# kb

id: kumeyaay-astronomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumeyaay_astronomy-0.md
category: reference
title: Kumeyaay astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumeyaay_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:32.910887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kumeyaay-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
Kumeyaay astronomy or cosmology (Kumeyaay: My Uuyow, "sky knowledge") comprises the astronomical knowledge of the Kumeyaay people, a Native American group whose traditional homeland occupies what is now Southern California in the United States and adjacent parts of northern Baja California in Mexico. A deeply rooted cosmological belief system was developed and followed by the Kumeyaay civilization based on this knowledge including the computing of time (Kumeyaay Mat’taam). The first evidence of astronomical observations and visual registration was discovered in the El Vallecito archeological zone. The "Men in a square" rupestric painting located at El Diablito area of El Vallecito depicted a square that aligns with sunlight on the Fall equinox. These paintings were made by the Kumeyaay people, possibly during nomadic travels. Kumeyaay sand paintings and rock art modeled the passage of the sun, moon, and constellations. Observation areas were made by the Kumeyaay to watch and register astronomical events. However many were destroyed by vandals before protection measures were instituted. == Astronomical objects == Hatotkeur (Spine of the Sky) – Milky Way Constellations: == See also == Cultural astronomy == References == == External links == San Diego Museum of Man Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine


id: list-of-galaxies-by-surface-brightness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_galaxies_by_surface_brightness-0.md
category: reference
title: List of galaxies by surface brightness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_galaxies_by_surface_brightness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:34.084013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-galaxies-by-surface-brightness-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of galaxies sorted by surface brightness. Surface brightness is a measure of how bright a diffuse object like a galaxy or nebula appears over its extended surface. The brightness over the entire galaxy is called apparent magnitude. == Table == The surface brightness is calculated via S = m + 2.5 log 10 ⁡ A {\displaystyle S=m+2.5\log _{10}A} . Where S {\displaystyle S} is surface brightness, m {\displaystyle m} is total magnitude, and A {\displaystyle A} is the total area in square arcseconds. Area is calculated using the formula for an ellipse; π a b {\displaystyle \pi ab} , where a {\displaystyle a} is the semi-major axis and b {\displaystyle b} is the semi-minor axis. Each axis is half of the dimension, because each dimension is the entire length/height but the axis is only the length/height to the centre, this combined with the symmetry of an ellipse means that half the dimension is the axis. Combining this with the original formula we get: S = m + 2.5 log 10 ⁡ ( π a 2 b 2 ) {\displaystyle S=m+2.5\log _{10}(\pi {\frac {a}{2}}{\frac {b}{2}})} , which simplifies to S = m + 2.5 log 10 ⁡


id: list-of-discoverers-of-messier-objects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discoverers_of_Messier_objects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of discoverers of Messier objects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discoverers_of_Messier_objects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:35.351196+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-discoverers-of-messier-objects-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of each Messier object, Its Discovery Year and its first discoverer who published/recorded their findings. Most of the Messier Objects were discovered between the years 1654 and 1782 AD, amongst some outliers. == References ==


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-0.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
A meteorite fall, also called an observed fall, is a meteorite collected after its fall from outer space, that was observed by people or automated devices. Any other meteorite is called a "find". As of May 2026, the Meteoritical Bulletin Database listed 1,273 observed falls of approved meteorites, most of which have specimens in modern collections. == Significance == Observed meteorite falls are of societal and scientific importance for several reasons: In the most energetic of events, falls are observed by many human observers, and can co-occur with dramatic consequences as seen during the Chelyabinsk meteor event, in which 1,491 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment (most injured from broken glass from the shockwave; no fatalities). Material from observed falls has not been subjected to terrestrial weathering, making the find an ideal candidate for scientific study into the dynamics of dust and small-body formation and understanding the history of solar system formation. Historically, observed falls were the most compelling evidence supporting the extraterrestrial origin of meteorites. A robust subculture of meteorite hunters has developed along with an associated market for meteorite minerals. Observed fall discoveries are currently the best data source to understand the types of meteorites


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-1.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
In April 1959 the meteorite Příbram was the first meteorite whose trajectory was tracked by multiple cameras recording the associated fireball. The Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic captured photos of the fireball using eleven widely spaced cameras. With the help of this stereo recording (through triangulation), Přibram's trajectory could be reconstructed quite accurately, aiding its recovery and also - for the very first time - enabling scientists to trace its pre-impact orbit back to the asteroid belt. Eleven years later, the fireball from the Lost City meteorite, was recorded with four cameras from the Prairie Meteorite Network operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, when it fell in Cherokee County Oklahoma, in January 1970. This was the first time a meteorite was recovered solely on the basis of photographic measurements. In 1977 the meteorite of Innisfree was discovered using photographs taken by the Meteorite Observation and Recovery Program of the National Research Council of Canada. The fall of Benešov was recorded in 1991, however the meteorite was only recovered in 2011 after the strewnfield was recalculated and metal detectors were used to search for small fragments. The meteorite of Ischgl was found by an Austria forest ranger in 1976 and


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-2.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
=== Radar detection === Weather radar has become a useful aid for locating meteorites after observed fireballs because it can detect descending fragments of the meteorite during the dark flight-phase – that is, the phase of a meteorite's descent when its speed has been slowed by atmospheric drag to the point that it no longer emits visible light and the fragments reach terminal velocity. Radar-derived echoes from falling stones can help determine whether an observed fireball event has produced meteorites large enough to be recovered on the ground. Radar data in combination with weather data can be used to reconstruct a fall's final trajectory in order to calculate a possible strewn field. This allows people searching for meteorites to focus their search efforts more efficiently than by relying only on traditional methods such as eyewitness accounts, recordings from security cameras and other video sources. Targeted searches have improved the chances to quickly collect minimally weathered specimens that are scientifically valuable for studying the composition and history of their parent bodies. The fall of the Ash Creek meteorite in February 2009 was the first time when data from weather radar was used to locate meteorites on the ground. Among the radar-enabled


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-3.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
=== Meteorite of Aegospotami === The meteorite of Aegospotami might be the earliest case of a meteorite fall, where in surviving literature an observed fall is directly linked to a recovered mass. Writing about this meteorite, the ancient Greek natural philosopher Diogenes of Apollonia - living in the 5th century BCE - is also credited as the first author to argue meteorites have an extraterrestrial origin. According to writings recorded by doxographer Aetius he established:"In addition to the visible stars, invisible stones also wander through the heavens, having no name. They frequently fall on Earth and their fire gets extinguished, like the stony star which fell in flames at Aegospotami."Ancient writers including Aristotle, Pliny the Elder and Plutarch reported that a large stone fell at Aegospotami on the Gallipoli Peninsula in the second year of the 78th Olympiad – corresponding to the year 466 BCE. The meteorite was described as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load and according to Plutarch was displayed and worshipped by the inhabitants of the Gallipoli Peninsula for several hundred years, until at least the first century AD. The object itself did not survive for modern study but the event - although


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-4.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
==== Meteorite of Siena ==== The publication of Chladnis book at Easter 1794 happened only six weeks before the well observed and documented meteorite fall of Siena in Italy. The Siena meteorite shower of 16 June 1794 was the first in modern times to occur in the vicinity of a major European city, which at the time had a population of nearly 30,000. Hence the meteorite fall was witnessed by so many people that its authenticity was difficult to dismiss. The observed fall sparked a lively controversy involving more than half a dozen scientists. ==== Meteorite of L'Aigle ==== A decisive turning point came with the meteorite fall of L'Aigle in France in 1803 and the documentation of this event by Jean-Baptiste Biot for the French scientific establishment; his systematic collection of testimony, mapping of the strewn field, and material comparisons helped convince much of the European scientific community that meteorites are real extraterrestrial falls. === Chemical analysis of meteorites === Another step forward into the future of meteoritics was the laboratory work of British chemist Edward Charles Howard and French mineralogist Jacques Louis, Comte de Bournon. They carried out analyses of samples of recently observed falls of Benares, Siena,


id: list-of-minor-planet-discoverers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of minor planet discoverers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:39.799693+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-minor-planet-discoverers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable minor-planet discoverers credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of one or several minor planets (such as near-Earth and main-belt asteroids, Jupiter trojans and distant objects). As of 22 October 2025, the discovery of over 800,000 numbered minor planets are credited to 2,186 astronomers, observatories, telescopes or surveys. == Discovering astronomers == The table consist of the following fields: Astronomers: links to the corresponding article about the discovering astronomer on Wikipedia. Discoveries: displays the total number of discovered and co-discovered minor planets made by the discoverer (numbered bodies only). It links to the corresponding "Discovery by..." category, which are subcategories of Category:Discoveries by astronomer. These categories do not contain discoveries for which no page on Wikipedia exists. Astronomers with only a few discoveries sometimes do not have their own discovery-category (redlinks). For those who have discovered only one single minor planet, the link in the discovery column directly points to the corresponding entry in the list of minor planets. DOB–DOD: displays the astronomer's date of birth and, if applicable, death. Name(s) at MPC: displays the name of the discoverer as used by the MPC, where the abbreviated first name is written before


id: list-of-most-massive-star-clusters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_massive_star_clusters-0.md
category: reference
title: List of most massive star clusters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_massive_star_clusters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:41.216108+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-most-massive-star-clusters-20260505-0
summary:
Below are lists of the most massive known star clusters in solar masses (M☉) and sorted in descending order. == Methods for mass estimation == === Globular cluster === Globular cluster masses can be determined by observing the proper motion of nearby stars influenced by the cluster or by estimating the cluster's relaxation time. === Open clusters === The masses of open star clusters can be estimated by measuring the falloff of radial and tangential velocities of surrounding stars at a particular distance. == List == === Globular clusters === === Open clusters === == See also == List of largest star clusters == References == == External links == The young cluster RMC 136a European Southern Observatory Mayall II Messier Objects Monster Super Star Cluster Discovered In Milky Way ScienceDaily


id: list-of-neutron-stars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neutron_stars-0.md
category: reference
title: List of neutron stars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neutron_stars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:42.443476+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-neutron-stars-20260505-0
summary:
Neutron stars are the collapsed cores of supergiant stars. They are created as a result of supernovas and gravitational collapse, and are the second-smallest and densest class of stellar objects. In the cores of these stars, protons and electrons combine to form neutrons. Neutron stars can be classified as pulsars if they are magnetized, if they rotate, and if they emit beams of electromagnetic radiation out of their magnetic poles. They may include soft gamma repeaters (SGR) and radio-quiet neutron stars, as well as pulsars such as radio pulsars, recycled pulsars, low mass X-ray pulsars, and accretion-powered pulsars. A notable grouping of neutron stars includes the Magnificent Seven. == List of neutron stars == === Anomalous X-ray pulsars === Anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) AXP 1E 1048-59 AXP 1E2259+586 AXP4U 0142+61 AXP 1RXS 1708–40 AXP 1E 1841–045 AXP AXJ1844-0258 AXP CXJ0110-7211 Vela X-1 4U 0352+309 Bursting Pulsar Vela Junior LMC N49 == Binary star systems == Intermediate-mass X-ray binary High-mass X-ray binaries Centaurus X-3 Circinus X-1 GX 301-2 Hercules X-1 == Related objects == Kesteven 79 PSR B1620−26 b 3C 58 Cas X-1 GW170817 Cygnus Loop Spaghetti Nebula SN 1987A Jellyfish Nebula == See also == Stellar designations and names ==


id: list-of-astronomical-observatories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical observatories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:43.790936+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-observatories-20260505-0
summary:
This is a partial list of astronomical observatories ordered by name, along with initial dates of operation (where an accurate date is available) and location. The list also includes a final year of operation for many observatories that are no longer in operation. While other sciences, such as volcanology and meteorology, also use facilities called observatories for research and observations, this list is limited to observatories that are used to observe celestial objects. Astronomical observatories are mainly divided into four categories: space-based, airborne, ground-based, and underground-based. Many modern telescopes and observatories are located in space to observe astronomical objects in wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the Earth's atmosphere (such as ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays) and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes. Being above the atmosphere, these space observatories can also avoid the effects of atmospheric turbulence that plague ground based telescopes, although new generations of adaptive optics telescopes have since then dramatically improved the situation on the ground. The space high vacuum environment also frees the detectors from the ancestral diurnal cycle due to the atmospheric blue light background of the sky, thereby increasing significantly the observation time. An intermediate variant is the


id: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical observatories in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:45.047681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
== Alberta == Newbrook Observatory (disused) Oldman River Observatory, Lethbridge Astronomical Society, Lethbridge Rothney Astrophysical Observatory, University of Calgary, Priddis, Alberta Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station (historic site) Sunridge Observatory, south of Medicine Hat Telus World of Science Edmonton RASC Observatory, Edmonton Wilson Coulee Observatory, RASC Calgary Centre, De Winton, Alberta Eagle Butte Observatory, South of Dunmore == British Columbia == Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, Penticton Mount Kobau National Observatory, Mount Kobau (Never built) University of British Columbia Observatory, Vancouver (Demolished 2010) Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Victoria University of Victoria Observatory, Victoria Climenhaga Observatory, University of Victoria Gordon MacMillan Southam Observatory, H.R. Macmillan Space Centre, Vancouver Large Zenith Telescope, University of British Columbia (at Malcolm Knapp Research Forest) (Decommissioned 2014) Trottier Observatory, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby Prince George Astronomical Observatory, Prince George == Manitoba == Glenlea Astronomical Observatory, Univ. of Manitoba/RASC Winnipeg Centre, Winnipeg == New Brunswick == Université de Moncton observatory Mount Allison University Gemini Observatory Moncton High School Observatory == Newfoundland and Labrador == Grenfell Observatory == Nova Scotia == Burke-Gaffney Observatory == Ontario == Algonquin Radio Observatory, Algonquin Provincial Park Boltwood Observatory, Stittsville David Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill David Thompson Astronomical Observatory, Fort William


id: list-of-observatory-codes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of observatory codes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:47.041746+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-observatory-codes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of observatory codes (IAU codes or MPC codes) published by the Minor Planet Center. For a detailed description, see observations of small Solar System bodies. == List == == References ==


id: list-of-astronomical-societies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_societies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical societies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_societies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:48.373414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-societies-20260505-0
summary:
A list of notable groups devoted to promoting astronomy research and education. == International == Astronomers for Planet Earth (A4E) Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Astronomical Union (IAU) International Meteor Organization Network for Astronomy School Education The Planetary Society == Africa == Astronomical Society of Southern Africa == Asia == === Brunei Darussalam === The Astronomical Society of Brunei Darussalam (PABD) === China === Hong Kong Astronomical Society === India === Akash Mitra Mandal AstronEra Astronomical Society of India Bangalore Astronomical Society (BAS) Birla Planetarium, Chennai Confederation of Indian Amateur Astronomers IUCAA Jyotirvidya Parisanstha Khagol Mandal Khagol Vishwa Wonders of Universe Association of Friends of Astronomy, Goa === Turkey === SpaceTurk === Thailand === Astronomy Thailand === United Arab Emirates === Dubai Astronomy Group == Europe == European Astronomical Society European Association for Astronomy Education === France === Société astronomique de France Société Française d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique (SF2A) === Germany === Astronomische Gesellschaft Vereinigung der Sternfreunde === Greece === Hellenic Astronomical Society === Ireland === Irish Astronomical Society Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies === Italy === Unione Astrofili Italiani === Norway === Norwegian Astronomical Society CV-Helios Network === Poland === Polish Astronomical Society === Russia === Russian Astronomical Society (1891-1932)


id: list-of-star-forming-regions-in-the-local-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_star-forming_regions_in_the_Local_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: List of star-forming regions in the Local Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_star-forming_regions_in_the_Local_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:49.564353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-star-forming-regions-in-the-local-group-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of star-forming regions in the Milky Way Galaxy and the Local Group. Star formation occurs in molecular clouds, which become unstable to gravitational collapse, and these complexes may contain clusters of young stars and regions of ionized gas called H II regions. Stars typically form in groups of many stars, rather than in isolation. == Galactic star-forming regions == == Extragalactic star-forming regions == == See also == RCW Catalog – 1960s astronomical catalogue Sharpless catalog – Made of a list Gum catalog – Astronomical catalog of nebulae List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs == References == == External links == Simbad


id: list-of-stellar-properties-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stellar_properties-0.md
category: reference
title: List of stellar properties
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stellar_properties
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:50.724039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-stellar-properties-20260505-0
summary:
Pages Related to Stellar properties, Pages using the word stellar in a physics context. Stellar aberration Stellar age estimation Stellar archaeology Stellar astronomy Stellar atmosphere Stellar birthline Stellar black hole Stellar cartography Stellar chemistry Stellar chonography Stellar classification Stellar cluster Stellar collision Stellar core Stellar coronae Stellar density Stellar disk Stellar distance Stellar drift Stellar dynamics Stellar engine Stellar envelope see stellar atmosphere Stellar evolution Stellar flare Stellar flux Stellar fog Stellar halo Stellar interferometer Stellar isochrone Stellar kinematics Stellar limb-darkening Stellar luminosity Stellar magnetic field Stellar magnitude Stellar mass Stellar mass black hole Stellar mass loss Stellar molecule Stellar navigation Stellar near-collision Stellar neighborhood Stellar nucleosynthesis Stellar nursery Stellar occultation Stellar parallax Stellar physics Stellar planetary Stellar population Stellar precession Stellar pulsations Stellar quake Stellar radius Stellar remnant Stellar rotation Stellar scintillation Stellar seismology Stellar spectra Stellar spheroid Stellar spin-down Stellar structure Stellar surface fusion Stellar system Stellar triangulation Stellar uplift Stellar variation Stellar vault Stellar wind Stellar wind (disambiguation) Stellar wobble Stellar X-ray astronomy Stellar-wind bubble Other Catalog of Stellar Identifications Fossil stellar magnetic field General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes Interstellar cloud Inter-stellar clouds Interstellar medium List of stellar angular diameters


id: tyson-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Tyson Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:54.534529+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tyson-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Tyson Medal is a prize awarded for the best performance in subjects relating to astronomy at the University of Cambridge, England. It is awarded annually for achievement in the examinations for Part III of the Mathematical Tripos when there is a candidate deserving of the prize. In his will, Henry Tyson made the following bequest: That the sum of three hundred pounds be paid to the Cambridge University the interest annually to be for a gold medal for the best proficient in Mathematics and Astronomy in the same way as Dr Smith's and to bear the donor's name. The value of the fund was £65,095 in 2008. == List of winners == Most of this list is from The Times newspaper archive. The winners of the prize are published in The Cambridge University Reporter. == See also == List of astronomy awards List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical observatories in Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:55.774345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of astronomical observatories in Ukraine: Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory Simeiz Observatory White Elephant == Radio telescopes == Giant Ukrainian Radio Telescope Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification


id: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of women astronomers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:58.306823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of astronomers, astrophysicists and other notable women who have made contributions to the field of astronomy. == A == Madge Adam (1912–2001), English solar astronomer Maggie Aderin-Pocock (born 1968), English space scientist Conny Aerts (born 1966), Belgian astrophysicist specializing in asteroseismology Aglaonike (c. 1st or 2nd Century BCE), ancient Greek astronomer and thaumaturge María Luisa Aguilar Hurtado (1938–2015), Peruvian astronomer Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs (1912–1954), German variable star astronomer Elizabeth Alexander (1908–1958), English geologist and physicist Leah B. Allen (1884–1973), American astronomer and educator Adelaide Ames (1900–1932), American astronomer Anja Cetti Andersen (born 1965), Danish astronomer focused on cosmic dust Necia H. Apfel (born 1930), American astronomer and educator Alice Archenhold (1874–1943), German astronomer Anne Archibald, Canadian astronomer and educator Felicitas Arias, (born 1952), Argentine astronomer and expert on geodesy Gabriella Conti Armellini (1891-1974), Italian astronomer == B == Neta Bahcall (born 1942), Israeli astrophysicist and cosmologist specializing in dark matter Odette Bancilhon (1908–1998), French astronomer Kirsten Banks Wiradjuri astronomer researching red giant stars Beatriz Barbuy (born 1950), Brazilian astrophysicist Amy Barger (born 1971), American galactic astronomer Nadine G. Barlow (1958–2020), American planetary scientist Amy Barr, American planetary geophysicist Maria A. Barucci, Italian astronomer Sarbani Basu, Indian-American


id: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers-1.md
category: reference
title: List of women astronomers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:58.306823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
summary:
Margherita Hack (1922–2013), Italian astrophysicist and first female director of Trieste's Observatory Erika Hamden, American astrophysicist and instructor Heidi Hammel (born 1960), American planetary scientist Fiona A. Harrison, American astrophysicist Marjorie Hall Harrison (1918–1986), English-born American astronomer Lisa Harvey-Smith (born 1979), British-Australian astrophysicist Margaret Harwood (1885–1979), American astronomer Martha P. Haynes (born 1951), American astronomer specialized in radio astronomy and extragalactic astronomy Martha Locke Hazen (1931–2006), American astronomer E. Ruth Hedeman (1910–2006), American solar astronomer Mary Lea Heger (1897–1983), American astronomer who studied the interstellar medium Charlene Heisler (1961–1999), Canadian astronomer Eleanor F. Helin (1932–2009), American astronomer who studied near–Earth asteroids Amina Helmi (born 1970), Argentine astronomer Amanda Hendrix (born 1968), American planetary scientist Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer Jacqueline Hewitt (born 1958), American astrophysicist Catherine Heymans (born 1978), British astrophysicist and instructor Renée Hložek (born 1983), South African cosmologist Dorrit Hoffleit (1907–2007), American astronomer Helen Sawyer Hogg (1905–1993), American-Canadian astronomer Ann Hornschemeier, American astronomer studying X-ray astronomy Joan Horvath, American aeronautical engineer and writer Nancy Houk, American astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (1921–2015), Dutch astronomer studying minor planets Margaret Lindsay Huggins (1848–1915), Irish-English scientific investigator and astronomer Carolyn Hurless (1934–1987), American astronomer and an American


id: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers-2.md
category: reference
title: List of women astronomers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:58.306823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
summary:
Penny Sackett (born 1956), American-born Australian astronomer, educator, and manager Rita M. Sambruna, American astrophysicist studying supermassive black holes and jets Anneila Sargent (born 1942), Scottish–American astronomer specialized in star formation Ann Savage (1946–2017), British astronomer Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer and meteorologist Susan M. Scott, Australian mathematical physicist working on general relativity, gravitational singularities, and black holes. Sara Seager (born 1971), Canadian-American astronomer and planetary scientist Waltraut Seitter (1930–2007), German astronomer and instructor Muriel Mussells Seyfert (1909–1997), American astronomer Pelageya Shajn (1894–1956), Russian astronomer searching for minor planets Aomawa Shields, American astrophysicist and professor researching exoplanets Carolyn S. Shoemaker (1929–2021), American astronomer Amy Simon, American planetary scientist Charlotte Moore Sitterly (1898–1990), American astronomer who studied stellar physics Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova (1935–2001), Russian astronomer who searched for minor planets and comets Alicia M. Soderberg (1977–2025), American astrophysicist and instructor focused on supernovae Mary Somerville (1780–1872), Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath Linda Spilker (born 1955), American planetary scientist Ingrid Stairs, Canadian astronomer Denise Stephens, American astronomer and instructor Sarah Stewart-Mukhopadhyay, American planetary scientist Annapurni Subramaniam, director of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics Karlina Leksono Supelli (born 1958), Indonesian philosopher and astronomer Jean Swank, American astrophysicist studying compact objects Henrietta Hill Swope


id: lists-of-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of science and technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:00.066556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable awards for specific areas of science and technology. Typically these lists give the country of the sponsoring organization, the award name, sponsor name and a description of the award criteria. Some of the awards have broad scope, or cover the intersection of different disciplines, so an award may appear in more than one list. A list of general awards for science and technology is followed by the lists of more specific awards. == General list == List of general science and technology awards == Specific lists == == Research == In July 2020, scientists reported that work honored by Nobel Prizes clusters in only a few scientific fields, with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel Prize of the 114/849 domains that science could be divided into, according to their DC2 and DC3 classification systems. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel Prizes awarded from 1995 to 2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%]). This concentration of awards may be partially due to the fact that major scientific prizes, such as the Nobel Prize, are often awarded


id: list-of-biochemistry-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biochemistry_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biochemistry awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biochemistry_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:02.524548+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biochemistry-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of biochemistry awards is an index to articles on notable awards for contributions to biochemistry, the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. The list gives the country of the organization that gives the award, but the award may not be limited to people from that country. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biology awards List of chemistry awards == References ==


id: list-of-awards-in-bioinformatics-and-computational-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_in_bioinformatics_and_computational_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards in bioinformatics and computational biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_in_bioinformatics_and_computational_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:03.761286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-in-bioinformatics-and-computational-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of awards in the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology. == Awards == ASBMB DeLano Award for Computational Biosciences - "to a scientist for the most accessible and innovative development or application of computer technology to enhance research in the life sciences at the molecular level" Benjamin Franklin Award for Open Access in the Life Sciences - "to an individual who has, in his or her practice, promoted free and open access to the materials and methods used in the life sciences" ISCB Innovator Award - "leading scientists who are within two decades post-degree, who consistently make outstanding contributions to the field, and who continue to forge new directions" ISCB Overton Prize - "for outstanding accomplishment to a scientist in the early to mid stage of his or her career" ISCB Accomplishment by a Senior Scientist Award - "members of the computational biology community who are more than 12 to 15 years post-degree and have made major contributions to the field of computational biology through research, education, service, or a combination of the three" Morris F. Collen Award of Excellence - "an individual whose personal commitment and dedication to biomedical informatics has made a lasting


id: list-of-biology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:04.965659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of biology awards is an index to articles about notable awards for biology. It includes a general list and lists of ecology, genetics and neuroscience awards. It excludes awards for biochemistry, biomedical science, medicine, ornithology and paleontology, which are covered by separate lists. == General awards == === International === === Americas === === Asia === === Europe === === Oceania === == Ecology == == Genetics == Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. == Neuroscience == == See also == Competitions and prizes in biotechnology Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biochemistry awards List of biomedical science awards List of awards in bioinformatics and computational biology List of fellows of the AACR Academy List of medicine awards List of ornithology awards List of paleontology awards == References ==


id: list-of-biomedical-science-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biomedical_science_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biomedical science awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biomedical_science_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:06.191707+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biomedical-science-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of biomedical science awards is an index to notable awards for biomedical sciences, a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in health care or public health. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biology awards List of medicine awards == References ==


