into many languages including German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Russian and Italian. German: Der stumme Frühling, first edition 1963. French: Printemps silencieux, first edition 1963. Dutch: Dode lente, first edition 1964 or 1962 Japanese: 生と死の妙薬, first edition 1964. Successive prints post-2001 titled 沈黙の春 Russian: Безмолвная весна, first edition 1965. Swedish: Tyst vår, first edition 1963. Chinese: 寂静的春天, first edition 1979. Italian: Primavera silenziosa. Spanish: Primavera silenciosa. Danish: Det Tavse Forår. Finnish: Äänetön kevät, first edition 1962, after parts of the book were published in an 8-part article series by the largest subscription newspaper, Helsingin Sanomat (Helsinki times/news), earlier that year. == Impact == === Grassroots environmentalism and the EPA === Carson's work had a powerful impact on the environmental movement. Silent Spring became a rallying point for the new social movement in the 1960s. According to environmental engineer and Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes, "Silent Spring altered the balance of power in the world. No one since would be able to sell pollution as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically." Carson's work and the activism it inspired are partly responsible for the deep ecology movement and the strength of the grassroots


id: silent-spring-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-5.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
=== Debate over environmentalism and DDT restrictions === Carson has been targeted by some organizations opposed to the environmental movement, including Roger Bate of the pro-DDT advocacy group Africa Fighting Malaria and the libertarian think tank Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI); these sources oppose restrictions on DDT, attribute large numbers of deaths to such restrictions, and argue that Carson was responsible for them. These arguments have been dismissed as "outrageous" by former World Health Organization scientist Socrates Litsios. May Berenbaum, University of Illinois entomologist, says, "to blame environmentalists who oppose DDT for more deaths than Hitler is worse than irresponsible". Investigative journalist Adam Sarvana and others characterize this notion as a "myth" promoted principally by Bate. In the 1990s and 2000s, campaigns against the book intensified, in part due to efforts by the tobacco industry to cast larger doubt on science-driven policy as a way of contesting bans on smoking. In 2009, the heavily corporate-funded CEI set up a website falsely blaming Carson for deaths to malaria. This triggered a point-by-point rebuttal by biographer William Souder, who reviewed the distortions used by campaigners against Silent Spring. A 2012 review article in Nature by Rob Dunn commemorating the 50th anniversary of Silent


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Danish: Verdens sande tilstand, lit. 'The True State of the World') is a book by Danish author and statistician Bjørn Lomborg which focuses on the author's view of environmental economics and issues. It was first published in Danish in 1998 by Centrum, and in English by Cambridge University Press in 2001. Lomborg was inspired by an interview with economist Julian Lincoln Simon to undertake an assessment of publicly available data, and published his findings as a series of articles in Politiken. These formed the basis of the book, in which Lomborg argues against a range of what he considers overly pessimistic claims about environmental issues and their impact on human prosperity. Lomborg argues that environmentalists' concerns over pollution, environmental degradation, decline in natural resources, and climate change are overstated, and outlines his opposition to policy responses like the Kyoto Protocol, deeming them insufficient and causing more harm than good based on cost–benefit analysis. He argues in favour of focus instead being channelled to poverty reduction and combating diseases. The book generated great controversy and negative reviews upon its release. Lomborg's assertions, methodology and representation of sources were criticised by scientists


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-1.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
Human prosperity from an economic and demographic point of view. He argues prosperity, life expectancy, food and hunger and health have improved over the past centuries in most parts of the world, despite ongoing challenges such as HIV/AIDS. He dismisses Thomas Malthus' theory that increases in the world's population lead to widespread hunger. Human prosperity from an ecological point of view. Lomborg examines the state of natural resources and draws a conclusion that contrasts to that of the well known report The Limits to Growth. He argues that food is increasing, with the exception of fish which is depleting. He argues that there is no indication of widespread deforestation, and economic growth is a solution to the issue in developing countries. Lomborg asserts that rare materials and oil are not being depleted as fast as is claimed, and that improvements of technology will provide people with fossil fuels for years to come. Lomborg says that water conflicts will not take place because they are not cost-effective, and argues in favour of better water management. Pollution as a threat to human prosperity. He connects air pollution and water pollution with economic growth, and argues that faster economic growth will reduce their


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-2.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
The Union of Concerned Scientists published a critique of the book, highlighting reviews by Peter Gleick, Jerry D. Mahlman, Thomas Lovejoy, Norman Myers, Jeffrey Harvey, E. O. Wilson and Stuart Pimm. They concluded that the book fits squarely in a tradition of contrarian environmental works, which may gain temporary prominence but ultimately fail to stand up to scientific scrutiny. Harvey compared the book unfavourably to University undergraduate quality, and added "ecology is the most complex of sciences and Lomborg has never done a shred of work in the field". In a letter, Wilson said that the greatest regret he had about the book was "the time wasted by scientists correcting the misinformation created." In January 2002, a heading from Scientific American read, "Misleading Math about the Earth" and contained set of essays written by scientists on the book. The article concluded that The Skeptical Environmentalist misrepresented both scientific evidence and opinion. The journal also refused Lomborg's request of publishing a defense print of 32 pages, rather a page in the later May issue in 2002. The magazine later published his complete rebuttal on its website, along with the counter rebuttals of John Rennie and John P. Holdren. Nature also published


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-3.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
I am neither a statistician nor a scientist, and I lack the skill to judge Lomborg's reworkings of the statistics of conventional wisdom. But I am worried that on virtually every topic he touches, he reaches conclusions radically different from almost everybody else. That seems to suggest that most scientists are wrong, short-sighted, naïve, interested only in securing research funds, or deliberately dancing to the campaigners' tune. Most I know are honest, intelligent and competent. So it beggars belief to suppose that Professor Lomborg is the only one in step, every single time. Kirby's first concern was not with the extensive research and statistical analysis, but the conclusions drawn from them, concluding: "In the rational world that Bjørn Lomborg thinks we all inhabit, we would manage problems sensibly, one by one. But the real world is messier, more unpredictable—and more impatient." === Reception of media coverage === Shortly after its release, the World Resources Institute and World Wide Fund for Nature published a nine-point critique of Lomborg's work and credentials specifically targeted at journalists, advising them to "proceed with caution" in their coverage of the book. One critical article, "The Skeptical Environmentalist: A Case Study in the Manufacture of News",


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-4.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation review and response === On 13 February 2003, Lomborg filed a complaint against the DCSD's decision with the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MSTI), which oversees the group. On 17 December, the Ministry released a report identifying a number of procedural errors had made, although did not refute any criticisms of the book. It criticised the DCSD for not identifying specific areas of error and for not providing an opportunity for Lomborg to respond before the report's publication. The Ministry then remitted the case to the DCSD, and instructed the DCSD to decide whether to reinvestigate. On 12 March 2004, the Committee formally decided not to act further on the complaints, reasoning that renewed scrutiny would, in all likelihood, result in the same conclusion. == Legacy == Jim Giles wrote a 2003 retrospective on the book in Nature, saying it was "packed with facts and figures, yet it was the emotional response that it inspired that will be best remembered," and argued that it would have little long-lasting influence. Giles suggested the intense critical reaction from scientists and environmental groups was driven by fears that the book's talking points would be adopted


id: small-is-beautiful-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful-0.md
category: reference
title: Small Is Beautiful
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:45.150015+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: small-is-beautiful-20260505-0
summary:
Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered is a collection of essays published in 1973 by German-born British economist E. F. Schumacher. The title "Small Is Beautiful" came from a principle espoused by Schumacher's teacher Leopold Kohr (1909–1994) advancing small, appropriate technologies, policies, and polities as a superior alternative to the mainstream ethos of "bigger is better". Overlapping environmental, social, and economic forces such as the 1973 energy crisis and popularisation of the concept of globalisation helped bring Schumacher's Small Is Beautiful critiques of mainstream economics to a wider audience during the 1970s. In 1995 The Times Literary Supplement ranked Small Is Beautiful among the 100 most influential books published since World War II. A further edition with commentaries was published in 1999. Honoring the 50th anniversary of Small is Beautiful in 2023, the Schumacher Center for a New Economics commissioned an updated study guide from British author and Journalist David Boyle. == Synopsis == Small Is Beautiful is divided into four parts: "The Modern World", "Resources", "The Third World", and "Organization and Ownership". Part I – summarizes the economic world of the early 1970s from Schumacher's perspective. In the first chapter, "The Problem of Production",


id: small-is-profitable-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Profitable-0.md
category: reference
title: Small Is Profitable
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Profitable
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:46.277096+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: small-is-profitable-20260505-0
summary:
Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size is a 2002 book by energy analyst Amory Lovins and others. The book describes 207 ways in which the size of "electrical resources"—devices that make, save, or store electricity—affects their economic value. It finds that properly accounting for the economic benefits of "distributed" (decentralized) electrical resources typically raises their value by a large factor, perhaps tenfold, through improved system planning, utility construction and operation (especially off the grid), and service quality, and by avoiding social costs. This should change how distributed resources are marketed and used, and make policy and business opportunities explicit. Small Is Profitable was named 'Book of the Year' by The Economist magazine. == See also == Brittle Power Soft energy technology List of books by Amory Lovins Small business V2G == References ==


id: state-of-the-world-book-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_World_(book_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: State of the World (book series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_World_(book_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:47.478711+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: state-of-the-world-book-series-20260505-0
summary:
The State of the World (SoW) was a series of books published annually from 1984 to 2017 by the U.S. based Worldwatch Institute, a thinktank that was founded in the 1970s by renowned environmentalist Lester R. Brown and ceased operations in 2017. The series attempted to identify the planet's most significant environmental challenges. The 2010 edition discussed different ways of changing current cultures such that it felt as natural to live sustainably as living as a consumer felt at the time. The 2011 edition looked at the global food crisis and surrounding environmental and social problems, with a particular emphasis on global innovations that could help solve that worldwide problem. The 2012 edition showcased innovative projects, creative policies, and fresh approaches that were advancing sustainable development in the twenty-first century. The 2013 edition defined the term sustainability, and assessed attempts to cultivate it. == Editions == State of the World 1984 ISBN 0-393-30176-1 State of the World 1985 ISBN 0-393-30218-0 State of the World 1986 ISBN 0-393-30255-5 State of the World 1987 ISBN 0-393-30389-6 State of the World 1988 ISBN 0-393-30440-X State of the World 1989 ISBN 0-393-30567-8 State of the World 1990 ISBN 0-393-30614-3 State of the World 1991


id: states-of-nature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nature-0.md
category: reference
title: States of Nature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:48.636425+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: states-of-nature-20260505-0
summary:
States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century is a 2006 book by Canadian historian Tina Loo. The book analyzes the history of nature conservation in Canada throughout the 20th century, paying particular attention to the contributions of and interactions between both state and private actors, effectively tracing "shifting and conflicting attitudes toward the natural world" and the "roles of the state, urban sportsmen, and rural peoples, from resource workers to First Nations." Loo argues that over the course of the century wildlife conservation came increasingly under the purview of the state, yet had firm roots in informal, localized practices. She highlights this expanding bureaucratic and scientific state presence as being part of a larger process of "rural colonization," but also shows how private groups and individuals continued to play an important role in adapting and implementing conservation practices. Ultimately, Loo argues that wildlife conservation was shaped by, and ultimately shaped in turn, Canadians' values about their relationship with the natural world. == Contents == The opening chapters of States of Nature document the legal and practical background and changing nature of conservation in Canada, highlighting the different roles and values of various actors as the centralized state


id: storm-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Storm World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:49.775647+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: storm-world-20260505-0
summary:
Storm World: Hurricanes, Politics, and the Battle over Global Warming is a 2007 book by Chris Mooney. Mooney discusses tensions between two different approaches to analyzing global warming and its effect on hurricanes. == Overview == After witnessing the devastation of his mothers house in Hurricane Katrina Mooney was concerned that government policy failed to consider worst-case scenarios when planning for the future even after that disaster. He explores whether global warming will affect hurricanes in general even if it cannot explain the specifics of any individual storm. Mooney found there were two camps in storm research one that felt the field should be based on data and another looking into deductions based on theories derived from physics. Surrounding this divide are politics, personalities and the drama of powerful storms. The question of the effect of global warming on storms and the difficulty reaching conclusions intensified the conflict. Mooney renders this into an accessible and compelling narrative with vivid portrayals of the scientists, accounts of new discoveries and their acceptance or denial by scientists and politicians. The integration of both research methods by some scientists gives Mooney hope and he concludes that in order to be effective scientists must be


id: storms-of-my-grandchildren-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storms_of_My_Grandchildren-0.md
category: reference
title: Storms of My Grandchildren
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storms_of_My_Grandchildren
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:50.920443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: storms-of-my-grandchildren-20260505-0
summary:
Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity is climate scientist James Hansen's first book, published by Bloomsbury Press in 2009. The book is about threats to people and habitability for life on Earth from global warming. == Themes == In the book, Hansen describes how the burning of fossil fuels is changing our climate and argues that this is putting Earth into imminent peril. He suggests that millions of species, and humanity itself, are threatened. The title of the book, Storms of My Grandchildren, refers to the ferocious and stormy weather events that will occur in the next generation if fossil fuel use continues in the way it has. In Hansen's evaluation, the response of politicians to this crisis has mainly been "greenwashing", where their proposals sound good but amount to little. Hansen says that we immediately need to cut back atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions such that atmospheric concentrations are stabilized at 350 ppm or less, in order to avoid environmental disasters for generations to come. He advocates prompt phaseout of coal plant emissions, plus improved forestry and agricultural practices. Hansen supports a carbon tax returned to citizens as


id: straight-up-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Straight Up (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:52.700139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straight-up-book-20260505-0
summary:
Straight Up: America's Fiercest Climate Blogger Takes on the Status Quo Media, Politicians, and Clean Energy Solutions is a book by author, blogger, physicist and climate expert Joseph J. Romm. A Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and former Acting Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy, Romm writes about methods of reducing global warming and increasing energy security through energy efficiency, green energy technologies and green transportation technologies. Romm writes and edits the climate blog ClimateProgress.org for the Center for American Progress, where he is a Senior Fellow. Time magazine named this blog one of the "Top 15 Green Websites" and called Romm "The Web's most influential climate-change blogger", naming him as one of its "Heroes of the Environment (2009)". Straight Up was released on April 19, 2010, by Island Press. It is "largely a selection of [Romm]'s best blog postings over the past few years related to climate change issues". TreeHugger describes the book as "a whirlwind tour through the state of climate change, the media that so badly neglects it, the politicians who attempt to address it (and those who obstruct their efforts and ignore [the] science), and the clean energy solutions


id: straight-up-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Straight Up (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:52.700139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straight-up-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Initial reviews === A review in USA Today called the book "a gut-wrenching wakeup call". Thomas L. Friedman, in his op-ed column in The New York Times, called the book "insightful", agreeing with Romm's arguments in the book that the proposed "cap and trade" climate bill "is a step in the right direction toward reducing greenhouse gases and expanding our base of clean power technologies". Former US Vice-President Al Gore endorsed the book as "important" on his blog, writing, "If you are interested in the fight to solve the climate crisis, I recommend you read this book." The book has been reviewed by many of the "green" websites. For example, the blog of the American Solar Energy Society, Solar Today, commented, "It's a collection of spirited and readable critiques of the delaying forces – the corporations and institutions who want to see no changes in national policies and tax codes that now work to make them rich. In particular, Romm eviscerates the American news establishment for ignoring climate catastrophe issues". ... It's full of solid fact-based arguments, properly referenced within the text (no footnotes!), along with a lot of low-carbon fire and brimstone. Daily Kos commented, "Romm's forceful, impassioned


id: straight-up-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Straight Up (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:52.700139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straight-up-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Later assessments === In June 2010, FDL Book Salon said of the book, "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. By pulling together the very best content from the blog and thoughtfully organizing it in a logical way, the book achieves ... cohesiveness. ... [What makes Romm's] writing on climate change and energy policy so valuable is his comprehensive knowledge of the subject matter." A review the same month in the New Zealand climate blog Hot Topic contains a detailed summary of the book. A July 2010 review in RenewableEnergyWorld.com agreed with Romm that "with the little time we have left to avert climate chaos, we must devote most of our resources to deploying existing technologies like solar, wind and geothermal that we know can bring atmospheric carbon back down down to safe levels." In July 2010, Bill McKibben wrote in Washington Monthly: Romm ... knows his climate science ... cold. Trained as a physicist, he is unintimidated by scholarly work, and is able to synthesize huge amounts of complex data. He has been a persuasive voice for the most important truth about global warming: that it is a far worse problem than either politicians or


id: straw-dogs-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Straw Dogs (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:53.867066+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straw-dogs-book-20260505-0
summary:
Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals is a 2002 book by the philosopher John Gray. In the book, Gray attacks humanism and traces its origins back to Christianity. The book is divided into six chapters, which in turn are subdivided into short essays on different topics. Gray attacks humanism as a worldview in conflict with the view of humanity as part of the evolution of life on the planet. He sees humanism as a secular version of the Christian view of humans as differentiated from the natural world. Gray blames humanism, and its central view of humanity, for much of the destruction of the natural world, and sees technology as just a tool by which humans will continue destroying the planet and each other. He advocates James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis, whereby the natural world self-regulates to maintain the conditions of life in the planet, without any special place for humanity in it. == Reception == Straw Dogs has received particular praise from English author J. G. Ballard, who wrote that the book "challenges most of our assumptions about what it means to be human, and convincingly shows that most of them are delusions" and described it "a powerful


id: tasmania-s-wilderness-battles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania's_Wilderness_Battles-0.md
category: reference
title: Tasmania's Wilderness Battles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania's_Wilderness_Battles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:55.020197+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tasmania-s-wilderness-battles-20260505-0
summary:
Tasmania's Wilderness Battles: A History is a 2008 book by environmentalist Greg Buckman, who has "spent [his life] fighting Tasmanian environmental battles." The book looks at the wilderness areas of Tasmania which have been the focus of extensive conflict over environmental issues. Buckman presents a record of some of the significant events in that conflict, primarily from the viewpoint of an environmentalist. == Overview == The book has several primary themes, including: Hydro Tasmania, about the issues of the Franklin Dam and Lake Pedder Forestry, with the final section focusing on Gunns Mining, focusing on Mount Lyell National Parks The black and white photographs included capture the iconic characters of the major environmental battles of the era being examined, and include images of Eric Reece, Olegas Truchanas, Doug Lowe, and Bob Brown. Tasmania's Wilderness Battles is one of a number of books that were published in connection with the 25th anniversary of the halting of the Franklin Dam project, one of the campaigns which is described in the book, and in which Buckman was active. He has also been involved in campaigns to save Tasmania's forests. Since the early 1990s he has been associated with the Tasmanian and Australian Greens.


id: a-temperate-empire-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Temperate_Empire-0.md
category: reference
title: A Temperate Empire
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Temperate_Empire
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:56.236357+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-temperate-empire-20260505-0
summary:
A Temperate Empire: Making Climate Change in Early America is a 2016 book by historian Anya Zilberstein. == Contents == A Temperate Empire explores perceptions of climate among colonists and colonial scientists in New England and Nova Scotia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This time span corresponded with the Little Ice Age, a period of lower average global temperatures. Zilberstein examines how the harsh but varied climates of the "New World" challenged popular conceptions of the global climate being latitudinal, or the idea that arctic, temperate, and tropical climates surrounded the globe at particular latitudes. Although such conceptions proved to be false, they were considered integral to attracting European settlers to New World colonies. Moreover, Zilberstein documents how scientists and officials reacted to this challenge by advancing an understanding that emphasized the ability of humans to affect and improve the climate, primarily through agricultural cultivation. Colonists argued that settlers could create a warmer and more hospitable climate by "improving" the land, making the region suitable for further settlement. As such, A Temperate Empire demonstrates that debates about climate change and humanity's role in changing the climate extend back well before the modern era. The book also examines the ways


id: throwim-way-leg-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwim_Way_Leg-0.md
category: reference
title: Throwim Way Leg
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwim_Way_Leg
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:57.431038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: throwim-way-leg-20260505-0
summary:
Throwim Way Leg is a 1998 book written by Australian scientist Tim Flannery. It documents Flannery's experiences conducting scientific research in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Western New Guinea. The book describes the flora and fauna of the island and the cultures of its various peoples. The title is an anglicised spelling of the New Guinean Pidgin "Tromoi Lek," to go on a journey. Flannery recounts his 15 trips to New Guinea beginning in 1981, when he was aged 26. He identifies at least 17 previously undescribed species during this period. == References == == External links == Throwim' Way Leg: Tree-Kangaroos, Possums, and Penis Gourds excerpt and text search There Goes the Neighborhood NY Times review of Throwim Way Leg


id: toms-river-a-story-of-science-and-salvation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River:_A_Story_of_Science_and_Salvation-0.md
category: reference
title: Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River:_A_Story_of_Science_and_Salvation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:59.911082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: toms-river-a-story-of-science-and-salvation-20260505-0
summary:
Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation is a 2013 nonfiction book by the American author Dan Fagin. It is about the dumping of industrial pollution by chemical companies including Ciba-Geigy, in Toms River, New Jersey, beginning in 1952 through the 1980s, and the epidemiological investigations of a cancer cluster that subsequently emerged there. The book won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, the 2014 Helen Bernstein Book Award for Excellence in Journalism, and the 2014 National Academies Communication Award. == Editions == Dan Fagin (March 19, 2013). Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation. Bantam. ISBN 978-0553806533. Audiobook narrated by Dan Woren, published by Random House Audio, March 19, 2013 E-book editions == References == == External links == The Diane Rehm Show, NPR, April 2013


id: trading-up-vogel-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Up_(Vogel_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Trading Up (Vogel book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Up_(Vogel_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:01.077699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trading-up-vogel-book-20260505-0
summary:
Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy (Harvard University Press 1995, ISBN 0-674-90084-7) is a book by UC Berkeley political scientist and business professor, David Vogel. It examines the impact of free trade on environmental regulations. It analyzes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, and the treaties that created the European Community and Union, and looks at cases including the GATT tuna-dolphin dispute, the EC's beef hormone ban, the Danish bottle case. Some environmentalists have expressed concern that trade liberalization and acceptance of trade rules (with, for example, the World Trade Organization) will retard and even undermine national regulations for consumer protection and environmental improvement, as in the tuna-dolphin case. These observers are also concerned about competition among nations for footloose industries. This interesting book systematically examines the original European Community, the Single European Act, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its 1979 standards code, the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Area, and the more recent North American Free Trade Agreement, as well as the states in the free trade area of the United States. Vogel finds that, while counterexamples do exist, trade


id: the-triumph-of-doubt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Doubt-0.md
category: reference
title: The Triumph of Doubt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Doubt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:02.213180+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-triumph-of-doubt-20260505-0
summary:
The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception is a book by David Michaels that was published in 2020. An adaptation of material from the book was published in January 2020 in Boston Review. == Overview == Triumph of Doubt begins with an introductory first chapter and an overview chapter entitled "The Science of Deception." Most subsequent chapters then focus on ways that corporations have with greater or lesser success managed to obscure public understanding of scientific findings regarding specific types of products or concerns. For example, individual chapters focus on chemicals ("The Forever Chemicals," Chapter 3), concussions experienced by football players ("The NFL's Head Doctors," Chapter 4), opioids ("On Opioids," Chapter 7), climate change ("The Climate Denial Machine," Chapter 11), and sugar ("Sickeningly Sweet," Chapter 12). == Reviews and interviews == Triumph of Doubt has been reviewed in Science Magazine, Nature, Undark Magazine, by the Union of Concerned Scientists, and in the San Francisco Review of Books (blog). Interviews with Michaels about the book have been published in Salon, in the Chronicle of Higher Education, and in E&E News. == Editions == Michaels, David (2020). The triumph of doubt: dark money and the science of deception.


id: turtle-island-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Island_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Turtle Island (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Island_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:03.397845+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turtle-island-book-20260505-0
summary:
Turtle Island is a book of poems and essays written by Gary Snyder and published by New Directions in 1974. The writings express Snyder's vision for humans to live in harmony with the earth and all its creatures. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1975. "Turtle Island" is a name for the continent of North America used by many Native American tribes. == Background == By the late 1950s, Snyder had established himself as one of the major American poets of his generation. He was associated with both the Beat Generation and the regional San Francisco Renaissance. He spent much of the 1960s traveling between California and Japan, where he studied Zen. In 1966, he met Masa Uehara while in Osaka. They married the following year and had their first child, Kai, in April 1968; by December, Snyder and his new family moved to California. His return coincided with the highest crest of 1960s counterculture, as well as the nascent environmental movement. He was received as an elder statesman by both the hippies and the environmentalists, and he became a public intellectual who gave public lectures, making television appearances, and publishing new writing. Many of the


id: the-ultimate-resource-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ultimate Resource
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:04.586099+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ultimate-resource-20260505-0
summary:
The Ultimate Resource is a 1981 book written by Julian Lincoln Simon challenging the notion that humanity was running out of natural resources. It was updated in 1996 as The Ultimate Resource 2. == Overview == The overarching thesis on why there is no resource crisis is that as a particular resource becomes more scarce, its price rises. This price rise creates an incentive for people to discover more of the resource, ration and recycle it, and eventually, develop substitutes. The "ultimate resource" is not any particular physical object but the capacity for humans to invent and adapt. === Scarcity === The work opens with an explanation of scarcity, noting its relation to price; high prices denote relative scarcity and low prices indicate abundance. Simon usually measures prices in wage-adjusted terms, since this is a measure of how much labor is required to purchase a fixed amount of a particular resource. Since prices for most raw materials (e.g., copper) have fallen between 1800 and 1990 (adjusting for wages and adjusting for inflation), Simon argues that this indicates that those materials have become less scarce. === Forecasting === Simon makes a distinction between "engineering” and "economic" forecasting. Engineering forecasting consists of


id: under-a-white-sky-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_a_White_Sky-0.md
category: reference
title: Under a White Sky
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_a_White_Sky
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:05.782240+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: under-a-white-sky-20260505-0
summary:
Under a White Sky: The Nature of the Future is a 2021 environmental book by Elizabeth Kolbert. The book follows many of the themes she explored in The Sixth Extinction. == Summary == Under a White Sky is focused on the various kinds of environmental crises created by the Anthropocene and different degrees of technological solutions available to humanity to address them – while also being critical of full-blown techno-solutionism. The title refers to the most extreme climate change mitigation strategy, solar geoengineering, designed to reflect sunlight from the earth. Throughout the book she explores how a technological fix for one problem can lead to further problems while also acknowledging the important role those technologies might play. == Reception == Reception of the book was generally positive. The Washington Post praised it for "expertly mix[ing] travelogue, science reporting, and explanatory journalism, all with the authority of a writer confident enough to acknowledge ambiguity." The New York Times review focused on how the book explores the ambiguities of our current environmental crisis. A NPR review described the book as "tell[ing] by showing. Without beating the reader over the head, she makes it clear how far we already are from a world


id: the-uninhabitable-earth-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uninhabitable_Earth_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Uninhabitable Earth (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uninhabitable_Earth_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:06.949374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-uninhabitable-earth-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming is a 2019 non-fiction book by David Wallace-Wells about the consequences of global warming. It was inspired by his New York magazine article "The Uninhabitable Earth" (2017). == Synopsis == The book fleshes out Wallace-Wells' original New York magazine piece in more detail, dovetailing into discussions surrounding various possibilities for Earth's future across a spectrum of predicted future temperature ranges. Wallace-Wells' argues that even with active intervention, the effects of climate change will have catastrophic impacts across multiple spheres: rising sea levels, extreme weather events, extinctions, disease outbreaks, fires, droughts, famines, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and increased geopolitical conflict, among other calamities. While the book is not focused on solutions, it recognizes solutions exist to prevent the worst of the damages: "a carbon tax and the political apparatus to aggressively phase out dirty energy; a new approach to agricultural practices and a shift away from beef and dairy in the global diet; and public investment in green energy and carbon capture". == Reception == The book has been both praised and criticized for its dramatic depictions of future life on Earth. As The Economist stated, "Some readers will find Mr. Wallace-Wells’s outline of possible


id: the-upside-of-down-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upside_of_Down_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Upside of Down (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upside_of_Down_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:08.085761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-upside-of-down-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization (ISBN 0-676-97722-7) is a non-fiction book published in 2006 by Thomas Homer-Dixon, a professor who at the time was the director of the Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at University of Toronto. The book sets out a theory of the growth, crisis, and renewal of societies. The world's converging energy, environmental, and political stresses could cause a breakdown of national and global order. Yet there are things we can do now to keep such a breakdown from being catastrophic. And some kinds of breakdown could even open up extraordinary opportunities for creative, bold reform of our societies, if we are prepared to exploit these opportunities when they arise. == Content and style == The prologue of the book provides an overview of the main argument. It begins in San Francisco during the great 1906 fire that destroyed the city, then moves on to Rome, 2003, with some reflections on the remnants of a once powerful global empire. The prologue finishes with a perilously fast car ride along unfamiliar country roads in dense fog. These three seemingly unrelated accounts illustrate the basic premises of the book: our fate


id: voices-from-the-gathering-storm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voices_from_the_Gathering_Storm-0.md
category: reference
title: Voices from the Gathering Storm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voices_from_the_Gathering_Storm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:09.262656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: voices-from-the-gathering-storm-20260505-0
summary:
Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Web of Ecological-Societal Crisis is a 2005 non-fiction book that was published by Word Association Publishers and edited by Joseph Arcos, Mary Argus and Frederick DiCarlo. == Synopsis == A collection of essays that discuss social, cultural, and technological factors contributing to our environmental predicament. It proposes the need for a change in the religion of consumption, a change in our definitions of progress and success from increased consumption to increased stewardship of our diminishing resources and shrinking planet. == Contributors == Thomas Berry Sharon L. Camp Francesco diCastri Daniel D. Chiras Herman Daly Matthew P. Fox Michael Gregory Joel Hilliker Kaye H. Kilburn Margaret L. Kripke Janice D. Longstreth Lester Milbrath Stephen S. Morse Hugh Pitcher John Poppy Van Rensselaer Potter Ellen K. Silbergeld James A. Swa == Reception == The Midwest Book Review positively reviewed Voices from the Gathering Storm, calling it "expertly compiled" and a "remarkable body of study". The Times-News also praised the book, saying it was "carefully researched" and "hard-hitting". == References == == External links == Voices From the Gathering Storm


id: walden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-0.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Walden (; first published as Walden; or, Life in the Woods) is an 1854 book by American transcendentalist writer Henry David Thoreau. The text is a reflection upon the author's simple living in natural surroundings. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and—to some degree—a manual for self-reliance. Walden details Thoreau's experiences over the course of two years, two months, and two days in a cabin he built near Walden Pond amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau makes precise scientific observations of nature as well as metaphorical and poetic uses of natural phenomena. He identifies many plants and animals by both their popular and scientific names, records in detail the color and clarity of different bodies of water, precisely dates and describes the freezing and thawing of the pond, and recounts his experiments to measure the depth and shape of the bottom of the supposedly "bottomless" Walden Pond. == Background == There has been much speculation as to why Thoreau went to live at the pond in the first place. E. B. White stated on this note, "Henry went forth to battle when


id: walden-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-1.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Where I Lived, and What I Lived For: Thoreau recollects thoughts of places he stayed at before selecting Walden Pond, and quotes Roman philosopher Cato's advice "consider buying a farm very carefully before signing the papers". His possibilities included a nearby Hollowell farm (where the "wife" unexpectedly decided she wanted to keep the farm). Thoreau takes to the woods dreaming of an existence free of obligations and full of leisure. He announces that he resides far from social relationships that mail represents (post office) and the majority of the chapter focuses on his thoughts while constructing and living in his new home at Walden. Reading: Thoreau discusses the benefits of classical literature, preferably in the original Greek or Latin, and bemoans the lack of sophistication in Concord evident in the popularity of unsophisticated literature. He also loved to read books by world travelers. He yearns for a time when each New England village will support "wise men" to educate and thereby ennoble the population. Sounds: Thoreau encourages the reader to be "forever on the alert" and "looking always at what is to be seen". Although truth can be found in literature, it can also be found in nature. In addition


id: walden-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-2.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
One must love that of the wild just as much as one loves that of the good. What men already know instinctively is true humanity. The hunter is the greatest friend of the animal which is hunted. No human older than an adolescent would wantonly murder any creature which reveres its own life as much as the killer. If the day and the night make one joyful, one is successful. The highest form of self-restraint is when one can subsist not on other animals, but of plants and crops cultivated from the earth. Brute Neighbors: This chapter is a simplified version of one of Thoreau's conversations with William Ellery Channing, who sometimes accompanied Thoreau on fishing trips when Channing had come up from Concord. The conversation is about a hermit (Thoreau) and a poet (Channing) and how the poet is absorbed in the clouds while the hermit is occupied with the more practical task of getting fish for dinner and how in the end, the poet regrets his failure to catch fish. The chapter also mentions Thoreau's interaction with a mouse that he lives with, a scene in which an ant battles a smaller ant, and his frequent encounters with


id: walden-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-3.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Self-reliance: Thoreau constantly refuses to be in "need" of the companionship of others. Though he realizes its significance and importance, he thinks it unnecessary to always be in search for it. Self-reliance, to him, is economic and social and is a principle that in terms of financial and interpersonal relations is more valuable than anything. To Thoreau, self-reliance can be both spiritual as well as economic. Self-reliance was a key tenet of transcendentalism, famously expressed in Emerson's essay "Self-Reliance". Simplicity: Simplicity seems to be Thoreau's model for life. Throughout the book, Thoreau constantly seeks to simplify his lifestyle: he patches his clothes rather than buy new ones, he minimizes his consumer activity, and relies on leisure time and on himself for everything. Progress: In a world where everyone and everything is eager to advance in terms of progress, Thoreau finds it stubborn and skeptical to think that any outward improvement of life can bring inner peace and contentment. The need for spiritual awakening: Spiritual awakening is the way to find and realize the truths of life which are often buried under the mounds of daily affairs. Thoreau holds the spiritual awakening to be a quintessential component of life. It is


id: walden-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-4.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Walden enjoyed some success upon its release, but still took five years to sell 2,000 copies, and then went out of print until Thoreau's death in 1862. Despite its slow beginnings, later critics have praised it as an American classic that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty. The American poet, Robert Frost, wrote of Thoreau, "In one book ... he surpasses everything we have had in America". It is often assumed that critics initially ignored Walden, and that those who reviewed the book were evenly split or slightly more negative than positive in their assessment of it. But, researchers have shown that Walden actually was "more favorably and widely received by Thoreau's contemporaries than hitherto suspected". Of the 66 initial reviews that have been found so far, 46 "were strongly favorable". Some reviews were rather superficial, merely recommending the book or predicting its success with the public; others were more lengthy, detailed, and nuanced with both positive and negative comments. Positive comments included praise for Thoreau's independence, practicality, wisdom, "manly simplicity", and fearlessness. Less than three weeks after the book's publication, Thoreau's mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, proclaimed, "All American kind are delighted with Walden as far as they have dared


id: walden-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-5.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
The Dutch writer and psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden used the ideas from this book to create his own vision, back to the nature, at the commune Walden in the Netherlands in 1898. In the 1948 book Walden Two by behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner the experimental Walden Two Community is mentioned as having the benefits of living in a place like Thoreau's Walden, but "with company". Jonas Mekas' 1968 film Walden is loosely inspired by the book. The film All That Heaven Allows (1955) is clearly influenced by Thoreau, with the protagonist Cary Scott (Jane Wyman) reading lines from Walden. Jean Craighead George's My Side of the Mountain trilogy (1959) draws heavily from themes expressed in Walden. Protagonist Sam Gribley is nicknamed "Thoreau" by an English teacher he befriends. Shane Carruth's second film Upstream Color (2013) features Walden as a central item of its story, and draws heavily on the themes expressed by Thoreau. In 1962, William Melvin Kelley titled his first novel, A Different Drummer, after a famous quote from Walden: "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." The quote, as well as another stanza from the


id: the-weather-makers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Makers-0.md
category: reference
title: The Weather Makers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Makers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:11.548828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-weather-makers-20260505-0
summary:
The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change is a 2005 book by Australian scientist Tim Flannery. It discusses climate change, its scientific basis and effects, and potential solutions. The book received critical acclaim. It won the major prize at the 2006 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, and was short-listed for the 2010 Jan Michalski Prize for Literature. Flannery reflected in 2015 on its impact, after it was read by several high-profile decision makers. == Description == The book includes 36 short essays predicting the consequences of global warming and has been translated into over twenty languages. The book reviews evidence of historical climate change and attempts to compare this with the current era. The book argues that if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase at current rates, the resulting climate change will cause mass species extinctions. The book also asserts that global temperatures have already risen enough to cause the annual monsoon rains in the Sahel region of Africa to diminish, causing droughts and desertification. This in turn, according to Flannery, has contributed to the conflict in the Darfur region through competition for disappearing resources. Further consequences, argued in the book, include increasing hurricane


id: the-weather-of-the-future-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_of_the_Future-0.md
category: reference
title: The Weather of the Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_of_the_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:12.746063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-weather-of-the-future-20260505-0
summary:
The Weather of the Future: Heat Waves, Extreme Storms, and Other Scenes From a Climate-Changed Planet (ISBN 978-0-06-172688-0) is a 2010 book by climatologist Heidi Cullen. Cullen takes as her starting point the "clear and present dangers" posed by the greenhouse gases which result from the burning fossil fuels. She offers a vision of what life might be like in a warmer world. Cullen predicts "more frequent and more violent storms, more hot spells, cold spells, droughts, famines and huge waves of desperate refugees". == See also == An Inconvenient Truth Climate refugee Effects of climate change Extreme weather Global warming controversy Storms of My Grandchildren The Weather Makers == References == == External links == Excerpt from the book


id: wet-prairie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Prairie-0.md
category: reference
title: Wet Prairie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Prairie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:13.972510+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wet-prairie-20260505-0
summary:
Wet Prairie: People, Land, and Water in Agricultural Manitoba is a 2011 book by Canadian historian Shannon Stunden Bower. The book examines the history of settlement and farming in the unique landscape of southern Manitoba, notable for its poor drainage and thus high levels of moisture that contrast with the aridity of much of the Great Plains. Stunden Bower uses this unique context to focus on the development of liberalism on the Prairies, from the late nineteenth into the twentieth centuries, highlighting tensions between private property and state intervention and between agricultural development and wetland conservation. The book uses the term "colloquial liberalisms" to describe how variable landscapes shaped local interpretations of liberalism, highlighting the ways in which ideologies interact with the environment. In this case, drainage needs and policy created "differing understandings of the appropriate interplay of individual land rights with government tax or environmental policies." Wet Prairie ultimately demonstrates "that Canada’s (and thus any nation’s) political history cannot fully be understood without paying attention to the environment." == Awards and recognition == Wet Prairie has won numerous awards, including the 2012 Clio Prize for the Prairies from the Canadian Historical Association, the 2012 K.D. Srivastava Prize from UBC


id: when-corporations-rule-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Corporations_Rule_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: When Corporations Rule the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Corporations_Rule_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:15.119126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: when-corporations-rule-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
When Corporations Rule the World is a 1995 non-fiction book by David Korten. Korten examines the evolution of corporations in the United States and argues that "corporate libertarians" have "twisted" the ideas of Adam Smith's view of the role of private companies. Korten critiques current methods of economic development led by the Bretton Woods institutions and asserts his desire to rebalance the power of multinational corporations with concern for environmental sustainability and what he terms "people-centered development". He advocates a 50% tax on advertising. Korten criticises consumerism, market deregulation, free trade, privatization and what he sees as the global consolidation of corporate power. Above all he rejects any focus on money as the purpose of economic life. His prescriptions include excluding corporations from political participation, increased state and global control of international corporations and finance, rendering financial speculation unprofitable and creating local economies that rely on local resources, rather than international trade. == Responses == In a review of the book in Left Business Observer #71 in January 1996, Doug Henwood observed: [Korten] offers a vision of "a market economy composed primarily, though not exclusively, of family enterprises, small-scale co-ops, worker-owned firms, and neighborhood and municipal corporations." Much of this


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-0.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
The Whole Earth Catalog (WEC) was an American counterculture magazine and product catalog. Stewart Brand, a biologist, photographer and writer, conceived the idea for it; he was the Catalog’s original editor, and its most frequent editor in later years. It was originally published by the Portola Institute, but later by the Point Foundation, with a distribution arrangement by 1969 with Penguin and subsequently with Random House. New editions were published several times a year between 1968 and 1972, and occasionally thereafter, until 1998. The magazine featured essays and articles, but was primarily focused on product reviews. The editorial focus was on self-sufficiency, ecology, alternative education, "do it yourself" (DIY), community, and holism, and featured the slogan "access to tools". Although WEC listed and reviewed a wide range of products (clothing, books, tools, machines, seeds, etc.), it did not sell any of the products directly. Instead, the vendor's contact information was listed alongside the item and its review. This is why, while not a regularly published periodical, numerous editions and updates were required to keep price and availability information up to date. In his 2005 Stanford University commencement speech, Steve Jobs compared The Whole Earth Catalog to "a sort of Google


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-1.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
Understanding Whole Systems Shelter and Land Use Industry and Craft Communications Community Nomadics Learning Within each section, the best tools and books the editors could find were collected and listed, along with images, reviews and uses, prices, and suppliers. The reader was also able to order some items directly through the catalog. Later editions changed a few of the headings, but generally kept the same overall framework. The Catalog used a broad definition of "tools". There were informative tools, such as books, maps, professional journals, courses, and classes. There were well-designed special-purpose utensils, including garden tools, carpenters' and masons' tools, welding equipment, chainsaws, fiberglass materials, tents, hiking shoes, and potters' wheels. There were even early synthesizers and personal computers. The Catalog's publication coincided with a great wave of convention-challenging experimentalism and a do-it-yourself attitude associated with "the counterculture," and tended to appeal not only to the intelligentsia of the movement, but to creative, hands-on, and outdoorsy people of many stripes. Some of the ideas in the Catalog were developed during Brand's visits to Drop City. With the Catalog opened flat, the reader might find the large page on the left full of text and intriguing illustrations from a volume of


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-2.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
For this new countercultural movement, information was a precious commodity. In the '60s, there was no Internet; no 500 cable channels. ... [The WEC] was a great example of user-generated content, without advertising, before the Internet. Basically, Brand invented the blogosphere long before there was any such thing as a blog. ... No topic was too esoteric, no degree of enthusiasm too ardent, no amateur expertise too uncertified to be included. ... This I am sure about: it is no coincidence that the Whole Earth Catalogs disappeared as soon as the web and blogs arrived. Everything the Whole Earth Catalogs did, the web does better. Looking back and discussing attitudes evident in the early editions of the catalog, Brand wrote, "At a time when the New Left was calling for grassroots political (i.e., referred) power, Whole Earth eschewed politics and pushed grass-roots direct power—tools and skills." As an early indicator of the general Zeitgeist, the catalog's first edition preceded the original Earth Day by nearly two years. The idea of Earth Day occurred to Senator Gaylord Nelson, its instigator, "in the summer of 1969 while on a conservation speaking tour out west," where the Sierra Club was active, and where


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-3.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
=== In popular culture === In 1970, on April Fool's Day, the Whole Earth Restaurant opened at UC Santa Cruz. It was an early source of "whole foods" in Northern California until it closed in 2002. In 1972 Warner Bros. Records release a 2 disc sample album The Whole Burbank Catalog. The cover parodied the publication's artwork. The WEC is mentioned in the song "Country Man," the title track from the 1972 debut album by Canadian musician Valdy: "Feed the cat, feed the dog, feed the chickens, chop the log / Have a smoke and clear the fog, read the Whole Earth Catalog." It is also mentioned in the piece "The Adventures of Greggery Peccary" by Frank Zappa: "I must plummet boldly forward to my ultra-avant laminated, simulated replica-mahogany desk, with the strategically-placed, imported, very hip water pipe, and the latest edition of the WHOLE EARTH CATALOG, and rack my agile mind for a spectacular new TREND, thereby rejuvenating our limping economy, and providing for bored & miserable people everywhere some great new 'THING' to identify with!" A 2010 issue of the political art magazine made by the Adbusters Media Foundation was titled The Whole Brain Catalog, which features a


id: whole-earth-discipline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Discipline-0.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Discipline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Discipline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:17.438124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-discipline-20260505-0
summary:
Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto is the sixth book by Stewart Brand, published by Viking Penguin in 2009. He sees Earth and people propelled by three transformations: climate change (global warming), urbanization and biotechnology. Brand tackles "touchy issues" like nuclear power, genetic engineering and geoengineering, "fully aware that many of the environmentalist readers he hopes to reach will start out disagreeing with him". == Overview == Brand said in an interview with Seed magazine, "...I'd accumulated a set of contrarian views on some important environmental issues—specifically, cities, nuclear energy, genetic engineering, and geoengineering—and that it added up to a story worth telling." The author cites numerous other authors both in the recommended reading section and in live lectures. In particular, book influences are Constant Battles by Steven A. LeBlanc with Katherine Register, Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World by Robert Neuwirth, and James Lovelock, the author of The Revenge of Gaia and The Vanishing Face of Gaia. In an interview with American Public Media, Brand said, "...in [Whole Earth Catalog] I focused on individual empowerment, and in [Whole Earth Discipline] the focus is on the aggregate effects of humans on things like climate. And some of


id: wild-by-design-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_by_Design-0.md
category: reference
title: Wild by Design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_by_Design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:18.628441+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wild-by-design-20260505-0
summary:
Wild by Design: The Rise of Ecological Restoration is a 2022 book by Laura J. Martin, Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at Williams College. The book explains how ecological restoration became a global pursuit. Martin defines restoration as "an attempt to co-design nature with non-human collaborators." Wild by Design calls for the unification of ecological restoration and social justice. == Content == Wild by Design begins with the founding of the American Bison Society in 1905 and ends with efforts to use assisted migration and assisted evolution to save species from climate change. During this period restoration transformed “from a diffuse, uncoordinated practice into a scientific discipline and an international and increasingly privatized undertaking." The restoration movement began in the early 1900s when conservationists dissatisfied with gun and hunting restrictions argued that bison could be bred and then released onto designated reservations. Showing that the first bison reservations in the United States were established on Indian reservations, Martin argues these restoration efforts focused on benefits for white settlers while disregarding Native American sovereignty. The 1930s were a key time for restoration efforts. As ecology became a professional science, ecologists began to frame nature reservations as scientific control sites for their


id: wild-law-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Law-0.md
category: reference
title: Wild Law
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Law
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:19.758206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wild-law-20260505-0
summary:
Wild Law: A Manifesto for Earth Justice is a book by Cormac Cullinan that proposes recognizing natural communities and ecosystems as legal persons with legal rights. The book explains the concept of wild law, that is, human laws that are consistent with earth jurisprudence. Foreworded by Thomas Berry, the book was published by Green Books in November 2003 in association with The Gaia Foundation, London. It was first published in South Africa, the author's home country, in August 2002 by Siber Ink. The feasibility of developing a new form of jurisprudence was discussed at a conference in Washington attended by Thomas Berry in April 2001, organised by the Gaia Foundation. A group of people involved with law and indigenous peoples attended from South Africa, Britain, Colombia, Canada and the United States. Since then Wild Law has been at the centre of many conferences and residential workshops: A conference based on the concept of wild law was held in November 2005 at the University of Brighton. The conference was chaired by former Environment Minister Michael Meacher MP and speakers included Jacqueline McGlade, head of the European Environment Agency and Lynda Warren of the Environment Agency. In November 2006, a conference based


id: wild-solutions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Solutions-0.md
category: reference
title: Wild Solutions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Solutions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:21.044109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wild-solutions-20260505-0
summary:
Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank is a 2001 book by biologists Andrew Beattie and Paul R. Ehrlich. The authors explain the value of "wild solutions" to technical and medical problems that may reside in the diversity of the Earth's estimated 5 to 10 million species. Beattie and Ehrlich describe the role of natural substances in medicine, pest control, and manufacturing. The book won a National Outdoor Book Award in 2001. A second edition came out in 2004. == References ==


id: wildlife-wars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Wars-0.md
category: reference
title: Wildlife Wars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Wars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:22.168496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wildlife-wars-20260505-0
summary:
Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures is a book written by Richard Leakey and Virginia Morell. It was published in 2001 by St. Martin's Press. == Overview == It tells of how Leakey had been director of National Museum when appointed in 1989, President Daniel arap Moi appointed him to run the Kenya Wildlife Service. This was an entirely new experience to Leakey, because he had been accustomed to studying hominids, not managing wildlife. Elephant poaching had been a major problem in the Kenyan National Parks, and the book tells of his efforts to stop it, sometimes with a danger to his life. == Reception == The book was reviewed in the journal Endangered Species, the ALA magazine Booklist, Publishers Weekly, Books in Canada, African Business, the Royal Geographical Society's Geographical magazine. == Editions == Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures ISBN 0-330-37240-8 == References ==


id: the-windward-road-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Windward_Road-0.md
category: reference
title: The Windward Road
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Windward_Road
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:23.318541+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-windward-road-20260505-0
summary:
The Windward Road: Adventures of a Naturalist on Remote Caribbean Shores was written by Archie Carr and originally published in 1956. It is an account of Carr's travels around the Caribbean to study sea turtles and their migratory and behavior patterns, especially Kemp's ridley, a species about which little was known at the time. This book led to the formation of The Brotherhood of the Green Turtle, which later became the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, and is now known as the Sea Turtle Conservancy. It was awarded the 1957 John Burroughs Medal for nature writing, which is awarded annually by the American Museum of Natural History. The chapter entitled "The Black Beach", originally published in Mademoiselle, won a 1956 O. Henry Award. == References == == External links == The Windward Road. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2013. ISBN 978-0-307-83211-5; 256 pages{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)


id: winning-the-oil-endgame-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_the_Oil_Endgame-0.md
category: reference
title: Winning the Oil Endgame
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_the_Oil_Endgame
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:24.463716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: winning-the-oil-endgame-20260505-0
summary:
Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs and Security is a 2005 book by Amory B. Lovins, E. Kyle Datta, Odd-Even Bustnes, Jonathan G. Koomey, and Nathan J. Glasgow, published by the Rocky Mountain Institute. It presents an independent, transdisciplinary analysis of four ways to reduce petroleum dependence in the United States: Using oil more efficiently, through smarter technologies that wring more (and often better) services from less oil (pp. 29–102). Substituting for petroleum fuels other liquids made from biomass or wastes (pp. 103–111). Substituting saved natural gas for oil in uses where they’re interchangeable, such as furnaces and boilers (pp. 111–122). Replacing oil with hydrogen made from non-oil resources (pp. 228–242). == Problems and solutions == The authors explain that the problems of oil dependence are manageable, suggesting that oil dependence is a problem we need no longer have. The proposed solutions to oil dependence are profitable and U.S. oil dependence can be eliminated by proven and attractive technologies that create wealth, enhance choice, and strengthen common security. The authors argue that America can lead the world into the post-petroleum era and create a vibrant economy. (p.xiii) == Reviews == Winning the Oil Endgame has received many positive


id: wintergreen-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintergreen_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Wintergreen (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintergreen_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:25.694365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wintergreen-book-20260505-0
summary:
Wintergreen, written in 1987, is a book by Robert Michael Pyle. It describes the devastation caused by unrestrained logging in Washington's Willapa Hills. It was also the winner of the John Burroughs Medal for Distinguished Nature Writing. == References ==


category: reference
title: A World Without Soil: The Past, Present, and Precarious Future of the Earth Beneath Our Feet
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:26.849452+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
a-world-without-soil-the-past-present-and-precarious-future-of-the-earth-beneath-our-feet-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_World_Without_Soil:_The_Past,_Present,_and_Precarious_Future_of_the_Earth_Beneath_Our_Feet-0.md

summary:
A World Without Soil: The Past, Present, and Precarious Future of the Earth Beneath Our Feet is a 2021 book by American microbiologist Jo Handelsman with contributions by environmental researcher Kayla Cohen. Handelsman studies the global soil degradation and its implications for agriculture, the environment, and climate change. The author presents an urgent case for soil conservation, arguing that soil erosion and depletion pose significant risks to food security and planetary health. The book was longlisted for the 2023 Young Adult Science Book Award, and won the Association of American Publishers' 2022 PROSE Category Award: Government & Politics, and the 2023 Annual Thoughts Award in the Fourth Pingshan Natural History Book Award. == Background == As Associate Director for Science at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy under President Obama, Handelsman discovered that vast tracts of U.S. farmland were on track to lose their topsoil within decades. She drafted an urgent memo to inform the President and push for a national soil preservation initiative, but the memo was blocked for over a year, thus preventing action before the administration ended. == Overview == The book examines soil as a vital but often overlooked resource. Soil is crucial

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_World_Without_Soil:_The_Past,_Present,_and_Precarious_Future_of_the_Earth_Beneath_Our_Feet

parent:
a-world-without-soil-the-past-present-and-precarious-future-of-the-earth-beneath-our-feet-20260505-0


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-0.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
The World Without Us is a 2007 non-fiction book about what would happen to the natural and built environment if humans suddenly disappeared, written by American journalist Alan Weisman and published by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. It is a book-length expansion of Weisman's own February 2005 Discover article "Earth Without People". Written largely as a thought experiment, it outlines, for example, how cities and houses would deteriorate, how long man-made artifacts would last, and how remaining lifeforms would evolve. Weisman concludes that residential neighborhoods would become forests within 500 years, and that radioactive waste, bronze statues, plastics and Mount Rushmore would be among the longest-lasting evidence of human presence on Earth. The author of four previous books and numerous articles for magazines, Weisman had traveled to interview academics, scientists and other authorities. He used quotations from these interviews to explain the effects of the natural environment and to substantiate predictions. The book has been translated and published in many countries. It was successful in the U.S., reaching #6 on the New York Times Best Seller list and #1 on the San Francisco Chronicle Best-Sellers list in September 2007. It ranked #1 on Time and Entertainment Weekly's top 10 non-fiction


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-1.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
With material from previous articles, Weisman uses the fate of the Mayan civilization to illustrate the possibility of an entrenched society vanishing and how the natural environment quickly conceals evidence. To demonstrate how vegetation could compromise human-built infrastructure, Weisman interviewed hydrologists and employees at the Panama Canal, where constant maintenance is required to keep the jungle vegetation and silt away from the dams. To illustrate abandoned cities succumbing to nature, Weisman reports from Chernobyl, Ukraine (abandoned in 1986) and Varosha, Cyprus (abandoned in 1974). Weisman finds that their structures crumble as weather does unrepaired damage and other life forms create new habitats. In Turkey, Weisman contrasts the construction practices of the rapidly growing Istanbul, as typical for large cities in less developed countries, with the underground cities in Cappadocia. Due to a large demand for housing in Istanbul much of it was developed quickly with whatever material was available and could collapse in a major earthquake or other natural disaster. Cappadocian underground cities were built thousands of years ago out of volcanic tuff, and are likely to survive for centuries to come. Weisman uses New York City as a model to outline how an unmaintained urban area would deconstruct. He


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-2.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == As the book was released Weisman launched his book tour with stops throughout the United States, Canada and overseas to Lisbon and Brussels. Weisman did television interviews on The Daily Show and The Today Show and radio interviews on Weekend Edition, Talk of the Nation, The Diane Rehm Show, Living on Earth, Marketplace, and As It Happens. Meanwhile, the book debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list for non-fiction hardcovers at #10 on July 29 and spent nine weeks in the top ten, peaking at #6 on August 12 and September 9. In the Canadian market, it spent 10 weeks on The Globe and Mail's non-fiction best-seller list, peaking at #3 on August 11. The book reached #1 on the San Francisco Chronicle Best-Sellers list for non-fiction on September 23 and spent 11 weeks on the USA Today's Top 150 Best-Selling Books, peaking at #48. Reviewers at the Library Journal recommended the book for all environmental collections and the audiobook for most public and academic library audiobook collections. The book ranked #1 on Time and Entertainment Weekly's top 10 non-fiction books of 2007 and was listed in the Hudson Booksellers' "Best Books published in 2007".


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-3.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
== Genre == The book is categorized as non-fiction science but some commentators emphasize it may be better described as speculative fiction. The World Without Us is grounded in environmental and science journalism. Like other environmental books, it discusses the impact that the human race has had on the planet. Weisman's thought experiment removes the judgments and sufferings of humans by focusing on a hypothetical post-human world. This approach to the genre, which "throw[s] the spotlight on the earth itself", was found to be creative and objective. There have been other books that address similar topics, such as Gregory Benford's 1999 book Deep Time: How Humanity Communicates Across Millennia. Science fiction writers such as H. G. Wells (The War of the Worlds, 1898) and John Wyndham (The Day of the Triffids, 1951) had earlier touched upon the possible fate of cities and other man-made structures after the sudden removal of their creators. Similar parallels in the decay of civilization are detailed in 1949 post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Berkeley English professor George R. Stewart, Earth Abides. Addressing his approach, Weisman said that eliminating the human element eliminated the "fear factor" that people are doing something wrong or that they will


id: echoes-of-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Echoes of Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:30.648530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: echoes-of-life-20260505-0
summary:
Echoes of Life: What Fossil Molecules Reveal about Earth History is a book by Susan M. Gaines, Geoffrey Eglinton, and Jurgen Rullkotter concerning organic chemistry and, in particular, the links between the living and the material Earth. It was published by Oxford University Press in 2008. == Synopsis == Echoes of Life chronicles the history of the discipline of organic geochemistry. In early experiments, Alfred E. Treibs identified organic molecules, which he extracted from various samples, as chemically altered chlorophyll. He explained the chlorophyll as having come from plants that died millions of years ago. Since Treibs' discovery, thousands of biomarkers (a term coined 25 years after Treibs' discovery) have been identified. Chapter one, entitled Molecular Informants: A Changing Perspective of Organic Chemistry, gives a brief overview on the history of organic chemistry and explores the possibilities inherent in the science. It also describes how the authors first became interested in the subject and the work they have done within the field. Chapter two entitled Looking to the Rocks: Molecular Clues to the Origin of Life looks at the findings of Sir Robert Robinson and Melvin Calvin discoveries of organic compounds in petrol and the conversion of CO2 to organic


id: geological-evidences-of-the-antiquity-of-man-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Evidences_of_the_Antiquity_of_Man-0.md
category: reference
title: Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Evidences_of_the_Antiquity_of_Man
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:31.782958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geological-evidences-of-the-antiquity-of-man-20260505-0
summary:
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man is a book written by British geologist, Charles Lyell in 1863. The first three editions appeared in February, April, and November 1863, respectively. A much-revised fourth edition appeared in 1873. Antiquity of Man, as it was known to contemporary readers, dealt with three scientific issues that had become prominent in the preceding decade: the age of the human race, the existence of ice ages, and Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Lyell used the book to reverse or modify his own long-held positions on all three issues. The book drew sharp criticism from two of Lyell's younger colleagues – paleontologist Hugh Falconer and archaeologist John Lubbock – who felt that Lyell had used their work too freely and acknowledged it too sparingly. It sold well, however, and (along with Lubbock's 1865 book Prehistoric Times) helped to establish the new science of prehistoric archaeology in Great Britain. == Background == Lyell had been consistently skeptical of evidence for high human antiquity since the early 1830s, and distanced himself from the theory of ice ages after a brief flirtation with it in the early 1840s. He attacked the evolutionary ideas of Lamarck in


id: geological-observations-on-south-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America-0.md
category: reference
title: Geological Observations on South America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:33.022242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geological-observations-on-south-america-20260505-0
summary:
Geological Observations on South America is a book written by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. The book was published in 1846 and is based on his travels during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, commanded by captain Robert FitzRoy. HMS Beagle arrived in South America to map out the coastlines and islands of the region for the British Navy. On the journey, Darwin collected fossils and plants and recorded the continent's geological features. It is the third book in a series of geology books written by Darwin, which also includes The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, published in 1842, and Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, published in 1844. It took Darwin four years to write and complete the entire series, from 1842 to 1846. According to his diaries, Geological Observations of South America was written between July 1844 to April 1845. The text contains eight chapters along with appendices on Darwin's Mesozoic and Tertiary fossils. It describes his travels through the regions of modern Chile, Brazil, and Argentina, including the Pampas, Patagonia, and the Andes. With this book Darwin became the first to describe and name Navidad Formation, the reference unit


id: geological-observations-on-the-volcanic-islands-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands-0.md
category: reference
title: Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:34.243818+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geological-observations-on-the-volcanic-islands-20260505-0
summary:
Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle is a book written by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. The book was published in 1844 and is based on his travels during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, commanded by captain Robert FitzRoy. It is the second book in a series of geology books written by Darwin that also includes The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (published in 1842) and Geological Observations on South America (published in 1846). The text contains seven chapters, and includes observations made during Darwin's travels to the volcanic island of St. Jago in Cape Verde, the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Ascension Island, the island of Saint Helena, the Galápagos Islands, James Island, New Zealand, Australia, Van Diemen's Land, and the Cape of Good Hope. The book includes one of the earliest accounts of the process of magmatic differentiation. While observing a basaltic lava flow in the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that "crystals sink from their weight" and that this "throws light on the separation of the high silica versus low silica series of rocks." This was the first proposal of the fractional crystallization hypothesis of magma differentiation that was further


id: geology-underfoot-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_Underfoot-0.md
category: reference
title: Geology Underfoot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_Underfoot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:35.432462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geology-underfoot-20260505-0
summary:
Geology Underfoot is a series of geology guidebooks published by Mountain Press Publishing Company. == Books == There is currently a Geology Underfoot book available for 10 regions (Colorado Western Slope, Southern California, Western Washington, Death Valley & Eastern California, Colorado Front Range, Northern Arizona, Southern Utah, Yellowstone Country, Southern Idaho, Yosemite National Park). A list of the books is below: Schroder, Jack; Ellwein, Amy; Englemann, George; Englemann, Carol (2022). Geology Underfoot on Colorado's Western Slope. Illustrated by Beth Waldron Yuhas and Chelsea M. Feeney. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-708-6. Sylvester, Arthur Gibbs; Sharp, Robert P.; Glazner, Allen F. (2020). Geology Underfoot in Southern California. Illustrated by Elizabeth O'Black Gans. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-698-0. Tucker, Dave (2015). Geology Underfoot in Western Washington. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-640-9. Glazner, Allen F.; Sylvester, Arthur Gibbs; Sharp, Robert P. (2022). Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Eastern California. Illustrated by Chelsea M. Feeney. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-707-9. Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2012). Geology Underfoot Along Colorado's Front Range. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-595-2. Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2007). Geology Underfoot in Northern Arizona. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-528-0. Orndorff, Richard L.; Wieder, Robert W.; Futey, David G. (2006). Geology Underfoot in Southern Utah. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-517-4.