id: list-of-chemistry-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of chemistry awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:07.472518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-chemistry-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of chemistry awards is an index to articles about notable awards for chemistry. It includes awards by the Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and awards by other organizations. == Awards of the Royal Society of Chemistry == The Royal Society of the United Kingdom offers a number of awards for chemistry. == Awards of the American Chemical Society == The American Chemical Society of the United States offers a number of awards related to chemistry. == Awards of the Society of Chemical Industry == The Society of Chemical Industry was established in 1881 by scientists, inventors and entrepreneurs. It offers a number of awards related to chemistry. == Other awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biochemistry awards == References ==


id: competitions-and-prizes-in-biotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: Competitions and prizes in biotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:08.653822+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: competitions-and-prizes-in-biotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
There exist a number of competitions and prizes to reward distinguished contributions and to encourage developments in biotechnology. == Inducement prizes == The Archon X Prize for Genomics of US$10,000,000 is to be awarded to "the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome." The Prize4Life ALS biomarker prize is a US$1,000,000 award for a reliable way of tracking progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Prize4Life ALS treatment prize is a US$1,000,000 award for a therapy that reliably and effectively extends the life of ALS mice by 25%. People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is offering a US$1,000,000 reward for a method of producing enough meat to be marketed in 10 U.S. states at a price competitive with chicken prices. Illumina iDEA Challenge to develop new visualization and data analysis techniques. == Recognition prizes == The Gotham Prize for Cancer Research was a US$1,000,000 prize awarded annually to "encourage


id: list-of-computer-science-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer science awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:09.948928+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-science-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of computer science awards is an index to articles on notable awards related to computer science. It includes lists of awards by the Association for Computing Machinery, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, other computer science and information science awards, and a list of computer science competitions. The top computer science award is the ACM Turing Award, generally regarded as the Nobel Prize equivalent for Computer Science. Other highly regarded top computer science awards include IEEE John von Neumann Medal awarded by the IEEE Board of Directors, and the Japan Kyoto Prize for Information Science. == Association for Computing Machinery == The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) gives out many computer science awards, often run by one of their Special Interest Groups. == IEEE == A number of awards are given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the IEEE Computer Society or the IEEE Information Theory Society. == Other computer science awards == == Information science awards == == Competitions == == See also == Competitive programming Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of computer-related awards List of engineering awards == References ==


id: list-of-computer-related-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-related_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer-related awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-related_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:11.260204+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-related-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of computer-related awards is an index to articles about notable awards given for computer-related work. It excludes computer science awards and competitions, video game awards and web awards, which are covered by separate lists. == Hardware == == Open source / freeware / shareware == == Security == == Programming == == Applications == == Scholarship == == Other == == See also == Lists of awards List of computer science awards Lists of science and technology awards List of engineering awards == References ==


id: list-of-earth-sciences-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earth_sciences_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of earth sciences awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earth_sciences_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:12.597443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-earth-sciences-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of earth sciences awards is an index to articles on notable awards for earth sciences, or natural science related to the planet Earth. It includes awards for meteorology, oceanography and paleontology, but excludes awards for environmental science, geography, geology and geophysics, which are covered by separate lists. == General == == Meteorology == == Oceanography == == Paleontology == == See also == Lists of awards List of environmental awards List of geography awards List of geology awards List of geophysics awards == References ==


id: vladimir-v-tikhomirov-history-of-geology-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_V._Tikhomirov_History_of_Geology_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Vladimir V. Tikhomirov History of Geology Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_V._Tikhomirov_History_of_Geology_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:13.849374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vladimir-v-tikhomirov-history-of-geology-award-20260505-0
summary:
Vladimir V. Tikhomirov History of Geology Award is a geological and historical medal of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It is the only international award for scientific contributions and achievements in the field of history of geological sciences. == History == Named in honor of the Soviet historian of geology Vladimir Vladimirovich Tikhomirov (1915–1994) — the organizer and first president of the International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) in 1967. Nominations for the award are made by the International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO), approved by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). In 2012, the medal was established by the International Union of Geological Sciences for work on the history of geology. The medal is made of bronze. Since 2020, the medal with a diameter of 10 cm is made of Armenian obsidian. == Awards == The medal is awarded every four years during the International Geological Congress. Throughout history, the medal has been awarded to: 2012 — Hugh Torrens, United Kingdom 2016 — Martin J. S. Rudwick, United Kingdom 2020 — David Branagan (Branagan David Francis (1930–2022)), Australia 2024 — Kenneth L. Taylor United States == References == == Links


id: list-of-engineering-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of engineering awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:15.159519+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-engineering-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of engineering awards is an index to articles about notable awards for achievements in engineering. It includes aerospace engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, structural engineering and systems science awards. It excludes computer-related awards, computer science awards, industrial design awards, mechanical engineering awards, motor vehicle awards, occupational health and safety awards and space technology awards, which are covered by separate lists. The list is organized by the region and country of the organizations that sponsor the awards, but some awards are not limited to people from that country. == International == == Africa == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == List of computer science awards List of computer-related awards List of mechanical engineering awards List of motor vehicle awards List of space technology awards Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards == References ==


id: list-of-environmental-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of environmental awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:16.531419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-environmental-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of environmental awards is an index to articles about notable environmental awards for activities that lead to the protection of the natural environment. The list is organized by the region and country of the organization that sponsors the award. The awards may be open to the global community or limited to a particular country or field of work. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards == References ==


id: list-of-geology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:19.172502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of geology awards is an index to articles on notable awards for geology, an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. The list is organized by region and country of the organization that sponsors the award, but awards are not always restricted to people from that country. See list of earth sciences awards for awards for earth sciences in general, and for other branches of earth science. == Americas == === Canada === === Chile === === United States === == Europe == == Other regions == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of earth sciences awards List of geography awards List of geophysics awards == References ==


id: list-of-geophysics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysics_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geophysics awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysics_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:20.441149+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geophysics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of geophysics awards is an index to articles on notable awards for contributions to geophysics, the branch of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The list gives the country of the organization that sponsors the award, but the awards are not necessarily limited to people from that country. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of earth sciences awards == References ==


id: list-of-ieee-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of IEEE awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:21.672084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ieee-awards-20260505-0
summary:
Through its awards program, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers recognizes contributions that advance the fields of interest to the IEEE. For nearly a century, the IEEE Awards Program has paid tribute to technical professionals whose exceptional achievements and outstanding contributions have made a lasting impact on technology, society and the engineering profession. The IEEE Medals and IEEE Technical Field Awards are institution-level awards. They are considered more prestigious than IEEE Society level awards and are administered by IEEE Awards Board. Each year, the IEEE Board of Directors approved the winners of these prestigious medals and awards at their annual board meeting. An IEEE Honors Ceremony is organized and held in New York each year to present the medals and awards to the recipients. Funds for the awards program, other than those provided by corporate sponsors for some awards, are administered by the IEEE Foundation. == IEEE Medals == IEEE top medal and highest honor IEEE Medal of Honor Medals not specific to a technology field IEEE Edison Medal (IEEE's principal medal for a meritorious career) IEEE Founders Medal (for leadership, planning, and administration) IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal (for carbon-based materials research) IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal


id: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Physics Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:22.878599+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Physics (IOP) awards numerous prizes to acknowledge contributions to physics research, education and applications. It also offers smaller specific subject-group prizes, such as for PhD thesis submissions. == Bilateral awards == The Max Born Medal and Prize is awarded yearly by the German Physical Society and the Institute of Physics in memory of the German physicist Max Born. The prize recognizes "outstanding contributions to physics" and is awarded to physicists based in Germany and in the UK or Ireland in alternate years. The Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize is awarded jointly by the French and British Physical Societies for distinguished work in any aspect of physics that is ongoing or has been carried out within the 10 years preceding the award. The Harrie Massey Medal and Prize is awarded biennially jointly by the Institute of Physics and by The Australian Institute of Physics. The Giuseppe Occhialini Medal and Prize is awarded to physicists in alternating years who work in Italy (even dated years) or the UK or Ireland (odd dated years). == Business awards == The Katharine Burr Blodgett Medal and Prize is a gold medal awarded annually for outstanding contributions to the organisation or applications of


id: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards-1.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Physics Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:22.878599+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
== Service to the IOP awards == The President's Medal can be given to both physicists and non-physicists who have provided meritorious services in various fields of endeavour which were of benefit to physics in general and the Institute in particular. The Phillips Award is awarded for distinguished service to the Institute of Physics. == Special Interest Group Prizes and Awards == Many of the Institute's special interest groups—sub-groups of the organisations members working in, or with an interest in, a specific area or sub-discipline—award prizes, typically annually. These include: The IOP Astroparticle Physics Group Early Career Prize, awarded on odd-numbered years to early-career researchers working at an institution in the UK and Ireland in the area of astroparticle physics who 'have five years or less postdoctoral experience (allowing for career breaks)'. The John Chubb Award, from the Dielectrics and Electrostatics Group for 'outstanding contributions to experimental electrostatics by early career researchers'. The Mansel Davies Award from the Dielectrics and Electrostatics Group is for 'outstanding contributions to dielectrics by early career researchers'. The High Energy Particle Physics Group Prize, awarded to 'an early career researcher for outstanding contributions to particle physics research'. The Liquids and Complex Fluids Early Career Award,


id: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-jennifer-doudna-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jennifer_Doudna-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jennifer_Doudna
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:24.177177+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-jennifer-doudna-20260505-0
summary:
This list of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna comprehensively shows the awards, honors, honorary degrees, fellowships and other recognition received by Jennifer Doudna, an American biochemist at the University of California, Berkeley. She has received many prestigious awards and fellowships for her numerous contributions to biochemistry and genetics, and is most famous for her work on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing." == Awards == 1996 Beckman Young Investigators Award 1999 NAS Award for Initiatives in Research 2000 Alan T. Waterman Award for innovative research that led to the development of a technique that facilitates crystallization of large RNA molecules; for determining the crystal structures of catalytic RNA molecules and an RNA molecule that forms the ribonucleoprotein core of the signal recognition particle; and for deciphering structural features of those molecules that permit a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis of RNA function in both catalysis and protein synthesis. 2001 Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society 2013 Inaugural recipient of the Mildred Cohn Award in Biological Chemistry from the American Society for Biochemistry and


id: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:25.509495+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-0
summary:
Katalin Karikó is a Hungarian–American biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy. Karikó laid the scientific groundwork for mRNA vaccines and received numerous awards, honors, degrees and other distinctions, including the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Katalin Karikó who works at the University of Pennsylvania is credited with one of the most important scientific discoveries of the 21st century. Her development of Messenger RNA-based technology and the two most effective vaccines based on it, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna, paved the way for the effective fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Her discovery also holds promise for future cures for many other diseases. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced on 2 October 2023 that the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for the development of mRNA technology. The Nobel Prize in Medicine has been awarded to 227 scientists since 1901, with Katalin Karikó being the thirteenth woman to receive the prize. Together with her, and Ferenc Krausz, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics the next day, the number of Hungarian Nobel


id: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó-1.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:25.509495+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-0
summary:
=== Honorary degrees in 2021 === University of Szeged | Duke University | Drew Weissman, Ken Jeong, Mary Schmidt Campbell | Humanitas University of Milan | === Honorary degrees 2022 === Eötvös Loránd University Budapest | Radboud University | Rockefeller University | Anthony Fauci, Lulu C. Wang | Tel Aviv University | Cornelia Bargmann, Sir Michael Victor Berry, Barbara Engelking, Eric J. Gertler, James S. Gertler, Bernd Friedrich Huber, Jodi Kantor, Solomon Lew, Jehuda Reinharz, Jürgen Renn | Université libre de Bruxelles | University of Geneva | Susan M. Gasser, Susan Goldin-Meadow, Ananya Roy | Yale University| Caroline Shaw, Krista Tippett, Madeleine Albright, James Clyburn, Jill Lepore, Myron Thompson, Jean Bennett, Drew Weissman, Orlando Patterson | === Honorary degrees 2023 === Brandeis University | University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork (UCC) | Harvard University | David Levering Lewis, Michael Mullen, Jennifer Doudna, Hugo Noé Morales Rosas, Tom Hanks | Princeton University | Lynn A. Conway, Arcadio Díaz-Quiñones, Rhiannon Giddens, Suzan Shown Harjo | Rutgers University | Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) | === Honorary degrees 2024 === New York University (NYU) | State University of New York | === Honorary degrees 2025 === Medical University of


id: marconi-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Marconi Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:26.659065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marconi-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Marconi Prize is an annual award that the Marconi Society gives for outstanding achievements and advancements in communications (radio, mobile, wireless, telecommunications, data communications, networks, the Internet, etc.). Prizewinners receive in-person recognition from distinguished colleagues and other guests as well as a work of sculpture at the Marconi Society's annual symposium and gala. == Criteria == The Marconi Prize is awarded based on the candidate’s contributions in the following areas: The significance of the impact of the nominee’s work on widely-used technology. The scientific importance of the nominee’s work in setting the stage for, influencing, and advancing the field beyond the nominee’s own achievements. The nominee’s contributions to innovation and entrepreneurship by introducing completely new ideas, methods, or technologies. These may include forming, leading, or advising organizations, mentoring students on moving ideas from research to implementation, or fostering new industries/enabling scale implementation. The social and humanitarian impact of the nominee’s contributions to the design, development, and/or deployment of new communication technologies or communications public policies that promote social development and/or inclusiveness. == Marconi Fellowships == Marconi Prize recipients are also named Marconi Fellows. The foundation and the prize are named in honor of Guglielmo Marconi, a Nobel laureate and


id: list-of-mathematics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mathematics awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:27.872119+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mathematics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of mathematics awards contains articles about notable awards for mathematics. The list is organized by the region and country of the organization that sponsors the award, but awards may be open to mathematicians from around the world. Some of the awards are limited to work in a particular field, such as topology or analysis, while others are given for any type of mathematical contribution. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == References == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards


id: list-of-mechanical-engineering-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mechanical_engineering_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mechanical engineering awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mechanical_engineering_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:29.230658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mechanical-engineering-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of mechanical engineering awards is an index to articles about notable awards for mechanical engineering. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of engineering awards == References ==


id: list-of-medicine-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medicine_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of medicine awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medicine_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:30.428469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-medicine-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of medicine awards is an index to articles about notable awards for contributions to medicine, the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The list is organized by region and country of the organization giving the award, but the awards may be available to people from around the world. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == === United Kingdom === == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biomedical science awards List of psychology awards Competitions and prizes in biotechnology == References ==


id: list-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of physics awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:31.702123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of physics awards is an index to articles about notable awards for physics. The list is organized by region and country of the organization that gives the award. Awards are not necessarily restricted to people from the country of the award giver. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards == References ==


id: list-of-general-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_science_and_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of general science and technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_science_and_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:32.925813+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-general-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of general science and technology awards is an index to articles about notable awards for general contributions to science and technology. These awards typically have broad scope, and may apply to many or all areas of science and/or technology. The list is organized by region and country of the sponsoring organization, but awards are not necessarily limited to people from that country. == International == == Africa == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of years in science == References ==


id: list-of-science-communication-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communication_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of science communication awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communication_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:34.156058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-science-communication-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of science communication awards is an index of articles about notable awards for science communication, including journalism and books. The list is organized by the country of the sponsoring organization, although awards may not be restricted to people in that country. == List == == See also == Lists of awards List of journalism awards List of writing awards#Science writing awards List of education awards == References ==


id: list-of-space-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of space technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:35.401733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-space-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of space technology awards is an index to articles about notable awards related to space technology. This includes awards for development of spacecraft, satellites, space stations, and support infrastructure, equipment, and procedures. The list shows the country of the sponsoring organization, but awards are not necessarily limited to people or organizations based in that country. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of aviation awards List of astronomy awards List of challenge awards == References ==


id: list-of-student-science-award-programs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_student_science_award_programs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of student science award programs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_student_science_award_programs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:36.612915+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-student-science-award-programs-20260505-0
summary:
List of student science award programs - a generic list of programs, fairs, and/or competitions for youth or students. Some examples include the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair or European Union Contest for Young Scientists, India International Sarabhai Student Scientist Award. Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge is another, and it used to be called Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), which was targeted at grades 5-8 (in the US system). MIT Lincoln Lab has named asteroids it discovered as a reward for the competition. Examples: Intel International Science and Engineering Fair Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge European Union Contest for Young Scientists India International Sarabhai Student Scientists Award Siemens Westinghouse Competition (Siemens Competition) New Zealand Science Fair Belgian Science Fair == References ==


id: list-of-awards-and-honours-received-by-tim-berners-lee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Tim_Berners-Lee-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honours received by Tim Berners-Lee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Tim_Berners-Lee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:37.870020+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honours-received-by-tim-berners-lee-20260505-0
summary:
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, (born 8 June 1955), also known as "TimBL", the inventor of the World Wide Web, has received a number of awards and honours. == Awards == 1994 (1994): Became one of only six members of the World Wide Web Hall of Fame. 1995 (1995): Kilby Foundation's "Young Innovator of the Year" Award. 1995 (1995): The Software System Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). 1995 (1995): Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) 1996 (1996): Honorary degree, University of Southampton. 1998 (1998): Honorary doctorate, University of Essex. 1998 (1998): The USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award, USENIX. 1999 (1999): Time Magazine named him one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. March 2000 (2000-03): Honorary degree, The Open University as Doctor of the University. 2001 (2001): Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society 2001 (2001): Elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2002 (2002): Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts) 2002 (2002): Named in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. 2003 (2003): The Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution


id: list-of-science-and-technology-awards-for-women-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_and_technology_awards_for_women-0.md
category: reference
title: List of science and technology awards for women
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_and_technology_awards_for_women
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:39.212429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-science-and-technology-awards-for-women-20260505-0
summary:
This list of science and technology awards for women is an index to articles about notable awards made to women for work in science and the STEM (Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields generally. It includes awards for astronomy, space and atmospheric science; biology and medicine; chemistry; engineering; mathematics; neuroscience; physics; technology; and general or multiple fields. == Astronomy, space, atmospheric science == Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy – annual award for outstanding contributions to astronomy by a woman within five years of earning a doctorate degree Peter B. Wagner Memorial Award for Women in Atmospheric Sciences – awarded annually since 1998, based on paper completion, to a woman studying for a Masters or PhD in atmospheric science at a university in the United States == Biology and medicine == Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, given by the American Medical Women's Association to a woman physician "who has made the most outstanding contributions to the cause of women in the field of medicine" Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Excellence in Science Award Group on Women in Medicine and Science Leadership Awards, Association of American Medical Colleges Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award from the Biophysical Society, Rockville, Maryland – given


id: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:41.046209+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Biology is the study of life and its processes. Biologists study all aspects of living things, including all of the many life forms on earth and the processes in them that enable life. These basic processes include the harnessing of energy, the synthesis and duplication of the materials that make up the body, the reproduction of the organism and many other functions. Biology, along with chemistry and physics is one of the major disciplines of natural science. == A == ABO blood group system – abscisic acid – absorption spectrum – abyssal zone – acetylcholine – acetyl-CoA – acid – acid precipitation – acoelomate – acrosome – actin – action potential – active site – adaptive radiation – address-message concept – adenosine 5'-triphosphate – adenylyl cyclase – adrenal gland – adrenodoxin – aerobic organism – age structure – agonist – AIDS – albumin – aldehydes – aldosterone – algae – allantois – allele – allometry – allopatric speciation – allosteric binding site – allosteric effector – allosteric enzyme – allosteric site – allozyme – alpha helix – amino acid – aminoacyl tRNA synthetase – amino group – amniocentesis – amniote – amphipathic molecule – anabolism – anaerobic organism – anaerobic


id: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:41.046209+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== H == habitat – HACEK organism – halobacteria – haploid – Hardy–Weinberg principle – heart – Hela cell – helper T cell – Hepadnaviridae – hepatitis B – herbivore – heredity – hereditary disease – hermaphrodite – herpetology – Hershey–Chase experiment – heterochromatin – heterotroph – heterozygote – Hfr cell – hibernation – hierarchy of life – Hill reaction – His tag – histone – homeobox – homeostasis – homologous recombination – homology – homoplasy – homozygote – homunculus – horizontal gene transfer – hormone – host – household gene – human – Human Genome Project – humoral immunity – hybrid (biology) – hybridization – hydrolysis – hydrolytic enzyme – hygiene – hyperpolarization (biology) == I == ichthyology – immune cell – immune system – immunology – inbreeding – inducibility – infectious disease carrier – infertility – inner matrix – insect – insectivores – insulin – intermediate filament – intermembrane space – interphase – intestine – intron – invasive species – ion channel – isoenzyme – isotonic (exercise physiology) == J == James Watson – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – joint == K == K-selection – Kary Mullis – karyoplasm – karyotype – keratin – keystone species – kidney – kinesiology


id: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:41.046209+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== S == saprobe – sarcoplasmic reticulum – scientific classification – secondary metabolite – secondary structure – second messenger – seed – seed plant – selection – Semiochemical – sequencing – serum – semen – Sewall Wright - sex linkage – sexual reproduction – sexual selection – shigella – shoot – signal transduction – silk – Sir Charles Lyell – sister chromatid – skeleton – skin cell – sleep – smooth ER – sociobiology – speciation – species – Hans Spemann – sperm – spermatid – spermatogenesis – spermiogenesis – spliceosome – splicing – spore – sporophyte – SSRI – starch – stem – stem cell – Stem cell chip – sticky end – stoma – stomach – streptomycin – structural biology – structural gene – substrate – substrate-level phosphorylation – surface area-to-volume ratio – symbiosis – symbiogenesis – synapomorphy – synapse – syngamy – systematics – systems biology == T == T cell – taphonomy – taxis – taxon – taxonomy – telomere – telophase – tertiary structure – testate amoebae – testes – Theodor Bilharz – Theodor Boveri – thermocline – thermoregulation – Thomas Hunt Morgan – Thomas Malthus – thylakoid – Tobacco mosaic virus – tobacco mosaic


id: list-of-research-methods-in-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: List of research methods in biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:58.182285+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-methods-in-biology-20260505-0
summary:
This list of research methods in biology is an index to articles about research methodologies used in various branches of biology. == Research design and analysis == === Research designs === === Charts and diagrams === === Statistical analyses === == Laboratory techniques == == Field techniques == == Computational tools == === Mathematical models === === Algorithms === == References == == External links ==


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biology: Biology – The natural science that studies life. Areas of focus include structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. == History of biology == History of anatomy History of biochemistry History of biotechnology History of botany History of ecology History of genetics History of evolutionary thought: Darwinism Eclipse of Darwinism (Lamarckism, Orthogenesis, Structuralism, and Mutationism) Modern (evolutionary) synthesis History of molecular evolution History of speciation History of marine biology History of medicine History of model organisms History of molecular biology Natural history History of neuroscience History of plant systematics History of pathology History of virology History of zoology == Overview == Biology Science Life Properties: Adaptation – Energy processing – Growth – Order – Regulation – Reproduction – Response to environment Biological organization: atom – molecule – cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism – population – community – ecosystem – biosphere Approach: Reductionism – emergent property – mechanistic Biology as a science: Natural science Scientific method: observation – research question – hypothesis – testability – prediction – experiment – data – statistics Scientific theory – scientific law Research method List of


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Evolutionary processes evolution microevolution: adaptation – selection – natural selection – directional selection – sexual selection – genetic drift – sexual reproduction – asexual reproduction – colony – allele frequency – neutral theory of molecular evolution – population genetics – Hardy–Weinberg principle Speciation Species Phylogeny Lineage (evolution) – evolutionary tree – cladistics – species – taxon – clade – monophyletic – polyphyly – paraphyly – heredity – phenotypic trait – nucleic acid sequence – synapomorphy – homology – molecular clock – outgroup (cladistics) – maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) – Computational phylogenetics Linnaean taxonomy: Carl Linnaeus – domain (biology) – kingdom (biology) – phylum – class (biology) – order (biology) – family (biology) – genus – species Three-domain system: archaea – bacteria – eukaryote – protist – fungi – plant – animal Binomial nomenclature: scientific classification – Homo sapiens History of life Origin of life – hierarchy of life – Miller–Urey experiment Macroevolution: adaptive radiation – convergent evolution – extinction – mass extinction – fossil – taphonomy – geologic time – plate tectonics – continental drift – vicariance – Gondwana – Pangaea – endosymbiosis == Life == Bacteria and Archaea Protists Plant diversity Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Bryophytes Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Moss Pteridophytes


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Anatomy – study of form in animals, plants and other organisms, or specifically in humans. Simply, the study of internal structure of living organisms. Physiology – study of the internal workings of organisms and the functions of anatomical structures. Comparative anatomy – the study of evolution of species through similarities and differences in their anatomy. Gross anatomy – study of anatomy at the macroscopic level Histology – also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Neuroanatomy – the study of the nervous system. Osteology – study of bones. Radiographic anatomy – study of anatomy through radiography Surface anatomy – study of external features of a body Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level. Biophysics – study of biological processes through the methods traditionally used in the physical sciences. Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings. Cellular biophysics – study of physical principles underlying cell function Neurophysics – study of the development of the nervous system on a molecular level. Molecular biophysics – study of physical properties of biomolecules at the molecular level