id: hey-s-mineral-index-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey's_Mineral_Index-0.md
category: reference
title: Hey's Mineral Index
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey's_Mineral_Index
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:47.010914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hey-s-mineral-index-20260505-0
summary:
Hey's Mineral Index is a standard reference work in mineralogy. It is an alphabetical index of known mineral species and varieties, and includes synonyms. For species and major varieties more detail is provided. It includes a classification of minerals based on their chemistry into 32 top-level groups, and breaks these groups down further. == Editions == First edition, An Index of Mineral Species & Varieties Arranged Chemically, With An Alphabetical Index of Accepted Mineral Names and Synonyms by Max Hutchinson Hey, published by order of the British Library, was published in 1950. Second edition by Max Hutchinson Hey was published in 1962. Third edition by Andrew M. Clark was published in 1993. Fourth edition by Andrew M. Clark due for publication in 2004 but was never released. == See also == Nickel–Strunz classification == References ==


id: the-map-that-changed-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Map_that_Changed_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: The Map that Changed the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Map_that_Changed_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:48.161693+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-map-that-changed-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
The Map that Changed the World is a 2001 book by Simon Winchester about English geologist William Smith and his great achievement, the first geological map of England, Wales and southern Scotland. Smith's was the first national-scale geological map, and by far the most accurate of its time. His pivotal insights were that each local sequence of rock strata was a subsequence of a single universal sequence of strata and that these rock strata could be distinguished and traced for great distances by means of embedded fossilized organisms. Winchester's book narrates the intellectual context of the time, the development of Smith's ideas and how they contributed to the theory of evolution and more generally to a dawning realisation of the true age of the Earth. The book describes the social, economic or industrial context for Smith's insights and work, such as the importance of coal mining and the transport of coal by means of canals, both of which were a stimulus to the study of geology and the means whereby Smith supported his research. Landowners wished to know if coal might be found on their holdings. Canal planning and construction depended on understanding the rock and soil along its route.


id: oryctographia-carniolica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctographia_Carniolica-0.md
category: reference
title: Oryctographia Carniolica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctographia_Carniolica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:50.458586+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oryctographia-carniolica-20260505-0
summary:
Oryctographia Carniolica (Carniolan Mineralogy; with the subtitle oder Physikalische Erdbeschreibung des Herzogthums Krain, Istrien, und zum Theil der benachbarten Länder 'or a Physical Geography of the Duchy of Carniola, Istria, and in Part the Neighboring Lands') is a four-volume work by Belsazar Hacquet, published in Leipzig in 1778, 1781, 1784, and 1789. It discusses the physical properties of the Duchy of Carniola, Istria, and parts of the neighboring lands. It also includes an in-depth description of the Idrija mercury mine. The front page of the work presents the first known depiction of Triglav, the highest mountain in Slovenia. The copper engraving was produced by C. Conti after a drawing by Franz Xaver Baraga. == References == == External links == Media related to Oryctographia Carniolica at Wikimedia Commons


id: otherlands-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherlands_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Otherlands (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherlands_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:51.633748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: otherlands-book-20260505-0
summary:
Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds is a nonfiction book about palaeontology written by Thomas Halliday, a British palaeontologist. He goes as far back in time as approximately 555 million years ago. The book was simultaneously published in English by Allen Lane (UK and Commonwealth), Random House (USA and Philippines), and Penguin Canada (Canada) in February 2022. == Summary == Halliday uncovers for the lay public the vast changes in fauna, flora, topography, and climate over the past 555 million years. He observes cyclical changes, including cycles of ice ages and climate warming, and periods of mass extinction followed by periods of mass flourishing. However at each renewal, life takes on completely different forms that are adapted to the new environmental conditions. Thus, life goes on but species do not. Looking forward on a paleontology time scale, humankind will inevitably go extinct. == Period covered == Halliday starts the first chapter by going back in time about 20,000 years ago. And, through the next 15 chapters he goes further back in time to approximately 555 million years ago. Each chapter covers a specific geological time period and part of the world. Such time and place most often represent key


id: quaternary-geology-and-geomorphology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_Geology_and_Geomorphology-0.md
category: reference
title: Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_Geology_and_Geomorphology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:55.189390+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quaternary-geology-and-geomorphology-20260505-0
summary:
Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology(《第四纪地质学与地貌学》)is a teaching and researching textbook for higher teaching institutions in China. It was first published by Geology Press in August 2009, and the chief editors of the book are TianMingZhong, ChengJie, and so on. Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology contains the most advanced knowledge about Quaternary geology until the final editing. It exhibits the internal connection along dynamic, geomorphology sediment and environment. Besides, the book systematically instructs quaternary geology and geomorphology. Authors also provided some popular research methods about quaternary geology. == References ==


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-0.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836, was published in 1842 as Charles Darwin's first monograph, and set out his theory of the formation of coral reefs and atolls. He conceived of the idea during the voyage of the Beagle while still in South America, before he had seen a coral island, and wrote it out as HMS Beagle crossed the Pacific Ocean, completing his draft by November 1835. At the time there was great scientific interest in the way that coral reefs formed, and Captain Robert FitzRoy's orders from the Admiralty included the investigation of an atoll as an important scientific aim of the voyage. FitzRoy chose to survey the Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean. The results supported Darwin's theory that the various types of coral reefs and atolls could be explained by uplift and subsidence of vast areas of the Earth's crust under the oceans. The book was the first volume of three Darwin wrote about the geology he had investigated during the voyage, and was widely recognised as a major


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-1.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
By the time that the Beagle set out for the Galápagos Islands on 7 September 1835, Darwin had thought out the essentials of his theory of atoll formation. While he no longer favoured the concept that atolls formed on submerged volcanos, he noted some points on these islands which supported that idea: 16 volcanic craters resembled atolls in being raised slightly more on one side, and five hills appeared roughly equal in height. He then considered a topic which was compatible with either theory, the lack of coral reefs around the Galápagos Islands. One possibility was a lack of calcareous matter around the islands, but his main proposal, which FitzRoy had suggested to him, was that the seas were too cold. As they sailed on, Darwin took note of the records of sea temperature kept in the ship's "Weather Journal". He had his first glimpse of coral atolls as they passed Honden Island on 9 November and sailed on through the Low or Dangerous Archipelago (Tuamotus). Arriving at Tahiti on 15 November, Darwin saw it "encircled by a Coral reef separated from the shore by channels & basins of still water". He climbed the hills of Tahiti, and was strongly


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-2.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication of theory == When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin was already a celebrity in scientific circles, as in December 1835 University of Cambridge Professor of Botany John Stevens Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters. Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October, enthusiastic about the support this gave to his uniformitarianism, and in May wrote to John Herschel that he was "very full of Darwin's new theory of Coral Islands, and have urged Whewell to make him read it at our next meeting. I must give up my volcanic crater theory for ever, though it cost me a pang at first, for it accounted for so much... the whole theory is knocked on the head, and the annular shape and central lagoon have nothing to do with volcanoes, nor even with a crateriform bottom.... Coral islands are the last efforts of drowning continents to lift their heads above water. Regions of elevation and subsidence in the ocean may be traced by the state of the coral reefs." Darwin presented his findings and theory in a paper which he read to


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-3.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
The first three chapters describe the various types of coral reef, each chapter starting with a section giving a detailed description of the reef Darwin had most information about, which he presents as a typical example of the type. Subsequent sections in each chapter then describe other reefs in comparison with the typical example. In the first chapter, Darwin describes atolls and lagoon islands, taking as his typical example his own detailed findings and the Beagle survey findings on the Keeling Islands. The second chapter similarly describes a typical barrier reef then compares it to others, and the third chapter gives a similar description of what Darwin called fringing or shore reefs. Having described the principal kinds of reef in detail, his finding was that the actual surface of the reef did not differ much. An atoll differs from an encircling barrier reef only in lacking the central island, and a barrier reef differs from a fringing reef only in its distance from the land and in enclosing a lagoon. The fourth chapter on the distribution and growth of coral reefs examines the conditions in which they flourish, their rate of growth and the depths at which the reef building


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-4.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Late 19th-century controversy and tests of the theory === A major scientific controversy over the origin of coral reefs took place in the late 19th century, between supporters of Darwin's theory (such as the American geologist James Dwight Dana, who early in his career had seen coral reefs in Hawaii and Fiji during the 1838–1842 United States Exploring Expedition), and those who supported a rival theory put forward by the Scottish oceanographer John Murray, who participated in the 1872–76 Challenger expedition. Murray's theory challenged Darwin's notion of subsidence, proposing instead that coral reefs formed when accumulating mounds of calcareous marine sediments reached the shallow depths that could support the growth of corals. Amongst Murray's supporters was the independently wealthy American scientist Alexander Agassiz, who financed and undertook several expeditions to the Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Ocean regions to examine coral reefs in search of evidence to support Murray's theory, and to discredit Darwin. A series of expeditions to test Darwin's theory by drilling on Funafuti atoll in the Ellice Islands (now part of Tuvalu) was conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating whether basalt or traces of shallow water organisms could be found at


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-5.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
== References == Browne, E. Janet (1995), Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 1-84413-314-1 Darwin, Charles (15 December 1962), Stoddart, D. R. (ed.), "Coral Islands by Charles Darwin, with Introduction, map and remarks", Atoll Research Bulletin, no. 88, Washington, D. C.: The Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, pp. 1–20, retrieved 22 January 2009 Darwin, Charles (2002–2008), John van Wyhe (ed.), "Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow", Darwin Online, retrieved 20 January 2009 Darwin, C. R. (1837), "On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations. (Read 31 May)", Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, no. 2, pp. 552–554, retrieved 20 January 2009 Darwin, Charles (1839), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836., vol. III, London: Henry Colburn, retrieved 20 January 2009 Darwin, Charles (1842), The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of


id: sylva-or-a-discourse-of-forest-trees-and-the-propagation-of-timber-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber-0.md
category: reference
title: Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:57.589336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sylva-or-a-discourse-of-forest-trees-and-the-propagation-of-timber-20260505-0
summary:
Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions by the English writer John Evelyn was first presented in 1662 as a paper to the Royal Society. It was published as a book two years later in 1664, and is recognised as one of the most influential texts on forestry ever published. A second edition with new engravings was published in 1670, and a third edition in 1679 included a geological essay by Evelyn. An expanded fourth edition was published in 1706, with the new segments specifically covering fruit trees and the production of cider. == Editions == 1662 Sylva paper was presented to the Royal Society on 16 February 1662. 1664 Sylva First Edition book printed by publisher John Martyn for the Royal Society, and the first book published after the granting of their Royal Charter as publishers in 1662. 1670 Sylva Second Edition. Various engravings added. 1679 Sylva Third Edition. Included an essay from Evelyn about soils: Terra, a Philosophical Essay of Earth, being a Lecture in Course. 1706 Silva Fourth Edition, now spelt Silva, contained new sections Dendrologia, Pomona; Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit-Trees in relation to CIDER and Kalendarium Hortense.


id: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom-0.md
category: reference
title: T. rex and the Crater of Doom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:58.785888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-0
summary:
T. rex and the Crater of Doom is a nonfiction book by UC Berkeley professor Walter Alvarez that was published by Princeton University Press in 1997. The book discusses the research and evidence that led to the creation of the Alvarez hypothesis, which explains how an impact event was the main cause that resulted in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. == Content == The book begins by discussing Alvarez's research in the 1970s, before ever investigating the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, when he was researching plate tectonics involving the Apennine Mountains with William "Bill" Lowrie. The method of this research was to use the evidence of the Earth's magnetic field to show that the plate upon which the rocks of the mountains rested had rotated over millions of years. While investigating limestone deposits in Gubbio, they discovered that some of the rocks were not aligned with the magnetic north pole, but in the opposite direction, implying the Earth undergoes geomagnetic reversal over time. This, with the plentiful fossilized material of extinct foraminifera, allowed them to date the time differences between each reversal and catalog the species of microscopic life found in each era. In doing so, they discovered that


id: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom-1.md
category: reference
title: T. rex and the Crater of Doom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:58.785888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-0
summary:
In a review for Geological Magazine, Simon Conway Morris noted that the controversy and debate over the impact hypothesis had led to comments against it that are "querulous, petulant, otiose, and sometimes simply poisonous", but that Alvarez's book "acknowledges the differences that have arisen, but never does he descend to insult and injury", leading to a "gracious and generous book". Timothy Ferris, writing for The New York Times, stated that Alvarez "gets the facts across in a lighthearted, almost playful manner", but still manages to present "solid science" that presents a "clear and efficient exposition that conveys plenty of cogent detail while keeping an eye on the subtle interplay of thought, action and personality that makes scientific research such arresting human behavior." == Critical reception == Clark R. Chapman, writing for Nature, stated that Alvarez's "slim" book can be read "in a single sitting and I recommend it highly – if only as a jumping-off point to other perspectives on this dramatic scientific revolution." In a review for Scientific American of T. rex and the Crater of Doom and the opposing theories presented in The Great Dinosaur Extinction Controversy, Michael Benton advocated reading the book "for an excellent account of


id: theory-of-the-earth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Earth-0.md
category: reference
title: Theory of the Earth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Earth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:59.946789+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: theory-of-the-earth-20260505-0
summary:
Theory of the Earth is a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology. In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. It also hypothesized that the age of the Earth was much older than what biblical literalists claim. This idea, uniformitarianism, was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin. The work was first published in 1788 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and later in 1795 as two book volumes. Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also anticipated natural selection, as follows: "Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race". == History == Hutton's prose hindered his theories. They were not taken seriously until 1802, when Edinburgh University


id: traces-of-catastrophe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traces_of_Catastrophe-0.md
category: reference
title: Traces of Catastrophe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traces_of_Catastrophe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:01.112862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: traces-of-catastrophe-20260505-0
summary:
Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures is a book written by Bevan M. French of the Smithsonian Institution. It is a comprehensive technical reference on the science of impact craters. It was published in 1998 by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI), which is part of the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). It was originally available in hard copy from LPI, but is now only available as a portable document format (PDF) e-book free download. The book has become very influential in the field of impact crater research, appearing as a common reference for papers and web sites on the topic. The Earth Impact Database lists it among the suggested reading on its introductory page about impact craters. The Impact Field Studies Group Impact Database says it is required reading before submitting an observation of a proposed impact site. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) lists it among general references relevant to Planetary Science across the Solar System. NASA GSFC also has a Remote Sensing Tutorial site which calls Traces of Catastrophe an "exceptional summary of impact cratering." == Overview == The book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 introduces impact craters,


id: volcano-the-eruption-and-healing-of-mount-st-helens-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano:_The_Eruption_and_Healing_of_Mount_St._Helens-0.md
category: reference
title: Volcano: The Eruption and Healing of Mount St. Helens
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano:_The_Eruption_and_Healing_of_Mount_St._Helens
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:02.753090+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: volcano-the-eruption-and-healing-of-mount-st-helens-20260505-0
summary:
Volcano: The Eruption and Healing of Mount St. Helens is a 1986 children's science photo book written by Patricia Lauber. Lauber documents the lead-up to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the eruption itself, and the aftermath. It received a Newbery Honor in 1987, and reviewers commended the quality and narrative contribution of the color pictures used throughout the book. == Summary == The book explores Mt. St. Helens' geological history and location, as well as the events preceding the eruption, including the gradual development of the bulge on the mountain's north side. The volcano erupts on May 18, 1980, creating lahars, pyroclastic flows, avalanches, and other geological hazards which destroy a 230-square-mile area and kill 57 people. In the aftermath, geologists worked to understand both the cause and ecological impact of the eruption, helping to advance understanding in the fields of seismology and vulcanology. In the aftermath of the destruction from the eruption, surviving underground plants began to colonise the blast area; and burrowing rodents like chipmunks, pocket gophers, and red squirrels returned as well. Over time, the area recovered as more plants and animals returned. The last section of the book explains the process of subduction, the


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of publications in mathematics, organized by field. Some reasons a particular publication might be regarded as important: Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of mathematics. Among published compilations of important publications in mathematics are Landmark writings in Western mathematics 1640–1940 by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and A Source Book in Mathematics by David Eugene Smith. == Algebra == === Theory of equations === ==== Baudhayana Sulba Sutra ==== Baudhayana (8th century BCE) With linguistic evidence suggesting this text to have been written between the 8th and 5th centuries century BCE, this is one of the oldest mathematical texts. It laid the foundations of Indian mathematics and was influential in South Asia. It was primarily a geometrical text and also contained some important developments, including the list of Pythagorean triples, geometric solutions of linear and quadratic equations and square root of 2. ==== The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art ==== The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (10th–2nd century BCE) Contains the earliest description of Gaussian


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques ==== Camille Jordan (1870) Online version: Online version Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (Treatise on Substitutions and Algebraic Equations). The first book on group theory, giving a then-comprehensive study of permutation groups and Galois theory. In this book, Jordan introduced the notion of a simple group and epimorphism (which he called isomorphisme mériédrique), proved part of the Jordan–Hölder theorem, and discussed matrix groups over finite fields as well as the Jordan normal form. ==== Theorie der Transformationsgruppen ==== Sophus Lie, Friedrich Engel (1888–1893). Publication data: 3 volumes, B.G. Teubner, Verlagsgesellschaft, mbH, Leipzig, 1888–1893. Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3. The first comprehensive work on transformation groups, serving as the foundation for the modern theory of Lie groups. ==== Solvability of groups of odd order ==== Walter Feit and John Thompson (1960) Description: Gave a complete proof of the solvability of finite groups of odd order, establishing the long-standing Burnside conjecture that all finite non-abelian simple groups are of even order. Many of the original techniques used in this paper were used in the eventual classification of finite simple groups. ==== Homological algebra ==== ==== Homological Algebra ==== Henri Cartan and


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-2.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Séminaire de géométrie algébrique === Alexander Grothendieck et al. These seminar notes on Grothendieck's reworking of the foundations of algebraic geometry report on work done at IHÉS starting in the 1960s. SGA 1 dates from the seminars of 1960–1961, and the last in the series, SGA 7, dates from 1967 to 1969. In contrast to EGA, which is intended to set foundations, SGA describes ongoing research as it unfolded in Grothendieck's seminar; as a result, it is quite difficult to read, since many of the more elementary and foundational results were relegated to EGA. One of the major results building on the results in SGA is Pierre Deligne's proof of the last of the open Weil conjectures in the early 1970s. Other authors who worked on one or several volumes of SGA include Michel Raynaud, Michael Artin, Jean-Pierre Serre, Jean-Louis Verdier, Pierre Deligne, and Nicholas Katz. == Number theory == === Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta === Brahmagupta (628) Brahmagupta's Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta is the first book that mentions zero as a number, hence Brahmagupta is considered the first to formulate the concept of zero. The current system of the four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) based on the Hindu-Arabic number system also


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-3.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== "Automorphic Forms on GL(2)" === Hervé Jacquet and Robert Langlands (1970) This publication offers evidence towards Langlands' conjectures by reworking and expanding the classical theory of modular forms and their L-functions through the introduction of representation theory. === "La conjecture de Weil. I." === Pierre Deligne (1974) Proved the Riemann hypothesis for varieties over finite fields, settling the last of the open Weil conjectures. === "Endlichkeitssätze für abelsche Varietäten über Zahlkörpern" === Gerd Faltings (1983) Faltings proves a collection of important results in this paper, the most famous of which is the first proof of the Mordell conjecture (a conjecture dating back to 1922). Other theorems proved in this paper include an instance of the Tate conjecture (relating the homomorphisms between two abelian varieties over a number field to the homomorphisms between their Tate modules) and some finiteness results concerning abelian varieties over number fields with certain properties. === "Modular Elliptic Curves and Fermat's Last Theorem" === Andrew Wiles (1995) This article proceeds to prove a special case of the Shimura–Taniyama conjecture through the study of the deformation theory of Galois representations. This in turn implies the famed Fermat's Last Theorem. The proof's method of identification of a deformation


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-4.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Intégrale, longueur, aire ==== Henri Lebesgue (1901) Lebesgue's doctoral dissertation, summarizing and extending his research to date regarding his development of measure theory and the Lebesgue integral. === Complex analysis === ==== Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse ==== Bernhard Riemann (1851) Riemann's doctoral dissertation introduced the notion of a Riemann surface, conformal mapping, simple connectivity, the Riemann sphere, the Laurent series expansion for functions having poles and branch points, and the Riemann mapping theorem. === Functional analysis === ==== Théorie des opérations linéaires ==== Stefan Banach (1932; originally published 1931 in Polish under the title Teorja operacyj.) Banach, Stefan (1932). Théorie des Opérations Linéaires [Theory of Linear Operations] (PDF). Monografie Matematyczne (in French). Vol. 1. Warszawa: Subwencji Funduszu Kultury Narodowej. Zbl 0005.20901. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2020. The first mathematical monograph on the subject of linear metric spaces, bringing the abstract study of functional analysis to the wider mathematical community. The book introduced the ideas of a normed space and the notion of a so-called B-space, a complete normed space. The B-spaces are now called Banach spaces and are one of the basic objects of


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-5.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art === Unknown author This was a Chinese mathematics book, mostly geometric, composed during the Han dynasty, perhaps as early as 200 BC. It remained the most important textbook in China and East Asia for over a thousand years, similar to the position of Euclid's Elements in Europe. Among its contents: Linear problems solved using the principle known later in the West as the rule of false position. Problems with several unknowns, solved by a principle similar to Gaussian elimination. Problems involving the principle known in the West as the Pythagorean theorem. The earliest solution of a matrix using a method equivalent to the modern method. === The Conics === Apollonius of Perga The Conics was written by Apollonius of Perga, a Greek mathematician. His innovative methodology and terminology, especially in the field of conics, influenced many later scholars including Ptolemy, Francesco Maurolico, Isaac Newton, and René Descartes. It was Apollonius who gave the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola the names by which we know them. === Surya Siddhanta === Unknown (400 CE) It describes the archeo-astronomy theories, principles and methods of the ancient Hindus. This siddhanta is supposed to be the


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-6.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== L'anneau d'homologie d'une représentation, Structure de l'anneau d'homologie d'une représentation === Jean Leray (1946) These two Comptes Rendus notes of Leray from 1946 introduced the novel concepts of sheafs, sheaf cohomology, and spectral sequences, which he had developed during his years of captivity as a prisoner of war. Leray's announcements and applications (published in other Comptes Rendus notes from 1946) drew immediate attention from other mathematicians. Subsequent clarification, development, and generalization by Henri Cartan, Jean-Louis Koszul, Armand Borel, Jean-Pierre Serre, and Leray himself allowed these concepts to be understood and applied to many other areas of mathematics. Dieudonné would later write that these notions created by Leray "undoubtedly rank at the same level in the history of mathematics as the methods invented by Poincaré and Brouwer". === Quelques propriétés globales des variétés differentiables === René Thom (1954) In this paper, Thom proved the Thom transversality theorem, introduced the notions of oriented and unoriented cobordism, and demonstrated that cobordism groups could be computed as the homotopy groups of certain Thom spaces. Thom completely characterized the unoriented cobordism ring and achieved strong results for several problems, including Steenrod's problem on the realization of cycles. == Category theory == === "General Theory


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-7.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Kurt Gödel (1931) Online version: Online version In mathematical logic, Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two celebrated theorems proved by Kurt Gödel in 1931. The first incompleteness theorem states: For any formal system such that (1) it is ω {\displaystyle \omega } -consistent (omega-consistent), (2) it has a recursively definable set of axioms and rules of derivation, and (3) every recursive relation of natural numbers is definable in it, there exists a formula of the system such that, according to the intended interpretation of the system, it expresses a truth about natural numbers and yet it is not a theorem of the system. === Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals === Alan Turing's PhD thesis (1938) == Combinatorics == === "On sets of integers containing no k elements in arithmetic progression" === Endre Szemerédi (1975) Settled a conjecture of Paul Erdős and Pál Turán (now known as Szemerédi's theorem) that if a sequence of natural numbers has positive upper density then it contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. Szemerédi's solution has been described as a "masterpiece of combinatorics" and it introduced new ideas and tools to the field including a weak form of the Szemerédi regularity lemma. === Graph theory === ====


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-8.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== "Полиномиальный алгоритм в линейном программировании" ==== Khachiyan, Leonid Genrikhovich (1979). Полиномиальный алгоритм в линейном программировании [A polynomial algorithm for linear programming]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 244: 1093–1096.. Khachiyan's work on the ellipsoid method. This was the first polynomial time algorithm for linear programming. == Early manuscripts == These are publications that are not necessarily relevant to a mathematician nowadays, but are nonetheless important publications in the history of mathematics. === Moscow Mathematical Papyrus === This is one of the earliest mathematical treatises that still survives today. The Papyrus contains 25 problems involving arithmetic, geometry, and algebra, each with a solution given. Written in Ancient Egypt at approximately 1850 BC. === Rhind Mathematical Papyrus === Ahmes (scribe) One of the oldest mathematical texts, dating to the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmes (properly Ahmose) from an older Middle Kingdom papyrus. It laid the foundations of Egyptian mathematics and in turn, later influenced Greek and Hellenistic mathematics. Besides describing how to obtain an approximation of π only missing the mark by less than one per cent, Ahmes make use of a kind of an analogue of the cotangent. === Archimedes Palimpsest ===


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-9.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Naive Set Theory === Paul Halmos An undergraduate introduction to not-very-naive set theory which has lasted for decades. It is still considered by many to be the best introduction to set theory for beginners. While the title states that it is naive, which is usually taken to mean without axioms, the book does introduce all the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory and gives correct and rigorous definitions for basic objects. Where it differs from a "true" axiomatic set theory book is its character: There are no long-winded discussions of axiomatic minutiae, and there is next to nothing about topics like large cardinals. Instead it aims, and succeeds, in being intelligible to someone who has never thought about set theory before. === Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers === Wacław Sierpiński The nec plus ultra reference for basic facts about cardinal and ordinal numbers. If you have a question about the cardinality of sets occurring in everyday mathematics, the first place to look is this book, first published in the early 1950s but based on the author's lectures on the subject over the preceding 40 years. === Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs === Kenneth Kunen This book is not really


id: the-math-s-fix-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Math(s)_Fix-0.md
category: reference
title: The Math(s) Fix
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Math(s)_Fix
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:05.533110+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-math-s-fix-20260505-0
summary:
The Math(s) Fix: An Education Blueprint for the AI Age is a 2020 book by Conrad Wolfram, a British technologist, entrepreneur, and co-founder of Wolfram Research Europe. The book argues that mathematics education worldwide is fundamentally broken and proposes a comprehensive restructuring centred on real-world problem-solving and computational thinking, rather than manual calculation. == Synopsis == The book's core claim is that school mathematics curricula around the world teach the wrong thing: they overwhelmingly focus on training students to perform hand calculations that computers can now perform far more accurately and quickly. Wolfram contends this conflation of *mathematics* with *calculating by hand* has persisted long past its usefulness and is actively harmful, crowding out the genuinely important mathematical skills of: Problem Definition - translating a real-world situation into a mathematical question Abstraction - identifying the relevant structure of a problem Computation - executing a solution (which in the modern world almost always means using a computer) Interpretation - applying and verifying the answer back in context Wolfram calls these the four steps of the "computational thinking" process, and argues they are what mathematicians, scientists, engineers, and data analysts actually do - yet schools spend nearly all their time on a


id: 99-points-of-intersection-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Points_of_Intersection-0.md
category: reference
title: 99 Points of Intersection
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Points_of_Intersection
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:06.654180+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 99-points-of-intersection-20260505-0
summary:
99 Points of Intersection: Examples—Pictures—Proofs is a book on constructions in Euclidean plane geometry in which three or more lines or curves meet in a single point of intersection. This book was originally written in German by Hans Walser as 99 Schnittpunkte (Eagle / Ed. am Gutenbergplatz, 2004), translated into English by Peter Hilton and Jean Pedersen, and published by the Mathematical Association of America in 2006 in their MAA Spectrum series (ISBN 978-0-88385-553-9). == Topics and organization == The book is organized into three sections. The first section provides introductory material, describing different mathematical situations in which multiple curves might meet, and providing different possible explanations for this phenomenon, including symmetry, geometric transformations, and membership of the curves in a pencil of curves. The second section shows the 99 points of intersection of the title. Each is given on its own page, as a large figure with three smaller figures showing its construction, with a one-line caption but no explanatory text. The third section provides background material and proofs for some of these points of intersection, as well as extending and generalizing some of these results. Some of these points of intersection are standard; for instance, these include the


id: adventures-among-the-toroids-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_Among_the_Toroids-0.md
category: reference
title: Adventures Among the Toroids
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_Among_the_Toroids
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:08.969210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adventures-among-the-toroids-20260505-0
summary:
Adventures Among the Toroids: A study of orientable polyhedra with regular faces is a book on toroidal polyhedra that have regular polygons as their faces. It was written, hand-lettered, and illustrated by mathematician Bonnie Stewart, and self-published under the imprint "Number One Tall Search Book" in 1970. Stewart put out a second edition, again hand-lettered and self-published, in 1980. Although out of print, the Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The Platonic solids, known to antiquity, have all faces regular polygons, all symmetric to each other (each face can be taken to each other face by a symmetry of the polyhedron). However, if less symmetry is required, a greater number of polyhedra can be formed while having all faces regular. The convex polyhedra with all faces regular were catalogued in 1966 by Norman Johnson (after earlier study e.g. by Martyn Cundy and A. P. Rollett), and have come to be known as the Johnson solids. Adventures Among the Toroids extends the investigation of polyhedra with regular faces to non-convex polyhedra, and in particular to polyhedra of higher genus than the sphere. Many of these polyhedra


id: lgebra-de-baldor-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Álgebra_de_Baldor-0.md
category: reference
title: Álgebra de Baldor
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Álgebra_de_Baldor
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:10.080065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lgebra-de-baldor-20260505-0
summary:
Álgebra, commonly known as Álgebra de Baldor (Spanish: Baldor's Algebra), is a book by the Cuban mathematician, lawyer, and professor Aurelio Baldor. The first edition was published on 19 June 1941. Baldor’s Algebra contains a total of 5,790 exercises, averaging 19 exercises per test. It is considered one of the most comprehensive works on algebra. == Publication history == Rhe first recorded edition of Baldor’s Algebra was published in 1941 by Editorial Cultural in Havana, Cuba. In 1948, Aurelio Baldor sold the rights to the Mexican publisher Publicaciones Culturales in order to invest the proceeds in his educational institute. This publisher continued to publish the book from Mexico. Upon his arrival in Mexico, already in exile, the book was published by Editorial Cultural Mexicana. According to this website, the book was also published in Venezuela, Colombia, and Spain. Publications continue in Mexico, following reorganizations and name changes of the original publishing companies, by Grupo Editorial Patria. == Description == In the early editions of Algebra, the cover was red, and until the 2005 edition the illustrations were originally created by the Cuban artist D.G. Terminel. The cover featured the Persian Muslim mathematician Al-Khwarizmi and, in the background, a depiction of