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Neuroendocrinology – studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system, that is how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body. Neuroethology – study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. Neuroimmunology – study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuropharmacology – study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. Neurophysiology – study of the function (as opposed to structure) of the nervous system. Systems neuroscience – studies the function of neural circuits and systems. Theoretical biology – the mathematical modeling of biological phenomena. Systems biology – computational modeling of biological systems. Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior. Subbranches include: Arthropodology – biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs. Acarology – study of the taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks. Arachnology – scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, collectively called arachnids. Entomology – study of insects. Coleopterology – study of beetles. Lepidopterology – study of a large


id: list-of-aging-processes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aging_processes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of aging processes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aging_processes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:01.877588+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-aging-processes-20260505-0
summary:
Accumulation of lipofuscin Aging brain Calorie restriction Cross-link Crosslinking of DNA Degenerative disease DNA damage theory of aging Exposure to ultraviolet light Free-radical damage Glycation Life expectancy Longevity Maximum life span Senescence Stem cell theory of aging == See also == Index of topics related to life extension == References ==


id: list-of-anatomical-isthmi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anatomical_isthmi-0.md
category: reference
title: List of anatomical isthmi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anatomical_isthmi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:03.096283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-anatomical-isthmi-20260505-0
summary:
In anatomy, "isthmus" refers to a constriction between organs. This is a list of anatomical isthmi: Aortic isthmus, section of the aortic arch Cavo-tricuspid isthmus of the right atrium of the heart, a body of fibrous tissue in the lower atrium between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve Isthmus, the ear side of the eustachian tube Isthmus, the narrowed part between the trunk and the splenium of the corpus callosum Isthmus, formation of the shell membrane in birds' oviducts Isthmus lobe, a lobe in the prostate Isthmus of cingulate gyrus Isthmus of fauces, opening at the back of the mouth into the throat Isthmus organizer, a secondary organizer region at the junction of the midbrain and metencephalon Isthmus tubae uterinae, which links the fallopian tube to the uterus Kronig isthmus, a band of resonance representing the apex of the lung Thyroid isthmus, a thin band of tissue connecting some of the lobes that make up the thyroid Uterine isthmus, the inferior-posterior part of the uterus


id: index-of-anatomy-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of anatomy articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:04.348567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-anatomy-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Articles related to anatomy include: == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == Q == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Z ==


id: list-of-animals-that-produce-silk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_that_produce_silk-0.md
category: reference
title: List of animals that produce silk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_that_produce_silk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:05.476182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-animals-that-produce-silk-20260505-0
summary:
Silk is produced by a variety of animals, for different purposes, with various types being produced. == Insects == Silkworms produce silk when undergoing larval to adult metamorphosis. Raspy crickets produce silk to form nests. Honeybee and bumblebee larvae produce silk to strengthen the wax cells in which they pupate. Bulldog ants spin cocoons to protect themselves during pupation. Weaver ants use silk to connect leaves together to make communal nests. Caddisfly larvae produce silk. Webspinners have silk glands on their front legs. Hornets Silverfish Mayflies Thrips Leafhoppers produce silk nests under the leaves of the trees where they live, to protect them against predators. Beetles Lacewings Fleas Flies Midges Caterpillars of many butterfly species use silk to create shelters or attach to substrates for pupation. Parasitic wasps such as braconids use silk cocoons for pupation. == Other animals == The family Projapygidae in the order Diplura have cerci that contain silk glands. The mussel Pinna nobilis creates silk to bond itself to rocks. It is used to make sea silk. Spiders make spider silk for various purposes such as weaving their webs, protecting their eggs or as a safety line. The amphipod Peramphithoe femorata uses silk to make a


id: list-of-animals-by-number-of-neurons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_by_number_of_neurons-0.md
category: reference
title: List of animals by number of neurons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_by_number_of_neurons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:07.697406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-animals-by-number-of-neurons-20260505-0
summary:
The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence. The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. Neuron counts constitute an important source of insight on the topic of neuroscience and intelligence: the question of how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~1011 neurons, ~1014 synapses) of a complex system leads to the phenomenon of intelligence. == Overview == Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether. Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects. The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior. == Whole nervous system == All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona),


id: list-of-bacterial-disulfide-oxidoreductases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bacterial_disulfide_oxidoreductases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of bacterial disulfide oxidoreductases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bacterial_disulfide_oxidoreductases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:09.015235+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-bacterial-disulfide-oxidoreductases-20260505-0
summary:
Bacterial thiol disulfide oxidoreductases (TDOR) are bacterial enzymes that participate in redox reactions involving cysteine residues. Along with unfolded proteins, they are secreted from bacterial cells into periplasmic spaces or extracellularly, and may have membrane anchors. Some have functions in promoting processes of adhesion and biofilm development, and generally disease development. == Table == == References ==


id: list-of-sequenced-bacterial-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced bacterial genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:10.694185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-bacterial-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of sequenced eubacterial genomes contains most of the eubacteria known to have publicly available complete genome sequences. Most of these sequences have been placed in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, a public database which can be searched on the web. A few of the listed genomes may not be in the INSDC database, but in other public databases. Genomes listed as "Unpublished" are in a database, but not in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. For the genomes of archaea see list of sequenced archaeal genomes. For the genomes of organelles with a bacterial origin, see list of sequenced mitochondrial genomes and list of sequenced plastomes == Abditibacteriota == == Actinomycetota == == Aquificota == == Armatimonadota == == Bacteroidota/Chlorobiota group == == Caldisericota == == Chlamydiota/Verrucomicrobiota group == == Chloroflexota == == Chrysiogenota == == Cyanobacteria == == Deferribacterota == == Deinococcota == == Dictyoglomota == == Elusimicrobiota == == Fibrobacterota/Acidobacteriota group == == Bacillota == == Fusobacteriota == == Gemmatimonadota == == Nitrospirota == == Planctomycetota == == Pseudomonadota == === Alphaproteobacteria === === Betaproteobacteria === === Gammaproteobacteria === === Zetaproteobacteria === == Myxococcota–Campylobacterota == == Spirochaetota == == Synergistota == == Mycoplasmatota == == Thermodesulfobacteriota ==


id: list-of-biodiversity-databases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biodiversity_databases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biodiversity databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biodiversity_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:12.044065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biodiversity-databases-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of biodiversity databases. Biodiversity databases store taxonomic information alone or more commonly also other information like distribution (spatial) data and ecological data, which provide information on the biodiversity of a particular area or group of living organisms. They may store specimen-level information, species-level information, information on nomenclature, or any combination of the above. Most are available online. Specimen-focused databases contain data about individual specimens, as represented by vouchered museum specimens, collections of specimen photographs, data on field-based specimen observations and morphological or genetic data. Species-focused databases contain information summarised at the species-level. Some species-focused databases attempt to compile comprehensive data about particular species (FishBase), while others focus on particular species attributes, such as checklists of species in a given area (FEOW) or the conservation status of species (CITES or IUCN Red List). Nomenclators act as summaries of taxonomic revisions and set a key between specimen-focused and species-focused databases. They do this because taxonomic revisions use specimen data to determine species limits. == See also == Taxonomic database Biodiversity informatics Global biodiversity == References == == External links == List of species databases at the Catalogue of Life Archived 17 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine List


id: list-of-accipitriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Accipitriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Accipitriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Accipitriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:16.119972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-accipitriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Accipitriformes species by global population. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and species classifications are noted. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. While not all of these species have had their populations quantified, species without estimates are also listed below in a separate table. The order Cathartiformes (containing family Cathartidae, the New World vultures) has been folded into Accipitriformes by the International Ornithological Congress. Other authorities, such as the American Ornithological Society, maintain Cathartiformes and Accipitriformes as two distinct orders. Because Cathartidae has only seven species, they are included in this list for simplicity. Version 15.1 of the IOC World Bird List describes 266 members of Accipitriformes when including Cathartidae (259 without). As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have evaluated 259 of these species, excepting 7 being maintained as subspecies of other birds in this list. There is one species listed as a member of Accipitriformes which is extinct: Bermuda hawk (Bermuteo avivorous) - last


id: list-of-anseriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anseriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Anseriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anseriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:17.440289+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-anseriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Anseriformes species by global population. Where possible, estimates are given for both the population of mature individuals, and the total global population. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and species classifications are noted. Anseriformes (Anser being Latin for "goose") is the taxonomic order to which the ducks, geese, swans, and screamers belong. Version 15.1 (2025) of the IOC World Bird List describes 178 species belonging to Anseriformes, six of which are extinct. As of December 2025, BirdLife International has assessed 176 species (excepting Mexican Duck and the split of Taiga/Tundra bean goose); 168 (95% of assessed species) have had total or breeding population estimated. A variety of methods are used for counting waterfowl. For example, in North America, national and sub-national agencies use planes and helicopters to make aerial transects of breeding populations, and extrapolate these counts over the species' known ranges. Methodologies are continuously being refined; thus estimates can be expected to become more accurate over time. Forecasts can be made by studying habitat condition trends and by interviewing local experts. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained,


id: list-of-apodiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apodiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Apodiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apodiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:20.899567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-apodiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Apodiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Members of Apodiformes include the swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds. Note that some ornithological authorities (e.g., IUCN/BirdLife International) no longer recognize Apodiformes, and place all members within Caprimulgiformes. However, Apodiformes is maintained as a separate order here to match IOC taxonomy (IOC World Bird List version 15.1). For more discussion of this taxonomic complex, see Strisores. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Apodiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 480 species of Apodiformes, one of which is extinct. One member of Apodiformes is extinct: Brace's emerald (Riccordia bracei) - went extinct circa 1877. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-birds-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of birds by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:22.368442+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-birds-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a set of lists of bird species by global population, divided by avian order. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Contributing organizations include the IUCN, BirdLife International, and Partners in Flight. The global population of all mature birds is estimated to be 50 – 100 billion individuals. Total species population, including immature individuals, is higher during the breeding season of each species. These lists are incomplete, because experts have not estimated all bird populations. For example, the spectacled flowerpecker was only discovered in 2010, and did not receive its scientific name (Dicaeum dayakorum) until 2019, adding to the other 73 new bird species described by ornithologists from 2000 – 2009. Global population estimates for many of these at this time would lack accuracy. All numbers are estimates, because they are made via bird surveys (e.g., point counting) and extrapolating species density estimates made via observation data over a species' known range. Population estimates should be interpreted with a margin of error, even when only one value is provided. The number of species


id: list-of-bucerotiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bucerotiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Bucerotiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bucerotiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:23.644325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-bucerotiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Bucerotiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is incomprehensive, as not all Bucerotiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 75 species of Bucerotiformes. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. Some species listed as members of Bucerotiformes are extinct: St. Helena hoopoe (Upupa antaios) - went extinct by end of 17th century. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-charadriiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Charadriiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Charadriiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Charadriiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:25.429069+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-charadriiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Charadriiformes species by global population. Charadriiformes (Charadrius being Latin for "plover") is the taxonomic order to which the waders, gulls, and auks belong. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. Not all Charadriiformes have had their numbers quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The Charadriiformes were sometimes grouped with the Ciconiiformes in older taxonomic systems (e.g., Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy). However, the American Ornithological Society, International Ornithologists' Union (IOC) and BirdLife International, which informs IUCN taxonomy, now agree on it being a separate order following more recent genetic analyses. A variety of methods are used for counting Charadriiformes. For example, the piping plover is subject to the quinquennial Piping Plover International Census, which is carried out in 9 Canadian provinces, 32 US states, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. In the 2006 survey, Saskatchewan alone had 159 volunteers scour 294 waterbodies. The mountain plover has had its nests counted through the drive transect method. Once density has been calculated, the numbers are extrapolated over a bird's range. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and


id: list-of-ciconiiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ciconiiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Ciconiiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ciconiiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:26.760685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ciconiiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Ciconiiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 20 species of Ciconiiformes. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed the populations of all members of this order. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-columbiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Columbiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Columbiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Columbiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:28.306796+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-columbiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Columbiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Columbiformes have had their populations quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 352 species of Columbiformes, 13 of which are extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Some members of Columbiformes are extinct: Bonin wood pigeon (Columba versicolor) - last observed in 1889; extinct due to deforestation. Ryukyu wood pigeon (Columba jouyi) - last observed in 1936. Passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) - last wild bird was shot in 1900; last captive individual died in 1914. Rodrigues pigeon or Rodrigues turtle dove (Nesoenas rodericanus) - went extinct during the 18th century. Spotted green pigeon or Liverpool pigeon (Caloenas maculata) - known from one specimen, and not seen since 1928. Norfolk ground dove (Pampusana norfolkensis) - poorly described species, known only from subfossils. Extinct sometime after 1790. Not recognized by IUCN/BirdLife International.


id: list-of-coraciiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Coraciiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Coraciiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Coraciiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:29.674747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coraciiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Coraciiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is incomprehensive, as not all Coraciiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 186 species of Coraciiformes. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-cuculiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cuculiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Cuculiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cuculiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:31.015528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cuculiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Cuculiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is incomprehensive, as not all Cuculiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 156 species of Cuculiformes, two of which are extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Some species included as members of Cuculiformes are extinct: Snail-eating coua, or Delalande's coua (Coua delalandei) - last seen in 1834. St. Helena cuckoo (Nannococcyx psix) - last seen in 1550. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-falconiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Falconiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Falconiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Falconiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:32.455872+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-falconiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Falconiformes species by global population. While members of Falconiformes were once classified with the hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites of order Accipitriformes, recent genetic analysis indicates they are not close relatives of these birds. Version 15.1 of the IOC World Bird List describes 65 species within Falconiformes, two of which are extinct. As of December 2025, BirdLife International has assessed 64 of these species (excepting rock kestrel). While not all of these species have had their populations quantified, species without estimates are also listed below in a separate table. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. There are two species listed as members of Falconiformes which are extinct. They are as follows: Guadalupe caracara (Caracara lutosa) - last recorded in 1903. Réunion kestrel (Falco duboisi) - species is mentioned by early explorers, but went extinct sometime after 1674. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-galliformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galliformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Galliformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galliformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:34.023513+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-galliformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Galliformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Not all Galliformes have had their populations quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 307 species of Galliformes, one of which is extinct. As of January 2026, the IUCN has assessed 303 of these species (excepting red grouse, chestnut-headed chachalaca, Yungas guan, and Dulit partridge). This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. One member of Galliformes is extinct: New Zealand quail (Coturnix novaezelandiae) - last individual died in 1875. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == Populations of domestic Galliformes == Note that domestic subspecies are not evaluated by the IUCN. == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-gaviiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gaviiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Gaviiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gaviiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:35.196986+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-gaviiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Gaviiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 5 species of Gaviiformes. IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed the populations of all members of this order. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-gruiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gruiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Gruiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gruiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:36.548865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-gruiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Gruiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Not all Gruiformes have had their numbers quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 190 species of Gruiformes, 21 of which are extinct. Species status within Gruiformes is particularly unresolved compared to other orders. As of December 2025, IOC lists six species which are considered subspecies by IUCN/BirdLife International. Similarly, IUCN/BirdLife International list four species which still have subspecies status in IOC taxonomies. See 'Notes' column of included tables for more information on these taxonomic disputes. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Several species included as members of Gruiformes are extinct: Réunion rail (Dryolimnas augusti) - last observed circa 1670. Hawkin's rail (Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi) - went extinct in the latter half of 19th century. Chatham Islands rail (Cabalus modestus) - last observed between 1895-1900. Bar-winged rail


id: list-of-musophagiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Musophagiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Musophagiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Musophagiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:38.414195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-musophagiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Musophagiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all species of this order has had their global populations estimated. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-otidiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Otidiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Otidiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Otidiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:39.713652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-otidiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Otidiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 26 species of Otidiformes. IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed all members of this order, with population estimates provided for 11 (42%) species. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. While not all of these species have had their populations quantified, species without estimates are also listed below in a separate table. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-passeriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Passeriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Passeriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Passeriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:41.096536+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-passeriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Passeriforme species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. Passeriformes is the taxonomic order to which the perching birds belong. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-pelecaniformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pelecaniformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Pelecaniformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pelecaniformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:42.420582+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-pelecaniformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Pelecaniformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 118 species of Pelecaniformes, seven of which are extinct. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 111 of these species (excepting dimorphic egret, splits from striated heron, the split of cattle egret, and the extinct Ascension night heron). This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names/taxonomic statuses are noted. Several species listed as members of Pelecaniformes are extinct: Réunion ibis (Threskiornis solitarius) - last seen in 1763. New Zealand bittern (Botaurus novaezealandiae) - last seen in 1890. IUCN/BirdLife International place this bird in genus Ixobrychus. Bermuda night heron (Nyctanassa carcinocatactes) - last seen in 1610. Likely extinct shortly afterward. Ascension night heron (Nycticorax olsoni) - likely went extinct circa 1500. Not listed by IUCN/BirdLife International. Réunion night heron (Nycticorax duboisi) - likely went extinct in early 1700s. Mauritius night heron (Nycticorax mauritianus) - likely went extinct in


id: list-of-phoenicopteriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phoenicopteriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Phoenicopteriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phoenicopteriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:43.610694+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-phoenicopteriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Phoenicopteriformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list follows IUCN guidance for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-piciformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Piciformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Piciformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Piciformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:44.781583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-piciformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Piciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Piciformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 448 species of Piciformes, one of which is extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. One member of Piciformes is extinct: Bermuda flicker (Colaptes oceanicus) - likely went extinct by mid-17th century. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-podicipediformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Podicipediformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Podicipediformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Podicipediformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:45.969454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-podicipediformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Podicipediformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 23 species of Podicipediformes, three of which are extinct. IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed and quantified population sizes for 22 of these species, excepting tricolored grebe. Additionally, IUCN/BirdLife International recognize a split in silvery grebe into northern and southern species. There are three species listed as members of Podicipediformes which are extinct. They are as follows: Alaotra grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus) - declared extinct in 2010, but last sighted in 1985. Atitlán grebe (Podilymbus gigas) - species declared extinct in 1986, following rapid decline. Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus) - last confirmed sighting in 1977. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-procellariiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Procellariiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Procellariiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Procellariiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:47.483091+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-procellariiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Procellariiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 149 species of Procellariiformes, two of which are extinct. As of January 2026, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 144 members, and provided population estimates for 143 members of the order. While not all Procellariiformes have population estimates, species with unknown populations are listed in a secondary table below. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Two members of Procellariiformes are extinct: St. Helena petrel, or large St. Helena petrel (Pterodroma rupinarum) - last seen in 1502. Olson's petrel, or small St. Helena petrel (Bulweria bifax) - last seen in 1502. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-psittaciformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Psittaciformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Psittaciformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Psittaciformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:49.240678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psittaciformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Psittaciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Psittaciformes have had their numbers quantified. All numbers, unless explicitly stated in the notes, only count individuals in the wild; IUCN does not consider species held in captivity in its population estimates. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 406 species of Psittaciformes, 14 of which are extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Some members of Psittaciformes are extinct: Norfolk Island kākā (Nestor productus) - extinct by 1850s due to habitat destruction and hunting. Carolina parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) - last recorded in 1910. Cuban macaw (Ara tricolor) - last reported in 1885; extinct due to hunting pressures. Puerto Rican parakeet (Psittacara maugei) - extinct by 1892. Considered a subspecies of the Hispaniolan parakeet (P. chloropterus) by IUCN/BirdLife International. Mascarene parrot (Mascarinus mascarin) - last reported in 1775; extinct due to


id: list-of-pterocliformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pterocliformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Pterocliformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pterocliformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:50.525126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-pterocliformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Pterocliformes species by global population. Pterocliformes is a monotypic order which contains the sandgrouse family (Pteroclidae). While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Not all Pterocliformes have had their numbers quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 16 species of Pterocliformes. As of January 2026, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed all members of the order, though only two have population estimates. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-sphenisciformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sphenisciformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Sphenisciformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sphenisciformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:51.816172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sphenisciformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Sphenisciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by experts in their fields. Sphenisciformes (from the Latin for "wedge-shaped") is the taxonomic order to which penguins belong. The IOC World Bird List recognizes 19 species of Sphenisciformes. BirdLife International has assessed 18 species (95% of total species), all of which have had their population estimated. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. A variety of methods are used for counting penguins, including the first census from space in April 2012, when imagery from Ikonos, QuickBird-2, and WorldView-2 satellites were used to count emperor penguins in Antarctica. Most maritime surveys use strip transect and distance sampling to measure penguin species density; this is then extrapolated over the animal's range. The Galapagos penguin has been counted annually since 1961 by the Galápagos National Park Service. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Extinct species from this order include the Waitaha penguin, which went extinct between 1300–1500 (soon after the Polynesian arrival to New Zealand),


id: list-of-struthioniformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Struthioniformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Struthioniformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Struthioniformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:53.140870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-struthioniformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Struthioniformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 2 species of Struthioniformes. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 1/2 (50%) members of this order. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-suliformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Suliformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Suliformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Suliformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:54.531826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-suliformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Suliformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Suliformes include the following families: Sulidae (gannets and boobies), Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants), Anhingidae (darters), and the Plotopteridae (flightless seabirds of the North Pacific that went extinct in the Miocene). The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 60 species of Suliformes, one of which is extinct. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 54 of these species (excepting Cocos booby and Imperial shag complex splits), 44 of which have population estimates. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. Some members included in Suliformes are extinct: Spectacled cormorant (Urile perspicillatus) - largest known cormorant species, extinct since 1850s. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-tinamiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tinamiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Tinamiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tinamiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:55.826046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tinamiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Tinamiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Tinamiformes have had their numbers quantified. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-trogoniformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trogoniformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Trogoniformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trogoniformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:56.970433+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-trogoniformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Trogoniformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Trogoniformes have had their numbers quantified. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-camouflage-methods-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods-0.md
category: reference
title: List of camouflage methods
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:58.240717+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-camouflage-methods-20260505-0
summary:
Camouflage is the concealment of animals or objects of military interest by any combination of methods that helps them to remain unnoticed. This includes the use of high-contrast disruptive patterns as used on military uniforms, but anything that delays recognition can be used as camouflage. Camouflage involves deception, whether by looking like the background or by resembling something else, which may be plainly visible to observers. This article lists methods used by animals and the military to escape notice. == Conventions used == Different camouflage methods employed by terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic animals, and in military usage, are compared in the table. Several methods are often combined, so for example the Bushbuck is both countershaded over its whole body, and disruptively coloured with small pale spots. Until the discovery of countershading in the 1890s, protective coloration was considered to be mainly a matter of colour matching, but while this is certainly important, a variety of other methods are used to provide effective camouflage. When an entry is marked Dominant, that method is used widely in that environment, in most cases. For example, countershading is very common among land animals, but not for military camouflage. The dominant camouflage methods on land


id: list-of-chordate-orders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chordate_orders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of chordate orders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chordate_orders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:59.583549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-chordate-orders-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of all of the classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata. The subphyla Tunicata and Vertebrata are in the unranked Olfactores clade, while the subphylum Cephalochordata is not. Animals in Olfactores are characterized as having a more advanced olfactory system than animals not in it. The only extinct classes shown are Placodermi and Acanthodii. Many other extinct chordate groups are not shown here. == Subphylum Cephalochordata == === Class Leptocardii: Lancelets === Order Amphioxiformes == Subphylum Tunicata == === Class Ascidiacea: Sessile tunicates === Order Enterogona Order Pleurogona Order Aspiraculata === Class Thaliacea: Pelagic tunicates === Order Doliolida Order Pyrosomida Order Salpida: salps === Class Appendicularia: Solitary, free-swimming tunicates === Order Copelata == Subphylum Vertebrata == === Infraphylum Agnatha: Jawless vertebrates === ==== Superclass Cyclostomata: Extant jawless vertebrates ==== ===== Class Myxini: Hagfish ===== Order Myxiniformes ===== Class Hyperoartia: Lampreys ===== Order Petromyzontiformes === Infraphylum Gnathostomata: Jawed vertebrates === ==== Class Placodermi: Armoured fish † ==== Order Acanthothoraci Order Arthrodira Order Antiarchi Order Brindabellaspida Order Petalichthyida Order Phyllolepida Order Ptyctodontida Order Rhenanida Order Pseudopetalichthyida (The placement of this order is debated.) Order Stensioellida (The placement of this monotypic order is debated.) ====


id: list-of-clinically-important-bacteria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinically_important_bacteria-0.md
category: reference
title: List of clinically important bacteria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinically_important_bacteria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:00.983680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-clinically-important-bacteria-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of bacteria that are significant in medicine. For a list of clinically important viruses, see the table of viral diseases. == A == Acinetobacter baumannii Actinomyces israelii Agrobacterium radiobacter Agrobacterium tumefaciens Anaplasma Anaplasma phagocytophilum Azorhizobium caulinodans Azotobacter vinelandii == B == Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Bacillus brevis Bacillus cereus Bacillus fusiformis Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus megaterium Bacillus mycoides Bacillus stearothermophilus Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis Bacteroides Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides gingivalis Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana Bordetella Bordetella bronchiseptica Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella pertussis Borrelia burgdorferi Brucella Brucella abortus Brucella melitensis Brucella suis Burkholderia Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia pseudomallei Burkholderia cepacia == C == Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Campylobacter Campylobacter coli Campylobacter fetus Campylobacter jejuni Capnocytophaga canimorsus Cardiobacterium hominis Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila Chlamydophila pneumoniae (formerly Chlamydia pneumoniae) Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) Citrobacter Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter koseri Clostridioides difficile (also known as C. diff) Clostridium Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens (formerly Clostridium welchii) Clostridium tetani Corynebacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae (formerly Mycobacterium diphtheriae) Coxiella burnetii Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) == E == Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia ewingii Eikenella corrodens Enterobacter cloacae Enterococcus Enterococcus avium Enterococcus casseliflavus Enterococcus durans Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus malodoratus Escherichia coli O157:H7 == F == Francisella tularensis (formerly Pasteurella


id: list-of-biological-databases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biological_databases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biological databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biological_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:02.226012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biological-databases-20260505-0
summary:
Biological databases are stores of biological information. The journal Nucleic Acids Research regularly publishes special issues on biological databases and has a list of such databases. The 2018 issue has a list of about 180 such databases and updates to previously described databases. Omics Discovery Index can be used to browse and search several biological databases. Furthermore, the NIAID Data Ecosystem Discovery Portal developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) enables searching across databases. == Meta databases == Meta databases are databases of databases that collect data about data to generate new data. They are capable of merging information from different sources and making it available in a new and more convenient form, or with an emphasis on a particular disease or organism. Originally, metadata was only a common term referring simply to data about data such as tags, keywords, and markup headers. bio.tools: a community-driven registry of bioinformatics software and data resources ConsensusPathDB: a molecular functional interaction database, integrating information from 12 others Entrez search system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) link Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy) link Neuroscience Information Framework (University of California, San Diego): integrates hundreds of neuroscience relevant resources;


id: taxonomy-of-drosera-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Drosera-0.md
category: reference
title: Taxonomy of Drosera
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Drosera
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:03.507534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: taxonomy-of-drosera-20260505-0
summary:
The genus Drosera was divided in 1994 by Seine & Barthlott into three subgenera and 11 sections on the basis of morphological characteristics. Discovery and description of new species has been occurring since the 10th century, and as recently as the 1940s barely more than 80 species were known. In recent years, Australian Allen Lowrie has done extensive work in the genus, particularly in describing numerous new species from Australia. His classification of the genus was replaced by Jan Schlauer's work in 1996, although the correct classification is still disputed. == Drosera subg. Arcturia == Drosera arcturi Drosera murfetii Drosera stenopetala == Drosera subg. Bryastrum == === D. sect. Bryastrum === Drosera pygmaea === Drosera sect. Lamprolepis === == Drosera subg. Coelophylla == Drosera glanduligera == Drosera subg. Drosera == === Drosera sect. Arachnopus === Drosera hartmeyerorum Drosera serpens Drosera fragrans Drosera aurantiaca Drosera aquatica Drosera barrettorum Drosera nana Drosera glabriscapa Drosera margaritacea Drosera indica Drosera finlaysoniana === Drosera sect. Drosera === === Drosera sect. Prolifera === Drosera adelae Drosera prolifera Drosera schizandra Drosera buubugujin == Drosera subg. Ergaleium == === Drosera sect. Ergaleium === === Drosera sect. Erythrorhiza === === Drosera sect. Stolonifera === == Drosera subg. Lasiocephala ==