id: algorithmic-combinatorics-on-partial-words-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_Combinatorics_on_Partial_Words-0.md
category: reference
title: Algorithmic Combinatorics on Partial Words
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_Combinatorics_on_Partial_Words
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:12.362150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: algorithmic-combinatorics-on-partial-words-20260505-0
summary:
Algorithmic Combinatorics on Partial Words is a book in the area of combinatorics on words, and more specifically on partial words. It was written by Francine Blanchet-Sadri, and published in 2007 by Chapman & Hall/CRC in their Discrete Mathematics and its Applications book series. == Topics == A partial word is a string whose characters may either belong to a given alphabet or be a wildcard character. Such a word can represent a set of strings over the alphabet without wildcards, by allowing each wildcard character to be replaced by any single character of the alphabet, independently of the replacements of the other wildcard characters. Two partial words are compatible when they agree on their non-wildcard characters, or equivalently when there is a string that they both match; one partial word x {\displaystyle x} contains another partial word y {\displaystyle y} if they are compatible and the non-wildcard positions of x {\displaystyle x} contain those of y {\displaystyle y} ; equivalently, the strings matched by x {\displaystyle x} are a subset of those matched by y {\displaystyle y} . The book has 12 chapters, which can be grouped into five larger parts. The first part consists of two introductory chapters


id: the-analyst-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst-0.md
category: reference
title: The Analyst
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:13.533929+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-analyst-20260505-0
summary:
The Analyst: A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician: Wherein It Is Examined Whether the Object, Principles, and Inferences of the Modern Analysis Are More Distinctly Conceived, or More Evidently Deduced, Than Religious Mysteries and Points of Faith, is a book by George Berkeley. It was first published in 1734, first by J. Tonson (London), then by S. Fuller (Dublin). The "infidel mathematician" is believed to have been Edmond Halley, though others have speculated that Isaac Newton was intended. The book contains a direct attack on the foundations of calculus, specifically on Isaac Newton's notion of fluxions and on Leibniz's notion of infinitesimal change. == Background and purpose == From his earliest days as a writer, Berkeley had taken up his satirical pen to attack what were then called 'free-thinkers' (secularists, sceptics, agnostics, atheists, etc.—in short, anyone who doubted the truths of received Christian religion or called for a diminution of religion in public life). In 1732, in the latest installment in this effort, Berkeley published his Alciphron, a series of dialogues directed at different types of 'free-thinkers'. One of the archetypes Berkeley addressed was the secular scientist, who discarded Christian mysteries as unnecessary superstitions, and declared his confidence in


id: the-analyst-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst-1.md
category: reference
title: The Analyst
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:13.533929+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-analyst-20260505-0
summary:
== Influence == Two years after this publication, Thomas Bayes published anonymously "An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and a Defence of the Mathematicians Against the Objections of the Author of the Analyst" (1736), in which he defended the logical foundation of Isaac Newton's calculus against the criticism outlined in The Analyst. Colin Maclaurin's two-volume Treatise of Fluxions published in 1742 also began as a response to Berkeley attacks, intended to show that Newton's calculus was rigorous by reducing it to the methods of Greek geometry. Despite these attempts, calculus continued to be developed using non-rigorous methods until around 1830 when Augustin Cauchy, and later Bernhard Riemann and Karl Weierstrass, redefined the derivative and integral using a rigorous definition of the concept of limit. The idea of using limits as a foundation for calculus had been suggested by d'Alembert, but d'Alembert's definition was not rigorous by modern standards. The concept of limits had already appeared in the work of Newton, but was not stated with sufficient clarity to hold up to the criticism of Berkeley. In 1966, Abraham Robinson introduced Non-standard Analysis, which provided a rigorous foundation for working with infinitely small quantities. This provided another way of putting


id: analytic-combinatorics-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_Combinatorics_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Analytic Combinatorics (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_Combinatorics_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:14.662379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: analytic-combinatorics-book-20260505-0
summary:
Analytic Combinatorics is a book on the mathematics of combinatorial enumeration, using generating functions and complex analysis to understand the growth rates of the numbers of combinatorial objects. It was written by Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick, and published by the Cambridge University Press in 2009. It won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 2019. == Topics == The main part of the book is organized into three parts. The first part, covering three chapters and roughly the first quarter of the book, concerns the symbolic method in combinatorics, in which classes of combinatorial objects are associated with formulas that describe their structures, and then those formulas are reinterpreted to produce the generating functions or exponential generating functions of the classes, in some cases using tools such as the Lagrange inversion theorem as part of the reinterpretation process. The chapters in this part divide the material into the enumeration of unlabeled objects, the enumeration of labeled objects, and multivariate generating functions. The five chapters of the second part of the book, roughly half of the text and "the heart of the book", concern the application of tools from complex analysis to the generating function, in order to understand the asymptotics


id: animal-math-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Math-0.md
category: reference
title: Animal Math
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Math
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:15.889648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-math-20260505-0
summary:
Animal Math is an educational book series featuring baby animals that introduces reader to mathematic principles. The series consists of five books: Tiger Math (2000), Chimp Math (2002), Polar Bear Math (2004), Panda Math (2005), and Cheetah Math (2007). On the right-hand pages, the books tell stories of baby animals cared for at either the Denver Zoo or San Diego Zoo who needed extra care when they were young. The left-hand pages discuss basic mathematic concepts using the animals as examples in problems. Published by Henry Holt and Company, the books are authored by Ann Whitehead Nagda, with support from Cindy Bickel, an assistant at the Denver Zoo, or in collaboration with the San Diego Zoo. == Books == === Tiger Math (2000) === Tiger Math: Learning to Graph from a Baby Tiger (2000), co-written by Ann Whitehead Nagda and Cindy Bickel, teaches students about different types of graphs, including bar graphs, line graphs, picture graphs, and pie charts. The book features the Siberian tiger cub T. J., who was born at the Denver Zoo, then struggled to eat after his mother died. Tiger Math is a Junior Library Guild book. Kirkus Reviews said the book provided "a delightful way


id: the-annotated-turing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Turing-0.md
category: reference
title: The Annotated Turing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Turing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:17.061886+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-annotated-turing-20260505-0
summary:
The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour Through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine is a book by Charles Petzold, published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Petzold annotates Alan Turing's paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". The book takes readers sentence by sentence through Turing's paper, providing explanations, further examples, corrections, and biographical information. == Table of contents == Part I. Foundations Chapter 1: This Tomb Holds Diophantus Chapter 2: The Irrational and the Transcendental Chapter 3: Centuries of Progress Part II. Computable Numbers Chapter 4: The Education of Alan Turing Chapter 5: Machines at Work Chapter 6: Addition and Multiplication Chapter 7: Also Known as Subroutines Chapter 8: Everything is a Number Chapter 9: The Universal Machine Chapter 10: Computers and Computability Chapter 11: Of Machines and Men Part III. Das Entscheidungsproblem Chapter 12: Logic and Computability Chapter 13: Computable Functions Chapter 14: The Major Proof Chapter 15: The Lambda Calculus Chapter 16: Conceiving the Continuum Part IV. And Beyond Chapter 17: Is Everything a Turing Machine? Chapter 18: The Long Sleep of Diophantus == See also == Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983) Prof: Alan Turing Decoded (2015) The


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:18.246965+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering. These books are important primary references for the study of the history of science and technology, they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry (History of science, History of mathematics, etc.) The landmark are significant first (or early) editions typically worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.). Reprints of these books are often available, for example from Great Books of the Western World, Dover Publications or Google Books. Incunabula are extremely rare and valuable, but as the Scientific Revolution is only taken to have started around the 1540s, such works of Renaissance literature (including alchemy, Renaissance magic, etc.) are not usually included under the notion of "scientific" literature. Printed originals of the beginning Scientific Revolution thus date to the 1540s or later, notably beginning with the original publication of Copernican heliocentrism. Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium of 1543 sold for more than US$2 million at auctions. == List of notable books == === 16th century === Tartaglia, Niccolò. Nova Scientia (A New Science). Venice, 1537. Ballistics.


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-1.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:18.246965+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
=== 19th century === Gauss, Carl Friedrich (Germany). Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Leipzig, 1801. Number theory Young, Thomas (England). Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics, 1803. Light Argand, Jean-Robert (Switzerland). Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques, 1806. Imaginary numbers. Dalton, John (England). A New System of Chemical Philosophy. London, 1808. Atomic theory Berzelius, Jöns Jacob (Sweden). Läroboken i kemien, 1808. Chemistry Cayley, George (England). On Aerial Navigation. Brompton, 3 Vol, 1809. Aeronautics. Ørsted, Hans Christian (Denmark). Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam. Copenhagen, 1820. Electromagnetism. Fourier, Joseph (France). Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur. Paris, 1822. Fourier series. Fresnel, Augustin-Jean (France). Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D'Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L'Académie Des Sciences. Paris, 1822. Wave optics Babbage, Charles (England). Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables. London, 1823. Computing Lobachevsky, Nikolai (Russia). Geometriya. 1823. Non-Euclidean geometry Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (France). Le calcul infinitesimal. Paris, 1823. Mathematical analysis Carnot, Sadi (France). Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres à déveloper cette puissance. Paris, 1824. Thermodynamics Ampère, André-Marie (France). Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques, 1827. Electromagnetism Laplace, Pierre-Simon


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-2.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:18.246965+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
=== 20th century (pre-Cold War) === Planck, Max (Germany). Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum. Leipzig, 1900. Quantum mechanics Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (Russia). The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices. Kaluga, 1903. Rockets Rutherford, Ernest (New Zealand). Radio-activity. Cambridge, 1904. Nuclear physics Lorentz, Hendrik (Netherlands). Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light. Amsterdam, 1904. Special relativity Einstein, Albert (Germany). Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") Leipzig, 1905. Special relativity Einstein, Albert (Germany). Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? Leipzig, 1905. Physics Richardson, Lewis (England). The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam. London, 1910. Computational mechanics Boas, Franz (Germany/America). The Mind of Primitive Man. New York, 1911. Anthropology Bohr, Niels (Denmark). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. London, 1913. Quantum mechanics Einstein, Albert (Germany). Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity). Leipzig, 1916. Physics. Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America). A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Washington, D.C, 1919. Rockets de Broglie, Louis (France). Recherches sur la théorie des quanta


id: arithmetica-universalis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis-0.md
category: reference
title: Arithmetica Universalis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:21.752199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arithmetica-universalis-20260505-0
summary:
Arithmetica Universalis ("Universal Arithmetic") is a mathematics text by Isaac Newton. Written in Latin, it was edited and published by William Whiston, Newton's successor as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. The Arithmetica was based on Newton's lecture notes. == Publication history == Whiston's original edition was published in 1707. It was translated into English by Joseph Raphson, who published it in 1720 as the Universal Arithmetick. John Machin published a second Latin edition in 1722. == Lack of credit for the writer == None of these editions credit Newton as author; Newton was unhappy with the publication of the Arithmetica, and so refused to have his name appear. In fact, when Whiston's edition was published, Newton was so upset he considered purchasing all of the copies so he could destroy them. == Content == The Arithmetica touches on algebraic notation, arithmetic, the relationship between geometry and algebra, and the solution of equations. Newton also applied Descartes' rule of signs to imaginary roots. He also offered, without proof, a rule to determine the number of imaginary roots of polynomial equations. A rigorous proof of Newton's counting formula for equations up to and including the fifth degree was


id: ars-magna-cardano-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Ars Magna (Cardano book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:22.876678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ars-magna-cardano-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Ars Magna (The Great Art, 1545) is an important Latin-language book on algebra written by Gerolamo Cardano. It was first published in 1545 under the title Artis Magnae, Sive de Regulis Algebraicis, Lib. unus (The Great Art, or The Rules of Algebra, Book one). There was a second edition in Cardano's lifetime, published in 1570. It is considered one of the three greatest scientific treatises of the early Renaissance, together with Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica. The first editions of these three books were published within a two-year span (1543–1545). == History == In 1535, Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia became famous for having solved cubics of the form x3 + ax = b (with a,b > 0). However, he chose to keep his method secret. In 1539, Cardano, then a lecturer in mathematics at the Piatti Foundation in Milan, published his first mathematical book, Pratica Arithmeticæ et mensurandi singularis (The Practice of Arithmetic and Simple Mensuration). That same year, he asked Tartaglia to explain to him his method for solving cubic equations. After some reluctance, Tartaglia did so, but he asked Cardano not to share the information until he published it. Cardano submerged himself


id: art-gallery-theorems-and-algorithms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_Theorems_and_Algorithms-0.md
category: reference
title: Art Gallery Theorems and Algorithms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_Theorems_and_Algorithms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:24.102157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: art-gallery-theorems-and-algorithms-20260505-0
summary:
Art Gallery Theorems and Algorithms is a mathematical monograph on topics related to the art gallery problem, on finding positions for guards within a polygonal museum floorplan so that all points of the museum are visible to at least one guard, and on related problems in computational geometry concerning polygons. It was written by Joseph O'Rourke, and published in 1987 in the International Series of Monographs on Computer Science of the Oxford University Press. Only 1000 copies were produced before the book went out of print, so to keep this material accessible O'Rourke has made a pdf version of the book available online. == Topics == The art gallery problem, posed by Victor Klee in 1973, asks for the number of points at which to place guards inside a polygon (representing the floor plan of a museum) so that each point within the polygon is visible to at least one guard. Václav Chvátal provided the first proof that the answer is at most ⌊ n / 3 ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor n/3\rfloor } for a polygon with n {\displaystyle n} corners, but a simplified proof by Steve Fisk based on graph coloring and polygon triangulation is more widely known. This is


id: automorphic-forms-on-gl-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_Forms_on_GL(2)-0.md
category: reference
title: Automorphic Forms on GL(2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_Forms_on_GL(2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:25.244788+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: automorphic-forms-on-gl-2-20260505-0
summary:
Automorphic Forms on GL(2) is a mathematics book by H. Jacquet and Robert Langlands (1970) where they rewrite Erich Hecke's theory of modular forms in terms of the representation theory of GL(2) over local fields and adele rings of global fields and prove the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence. A second volume by Jacquet (1972) gives an interpretation of some results by Rankin and Selberg in terms of the representation theory of GL(2) × GL(2). == References == Godement, R. (1970), Notes on Jacquet–Langlands' theory, Institute for Advanced Study Jacquet, H; Langlands, R. P. (1970), Automorphic Forms on GL (2), Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 114, Berlin-New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0058988, ISBN 978-3540049036, MR 0401654, S2CID 122773458 Jacquet, Hervé (1972), Automorphic Forms on GL(2) Part II, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 278, Berlin-New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0058503, ISBN 978-3-540-05931-8, MR 0562503 Langlands, R. (1971), "Automorphic forms on GL(2)" (PDF), Actes du Congrès International des Mathématiciens (Nice, 1970), vol. 2, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, pp. 327–329, MR 0562505 == External links == Buzzard, Kevin (2012), What is in the book Automorphic forms on GL(2) by Jacquet and Langlands? (PDF)


id: the-banach-tarski-paradox-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banach–Tarski_Paradox_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Banach–Tarski Paradox (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banach–Tarski_Paradox_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:26.367041+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-banach-tarski-paradox-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Banach–Tarski Paradox is a book in mathematics on the Banach–Tarski paradox, the fact that a unit ball can be partitioned into a finite number of subsets and reassembled to form two unit balls. It was written by Stan Wagon and published in 1985 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 24 of their Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications book series. A second printing in 1986 added two pages as an addendum, and a 1993 paperback printing added a new preface. In 2016 the Cambridge University Press published a second edition, adding Grzegorz Tomkowicz as a co-author, as volume 163 of the same series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The Banach–Tarski paradox, proved by Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski in 1924, states that it is possible to partition a three-dimensional unit ball into finitely many pieces and reassemble them into two unit balls, a single ball of larger or smaller area, or any other bounded set with a non-empty interior. Although it is a mathematical theorem, it is called a paradox because it is so counter-intuitive; in the preface to the book,


id: basic-number-theory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory-0.md
category: reference
title: Basic Number Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:27.589697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: basic-number-theory-20260505-0
summary:
Basic Number Theory is an influential book by André Weil, an exposition of algebraic number theory and class field theory with particular emphasis on valuation-theoretic methods. Based in part on a course taught at Princeton University in 1961–62, it appeared as Volume 144 in Springer's Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften series. The approach handles all 'A-fields' or global fields, meaning finite algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers and of the field of rational functions of one variable with a finite field of constants. The theory is developed in a uniform way, starting with topological fields, properties of Haar measure on locally compact fields, the main theorems of adelic and idelic number theory, and class field theory via the theory of simple algebras over local and global fields. The word `basic’ in the title is closer in meaning to `foundational’ rather than `elementary’, and is perhaps best interpreted as meaning that the material developed is foundational for the development of the theories of automorphic forms, representation theory of algebraic groups, and more advanced topics in algebraic number theory. The style is austere, with a narrow concentration on a logically coherent development of the theory required, and essentially no examples. ==


id: basic-number-theory-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory-1.md
category: reference
title: Basic Number Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:27.589697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: basic-number-theory-20260505-0
summary:
== Contents == Roughly speaking, the first half of the book is modern in its consistent use of adelic and idèlic methods and the simultaneous treatment of algebraic number fields and rational function fields over finite fields. The second half is arguably pre-modern in its development of simple algebras and class field theory without the language of cohomology, and without the language of Galois cohomology in particular. The author acknowledges this as a trade-off, explaining that “to develop such an approach systematically would have meant loading a great deal of unnecessary machinery on a ship which seemed well equipped for this particular voyage; instead of making it more seaworthy, it might have sunk it.” The treatment of class field theory uses analytic methods on both commutative fields and simple algebras. These methods show their power in giving the first unified proof that if K/k is a finite normal extension of A-fields, then any automorphism of K over k is induced by the Frobenius automorphism for infinitely many places of K. This approach also allows for a significantly simpler and more logical proof of algebraic statements, for example the result that a simple algebra over an A-field splits (globally) if and


id: the-beauty-of-fractals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Fractals-0.md
category: reference
title: The Beauty of Fractals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Fractals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:28.808626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-beauty-of-fractals-20260505-0
summary:
The Beauty of Fractals is a 1986 book by Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter which publicises the fields of complex dynamics, chaos theory and the concept of fractals. It is lavishly illustrated and as a mathematics book became an unusual success. The book includes a total of 184 illustrations, including 88 full-colour pictures of Julia sets. Although the format suggests a coffee table book, the discussion of the background of the presented images addresses some sophisticated mathematics which would not be found in popular science books. In 1987 the book won an Award for distinguished technical communication. == Summary == The book starts with a general introduction to Complex Dynamics, Chaos and fractals. In particular the Feigenbaum scenario and the relation to Julia sets and the Mandelbrot set is discussed. The following special sections provide in depth detail for the shown images: Verhulst Dynamics, Julia Sets and Their Computergraphical Generation, Sullivan's Classification of Critical Points, The Mandelbrot Set, External Angles and Hubbard Trees, Newton's Method for Complex Polynomials: Cayley's Problem, Newtons's Method for Real Equations, A Discrete Volterra-Lotka System, Yang-Lee Zeros, Renormalization (Magnetism and Complex Boundaries). The book also includes invited Contributions by Benoît Mandelbrot, Adrien Douady, Gert Eilenberger and


id: black-mathematicians-and-their-works-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mathematicians_and_Their_Works-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Mathematicians and Their Works
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mathematicians_and_Their_Works
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:31.112492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-mathematicians-and-their-works-20260505-0
summary:
Black Mathematicians and Their Works is an edited volume of works in and about mathematics, by African-American mathematicians. It was edited by Virginia Newell, Joella Gipson, L. Waldo Rich, and Beauregard Stubblefield, with a foreword by Wade Ellis, and published in 1980 by Dorrance & Company. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Contents == The book celebrates the achievements of black mathematicians and also records their struggle against racism. It includes reprints of 23 papers of mathematics research and three more on mathematics education, by black mathematicians. It provides brief biographies and photographs of 62 black mathematicians, all long-established at the time of publication (having doctorates prior to 1973). It also reproduces several letters by Lee Lorch documenting racist behavior in mathematical societies, such as exclusion from conferences and their associated social gatherings. An appendix lists universities that have worked with black mathematicians, by the number of doctorates conferred and the number of faculty hired. As well as two of the editors (Gipson and Stubblefield), the authors whose works are reproduced in the book include Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid, David Blackwell, Lillian K. Bradley, Marjorie Lee Browne,


id: the-book-of-numbers-math-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Numbers_(math_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Book of Numbers (math book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Numbers_(math_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:32.292880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-book-of-numbers-math-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Book of Numbers is a 1996 mathematics book by John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy. It discusses individual numbers, and types of number, that have proved conceptually significant. Topics include the origin of the nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock", figurate numbers, the Fibonacci sequence, transcendental numbers, the Metonic cycle, combinatorics, the complex plane, nimbers, and surreal numbers. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended that it be included in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Reception == Andrew Bremner called the book "a delight" and opined that readers of Martin Gardner would appreciate it. A. Robert Pargeter found it "fascinating" both for systematic reading and for browsing, and he recommended that school and college libraries carry it. Sarah Gourlie called the book "organized and enlightening", while observing that some topics were considerably more demanding than others. Likewise, reviewing the book for the Mathematical Association of America, Allen Stenger noted that while the book only presumed knowledge of high-school algebra and trigonometry, it also in places demanded a "high level of mathematical reasoning". Stenger expected that many readers would be unable to follow all of the explanations unaided. A retrospective by Ezra Brown also commented


id: the-book-of-squares-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Squares-0.md
category: reference
title: The Book of Squares
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Squares
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:33.488575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-book-of-squares-20260505-0
summary:
The Book of Squares, (Liber Quadratorum in the original Latin) is a book on algebra by Leonardo Fibonacci, published in 1225. It was dedicated to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. After being brought to Pisa by Master Dominick to the feet of your celestial majesty, most glorious prince, Lord F., The Liber quadratorum has been passed down by a single 15th-century manuscript, the so-called ms. E 75 Sup. of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana (Milan, Italy), ff. 19r–39v. During the 19th century, the work was published for the first time in a printed edition by Baldassarre Boncompagni Ludovisi, prince of Piombino. Appearing in the book is Fibonacci's identity, establishing that the set of all sums of two squares is closed under multiplication. The book anticipated the works of later mathematicians such as Fermat and Euler. The book examines several topics in number theory, among them an inductive method for finding Pythagorean triples based on the sequence of odd integers, the fact that the sum of the first n {\displaystyle n} odd integers is n 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}} , and the solution to the congruum problem. == Notes == == Further reading == B. Boncompagni Ludovisi, Opuscoli di Leonardo Pisano secondo un codice


id: book-on-numbers-and-computation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation-0.md
category: reference
title: Book on Numbers and Computation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:34.610392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: book-on-numbers-and-computation-20260505-0
summary:
The Book on Numbers and Computation (Chinese: 筭數書; pinyin: Suàn shù shū), or the Writings on Reckoning, is one of the earliest known Chinese mathematical treatises. It was written during the early Western Han dynasty, sometime between 202 BC and 186 BC. It was preserved among the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts and contains similar mathematical problems and principles found in the later Eastern Han period text of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. == Discovery == The text was found in tomb M247 of the burial grounds near Zhangjiashan, Jiangling County, in Hubei province, excavated in December–January 1983–1984. This tomb belonged to an anonymous civil servant in early West Han dynasty. In the tomb were 1200 bamboo strips written in ink. Originally the strips were bound together with string, but the string had rotted away and it took Chinese scholars 17 years to piece together the strips. As well as the mathematical work the strips covered government statutes, law reports and therapeutic gymnastics. On the back of the sixth strip, the top has a black square mark, followed by the three characters 筭數書, which serve as the title of the rolled up book. == Content == The Suàn shù


id: braids-links-and-mapping-class-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braids,_Links,_and_Mapping_Class_Groups-0.md
category: reference
title: Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braids,_Links,_and_Mapping_Class_Groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:35.756825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: braids-links-and-mapping-class-groups-20260505-0
summary:
Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups is a mathematical monograph on braid groups and their applications in low-dimensional topology. It was written by Joan Birman, and published in 1974 by the Princeton University Press and University of Tokyo Press, as volume 82 of the book series Annals of Mathematics Studies. Although braid groups had been introduced in 1891 by Adolf Hurwitz and formalized in 1925 by Emil Artin, this was the first book devoted to them. It has been described as a "seminal work", one that "laid the foundations for several new subfields in topology". == Topics == Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups is organized into five chapters and an appendix. The first introductory chapter defines braid groups, configuration spaces, and the use of configuration spaces to define braid groups on arbitrary two-dimensional manifolds. It provides a solution to the word problem for braids, the question of determining whether two different-looking braid presentations really describe the same group element. It also describes the braid groups as automorphism groups of free groups and of multiply-punctured disks. The next three chapters present connections of braid groups to three different areas of mathematics. Chapter 2 concerns applications to knot theory, via Alexander's


id: the-calculating-machines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calculating_Machines-0.md
category: reference
title: The Calculating Machines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calculating_Machines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:36.966881+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-calculating-machines-20260505-0
summary:
Die Rechenmaschinen, by Ernst Martin, and its English translation, The Calculating Machines (Die Rechenmaschinen): Their History and Development, are books on mechanical desktop calculators from prior to World War II. == Publication history == Die Rechenmaschinen, the original book by Martin, was published in 1925, and revised in 1937. Both editions are very rare. Little is known about Martin beyond these books. The 1925 edition was edited and translated into English by Peggy A. Kidwell and Michael R. Williams, and published in 1992 by the MIT Press as the final 16th volume of its The Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing (ISBN 0-262-13278-8). Kidwell and Williams chose this edition, rather than the revised edition, because of "the rarity of the books and the poor condition of the illustrations in extant copies". Indeed, they were only able to locate three copies of Martin's book. The book and its translation includes many illustrations, and the translation preserves some idiosyncrasies of the original work, including a set of advertisements for calculating machines at the end of the book. == Topics == After an introduction grouping calculating machines into seven types, the book describes over 200 machines, comprising "almost every


id: calendrical-calculations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations-0.md
category: reference
title: Calendrical Calculations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:38.156804+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: calendrical-calculations-20260505-0
summary:
Calendrical Calculations is a book on calendar systems and algorithms for computers to convert between them. It was written by computer scientists Nachum Dershowitz and Edward Reingold and published in 1997 by the Cambridge University Press. A second "millennium" edition with a CD-ROM of software was published in 2001, a third edition in 2008, and a fourth "ultimate" edition in 2018. == Topics == There have been many different calendars in different societies, and there is much difficulty in converting between them, largely because of the impossibility of reconciling the irrational ratios of the daily, monthly, and yearly astronomical cycle lengths using integers. The 14 calendars discussed in the first edition of the book included the Gregorian calendar, ISO week date, Julian calendar, Coptic calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Islamic calendar, modern Iranian calendar, Baháʼí calendar, French Republican calendar, old and modern Hindu calendars, Maya calendar, and modern Chinese calendar. Later editions expanded it to many more calendars. They are divided into two groups: "arithmetical" calendars, whose calculations can be performed purely mathematically, independently from the positions of the moon and sun, and "astronomical" calendars, based in part on those positions. The authors design individual calendrical calculation algorithms for converting each of


id: canon-arithmeticus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_arithmeticus-0.md
category: reference
title: Canon arithmeticus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_arithmeticus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:39.276631+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: canon-arithmeticus-20260505-0
summary:
The Canon arithmeticus is a set of mathematical tables of indices and powers with respect to primitive roots for prime powers less than 1000, originally published by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1839), with introductory text in Latin. The tables were at one time used for arithmetical calculations modulo prime powers, though like many mathematical tables, they have now been replaced by digital computers. Jacobi also reproduced Burkhardt's table of the periods of decimal fractions of 1/p and Ostrogradsky's tables of primitive roots of primes less than 200 and gave tables of indices of some odd numbers modulo powers of 2 with respect to the base 3 (Dickson 2005, p. 185–186). Although the second edition of 1956 has Jacobi's name on the title, it has little in common with the first edition apart from the topic: the tables were completely recalculated, usually with a different choice of primitive root, by Wilhelm Patz. Jacobi's original tables use 10 or −10 or a number with a small power of this form as the primitive root whenever possible, while the second edition uses the smallest possible positive primitive root (Fletcher 1958). The term "canon arithmeticus" is occasionally used to mean any table of indices


id: cardinal-and-ordinal-numbers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_and_Ordinal_Numbers-0.md
category: reference
title: Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_and_Ordinal_Numbers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:40.431703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cardinal-and-ordinal-numbers-20260505-0
summary:
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers is a book on transfinite numbers, by Polish mathematician Wacław Sierpiński. It was published in 1958 by Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, as volume 34 of the series Monografie Matematyczne of the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Sierpiński wrote on the same topic earlier, in his 1928 book Leçons sur les nombres transfinis, but his 1958 book on the topic was completely rewritten and significantly longer. A second edition of Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers was published in 1965. == Topics == After five introductory chapters on naive set theory and set-theoretic notation, and a sixth chapter on the axiom of choice, the book has four chapters on cardinal numbers, their arithmetic, and series and products of cardinal numbers, comprising approximately 50 pages. Following this, four longer chapters (totalling roughly 180 pages) cover orderings of sets, order types, well-orders, ordinal numbers, ordinal arithmetic, and the Burali-Forti paradox according to which the collection of all ordinal numbers cannot be a set. Three final chapters concern aleph numbers and the continuum hypothesis, statements equivalent to the axiom of choice, and consequences of the axiom of choice. The second edition makes only minor changes to the first except


id: chases-and-escapes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chases_and_Escapes-0.md
category: reference
title: Chases and Escapes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chases_and_Escapes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:41.600966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chases-and-escapes-20260505-0
summary:
Chases and Escapes: The Mathematics of Pursuit and Evasion is a mathematics book on continuous pursuit–evasion problems. It was written by Paul J. Nahin, and published by the Princeton University Press in 2007. It was reissued as a paperback reprint in 2012. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has rated this book as essential for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book has four chapters, covering the solutions to 21 continuous pursuit–evasion problems, with an additional 10 "challenge problems" left for readers to solve, with solutions given in an appendix. The problems are presented as entertaining stories that "breathe life into the mathematics and invite wider engagement", and their solutions use varied methods, including the computer calculation of numerical solutions for differential equations whose solutions have no closed form. Most of the material was previously known, but is collected here for the first time. The book also provides background material on the history of the problems it describes, although this is not its main focus. Even before beginning its main content, the preface of the book begins with an example of pure evasion from known pursuit, the path used by the Enola