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the first group, EC 1, oxidoreductases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors ==


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.1.1 With Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NADP as acceptor === EC 1.1.1.1: alcohol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.2: alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.1.1.3: homoserine dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.4: (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.5: acetoin dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.303, diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming] and EC 1.1.1.304, diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming] EC 1.1.1.6: glycerol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.7: propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.8: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.1.1.9: D-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.10: L-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.11: D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.12: L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.13: L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.14: L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.15: D-iditol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.16: galactitol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.17: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.18: inositol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.19: glucuronate reductase EC 1.1.1.20: glucuronolactone reductase EC 1.1.1.207: (-)-menthol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.208: (+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.21: aldose reductase EC 1.1.1.22: UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.222: (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.23: histidinol dehydrogenase| EC 1.1.1.24: quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.1.1.25: shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.1.1.26: glyoxylate reductase EC 1.1.1.27: L-lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.28: D-lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.29: glycerate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.30: 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.31: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.32: mevaldate reductase EC 1.1.1.33: mevaldate reductase (NADPH) EC 1.1.1.34: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.1.1.35: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.36: acetoacetyl-CoA reductase EC 1.1.1.37: malate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.38: malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.39: malate


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
This enzyme was already in the Enzyme List as EC 1.1.1.206, tropine dehydrogenase so EC 1.1.1.293 has been withdrawn at the public-review stage EC 1.1.1.294: chlorophyll(ide) b reductase EC 1.1.1.295: momilactone-A synthase EC 1.1.1.296: dihydrocarveol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.297: limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.298: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.1.1.299: malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+)] EC 1.1.1.300: NADP-retinol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.301: D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.302: 2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5′-phosphate reductase EC 1.1.1.303: Diacetyl reductase ((R)-acetoin forming) EC 1.1.1.304: Diacetyl reductase ((S)-acetoin forming) EC 1.1.1.305: UDP-glucuronic acid dehydrogenase (UDP-4-keto-hexauronic acid decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.306: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.307: D-xylose reductase EC 1.1.1.308: sulfopropanediol 3-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.309: phosphonoacetaldehyde reductase (NADH) EC 1.1.1.310: (S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.311: (S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.312: 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.313: sulfoacetaldehyde reductase EC 1.1.1.314: Now known to be catalyzed by EC 1.14.14.95, germacrene A hydroxylase EC 1.1.1.315: 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.316: L-galactose 1-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.317: perakine reductase EC 1.1.1.318: eugenol synthase EC 1.1.1.319: isoeugenol synthase EC 1.1.1.320: benzil reductase [(S)-benzoin forming] EC 1.1.1.321: benzil reductase [(R)-benzoin forming] EC 1.1.1.322: (–)-endo-fenchol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.323: (+)-thujan-3-ol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.324: 8-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.325: sepiapterin reductase (L-threo-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming) EC 1.1.1.326: zerumbone synthase EC 1.1.1.327: 5-exo-hydroxycamphor dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.328: nicotine blue oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.329: 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.330:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor === EC 1.1.2.1: glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. As the acceptor is now known, the enzyme has been transferred to EC 1.1.5.3, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. EC 1.1.2.2: mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.3: L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.4: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.5: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) EC 1.1.2.6: polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.7: methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) EC 1.1.2.8: alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) EC 1.1.2.9: 1-butanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) EC 1.1.2.10: lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.2.11: glucoside 3-dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) === EC 1.1.3 With oxygen as acceptor === EC 1.1.3.1: Now included with EC 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase EC 1.1.3.2: L-lactate oxidase EC 1.1.3.3: malate oxidase EC 1.1.3.4: glucose oxidase EC 1.1.3.5: hexose oxidase EC 1.1.3.6: cholesterol oxidase EC 1.1.3.7: aryl-alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.8: L-gulonolactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.9: galactose oxidase EC 1.1.3.10: pyranose oxidase EC 1.1.3.11: L-sorbose oxidase EC 1.1.3.12: pyridoxine 4-oxidase EC 1.1.3.13: alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.14: catechol oxidase (dimerizing) EC 1.1.3.15: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase EC 1.1.3.16: ecdysone oxidase EC 1.1.3.17: choline oxidase EC 1.1.3.18: Secondary-alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.19: 4-hydroxymandelate oxidase EC 1.1.3.20: long-chain-alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.21: glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase EC 1.1.3.22: Now EC 1.17.3.2, xanthine oxidase. The enzyme was incorrectly classified as acting on a CH-OH


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.2.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.2.1.1: deleted, replaced by EC 1.1.1.284, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase and EC 4.4.1.22, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione synthase EC 1.2.1.2: Now EC 1.17.1.9, formate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.3: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.4: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.5: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) EC 1.2.1.6: deleted (was benzaldehyde dehydrogenase) EC 1.2.1.7: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.8: betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.9: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.10: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) EC 1.2.1.11: aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.12: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) EC 1.2.1.13: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (phosphorylating) EC 1.2.1.14: Now EC 1.1.1.205, IMP dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.15: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.16: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] EC 1.2.1.17: glyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating) EC 1.2.1.18: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) EC 1.2.1.19: aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.20: glutarate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.21: glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.22: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.23: 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.24: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.25: branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase system EC 1.2.1.26: 2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.27: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) EC 1.2.1.28: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.29: aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.30: aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.31: L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.32: aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.33: (R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.34: Now EC 1.1.1.131, mannuronate reductase EC 1.2.1.35: Now EC 1.1.1.203, uronate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.36: retinal dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.37:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-5.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.3.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.3.1.1: dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.3.1.2: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.3: Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase EC 1.3.1.4: transferred to EC 1.3.1.22, 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.5: cucurbitacin Δ23-reductase EC 1.3.1.6: fumarate reductase (NADH) EC 1.3.1.7: meso-tartrate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.8: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.9: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) EC 1.3.1.10: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Si-specific) EC 1.3.1.11: 2-coumarate reductase EC 1.3.1.12: prephenate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.13: prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.14: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.3.1.15: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.16: β-nitroacrylate reductase EC 1.3.1.17: 3-methyleneoxindole reductase EC 1.3.1.18: kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.19: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.20: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.21: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase EC 1.3.1.22: 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.23: Identical to EC 1.3.1.3, Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase EC 1.3.1.24: biliverdin reductase EC 1.3.1.25: 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.26: Now EC 1.17.1.8, 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase EC 1.3.1.27: 2-hexadecenal reductase EC 1.3.1.28: 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.29: cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.30: transferred to EC 1.3.1.22, 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.31: 2-enoate reductase EC 1.3.1.32: maleylacetate reductase EC 1.3.1.33: protochlorophyllide reductase EC 1.3.1.34: 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.3.1.35: Now EC 1.14.19.22, microsomal oleoyl-lipid 12-desaturase EC 1.3.1.36: geissoschizine dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.37: cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.3.1.38: trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.3.1.39:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-6.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.3.99 With unknown physiological acceptors === EC 1.3.99.1: The activity is included in EC 1.3.5.1, succinate dehydrogenase (quinone) EC 1.3.99.2: Now EC 1.3.8.1, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase. EC 1.3.99.3: now EC 1.3.8.7, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, EC 1.3.8.8, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and EC 1.3.8.9, very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.4: 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.5: 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (acceptor) EC 1.3.99.6: 3-oxo-5β-steroid 4-dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.7: Now EC 1.3.8.6, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.8: 2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.9: Now EC 1.21.99.1, β-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.10: Now EC 1.3.8.4, isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.11: transferred to EC 1.3.5.2, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.12: Now classified as EC 1.3.8.5, 2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase EC 1.3.99.13: Now EC 1.3.8.8, long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.14: cyclohexanone dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.15: Now EC 1.3.7.8 EC 1.3.99.16: isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.17: quinoline 2-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.18: quinaldate 4-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.19: quinoline-4-carboxylate 2-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.20: Now EC 1.3.7.9, 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase EC 1.3.99.21: Now EC 1.3.8.3, (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.22: Now EC 1.3.98.3, coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.23: all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase EC 1.3.99.24: Now EC 1.3.8.16, 2-amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.25: carvone reductase EC 1.3.99.26: all-trans-ζ-carotene desaturase EC 1.3.99.27: 1-hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase EC 1.3.99.28: phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming) EC 1.3.99.29: phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming) EC 1.3.99.30: phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming) EC 1.3.99.31: phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming) EC 1.3.99.32: glutaryl-CoA


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-7.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.5.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.5.1.1: 1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase (NAD(P)H) EC 1.5.1.2: pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase EC 1.5.1.3: dihydrofolate reductase EC 1.5.1.4: Now included with EC 1.5.1.3 dihydrofolate reductase EC 1.5.1.5: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.5.1.6: formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.7: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine-forming) EC 1.5.1.8: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming) EC 1.5.1.9: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming) EC 1.5.1.10: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) EC 1.5.1.11: D-octopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.12: Now EC 1.2.1.88, L-glutamate γ-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.13: Now EC 1.17.1.5, nicotinate dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.14: Now included with EC 1.5.1.21 Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase EC 1.5.1.15: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.5.1.16: D-lysopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.17: alanopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.18: ephedrine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.19: D-nopaline dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.20: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) EC 1.5.1.21: 1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase (NADPH) EC 1.5.1.22: strombine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.23: tauropine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.24: N5-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase EC 1.5.1.25: thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.26: β-alanopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.27: 1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH) EC 1.5.1.28: opine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.29: Now covered by EC 1.5.1.38 [FMN reductase (NADPH)], EC 1.5.1.39 [FMN reductase [NAD(P)H])] and EC 1.5.1.41 (riboflavin reductase [NAD(P)H]) EC 1.5.1.30: flavin reductase (NADPH) EC 1.5.1.31: berberine reductase EC 1.5.1.32: vomilenine reductase EC 1.5.1.33: pteridine reductase EC 1.5.1.34: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase EC 1.5.1.35: identical to EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-8.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.6.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor === EC 1.6.6.1: Now EC 1.7.1.1, nitrate reductase (NADH) EC 1.6.6.2: Now EC 1.7.1.2, nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H] EC 1.6.6.3: Now EC 1.7.1.3, nitrate reductase (NADPH) EC 1.6.6.4: Now EC 1.7.1.4, nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] EC 1.6.6.5: Now EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-forming) EC 1.6.6.6: Now EC 1.7.1.5, hyponitrite reductase EC 1.6.6.7: Now EC 1.7.1.6, azobenzene reductase EC 1.6.6.8: Now EC 1.7.1.7, GMP reductase EC 1.6.6.9: Now known to be catalysed by EC 1.7.2.3, trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase EC 1.6.6.10: Now EC 1.7.1.9, nitroquinoline-N-oxide reductase] EC 1.6.6.11: Now EC 1.7.1.10, hydroxylamine reductase (NADH) EC 1.6.6.12: Now EC 1.7.1.11, 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene reductase EC 1.6.6.13: Now EC 1.7.1.12, N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene reductase === EC 1.6.7 With an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.6.7.1: now EC 1.18.1.2 ferredoxin—NADP+ reductase EC 1.6.7.2: now EC 1.18.1.1 rubredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.6.7.3: now EC 1.18.1.3 ferredoxin—NAD+ reductase === EC 1.6.8 With a flavin as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.6.8.1: Now EC 1.5.1.29 FMN reductase EC 1.6.8.2: Now EC 1.5.1.30 flavin reductase === EC 1.6.99 With unknown physiological acceptors === EC 1.6.99.1: NADPH dehydrogenase EC 1.6.99.2: Now EC 1.6.5.2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone EC 1.6.99.3: The activity is covered by EC 7.1.1.2, NADH:ubiquinone


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-9.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.8.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.8.6.1: Now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase === EC 1.8.7 With an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor === EC 1.8.7.1: assimilatory sulfite reductase (ferredoxin) EC 1.8.7.2: ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase EC 1.8.7.3: ferredoxin:CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase === EC 1.8.98 With other, known, acceptors === EC 1.8.98.1: dihydromethanophenazine:CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase EC 1.8.98.2: sulfiredoxin === EC 1.8.99 With other acceptors === EC 1.8.99.1: Now covered by EC 1.8.1.2, assimilatory sulfite reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.8.7.1, assimilatory sulfite reductase (ferredoxin) EC 1.8.99.2: adenylyl-sulfate reductase EC 1.8.99.3: an in vitro artifact of EC 1.8.1.22, dissimilatory sulfite reductase EC 1.8.99.4: Now EC 1.8.4.8, phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) EC 1.8.99.5: Now EC 1.8.1.22, dissimilatory sulfite reductase == EC 1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors == === EC 1.9.3 With oxygen as acceptor === EC 1.9.3.1: Now EC 7.1.1.9, cytochrome-c oxidase EC 1.9.3.2: Now included with EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-forming) === EC 1.9.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor === EC 1.9.6.1: nitrate reductase (cytochrome) === EC 1.9.98 With other, known, physiological acceptors === EC 1.9.98.1: iron—cytochrome-c reductase === EC 1.9.99 With other acceptors === EC 1.9.99.1: Now EC 1.9.98.1, iron—cytochrome-c reductase == EC 1.10


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-10.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.13.11 With incorporation of two atoms of oxygen === EC 1.13.11.1: catechol 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.2: catechol 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.3: protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.4: gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.5: homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.6: 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.7: deleted EC 1.13.11.8: protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.9: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.10: 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8a-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.11: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.12: linoleate 13S-lipoxygenas EC 1.13.11.13: The activity is the sum of several enzymatic and spontaneous reactions EC 1.13.11.14: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.15: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.16: 3-carboxyethylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.17: indole 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.18: persulfide dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.19: cysteamine dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.20: cysteine dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.21: Now EC 1.14.99.36, β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase EC 1.13.11.22: caffeate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.23: 2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.24: quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.25: 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.26: peptide-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.27: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.28: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.29: stizolobate synthase EC 1.13.11.30: stizolobinate synthase EC 1.13.11.31: arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.32: Now EC 1.13.12.16, nitronate monooxygenase EC 1.13.11.33: arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.34: arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.35: pyrogallol 1,2-oxygenase EC 1.13.11.36: chloridazon-catechol dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.37: hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.38: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.39: biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.40: arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.41: 2,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.42: identical to EC 1.13.11.11, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.43: lignostilbene


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-11.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.11 With 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom each of oxygen into both donors === EC 1.14.11.1: γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.2: procollagen-proline dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.3: pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 2′-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.4: procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.5: Now included with EC 1.14.11.6 thymine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.6: thymine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.7: procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.8: trimethyllysine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.9: flavanone 3-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.10: pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 1′-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.11: hyoscyamine (6S)-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.12: gibberellin-44 dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.13: gibberellin 2β-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.14: Now EC 1.14.20.13, 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine epoxidase EC 1.14.11.15: gibberellin 3β-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.16: peptide-aspartate β-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.17: taurine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.18: phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.19: Now EC 1.14.20.4, anthocyanidin synthase EC 1.14.11.20: deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.21: clavaminate synthase EC 1.14.11.22: Now EC 1.14.20.5, flavone synthase EC 1.14.11.23: Now EC 1.14.20.6, flavonol synthase EC 1.14.11.24: 2′-deoxymugineic-acid 2′-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.25: mugineic-acid 3-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.26: deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.27: [histone H3]-dimethyl-L-lysine36 demethylase EC 1.14.11.28: proline 3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.29: hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.30: hypoxia-inducible factor-asparagine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.31: thebaine 6-O-demethylase EC 1.14.11.32: codeine 3-O-demethylase EC 1.14.11.33: DNA oxidative demethylase EC 1.14.11.34: Now EC 1.14.20.7, 2-oxoglutarate/L-arginine monooxygenase/decarboxylase (succinate-forming) EC 1.14.11.35: 1-deoxypentalenic acid 11β-hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.36: pentalenolactone F synthase EC 1.14.11.36: pentalenolactone F synthase EC 1.14.11.37: kanamycin B


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-12.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.13 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor === EC 1.14.13.1: salicylate 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.2: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.3: Now EC 1.14.14.9, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.4: melilotate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.5: imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.6: orcinol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.7: phenol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.8: flavin-containing monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.9: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.10: 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.11: Now EC 1.14.14.91, trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.12: Now EC 1.14.14.92, benzoate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.13: Now classified as EC 1.14.15.18, calcidiol 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.14: trans-cinnamate 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.15: Now EC 1.14.15.15, cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.16: cyclopentanone monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.17: Now EC 1.14.14.23, cholesterol 7α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.18: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.19: taxifolin 8-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.20: 2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.21: Now EC 1.14.14.82, flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.22: cyclohexanone monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.23: 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.24: 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.25: methane monooxygenase (soluble) EC 1.14.13.26: Now classified as EC 1.14.18.4, phosphatidylcholine 12-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.27: 4-aminobenzoate 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.28: Now EC 1.14.14.93, 3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.29: 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.30: Now EC 1.14.14.94, leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.31: 2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.32: albendazole monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.33: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase (NAD(P)H) EC 1.14.13.34: leukotriene-E4 20-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.35: anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating) EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-13.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
EC 1.14.13.141: Now EC 1.14.15.29, cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase [(25S)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate forming] EC 1.14.13.142: Now EC 1.14.15.30, 3-ketosteroid 9α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.143: Now EC 1.14.14.76 ent-isokaurene C2/C3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.144: Now EC 1.14.14.111, 9β-pimara-7,15-diene oxidase EC 1.14.13.145: Now EC 1.14.14.112, ent-cassa-12,15-diene 11-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.146: taxoid 14β-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.147: Now EC 1.14.14.182, taxoid 7β-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.148: trimethylamine monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.149: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase EC 1.14.13.150: Now EC 1.14.14.113, α-humulene 10-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.151: Now EC 1.14.14.84, linalool 8-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.152: Now EC 1.14.14.83, geraniol 8-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.153: (+)-sabinene 3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.154: erythromycin 12-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.155: α-pinene monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.156: Now EC 1.14.14.133, 1,8-cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.157: Now EC 1.14.14.56, 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.158: Now EC 1.14.14.114, amorpha-4,11-diene 12-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.159: Now EC 1.14.14.24, vitamin D 25-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.160: (2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.161: (+)-camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.162: Now EC 1.14.14.108, 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.163: 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.164: withdrawn: see EC 1.13.11.65, carotenoid isomerooxygenase EC 1.14.13.165: Now classified as EC 1.14.14.47, nitric-oxide synthase (flavodoxin) EC 1.14.13.166: 4-nitrocatechol 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.167: 4-nitrophenol 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.168: indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.169: Now EC 1.14.18.5, sphingolipid C4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.170: pentalenolactone D synthase EC 1.14.13.171: neopentalenolactone D synthase EC 1.14.13.172: salicylate 5-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.173: Now EC 1.14.14.115, 11-oxo-β-amyrin 30-oxidase EC 1.14.13.174: Now EC 1.14.14.116,


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-14.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.14 With reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen === EC 1.14.14.1: unspecific monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.2: Now included with EC 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.3: alkanal monooxygenase (FMN-linked) EC 1.14.14.4: identical to EC 1.14.15.7, choline monooxygenase. EC 1.14.14.5: alkanesulfonate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.6: Now EC 1.14.13.111, methanesulfonate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.7: transferred to EC 1.14.19.9, tryptophan 7-halogenase EC 1.14.14.8: anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (FAD) EC 1.14.14.9: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.10: nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.11: styrene monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.12: 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.13: 4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.14: aromatase EC 1.14.14.15: (3S)-3-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl-[peptidyl-carrier protein SgcC2] monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.16: steroid 21-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.17: squalene monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.18: heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing) EC 1.14.14.19: steroid 17α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.20: phenol 2-monooxygenase (FADH2) EC 1.14.14.21: dibenzothiophene monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.22: dibenzothiophene sulfone monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.23: cholesterol 7α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.24: vitamin D 25-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.25: cholesterol 24-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.26: 24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.27: resorcinol 4-hydroxylase (FADH2) EC 1.14.14.28: long-chain alkane monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.29: 25/26-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.30: isobutylamine N-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.31: ipsdienol synthase EC 1.14.14.32: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone deacetylase EC 1.14.14.33: ethylenediaminetetraacetate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.34: methanesulfonate monooxygenase (FMNH2) EC 1.14.14.35: dimethylsulfone monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.36: tyrosine N-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.37: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.38: valine N-monooxygenase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-15.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.15 With reduced iron–sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen === EC 1.14.15.1: camphor 5-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.2: Now EC 1.14.13.162, 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase. EC 1.14.15.3: alkane 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.4: steroid 11β-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.5: corticosterone 18-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.6: cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving) EC 1.14.15.7: choline monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.8: steroid 15β-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.9: spheroidene monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.10: (+)-camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.11: pentalenic acid synthase EC 1.14.15.12 : pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase. Now EC 1.14.14.46, pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase EC 1.14.15.13: pulcherriminic acid synthase EC 1.14.15.14: methyl-branched lipid ω-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.15: cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.16: vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.17: pheophorbide a oxygenase EC 1.14.15.18: calcidiol 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.19: C-19 steroid 1α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.20: heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing, ferredoxin) EC 1.14.15.21: zeaxanthin epoxidase EC 1.14.15.22: vitamin D 1,25-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.23: chloroacetanilide N-alkylformylase EC 1.14.15.24: β-carotene 3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.25: p-cymene methyl-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.26: toluene methyl-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.27: β-dihydromenaquinone-9 ω-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.28: cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase [(25R)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate forming] EC 1.14.15.29: cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase [(25S)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate forming] EC 1.14.15.30: 3-ketosteroid 9α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.31: 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoate 7-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.32: pentalenene oxygenase EC 1.14.15.33: pikromycin synthase EC 1.14.15.34: 20-oxo-5-O-mycaminosyltylactone 23-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.35: 6-deoxyerythronolide B hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.36: sterol 14α-demethylase (ferredoxin) EC 1.14.15.37: luteothin monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.38: N,N-dimethyl phenylurea N-demethylase EC 1.14.15.39:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-16.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.99 Miscellaneous === EC 1.14.99.1: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase EC 1.14.99.2: kynurenine 7,8-hydroxylase EC 1.14.99.3: Now EC 1.14.14.18, heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing) EC 1.14.99.4: progesterone monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.5: Now EC 1.14.19.1, stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase EC 1.14.99.6: Now EC 1.14.19.2, acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase EC 1.14.99.7: Transferred to EC 1.14.13.132, squalene monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.8: Now included with EC 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.9: Now classified as EC 1.14.14.19, steroid 17α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.10: Now EC 1.14.14.16, steroid 21-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.11: estradiol 6β-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.12: 4-androstene-3,17-dione monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.13: Now EC 1.14.13.23, 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.14: Now EC 1.14.14.197, progesterone 11α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.15: 4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase (O-demethylating) EC 1.14.99.16: Now EC 1.14.13.72, methylsterol monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.17: Now EC 1.14.16.5, glyceryl-ether monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.18: deleted EC 1.14.99.19: Now classified as EC 1.14.19.77, plasmanylethanolamine desaturase EC 1.14.99.20: phylloquinone monooxygenase (2,3-epoxidizing) EC 1.14.99.21: Latia-luciferin monooxygenase (demethylating) EC 1.14.99.22: ecdysone 20-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.23: 3-hydroxybenzoate 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.24: steroid 9α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.25: Now EC 1.14.19.3, linoleoyl-CoA desaturase EC 1.14.99.26: 2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.27: Now classified as EC 1.17.3.4, juglone 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.28: Now EC 1.14.14.84, linalool 8-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.29: deoxyhypusine monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.30: Now EC 1.3.5.6, 9,9′-dicis-ζ-carotene desaturase. EC 1.14.99.31: Now classified as EC 1.14.19.24, myristoyl-CoA 11-(E) desaturase EC 1.14.99.32: Now classified as


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-17.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.18.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.18.1.1: rubredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.18.1.2: ferredoxin—NADP+ reductase EC 1.18.1.3: ferredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.18.1.4: rubredoxin—NAD(P)+ reductase EC 1.18.1.5: Putidaredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.18.1.6: adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase EC 1.18.1.7: ferredoxin—NAD(P)+ reductase (naphthalene dioxygenase ferredoxin-specific) EC 1.18.1.8: Now EC 7.2.1.2, ferredoxin—NAD+ oxidoreductase (Na+-transporting) === EC 1.18.2 With dinitrogen as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.2.1: now EC 1.18.6.1, nitrogenase === EC 1.18.3 With H+ as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.3.1: Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase === EC 1.18.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor === EC 1.18.6.1: nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.2: vanadium-dependent nitrogenase === EC 1.18.96 With other, known, acceptors (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.96.1: Now EC 1.15.1.2, superoxide reductase === EC 1.18.99 With H+ as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.99.1: Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase == EC 1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor == === EC 1.19.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.19.1.1: flavodoxin—NADP+ reductase === EC 1.19.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor === EC 1.19.6.1: nitrogenase (flavodoxin) == EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors == === EC 1.20.1 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with NAD+ as acceptor === EC 1.20.1.1: phosphonate dehydrogenase === EC 1.20.2


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the second group, EC 2, transferases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 2.1: Transferring One-Carbon Groups ==


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.1.1: Methyltransferases === EC 2.1.1.1: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.2: guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.3: thetin—homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.4: acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.5: betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.6: catechol O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.7: nicotinate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.8: histamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.9: thiol S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.10: homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.11: magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.12: methionine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.13: methionine synthase EC 2.1.1.14: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate—homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.15: fatty-acid O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.16: methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase EC 2.1.1.17: phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.18: polysaccharide O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.19: trimethylsulfonium—tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.20: glycine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.21: methylamine—glutamate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.22: carnosine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.23: now covered by EC 2.1.1.124, EC 2.1.1.125 and EC 2.1.1.126 EC 2.1.1.24: now covered by EC 2.1.1.77, EC 2.1.1.80 and EC 2.1.1.100 EC 2.1.1.25: phenol O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.26: iodophenol O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.27: tyramine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.28: phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.29: Now covered by EC 2.1.1.202, EC 2.1.1.203 and EC .1.1.204 EC 2.1.1.30: tRNA (purine-2- or -6-)-methyltransferase: Reactions previously described are due to EC 2.1.1.32 EC 2.1.1.31: Now covered by EC 2.1.1.221 and EC 2.1.1.228 EC 2.1.1.32: Now covered by EC 2.1.1.213, EC 2.1.1.214, EC 2.1.1.215 and EC 2.1.1.216 EC 2.1.1.33: tRNA (guanine46-N7)-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.34: tRNA (guanosine18-2′-O)-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.35: tRNA (uracil54-C5)-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.36: Now


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
Now known to have the activity of EC 2.1.1.359, [histone H3]-lysine36 N-trimethyltransferase. EC 2.1.1.359: [histone H3]-lysine36 N-trimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.360: [histone H3]-lysine79 N-trimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.361: [histone H4]-lysine20 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.362: [histone H4]-N-methyl-L-lysine20 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.363: pre-sodorifen synthase EC 2.1.1.364: [histone H3]-lysine4 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.365: MMP 1-O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.366: [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-lysine9 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.367: [histone H3]-lysine9 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.368: [histone H3]-lysine9 N-dimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.369: [histone H3]-lysine27 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.370: [histone H3]-lysine4 N-dimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.371: [histone H3]-lysine27 N-dimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.372: [histone H4]-lysine20 N-trimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.373: 2-hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.374: 2-heptyl-1-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-one methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.375: NNS virus cap methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.376: glycine betaine—corrinoid protein Co-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.377: [methyl-Co(III) glycine betaine-specific corrinoid protein]—coenzyme M methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.378: [methyl-Co(III) glycine betaine-specific corrinoid protein]—tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.379: [methyl coenzyme M reductase]-L-arginine C-5-methyltransferase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.1.2: Hydroxymethyl-, Formyl- and Related Transferases === EC 2.1.2.1: glycine hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.2: phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 1 EC 2.1.2.3: phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase EC 2.1.2.4: glycine formimidoyltransferase EC 2.1.2.5: glutamate formiminotransferase EC 2.1.2.6: deleted, included in EC 2.1.2.5 EC 2.1.2.7: D-alanine 2-hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.8: deoxycytidylate 5-hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.9: methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase EC 2.1.2.10: aminomethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.11: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.12: now EC 2.1.1.74 EC 2.1.2.13: UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose formyltransferase EC 2.1.2.14: GDP-perosamine N-formyltransferase === EC 2.1.3: Carboxy- and Carbamoyltransferases === EC 2.1.3.1: methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase EC 2.1.3.2: aspartate carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.3: ornithine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.4: deleted EC 2.1.3.5: oxamate carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.6: putrescine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.7: 3-hydroxymethylcephem carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.8: lysine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.9: N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.10: malonyl-S-ACP:biotin-protein carboxyltransferase EC 2.1.3.11: N-succinylornithine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.13: [[The enzyme has been replaced by EC 6.1.2.2]] EC 2.1.3.14: [[The enzyme has been replaced by EC 6.1.2.2]] EC 2.1.3.15: acetyl-CoA carboxytransferase === EC 2.1.4: Amidinotransferases === EC 2.1.4.1: glycine amidinotransferase EC 2.1.4.2: scyllo-inosamine-4-phosphate amidinotransferase EC 2.1.4.3: L-arginine:L-lysine amidinotransferase === EC 2.1.5: Methylenetransferases === EC 2.1.5.1: sesamin methylene transferase == EC 2.2: Transferring Aldehyde or Ketonic Groups == === EC 2.2.1: Transketolases and Transaldolases === EC 2.2.1.1: transketolase EC 2.2.1.2: transaldolase EC 2.2.1.3: formaldehyde transketolase EC 2.2.1.4: acetoin—ribose-5-phosphate transaldolase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.3.1: Transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups === EC 2.3.1.1: amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.2: imidazole N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3: glucosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.4: glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.5: arylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6: choline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.7: carnitine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.8: phosphate acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.9: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.10: hydrogen-sulfide S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.11: thioethanolamine S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.12: dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.13: glycine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.14: glutamine N-phenylacetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.15: glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.16: acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.17: aspartate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.18: galactoside O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.19: phosphate butyryltransferase EC 2.3.1.20: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.21: carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.22: 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.23: 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.24: sphingosine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.25: plasmalogen synthase EC 2.3.1.26: sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.27: cortisol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.28: chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.29: glycine C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.30: serine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.31: homoserine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.32: lysine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.33: histidine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.34: D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.35: glutamate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.36: D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.37: 5-aminolevulinate synthase EC 2.3.1.38: [acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.39: [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.40: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—phospholipid O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.41: β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I EC 2.3.1.42: glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.43: phosphatidylcholine—sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.44: N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.45: N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.46: homoserine O-succinyltransferase EC 2.3.1.47: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-5.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.3.2: Aminoacyltransferases === EC 2.3.2.1: D-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.2: γ-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.3: lysyltransferase EC 2.3.2.4: Now classified as EC 4.3.2.9, γ-glutamylcyclotransferase EC 2.3.2.5: glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase EC 2.3.2.6: leucyltransferase EC 2.3.2.7: aspartyltransferase EC 2.3.2.8: arginyltransferase EC 2.3.2.9: agaritine γ-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.10: UDP-N-acetylmuramoylpentapeptide-lysine N6-alanyltransferase EC 2.3.2.11: alanylphosphatidylglycerol synthase EC 2.3.2.12: peptidyltransferase EC 2.3.2.13: protein-glutamine g-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.14: D-alanine γ-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.15: glutathione γ-glutamylcysteinyltransferase EC 2.3.2.16: lipid II:glycine glycyltransferase EC 2.3.2.17: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-(N6-glycyl)-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenyl-N-acetylglucosamine:glycine glycyltransferase EC 2.3.2.18: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-(N6-triglycine)-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenyl-N-acetylglucosamine:glycine glycyltransferase EC 2.3.2.19: ribostamycin:4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] 4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoate transferase EC 2.3.2.20: cyclo(L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl) synthase EC 2.3.2.21: cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-tyrosyl) synthase EC 2.3.2.22: cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) synthase EC 2.3.2.23: E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.24: (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.25: N-terminal E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.26: HECT-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.27: RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.28: L-allo-isoleucyltransferase EC 2.3.2.29: aspartate/glutamate leucyltransferase EC 2.3.2.30: L-ornithine Nα-acyltransferase EC 2.3.2.31: RBR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.32: cullin-RING-type E3 NEDD8 transferase EC 2.3.2.33: RCR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.34: E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.35: capsaicin synthase EC 2.3.2.36: RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase (cysteine targeting) === EC 2.3.3: Acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer === EC 2.3.3.1: citrate (Si)-synthase EC 2.3.3.2: decylcitrate synthase EC 2.3.3.3: citrate (Re)-synthase EC 2.3.3.4: decylhomocitrate synthase EC 2.3.3.5: 2-methylcitrate synthase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-6.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.4.1: Hexosyltransferases === EC 2.4.1.1: Glycogen phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.2: dextrin dextranase EC 2.4.1.3: deleted, included in EC 2.4.1.25 EC 2.4.1.4: amylosucrase EC 2.4.1.5: dextransucrase EC 2.4.1.6: deleted EC 2.4.1.7: sucrose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.8: maltose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.9: inulosucrase EC 2.4.1.10: levansucrase EC 2.4.1.11: glycogen(starch) synthase EC 2.4.1.12: cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.13: sucrose synthase EC 2.4.1.14: sucrose-phosphate synthase EC 2.4.1.15: α,α-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.16: chitin synthase EC 2.4.1.17: glucuronosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.18: ,4-α-glucan branching enzyme EC 2.4.1.19: cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase EC 2.4.1.20: cellobiose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.21: starch synthase EC 2.4.1.22: lactose synthase EC 2.4.1.23: sphingosine β-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.24: 1,4-α-glucan 6-α-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.25: 4-α-glucanotransferase EC 2.4.1.26: DNA α-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.27: DNA β-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.28: glucosyl-DNA β-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.29: cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.30: 1,3-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.31: laminaribiose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.32: glucomannan 4-β-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.33: mannuronan synthase EC 2.4.1.34: 1,3-β-glucan synthase EC 2.4.1.35: phenol β-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.36: α,α-trehalose-phosphate synthase (GDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.37: fucosylgalactoside 3-α-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.38: β-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide β-1,4-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.39: steroid N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.40: glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside α-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.41: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.42: deleted, included in EC 2.4.1.17 EC 2.4.1.43: polygalacturonate 4-α-galacturonosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.44: lipopolysaccharide 3-α-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.45: now included with EC 2.4.1.47, N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.46: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase EC 2.4.1.47:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-7.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
Now included in EC 2.4.1.122, N-acetylgalactosaminide β-1,3-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.308: GDP-Fuc:β-D-Gal-1,3-α-D-GalNAc-1,3-α-GalNAc-diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,2-fucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.309: UDP-Gal:α-L-Fuc-1,2-β-Gal-1,3-α-GalNAc-1,3-α-GalNAc-diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,3-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.310: vancomycin aglycone glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.311: chloroorienticin B synthase EC 2.4.1.312: protein O-mannose β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.313: protein O-mannose β-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.314: ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.315: diglucosyl diacylglycerol synthase (1,6-linking) EC 2.4.1.316: tylactone mycaminosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.317: O-mycaminosyltylonolide 6-deoxyallosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.318: demethyllactenocin mycarosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.319: β-1,4-mannooligosaccharide phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.320: 1,4-β-mannosyl-N-acetylglucosamine phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.321: cellobionic acid phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.322: devancosaminyl-vancomycin vancosaminetransferase EC 2.4.1.323: 7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.324: 7-deoxyloganetin glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.325: TDP-N-acetylfucosamine:lipid II N-acetylfucosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.326: aklavinone 7-L-rhodosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.327: aclacinomycin-T 2-deoxy-L-fucose transferase EC 2.4.1.328: erythronolide mycarosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.329: sucrose 6F-phosphate phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.330: β-D-glucosyl crocetin β-1,6-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.331: 8-demethyltetracenomycin C L-rhamnosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.332: 1,2-α-glucosylglycerol phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.333: 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.334: 1,3-α-oligoglucan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.335: dolichyl N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl phosphate 3-β-D-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-glucuronosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.336: monoglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase EC 2.4.1.337: 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-α-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.338: validoxylamine A glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.339: β-1,2-mannobiose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.340: 1,2-β-oligomannan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.341: α-1,2-colitosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.342: α-maltose-1-phosphate synthase EC 2.4.1.343: UDP-Gal:α-D-GlcNAc-diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,3-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.344: type 2 galactoside α-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.345: phosphatidyl-myo-inositol α-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.346: phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside synthase EC 2.4.1.347: α,α-trehalose-phosphate synthase (ADP-forming) EC 2.4.1.348: N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.349: mannosyl-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.350: mogroside IE synthase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-8.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.4.2: Pentosyltransferases === EC 2.4.2.1: purine-nucleoside phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.2: pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.3: uridine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.4: thymidine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.5: nucleoside ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.6: nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.7: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.8: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.9: uracil phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.10: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.11: now EC 6.3.4.21 nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.12: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.13: now EC 2.5.1.6 methionine adenosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.14: amidophosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.15: guanosine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.16: urate-ribonucleotide phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.17: ATP phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.18: anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.19: nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) EC 2.4.2.20: dioxotetrahydropyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.21: nicotinate-nucleotide—dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.22: xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.23: [[This activity has been shown to be catalysed by EC 2.4.2.2, ((pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase)), EC 2.4.2.3, ((uridine phosphorylase)), and EC 2.4.2.4, ((thymidine phosphorylase)).|This activity has been shown to be catalysed by EC 2.4.2.2, pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase, EC 2.4.2.3, uridine phosphorylase, and EC 2.4.2.4, thymidine phosphorylase.]] EC 2.4.2.24: 1,4-β-D-xylan synthase EC 2.4.2.25: flavone apiosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.26: protein xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.27: dTDP-dihydrostreptose—streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.28: S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.29: tRNA-guanosine34 preQ1 transglycosylase EC 2.4.2.30: NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.31: NAD+—protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.32: dolichyl-phosphate D-xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.33: dolichyl-xylosyl-phosphate—protein xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.34: indolylacetylinositol arabinosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.35: flavonol-3-O-glycoside xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.36: NAD+—diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.37: NAD+


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-9.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.5.1: Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (only sub-subclass identified to date) === EC 2.5.1.1: dimethylallyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.2: thiamine pyridinylase EC 2.5.1.3: thiamine-phosphate diphosphorylase EC 2.5.1.4: adenosylmethionine cyclotransferase EC 2.5.1.5: galactose-6-sulfurylase EC 2.5.1.6: methionine adenosyltransferase EC 2.5.1.7: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase EC 2.5.1.8: transferred to EC 2.5.1.75, tRNA dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.9: riboflavin synthase EC 2.5.1.10: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.11: Now covered by EC 2.5.1.84 (all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [geranyl-diphosphate specific]) and EC 2.5.1.85 (all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific]) EC 2.5.1.12: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.13: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.14: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.15: dihydropteroate synthase EC 2.5.1.16: spermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.17: cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase EC 2.5.1.18: glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.19: 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase EC 2.5.1.20: rubber cis-polyprenylcistransferase EC 2.5.1.21: squalene synthase EC 2.5.1.22: spermine synthase EC 2.5.1.23: sym-norspermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.24: discadenine synthase EC 2.5.1.25: tRNA-uridine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC 2.5.1.26: alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.27: adenylate dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.28: dimethylallylcistransferase EC 2.5.1.29: farnesyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.30: trans-hexaprenyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.31: ditrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.32: 15-cis-phytoene synthase EC 2.5.1.33: deleted, now covered by EC 2.5.1.82 hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific] and EC 2.5.1.83 hexaprenyl


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-10.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.6.1: Transaminases === EC 2.6.1.1: aspartate transaminase EC 2.6.1.2: alanine transaminase EC 2.6.1.3: cysteine transaminase EC 2.6.1.4: glycine transaminase EC 2.6.1.5: tyrosine transaminase EC 2.6.1.6: leucine transaminase EC 2.6.1.7: kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase EC 2.6.1.8: 2,5-diaminovalerate transaminase EC 2.6.1.9: histidinol-phosphate transaminase EC 2.6.1.10: deleted, included with EC 2.6.1.21, D-amino-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.11: acetylornithine transaminase EC 2.6.1.12: alanine—oxo-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.13: ornithine aminotransferase EC 2.6.1.14: asparagine—oxo-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.15: glutamine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.16: glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing) EC 2.6.1.17: succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase EC 2.6.1.18: β-alanine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.19: 4-aminobutyrate transaminase EC 2.6.1.20: deleted EC 2.6.1.21: D-amino-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.22: (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase EC 2.6.1.23: 4-hydroxyglutamate transaminase EC 2.6.1.24: diiodotyrosine transaminase EC 2.6.1.25: deleted, Now included with EC 2.6.1.24 diiodotyrosine transaminase EC 2.6.1.26: thyroid-hormone transaminase EC 2.6.1.27: tryptophan transaminase EC 2.6.1.28: tryptophan—phenylpyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.29: diamine transaminase EC 2.6.1.30: pyridoxamine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.31: pyridoxamine—oxaloacetate transaminase EC 2.6.1.32: valine—3-methyl-2-oxovalerate transaminase EC 2.6.1.33: dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose transaminase EC 2.6.1.34: UDP-N-acetylbacillosamine transaminase EC 2.6.1.35: glycine—oxaloacetate transaminase EC 2.6.1.36: L-lysine 6-transaminase EC 2.6.1.37: (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.38: histidine transaminase EC 2.6.1.39: 2-aminoadipate transaminase EC 2.6.1.40: (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.41: D-methionine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.42: branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.43: aminolevulinate transaminase EC 2.6.1.44: alanine—glyoxylate transaminase EC 2.6.1.45: serine—glyoxylate transaminase EC 2.6.1.46: diaminobutyrate—pyruvate transaminase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-11.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.7.1: Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor === EC 2.7.1.1: hexokinase EC 2.7.1.2: glucokinase EC 2.7.1.3: ketohexokinase EC 2.7.1.4: fructokinase EC 2.7.1.5: rhamnulokinase EC 2.7.1.6: galactokinase EC 2.7.1.7: mannokinase EC 2.7.1.8: glucosamine kinase EC 2.7.1.9: deleted EC 2.7.1.10: phosphoglucokinase EC 2.7.1.11: 6-phosphofructokinase EC 2.7.1.12: gluconokinase EC 2.7.1.13: dehydrogluconokinase EC 2.7.1.14: sedoheptulokinase EC 2.7.1.15: ribokinase EC 2.7.1.16: ribulokinase EC 2.7.1.17: xylulokinase EC 2.7.1.18: phosphoribokinase EC 2.7.1.19: phosphoribulokinase EC 2.7.1.20: adenosine kinase EC 2.7.1.21: thymidine kinase EC 2.7.1.22: ribosylnicotinamide kinase EC 2.7.1.23: NAD+ kinase EC 2.7.1.24: dephospho-CoA kinase EC 2.7.1.25: adenylyl-sulfate kinase EC 2.7.1.26: riboflavin kinase EC 2.7.1.27: erythritol kinase (D-erythritol 4-phosphate-forming) EC 2.7.1.28: triokinase EC 2.7.1.29: glycerone kinase EC 2.7.1.30: glycerol kinase EC 2.7.1.31: glycerate kinase EC 2.7.1.32: choline kinase EC 2.7.1.33: pantothenate kinase EC 2.7.1.34: pantetheine kinase EC 2.7.1.35: pyridoxal kinase EC 2.7.1.36: mevalonate kinase EC 2.7.1.37: now divided into EC 2.7.11.1, EC 2.7.11.8, EC 2.7.11.9, EC 2.7.11.10, EC 2.7.11.11, EC 2.7.11.12, EC 2.7.11.13, EC 2.7.11.21, EC 2.7.11.22, EC 2.7.11.24, EC 2.7.11.25, EC 2.7.11.30 and EC 2.7.12.1 EC 2.7.1.38: now EC 2.7.11.19, phosphorylase kinase EC 2.7.1.39: homoserine kinase EC 2.7.1.40: pyruvate kinase EC 2.7.1.41: glucose-1-phosphate phosphodismutase EC 2.7.1.42: riboflavin phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.43: glucuronokinase EC 2.7.1.44: galacturonokinase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-12.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.7.2: Phosphotransferases with a carboxy group as acceptor === EC 2.7.2.1: acetate kinase EC 2.7.2.2: carbamate kinase EC 2.7.2.3: phosphoglycerate kinase EC 2.7.2.4: aspartate kinase EC 2.7.2.5: Now EC 6.3.4.16, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) EC 2.7.2.6: formate kinase EC 2.7.2.7: butyrate kinase EC 2.7.2.8: acetylglutamate kinase EC 2.7.2.9: Now EC 6.3.5.5, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) EC 2.7.2.10: phosphoglycerate kinase (GTP) EC 2.7.2.11: glutamate 5-kinase EC 2.7.2.12: acetate kinase (diphosphate) EC 2.7.2.13: Now known to be due to the activities of EC 6.1.1.17, glutamate—tRNA ligase, EC 1.2.1.70, glutamyl-tRNA reductase and EC 5.4.3.8 glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase EC 2.7.2.14: branched-chain-fatty-acid kinase EC 2.7.2.15: propionate kinase EC 2.7.2.16: 2-phosphoglycerate kinase EC 2.7.2.17: [amino-group carrier protein]-L-2-aminoadipate 6-kinase EC 2.7.2.18: fatty acid kinase === EC 2.7.3: Phosphotransferases with a nitrogenous group as acceptor === EC 2.7.3.1: guanidinoacetate kinase EC 2.7.3.2: creatine kinase EC 2.7.3.3: arginine kinase EC 2.7.3.4: taurocyamine kinase EC 2.7.3.5: lombricine kinase EC 2.7.3.6: hypotaurocyamine kinase EC 2.7.3.7: opheline kinase EC 2.7.3.8: ammonia kinase EC 2.7.3.9: phosphoenolpyruvate—protein phosphotransferase EC 2.7.3.10: agmatine kinase EC 2.7.3.11: now EC 2.7.13.1, protein-histidine pros-kinase EC 2.7.3.12: now EC 2.7.13.2, protein-histidine tele-kinase EC 2.7.3.13: glutamine kinase === EC 2.7.4: Phosphotransferases with a phosphate group as acceptor === EC 2.7.4.1: ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-13.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.7.8: Transferases for other substituted phosphate groups === EC 2.7.8.1: diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.2: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.3: ceramide cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.4: serine ethanolaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.5: CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 1-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.6: undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.7: holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase EC 2.7.8.8: CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.9: phosphomannan mannosephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.10: sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.11: CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.12: CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.13: phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase EC 2.7.8.14: CDP-ribitol ribitolphosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.15: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.16: deleted, now included with EC 2.7.8.2 diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.17: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.18: UDP-galactose—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine galactose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.19: UDP-glucose—glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.20: phosphatidylglycerol—membrane-oligosaccharide glycerophosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.21: membrane-oligosaccharide glycerophosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.22: 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.23: carboxyvinyl-carboxyphosphonate phosphorylmutase EC 2.7.8.24: CDP-diacylglycerol—choline O-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.25: Now EC 2.4.2.52, triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase EC 2.7.8.26: adenosylcobinamide-GDP ribazoletransferase EC 2.7.8.27: sphingomyelin synthase EC 2.7.8.28: 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase EC 2.7.8.29: L-serine-phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.30: Now EC 2.4.2.53, undecaprenyl-phosphate 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose transferase EC 2.7.8.31: undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.32: 3-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-α-D-mannopyranose xylosylphosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.33: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.34: CDP-L-myo-inositol myo-inositolphosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.35: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—decaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.36: undecaprenyl phosphate N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine 1-phosphate transferase EC 2.7.8.37: α-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase EC 2.7.8.38: archaetidylserine synthase EC 2.7.8.39: archaetidylinositol phosphate synthase EC 2.7.8.40: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylgalactosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.41: cardiolipin synthase (CMP-forming) EC 2.7.8.42:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the third group, EC 3, hydrolases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 3.1: Acting on Ester Bonds == === EC 3.1.1: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases === EC 3.1.1.1: carboxylesterase EC 3.1.1.2: arylesterase EC 3.1.1.3: triacylglycerol lipase EC 3.1.1.4: phospholipase A2 EC 3.1.1.5: lysophospholipase EC 3.1.1.6: acetylesterase EC 3.1.1.7: acetylcholinesterase EC 3.1.1.8: cholinesterase EC 3.1.1.9: deleted, a side reaction of EC 3.1.1.8 cholinesterase EC 3.1.1.10: tropinesterase EC 3.1.1.11: pectinesterase EC 3.1.1.12: deleted, identical with EC 3.1.1.1 carboxylesterase EC 3.1.1.13: sterol esterase EC 3.1.1.14: chlorophyllase EC 3.1.1.15: L-arabinonolactonase EC 3.1.1.16: deleted, mixture of EC 5.3.3.4 (muconolactone Δ-isomerase) and EC 3.1.1.24 (3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase) EC 3.1.1.17: gluconolactonase EC 3.1.1.18: deleted, now included with EC 3.1.1.17 gluconolactonase EC 3.1.1.19: uronolactonase EC 3.1.1.20: tannase EC 3.1.1.21: deleted, now known to be catalysed by EC 3.1.1.1, carboxylesterase and EC 3.1.1.3, triacylglycerol lipase. EC 3.1.1.22: hydroxybutyrate-dimer hydrolase EC 3.1.1.23: acylglycerol lipase EC 3.1.1.24: 3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase EC 3.1.1.25: 1,4-lactonase EC 3.1.1.26: galactolipase EC 3.1.1.27: 4-pyridoxolactonase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.1.3: Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases === EC 3.1.3.1: alkaline phosphatase EC 3.1.3.2: acid phosphatase EC 3.1.3.3: phosphoserine phosphatase EC 3.1.3.4: phosphatidate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.5: 5′-nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.6: 3′-nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.7: 3′(2′),5′-bisphosphate nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.8: 3-phytase EC 3.1.3.9: glucose-6-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.10: glucose-1-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.11: fructose-bisphosphatase EC 3.1.3.12: trehalose-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.13: [[Recent studies have shown that this is a partial activity of ((EnzExplorer|5.4.2.11)), phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent)|Recent studies have shown that this is a partial activity of EC 5.4.2.11, phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent)]] EC 3.1.3.14: methylphosphothioglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.15: histidinol-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.16: protein serine/threonine phosphatase EC 3.1.3.17: (phosphorylase) phosphatase EC 3.1.3.18: phosphoglycolate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.19: glycerol-2-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.20: phosphoglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.21: glycerol-1-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.22: mannitol-1-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.23: sugar-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.24: sucrose-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.25: inositol-phosphate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.26: 4-phytase EC 3.1.3.27: phosphatidylglycerophosphatase EC 3.1.3.28: ADP-phosphoglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.29: N-acylneuraminate-9-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.30: The activity may be that of an acid phosphatase EC 3.1.3.31: The activity may be that of an acid phosphatase EC 3.1.3.32: polynucleotide 3′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.33: polynucleotide 5′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.34: deoxynucleotide 3′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.35: thymidylate 5′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.36: phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.37: sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase EC 3.1.3.38: 3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.39: streptomycin-6-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.40: guanidinodeoxy-scyllo-inositol-4-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.41: 4-nitrophenylphosphatase EC 3.1.3.42: glycogen-synthase-D] phosphatase EC 3.1.3.43:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.1.15: Exonucleases Active with either Ribo- or Deoxyribonucleic Acids and Producing 5'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.15.1: venom exonuclease === EC 3.1.16: Exonucleases Active with either Ribo- or Deoxyribonucleic Acids and Producing 3'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.16.1: spleen exonuclease === EC 3.1.21: Endodeoxyribonucleases Producing 5'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.21.1: deoxyribonuclease I EC 3.1.21.2: deoxyribonuclease IV EC 3.1.21.3: type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.4: type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.5: type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.6: CC-preferring endodeoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.7: deoxyribonuclease V EC 3.1.21.8: T4 deoxyribonuclease II EC 3.1.21.9: T4 deoxyribonuclease IV EC 3.1.21.10: crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease === EC 3.1.22: Endodeoxyribonucleases Producing 3'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.22.1: deoxyribonuclease II EC 3.1.22.2: Aspergillus deoxyribonuclease K1 EC 3.1.22.3: now EC 3.1.21.7 EC 3.1.22.4: crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.22.5: deoxyribonuclease X === EC 3.1.23: and EC 3.1.24 now EC 3.1.21.3, EC 3.1.21.4 and EC 3.1.21.5 === Deleted sub-subclasses. === EC 3.1.25: Site-Specific Endodeoxyribonucleases Specific for Altered Bases === EC 3.1.25.1: deoxyribonuclease (pyrimidine dimer) EC 3.1.25.2: Now EC 4.2.99.18, DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase === EC 3.1.26: Endoribonucleases Producing 5'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.26.1: Physarum polycephalum ribonuclease EC 3.1.26.2: ribonuclease α EC 3.1.26.3: ribonuclease III EC 3.1.26.4: ribonuclease H EC 3.1.26.5: ribonuclease P EC 3.1.26.6: ribonuclease IV EC 3.1.26.7:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.2.1: Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds === EC 3.2.1.1: α-amylase EC 3.2.1.2: β-amylase EC 3.2.1.3: glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.4: cellulase EC 3.2.1.5: deleted EC 3.2.1.6: endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase EC 3.2.1.7: inulinase EC 3.2.1.8: endo-1,4-β-xylanase EC 3.2.1.9: deleted EC 3.2.1.10: oligo-1,6-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.11: dextranase EC 3.2.1.12: Now included with EC 3.2.1.54, cyclomaltodextrinase EC 3.2.1.13: Now included with EC 3.2.1.54, cyclomaltodextrinase EC 3.2.1.14: chitinase EC 3.2.1.15: polygalacturonase EC 3.2.1.16: deleted EC 3.2.1.17: lysozyme EC 3.2.1.18: exo-α-sialidase EC 3.2.1.19: deleted EC 3.2.1.20: α-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.21: β-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.22: α-galactosidase EC 3.2.1.23: β-galactosidase EC 3.2.1.24: α-mannosidase EC 3.2.1.25: β-mannosidase EC 3.2.1.26: β-fructofuranosidase (invertase) EC 3.2.1.27: deleted EC 3.2.1.28: α,α-trehalase EC 3.2.1.29: Now included with EC 3.2.1.52, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase EC 3.2.1.30: Now included with EC 3.2.1.52, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase EC 3.2.1.31: β-glucuronidase EC 3.2.1.32: endo-1,3-β-xylanase EC 3.2.1.33: amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.34: Now included with EC 3.2.1.35, hyaluronoglucosaminidase EC 3.2.1.35: hyaluronoglucosaminidase EC 3.2.1.36: hyaluronoglucuronidase EC 3.2.1.37: xylan 1,4-β-xylosidase EC 3.2.1.38: β-D-fucosidase EC 3.2.1.39: glucan endo-1,3-β-D-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.40: α-L-rhamnosidase EC 3.2.1.41: pullulanase EC 3.2.1.42: GDP-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.43: β-L-rhamnosidase EC 3.2.1.44: Now EC 3.2.1.211, endo-(13)-fucoidanase and EC 3.2.1.212, endo-(14)-fucoidanase EC 3.2.1.45: glucosylceramidase EC 3.2.1.46: galactosylceramidase EC 3.2.1.47: Now known to be catalyzed by EC 3.2.1.22, α-galactosidase EC 3.2.1.48: sucrose