id: chicka-chicka-1-2-3-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicka_Chicka_1,_2,_3-0.md
category: reference
title: Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicka_Chicka_1,_2,_3
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:43.953353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chicka-chicka-1-2-3-20260505-0
summary:
Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3 is the title of a children's picture book written by Bill Martin, Jr. and Michael Sampson, and illustrated by Lois Ehlert in 2004. It was published by Simon & Schuster. It is a sequel to 1989's Chicka Chicka Boom Boom. == Plot == Anthropomorphic numbers from 1 to 20 consecutively (including 5 wearing a top hat), then 30 to 90 by tens (including 70 with long hair), and finally 99, climb up an apple tree. While watching them climb, the number 0 tries to find a place available for him in the tree. However, 0 soon realizes there is no more room left for him, until a colony of bumblebees make everyone in the tree (except 10 who hides) fall out, counting backwards. While this happens, a few of the numbers are revealed to have suffered certain injuries from the fall. The number 0 finally finds his place in the tree and goes to the top, joining with 10 and forming the large number 100 to scare the bees away. Then all the other numbers return and climb back up the apple tree, cheering for 10 and 0's bravery. == Development == The publisher, Simon


id: the-classical-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classical_Groups-0.md
category: reference
title: The Classical Groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classical_Groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:46.222532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-classical-groups-20260505-0
summary:
The Classical Groups: Their Invariants and Representations is a mathematics book by Hermann Weyl published in 1939. The book describes classical invariant theory in terms of representation theory. It is largely responsible for the revival of interest in invariant theory, which had been almost killed off by David Hilbert's solution of its main problems in the 1890s. The second edition was published in 1946. Weyl gave an informal talk about the topic of his book in 1939. == Reception == Roger Howe called the book "wonderful and terrible". == References == Howe, Roger (1988), "The classical groups and invariants of binary forms", in Wells, R. O. Jr. (ed.), The mathematical heritage of Hermann Weyl (Durham, NC, 1987), Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., vol. 48, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 133–166, ISBN 978-0-8218-1482-6, MR 0974333 Howe, Roger (1989), "Remarks on classical invariant theory.", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 313 (2), American Mathematical Society: 539–570, doi:10.2307/2001418, ISSN 0002-9947, JSTOR 2001418, MR 0986027 Jacobson, Nathan (1940), "Book Review: The Classical Groups", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 46 (7): 592–595, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1940-07236-2, ISSN 0002-9904, MR 1564136 Weyl, Hermann (1939), The Classical Groups. Their Invariants and Representations, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-05756-9, MR 0000255


id: clavis-mathematicae-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavis_mathematicae-0.md
category: reference
title: Clavis mathematicae
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavis_mathematicae
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:47.337039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clavis-mathematicae-20260505-0
summary:
Clavis mathematicae (English: The Key of Mathematics) is a mathematics book written by William Oughtred, originally published in 1631 in Latin. It was an attempt to communicate the contemporary mathematical practices, and the European history of mathematics, into a concise and digestible form. The book contains an addition in its 1647 English edition, "Easy Way of Delineating Sun-Dials by Geometry", which had been written by Oughtred earlier in life. The original edition brought the autodidactic Oughtred acclaim amongst mathematicians, but the English-language reissue brought him celebrity, especially amongst tradesman who made use of the arithmetic in their labors. The book is also notable for using the symbol "x" for multiplication, a method invented by Oughtred. == References ==


id: color-and-symmetry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_and_Symmetry-0.md
category: reference
title: Color and Symmetry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_and_Symmetry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:48.503230+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: color-and-symmetry-20260505-0
summary:
Color and Symmetry is a book by Arthur L. Loeb published by Wiley Interscience in 1971. The author adopts an unconventional algorithmic approach to generating the line and plane groups based on the concept of "rotocenter" (the invariant point of a rotation). He then introduces the concept of two or more colors to derive all of the plane dichromatic symmetry groups and some of the polychromatic symmetry groups. == Structure and topics == The book is divided into three parts. In the first part, chapters 1–7, the author introduces his "algorismic" (algorithmic) method based on "rotocenters" and "rotosimplexes" (a set of congruent rotocenters). He then derives the 7 frieze groups and the 17 wallpaper groups. In the second part, chapters 8–10, the dichromatic (black-and-white, two-colored) patterns are introduced and the 17 dichromatic line groups and the 46 black-and-white dichromatic plane groups are derived. In the third part, chapters 11–22, polychromatic patterns (3 or more colors), polychromatic line groups, and polychromatic plane groups are derived and illustrated. Loeb's synthetic approach does not enable a comparison of colour symmetry concepts and definitions by other authors, and it is therefore not surprising that the number of polychromatic patterns he identifies are different from


id: colored-symmetry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Symmetry-0.md
category: reference
title: Colored Symmetry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Symmetry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:49.656087+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: colored-symmetry-20260505-0
summary:
Colored Symmetry is a book by A.V. Shubnikov and N.V. Belov and published by Pergamon Press in 1964. The book contains translations of materials originally written in Russian and published between 1951 and 1958. The book was notable because it gave English-language speakers access to new work in the fields of dichromatic and polychromatic symmetry. == Structure and topics == The book is divided into two parts. The first part is a translation into English of A.V. Shubnikov's book Symmetry and antisymmetry of finite figures (Russian: Симметрия и антисимметрия конечных фигур) originally published in 1951. As the editor says in his preface, this book rekindled interest in the field of antisymmetry after a break of 20 years. The book defines symmetry elements, operations and groups; it then introduces the concept of antisymmetry, and derives the full set of dichromatic three-dimensional point groups. A paper entitled Antisymmetry of textures is appended to part 1; it analyzes the antisymmetry of groups containing infinity-fold axes. The second part, entitled Infinite groups of colored symmetry, consists of translations of six papers by N.V. Belov and his co-workers in the new field of polychromatic symmetry. These papers cover the derivation of the 42 magnetic Bravais


id: complexities-women-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexities:_Women_in_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Complexities: Women in Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexities:_Women_in_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:50.805469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: complexities-women-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Complexities: Women in Mathematics is an edited volume on women in mathematics that "contains the stories and insights of more than eighty female mathematicians". It was edited by Bettye Anne Case and Anne M. Leggett, based on a collection of material from the Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics, and published by Princeton University Press in 2005 (ISBN 0-691-11462-5). == Topics == The book contains over 100 articles, by over 70 authors, divided into five sections. The first of these, "Inspiration", discusses the work of famous women in mathematics (such as Sofya Kovalevskaya, Julia Robinson, and Emmy Noether) and of women mathematicians from the 18th and 19th centuries, offering insights into their personal life as well as their mathematics. Next, "Joining Together" covers the history of the Association for Women in Mathematics and related topics in the organization of women in mathematics including European Women in Mathematics and the participation of women at the International Congress of Mathematicians. The middle section, "Choices and Challenges", covers the problems facing women in contemporary mathematics, and includes a statistical quantification of these problems by Case and Leggett. "Celebration" is a collection of plenary talks and other materials from the Olga Taussky-Todd


id: complexity-and-real-computation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_and_Real_Computation-0.md
category: reference
title: Complexity and Real Computation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_and_Real_Computation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:51.906904+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: complexity-and-real-computation-20260505-0
summary:
Complexity and Real Computation is a book on the computational complexity theory of real computation. It studies algorithms whose inputs and outputs are real numbers, using the Blum–Shub–Smale machine as its model of computation. For instance, this theory is capable of addressing a question posed in 1991 by Roger Penrose in The Emperor's New Mind: "is the Mandelbrot set computable?" The book was written by Lenore Blum, Felipe Cucker, Michael Shub and Stephen Smale, with a foreword by Richard M. Karp, and published by Springer-Verlag in 1998 (doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0701-6, ISBN 0-387-98281-7). == Purpose == Stephen Vavasis observes that this book fills a significant gap in the literature: although theoretical computer scientists working on discrete algorithms had been studying models of computation and their implications for the complexity of algorithms since the 1970s, researchers in numerical algorithms had for the most part failed to define their model of computation, leaving their results on a shaky foundation. Beyond the goal of making this aspect of the topic more well-founded, the book also has the aims of presenting new results in the complexity theory of real-number computation, and of collecting previously-known results in this theory. == Topics == The introduction of the book reprints


id: computability-in-analysis-and-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_in_Analysis_and_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: Computability in Analysis and Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_in_Analysis_and_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:53.082106+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: computability-in-analysis-and-physics-20260505-0
summary:
Computability in Analysis and Physics is a monograph on computable analysis by Marian Pour-El and J. Ian Richards. It was published by Springer-Verlag in their Perspectives in Mathematical Logic series in 1989, and reprinted by the Association for Symbolic Logic and Cambridge University Press in their Perspectives in Logic series in 2016. == Topics == The book concerns computable analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis founded by Alan Turing and concerned with the computability of constructions in analysis. This area is connected to, but distinct from, constructive analysis, reverse mathematics, and numerical analysis. The early development of the field was summarized in a book by Oliver Aberth, Computable Analysis (1980), and Computability in Analysis and Physics provides an update, incorporating substantial developments in this area by its authors. In contrast to the Russian school of computable analysis led by Andrey Markov Jr., it views computability as a distinguishing property of mathematical objects among others, rather than developing a theory that concerns only computable objects. After an initial section of the book, introducing computable analysis and leading up to an example of John Myhill of a computable continuously differentiable function whose derivative is not computable, the remaining two parts of the


id: concepts-of-modern-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepts_of_Modern_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Concepts of Modern Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepts_of_Modern_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:54.236463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concepts-of-modern-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Concepts of Modern Mathematics is a book by mathematician and science popularizer Ian Stewart about then-recent developments in mathematics. It was originally published by Penguin Books in 1975, updated in 1981, and reprinted by Dover publications in 1995 and 2015. == Overview == The book arose out of an extramural class that Ian Stewart taught at the University of Warwick about "Modern mathematics". In the 1995 Dover edition Stewart wrote that the aim of the class was: to explain why the underlying abstract point of view had gained currency among research mathematicians, and to examine how it opened up entirely new realms of mathematical thought. The book is aimed at non-mathematicians. However, there are frequent equations and diagrams and the level of presentation is more technical than some of Stewart's other popular books such as Flatterland. Topics covered include analytic geometry, set theory, abstract algebra, group theory, topology, and probability. == References ==


id: the-construction-and-principal-uses-of-mathematical-instruments-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Construction_and_Principal_Uses_of_Mathematical_Instruments-0.md
category: reference
title: The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Construction_and_Principal_Uses_of_Mathematical_Instruments
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:55.455451+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-construction-and-principal-uses-of-mathematical-instruments-20260505-0
summary:
The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments (French: Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instrumens de mathématique) is a book by Nicholas Bion, first published in 1709. It was translated into English in 1723 by Edmund Stone. The book describes ways to construct mathematical instruments. It was described as "the most famous book devoted to instruments" by historian of science David M. Knight. == Nicholas Bion == Nicholas Bion (French: Nicolas Bion [bjɔ̃]; 1652–1733) was a French instrument maker and author with workshops in Paris. He was king's engineer for mathematical instruments. He died in Paris in 1733 aged 81. === Bibliography === Bion is the author of the following: L'usage des Globes Célestes et Terrestres et des sphères suivant les differents systèmes du Monde (Amsterdam, 1700) Usage des Astrolabes Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instrumens de mathématique (Paris, 1709) (online version) == References == == Further reading == Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008. ISBN 978-0-684-31559-1. Kern, Ralf (2010). Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Köln: König, Walther. ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0. == External links == Online edition Bell Book Collection at the


id: convex-polyhedra-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_Polyhedra_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Convex Polyhedra (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_Polyhedra_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:56.619640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: convex-polyhedra-book-20260505-0
summary:
Convex Polyhedra is a book on the mathematics of convex polyhedra, written by Soviet mathematician Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, and originally published in Russian in 1950, under the title Выпуклые многогранники. It was translated into German by Wilhelm Süss as Konvexe Polyeder in 1958. An updated edition, translated into English by Nurlan S. Dairbekov, Semën Samsonovich Kutateladze and Alexei B. Sossinsky, with added material by Victor Zalgaller, L. A. Shor, and Yu. A. Volkov, was published as Convex Polyhedra by Springer-Verlag in 2005. == Topics == The main focus of the book is on the specification of geometric data that will determine uniquely the shape of a three-dimensional convex polyhedron, up to some class of geometric transformations such as congruence or similarity. It considers both bounded polyhedra (convex hulls of finite sets of points) and unbounded polyhedra (intersections of finitely many half-spaces). The 1950 Russian edition of the book included 11 chapters. The first chapter covers the basic topological properties of polyhedra, including their topological equivalence to spheres (in the bounded case) and Euler's polyhedral formula. After a lemma of Augustin Cauchy on the impossibility of labeling the edges of a polyhedron by positive and negative signs so that each vertex


id: crocheting-adventures-with-hyperbolic-planes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocheting_Adventures_with_Hyperbolic_Planes-0.md
category: reference
title: Crocheting Adventures with Hyperbolic Planes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocheting_Adventures_with_Hyperbolic_Planes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:58.864644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crocheting-adventures-with-hyperbolic-planes-20260505-0
summary:
Crocheting Adventures with Hyperbolic Planes is a book on crochet and hyperbolic geometry by Daina Taimiņa. It was published in 2009 by A K Peters, with a 2018 second edition by CRC Press. == Topics == The book is on the use of crochet to make physical surfaces with the geometry of the hyperbolic plane. The full hyperbolic plane cannot be embedded smoothly into three-dimensional space, but pieces of it can. Past researchers had made models of these surfaces out of paper, but Taimiņa's work is the first work to do so using textile arts. She had previously described these models in a research paper and used them as illustrations for an undergraduate geometry textbook, but this book describes more of the background for the project, makes it more widely accessible, and provides instructions for others to follow in making these models. The book has nine chapters. The first chapter introduces the notion of the curvature of a surface, provides instructions for an introductory project in crocheting a patch of the hyperbolic plane, and provides an initial warning about the exponential growth in the area of this plane as a function of its radius, which will cause larger crochet projects


id: the-cube-made-interesting-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cube_Made_Interesting-0.md
category: reference
title: The Cube Made Interesting
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cube_Made_Interesting
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:59.993538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-cube-made-interesting-20260505-0
summary:
The Cube Made Interesting is a geometry book aimed at high school mathematics students, on the geometry of the cube. It was originally written in Polish by Aniela Ehrenfeucht (née Miklaszewska, 1905–2000), titled Ciekawy Sześcian [the interesting cube], and published by Polish Scientific Publishers PWN in 1960. Wacław Zawadowski translated it into English, and the translation was published in 1964 by the Pergamon Press and Macmillan Inc., in their "Popular Lectures in Mathematics" series. == Topics == The book begins with Euler's polyhedral formula, and includes material on the symmetries of their cube and their realization as geometric rotations, and on the shape of plane sections through cubes. It describes the 30 combinatorially distinct colorings of the six faces of the cube by six different colors, and discusses arrangements of colored cubes that match pairs of equal-colored faces. The final chapter of the book concerns Prince Rupert's cube, the problem of fitting a cube through a hole drilled through a smaller cube without breaking the smaller cube into pieces. An unusual feature of the book is its heavy illustration with red-blue anaglyphs; provided with the book are red-blue glasses allowing readers to see these images as three-dimensional shapes. == Audience


id: davenport-schinzel-sequences-and-their-geometric-applications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport–Schinzel_Sequences_and_Their_Geometric_Applications-0.md
category: reference
title: Davenport–Schinzel Sequences and Their Geometric Applications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport–Schinzel_Sequences_and_Their_Geometric_Applications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:01.151538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: davenport-schinzel-sequences-and-their-geometric-applications-20260505-0
summary:
Davenport–Schinzel Sequences and Their Geometric Applications is a book in discrete geometry. It was written by Micha Sharir and Pankaj K. Agarwal, and published by Cambridge University Press in 1995, with a paperback reprint in 2010. == Topics == Davenport–Schinzel sequences are named after Harold Davenport and Andrzej Schinzel, who applied them to certain problems in the theory of differential equations. They are finite sequences of symbols from a given alphabet, constrained by forbidding pairs of symbols from appearing in alternation more than a given number of times (regardless of what other symbols might separate them). In a Davenport–Schinzel sequence of order k {\displaystyle k} , the longest allowed alternations have length k {\displaystyle k} . For instance, a Davenport–Schinzel sequence of order three could have two symbols x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} that appear either in the order x … y … x {\displaystyle x\dots y\dots x} or y … x … y {\displaystyle y\dots x\dots y} , but longer alternations like x … y … x … y {\displaystyle x\dots y\dots x\dots y} would be forbidden. The length of such a sequence, for a given choice of k {\displaystyle k} , can be only slightly longer


id: de-arte-supputandi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_arte_supputandi-0.md
category: reference
title: De arte supputandi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_arte_supputandi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:02.309998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-arte-supputandi-20260505-0
summary:
De arte supputandi libri quattuor was the first printed work on arithmetic published in England. Published in 1522, it was written by Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London, and based on Luca Pacioli's Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità. It is dedicated to Sir Thomas More. == References ==


id: divina-proportione-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divina_proportione-0.md
category: reference
title: Divina proportione
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divina_proportione
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:03.564557+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: divina-proportione-20260505-0
summary:
Divina proportione (15th century Italian for Divine proportion), later also called De divina proportione (converting the Italian title into a Latin one) is a book on mathematics written by Luca Pacioli and illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci, completed by February 9th, 1498 in Milan and first printed in 1509. Its subject was mathematical proportions (the title refers to the golden ratio) and their applications to geometry, to visual art through perspective, and to architecture. The clarity of the written material and Leonardo's excellent diagrams helped the book to achieve an impact beyond mathematical circles, popularizing contemporary geometric concepts and images. Some of its content was plagiarised from an earlier book by Piero della Francesca, De quinque corporibus regularibus. == Contents of the book == The book consists of three separate manuscripts, which Pacioli worked on between 1496 and 1498. He credits Fibonacci as the main source for the mathematics he presents. === Compendio divina proportione === The first part, Compendio divina proportione (Compendium on the Divine Proportion), studies the golden ratio from a mathematical perspective (following the relevant work of Euclid), giving mystical and religious meanings to this ratio, in seventy-one chapters. Pacioli points out that golden rectangles can be


id: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus-0.md
category: reference
title: De quinque corporibus regularibus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:04.742568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-0
summary:
De quinque corporibus regularibus (sometimes called Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus) is a book on the geometry of polyhedra written in the 1480s or early 1490s by Italian painter and mathematician Piero della Francesca. It is a manuscript, in the Latin language; its title means [the little book] on the five regular solids. It is one of three books known to have been written by della Francesca. Along with the Platonic solids, De quinque corporibus regularibus includes descriptions of five of the thirteen Archimedean solids, and of several other irregular polyhedra coming from architectural applications. It was the first of what would become many books connecting mathematics to art through the construction and perspective drawing of polyhedra, including Luca Pacioli's 1509 Divina proportione (which incorporated without credit an Italian translation of della Francesca's work). Lost for many years, De quinque corporibus regularibus was rediscovered in the 19th century in the Vatican Library and the Vatican copy has since been republished in facsimile. == Background == The five Platonic solids (the regular tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron) were known to della Francesca through two classical sources: Timaeus, in which Plato theorizes that four of them correspond to the classical elements


id: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus-1.md
category: reference
title: De quinque corporibus regularibus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:04.742568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-0
summary:
The fourth and final part of the book concerns other shapes than the Platonic solids. These include six Archimedean solids: the truncated tetrahedron (which appears also in an exercise in his Trattato d'abaco), and the truncations of the other four Platonic solids. The cuboctahedron, another Archimedean solid, is described in the Trattato but not in De quinque corporibus regularibus; since De quinque corporibus regularibus appears to be a later work than the Trattato, this omission appears to be deliberate, and a sign that della Francesca was not aiming for a complete listing of these polyhedra. The fourth part of De quinque corporibus regularibus also includes domed shapes like the domes of the Pantheon, Rome or the (at the time newly constructed) Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan formed from a ring of triangles surrounded by concentric rings of irregular quadrilaterals, and other shapes arising in architectural applications. The result that Peterson (1997) calls della Francesca's "most sophisticated" is the derivation of the volume of a Steinmetz solid (the intersection of two cylinders, the shape of a cloister vault), which della Francesca had illustrated in his book on perspective. Despite its curves, this shape has a simple but non-obvious formula


id: descriptive-complexity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_Complexity-0.md
category: reference
title: Descriptive Complexity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_Complexity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:05.899385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: descriptive-complexity-20260505-0
summary:
Descriptive Complexity is a book in mathematical logic and computational complexity theory by Neil Immerman. It concerns descriptive complexity theory, an area in which the expressibility of mathematical properties using different types of logic is shown to be equivalent to their computability in different types of resource-bounded models of computation. It was published in 1999 by Springer-Verlag in their book series Graduate Texts in Computer Science. == Topics == The book has 15 chapters, roughly grouped into five chapters on first-order logic, three on second-order logic, and seven independent chapters on advanced topics. The first two chapters provide background material in first-order logic (including first-order arithmetic, the BIT predicate, and the notion of a first-order query) and complexity theory (including formal languages, resource-bounded complexity classes, and complete problems). Chapter three begins the connection between logic and complexity, with a proof that the first-order-recognizable languages can be recognized in logarithmic space, and the construction of complete languages for logarithmic space, nondeterministic logarithmic space, and polynomial time. The fourth chapter concerns inductive definitions, fixed-point operators, and the characterization of polynomial time in terms of first-order logic with the least fixed-point operator. The part of the book on first-order topics ends with a


id: the-design-of-experiments-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Design_of_Experiments-0.md
category: reference
title: The Design of Experiments
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Design_of_Experiments
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:07.114263+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-design-of-experiments-20260505-0
summary:
The Design of Experiments is a 1935 book by the English statistician, Ronald Fisher, on experimental design, considered to be a foundational work in modern statistics and experimental methodology. The book introduced concepts such as randomization, replication, blocking, and contains Fisher’s influential discussion of the null hypothesis, illustrated in the context of the Lady tasting tea experiment. The book has had a lasting impact on the development of statistical science, shaping diverse fields such as agriculture, psychology, and medical research. It remains an important reference in the history of applied statistics and the philosophy of scientific testing. == Background == At the time of publication, Fisher was a statistician at Rothamsted Research (formally known as Rothamsted Experimental Station) where he developed statistical methods to analyze agricultural data. His broader career included fundamental contributions to statistics, genetics, and evolutionary biology. The Design of Experiments built on Fisher’s earlier work, including his book Statistical Methods for Research Workers (1925), and laid the groundwork for the practical application of statistical tests in experimental science. Much of Fisher’s approach grew out of earlier studies at Rothamsted, particularly a 1923 paper with Winifred Mackenzie on crop variation. In this work, Fisher tied the validity of


id: disquisitiones-arithmeticae-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquisitiones_Arithmeticae-0.md
category: reference
title: Disquisitiones Arithmeticae
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquisitiones_Arithmeticae
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:09.351017+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: disquisitiones-arithmeticae-20260505-0
summary:
Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Latin for Arithmetical Investigations) is a textbook on number theory written in Latin by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1798, when Gauss was 21, and published in 1801, when he was 24. It had a revolutionary impact on number theory by making the field truly rigorous and systematic and paved the path for modern number theory. In this book, Gauss brought together and reconciled results in number theory obtained by such eminent mathematicians as Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, and Legendre, while adding profound and original results of his own. == Scope == The Disquisitiones covers both elementary number theory and parts of the area of mathematics now called algebraic number theory. Gauss did not explicitly recognize the concept of a group, which is central to modern algebra, so he did not use this term. His own title for his subject was Higher Arithmetic. In his Preface to the Disquisitiones, Gauss describes the scope of the book as follows: The inquiries which this volume will investigate pertain to that part of Mathematics which concerns itself with integers. Gauss also writes, "When confronting many difficult problems, derivations have been suppressed for the sake of brevity when readers refer to this work." ("Quod,


id: divine-proportions-rational-trigonometry-to-universal-geometry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Proportions:_Rational_Trigonometry_to_Universal_Geometry-0.md
category: reference
title: Divine Proportions: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Proportions:_Rational_Trigonometry_to_Universal_Geometry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:10.549527+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: divine-proportions-rational-trigonometry-to-universal-geometry-20260505-0
summary:
Divine Proportions: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry is a 2005 book by the mathematician Norman J. Wildberger on a proposed alternative approach to Euclidean geometry and trigonometry, called rational trigonometry. The book advocates replacing the usual basic quantities of trigonometry, Euclidean distance and angle measure, by squared distance and the square of the sine of the angle, respectively. This is logically equivalent to the standard development (as the replacement quantities can be expressed in terms of the standard ones and vice versa). The author claims his approach holds some advantages, such as avoiding the need for irrational numbers. The book was "essentially self-published" by Wildberger through his publishing company Wild Egg. The formulas and theorems in the book are regarded as correct mathematics but the claims about practical or pedagogical superiority are primarily promoted by Wildberger himself and have received mixed reviews. == Overview == The main idea of Divine Proportions is to replace distances by the squared Euclidean distance, which Wildberger calls the quadrance, and to replace angle measures by the squares of their sines, which Wildberger calls the spread between two lines. Divine Proportions defines both of these concepts directly from the Cartesian coordinates of points that determine


id: divine-proportions-rational-trigonometry-to-universal-geometry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Proportions:_Rational_Trigonometry_to_Universal_Geometry-1.md
category: reference
title: Divine Proportions: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Proportions:_Rational_Trigonometry_to_Universal_Geometry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:10.549527+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: divine-proportions-rational-trigonometry-to-universal-geometry-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical reception == The feature of the book that was most positively received by reviewers was its work extending results in distance and angle geometry to finite fields. Reviewer Laura Wiswell found this work impressive, and was charmed by the result that the smallest finite field containing a regular pentagon is F 19 {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{19}} . Michael Henle calls the extension of triangle and conic section geometry to finite fields, in part III of the book, "an elegant theory of great generality", and William Barker also writes approvingly of this aspect of the book, calling it "particularly novel" and possibly opening up new research directions. Wiswell raises the question of how many of the detailed results presented without attribution in this work are actually novel. In this light, Michael Henle notes that the use of squared Euclidean distance "has often been found convenient elsewhere"; for instance it is used in distance geometry, least squares statistics, and convex optimization. James Franklin points out that for spaces of three or more dimensions, modelled conventionally using linear algebra, the use of spread by Divine Proportions is not very different from standard methods involving dot products in place of trigonometric functions.


id: do-not-erase-mathematicians-and-their-chalkboards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Erase:_Mathematicians_and_Their_Chalkboards-0.md
category: reference
title: Do Not Erase: Mathematicians and Their Chalkboards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Erase:_Mathematicians_and_Their_Chalkboards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:11.731404+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: do-not-erase-mathematicians-and-their-chalkboards-20260505-0
summary:
Do Not Erase: Mathematicians and their Chalkboards is a photo-essay book on the blackboards of mathematicians. It was photographed and edited by Jessica Wynne, and published in 2021 by the Princeton University Press. == Background == Wynne is a professor of photography at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City. She came to this project through an acquaintance with mathematicians Amie Wilkinson and Benson Farb, neighbors of hers in Cape Cod, and through a trip to India from which she brought back a set of photographs she had taken of school chalkboards in Jaipur. The title of the book harks back to the legend of Archimedes commanding his killer not to erase his circles. In modern times, adding "do not erase" as an annotation on a filled-up chalkboard is a familiar way to request the preservation of its contents. By photographing these chalkboards, Wynne has given them significantly more permanence than they otherwise would have. == Contents == Do Not Erase is formatted as a sequence of 109 two-page spreads, printed unusually in landscape mode: the pages are approximately letter size, but wider than they are tall. Each spread features a full-color photograph of a mathematician's chalkboard, generally


id: does-god-play-dice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Does_God_Play_Dice-0.md
category: reference
title: Does God Play Dice?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Does_God_Play_Dice?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:12.875523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: does-god-play-dice-20260505-0
summary:
Does God Play Dice: The New Mathematics of Chaos is a non-fiction book about chaos theory written by British mathematician Ian Stewart. The book was initially published by Blackwell Publishing in 1989. == Summary == In this book, Stewart explains chaos theory to an audience presumably unfamiliar with it. As the book progresses the writing changes from simple explanations of chaos theory to in-depth, rigorous mathematical study. Stewart covers mathematical concepts such as differential equations, resonance, nonlinear dynamics, and probability. The book is illustrated with diagrams and graphs of mathematical concepts and equations when applicable. The back of the book, and a summary of its content, reads, "The science of chaos is forcing scientists to rethink Einstein's fundamental assumptions regarding the way the universe behaves. Chaos theory has already shown that simple systems, obeying precise laws, can nevertheless act in a random manner. Perhaps God plays dice within a cosmic game of complete law and order. Does God Play Dice? reveals a strange universe in which nothing may be as it seems. Familiar geometric shapes such as circles and ellipses give way to infinitely complex structures known as fractals, the fluttering of a butterfly's wings can change the weather, and


id: l-ments-de-g-om-trie-alg-brique-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éléments_de_géométrie_algébrique-0.md
category: reference
title: Éléments de géométrie algébrique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éléments_de_géométrie_algébrique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:14.455832+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: l-ments-de-g-om-trie-alg-brique-20260505-0
summary:
The Éléments de géométrie algébrique (EGA; from French: "Elements of Algebraic Geometry") by Alexander Grothendieck (assisted by Jean Dieudonné) is a rigorous treatise on algebraic geometry that was published (in eight parts or fascicles) from 1960 through 1967 by the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques. In it, Grothendieck established systematic foundations of algebraic geometry, building upon the concept of schemes, which he defined. The work is now considered the foundation and basic reference of modern algebraic geometry. == Editions == Initially thirteen chapters were planned, but only the first four (making a total of approximately 1500 pages) were published. Much of the material which would have been found in the following chapters can be found, in a less polished form, in the Séminaire de géométrie algébrique (known as SGA). Indeed, as explained by Grothendieck in the preface of the published version of SGA, by 1970 it had become clear that incorporating all of the planned material in EGA would require significant changes in the earlier chapters already published, and that therefore the prospects of completing EGA in the near term were limited. An obvious example is provided by derived categories, which became an indispensable tool in the later SGA volumes,


id: l-ments-de-math-matique-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éléments_de_mathématique-0.md
category: reference
title: Éléments de mathématique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éléments_de_mathématique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:15.713125+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: l-ments-de-math-matique-20260505-0
summary:
Éléments de mathématique (English: Elements of Mathematics) is a series of mathematics books written by the pseudonymous French collective Nicolas Bourbaki. Begun in 1939, the series has been published in several volumes, and remains in progress. The series is noted as a large-scale, self-contained, formal treatment of mathematics. The members of the Bourbaki group originally intended the work as a textbook on analysis, with the working title Traité d'analyse (Treatise on Analysis). While planning the structure of the work they became more ambitious, expanding its scope to cover several branches of modern mathematics. Once the plan of the work was expanded to treat other fields in depth, the title Éléments de mathématique was adopted. Topics treated in the series include set theory, abstract algebra, topology, analysis, Lie groups and Lie algebras. The unusual singular "mathématique" (mathematic) of the title is deliberate, meant to convey the authors' belief in the unity of mathematics. A companion volume, Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques (Elements of the History of Mathematics), collects and reproduces several of the historical notes that previously appeared in the work. == History == In late 1934, a group of mathematicians including André Weil resolved to collectively write a textbook on mathematical


id: l-ments-de-math-matique-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éléments_de_mathématique-1.md
category: reference
title: Éléments de mathématique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éléments_de_mathématique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:15.713125+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: l-ments-de-math-matique-20260505-0
summary:
== Structure == Éléments de mathématique is divided into books, volumes, and chapters. A book refers to a broad area of investigation or branch of mathematics (Algebra, Integration); a given book is sometimes published in multiple volumes (physical books) or else in a single volume. The work is further subdivided into chapters with some volumes consisting of a single chapter. Typically of mathematics textbooks, the Éléments' chapters present definitions, mathematical notation, proofs of theorems and exercises, forming the core mathematical content of the work. The chapters are supplemented by historical notes and summaries of results. The former usually appear after a given chapter to contextualize the development of its topics, and the latter are occasionally used sections in which a book's major results are collected and stated without proof. Eléments d'histoire des mathématiques is a compilation volume of several of the historical note sections previously published in the Éléments proper, through the book on Lie groups and Lie algebras. When Bourbaki's founders originally planned the Treatise on Analysis, they conceived of an introductory and foundational section of the text, which would describe all prerequisite concepts from scratch. This proposed area of the text was referred to as the "Abstract Packet"


id: encyclopedic-dictionary-of-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_Dictionary_of_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_Dictionary_of_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:19.213869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedic-dictionary-of-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics is a translation of the Japanese Iwanami Sūgaku Jiten (岩波数学辞典). The editor of the first and second editions was Shokichi Iyanaga; the editor of the third edition was Kiyosi Itô; the fourth edition was edited by the Mathematical Society of Japan. == Editions == Iyanaga, Shōkichi, ed. (1954), Iwanami Sūgaku Jiten (in Japanese) (1st ed.), Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, MR 0062668 Iyanaga, Shōkichi, ed. (1960), Iwanami mathematical dictionary, Edited by the Mathematical Society of Japan. Revised and enlarged (in Japanese), Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, MR 0130788 Iyanaga, Shōkichi, ed. (1968), Iwanami Sūgaku Jiten (in Japanese) (2nd ed.), Iwanami Shoten Publishers, Tokyo, MR 0241228 Iyanaga, Shōkichi, ed. (1977), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, Volumes I, II, hardback, translated from the 2nd Japanese edition (1st ed.), MIT Press, pp. 1750, ISBN 978-0-262-09016-2, MR 0490100 Iyanaga, Shōkichi; Kawada, Yukiyosi, eds. (1980) [1977], Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, Volumes I, II, Translated from the 2nd Japanese edition, paperback version of the 1977 edition (1st ed.), MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-59010-5, MR 0591028 Sūgaku Jiten (in Japanese) (3rd ed.), Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1985, ISBN 978-4-00-080016-7, MR 0924841 Itô, Kiyosi, ed. (1987), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. Vol. I--IV, Hardback, Translated from the Japanese 3rd edition (2nd


category: reference
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:20.399254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
the-equidistribution-of-lattice-shapes-of-rings-of-integers-of-cubic-quartic-and-quintic-number-fields-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Equidistribution_of_Lattice_Shapes_of_Rings_of_Integers_of_Cubic,_Quartic,_and_Quintic_Number_Fields-0.md

title:
The Equidistribution of Lattice Shapes of Rings of Integers of Cubic, Quartic, and Quintic Number Fields

summary:
The Equidistribution of Lattice Shapes of Rings of Integers of Cubic, Quartic, and Quintic Number Fields: An Artist's Rendering is a mathematics book by Piper Harron (also known as Piper H and Piper Harris), based on her Princeton University doctoral thesis of the same title. It has been described as "feminist", "unique", "honest", "generous", and "refreshing". == Thesis and reception == Harron was advised by Fields Medalist Manjul Bhargava, and her thesis deals with the properties of number fields, specifically the shape of their rings of integers. Harron and Bhargava showed that, viewed as a lattice in real vector space, the ring of integers of a random number field does not have any special symmetries. Rather than simply presenting the proof, Harron intended for the thesis and book to explain both the mathematics and the process (and struggle) that was required to reach this result. The writing is accessible and informal, and the book features sections targeting three different audiences: laypeople, people with general mathematical knowledge, and experts in number theory. Harron intentionally departs from the typical academic format as she is writing for a community of mathematicians who "do not feel that they are encouraged to be themselves". Unusually