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.2.2: Hydrolysing N-Glycosyl Compounds === EC 3.2.2.1: purine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.2: inosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.3: uridine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.4: AMP nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.5: NAD+ glycohydrolase EC 3.2.2.6: ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase EC 3.2.2.7: adenosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.8: ribosylpyrimidine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.9: adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.10: pyrimidine-5′-nucleotide nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.11: β-aspartyl-N-acetylglucosaminidase EC 3.2.2.12: inosinate nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.13: 1-methyladenosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.14: NMN nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.15: DNA-deoxyinosine glycosylase EC 3.2.2.16: methylthioadenosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.17: deoxyribodipyrimidine endonucleosidase EC 3.2.2.18: Now included with EC 3.5.1.52, peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase EC 3.2.2.19: ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase EC 3.2.2.20: DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase I EC 3.2.2.21: DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase II, MAG1 EC 3.2.2.22: rRNA 'N-glycosylase EC 3.2.2.23: DNA-formamidopyrimidine glycosylase EC 3.2.2.24: ADP-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase] hydrolase EC 3.2.2.25: N-methyl nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.26: futalosine hydrolase EC 3.2.2.27: uracil-DNA glycosylase EC 3.2.2.28: double-stranded uracil-DNA glycosylase EC 3.2.2.29: thymine-DNA glycosylase EC 3.2.2.30: aminodeoxyfutalosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.31: adenine glycosylase === EC 3.2.3: Hydrolysing S-Glycosyl Compounds === Deleted sub-subclass == EC 3.3: Acting on Ether Bonds == === EC 3.3.1: Thioether and trialkylsulfonium hydrolases === EC 3.3.1.1: adenosylhomocysteinase EC 3.3.1.2: S-adenosyl-L-methionine hydrolase (L-homoserine-forming) EC 3.3.1.3: [[The activity is most probably attributable to ((EnzExplorer|4.4.1.21)), S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase|The activity is most probably attributable to EC 4.4.1.21, S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase]] === EC 3.3.2:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-5.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.4.13 Dipeptidases === EC 3.4.13.1: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.2: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.3: The activity is covered by EC .4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase and EC 3.4.13.20, β-Ala-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.4: Xaa-Arg dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.5: Xaa-methyl-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.6: Now EC 3.4.11.2, membrane alanyl aminopeptidase EC 3.4.13.7: Glu-Glu dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.8: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.9: Xaa-Pro dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.10: Now EC 3.4.19.5, β-aspartyl-peptidase EC 3.4.13.11: Now EC 3.4.13.19, membrane dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.12: Met-Xaa dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.13: Now EC 3.4.13.3, Xaa-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.14: Deleted EC 3.4.13.15: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.16: Deleted EC 3.4.13.17: non-stereospecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.18: cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.19: membrane dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.20: β-Ala-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.21: dipeptidase E EC 3.4.13.22: D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.23: cysteinylglycine-S-conjugate dipeptidase === EC 3.4.14 Dipeptidyl peptidases and tripeptidyl peptidases === EC 3.4.14.1: dipeptidyl-peptidase I EC 3.4.14.2: dipeptidyl-peptidase II EC 3.4.14.3: Now EC 3.4.19.1, acylaminoacyl-peptidase EC 3.4.14.4: dipeptidyl-peptidase III EC 3.4.14.5: dipeptidyl-peptidase IV EC 3.4.14.6: dipeptidyl-dipeptidase EC 3.4.14.7: Deleted EC 3.4.14.8: Now EC 3.4.14.10, tripeptidyl-peptidase II EC 3.4.14.9: tripeptidyl-peptidase I EC 3.4.14.10: tripeptidyl-peptidase II EC 3.4.14.11: Xaa-Pro dipeptidyl-peptidase EC 3.4.14.12: Xaa-Xaa-Pro tripeptidyl-peptidase EC 3.4.14.13: γ-D-glutamyl-Llysine


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-6.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.4.21: Serine proteases === EC 3.4.21.1: chymotrypsin EC 3.4.21.2: chymotrypsin C EC 3.4.21.3: metridin EC 3.4.21.4: trypsin EC 3.4.21.5: thrombin EC 3.4.21.6: coagulation factor Xa EC 3.4.21.7: plasmin EC 3.4.21.8: Now EC 3.4.21.34 (plasma kallikrein) and EC 3.4.21.35 (tissue kallikrein) EC 3.4.21.9: enteropeptidase EC 3.4.21.10: acrosin EC 3.4.21.11: Now EC 3.4.21.37, leukocyte elastase EC 3.4.21.12: α-lytic endopeptidase EC 3.4.21.13: Now EC 3.4.16.6, carboxypeptidase D EC 3.4.21.14: now EC 3.4.21.67, endopeptidase So EC 3.4.21.15: Now EC 3.4.21.63, oryzin EC 3.4.21.16: Deleted EC 3.4.21.17: Deleted EC 3.4.21.18: Deleted EC 3.4.21.19: glutamyl endopeptidase EC 3.4.21.20: cathepsin G EC 3.4.21.21: coagulation factor VIIa EC 3.4.21.22: coagulation factor IXa EC 3.4.21.23: Deleted EC 3.4.21.24: Deleted EC 3.4.21.25: cucumisin EC 3.4.21.26: prolyl oligopeptidase EC 3.4.21.27: coagulation factor XIa EC 3.4.21.28: Now EC 3.4.21.74, venombin A EC 3.4.21.29: Now EC 3.4.21.74, venombin A EC 3.4.21.30: Now EC 3.4.21.74, venombin A EC 3.4.21.31: Now EC 3.4.21.73, u-plasminogen activator EC 3.4.21.32: brachyurin EC 3.4.21.33: Deleted EC 3.4.21.34: plasma kallikrein EC 3.4.21.35: tissue kallikrein EC 3.4.21.36: pancreatic elastase EC 3.4.21.37: leukocyte elastase EC 3.4.21.38: coagulation factor XIIa EC 3.4.21.39: chymase EC 3.4.21.40: Deleted EC 3.4.21.41: Complement subcomponent C1r EC 3.4.21.42: complement subcomponent C1s EC 3.4.21.43: classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-7.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.4.23 Aspartic endopeptidases === EC 3.4.23.1: pepsin A EC 3.4.23.2: pepsin B EC 3.4.23.3: gastricsin EC 3.4.23.4: chymosin EC 3.4.23.5: cathepsin D EC 3.4.23.6: Now EC 3.4.23.30, pycnoporopepsin EC 3.4.23.7: Now EC 3.4.23.20, penicillopepsin EC 3.4.23.8: Now EC 3.4.23.25, saccharopepsin EC 3.4.23.9: Now EC 3.4.23.21, rhizopuspepsin EC 3.4.23.10: Now EC 3.4.23.22, endothiapepsin EC 3.4.23.11: Deleted entry EC 3.4.23.12: nepenthesin EC 3.4.23.13: Deleted EC 3.4.23.14: Deleted EC 3.4.23.15: renin EC 3.4.23.16: HIV-1 retropepsin EC 3.4.23.17: pro-opiomelanocortin converting enzyme EC 3.4.23.18: aspergillopepsin I EC 3.4.23.19: aspergillopepsin II EC 3.4.23.20: penicillopepsin EC 3.4.23.21: rhizopuspepsin EC 3.4.23.22: endothiapepsin EC 3.4.23.23: mucorpepsin EC 3.4.23.24: candidapepsin EC 3.4.23.25: saccharopepsin EC 3.4.23.26: rhodotorulapepsin EC 3.4.23.27: Now EC 3.4.21.103, physarolisin EC 3.4.23.28: acrocylindropepsin EC 3.4.23.29: polyporopepsin EC 3.4.23.30: pycnoporopepsin EC 3.4.23.31: scytalidopepsin A EC 3.4.23.32: scytalidopepsin B EC 3.4.23.33: Now EC 3.4.21.101, xanthomonalisin EC 3.4.23.34: cathepsin E EC 3.4.23.35: barrierpepsin EC 3.4.23.36: signal peptidase II EC 3.4.23.37: Now EC 3.4.21.100, pseudomonalisin EC 3.4.23.38: plasmepsin I EC 3.4.23.39: plasmepsin II EC 3.4.23.40: phytepsin EC 3.4.23.41: yapsin 1 EC 3.4.23.42: thermopsin EC 3.4.23.43: prepilin peptidase EC 3.4.23.44: nodavirus endopeptidase EC 3.4.23.45: memapsin 1 EC 3.4.23.46: memapsin 2 EC 3.4.23.47: HIV-2 retropepsin EC 3.4.23.48: plasminogen activator Pla EC 3.4.23.49:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-8.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== 3.5.1: In linear amides === EC 3.5.1.1: asparaginase EC 3.5.1.2: glutaminase EC 3.5.1.3: ω-amidase EC 3.5.1.4: amidase EC 3.5.1.5: urease EC 3.5.1.6: β-ureidopropionase EC 3.5.1.7: ureidosuccinase EC 3.5.1.8: formylaspartate deformylase EC 3.5.1.9: arylformamidase EC 3.5.1.10: formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase EC 3.5.1.11: penicillin amidase EC 3.5.1.12: biotinidase EC 3.5.1.13: aryl-acylamidase EC 3.5.1.14: N-acyl-aliphatic-L-amino acid amidohydrolase EC 3.5.1.15: aspartoacylase EC 3.5.1.16: acetylornithine deacetylase EC 3.5.1.17: acyl-lysine deacylase EC 3.5.1.18: succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase EC 3.5.1.19: nicotinamidase EC 3.5.1.20: citrullinase EC 3.5.1.21: N-acetyl-β-alanine deacetylas EC 3.5.1.22: pantothenase EC 3.5.1.23: ceramidase EC 3.5.1.24: choloylglycine hydrolase EC 3.5.1.25: N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase EC 3.5.1.26: N4-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase EC 3.5.1.27: The activity is covered by EC 3.5.1.88, peptide deformylase EC 3.5.1.28: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase EC 3.5.1.29: 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase EC 3.5.1.30: 5-aminopentanamidase EC 3.5.1.31: formylmethionine deformylase EC 3.5.1.32: hippurate hydrolase EC 3.5.1.33: N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase EC 3.5.1.34: [[Identical with ((EnzExplorer|3.4.13.5)), Xaa-methyl-His dipeptidase|Identical with EC 3.4.13.5, Xaa-methyl-His dipeptidase]] EC 3.5.1.35: D-glutaminase EC 3.5.1.36: N-methyl-2-oxoglutaramate hydrolase EC 3.5.1.37: [[Delete, identical with ((EnzExplorer|3.5.1.26)) N(4)-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase|Delete, identical with EC 3.5.1.26 N4-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase]] EC 3.5.1.38: glutamin-(asparagin-)ase EC 3.5.1.39: alkylamidase EC 3.5.1.40: acylagmatine amidase EC 3.5.1.41: chitin deacetylase EC 3.5.1.42: nicotinamide-nucleotide amidase EC 3.5.1.43: peptidyl-glutaminase EC 3.5.1.44: protein-glutamine glutaminase EC 3.5.1.45: Now listed only as EC 6.3.4.6 urea carboxylase EC 3.5.1.46: 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-9.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== 3.5.5: In nitriles === EC 3.5.5.1: nitrilase EC 3.5.5.2: ricinine nitrilase EC 3.5.5.3: Now EC 4.2.1.104, cyanate hydratase EC 3.5.5.4: cyanoalanine nitrilase EC 3.5.5.5: arylacetonitrilase EC 3.5.5.6: bromoxynil nitrilase EC 3.5.5.7: aliphatic nitrilase EC 3.5.5.8: thiocyanate hydrolase === 3.5.99: In other compounds === EC 3.5.99.1: riboflavinase EC 3.5.99.2: aminopyrimidine aminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.3: Now EC 3.5.4.43, hydroxydechloroatrazine ethylaminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.4: Now EC 3.5.4.42, N-isopropylammelide isopropylaminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.5: 2-aminomuconate deaminase EC 3.5.99.6: glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase EC 3.5.99.7: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase EC 3.5.99.8: 5-nitroanthranilic acid aminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.9: 2-nitroimidazole nitrohydrolase EC 3.5.99.10: 2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase EC 3.5.99.11: 2-aminomuconate deaminase (2-hydroxymuconate-forming) EC 3.5.99.14: (S)-norcoclaurine synthase == EC 3.6: Acting on acid anhydrides == === 3.6.1: In phosphorus-containing anhydrides === EC 3.6.1.1: inorganic diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.2: trimetaphosphatase EC 3.6.1.3: adenosinetriphosphatase EC 3.6.1.4: Now included with EC 3.6.1.3, adenosinetriphosphatase EC 3.6.1.5: apyrase EC 3.6.1.6: nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase EC 3.6.1.7: acylphosphatase EC 3.6.1.8: ATP diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.9: nucleotide diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.10: endopolyphosphatase EC 3.6.1.11: exopolyphosphatase EC 3.6.1.12: dCTP diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.13: ADP-ribose diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.14: adenosine-tetraphosphatase EC 3.6.1.15: nucleoside-triphosphatase EC 3.6.1.16: CDP-glycerol diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.17: bis(5′-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (asymmetrical)) EC 3.6.1.18: FAD diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.19: Now EC 3.6.1.9, nucleotide diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.20: 5′-acylphosphoadenosine hydrolase EC 3.6.1.21: ADP-sugar diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.22: NAD+


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-10.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== 3.6.4: Acting on acid anhydrides to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement === EC 3.6.4.1: Now EC 5.6.1.8, myosin ATPase EC 3.6.4.2: Now EC 5.6.1.2, dynein ATPase EC 3.6.4.3: Now EC 5.6.1.1, microtubule-severing ATPase EC 3.6.4.4: Now EC 5.6.1.3, plus-end-directed kinesin ATPase EC 3.6.4.5: Now EC 5.6.1.4, minus-end-directed kinesin ATPase EC 3.6.4.6: vesicle-fusing ATPase EC 3.6.4.7: peroxisome-assembly ATPase EC 3.6.4.8: Now EC 5.6.1.5, proteasome ATPase EC 3.6.4.9: Now EC 5.6.1.7, chaperonin ATPase EC 3.6.4.10: non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase EC 3.6.4.11: Deleted, the activity has been shown not to take place EC 3.6.4.12: DNA helicase EC 3.6.4.13: RNA helicase === 3.6.5: Acting on GTP to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement === EC 3.6.5.1: heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase EC 3.6.5.2: small monomeric GTPase EC 3.6.5.3: protein-synthesizing GTPase EC 3.6.5.4: signal-recognition-particle GTPase EC 3.6.5.5: dynamin GTPase EC 3.6.5.6: tubulin GTPase == EC 3.7: Acting on carbon-carbon bonds == === EC 3.7.1: In ketonic substances === EC 3.7.1.1: oxaloacetase EC 3.7.1.2: fumarylacetoacetase EC 3.7.1.3: kynureninase EC 3.7.1.4: phloretin hydrolase EC 3.7.1.5: acylpyruvate hydrolase EC 3.7.1.6: acetylpyruvate hydrolase EC 3.7.1.7: β-diketone hydrolase EC 3.7.1.8: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase EC 3.7.1.9: 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase EC 3.7.1.10: cyclohexane-1,3-dione hydrolase EC 3.7.1.11: cyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase EC 3.7.1.12: cobalt-precorrin 5A hydrolase EC 3.7.1.13: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoate


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the fourth group, EC 4, lyases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 4.1: Carbon-Carbon Lyases == === EC 4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases === EC 4.1.1.1: pyruvate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.2: oxalate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.3: Now recognized to be two enzymes EC 7.2.4.2 [oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Na+ extruding)] and EC 4.1.1.112 (oxaloacetate decarboxylase). EC 4.1.1.4: acetoacetate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.5: acetolactate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.6: cis-aconitate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.7: benzoylformate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.8: oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.9: malonyl-CoA decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.10: Now included with EC 4.1.1.12, aspartate 4-decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.11: aspartate 1-decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.12: aspartate 4-decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.13: deleted EC 4.1.1.14: valine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.15: glutamate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.16: hydroxyglutamate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.17: ornithine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.18: lysine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.19: arginine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.20: diaminopimelate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.21: phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase EC 4.1.1.22: histidine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.23: orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.24: aminobenzoate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.25: tyrosine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.26: Now included with EC 4.1.1.28 aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.27: Now included with EC 4.1.1.28


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.1.3: Oxo-Acid-Lyases === EC 4.1.3.1: isocitrate lyase EC 4.1.3.2: Now EC 2.3.3.9, malate synthase EC 4.1.3.3: N-acetylneuraminate lyase EC 4.1.3.4: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.5: Now EC 2.3.3.10, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase EC 4.1.3.6: citrate (pro-3S)-lyase EC 4.1.3.7: Now EC 2.3.3.1, citrate (Si)-synthase EC 4.1.3.8: Now EC 2.3.3.8, ATP citrate synthase EC 4.1.3.9: Now EC 2.3.3.11, 2-hydroxyglutarate synthase EC 4.1.3.10: Now EC 2.3.3.7, 3-ethylmalate synthase EC 4.1.3.11: Now EC 2.3.3.12, 3-propylmalate synthase EC 4.1.3.12: Now EC 2.3.3.13, 2-isopropylmalate synthase EC 4.1.3.13: oxalomalate lyase EC 4.1.3.14: L-erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate aldolase EC 4.1.3.15: Now EC 2.2.1.5, 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase EC 4.1.3.16: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase EC 4.1.3.17: 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate aldolase EC 4.1.3.18: Now EC 2.2.1.6, acetolactate synthase EC 4.1.3.19: Now EC 2.5.1.56 EC 4.1.3.20: Now EC 2.5.1.57 EC 4.1.3.21: Now EC 2.3.3.14 EC 4.1.3.22: citramalate lyase EC 4.1.3.23: Now EC 2.3.3.2, decylcitrate synthase EC 4.1.3.24: malyl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.25: (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.26: 3-hydroxy-3-isohexenylglutaryl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.27: anthranilate synthase EC 4.1.3.28: Now EC 2.3.3.3, citrate (Re)-synthase EC 4.1.3.29: Now EC 2.3.3.4, decylhomocitrate synthase EC 4.1.3.30: methylisocitrate lyase EC 4.1.3.31: Now EC 2.3.3.5, 2-methylcitrate synthase EC 4.1.3.32: 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase EC 4.1.3.33: Now EC 2.3.3.6 EC 4.1.3.34: citryl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.35: (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.36: naphthoate synthase EC 4.1.3.37: Now EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.2.1: Hydro-lyases === EC 4.2.1.1: carbonic anhydrase EC 4.2.1.2: fumarate hydratase EC 4.2.1.3: aconitate hydratase EC 4.2.1.4: Now known to be a partial reaction catalysed by EC 4.2.1.3, aconitate hydratase EC 4.2.1.5: arabinonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.6: galactonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.7: altronate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.8: mannonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.9: dihydroxy-acid dehydratase EC 4.2.1.10: 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.11: phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase) EC 4.2.1.12: phosphogluconate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.13: Now EC 4.3.1.17, L-serine ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.14: Now EC 4.3.1.18, D-serine ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.15: Identical with EC 4.4.1.1 cystathionine γ-lyase EC 4.2.1.16: Now EC 4.3.1.19, threonine ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.17: enoyl-CoA hydratase EC 4.2.1.18: methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase EC 4.2.1.19: imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.20: tryptophan synthase EC 4.2.1.21: Now EC 4.2.1.22 cystathionine β-synthase EC 4.2.1.22: cystathionine β-synthase EC 4.2.1.23: deleted, the reaction was due to a side-reaction of EC 4.2.1.22 cystathionine β-synthase EC 4.2.1.24: porphobilinogen synthase EC 4.2.1.25: L-arabinonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.26: identical to EC 4.3.1.9, glucosaminate ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.27: acetylenecarboxylate hydratase EC 4.2.1.28: propanediol dehydratase EC 4.2.1.29: Now EC 4.99.1.6, indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase EC 4.2.1.30: glycerol dehydratase EC 4.2.1.31: maleate hydratase EC 4.2.1.32: L(+)-tartrate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.33: 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.34: (S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.35: (R)-2-methylmalate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.36: homoaconitate hydratase EC 4.2.1.37: Now EC 3.3.2.4,


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.2.2: Acting on Polysaccharides === EC 4.2.2.1: hyaluronate lyase EC 4.2.2.2: pectate lyase EC 4.2.2.3: mannuronate-specific alginate lyase EC 4.2.2.4: Now known to comprise two enzymes: EC 4.2.2.20, chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase and EC 4.2.2.21, chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase EC 4.2.2.5: chondroitin AC lyase EC 4.2.2.6: oligogalacturonide lyase EC 4.2.2.7: heparin lyase EC 4.2.2.8: heparin-sulfate lyase EC 4.2.2.9: pectate disaccharide-lyase EC 4.2.2.10: pectin lyase EC 4.2.2.11: guluronate-specific alginate lyase EC 4.2.2.12: xanthan lyase EC 4.2.2.13: exo-(1→4)-α-D-glucan lyase EC 4.2.2.14: glucuronan lyase EC 4.2.2.15: anhydrosialidase EC 4.2.2.16: levan fructotransferase (DFA-IV-forming) EC 4.2.2.17: inulin fructotransferase (DFA-I-forming) EC 4.2.2.18: inulin fructotransferase (DFA-III-forming) EC 4.2.2.19: chondroitin B lyase EC 4.2.2.20: chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase EC 4.2.2.21: chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase EC 4.2.2.22: pectate trisaccharide-lyase EC 4.2.2.23: rhamnogalacturonan endolyase EC 4.2.2.24: rhamnogalacturonan exolyase EC 4.2.2.25: gellan lyase EC 4.2.2.26: oligo-alginate lyase EC 4.2.2.27: pectin monosaccharide-lyase === EC 4.2.3: Acting on phosphates === EC 4.2.3.1: threonine synthase EC 4.2.3.2: ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase EC 4.2.3.3: methylglyoxal synthase EC 4.2.3.4: 3-dehydroquinate synthase EC 4.2.3.5: chorismate synthase EC 4.2.3.6: trichodiene synthase EC 4.2.3.7: pentalenene synthase EC 4.2.3.8: casbene synthase EC 4.2.3.9: aristolochene synthase EC 4.2.3.10: (–)-endo-fenchol synthase EC 4.2.3.11: sabinene-hydrate synthase EC 4.2.3.12: 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase EC 4.2.3.13: (+)-δ-cadinene synthase EC 4.2.3.14: Now covered by EC 4.2.3.119,


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.2.99: Other Carbon-Oxygen Lyases === EC 4.2.99.1: Now EC 4.2.2.1, hyaluronate lyase EC 4.2.99.2: Now EC 4.2.3.1, threonine synthase EC 4.2.99.3: Now EC 4.2.2.2, pectate lyase EC 4.2.99.4: Now EC 4.2.2.3, poly(β-D-mannuronate) lyase EC 4.2.99.5: deleted EC 4.2.99.6: Now included with EC 4.2.2.4 (chondroitin ABC lyase) and EC 4.2.2.5 (chondroitin AC lyase) EC 4.2.99.7: Now EC 4.2.3.2, ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase EC 4.2.99.8: Now EC 2.5.1.47, cysteine synthase EC 4.2.99.9: Now EC 2.5.1.48, cystathionine γ-synthase EC 4.2.99.10: Now EC 2.5.1.49 EC 2.5.1.49, O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC 4.2.99.11: Now EC 4.2.3.3, methylglyoxal synthase EC 4.2.99.12: carboxymethyloxysuccinate lyase EC 4.2.99.13: Now EC 2.5.1.50, zeatin 9-aminocarboxyethyltransferase EC 4.2.99.14: Now EC 2.5.1.51, β-pyrazolylalanine synthase EC 4.2.99.15: Now EC 2.5.1.52, L-mimosine synthase EC 4.2.99.16: Now EC 2.5.1.53, uracilylalanine synthase EC 4.2.99.17: Listed as EC 2.5.1.51, β-pyrazolylalanine synthase EC 4.2.99.18: DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase EC 4.2.99.19: Now EC 4.4.1.23, 2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase EC 4.2.99.20: 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase EC 4.2.99.21: isochorismate lyase EC 4.2.99.22: tuliposide A-converting enzyme EC 4.2.99.23: tuliposide B-converting enzyme EC 4.2.99.24: thebaine synthase == EC 4.3: Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases == === EC 4.3.1: Ammonia-Lyases === EC 4.3.1.1: aspartate ammonia-lyase EC 4.3.1.2: methylaspartate ammonia-lyase EC 4.3.1.3: histidine ammonia-lyase EC 4.3.1.4: formiminotetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase EC 4.3.1.5: Now divided into EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 5)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:10.997779+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the fifth group, EC 5, isomerases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 5.1: Epimerases and racemases == === EC 5.1.1: Acting on Amino acids and Derivatives === EC 5.1.1.1: alanine racemase EC 5.1.1.2: methionine racemase EC 5.1.1.3: glutamate racemase EC 5.1.1.4: proline racemase EC 5.1.1.5: lysine racemase EC 5.1.1.6: threonine racemase EC 5.1.1.7: diaminopimelate epimerase EC 5.1.1.8: 4-hydroxyproline epimerase EC 5.1.1.9: arginine racemase EC 5.1.1.10: amino-acid racemase EC 5.1.1.11: phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing) EC 5.1.1.12: ornithine racemase EC 5.1.1.13: aspartate racemase EC 5.1.1.14: nocardicin-A epimerase EC 5.1.1.15: 2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase EC 5.1.1.16: protein-serine epimerase EC 5.1.1.17: isopenicillin-N epimerase EC 5.1.1.18: serine racemase EC 5.1.1.20: L-Ala-D/L-Glu epimerase EC 5.1.1.21: isoleucine 2-epimerase EC 5.1.1.22: 4-hydroxyproline betaine 2-epimerase EC 5.1.1.23: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-L-glutamate epimerase EC 5.1.1.24: histidine racemase === EC 5.1.2: Acting on Hydroxy acids and Derivatives === EC 5.1.2.1: lactate racemase EC 5.1.2.2: mandelate racemase EC 5.1.2.3: 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA epimerase EC 5.1.2.4: acetoin racemase EC 5.1.2.5: tartrate epimerase EC 5.1.2.6: isocitrate epimerase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 5)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:10.997779+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 5.4.1: Transferring Acyl Groups === EC 5.4.1.1: lysolecithin acylmutase EC 5.4.1.2: Now EC 5.4.99.61, precorrin-8X methylmutase EC 5.4.1.3: 2-methylfumaryl-CoA isomerase EC 5.4.1.4: D-galactarolactone isomerase === EC 5.4.2: Phosphotransferases (Phosphomutases) === EC 5.4.2.1: Now recognized as two separate enzymes EC 5.4.2.11, phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent) and EC 5.4.2.12, phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-independent) EC 5.4.2.2: phosphoglucomutase (α-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate-dependent) EC 5.4.2.3: phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase EC 5.4.2.4: bisphosphoglycerate mutase EC 5.4.2.5: phosphoglucomutase (glucose-cofactor) EC 5.4.2.6: β-phosphoglucomutase EC 5.4.2.7: phosphopentomutase EC 5.4.2.8: phosphomannomutase EC 5.4.2.9: phosphoenolpyruvate mutase EC 5.4.2.10: phosphoglucosamine mutase EC 5.4.2.11: phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent) EC 5.4.2.12: phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-independent) EC 5.4.2.13: phosphogalactosamine mutase === EC 5.4.3: Transferring Amino Groups === EC 5.4.3.1: deleted; this reaction was due to a mixture of EC 5.1.1.12 (ornithine racemase) and EC 5.4.3.5 (D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase) EC 5.4.3.2: lysine 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.3: lysine 5,6-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.4: Now included in EC 5.4.3.3, lysine 5,6-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.5: D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.6: tyrosine 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.7: leucine 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.8: glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.9: glutamate 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.10: phenylalanine aminomutase (L-β-phenylalanine forming) EC 5.4.3.11: phenylalanine aminomutase (D-β-phenylalanine forming) === EC 5.4.4: Transferring hydroxy groups === EC 5.4.4.1: (hydroxyamino)benzene mutase EC 5.4.4.2: isochorismate synthase EC 5.4.4.3: 3-(hydroxyamino)phenol mutase EC 5.4.4.4: geraniol isomerase EC 5.4.4.5: 9,12-octadecadienoate


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 6)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:12.205809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the sixth group, EC 6, ligases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 6.1: Forming Carbon-Oxygen Bonds == === EC 6.1.1: Ligases Forming Aminoacyl-tRNA and Related Compounds (Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase) === EC 6.1.1.1: tyrosine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.2: tryptophan—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.3: threonine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.4: leucine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.5: isoleucine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.6: lysine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.7: alanine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.8: Deleted EC 6.1.1.9: valine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.10: methionine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.11: serine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.12: aspartate—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.13: D-alanine—poly(phosphoribitol) ligase EC 6.1.1.14: glycine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.15: proline—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.16: cysteine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.17: glutamate—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.18: glutamine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.19: arginine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.20: phenylalanine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.21: histidine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.22: asparagine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.23: aspartate—tRNAAsn ligase EC 6.1.1.24: glutamate—tRNAGln ligase EC 6.1.1.25: The tRNAPyl is now known only to be charged with pyrrolysine (cf. EC 6.1.1.26) EC 6.1.1.26: pyrrolysine—tRNAPyl ligase EC 6.1.1.27: O-phospho-L-serine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.28: "proline/cysteine—tRNA ligase". Later published work


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 6)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:12.205809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 6.3.2: Acid—Amino-Acid Ligases (Peptide Synthases) === EC 6.3.2.1: pantoate—β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) EC 6.3.2.2: glutamate—cysteine ligase EC 6.3.2.3: glutathione synthase EC 6.3.2.4: D-alanine—D-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.5: phosphopantothenate—cysteine ligase (CTP) EC 6.3.2.6: phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase EC 6.3.2.7: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate—L-lysine ligase EC 6.3.2.8: UDP-N-acetylmuramate—L-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.9: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine—D-glutamate ligase EC 6.3.2.10: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide—D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.11: carnosine synthase EC 6.3.2.12: dihydrofolate synthase EC 6.3.2.13: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate—2,6-diaminopimelate ligase EC 6.3.2.14: enterobactin synthase EC 6.3.2.15: Deleted, The activity observed is due to EC 6.3.2.10, UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptideD-alanyl-D-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.16: D-alanine—alanyl-poly(glycerolphosphate) ligase EC 6.3.2.17: tetrahydrofolate synthase EC 6.3.2.18: γ-glutamylhistamine synthase EC 6.3.2.19: The ubiquitinylation process is now known to be performed by several enzymes in sequence, starting with EC 6.2.1.45 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1) and followed by several transfer reactions, including those of EC 2.3.2.23 (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) and EC 2.3.2.27 (RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase) EC 6.3.2.20: indoleacetate—lysine synthetase EC 6.3.2.21: [[The reaction is performed by the sequential action of EC 6.2.1.45 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1), several ubiquitin transferases and finally by EC 2.3.2.27 (ubiquitin transferase RING E3 (calmodulin-selective))|The reaction is performed by the sequential action of EC 6.2.1.45 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1), several ubiquitin transferases and finally by EC 2.3.2.27 [ubiquitin transferase RING E3 (calmodulin-selective)]]] EC 6.3.2.22: Now EC 6.3.1.14, diphthine—ammonia


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-7-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 7)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:13.488832+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-7-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of sub-classes for the seventh group of Enzyme Commission numbers, EC 7, translocases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 7.1: Catalysing the translocation of hydrons == NOTE: Hydron is a generic term that includes all isotopes of H+, i.e. not only 1H+ but also 2H+ (D+) and 3H+ (T+). === EC 7.1.1: Linked to oxidoreductase reactions === EC 7.1.1.1: proton-translocating NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase EC 7.1.1.2: NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) EC 7.1.1.3: ubiquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) EC 7.1.1.4: caldariellaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) EC 7.1.1.5: menaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) EC 7.1.1.6: plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase EC 7.1.1.7: quinol oxidase (electrogenic, proton-motive force generating) EC 7.1.1.8: quinol—cytochrome-c reductase EC 7.1.1.9: cytochrome-c oxidase EC 7.1.1.10: ferredoxin—quinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) EC 7.1.1.11: ferredoxin—NAD+ oxidoreductase (H+-transporting) === EC 7.1.2: Linked to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate === EC 7.1.2.1: P-type H+-exporting transporter EC 7.1.2.2: H+-transporting two-sector ATPase === EC 7.1.3: Linked to the hydrolysis of diphosphate === EC 7.1.3.1: H+-exporting diphosphatase EC 7.1.3.2: Na+-exporting diphosphatase == EC 7.2: catalysing the translocation of inorganic


id: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of enzymes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:14.761189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
summary:
Enzymes are listed here by their classification in the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system: == Category:Oxidoreductases (EC 1) (Oxidoreductase) == Dehydrogenase Luciferase DMSO reductase === Category:EC 1.1 (act on the CH-OH group of donors) === Category:EC 1.1.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) Alcohol Dehydrogenase (NAD) EC 1.1.1.1 Alcohol Dehydrogenase (NADP) EC 1.1.1.2 Homoserine Dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.3 Aminopropanol Oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.4 Diacetyl Reductase EC 1.1.1.5 Glycerol Dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.6 Propanediol-Phosphate Dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.7 Glycerol-3-Phoshitiendopene Dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.1.1.8 D-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.9 L-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.10 Lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.27 Malate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.37 Isocitrate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.42 HMG-CoA reductase EC 1.1.1.88 Category:EC 1.1.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor) Category:EC 1.1.3 (with oxygen as acceptor) Glucose oxidase EC 1.1.3.4 L-Gulonolactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 Thiamine oxidase EC 1.1.3.23 Xanthine oxidase EC 1.1.3.32 Category:EC 1.1.4 (with a disulfide as acceptor) Category:EC 1.1.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor) Category:EC 1.1.99 (with other acceptors) === Category:EC 1.2 (act on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors) === Category:EC 1.2.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.10 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.12 Pyruvate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.51 Category:EC 1.2.4 Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.4.2


id: list-of-enzymes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes-1.md
category: reference
title: List of enzymes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:14.761189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
summary:
=== Category:EC 1.18 (act on iron–sulfur proteins as donors) === Category:EC 1.18.6 Nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 === Category:EC 1.19 (act on reduced flavodoxin as donor) === Category:EC 1.19.6 Nitrogenase (flavodoxin) EC 1.19.6.1 === Category:EC 1.20 (act on phosphorus or arsenic as donors) === Category:EC 1.20.1 Category:EC 1.20.2 Category:EC 1.20.4 Arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) EC 1.20.4.1 Glutaredoxin Category:EC 1.20.9 Category:EC 1.20.99 === Category:EC 1.21 (act on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond) === Category:EC 1.21.1 Iodotyrosine deiodinase EC 1.21.1.1 Category:EC 1.21.3 Isopenicillin N synthase EC 1.21.3.1 Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase EC 1.21.3.7 Category:EC 1.21.4 Category:EC 1.21.99 Thyroxine 5-deiodinase EC 1.21.99.3 Iodothyronine deiodinase EC 1.21.99.3 and EC 1.21.99.4 === Category:EC 1.97 (other oxidoreductases) === Category:EC 1.97.1 Deiodinase EC 1.97.1.10 == Category:Transferases (EC 2) (Transferase) == Glutathione S-transferase === Category:EC 2.1 (transfer one-carbon groups, Methylase) === Category:EC 2.1.1 Catechol-O-methyl transferase EC 2.1.1.6 DNA methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.72, EC 2.1.1.113, EC 2.1.1.37 Histone methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.43, EC 2.1.1.125 Category:EC 2.1.3 Aspartate transcarbamoylase EC 2.1.3.2 Ornithine transcarbamoylase EC 2.1.3.3 === Category:EC 2.2 (transfer aldehyde or ketone groups) === Category:EC 2.2.1 Transketolase EC 2.2.1.1 Transaldolase EC 2.2.1.2 Acetolactate synthase EC 2.2.1.6 2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase EC 2.2.1.9 === Category:EC 2.3 (acyltransferases) === Category:EC 2.3.1 Aminolevulinic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.37 Choline


id: list-of-enzymes-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes-2.md
category: reference
title: List of enzymes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:14.761189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
summary:
=== Category:EC 3.5 (act on carbon–nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds) === Category:EC 3.5.1 (In linear amides) Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) Category:EC 3.5.2 (In cyclic amides) Beta-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6) Category:EC 3.5.3 (In linear amidines) Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) Category:EC 3.5.4 (In cyclic amidines) Adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) GTP cyclohydrolase I (EC 3.5.4.16) Category:EC 3.5.5 (In nitriles) Nitrilase (EC 3.5.5.1) === Category:EC 3.6 (act on acid anhydrides) === Category:EC 3.6.1 Helicase DnaB helicase RecQ helicase Category:EC 3.6.3 ATPase NaKATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) ATP synthase (EC 3.6.3.14) === Category:EC 3.7 (act on carbon–carbon bonds) === Kynureninase EC 3.7.1.3 === Category:EC 3.8 (act on halide bonds) === EC 3.8.1.3 Haloacetate dehalogenase === Category:EC 3.9 (act on phosphorus–nitrogen bonds) === EC 3.9.1.1: Phosphoamidase EC 3.9.1.2: Protein arginine phosphatase EC 3.9.1.3: Phosphohistidine phosphatase === Category:EC 3.10 (act on sulfur–nitrogen bonds) === EC 3.10.1.1: N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase EC 3.10.1.2: Cyclamate sulfohydrolase === Category:EC 3.11 (act on carbon–phosphorus bonds) === EC 3.11.1.1: Phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase EC 3.11.1.2: Phosphonoacetate hydrolase EC 3.11.1.3: Phosphonopyruvate hydrolase === Category:EC 3.12 (act on sulfur–sulfur bonds) === EC 3.12.1.1: Trithionate hydrolase === Category:EC 3.13 (act on carbon–sulfur bonds) === EC 3.13.1.1: UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase EC 3.13.1.3: 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase EC 3.13.1.4: 3-sulfinopropanoyl—CoA desulfinase EC 3.13.1.5: Carbon disulfide hydrolase EC 3.13.1.6:


id: list-of-sequenced-eukaryotic-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:16.090445+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-eukaryotic-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences. DNA was first sequenced in 1977. The first free-living organism to have its genome completely sequenced was the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, in 1995. In 1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released and in 1998 the first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans, was released. For mitochondrial genomes, see list of mitochondrial genomes. == Protists == Following are the nine earliest sequenced genomes of protists. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced protist genomes. == Plants == Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of plants. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced plant genomes. == Fungi == Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of fungi. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced fungi genomes. == Animals == Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of animals. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced animal genomes. == See also == Genome


id: index-of-evolutionary-biology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of evolutionary biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:17.405760+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-evolutionary-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of topics in evolutionary biology. == A == abiogenesis – adaptation – adaptive mutation – adaptive radiation – allele – allele frequency – allochronic speciation – allopatric speciation – altruism – anagenesis – anti-predator adaptation – applications of evolution – apomorphy – aposematism – Archaeopteryx – aquatic adaptation – artificial selection – atavism == B == Henry Walter Bates – biological organisation – Black Queen hypothesis – Brassica oleracea – breed == C == Cambrian explosion – camouflage – Sean B. Carroll – catagenesis – gene-centered view of evolution – cephalization – Sergei Chetverikov – chronobiology – chronospecies – clade – cladistics – climatic adaptation – coalescent theory – co-evolution – co-operation – coefficient of relationship – common descent – convergent evolution – creation–evolution controversy – cultivar – conspecific song preference == D == Darwin (unit) – Charles Darwin – Darwinism – Darwin's finches – Richard Dawkins – directed mutagenesis – Directed evolution – directional selection – disruptive selection – Theodosius Dobzhansky – dog breeding – domestication – domestication of the horse == E == E. coli long-term evolution experiment – ecological genetics – ecological selection – ecological speciation – Endless Forms Most Beautiful – endosymbiosis


id: lists-of-human-genes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_human_genes-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of human genes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_human_genes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:34.120829+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-human-genes-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of human genes are as follows: == By chromosome == Human chromosomes, each of which contains an incomplete list of genes located on that chromosome, are as follows: == Protein-coding genes == The lists below constitute a complete list of all known human protein-coding genes: == Transcription factors == 1639 genes which encode proteins that are known or expected to function as human transcription factors: List of human transcription factors == See also == List of enzymes List of proteins List of disabled human pseudogenes == External links == iHOP-Protein Information Database NextBio-Life Science Search Engine Entrez-Cross Database Query Search System TranscriptomeBrowser


id: list-of-genetically-modified-crops-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetically_modified_crops-0.md
category: reference
title: List of genetically modified crops
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetically_modified_crops
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:42.484550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-genetically-modified-crops-20260505-0
summary:
Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. As of 2015, 26 plant species have been genetically modified and approved for commercial release in at least one country. The majority of these species contain genes that make them either tolerant to herbicides or resistant to insects. Other common traits include virus resistance, delayed ripening, modified flower colour or altered composition. In 2014, 28 countries grew GM crops, and 39 countries imported but did not grow them. == Background == Regulations regarding the commercialisation of genetically modified crops are mostly conducted by individual countries. For cultivation, environmental approval determines whether a crop can be legally grown. Separate approval is generally required to use GM crops in food for human consumption or as animal feed. GM crops were first planted commercially on a large scale in 1996, in the US, China, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and Mexico. Some countries have approved but not actually cultivated GM crops, due to public uncertainty or further government restrictions, while at the same time,


id: list-of-human-blood-components-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_blood_components-0.md
category: reference
title: List of human blood components
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_blood_components
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:50.504785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-human-blood-components-20260505-0
summary:
In blood banking, the fractions of Whole Blood used for transfusion are also called components. == See also == Reference ranges for common blood tests == References ==


id: list-of-human-transcription-factors-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_transcription_factors-0.md
category: reference
title: List of human transcription factors
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_transcription_factors
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:52.034125+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-human-transcription-factors-20260505-0
summary:
This list of manually-curated human transcription factors is taken from Lambert, Jolma, Campitelli, et al. More detailed information can be found in the manuscript and accompanying web site. == List of human transcription factors (1639) == == External links == https://humantfs.ccbr.utoronto.ca == References ==


id: list-of-immune-cells-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immune_cells-0.md
category: reference
title: List of immune cells
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immune_cells
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:53.612657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-immune-cells-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of immune cells, also known as white blood cells, white cells, leukocytes, or leucocytes. They are cells involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. == References ==


id: list-of-interstitial-cells-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstitial_cells-0.md
category: reference
title: List of interstitial cells
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstitial_cells
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:54.838208+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-interstitial-cells-20260505-0
summary:
Interstitial cell refers to any cell that lies in the spaces between the functional cells of a tissue. Examples include: Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) Leydig cells, cells present in the male testes responsible for the production of androgen (male sex hormone) A portion of the stroma of ovary Certain cells in the pineal gland Renal interstitial cells Neuroglial cells == See also == List of human cell types derived from the germ layers == References == Sybil B Parker (ed). "Interstitial cell". McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Fifth Edition. International Edition. 1994. Page 1041.


id: list-of-endemic-species-of-clipperton-island-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Clipperton_Island-0.md
category: reference
title: List of endemic species of Clipperton Island
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Clipperton_Island
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:59.962941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-endemic-species-of-clipperton-island-20260505-0
summary:
Clipperton Island, also known as Île de la Passion, is an uninhabited French atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean. == Algae == == Fish == == Invertebrates == == Vertebrates == == References ==


id: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones-0.md
category: reference
title: List of honey bee pheromones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:07.461626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-0
summary:
The pheromones of the honey bee are mixtures of chemical substances released by individual bees into the hive or environment that cause changes in the physiology and behaviour of other bees. == Introduction == Honey bees (Apis mellifera) have one of the most complex pheromonal communication systems found in nature, possessing 15 known glands that produce an array of compounds. These chemical messengers secreted by a queen, drone, worker bee or laying worker bee to elicit a response in other bees. The chemical messages are received by the bee's antenna and other body parts. They are produced as a volatile or non-volatile liquid and transmitted by direct contact as a liquid or vapor. Honey bee pheromones can be grouped into releaser pheromones which temporarily affect the recipient's behavior, and primer pheromones which have a long-term effect on the physiology of the recipient. Releaser pheromones trigger an almost immediate behavioral response from the receiving bee. Under certain conditions a pheromone can act as both a releaser and primer pheromone. The pheromones may either be single chemicals or a complex mixture of numerous chemicals in different percentages. == Types of honey bee pheromones == === Alarm pheromone === Two main alarm pheromones


id: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones-1.md
category: reference
title: List of honey bee pheromones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:07.461626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-0
summary:
=== Queen mandibular pheromone === Queen mandibular pheromone (QMP), emitted by the queen, is one of the most important sets of pheromones in the bee hive. It affects social behavior, maintenance of the hive, swarming, mating behavior, and inhibition of ovary development in worker bees. The effects can be short term or long term or both. Some of the chemicals found in QMP are carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds. The following compounds have been shown to be important in retinue attraction of workers to their queen and other effects. (E)-9-Oxodec-2-enoic acid (9-ODA) – inhibits queen rearing as well as ovarian development in worker bees; strong sexual attractant for drones when on a nuptial flight; critical to worker recognition of the presence of a queen in the hive (R,E)-(−)-9-Hydroxydec-2-enoic acid] (-9-HDA) promotes stability of a swarm, or a "calming" influence (S,E)-(+)-9-Hydroxydec-2-enoic acid (+9-HDA) Methylparaben (also known as methyl p-hydroxybenzoate) (HOB) 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy phenylethanol (HVA) Work on synthetic pheromones was done by Keith N. Slessor, Lori-ann Kaminski, Gaylord G. S. King, John H. Borden, and Mark L. Winston; their work was patented in 1991. Synthetic queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) is a mixture of five components: 9-ODA, (−)-9-HDA, (+)-9-HDA, HOB and HVA in a


id: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of longest-living organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:08.624136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individuals or clones of a species with the longest natural maximum life spans. For a given species, such a designation may include: The oldest known individual(s) that are currently alive, with verified ages. Verified individual record holders, such as the longest-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the longest-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff. The definition of "longest-living" used in this article considers only the observed or estimated length of an individual organism's natural lifespan – that is, the duration of time between its birth or conception (or the earliest emergence of its identity as an individual organism) and its death – and does not consider other conceivable interpretations of "longest-living", such as the length of time between the earliest appearance of a species in the fossil record and the present day (the historical "age" of the species as a whole) or the time between a species' first speciation and its extinction (the phylogenetic "lifespan" of the species). This list includes long-lived organisms that are currently still alive as well as those that have already died. Determining the length of an organism's natural lifespan is complicated by many problems of definition and interpretation,


id: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms-1.md
category: reference
title: List of longest-living organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:08.624136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
In July 2018, scientists from four Russian institutions collaborating with Princeton University reported that they had analyzed about 300 prehistoric nematode worms recovered from permafrost above the Arctic Circle in the Sakha Republic, and that after being thawed, two of the nematodes revived and began moving and eating. One found in a Pleistocene squirrel burrow in the Duvanny Yar outcrop on the Kolyma River was believed to be about 32,000 years old, while the other, recovered in 2015 near the Alazeya River, was dated at approximately 30,000–40,000 years old. These nematodes were believed to be the oldest living non-clonal multicellular organisms on Earth. In 2021, biologists reported the restoration of bdelloid rotifers frozen for 24,000 years in the Siberian permafrost. In 2023, it was reported that nematodes of the previously undescribed Panagrolaimus kolymaensis were revived after 46,000 years in cryptobiosis. Like bacterial spores, plant seeds are often capable of germinating after very long periods of metabolic inactivity. A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years. Named "Methuselah", it is currently growing at Kibbutz Ketura, Israel. Similarly, the flowering plant Silene stenophylla was grown from frozen fruit found in an