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Equidistribution_of_Lattice_Shapes_of_Rings_of_Integers_of_Cubic,_Quartic,_and_Quintic_Number_Fields

parent:
the-equidistribution-of-lattice-shapes-of-rings-of-integers-of-cubic-quartic-and-quintic-number-fields-20260505-0


id: equivalents-of-the-axiom-of-choice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalents_of_the_Axiom_of_Choice-0.md
category: reference
title: Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalents_of_the_Axiom_of_Choice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:21.545527+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: equivalents-of-the-axiom-of-choice-20260505-0
summary:
Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice is a book in mathematics, collecting statements in mathematics that are true if and only if the axiom of choice holds. It was written by Herman Rubin and Jean E. Rubin, and published in 1963 by North-Holland as volume 34 of their Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics series. An updated edition, Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice, II, was published as volume 116 of the same series in 1985. == Topics == At the time of the book's original publication, it was unknown whether the axiom of choice followed from the other axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF), or was independent of them, although it was known to be consistent with them from the work of Kurt Gödel. This book codified the project of classifying theorems of mathematics according to whether the axiom of choice was necessary in their proofs, or whether they could be proven without it. At approximately the same time as the book's publication, Paul Cohen proved that the negation of the axiom of choice is also consistent, implying that the axiom of choice, and all of its equivalent statements in this book, are indeed independent of ZF.


id: euclid-and-his-modern-rivals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_and_His_Modern_Rivals-0.md
category: reference
title: Euclid and His Modern Rivals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_and_His_Modern_Rivals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:22.731487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: euclid-and-his-modern-rivals-20260505-0
summary:
Euclid and His Modern Rivals is a mathematical book published in 1879 by the English mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832–1898), better known under his literary pseudonym "Lewis Carroll". It considers the pedagogic merit of thirteen contemporary geometry textbooks, demonstrating how each in turn is either inferior to or functionally identical to Euclid's Elements. In it Dodgson supports using Euclid's geometry textbook The Elements as the geometry textbook in schools against more modern geometry textbooks that were replacing it, advocated by the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching, satirized in the book as the "Association for the Improvement of Things in General". Euclid's ghost returns in the play to defend his book against its modern rivals and tries to demonstrate how all of them are inferior to his book. Despite its scholarly subject and content, the work takes the form of a whimsical dialogue, principally between a mathematician named Minos (taken from Minos, judge of the underworld in Greek mythology) and a "devil's advocate" named Professor Niemand (German for 'nobody') who represents the "Modern Rivals" of the title. == References == Robin Wilson (2008). Lewis Carroll in Numberland. Allen Lane. pp. 91–95. ISBN 978-0-7139-9757-6. == External links == Euclid and


id: euclid-s-optics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid's_Optics-0.md
category: reference
title: Euclid's Optics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid's_Optics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:23.896975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: euclid-s-optics-20260505-0
summary:
Optics (Ancient Greek: Ὀπτικά) is a work on the geometry of vision written by the Greek mathematician Euclid around 300 BC. The earliest surviving manuscript of Optics is in Greek and dates from the 10th century AD. The work deals almost entirely with the geometry of vision, with little reference to either the physical or psychological aspects of sight. No Western scientist had previously given such mathematical attention to vision. Euclid's Optics influenced the work of later Greek, Islamic, and Western European Renaissance scientists and artists, and is further credited with laying the foundations of classical optics. == Historical significance == Writers before Euclid had developed theories of vision. However, their works were mostly philosophical in nature and lacked the mathematics that Euclid introduced in his Optics. Efforts by the Greeks prior to Euclid were concerned primarily with the physical dimension of vision. Whereas Plato and Empedocles thought of the visual ray as "luminous and ethereal emanation", Euclid’s treatment of vision in a mathematical way was part of the larger Hellenistic trend to quantify a whole range of scientific fields. Because Optics contributed a new dimension to the study of vision, it influenced later scientists. In particular, Ptolemy used Euclid's


id: euclides-danicus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclides_Danicus-0.md
category: reference
title: Euclides Danicus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclides_Danicus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:25.024623+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: euclides-danicus-20260505-0
summary:
Euclides Danicus (lit. 'Danish Euclid') is one of three books of mathematics written by Georg Mohr. It was published in 1672 simultaneously in Copenhagen and Amsterdam, in Danish and Dutch respectively. It contains the first proof of the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem, which states that every geometric construction that can be performed using a compass and straightedge can also be done with compass alone. == Contents == The book is divided into two parts. In the first part, Mohr shows how to perform all of the constructions of Euclid's Elements using a compass alone. In the second part, he includes some other specific constructions, including some related to the mathematics of the sundial. == 1928 rediscovery of the book == Euclides Danicus languished in obscurity, possibly caused by its choice of language, until its rediscovery in 1928 in a bookshop in Copenhagen. Until then, the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem had been credited to Lorenzo Mascheroni, who published a proof in 1797, independently of Mohr's work. Soon after the rediscovery of Mohr's book, publications about it by Florian Cajori and Nathan Altshiller Court made its existence much more widely known. The Danish version was republished in facsimile in 1928 by the Royal Danish Academy of


id: evolution-and-the-theory-of-games-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Theory_of_Games-0.md
category: reference
title: Evolution and the Theory of Games
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Theory_of_Games
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:26.180617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evolution-and-the-theory-of-games-20260505-0
summary:
Evolution and the Theory of Games is a book by the British evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith on evolutionary game theory. The book was initially published in December 1982 by Cambridge University Press. == Overview == In the book, John Maynard Smith summarises work on evolutionary game theory that had developed in the 1970s, to which he made several important contributions. The main contribution of the book is in introducing the concept of Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS). ESS states that for a set of behaviours to be conserved over evolutionary time, they must be the most beneficial avenue of action when common, so that no alternative behaviour can invade. Supposing, for instance, that in a population of frogs, males fight to the death over breeding ponds. This would be an ESS if any one cowardly frog that does not fight to the death always fares worse (in terms of evolutionary survival fitness). A more likely scenario is one in which fighting to the death is not an ESS because a frog might arise that will stop fighting if it realises that it is going to lose. This frog would thus reap the benefits of fighting, but not the ultimate cost.


id: extensions-of-first-order-logic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_of_First_Order_Logic-0.md
category: reference
title: Extensions of First Order Logic
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_of_First_Order_Logic
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:39.252783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: extensions-of-first-order-logic-20260505-0
summary:
Extensions of First Order Logic is a book on mathematical logic. It was written by María Manzano, and published in 1996 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 19 of their book series Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science. == Topics == The book concerns forms of logic that go beyond first-order logic, and in particular (following the work of Leon Henkin) the project of unifying them by translating all of these extensions into a specific form of logic, many-sorted logic. Beyond many-sorted logic, its topics include second-order logic (including its incompleteness and relation with Peano arithmetic), second-order arithmetic, type theory (in relational, functional, and equational forms), modal logic, and dynamic logic. It is organized into seven chapters. The first concerns second-order logic in its standard form, and it proves several foundational results for this logic. The second chapter introduces the sequent calculus, a method of making sound deductions in second-order logic, and its incompleteness. The third continues the topic of second-order logic, showing how to formulate Peano arithmetic in it, and using Gödel's first incompleteness theorem to provide a second proof of incompleteness of second-order logic. Chapter four formulates a non-standard semantics for second-order logic (from Henkin), in which


id: felix-klein-and-sophus-lie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein_and_Sophus_Lie-0.md
category: reference
title: Felix Klein and Sophus Lie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein_and_Sophus_Lie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:40.437862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: felix-klein-and-sophus-lie-20260505-0
summary:
Felix Klein and Sophus Lie: Evolution of the Idea of Symmetry in the Nineteenth Century is a 1988 book by I. M. Yaglom, translated from the Russian into English by Sergei Sossinsky, on the history of the notion of symmetry and the mathematical works of Felix Klein and Sophus Lie besides other mathematicians, such as Camille Jordan, without focusing on biographical details, but on their ideas. It was published by Birkhäuser. == Editions == The original Russian edition of the book was published in 1977 and translated into English by Sergei Sossinky and edited by Hardy Grant and Abe Shenitzer in 1988. In 2009, the book was republished by Ishi Press as Geometries, Groups and Algebras in the Nineteenth Century. The new edition, designed by Sam Sloan, has a foreword by Richard Bozulich. == Contents == Felix Klein and Sophus Lie examines the evolution of mathematical ideas that converged in Klein and Lie's work. Yaglom based the work on his lectures to graduate-level students at Yaroslavl State University; Douglas Quadling described it as "a sharply-focused (though appropriately discursive) study" rather than "a catalogue of names and dates." The book begins with Camille Jordan, who discovers an unanswered letter from Galois


id: the-fifty-nine-icosahedra-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifty-Nine_Icosahedra-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifty-Nine_Icosahedra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:41.601047+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fifty-nine-icosahedra-20260505-0
summary:
The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra is a book written and illustrated by H. S. M. Coxeter, P. Du Val, H. T. Flather, and J. F. Petrie. It enumerates certain stellations of the regular convex or Platonic icosahedron, according to a set of rules put forward by J. C. P. Miller. It was first published by the University of Toronto in 1938, and a Second Edition reprint by Springer-Verlag followed in 1982. Tarquin's 1999 Third Edition included new reference material and photographs by K. and D. Crennell. == Stellating polyhedra == In this book a polyhedron is stellated by extending the face planes of a polyhedron until they meet again to form a new polyhedron or compound. When the face planes of the polyhedron are extended indefinitely the space around the polyhedron is divided into unbounded sub spaces and often a number of bounded polyhedrons or cells. Different sets of cells yield different stellations. For a symmetrical polyhedron, these cells will fall into groups of congruent cells, or sets – we say that the cells in such a set are of the same type. This can still lead to a large number of possible forms, so further criteria are imposed to reduce the


id: the-fifty-nine-icosahedra-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifty-Nine_Icosahedra-1.md
category: reference
title: The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifty-Nine_Icosahedra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:41.601047+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fifty-nine-icosahedra-20260505-0
summary:
=== Du Val === Du Val devised a symbolic notation for identifying sets of congruent cells, based on the observation that all the extended face (or boundary) planes together cut the space around the icosahedron in many different finite three dimensional regions that he called cells. A segment between a point in a cell and the centre of the icosahedron intersects a number of (extended) face planes; this number is the power of the point and the cell. All cells with the same power form a shell (or layer). The inner icosahedron (power = 0) is named A, the shell with power 1 b, the shell with power 2 c, and so on. If all cells of a shell are congruent, they are named as the shell itself; if there are different non-congruent cells in a shell, they are numbered like e1 and e2. If an enantiomorphic pair of cells is in a shell, if both are referred then f1 is used, if only one of them is used one is in roman and the other in italic like f1 and f1. For example, there are 3 kinds of cells in the layer with power 5 (shell f): f1, f1


id: the-fifty-nine-icosahedra-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifty-Nine_Icosahedra-2.md
category: reference
title: The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifty-Nine_Icosahedra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:41.601047+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fifty-nine-icosahedra-20260505-0
summary:
mainline stellations are the stellations whose name consist of a single capital letterA till (and including) H fully supported stellations: stellations where there are no overhangs, and all visible parts of a face can be seen from the same side. these are those stellations where in the faces column there is no face that has an apostrophe, for example 3'. The only Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron in the list is the great icosahedron G. The Great stellated dodecahedron is an edge-stellated icosahedron but only face-stellated icosahedra are in the list and it is therefore not included in the list. Some images illustrate the mirror-image icosahedron with the f1 rather than the f1 cell. == Subsequent debate == There has subsequently been some debate on Miller's rules, with some writers questioning them. Flather himself made and exhibited models which were "non-Miller". Bridge (1974) obtained stellations of the icosahedron by dualising facettings of the dodecahedron, noting the significance of internal structure in distinguishing between stellations which Miller's rules treat as identical. Hudson and Kingston (1988) adopted a reduced rule set. Inchbald noted two non-Miller stellations, and went on to discuss various related issues. == See also == List of Wenninger polyhedron models – Wenninger's


id: finding-ellipses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Ellipses-0.md
category: reference
title: Finding Ellipses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Ellipses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:42.735764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finding-ellipses-20260505-0
summary:
Finding Ellipses: What Blaschke Products, Poncelet’s Theorem, and the Numerical Range Know about Each Other is a mathematics book on "some surprising connections among complex analysis, geometry, and linear algebra", and on the connected ways that ellipses can arise from other subjects of study in all three of these fields. It was written by Ulrich Daepp, Pamela Gorkin, Andrew Shaffer, and Karl Voss, and published in 2019 by the American Mathematical Society and Mathematical Association of America as volume 34 of the Carus Mathematical Monographs, a series of books aimed at presenting technical topics in mathematics to a wide audience. == Topics == Finding Ellipses studies a connection between Blaschke products, Poncelet's closure theorem, and the numerical range of matrices. A Blaschke product is a rational function that maps the unit disk in the complex plane to itself, and maps some given points within the disk to the origin. In the main case considered by the book, there are three distinct given points 0 {\displaystyle 0} , a {\displaystyle a} , and b {\displaystyle b} , and their Blaschke product has the formula B ( z ) = z ⋅ z − a 1 − a ¯ z ⋅ z


id: fondements-de-la-g-ometrie-alg-brique-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondements_de_la_Géometrie_Algébrique-0.md
category: reference
title: Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondements_de_la_Géometrie_Algébrique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:44.112183+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fondements-de-la-g-ometrie-alg-brique-20260505-0
summary:
Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique (FGA) is a book that collected together seminar notes of Alexander Grothendieck. It is an important source for his pioneering work on scheme theory, which laid foundations for algebraic geometry in its modern technical developments. The title is a translation of the title of André Weil's book Foundations of Algebraic Geometry. It contained material on descent theory, and existence theorems including that for the Hilbert scheme. The Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géometrie algébrique is one series of seminars within FGA. Like the bulk of Grothendieck's work of the IHÉS period, duplicated notes were circulated, but the publication was not as a conventional book. == Contents == These are Séminaire Bourbaki notes, by number, from the years 1957 to 1962. Fondements de la géométrie algébrique. Commentaires [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 14, 1961/62, Complément]; Théorème de dualité pour les faisceaux algébriques cohérents [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 9, 1956/57, no. 149]; (coherent duality) Géométrie formelle et géométrie algébrique [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 11, 1958/59, no. 182]; (formal geometry) Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géométrie algébrique. I-VI I. Généralités. Descente par morphismes fidèlement plats [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 12, 1959/60, no. 190]; II. Le théorème d'existence en théorie


id: formulario-mathematico-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulario_mathematico-0.md
category: reference
title: Formulario mathematico
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulario_mathematico
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:45.297151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: formulario-mathematico-20260505-0
summary:
Formulario Mathematico (Latino sine flexione: Formulary for Mathematics) is a book by Giuseppe Peano which expresses fundamental theorems of mathematics in a symbolic language developed by Peano. The author was assisted by Giovanni Vailati, Mario Pieri, Alessandro Padoa, Giovanni Vacca, Vincenzo Vivanti, Gino Fano and Cesare Burali-Forti. The Formulario was first published in 1894. The fifth and last edition was published in 1908. Nicolas Bourbaki described Peano's notation in the Formulario as "following current mathematical usage, and introducing many well-chosen abbreviating symbols, his language succeeded moreover in being fairly readable, ..." Hubert Kennedy wrote "the development and use of mathematical logic is the guiding motif of the project". He also explains the variety of Peano's publication under the title: the five editions of the Formulario [are not] editions in the usual sense of the word. Each is essentially a new elaboration, although much material is repeated. Moreover, the title and language varied: the first three, titled Formulaire de Mathématiques, and the fourth, titled, Formulaire Mathématique, were written in French, while Latino sine flexione, Peano's own invention, was used for the fifth edition, titled Formulario Mathematico. ... Ugo Cassina lists no less than twenty separately published items as being parts of


id: foundations-of-algebraic-geometry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Algebraic_Geometry-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundations of Algebraic Geometry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Algebraic_Geometry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:46.432627+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundations-of-algebraic-geometry-20260505-0
summary:
Foundations of Algebraic Geometry is a book by André Weil (1946, 1962) that develops algebraic geometry over fields of any characteristic. In particular it gives a careful treatment of intersection theory by defining the local intersection multiplicity of two subvarieties. Weil was motivated by the need for a rigorous theory of correspondences on algebraic curves in positive characteristic, which he used in his proof of the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields. Weil introduced abstract rather than projective varieties partly so that he could construct the Jacobian of a curve. (It was not known at the time that Jacobians are always projective varieties.) It was some time before anyone found any examples of complete abstract varieties that are not projective. In the 1950s Weil's work was one of several competing attempts to provide satisfactory foundations for algebraic geometry, all of which were superseded by Grothendieck's development of schemes. == See also == Weil cohomology theory == References == Raynaud, Michel (1999), "André Weil and the foundations of algebraic geometry" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 46 (8): 864–867, MR 1704257 van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1971), "The foundation of algebraic geometry from Severi to André Weil", Archive for


id: the-fractal-dimension-of-architecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Dimension_of_Architecture-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fractal Dimension of Architecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Dimension_of_Architecture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:47.635701+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fractal-dimension-of-architecture-20260505-0
summary:
The Fractal Dimension of Architecture is a book that applies the mathematical concept of fractal dimension to the analysis of the architecture of buildings. It was written by Michael J. Ostwald and Josephine Vaughan, both of whom are architecture academics at the University of Newcastle (Australia); it was published in 2016 by Birkhäuser, as the first volume in their Mathematics and the Built Environment book series. == Topics == The book applies the box counting method for computing fractal dimension, via the ArchImage software system, to compute a fractal dimension from architectural drawings (elevations and floor plans) of buildings, drawn at multiple levels of detail. The results of the book suggest that the results are consistent enough to allow for comparisons from one building to another, as long as the general features of the images (such as margins, line thickness, and resolution), parameters of the box counting algorithm, and statistical processing of the results are carefully controlled. The first five chapters of the book introduce fractals and the fractal dimension, and explain the methodology used by the authors for this analysis, also applying the same analysis to classical fractal structures including the Apollonian gasket, Fibonacci word, Koch snowflake, Minkowski sausage,


id: the-fractal-geometry-of-nature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Geometry_of_Nature-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fractal Geometry of Nature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Geometry_of_Nature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:48.793264+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fractal-geometry-of-nature-20260505-0
summary:
The Fractal Geometry of Nature is a 1982 book by the Franco-American mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot. == Overview == The Fractal Geometry of Nature is a revised and enlarged version of his 1977 book entitled Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension, which in turn was a revised, enlarged, and translated version of his 1975 French book, Les Objets Fractals: Forme, Hasard et Dimension. American Scientist put the book in its one hundred books of 20th century science. As technology has improved, mathematically accurate, computer-drawn fractals have become more detailed. Early drawings were low-resolution black and white; later drawings were higher resolution and in color. Many examples were created by programmers working with Mandelbrot, primarily at IBM Research. These visualizations have added to persuasiveness of the books and their impact on the scientific community. == See also == Chaos theory == References ==


id: fundamenta-nova-theoriae-functionum-ellipticarum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_nova_theoriae_functionum_ellipticarum-0.md
category: reference
title: Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_nova_theoriae_functionum_ellipticarum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:49.966123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fundamenta-nova-theoriae-functionum-ellipticarum-20260505-0
summary:
Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (from Latin: New Foundations of the Theory of Elliptic Functions) is a treatise on elliptic functions by German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The book was first published in 1829, and has been reprinted in volume 1 of his collected works and on several later occasions. The book introduces Jacobi elliptic functions and the Jacobi triple product identity. == References == Citations General Conway, John Horton (1980), "Monsters and moonshine", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 2 (4): 165–171, doi:10.1007/BF03028594, ISSN 0343-6993, MR 0600222, S2CID 121787388 Cooke, Roger (2005), "Chapter 31 C. F. G. Jacobi, book on elliptic functions", in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.), Landmark writings in western mathematics 1640–1940, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 412–430, ISBN 978-0-444-50871-3, MR 2169816 Jacobi, C. G. J. (1829), Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (in Latin), Königsberg: Borntraeger, ISBN 978-1-108-05200-9, Reprinted by Cambridge University Press 2012 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Jacobi, C. G. J. (1969) [1881], Gesammelte Werke, Herausgegeben auf Veranlassung der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. I–VIII (2nd ed.), New York: Chelsea Publishing Co., MR 0260557, archived from the original on 2013-05-13, retrieved 2012-10-14


id: games-puzzles-and-computation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games,_Puzzles,_and_Computation-0.md
category: reference
title: Games, Puzzles, and Computation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games,_Puzzles,_and_Computation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:51.099239+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: games-puzzles-and-computation-20260505-0
summary:
Games, Puzzles, and Computation is a book on game complexity, written by Robert Hearn and Erik Demaine, and published in 2009 by A K Peters. It is revised from Hearn's doctoral dissertation, which was supervised by Demaine. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended it for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == Games, Puzzles, and Computation concerns the computational complexity theory of solving logic puzzles and making optimal decisions in two-player and multi-player combinatorial games. Its focus is on games and puzzles that have seen real-world play, rather than ones that have been invented for a purely mathematical purpose. In this area it is common for puzzles and games such as sudoku, Rush Hour, reversi, and chess (in generalized forms with arbitrarily large boards) to be computationally difficult: sudoku is NP-complete, Rush Hour and reversi are PSPACE-complete, and chess is EXPTIME-complete. Beyond proving new results along these lines, the book aims to provide a unifying framework for proving such results, through the use of nondeterministic constraint logic, an abstract combinatorial problem that more closely resembles game play than the more classical problems previously used for completeness proofs. It is divided into three


id: geometric-and-topological-inference-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_and_Topological_Inference-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric and Topological Inference
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_and_Topological_Inference
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:52.312144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-and-topological-inference-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric and Topological Inference is a monograph in computational geometry, computational topology, geometry processing, and topological data analysis, on the problem of inferring properties of an unknown space from a finite point cloud of noisy samples from the space. It was written by Jean-Daniel Boissonnat, Frédéric Chazal, and Mariette Yvinec, and published in 2018 by the Cambridge University Press in their Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics book series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book is subdivided into four parts and 11 chapters. The first part covers basic tools from topology needed in the study, including simplicial complexes, Čech complexes and Vietoris–Rips complex, homotopy equivalence of topological spaces to their nerves, filtrations of complexes, and the data structures needed to represent these concepts efficiently in computer algorithms. A second introductory part concerns material of a more geometric nature, including Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi diagrams, convex polytopes, convex hulls and convex hull algorithms, lower envelopes, alpha shapes and alpha complexes, and witness complexes. With these preliminaries out of the way, the remaining two sections show how to use these tools for topological inference. The


id: geometric-exercises-in-paper-folding-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Exercises_in_Paper_Folding-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Exercises_in_Paper_Folding
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:53.464312+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-exercises-in-paper-folding-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding is a book on the mathematics of paper folding. It was written by Indian mathematician T. Sundara Row, first published in India in 1893, and later republished in many other editions. Its topics include paper constructions for regular polygons, symmetry, and algebraic curves. According to the historian of mathematics Michael Friedman, it became "one of the main engines of the popularization of folding as a mathematical activity". == Publication history == Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding was first published by Addison & Co. in Madras in 1893. The book became known in Europe through a remark of Felix Klein in his book Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie (1895) and its translation Famous Problems Of Elementary Geometry (1897). Based on the success of Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding in Germany, the Open Court Press of Chicago published it in the US, with updates by Wooster Woodruff Beman and David Eugene Smith. Although Open Court listed four editions of the book, published in 1901, 1905, 1917, and 1941, the content did not change between these editions. The fourth edition was also published in London by La Salle, and both presses reprinted the fourth edition in 1958.


id: geometric-folding-algorithms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Folding_Algorithms-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric Folding Algorithms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Folding_Algorithms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:54.562391+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-folding-algorithms-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric Folding Algorithms: Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra is a monograph on the mathematics and computational geometry of mechanical linkages, paper folding, and polyhedral nets, by Erik Demaine and Joseph O'Rourke. It was published in 2007 by Cambridge University Press (ISBN 978-0-521-85757-4). A Japanese-language translation by Ryuhei Uehara was published in 2009 by the Modern Science Company (ISBN 978-4-7649-0377-7). == Audience == Although aimed at computer science and mathematics students, much of the book is accessible to a broader audience of mathematically-sophisticated readers with some background in high-school level geometry. Mathematical origami expert Tom Hull has called it "a must-read for anyone interested in the field of computational origami". It is a monograph rather than a textbook, and in particular does not include sets of exercises. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended this book for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics and organization == The book is organized into three sections, on linkages, origami, and polyhedra. Topics in the section on linkages include the Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage for converting rotary motion into linear motion, Kempe's universality theorem that any algebraic curve can be traced out by a linkage, the existence of linkages for angle trisection,


id: geometric-origami-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Origami-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric Origami
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Origami
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:55.725835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-origami-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric Origami is a book on the mathematics of paper folding, focusing on the ability to simulate and extend classical straightedge and compass constructions using origami. It was written by Austrian mathematician Robert Geretschläger and published by Arbelos Publishing (Shipley, UK) in 2008. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book is divided into two main parts. The first part is more theoretical. It outlines the Huzita–Hatori axioms for mathematical origami, and proves that they are capable of simulating any straightedge and compass construction. It goes on to show that, in this mathematical model, origami is strictly more powerful than straightedge and compass: with origami, it is possible to solve any cubic equation or quartic equation. In particular, origami methods can be used to trisect angles, and for doubling the cube, two problems that have been proven to have no exact solution using only straightedge and compass. The second part of the book focuses on folding instructions for constructing regular polygons using origami, and on finding the largest copy of a given regular polygon that can be constructed within a given square sheet of


id: la-g-om-trie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Géométrie-0.md
category: reference
title: La Géométrie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Géométrie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:56.902470+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: la-g-om-trie-20260505-0
summary:
La Géométrie (French pronunciation: [la ʒeɔmetʁi]) was published in 1637 as an appendix to Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method), written by René Descartes. In the Discourse, Descartes presents his method for obtaining clarity on any subject. La Géométrie and two other appendices, also by Descartes, La Dioptrique (Optics) and Les Météores (Meteorology), were published with the Discourse to give examples of the kinds of successes he had achieved following his method (as well as, perhaps, considering the contemporary European social climate of intellectual competitiveness, to show off a bit to a wider audience). The work was the first to propose the idea of uniting algebra and geometry into a single subject and invented an algebraic geometry called analytic geometry, which involves reducing geometry to a form of arithmetic and algebra and translating geometric shapes into algebraic equations. For its time this was ground-breaking. It also contributed to the mathematical ideas of Leibniz and Newton and was thus important in the development of calculus. == The text == This appendix is divided into three "books". Book I is titled Problems Which Can Be Constructed by Means of Circles and Straight Lines Only. In this book he introduces algebraic


id: geometry-from-africa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry_From_Africa-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometry From Africa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry_From_Africa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:58.111842+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometry-from-africa-20260505-0
summary:
Geometry From Africa: Mathematical and Educational Explorations is a book in ethnomathematics by Paulus Gerdes. It analyzes the mathematics behind geometric designs and patterns from multiple African cultures, and suggests ways of connecting this analysis with the mathematics curriculum. It was published in 1999 by the Mathematical Association of America, in their Classroom Resource Materials book series. == Background == The book's author, Paulus Gerdes (1952–2014), was a mathematician from the Netherlands who became a professor of mathematics at the Eduardo Mondlane University in Mozambique, rector of Maputo University, and chair of the African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa. He was a prolific author, especially of works on the ethnomathematics of Africa. However, as many of his publications were written in Portuguese, German, and French, or published only in Mozambique, this book makes his work in ethnomathematics more accessible to English-speaking mathematicians. == Topics == The book is heavily illustrated, and describes geometric patterns in the carvings, textiles, drawings and paintings of multiple African cultures. Although these are primarily decorative rather than mathematical, Gerdes adds his own mathematical analysis of the patterns, and suggests ways of incorporating this analysis into the mathematical curriculum. It is


id: the-geometry-of-the-octonions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geometry_of_the_Octonions-0.md
category: reference
title: The Geometry of the Octonions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geometry_of_the_Octonions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:59.245218+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-geometry-of-the-octonions-20260505-0
summary:
The Geometry of the Octonions is a mathematics book on the octonions, a system of numbers generalizing the complex numbers and quaternions, presenting its material at a level suitable for undergraduate mathematics students. It was written by Tevian Dray and Corinne Manogue, and published in 2015 by World Scientific. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book is subdivided into three parts, with the second part being the most significant. Its contents combine both a survey of past work in this area, and much of its authors' own researches. The first part explains the Cayley–Dickson construction, which constructs the complex numbers from the real numbers, the quaternions from the complex numbers, and the octonions from the quaternions. Related algebras are also discussed, including the sedenions (a 16-dimensional real algebra formed in the same way by taking one more step past the octonions) and the split real unital composition algebras (also called Hurwitz algebras). A particular focus here is on interpreting the multiplication operation of these algebras in a geometric way. Reviewer Danail Brezov notes with disappointment that Clifford algebras, although very relevant to this


id: glossary-of-principia-mathematica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Principia_Mathematica-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of Principia Mathematica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Principia_Mathematica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:01.640169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-principia-mathematica-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the notation used in Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell's Principia Mathematica (1910–1913). The second (but not the first) edition of Volume I has a list of notation used at the end. == Glossary == This is a glossary of some of the technical terms in Principia Mathematica that are no longer widely used or whose meaning has changed. apparent variable bound variable atomic proposition A proposition of the form R(x,y,...) where R is a relation. Barbara A mnemonic for a certain syllogism. class A subset of the members of some type codomain The codomain of a relation R is the class of y such that xRy for some x. compact A relation R is called compact if whenever xRz there is a y with xRy and yRz concordant A set of real numbers is called concordant if all nonzero members have the same sign connected connexity A relation R is called connected if for any 2 distinct members x, y either xRy or yRx. continuous A continuous series is a complete totally ordered set isomorphic to the reals. *275 correlator bijection couple 1. A cardinal couple is a class with exactly two elements 2.


id: god-created-the-integers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Created_the_Integers-0.md
category: reference
title: God Created the Integers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Created_the_Integers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:02.760295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: god-created-the-integers-20260505-0
summary:
God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History is a 2005 anthology, edited by Stephen Hawking, of "excerpts from thirty-one of the most important works in the history of mathematics." Each chapter of the work focuses on a different mathematician and begins with a biographical overview. Within each chapter, Hawking examines the mathematician's key discoveries, presents formal proofs of significant results, and explains their impact on the development of the mathematical field. The title of the book is a reference to a quotation attributed to mathematician Leopold Kronecker, who once wrote that "God made the integers; all else is the work of man." == Content == The works are grouped by author and ordered chronologically. Each section is prefaced by notes on the mathematician's life and work. The anthology includes works by the following mathematicians: Selections from the works of Euler, Bolyai, Lobachevsky and Galois, which are included in the second edition of the book (published in 2007), were not included in the first edition. == Editions == Hawking, Stephen (2005). God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History. Running Press Book Publishers. pp. 1160 (Hardback). ISBN 0-7624-1922-9. Hawking, Stephen (2007). God Created the Integers: The


id: the-ground-of-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ground_of_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ground of Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ground_of_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:05.145058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ground-of-arts-20260505-0
summary:
Robert Recorde's Arithmetic: or, The Ground of Arts was one of the first printed English textbooks on arithmetic and the most popular of its time. The Ground of Arts appeared in London in 1543, and it was reprinted around 45 more editions until 1700. Editors and contributors of new sections included John Dee, John Mellis, Robert Hartwell, Thomas Willsford, and finally Edward Hatton. The text is in the format of a dialogue between master and student to facilitate learning arithmetic without a teacher. == References == Bregman, Alvan (1 July 2005). "Alligation Alternate and the Composition of Medicines: Arithmetic and Medicine in Early Modern England". Med. Hist. 49 (3): 299–320. doi:10.1017/s0025727300008899. PMC 1172291. PMID 16092789. Karpinski, Louis (1925). The history of arithmetic. Rand McNally. LCC QA21.K3. Recorde, Robert (1543). The Grounde of Artes. London: Reynold Wolff. LCC QA33.R3 1542a. Recorde, Robert (1699) [1543]. Edward Hatton (ed.). Arithmetick, or, The ground of arts. London: J.H. for Charles Harper. == Further reading == John Denniss & Fenny Smith, "Robert Recorde and his remarkable Arithmetic", pages 25 to 38 in Gareth Roberts & Fenny Smith (editors) (2012) Robert Recorde: The Life and Times of a Tudor Mathematician, Cardiff: University of Wales Press ISBN


id: grundlagen-der-mathematik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundlagen_der_Mathematik-0.md
category: reference
title: Grundlagen der Mathematik
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundlagen_der_Mathematik
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:06.338584+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grundlagen-der-mathematik-20260505-0
summary:
Grundlagen der Mathematik (English: Foundations of Mathematics) is a two-volume work by David Hilbert and Paul Bernays. Originally published in 1934 and 1939, it presents fundamental mathematical ideas and introduced second-order arithmetic. == Publication history == 1934/1939 (Vol. I, II) First German edition, Springer 1944 Reprint of first edition by J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1968/1970 (Vol. I, II) Second revised German edition, Springer 1979/1982 (Vol. I, II) Russian translation of 1968/1970, Nauka Publ., Moscow 2001/2003 (Vol. I, II) French translation, L’Harmattan, Paris 2011/2013 (Parts A and B of Vol. I, prefaces and sections 1-5) English translation of 1968 and 1934, bilingual with German facsimile on the left-hand sides. The Hilbert Bernays Project is producing an English translation. == See also == Hilbert–Bernays paradox == References == Sieg, Wilfried; Ravaglia, Mark (2005), "Chapter 77. David Hilbert and Paul Bernays, Grundlagen der Mathematik" (PDF), in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.), Landmark writings in western mathematics 1640–1940, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 981–99, doi:10.1016/B978-044450871-3/50158-3, ISBN 978-0-444-50871-3, MR 2169816, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-14, retrieved 2011-02-01 Hilbert, David; Bernays, Paul (1934), Grundlagen der Mathematik. I, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 40, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-04134-4, JFM 60.0017.02, MR 0237246,


id: grundz-ge-der-mengenlehre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundzüge_der_Mengenlehre-0.md
category: reference
title: Grundzüge der Mengenlehre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundzüge_der_Mengenlehre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:07.505560+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grundz-ge-der-mengenlehre-20260505-0
summary:
Grundzüge der Mengenlehre (English: Basics of Set Theory) is a book on set theory written by Felix Hausdorff. First published in April 1914, Grundzüge der Mengenlehre was the first comprehensive introduction to set theory. In addition to the systematic treatment of known results in set theory, the book also contains chapters on measure theory and topology, which were then still considered parts of set theory. Hausdorff presented and developed original material that later became the basis for those areas. In 1927, Hausdorff published an extensively revised second edition under the title Mengenlehre (English: Set Theory), omitting many topics from the first edition. In 1935, a third German edition was released, which in 1957 was translated into English by John R. Aumann et al. under the title Set Theory. == References == Blumberg, Henry (1920), "Hausdorff's Grundzüge der Mengenlehre", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 27 (3): 116–129, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1920-03378-1. Gehman, H. M. (1927), "Hausdorff's Revised Mengenlehre", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 33 (6): 778–781, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1927-04478-0 Hausdorff, Felix (1914), Grundzüge der Mengenlehre, Leipzig: Veit, ISBN 978-0-8284-0061-9 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Reprinted by Chelsea Publishing Company in 1944, 1949 and 1965 [1]. Hausdorff, F. (1935) [1927], Mengenlehre (3 ed.), Berlin-Leipzig: de Gruyter


id: the-higher-infinite-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Higher_Infinite-0.md
category: reference
title: The Higher Infinite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Higher_Infinite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:09.938302+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-higher-infinite-20260505-0
summary:
The Higher Infinite: Large Cardinals in Set Theory from their Beginnings is a monograph in set theory by Akihiro Kanamori, concerning the history and theory of large cardinals, infinite sets characterized by such strong properties that their existence cannot be proven in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC). This book was published in 1994 by Springer-Verlag in their series Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, with a second edition in 2003 in their Springer Monographs in Mathematics series, and a paperback reprint of the second edition in 2009 (ISBN 978-3-540-88866-6). == Topics == Not counting introductory material and appendices, there are six chapters in The Higher Infinite, arranged roughly in chronological order by the history of the development of the subject. The author writes that he chose this ordering "both because it provides the most coherent exposition of the mathematics and because it holds the key to any epistemological concerns". In the first chapter, "Beginnings", the material includes inaccessible cardinals, Mahlo cardinals, measurable cardinals, compact cardinals and indescribable cardinals. The chapter covers the constructible universe and inner models, elementary embeddings and ultrapowers, and a result of Dana Scott that measurable cardinals are inconsistent with the axiom of constructibility. The second chapter, "Partition properties", includes


id: higher-topos-theory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Topos_Theory-0.md
category: reference
title: Higher Topos Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Topos_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:11.067998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: higher-topos-theory-20260505-0
summary:
Higher Topos Theory is a treatise on the theory of ∞-categories written by American mathematician Jacob Lurie. In addition to introducing Lurie's new theory of ∞-topoi, the book is widely considered foundational to higher category theory. Since 2018, Lurie has been transferring the contents of Higher Topos Theory (along with new material) to Kerodon, an "online resource for homotopy-coherent mathematics" inspired by the Stacks Project. == Topics == Higher Topos Theory covers two related topics: ∞-categories and ∞-topoi (which are a special case of the former). The first five of the book's seven chapters comprise a rigorous development of general ∞-category theory in the language of quasicategories, a special class of simplicial set which acts as a model for ∞-categories. The path of this development largely parallels classical category theory, with the notable exception of the ∞-categorical Grothendieck construction; this correspondence, which Lurie refers to as "straightening and unstraightening", gains considerable importance in his treatment. The last two chapters are devoted to ∞-topoi, Lurie's own invention and the ∞-categorical analogue of topoi in classical category theory. The material of these chapters is original, and is adapted from an earlier preprint of Lurie's. There are also appendices discussing background material on


id: history-of-the-theory-of-numbers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Theory_of_Numbers-0.md
category: reference
title: History of the Theory of Numbers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Theory_of_Numbers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:12.238942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: history-of-the-theory-of-numbers-20260505-0
summary:
History of the Theory of Numbers is a three-volume work by Leonard Eugene Dickson summarizing work in number theory up to about 1920. The style is unusual in that Dickson mostly just lists results by various authors, with little further discussion. The central topic of quadratic reciprocity and higher reciprocity laws is barely mentioned; this was apparently going to be the topic of a fourth volume that was never written (Fenster 1999). == Volumes == Volume 1 - Divisibility and Primality - 486 pages Volume 2 - Diophantine Analysis - 803 pages Volume 3 - Quadratic and Higher Forms - 313 pages == References == Carmichael, Robert D. (1919), "Recent Publications: Reviews: History of the Theory of Numbers. Volume I: Divisibility and Primality", The American Mathematical Monthly, 26 (9): 396–403, doi:10.2307/2971917, ISSN 0002-9890, JSTOR 2971917 Carmichael, Robert D. (1921), "Recent Publications: Reviews: History of the Theory of Numbers: History of the Theory of Numbers", The American Mathematical Monthly, 28 (2): 72–78, doi:10.2307/2973042, ISSN 0002-9890, JSTOR 2973042 Carmichael, Robert D. (1923), "Recent Publications: Reviews: History of the Theory of Numbers", The American Mathematical Monthly, 30 (5): 259–262, doi:10.2307/2299094, ISSN 0002-9890, JSTOR 2299094 Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2005) [1919], History of the theory


id: a-history-of-vector-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Vector_Analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: A History of Vector Analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Vector_Analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:13.416934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-history-of-vector-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
A History of Vector Analysis (1967) is a book on the history of vector analysis by Michael J. Crowe, originally published by the University of Notre Dame Press. As a scholarly treatment of a reformation in technical communication, the text is a contribution to the history of science. In 2002, Crowe gave a talk summarizing the book, including an entertaining introduction in which he covered its publication history and related the award of a Jean Scott prize of $4000. Crowe had entered the book in a competition for "a study on the history of complex and hypercomplex numbers" twenty-five years after his book was first published. == Summary of book == The book has eight chapters: the first on the origins of vector analysis including Ancient Greek and 16th and 17th century influences; the second on the 19th century William Rowan Hamilton and quaternions; the third on other 19th and 18th century vectorial systems including equipollence of Giusto Bellavitis and the exterior algebra of Hermann Grassmann. Chapter four is on the general interest in the 19th century on vectorial systems including analysis of journal publications as well as sections on major figures and their views (e.g., Peter Guthrie Tait as


id: ijp-the-book-of-surfaces-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJP_The_Book_of_Surfaces-0.md
category: reference
title: IJP The Book of Surfaces
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJP_The_Book_of_Surfaces
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:16.947814+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ijp-the-book-of-surfaces-20260505-0
summary:
IJP the book of surfaces is a book by George L. Legendre, with a foreword by Mohsen Mostafavi. == Overview == IJP the Book of Surfaces was released in 2003 by the publishing arm of the London-based Architectural Association School of Architecture. The book features six essays on the notion of surface written from an architectural, philosophical, literary, mathematical, and computational angle, as well as several lighter asides ranging from cookery to poetry. These threads have been given a particular typographic and graphic design treatment meant to weave them together into a continuous narrative. == Background and literary references == The book addresses some significant developments of the decade, such as the explosion of computational tools; the emergence of the 3D surface as an architectural signifier of the Digital Revolution; the profession's fascination with the formal possibilities of surface cladding; and the rise of innovative manufacturing technologies. It can be compared to contemporary titles like Mohsen Mostafavi’s and David Leatherbarrow’s Surface Architecture, an essay on the phenomenology of architectural façades, and Ellen Lupton’s collection Skin: Surface, Substance + Design, which explores the working metaphor of artificial skin in Materials science, fashion and the visual arts. By comparison, Illa Berman notes


id: in-pursuit-of-the-traveling-salesman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Pursuit_of_the_Traveling_Salesman-0.md
category: reference
title: In Pursuit of the Traveling Salesman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Pursuit_of_the_Traveling_Salesman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:18.117712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: in-pursuit-of-the-traveling-salesman-20260505-0
summary:
In Pursuit of the Traveling Salesman: Mathematics at the Limits of Computation is a book on the travelling salesman problem, by William J. Cook, published in 2011 by the Princeton University Press, with a paperback reprint in 2014. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The travelling salesman problem asks to find the shortest cyclic tour of a collection of points, in the plane or in more abstract mathematical spaces. Because the problem is NP-hard, algorithms that take polynomial time are unlikely to be guaranteed to find its optimal solution; on the other hand a brute-force search of all permutations would always solve the problem exactly but would take far too long to be usable for all but the smallest problems. Threading a middle ground between these too-fast and too-slow running times, and developing a practical system that can find the exact solution of larger instances, raises difficult questions of algorithm engineering, which have sparked the development of "many of the concepts and techniques of combinatorial optimization". The introductory chapter of the book explores the limits of calculation on the problem, from 49-point problems solved


id: indra-s-pearls-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra's_Pearls_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Indra's Pearls (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra's_Pearls_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:19.251800+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indra-s-pearls-book-20260505-0
summary:
Indra's Pearls: The Vision of Felix Klein is a geometry book written by David Mumford, Caroline Series and David Wright, and published by Cambridge University Press in 2002 and 2015. The book explores the patterns created by iterating conformal maps of the complex plane called Möbius transformations, and their connections with symmetry and self-similarity. These patterns were glimpsed by German mathematician Felix Klein, but modern computer graphics allows them to be fully visualised and explored in detail. == Title == The book's title refers to Indra's net, a metaphorical object described in the Buddhist text of the Flower Garland Sutra. Indra's net consists of an infinite array of gossamer strands and pearls. The frontispiece to Indra's Pearls quotes the following description: In the glistening surface of each pearl are reflected all the other pearls ... In each reflection, again are reflected all the infinitely many other pearls, so that by this process, reflections of reflections continue without end. The allusion to Felix Klein's "vision" is a reference to Klein's early investigations of Schottky groups and hand-drawn plots of their limit sets. It also refers to Klein's wider vision of the connections between group theory, symmetry and geometry - see Erlangen


id: international-encyclopedia-of-statistical-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Statistical_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Statistical_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:21.535662+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-statistical-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science is a statistical sciences reference published by Springer. It has been described as one of the scientific projects with the largest number of involved countries ever, since it includes contributors coming from 105 countries and six continents. It contains the last papers written by Hirotugu Akaike, Nobel Laureate Sir Clive Granger, John Nelder and Erich Leo Lehmann. The team has been nominated for the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize by qualified nominators from Cambodia and Spain, with additional nominations anticipated . The first edition, in three volumes, was edited by Miodrag Lovrić and appeared in December 2010. It is published by Springer and it is available in print and online form. == See also == Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences == References == == External links == Publisher's webpage for this Encyclopedia


id: introduction-to-circle-packing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Circle_Packing-0.md
category: reference
title: Introduction to Circle Packing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Circle_Packing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:22.697059+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: introduction-to-circle-packing-20260505-0
summary:
Introduction to Circle Packing: The Theory of Discrete Analytic Functions is a mathematical monograph concerning systems of tangent circles and the circle packing theorem. It was written by Kenneth Stephenson and published in 2005 by the Cambridge University Press. == Topics == Circle packings, as studied in this book, are systems of circles that touch at tangent points but do not overlap, according to a combinatorial pattern of adjacencies specifying which pairs of circles should touch. The circle packing theorem states that a circle packing exists if and only if the pattern of adjacencies forms a planar graph; it was originally proved by Paul Koebe in the 1930s, and popularized by William Thurston, who rediscovered it in the 1970s and connected it with the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry. As a topic, this should be distinguished from sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency. The book is divided into four parts, in progressive levels of difficulty. The first part introduces the subject visually, encouraging the reader to think about packings not just as static objects but as dynamic systems of circles


id: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns-0.md
category: reference
title: Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:23.909555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-0
summary:
Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, Siyuan yujian (simplified Chinese: 四元玉鉴; traditional Chinese: 四元玉鑒), also referred to as Jade Mirror of the Four Origins, is a 1303 mathematical monograph by Yuan dynasty mathematician Zhu Shijie. The book consists of an introduction and three books, with a total of 288 problems. The first four problems in the introduction illustrate his method of the four unknowns. He showed how to convert a problem stated verbally into a system of polynomial equations (up to the 14th order), by using up to four unknowns: 天 Heaven, 地 Earth, 人 Man, 物 Matter, and then how to reduce the system to a single polynomial equation in one unknown by successive elimination of unknowns. He then solved the high-order equation by Southern Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao's "Ling long kai fang" method published in Shùshū Jiǔzhāng (“Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections”) in 1247 (more than 570 years before English mathematician William Horner's method using synthetic division). To do this, he makes use of the Pascal triangle, which he labels as the diagram of an ancient method first discovered by Jia Xian before 1050. Zhu also solved square and cube roots problems by solving quadratic and cubic


id: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns-1.md
category: reference
title: Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:23.909555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-0
summary:
Successive elimination of unknowns to get 4 x 2 − 7 x − 686 = 0 {\displaystyle 4x^{2}-7x-686=0} Solve this and obtain 14 paces == Book I == === Problems of Right Angle Triangles and Rectangles === There are 18 problems in this section. Problem 18 Obtain a tenth order polynomial equation: 16 x 10 − 64 x 9 + 160 x 8 − 384 x 7 + 512 x 6 − 544 x 5 + 456 x 4 + 126 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 4 x − 177162 = 0 {\displaystyle 16x^{10}-64x^{9}+160x^{8}-384x^{7}+512x^{6}-544x^{5}+456x^{4}+126x^{3}+3x^{2}-4x-177162=0} The root of which is x = 3, multiply by 4, getting 12. That is the final answer. === Problems of Plane Figures === There are 18 problems in this section === Problems of Piece Goods === There are 9 problems in this section === Problems on Grain Storage === There are 6 problems in this section === Problems on Labour === There are 7 problems in this section === Problems of Equations for Fractional Roots === There are 13 problems in this section == Book II == === Mixed Problems === === Containment of Circles and Squares === === Problems on Areas ===


id: journey-into-geometries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_into_Geometries-0.md
category: reference
title: Journey into Geometries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_into_Geometries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:25.051504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: journey-into-geometries-20260505-0
summary:
Journey into Geometries is a book on non-Euclidean geometry. It was written by Hungarian-Australian mathematician Márta Svéd and published in 1991 by the Mathematical Association of America in their MAA Spectrum book series. == Topics == Journey into Geometries is written as a conversation between three characters: Alice, from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (but older and familiar with Euclidean geometry), Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice's adventures, and a modern mathematician named "Dr. Whatif". Its topics include hyperbolic geometry, inversive geometry, and projective geometry, following an arrangement of these topics credited to Australian mathematician Carl Moppert, and possibly based on an earlier German-language textbook on similar topics by F. Gonseth and P. Marti. As in Alice's original adventures, the first part of the book is arranged as a travelogue. This part of the book has six chapters, each ending with a set of exercises. Following these chapters, more conventionally written material covers geometric axiom systems and provides solutions to the exercises. == Audience and reception == Reviewer William E. Fenton is unsure of the audience of the book, writing that it is not suitable as a textbook and would scare most undergraduates, but is too unserious for graduate students. David


id: letters-to-a-german-princess-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_German_Princess-0.md
category: reference
title: Letters to a German Princess
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_German_Princess
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:26.216400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: letters-to-a-german-princess-20260505-0
summary:
Letters to a German Princess, On Different Subjects in Physics and Philosophy (French: Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie) were a series of 234 letters written by the mathematician Leonhard Euler between 1760 and 1762 addressed to Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt and her younger sister Louise. == Contents == Euler started the first letter with an explanation of the concept of "size". Starting with the definition of a foot, he defined the mile and the diameter of the earth as a unit in terms of foot and then calculated the distance of the planets of the Solar System in terms of the diameter of the earth. == Publication == The first two volumes of the 234 letters originally written in French appeared in print in Saint Petersburg in 1768 and the third in Frankfurt in 1774. The letters were later reprinted in Paris with the first volume in 1787, the second in 1788 and the third in 1789. The publication of the book was supported by empress Catherine II with her personally writing to Count Vorontsov in January 1766: I am certain that the academy will be resurrected from its ashes by such


id: letters-to-a-young-mathematician-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Mathematician-0.md
category: reference
title: Letters to a Young Mathematician
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Mathematician
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:27.375942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: letters-to-a-young-mathematician-20260505-0
summary:
Letters to a Young Mathematician (ISBN 0-465-08231-9) is a 2006 book by Ian Stewart, and is part of Basic Books' Art of Mentoring series. Stewart mentions in the preface that he considers this book an update to G.H. Hardy's A Mathematician's Apology. The book is made up of letters to a fictional correspondent of Stewart's, an aspiring mathematician named Meg. The roughly chronological letters follow Meg from her high school years up to her receiving tenure from an American university. Reviews of the book were generally positive. Fernando Q. Gouvêa's review for the MAA calls it "full of good advice, much of it direct and to the point" and later, that "while it won't change the world, it may well help some young people decide to be (or not to be) mathematicians." In Emma Carberry's review for the AMS, reacted differently, saying that "one does not so much feel the benefit of a ream of practical advice, but rather of exposure to the inner realm of mathematics". A review in Nature was harsher, however, saying that "there is a general lack of information ... [and] too much jargon" and that it "suffers from being written entirely for a US audience",


id: liber-abaci-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci-0.md
category: reference
title: Liber Abaci
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:28.580605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: liber-abaci-20260505-0
summary:
The Liber Abaci or Liber Abbaci (Latin for "The Book of Calculation") was a 1202 Latin work on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci. It is primarily famous for introducing both base-10 positional notation and the symbols known as Arabic numerals in Europe. == Premise == Liber Abaci was among the first Western books to describe the Hindu–Arabic numeral system and to use symbols resembling modern "Arabic numerals". By addressing the applications of both commercial tradesmen and mathematicians, it promoted the superiority of the system and the use of these glyphs. Although the book's title is sometimes translated as "The Book of the Abacus", Sigler (2002) notes that the word in title does not refer to the abacus as a calculating device. Rather, the word "abacus" was used at the time to refer to calculation in any form; the spelling "abbacus" with two "b"s was, and still is in Italy, used to refer to calculation using Hindu-Arabic numerals. The book describes methods of doing calculations without aid of an abacus, and as Ore (1948) confirms, for centuries after its publication the algorismists (followers of the style of calculation demonstrated in Liber Abaci) remained in conflict with the


id: liber-abaci-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci-1.md
category: reference
title: Liber Abaci
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:28.580605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: liber-abaci-20260505-0
summary:
Modern notation generally writes a fraction to the right of the whole number to which it is added, for instance 2 1 3 {\displaystyle 2\,{\tfrac {1}{3}}} for 7/3. Fibonacci instead would write the same fraction to the left, i.e., 1 3 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}\,2} . Fibonacci used a composite fraction notation in which a sequence of numerators and denominators shared the same fraction bar; each such term represented an additional fraction of the given numerator divided by the product of all the denominators below and to the right of it. That is, b a d c = a c + b c d {\displaystyle {\tfrac {b\,\,a}{d\,\,c}}={\tfrac {a}{c}}+{\tfrac {b}{cd}}} , and c b a f e d = a d + b d e + c d e f {\displaystyle {\tfrac {c\,\,b\,\,a}{f\,\,e\,\,d}}={\tfrac {a}{d}}+{\tfrac {b}{de}}+{\tfrac {c}{def}}} . The notation was read from right to left. For example, 29/30 could be written as 1 2 4 2 3 5 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1\,\,2\,\,4}{2\,\,3\,\,5}}} , representing the value 4 5 + 2 3 × 5 + 1 2 × 3 × 5 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{5}}+{\tfrac {2}{3\times 5}}+{\tfrac {1}{2\times 3\times 5}}} . This can be viewed as a form of mixed radix notation and was


id: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra-0.md
category: reference
title: List of books about polyhedra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:29.884776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of books about polyhedra. == Polyhedral models == === Cut-out kits === Jenkins, Gerald; Bear, Magdalen (1998). Paper Polyhedra in Colour. Tarquin. ISBN 1-899618-23-6. Advanced Polyhedra 1: The Final Stellation, ISBN 1-899618-61-9. Advanced Polyhedra 2: The Sixth Stellation, ISBN 1-899618-62-7. Advanced Polyhedra 3: The Compound of Five Cubes, ISBN 978-1-899618-63-7. Jenkins, Gerald; Wild, Anne (2000). Mathematical Curiosities. Tarquin. ISBN 1-899618-35-X. More Mathematical Curiosities, Tarquin, ISBN 1-899618-36-8. Make Shapes 1, ISBN 0-906212-00-6. Make Shapes 2, ISBN 0-906212-01-4. Smith, A. G. (1986). Cut and Assemble 3-D Geometrical Shapes: 10 Models in Full Color. Dover. Cut and Assemble 3-D Star Shapes, 1997. Easy-To-Make 3D Shapes in Full Color, 2000. Torrence, Eve (2011). Cut and Assemble Icosahedra: Twelve Models in White and Color. Dover. === Origami === Fuse, Tomoko (1990). Unit Origami: Multidimensional Transformations. Japan Publications. ISBN 978-0-87040-852-6. Gurkewitz, Rona; Arnstein, Bennett (1996). 3D Geometric Origami: Modular Origami Polyhedra. Dover. ISBN 9780486135601. Multimodular Origami Polyhedra: Archimedeans, Buckyballs and Duality, 2002. Beginner's Book of Modular Origami Polyhedra: The Platonic Solids, 2008. Modular Origami Polyhedra, also with Lewis Simon, 2nd ed., 1999. Mitchell, David (1997). Mathematical Origami: Geometrical Shapes by Paper Folding. Tarquin. ISBN 978-1-899618-18-7. Montroll, John (2009). Origami Polyhedra Design. A


id: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra-1.md
category: reference
title: List of books about polyhedra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:29.884776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-0
summary:
=== Monographs and special topics === Coxeter, H. S. M.; du Val, P.; Flather, H. T.; Petrie, J. F. (1938). The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra. University of Toronto Studies, Mathematical Series. Vol. 6. University of Toronto Press. 2nd ed., Springer, 1982. 3rd ed., Tarquin, 1999. Coxeter, H. S. M. (1974). Regular Complex Polytopes. Cambridge University Press. 2nd ed., 1991. Demaine, Erik; O'Rourke, Joseph (2007). Geometric Folding Algorithms: Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra. Cambridge University Press. Deza, Michel; Grishukhin, Viatcheslav; Shtogrin, Mikhail (2004). Scale-Isometric Polytopal Graphs in Hypercubes and Cubic Lattices: Polytopes in Hypercubes and Z n {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{n}} . London: Imperial College Press. doi:10.1142/9781860945489. ISBN 1-86094-421-3. Lakatos, Imre (1976). Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery. Cambridge University Press. McMullen, Peter (2020). Geometric Regular Polytopes. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 172. Cambridge University Press. McMullen, Peter; Schulte, Egon (2002). Abstract Regular Polytopes. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 92. Cambridge University Press. McMullen, Peter; Shephard, G. C. (1971). Convex Polytopes and the Upper Bound Conjecture. London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. Nef, Walter (1978). Beiträge zur Theorie der Polyeder: Mit Anwendungen in der Computergraphik [Contributions to the theory of the polyhedron, with applications


id: list-of-mathematics-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_books-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mathematics books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:31.111931+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mathematics-books-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of mathematics books including textbooks, expository works, popular mathematics fields, and historically significant treatises. == General works == Concrete Mathematics — Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, and Oren Patashnik Concepts of Modern Mathematics — Ian Stewart Mathematics and the Imagination — Edward Kasner and James Newman Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning — George Pólya Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty — Morris Kline The Princeton Companion to Mathematics — Timothy Gowers What Is Mathematics? — Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins == Popular mathematics and biographies == A Mathematician's Apology — G. H. Hardy The Annotated Turing — Charles Petzold The Beauty of Fractals — Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter The Emperor's New Mind — Roger Penrose Fermat's Enigma — Simon Singh God Created the Integers — Stephen Hawking Gödel, Escher, Bach — Douglas Hofstadter How Not to Be Wrong — Jordan Ellenberg The Man Who Loved Only Numbers — Paul Hoffman Prime Obsession — John Derbyshire Where Mathematics Comes From — George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez == Algebra == Algebra — Serge Lang Algebra: Chapter 0 — Paolo Aluffi == Calculus and analysis == Calculus on Manifolds — Michael Spivak Principles of Mathematical Analysis — Walter Rudin Introduction


id: making-mathematics-with-needlework-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework-0.md
category: reference
title: Making Mathematics with Needlework
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:32.269533+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: making-mathematics-with-needlework-20260505-0
summary:
Making Mathematics with Needlework: Ten Papers and Ten Projects is an edited volume on mathematics and fiber arts. It was edited by Sarah-Marie Belcastro and Carolyn Yackel, and published in 2008 by A K Peters, based on a meeting held in 2005 in Atlanta by the American Mathematical Society. == Topics == The book includes ten different mathematical fiber arts projects, by eight contributors. An introduction provides a history of the connections between mathematics, mathematics education, and the fiber arts. Each of its ten project chapters is illustrated by many color photographs and diagrams, and is organized into four sections: an overview of the project, a section on the mathematics connected to it, a section of ideas for using the project as a teaching activity, and directions for constructing the project. Although there are some connections between topics, they can be read independently of each other, in any order. The thesis of the book is that directed exercises in fiber arts construction can help teach both mathematical visualization and concepts from three-dimensional geometry. The book uses knitting, crochet, sewing, and cross-stitch, but deliberately avoids weaving as a topic already well-covered in mathematical fiber arts publications. Projects in the book include


id: math-curse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_Curse-0.md
category: reference
title: Math Curse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_Curse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:33.411156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: math-curse-20260505-0
summary:
Math Curse is a children's picture book written by Jon Scieszka and illustrated by Lane Smith. Published in 1995 through Viking Press, the book tells the story of a student cursed by how mathematics is connected to everyday life. In 2009, Weston Woods Studios, Inc. released a film based on the book. == Plot summary == The nameless student begins with a seemingly innocent statement by her math teacher: "you know, almost everything in life can be considered a math problem." The next morning, the hero finds herself thinking of the time she needs to get up, along the lines of algebra. Next comes the mathematical school of probability, followed by charts and statistics. As the narrator slowly turns into a "math zombie", everything in her life is transformed into a problem. A class treat of cupcakes becomes a study in fractions, while a trip to the store turns into a problem of money. Finally, she is left painstakingly calculating how many minutes of "math madness" will be in her life now that she is a "mathematical lunatic." Her sister asks her what her problem is, and she responds, "365 days x 24 hours x 60 minutes." Finally, she collapses


id: mathematical-cranks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Cranks-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Cranks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Cranks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:34.587603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-cranks-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Cranks is a book on pseudomathematics and the cranks who create it, written by Underwood Dudley. It was published by the Mathematical Association of America in their MAA Spectrum book series in 1992 (ISBN 0-88385-507-0). == Topics == Previously, Augustus De Morgan wrote in A Budget of Paradoxes about cranks in multiple subjects, and Dudley wrote a book about angle trisection. However, this book is the first to focus on mathematical crankery as a whole. The book consists of 57 essays, loosely organized by the most common topics in mathematics for cranks to focus their attention on. The "top ten" of these topics, as listed by reviewer Ian Stewart, are, in order: squaring the circle, angle trisection, Fermat's Last Theorem, non-Euclidean geometry and the parallel postulate, the golden ratio, perfect numbers, the four color theorem, advocacy for duodecimal and other non-standard number systems, Cantor's diagonal argument for the uncountability of the real numbers, and doubling the cube. Other common topics for crankery, collected by Dudley, include calculations for the perimeter of an ellipse, roots of quintic equations, Fermat's little theorem, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, Goldbach's conjecture, magic squares, divisibility rules, constructible polygons, twin primes, set theory, statistics, and the Van


id: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:35.818465+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (German: Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik) is a quantum mechanics book written by John von Neumann in 1932. It is an important early work in the development of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. The book mainly summarizes results that von Neumann had published in earlier papers. Von Neumann formalized quantum mechanics using the concept of Hilbert spaces and linear operators. He acknowledged the previous work by Paul Dirac on the mathematical formalization of quantum mechanics, but was skeptical of Dirac's use of delta functions. He wrote the book in an attempt to be even more mathematically rigorous than Dirac. It was von Neumann's last book in German, afterwards he started publishing in English. == Publication history == The book was originally published in German in 1932 by Springer. It was translated into French by Alexandru Proca in 1946, and into Spanish in 1949. An English translation by Robert T. Beyer was published in 1955 by Princeton University Press. A Russian translation, edited by Nikolay Bogolyubov, was published by Nauka in 1964. A new English edition, edited by Nicholas A. Wheeler, was published in 2018 by Princeton University Press. == Table of contents == According to


id: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics-1.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:35.818465+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-0
summary:
if there existed other, as yet undiscovered, physical quantities, in addition to those represented by the operators in quantum mechanics, because the relations assumed by quantum mechanics would have to fail already for the by now known quantities, those that we discussed above. It is therefore not, as is often assumed, a question of a re-interpretation of quantum mechanics, the present system of quantum mechanics would have to be objectively false, in order that another description of the elementary processes than the statistical one be possible. === Rejection === This proof was rejected as early as 1935 by Grete Hermann who found a flaw in the proof. The additive postulate above holds for quantum states, but it does not need to apply for measurements of dispersion-free states, specifically when considering non-commuting observables. Dispersion-free states only require to recover additivity when averaging over the hidden parameters. For example, for a spin-1/2 system, measurements of ( σ x + σ y ) {\displaystyle (\sigma _{x}+\sigma _{y})} can take values ± 2 {\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {2}}} for a dispersion-free state, but independent measurements of σ x {\displaystyle \sigma _{x}} and σ y {\displaystyle \sigma _{y}} can only take values of ± 1 {\displaystyle


id: mathematical-models-cundy-and-rollett-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Cundy_and_Rollett)-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Models (Cundy and Rollett)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Cundy_and_Rollett)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:38.192969+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-models-cundy-and-rollett-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Models is a book on the construction of physical models of mathematical objects for educational purposes. It was written by Martyn Cundy and A. P. Rollett, and published by the Clarendon Press in 1951, with a second edition in 1961. Tarquin Publications published a third edition in 1981. The vertex configuration of a uniform polyhedron, a generalization of the Schläfli symbol that describes the pattern of polygons surrounding each vertex, was devised in this book as a way to name the Archimedean solids, and has sometimes been called the Cundy–Rollett symbol as a nod to this origin. == Topics == The first edition of the book had five chapters, including its introduction which discusses model-making in general and the different media and tools with which one can construct models. The media used for the constructions described in the book include "paper, cardboard, plywood, plastics, wire, string, and sheet metal". The second chapter concerns plane geometry, and includes material on the golden ratio, the Pythagorean theorem, dissection problems, the mathematics of paper folding, tessellations, and plane curves, which are constructed by stitching, by graphical methods, and by mechanical devices. The third chapter, and the largest part of the book, concerns


id: mathematical-models-fischer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Fischer)-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Models (Fischer)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Fischer)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:39.351961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-models-fischer-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Models: From the Collections of Universities and Museums – Photograph Volume and Commentary is a book on the physical models of concepts in mathematics that were constructed in the 19th century and early 20th century and kept as instructional aids at universities. It credits Gerd Fischer as editor, but its photographs of models are also by Fischer. It was originally published by Vieweg+Teubner Verlag for their bicentennial in 1986, both in German (titled Mathematische Modelle. Aus den Sammlungen von Universitäten und Museen. Mit 132 Fotografien. Bildband und Kommentarband) and (separately) in English translation, in each case as a two-volume set with one volume of photographs and a second volume of mathematical commentary. Springer Spektrum reprinted it in a second edition in 2017, as a single dual-language volume. == Topics == The work consists of 132 full-page photographs of mathematical models, divided into seven categories, and seven chapters of mathematical commentary written by experts in the topic area of each category. These categories are: Wire and thread models, of hypercubes of various dimensions, and of hyperboloids, cylinders, and related ruled surfaces, described as "elementary analytic geometry" and explained by Fischer himself. Plaster and wood models of cubic and quartic algebraic


id: a-mathematical-theory-of-communication-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication-0.md
category: reference
title: A Mathematical Theory of Communication
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:40.516645+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-mathematical-theory-of-communication-20260505-0
summary:
"A Mathematical Theory of Communication" is an article by mathematician Claude Shannon published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948. It was renamed The Mathematical Theory of Communication in the 1949 book of the same name, a small but significant title change after realizing the generality of this work. It has tens of thousands of citations, being one of the most influential and cited scientific papers of all time, as it gave rise to the field of information theory, with Scientific American referring to the paper as the "Magna Carta of the Information Age", while the electrical engineer Robert G. Gallager called the paper a "blueprint for the digital era". Historian James Gleick rated the paper as the most important development of 1948, placing the transistor second in the same time period, with Gleick emphasizing that the paper by Shannon was "even more profound and more fundamental" than the transistor. It is also noted that "as did relativity and quantum theory, information theory radically changed the way scientists look at the universe". The paper also formally introduced the term "bit" and serves as its theoretical foundation. == Publication == The article was the founding work of the field of information


id: mathematicall-magick-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicall_Magick-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematicall Magick
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicall_Magick
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:41.682100+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematicall-magick-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematicall Magick. Or, The Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanicall Geometry is a treatise by the English clergyman, natural philosopher, polymath and author John Wilkins (1614–1672). It was first published in 1648 in London; another edition was printed in 1680 and further editions were published in 1691 and 1707. The work is dedicated to Charles I Louis, the Elector Palatine. The first book describes traditional mechanical devices, speed, siege engines and the modern guns of Wilkins' era. The second book covers Wilkins' theories and observations on land yachts, submarines, flying machines, and perpetual motion. Wilkins thought that human aviation is feasible, if only sufficient exercise, research and development is directed towards it. He envisioned flying machines that would be large enough to carry several people. The book repeats tales about early attempts at human flight, including Busbequius' 16th-century reports about Turkish flight experiments in Constantinople. Wilkins also mentions Anglo-Saxon flight experiments during the reign of Edward the Confessor. The researcher called "Elmerus" in the text is probably Eilmer of Malmesbury, who experimented with gliding flight in the 11th century. == Abstract == Wilkins dedicated his work to His Highness the Prince Elector Palatine (Charles I Louis) who was in


id: mathematics-and-plausible-reasoning-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_Plausible_Reasoning-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_Plausible_Reasoning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:42.860670+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematics-and-plausible-reasoning-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning is a two-volume book by the mathematician George Pólya describing various methods for being a good guesser of new mathematical results. In the Preface to Volume 1 of the book Pólya exhorts all interested students of mathematics thus: "Certainly, let us learn proving, but also let us learn guessing." P. R. Halmos reviewing the book summarised the central thesis of the book thus: ". . . a good guess is as important as a good proof." == Outline == === Volume I: Induction and analogy in mathematics === Polya begins Volume I with a discussion on induction, not mathematical induction, but as a way of guessing new results. He shows how the chance observations of a few results of the form 4 = 2 + 2, 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5, 10 = 3 + 7, etc., may prompt a sharp mind to formulate the conjecture that every even number greater than 4 can be represented as the sum of two odd prime numbers. This is the well known Goldbach's conjecture. The first problem in the first chapter is to guess the rule according to which the successive terms of the


id: mathematics-made-difficult-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Made_Difficult-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematics Made Difficult
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Made_Difficult
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:44.083466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematics-made-difficult-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics Made Difficult is a book by Carl E. Linderholm that uses advanced mathematical methods to prove results normally shown using elementary proofs. Although the aim is largely satirical, it also shows the non-trivial mathematics behind operations normally considered obvious, such as numbering, counting, and factoring integers. Linderholm discusses these seemingly obvious ideas using concepts like categories and monoids. As an example, the proof that 2 is a prime number starts: It is easily seen that the only numbers between 0 and 2, including 0 but excluding 2, are 0 and 1. Thus the remainder left by any number on division by 2 is either 0 or 1. Hence the quotient ring Z/2Z, where 2Z is the ideal in Z generated by 2, has only the elements [0] and [1], where these are the images of 0 and 1 under the canonical quotient map. Since [1] must be the unit of this ring, every element of this ring except [0] is a unit, and the ring is a field ... == References ==


id: mathematics-form-and-function-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics,_Form_and_Function-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematics, Form and Function
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics,_Form_and_Function
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:45.216076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematics-form-and-function-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics, Form and Function, a book published in 1986 by Springer-Verlag, is a survey of the whole of mathematics, including its origins and deep structure, by the American mathematician Saunders Mac Lane. == Mathematics and human activities == Throughout his book, and especially in chapter I.11, Mac Lane informally discusses how mathematics is grounded in more ordinary concrete and abstract human activities. The following table is adapted from one given on p. 35 of Mac Lane (1986). The rows are very roughly ordered from most to least fundamental. For a bullet list that can be compared and contrasted with this table, see section 3 of Where Mathematics Comes From. Also see the related diagrams appearing on the following pages of Mac Lane (1986): 149, 184, 306, 408, 416, 422-28. Mac Lane (1986) cites a related monograph by Lars Gårding (1977). == Mac Lane's relevance to the philosophy of mathematics == Mac Lane cofounded category theory with Samuel Eilenberg, which enables a unified treatment of mathematical structures and of the relations among them, at the cost of breaking away from their cognitive grounding. Nevertheless, his views—however informal—are a valuable contribution to the philosophy and anthropology of mathematics. His views anticipate, in


id: mechanica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica-0.md
category: reference
title: Mechanica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:47.561752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mechanica-20260505-0
summary:
Mechanica (Latin: Mechanica sive motus scientia analytice exposita; 1736) is a two-volume work published by mathematician Leonhard Euler which describes analytically the mathematics governing movement. Euler both developed the techniques of analysis and applied them to numerous problems in mechanics, notably in later publications the calculus of variations. Euler's laws of motion expressed scientific laws of Galileo and Newton in terms of points in reference frames and coordinate systems making them useful for calculation when the statement of a problem or example is slightly changed from the original. Newton–Euler equations express the dynamics of a rigid body. Euler has been credited with contributing to the rise of Newtonian mechanics especially in topics other than gravity. == References == == External links == Mechanica Vol. 1 [E015] – Latin. Mechanica Vol. 1 – English translation by Ian Bruce. Mechanica Vol. 2 [E016] – Latin. Mechanica Vol. 2 – English translation by Ian Bruce.


id: method-of-fluxions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_Fluxions-0.md
category: reference
title: Method of Fluxions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_Fluxions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:48.700102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: method-of-fluxions-20260505-0
summary:
Method of Fluxions (Latin: De Methodis Serierum et Fluxionum) is a mathematical treatise by Sir Isaac Newton which served as the earliest written formulation of modern calculus. The book was completed in 1671 and posthumously published in 1736. == Background == Fluxion is Newton's term for a derivative. He originally developed the method at Woolsthorpe Manor during the closing of Cambridge due to the Great Plague of London from 1665 to 1667. Newton did not choose to make his findings known (similarly, his findings which eventually became the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica were developed at this time and hidden from the world in Newton's notes for many years). Gottfried Leibniz developed his form of calculus independently around 1673, seven years after Newton had developed the basis for differential calculus, as seen in surviving documents like “the method of fluxions and fluents..." from 1666. Leibniz, however, published his discovery of differential calculus in 1684, nine years before Newton formally published his fluxion notation form of calculus in part during 1693. == Impact == The calculus notation in use today is mostly that of Leibniz, although Newton's dot notation for differentiation x ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}} is frequently used to denote derivatives


id: methoden-der-mathematischen-physik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoden_der_mathematischen_Physik-0.md
category: reference
title: Methoden der mathematischen Physik
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoden_der_mathematischen_Physik
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:49.831629+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: methoden-der-mathematischen-physik-20260505-0
summary:
Methoden der mathematischen Physik (translated into English with the title Methods of Mathematical Physics) is a 1924 book, in two volumes totalling around 1000 pages, published under the names of Richard Courant and David Hilbert. It was a comprehensive treatment of the "methods of mathematical physics" of the time. The second volume is devoted to the theory of partial differential equations. It contains presages of the finite element method, on which Courant would work subsequently, and which would eventually become basic to numerical analysis. The material of the book was worked up from the content of Hilbert's lectures. While Courant played the major editorial role, many at the University of Göttingen were involved in the writing-up, and in that sense it was a collective production. On its appearance in 1924 it apparently had little direct connection to the quantum theory questions at the centre of the theoretical physics of the time. That changed within two years, since the formulation of the Schrödinger equation made the Hilbert–Courant techniques of immediate relevance to the new wave mechanics. There was a second edition (1931/7), wartime edition in the USA (1943), and a third German edition (1968). The English version Methods of Mathematical Physics


id: a-metric-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Metric_America-0.md
category: reference
title: A Metric America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Metric_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:50.989387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-metric-america-20260505-0
summary:
A Metric America: A Decision Whose Time Has Come was a 1971 book by the United States National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) printed by the Government Printing Office. In 1968, in the Metric Study Act (Pub. L. 90-472, August 9, 1968, 82 Stat. 693), Congress authorized a three-year study of systems of measurement in the U.S., with particular emphasis on the feasibility of adopting the SI. This detailed U.S. Metric Study was conducted by the Department of Commerce. A 45-member advisory panel consulted with and took testimony from hundreds of consumers, business organizations, labor groups, manufacturers, and state and local officials. A Metric America: "A Decision Whose Time Has Come" – For Real (NISTIR 4858) was a June 1992 follow-up to this book. == See also == Metrication in the United States == External links == A Metric America; A Decision Whose Time Has Come A Metric America: A Decision Whose Time Has Come - For Real (NISTIR 4858) at the Wayback Machine (archived November 12, 2011)


id: metric-structures-for-riemannian-and-non-riemannian-spaces-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_Structures_for_Riemannian_and_Non-Riemannian_Spaces-0.md
category: reference
title: Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_Structures_for_Riemannian_and_Non-Riemannian_Spaces
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:52.170085+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: metric-structures-for-riemannian-and-non-riemannian-spaces-20260505-0
summary:
Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces is a book in geometry by Mikhail Gromov. It was originally published in French in 1981 under the title Structures métriques pour les variétés riemanniennes, by CEDIC (Paris). == History == The 1981 edition was edited by Jacques Lafontaine and Pierre Pansu. The English version, considerably expanded, was published in 1999 by Birkhäuser Verlag, with appendices by Pierre Pansu, Stephen Semmes, and Mikhail Katz. The book was well received and has been reprinted several times. == References ==


id: mishnat-ha-middot-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnat_ha-Middot-0.md
category: reference
title: Mishnat ha-Middot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnat_ha-Middot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:53.273259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mishnat-ha-middot-20260505-0
summary:
The Mishnat ha-Middot (Hebrew: מִשְׁנַת הַמִּדּוֹת, lit. 'Treatise of Measures') is the earliest known Hebrew treatise on geometry, composed of 49 mishnayot in six chapters. Scholars have dated the work to either the Mishnaic period or the early Islamic era. == History == === Date of composition === Moritz Steinschneider dated the Mishnat ha-Middot to between 800 and 1200 CE. Sarfatti and Langermann have advanced Steinschneider's claim of Arabic influence on the work's terminology, and date the text to the early ninth century. On the other hand, Hermann Schapira argued that the treatise dates from an earlier era, most likely the Mishnaic period, as its mathematical terminology differs from that of the Hebrew mathematicians of the Arab period. Solomon Gandz conjectured that the text was compiled no later than 150 CE (possibly by Rabbi Nehemiah) and intended to be a part of the Mishnah, but was excluded from its final canonical edition because the work was regarded as too secular. The content resembles both the work of Hero of Alexandria (c. 100 CE) and that of al-Khwārizmī (c. 800 CE) and the proponents of the earlier dating therefore see the Mishnat ha-Middot linking Greek and Islamic mathematics. === Modern history


id: murderous-maths-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths-0.md
category: reference
title: Murderous Maths
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:54.477242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: murderous-maths-20260505-0
summary:
Murderous Maths is a series of British educational books by author Kjartan Poskitt. Most of the books in the series are illustrated by illustrator Philip Reeve, with the exception of "The Secret Life of Codes", which is illustrated by Ian Baker, "Awesome Arithmetricks" illustrated by Daniel Postgate and Rob Davis, and "The Murderous Maths of Everything", also illustrated by Rob Davis. The Murderous Maths books have been published in over 25 countries. The books, which are aimed at children aged 8 and above, teach maths, spanning from basic arithmetic to relatively complex concepts such as the quadratic formula and trigonometry. The books are written in an informal similar style to the Horrible Histories, Horrible Science and Horrible Geography series, involving evil geniuses, gangsters, and a generally comedic tone. == Development == The first two books of the series were originally part of "The Knowledge" (now "Totally") series, itself a spin-off of Horrible Histories. However, these books were eventually redesigned and they, as well as the rest of the titles in the series, now use the Murderous Maths banner. According to Poskitt, "these books have even found their way into schools and proved to be a boost to GCSE studies". The


id: murderous-maths-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths-1.md
category: reference
title: Murderous Maths
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:54.477242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: murderous-maths-20260505-0
summary:
Professor Fiendish's Book of Diabolical Brain-benders (2002), ISBN 0-439-98226-X (mazes, logic, coin problems, number crosswords, shape cutting/rearranging, number squares.) Professor Fiendish's Book of Brain-benders (a smaller version of the above) (same as above) Sudoku: 100 Fun Number Puzzles (2005), ISBN 0-439-84570-X Kakuro and Other Fiendish Number Puzzles (2006), ISBN 0-439-95164-X One title that covers many different areas of mathematics has also been released: The Most Epic Book of Maths Ever (previously The Murderous Maths of Everything) (2010), ISBN 1-407-10367-9 (prime numbers, Sieve of Eratosthenes, Pythagoras' Theorem, triangular numbers, square numbers, the International Date Line, geometry, geometric constructions, topology, Möbius strips, curves (conic sections and cycloids Golomb Rulers, four-dimensional "Tic Tac Toe", The Golden Ratio, Fibonacci sequence, Logarithmic spirals, musical ratios, Theorems (including Ham sandwich theorem and Fixed point theorem), probability (cards, dice, cluedo etc.), Pascal's Triangle, Sierpinski Triangle, chess board, light years, size and distance of moon and planets, orbit, size of stars, shape of galaxy.) Kjartan has also written a book entitled Everyday Maths for Grown-Ups (2011). == Reviews == A recommendation of the series by Scientific American includes a quote from a Stanford engineer named Stacy F. Bennet, who described the series as "very humorous and engaging introductions


id: a-new-era-of-thought-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Era_of_Thought-0.md
category: reference
title: A New Era of Thought
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Era_of_Thought
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:55.623559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-era-of-thought-20260505-0
summary:
A New Era of Thought is a non-fiction work written by Charles Howard Hinton, published in 1888 and reprinted in 1900 by Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd., London. A New Era of Thought is about four-dimensional space and its implications on human thinking. The preface was written by Alicia Boole and H. John Falk. They also rewrote Part II which Hinton had sketched. The book has xvi and 230 pages. == Context == A New Era of Thought is inspired by Plato's allegory of the cave and is influenced by the works of Immanuel Kant, Carl Friedrich Gauss and Nikolai Lobachevsky. It influenced the work of P.D. Ouspensky, particularly his book Tertium Organum where it is frequently quoted; Scientific American writer Martin Gardner, who mentioned this book in some of his articles; and Rudy Rucker's The Fourth Dimension. == Synopsis == A New Era of Thought consists of two parts. The first part is a collection of philosophical and mathematical essays on the fourth dimension. These essays are somewhat disconnected. They teach the possibility of thinking four-dimensionally and about the religious and philosophical insights thus obtainable. In the second part Hinton develops a system of coloured cubes. These cubes serve


id: number-theory-an-approach-through-history-from-hammurapi-to-legendre-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Number Theory: An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Theory:_An_Approach_Through_History_from_Hammurapi_to_Legendre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:58.975469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: number-theory-an-approach-through-history-from-hammurapi-to-legendre-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Theory:_An_Approach_Through_History_from_Hammurapi_to_Legendre-0.md

summary:
Number Theory: An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre is a book on the history of number theory, written by André Weil and published in 1984. The book reviews over three millennia of research on numbers but the key focus is on mathematicians from the 17th century to the 19th, in particular, on the works of the mathematicians Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, and Legendre paved the way for modern number theory. It does not discuss many of the developments in the field after the work of Gauss in Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. However, it does indicate some of the developments in fields which directly arise from these works, in particular, the theory of elliptic curves. == See also == List of important publications in mathematics == References == === Footnotes === === Bibliography === Number Theory, An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre by André Weil, Birkhäuser (December 2006) ISBN 978-0-8176-4565-6


id: numerical-recipes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes-0.md
category: reference
title: Numerical Recipes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:00.240449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: numerical-recipes-20260505-0
summary:
Numerical Recipes is the generic title of a series of books on algorithms and numerical analysis by William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery. In various editions, the books have been in print since 1986. The most recent edition was published in 2007. == Overview == The Numerical Recipes books cover a range of topics that include both classical numerical analysis (interpolation, integration, linear algebra, differential equations, and so on), signal processing (Fourier methods, filtering), statistical treatment of data, and a few topics in machine learning (hidden Markov model, support vector machines). The writing style is accessible and has an informal tone. The emphasis is on understanding the underlying basics of techniques, not on the refinements that may, in practice, be needed to achieve optimal performance and reliability. Few results are proved with any degree of rigor, although the ideas behind proofs are often sketched, and references are given. Importantly, virtually all methods that are discussed are also implemented in a programming language, with the code printed in the book. Each variant of the book is keyed to a specific language. According to the publisher, Cambridge University Press, the Numerical Recipes books are historically


id: numerical-recipes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes-1.md
category: reference
title: Numerical Recipes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:00.240449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: numerical-recipes-20260505-0
summary:
However, Numerical Recipes does include the following statement regarding copyrights on computer programs:Copyright does not protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas in a particular form. In the case of a computer program, the ideas consist of the program's methodology and algorithm, including the necessary sequence of steps adopted by the programmer. The expression of those ideas is the program source code ... If you analyze the ideas contained in a program, and then express those ideas in your own completely different implementation, then that new program implementation belongs to you. One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for Numerical Recipes. === Style === Another line of criticism centers on the coding style of the books, which strike some modern readers as "Fortran-ish", though written in contemporary, object-oriented C++. The authors have defended their very terse coding style as necessary to the format of the book because of space limitations and for readability. == Titles in the series (partial list) == The books differ by edition (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and by the computer language in which the code is given. Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific


id: on-numbers-and-games-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Numbers_and_Games-0.md
category: reference
title: On Numbers and Games
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Numbers_and_Games
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:01.406278+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-numbers-and-games-20260505-0
summary:
On Numbers and Games is a mathematics book by John Horton Conway first published in 1976. The book is written by a pre-eminent mathematician, and is directed at other mathematicians. The material is, however, developed in a playful and unpretentious manner and many chapters are accessible to non-mathematicians. Martin Gardner discussed the book at length, particularly Conway's construction of surreal numbers, in his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American in September 1976. The book is roughly divided into two sections: the first half (or Zeroth Part), on numbers, the second half (or First Part), on games. In the Zeroth Part, Conway provides axioms for arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and inequality. This allows an axiomatic construction of numbers and ordinal arithmetic, namely, the integers, reals, the countable infinity, and entire towers of infinite ordinals. The object to which these axioms apply takes the form {L|R}, which can be interpreted as a specialized kind of set; a kind of two-sided set. By insisting that L<R, this two-sided set resembles the Dedekind cut. The resulting construction yields a field, now called the surreal numbers. The ordinals are embedded in this field. The construction is rooted in axiomatic set theory, and is closely


id: opera-omnia-leonhard-euler-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Omnia_Leonhard_Euler-0.md
category: reference
title: Opera Omnia Leonhard Euler
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Omnia_Leonhard_Euler
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:02.590672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: opera-omnia-leonhard-euler-20260505-0
summary:
Opera Omnia Leonhard Euler (Leonhardi Euleri Opera omnia) is the compilation of Leonhard Euler's scientific writings. The project of this compilation was undertaken by the Euler Committee of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, established in 1908, and is ongoing as of September 2022. The Committee decided on "the edition of the Collected Works of Leonhard Euler in the original languages, convinced of rendering the entire scientific world a service thereby", and, in 1919, it indicated to collect “All works from Leonhard Euler, hitherto unseen or already printed, coming from St Petersburg or elsewhere need to be integrated. This also includes the scientific letters of Euler”. The project has been supported by the international community, notably the Petersburg Academy of Sciences where Euler taught and which lent out its Euler materials in 1910. Publishing Euler's Opera Omnia has been termed "one of the most extraordinary projects in publishing". The Opera Omnia, excepting correspondences still being compiled in IVA9, was made available online in 2022 via the Opera-Bernoulli-Euler, which is working to make "the entire work of Euler, the Bernoulli family and their environment" freely available online. == Euler's writings == During his life, Euler published about 560 writings. After his death


id: origami-polyhedra-design-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami_Polyhedra_Design-0.md
category: reference
title: Origami Polyhedra Design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami_Polyhedra_Design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:04.980941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: origami-polyhedra-design-20260505-0
summary:
Origami Polyhedra Design is a book on origami designs for constructing polyhedra. It was written by the origami artist and mathematician John Montroll, and it was published in 2009 by A K Peters. == Topics == There are two traditional methods for making polyhedra out of paper: polyhedral nets and modular origami. In the net method, the faces of the polyhedron are placed to form an irregular shape on a flat sheet of paper, with some of these faces connected to each other within this shape; it is cut out and folded into the shape of the polyhedron, and the remaining pairs of faces are attached together. In the modular origami method, many similarly-shaped "modules" are each folded from a single sheet of origami paper, and then assembled to form a polyhedron, with pairs of modules connected by the insertion of a flap from one module into a slot in another module. This book does neither of those two things. Instead, it provides designs for folding polyhedra, each out of a single uncut sheet of origami paper. After a brief introduction to the mathematics of polyhedra and the concepts used to design origami polyhedra, book presents designs for folding 72


id: origamics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origamics-0.md
category: reference
title: Origamics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origamics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:06.100462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: origamics-20260505-0
summary:
Origamics: Mathematical Explorations Through Paper Folding is a book on the mathematics of paper folding by Kazuo Haga, a Japanese retired biology professor. It was edited and translated into English by Josefina C. Fonacier and Masami Isoda, based on material published in several Japanese-language books by Haga, and published in 2008 by World Scientific. The title is a portmanteau of "origami" and "mathematics", coined in the 1990s by Haga to describe the type of paper-folding mathematical exploration that would later be described in this book. == Topics == Although much of its content involves folding square sheets of origami paper, the book focuses on mathematical explorations developing from folding and unfolding paper rather than on the traditional use of origami to create paper figures and artworks. It is divided into ten chapters, exploring concepts in paper folding that are "so simple that they could be discovered by middle- or high-school students". The book begins with the exploration of a single fold of a corner of a square to a midpoint of an opposite edge, and its analysis involving the geometry of the 3–4–5 right triangle. Later explorations (sometimes presented with colorful stories of knights and princesses as motivation) concern folding