id: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms-2.md
category: reference
title: List of longest-living organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:08.624136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
Methuselah, a Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) in the White Mountains of California, has been measured by ring count to be 4,857 years old. It is therefore the oldest known living individual non-clonal tree in the world. A specimen of Fitzroya cupressoides in Chile was measured by ring count as 3,655 years old, meaning this species has the second-oldest verified age of any non-clonal tree species. The Cypress of Abarkuh, a Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) in Iran, is estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 years old. The Llangernyw Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales, is believed to be between 4,000 and 5,000 years old. The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) at approximately 3,200 years of age. Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and western Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 metres (10,500 and 14,800 ft) in altitude. Some yaretas may be up to 3,000 years old. A Panke baobab (Adansonia digitata) in Zimbabwe was some 2,450


id: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms-3.md
category: reference
title: List of longest-living organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:08.624136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
The Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years, but a study published in 2016 found that a 5.02 m (16.5 ft) specimen was between 272 and 512 years old. That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate. The maximum lifespan of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may be 210–250 years. Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals. Rougheye rockfish can reach an age of 205 years. Specimens of the Red Sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus have been found to be over 200 years old. Many sub-families of the marine fish Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to live up to 170 years, based on otolith-increment estimates and radiometric dating. The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years. Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live more than 160 years. A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Åle was 155 years old when it died in 2014. If correct, it would have been the world's oldest, having


id: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms-4.md
category: reference
title: List of longest-living organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:08.624136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Zoological Garden, Alipore, Kolkata, India. If confirmed, the tortoise would have been the oldest known terrestrial animal to have ever existed. Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be at least 193 years old, hence the oldest currently living terrestrial animal. If Adwaita's claim is not true, Jonathan might be the oldest known terrestrial animal to have ever existed. Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at the age of 188 in May 1966, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate. This tortoise was hatched in 1777. Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 in June 2006. Timothy, a Greek tortoise, born in Turkey died at the age of 165 on 3 April 2004 in the UK. The oldest known bird in the world was an Australian sulphur-crested cockatoo called Cocky Bennett, who lived to 120. He could recall phrases such as "one feather more and I'll fly" and "one at a time, gentlemen, please". He lived from 1796 to 1916 and traveled the world with various owners. The tuatara, a lizard-like reptile native


id: list-of-carnivorans-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of carnivorans by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carnivorans_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:10.038322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-carnivorans-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of estimated global populations of Carnivora species. This list is not comprehensive, as not all carnivorans have had their numbers quantified. == List == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of organisms by population Lists of mammals by population == References ==


id: list-of-elephant-species-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elephant_species_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of elephant species by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elephant_species_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:11.308171+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-elephant-species-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of estimated global populations of elephant species (including delineated subspecies of Asian elephant). This list is generally comprehensive, but there is also uncertainty to some estimations. == See also == Lists of organisms by population Lists of mammals by population == References ==


id: list-of-even-toed-ungulates-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_even-toed_ungulates_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of even-toed ungulates by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_even-toed_ungulates_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:12.564414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-even-toed-ungulates-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of even-toed ungulate species by estimated global population. This list is not comprehensive, as not all ungulates have had their numbers quantified. Note that this is only a subset of the order Artiodactyla, listing terrestrial species only. For populations of the cetaceans (infraorder Cetacea), see list of cetaceans. Where available, population is given as number of mature individuals following IUCN reporting standards of estimating effective population size. == Wild species by population == == Domestic species by population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of mammals by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-marsupials-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marsupials_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of marsupials by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marsupials_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:14.141361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-marsupials-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of estimated global populations of Marsupials (infraclass Marsupialia) species. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Marsupials have had their numbers quantified. Some members of Marsupialia are extinct, and thus have population sizes of zero: Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) - last recorded wild individual captured in 1933, and died in captivity in 1936. Liverpool Plains striped bandicoot (Perameles fasciata) - went extinct in 1840s. Marl (Perameles myosuros) - last seen in 1907, extinct circa 1910. South-eastern striped bandicoot (Perameles notina) - extinct sometime in late 19th century. Nullarbor barred bandicoot (Perameles papillon) - formerly considered a subspecies of P. bougainville. Last record from 1920s, believed to have gone extinct circa 1928. Desert bandicoot (Perameles eremiana) - last confirmed record from 1943. Unconfirmed reports persisted into the late 1960s. Southern pig-footed bandicoot (Chaeropus ecaudatus) - last specimen collected in 1900, but likely persisted into the 1930s. Northern pig-footed bandicoot, or Yirratji (Chaeropus yirratji) - likely went extinct in the 1950s. Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, or Kuluwarri (Lagorchestes asomatus) - known from a single specimen taken in 1932. Likely went extinct by 1960. Eastern hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes leporides) - last recorded in 1890. Toolache wallaby (Notamacropus greyi) - last confirmed


id: list-of-odd-toed-ungulates-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_odd-toed_ungulates_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of odd-toed ungulates by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_odd-toed_ungulates_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:16.058484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-odd-toed-ungulates-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of odd-toed ungulate species (order Perissodactyla) by estimated global population. Unless otherwise noted, primary populations given are for number of mature individuals. == See also == Lists of mammals by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-primates-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_primates_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of primates by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_primates_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:17.360838+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-primates-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of primate species by estimated global population. This list is not comprehensive as not all primates have had their numbers quantified. Unless specified in the Notes section, primary population values given are for number of mature individuals. == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of organisms by population Lists of mammals by population Human population The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates == References ==


id: lists-of-mammals-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mammals_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of mammals by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mammals_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:18.572951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-mammals-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a collection of lists of mammal species by the estimated global population, divided by orders. Lists only exist for some orders; for example, the most diverse order - rodents - is missing. Much of the data in these lists were created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Mammal Assessment Team, which consists of 1700 mammalogists from over 130 countries. They recognize 5488 species in the class. These lists are not comprehensive, as not all mammals have had their numbers estimated. For example, a live specimen of the spade-toothed whale was first observed in December 2010, and the event only recognized as such in November 2012; no estimate yet exists for the global population. The accuracy of the quote numbers may only be an order of magnitude. It is estimated that the total number of wild mammals in the world is about 130 billion. == Lists by taxonomic order == Monotremata List of monotremes by population – platypus, echidnas Marsupialia (infraclass containing 7 extant orders) List of marsupials by population – shrew opossums, opossums, marsupial moles, bandicoots, dasyurids, diprodonts (kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, koalas). Xenarthra (superorder containing 2 extant orders) List of xenarthrans by population –


id: list-of-marine-ecoregions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of marine ecoregions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:19.837482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-marine-ecoregions-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of marine ecoregions, as defined by the WWF and The Nature Conservancy The WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme groups the individual ecoregions into 12 marine realms, which represent the broad latitudinal divisions of polar, temperate, and tropical seas, with subdivisions based on ocean basins. The marine realms are subdivided into 62 marine provinces, which include one or more of the 232 marine ecoregions. The WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme currently encompasses only coastal and continental shelf areas. == Arctic realm == (no provinces identified) North Greenland North and East Iceland East Greenland Shelf West Greenland Shelf Northern Grand Banks-Southern Labrador Northern Labrador Baffin Bay-Davis Strait Hudson Complex Lancaster Sound High Arctic Archipelago Beaufort-Admunsen-Viscount Melville-Queen Maud Beaufort Sea-continental coast and shelf Chukchi Sea Eastern Bering Sea East Siberian Sea Laptev Sea Kara Sea North and East Barents Sea White Sea == Temperate Northern Atlantic == === Northern European Seas === South and West Iceland Faroe Plateau Southern Norway Northern Norway and Finnmark Baltic Sea North Sea Celtic Seas === Lusitanian === South European Atlantic Shelf Saharan Upwelling Azores Canaries Madeira === Mediterranean Sea === Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Levantine Sea Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of Sidra Ionian Sea Western Mediterranean Alboran Sea


id: list-of-microorganisms-tested-in-outer-space-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space-0.md
category: reference
title: List of microorganisms tested in outer space
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:21.198342+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-microorganisms-tested-in-outer-space-20260505-0
summary:
The survival of some microorganisms exposed to outer space has been studied using both simulated facilities and low Earth orbit exposures. Bacteria were some of the first organisms investigated, when in 1960 a Russian satellite carried Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Enterobacter aerogenes into orbit. Many kinds of microorganisms have been selected for exposure experiments since, as listed in the table below. Experiments of the adaption of microbes in space have yielded unpredictable results. While sometimes the microorganism may weaken, they can also increase in their disease-causing potency. It is possible to classify these microorganisms into two groups, the human-borne and the extremophiles. Studying the human-borne microorganisms is significant for human welfare and future crewed missions in space, whilst the extremophiles are vital for studying the physiological requirements of survival in space. NASA has pointed out that normal adults have ten times as many microbial cells as human cells in their bodies. They are also nearly everywhere in the environment and, although normally invisible, can form slimy biofilms. Extremophiles have adapted to live in some of the most extreme environments on Earth. This includes hypersaline lakes, arid regions, deep sea, acidic sites, cold and dry polar regions and permafrost. The existence


id: list-of-mitosporic-ascomycota-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mitosporic_Ascomycota-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mitosporic Ascomycota
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mitosporic_Ascomycota
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:22.436296+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mitosporic-ascomycota-20260505-0
summary:
The mitosporic Ascomycota are a heterogeneous group of ascomycotic fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state (anamorph); many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group. == References == https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/108599. Retrieved 29 November 2011


id: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of model organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:23.660934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research. == Viruses == Phages (infecting prokaryotes): Escherichia virus Lambda (Phage lambda) Phi X 174, the first DNA genome ever to be sequenced (circular, 5386 base pairs in length), shortly after the RNA genome of bacteriophage MS2 (in 1976). T4 phage Animal viruses: SV40 Human alphaherpesvirus (Herpes simplex virus) Plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus == Bacteria == Escherichia coli (E. coli), common Gram-negative gut bacterium widely used in molecular genetics. Main lab strain is 'K-12'. Bacillus subtilis, endospore forming Gram-positive bacterium. Main lab strain is '168'. Caulobacter crescentus, bacterium that divides into two distinct cells used to study cellular differentiation. Mycoplasma genitalium, minimal organism and human STD pathogen. Aliivibrio fischeri, quorum sensing, bioluminescence and animal-bacterial symbiosis with Hawaiian bobtail squid. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, polysaccharide-degrading member of the human gut microbiota, used to study functional aspects of the gut microbiota. Synechocystis (specifically PCC 6803), photosynthetic cyanobacterium widely used in photosynthesis research. Pseudomonas fluorescens, soil bacterium that readily diversifies into different strains in the lab. Azotobacter vinelandii, obligate aerobe diazotroph used in nitrogen fixation research. Streptomyces coelicolor, soil-dwelling filamentous bacterium used to produce many clinically useful antibiotics. === Bacteria with minimal synthetic genomes


id: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms-1.md
category: reference
title: List of model organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:23.660934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
Lemna gibba, rapidly growing aquatic monocot, one of the smallest flowering plants. Lemna growth assays are used to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals to plants in ecotoxicology. Because it can be grown in pure culture, microbial action can be excluded. Lemna is being used as a recombinant expression system for economical production of complex biopharmaceuticals. It is also used in education to demonstrate population growth curves. Zea mays L. (Maize/corn), cereal grain. It is a diploid monocot with 10 large chromosome pairs, easily studied with the microscope. Its genetic features, including many known and mapped phenotypic mutants and a large number of progeny per cross (typically 100–200) facilitated the discovery of transposons ("jumping genes"). Many DNA markers have been mapped and the genome has been sequenced. (Genetics, Molecular biology, Agronomy) Medicago truncatula, model legume, closely related to the common alfalfa. Its rather small genome is currently being sequenced. It is used to study the symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation. (Agronomy, Molecular biology) Mimulus guttatus, model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. The genus Mimulus contains c. 120 species and is in the family Phrymaceae. Several genetic resources have been designed for the study of this genus and some


id: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms-2.md
category: reference
title: List of model organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:23.660934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
Amphimedon queenslandica, a demosponge from the phylum Porifera used as a model for evolutionary developmental biology and comparative genomics Arbacia punctulata, the purple-spined sea urchin, classical subject of embryological studies Aplysia, a sea slug, whose ink release response serves as a model in neurobiology and whose growth cones serve as a model of cytoskeletal rearrangements Branchiostoma floridae, a species commonly known as amphioxus or lancelet from the subphylum Cephalochordata of the phylum Chordata used as a model for understanding the evolution of nonchordate deuterostomes, invertebrate chordates, and vertebrates Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, usually called C. elegans - an excellent model for understanding the genetic control of development and physiology. C.elegans has a fixed number of 1031 cells. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced Callosobruchus maculatus, the bruchid beetle, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict Chorthippus parallelus (the meadow grasshopper), used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict Ciona intestinalis, a sea squirt Daphnia spp., small planktonic crustaceans, highly sensitive to pollution, used for evaluating environmental toxicity of chemicals on aquatic invertebrates. Coelopidae, seaweed flies, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict Diopsidae, stalk-eyed flies, used to study sexual selection and sexual


id: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms-3.md
category: reference
title: List of model organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:23.660934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-model-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
Canis lupus familiaris (Dog), important respiratory and cardiovascular model, also contributed to the discovery of classical conditioning. Felis sylvestris catus (Cat), used in neurophysiological research. Mustela furo (Ferret), used as a model organism to study influenza A virus infection. Ambystoma mexicanum (Axolotl), used to study regeneration and developmental processes Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict Anolis carolinensis (Carolina anole), used to study reptile genomics Gallus gallus domesticus (Chicken), used for developmental studies, as it is an amniote and excellent for micromanipulation (e.g. tissue grafting) and over-expression of gene products. Sigmodon hispidus (Cotton rat), formerly used in polio research. Mesocricetus auratus (Golden hamster), first used to study kala-azar (leishmaniasis). Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig), used by Robert Koch and other early bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, hence a byword for "laboratory animal" even though less commonly used today. Myotis lucifugus (Little brown bat), used to prove echolocation exists in bats in 1930s and also used in experiments predicting microbat behavior as it is a reliable species that has typical features of a temperate bat species. Oryzias latipes (Medaka, or Japanese ricefish), important model in developmental biology, and has the advantage of being much


id: index-of-molecular-biology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of molecular biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:24.969272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-molecular-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of topics in molecular biology. See also index of biochemistry articles. == # == 2-amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase - 2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specific) - 2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase - 2-nitropropane dioxygenase - 2-oxobutyrate synthase - (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate synthase - 2,4-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside dioxygenase - 2010107G12Rik - 27-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase - 3' end - 3' flanking region - 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridinecarboxylate dioxygenase - 3-Ketosteroid 9alpha-monooxygenase - 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADH) - (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetyl-CoA 1,2-dioxygenase - 3(or 17)a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - 3110001I22Rik - 3alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase - 4932414N04Rik - 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (A-specific) - 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA 24-hydroxylase - 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxycholestan-26-al 26-oxidoreductase - 4-Cresol dehydrogenase (hydroxylating) - 4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase - 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase - 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase - 4-Nitrophenol 4-monooxygenase - 4933425L06Rik - 5' end - 5' flanking region - 5-pyridoxate dioxygenase - 6-endo-hydroxycineole dehydrogenase - 7-deoxyloganin 7-hydroxylase - 7beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) - 8-oxocoformycin reductase - 12beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - 25-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase - == A == abietadiene hydroxylase - acido-1 RNA motif -acrylamide gels - act 1 adaptor protein - actino-ugpB RNA motif - actinomyces-1 RNA motif - adenine - adenosine deaminase deficiency - adenovirus - adenylyl-(glutamate—ammonia ligase) hydrolase - agarose gel electrophoresis - agarose gel - akaryocyte - Alagille syndrome - alkaline lysis - allele - amino acids - amino terminus - amp resistance - amplification - amplicon


id: index-of-molecular-biology-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of molecular biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:24.969272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-molecular-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== H == haemagglutination activity domain - haemolysin expression modulating protein family - hairpin - haploid - haploinsufficiency - HdeA family - helix-loop-helix - helminth protein - hematopoietic stem cell - hemophilia - heteroduplex DNA - heterozygous - highly conserved sequence - Hirschsprung's disease - histone - HLA-Y - hnRNA - holoprosencephaly - homologous recombination - homology - homozygous - host strain (bacterial) - HspQ protein domain - human artificial chromosome - Human Genome Project - human immunodeficiency virus - HumHot - Huntington's disease - hybridization - hybridoma - hydrophilicity plot - hydroxydechloroatrazine ethylaminohydrolase - == I == immunoblot - immunoprecipitation - immunotherapy - IMPDH/GMPR family - in situ hybridization - in vitro translation - indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase - inducer - infologs - inherited - initiation codon - insert - insertion - insertion sequence - intellectual property rights - intergenic - interleukin 40 - intron - inverted repeat - IscR stability element - isopiperitenol dehydrogenase - == J == juglone 3-monooxygenase - junk DNA - == K == k+-transporting ATPase - karyotype - KduI/IolB isomerase family - kilobase - kinase - Klenow fragment - Knock-down - knock-out - knock-out experiment - knockout - Kozak sequence == L == L-amino-acid alpha-ligase -


id: index-of-molecular-biology-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of molecular biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:24.969272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-molecular-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== S == S1 end mapping - S1 nuclease - satellite DNA - screening - SDS-PAGE - secondary structure - selection - selenium responsive proteins - sense strand - sequence - sequence motif - sequence polymorphism - sequence-tagged site - sequential epitope - severe combined immunodeficiency - sex chromosome - sex-linked - Shine-Dalgarno sequence - shotgun cloning - shotgun cloning or sequencing - shotgun sequencing - shuttle vector - Siah interacting protein N-terminal domain - sickle-cell disease - side chain - sigma factor - signal peptidase - signal sequence - silent mutation - single nucleotide polymorphism - siRNA - site-directed mutagenesis - site-specific recombination - Slc22a21 - slot blot - SNP - Slc22a21 - SMCR2 - snRNA - snRNP - solution hybridization - somatic cells - Southern blot - southwestern blot - SP6 RNA polymerase - SpAB protein domain - spectral karyotype - splicing - Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) - SPR domain - SQ2397 - SRG1 RNA - ST7-AS2 - ST7-OT3 - stable transfection - start codon - stem-loop - sticky end - stomoxyn - stop codon - streptavidin - stringency - structural motif - sub-cloning - substitution - succinate—citramalate CoA-transferase - suicide gene - sulfate-transporting ATPase - suPARnostic -


id: outline-of-ants-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ants-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of ants
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ants
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:26.219128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-ants-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ants: Ants – social insects with geniculate (elbowed) antennae and a distinctive node-like structure that forms a slender waist. Ants are of the family Formicidae and evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago, diversifying after the rise of flowering plants. More than 12,500 out of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. == Essence of ants == Ant colony Myrmecology – scientific study of ants === Biological classification === Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Suborder: Apocrita Superfamily: Vespoidea Family: Formicidae (family authority: Latreille, 1809) == Kinds of ants == Ant List of ant genera List of ants of Great Britain === Subfamilies === Extant subfamilies Agroecomyrmecinae Amblyoponinae Aneuretinae Dolichoderinae Dorylinae Ectatomminae Formicinae Heteroponerinae Leptanillinae Martialinae Myrmeciinae Myrmicinae Paraponerinae Ponerinae Proceratiinae Pseudomyrmecinae Fossil subfamilies †Armaniinae (sometimes treated as the family Armaniidae within the superfamily Formicoidea) †Brownimeciinae †Formiciinae †Sphecomyrminae == General myrmecology concepts == Ant colony optimization algorithms Ant mill == Myrmecologists == Murray S. Blum (1929–2015) Barry Bolton Horace Donisthorpe (1870–1951) Auguste Forel (1848–1931) William Gould (1715–1799) Bert Hölldobler (born 1936) Thomas C. Jerdon (1811–1872)


id: list-of-institutes-and-centers-of-the-national-institutes-of-health-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutes_and_centers_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health-0.md
category: reference
title: List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutes_and_centers_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:27.533947+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-institutes-and-centers-of-the-national-institutes-of-health-20260505-0
summary:
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. It comprises 27 separate institutes and centers (ICs) that carry out its mission in different areas of biomedical research. It also includes the Office of the Director, which sets policies and coordinates activities of the 27 ICs. == Institutes == == Centers of the NIH == In addition to being divided by research area, NIH has many operating groups called centers operating across all of the Institutes. == Office of the Director == The Office of the Director is the central office at NIH. The OD is responsible for setting policy for NIH and for planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all the NIH components. Program offices in the Office of the Director are responsible for stimulating specific areas of research throughout NIH and for planning and supporting research and related activities. Current program areas are: minority health, women's health, AIDS research, disease prevention, and behavioral and social sciences research. In July 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Dr. Francis S. Collins, M.D.,


id: list-of-neuroscience-databases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neuroscience_databases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of neuroscience databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neuroscience_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:30.180215+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-neuroscience-databases-20260505-0
summary:
A number of online neuroscience databases are available which provide information regarding gene expression, neurons, macroscopic brain structure, and neurological or psychiatric disorders. Some databases contain descriptive and numerical data, some to brain function, others offer access to 'raw' imaging data, such as postmortem brain sections or 3D MRI and fMRI images. Some focus on the human brain, others on non-human. As the number of databases that seek to disseminate information about the structure, development and function of the brain has grown, so has the need to collate these resources themselves. As a result, there now exist databases of neuroscience databases, some of which reach over 3000 entries. == Neuroscience databases == == Databases of neuroscience databases == == See also == Neuroinformatics Budapest Reference Connectome == References ==


id: list-of-obo-foundry-ontologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OBO_Foundry_ontologies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of OBO Foundry ontologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OBO_Foundry_ontologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:31.492650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-obo-foundry-ontologies-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of ontologies that are part of the OBO Foundry as of January 2020. == OBO Foundry ontologies == == References ==


id: list-of-obsolete-taxa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_obsolete_taxa-0.md
category: reference
title: List of obsolete taxa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_obsolete_taxa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:32.709983+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-obsolete-taxa-20260505-0
summary:
In the history of the Linnaean classification system, many taxa (e.g. species, genera, families, and higher taxonomic ranks) have become defunct or obsolete, and are no longer used. == Kingdoms == == Animals == == Protists == == References ==


id: lists-of-organisms-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of organisms by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:34.046405+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-organisms-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a collection of lists of organisms by their population. While most of the numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. Wildlife population measurement is a science falling under the purview of population ecology and biogeography. Individuals are counted by census, as carried out for the piping plover; using the transect method, as done for the mountain plover; and beginning in 2012 by satellite, with the emperor penguin being first subject counted in this manner. == Number of species == More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. According to another study, the number of described species has been estimated at 1,899,587. 2000–2009 saw approximately 17,000 species described per year. The total number of undescribed organisms is unknown, but marine microbial species alone could number 20,000,000. For this reason, the number of quantified species will always lag behind the number of described species, and species contained


id: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of cell biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:35.262817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research extends to both the great diversities of single-celled organisms like bacteria and the complex specialized cells in multicellular organisms like humans. Formerly, the field was called cytology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow;" and -λογία, -logia). == A branch of science == Cell biology can be described as all of the following: Branch of science – A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Branch of natural science – The branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Branch of biology – The study of life and living organisms, including


id: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of cell biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:35.262817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-0
summary:
== General cellular anatomy == Cellular compartment – All closed parts within a cell whose lumen is usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane. Organelles – A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane or traditionally any subcellular functional unit. === Organelles === Endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum – An organelle composed of an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae. Membrane bound polyribosome – Polyribosomes that are attached to a cell's endoplasmic reticulum. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – A section of endoplasmic reticulum on which ribosomes are not attached is termed as smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates and calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. Rough endoplasmic reticulum – A section of the endoplasmic reticulum on with the protein manufacturing organelle i.e. ribosomes are attached is termed as rough endoplasmic reticulum which give it a "rough" appearance (hence its name). Its primary function is the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins. Vesicle – A relatively small intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. Golgi apparatus – A eukaryotic


id: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of cell biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:35.262817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-0
summary:
=== Structures === Cell membrane – (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma or "phospholipid bilayer") A semipermeable lipid bilayer found in all cells; it contains a wide array of functional macromolecules. Cell wall – A fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural support, protection, and acts as a filtering mechanism. Centriole – A barrel shaped microtubule structure found in most eukaryotic cells other than those of plants and fungi. Cluster of differentiation – A cell surface molecules present on white blood cells initially but found in almost any kind of cell of the body, providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. Physiologically, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands (the molecule that activates a receptor) important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Cytoskeleton – A cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm that is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoplasm – A gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid that fills most cells, it includes all cytosol, organelles and cytoplasmic inclusions. Cytosol – It is the internal fluid of


id: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of cell biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:35.262817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-0
summary:
=== Cellular metabolism === Cellular respiration – Glycolysis – The foundational process of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is the archetype of universal metabolic processes known and occurring (with variations) in many types of cells in nearly all organisms. Pyruvate dehydrogenase – Enzyme in the eponymous complex linking glycolysis and the subsequent citric acid cycle. Citric acid cycle – Also known as the Krebs cycle, an important aerobic metabolic pathway. Electron transport chain – A biochemical process which associates electron carriers (such as NADH and FADH2) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a major energy intermediate in living organisms. Typically occurs across a cellular membrane. Photosynthesis – The conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. Light-dependent reactions – A series of biochemical reactions driven by light that take place across thylakoid membrane to provide for the Calvin cycle reactions. Calvin cycle – A series of anabolic biochemical reactions that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is one of the light-independent reactions or dark reactions. Electron transport chain – A biochemical process which associates electron carriers (such as NADH and FADH2) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce


id: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology-4.md
category: reference
title: Outline of cell biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:35.262817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-0
summary:
=== Miscellaneous cellular processes === Cell transport Osmosis – The diffusion of water through a cell wall or membrane or any partially permeable barrier from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution with high solute concentration. Passive transport – Movement of molecules into and out of cells without the input of cellular energy. Active transport – Movement of molecules into and out of cells with the input of cellular energy. Bulk transport Endocytosis – It is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using process. Exocytosis – It is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell by expelling them. Phagocytosis – The process a cell uses when engulfing solid particles into the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or "food vacuole." Tonicity – This is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. Programmed cell death – The death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program (ex. apoptosis or


id: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology-5.md
category: reference
title: Outline of cell biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:35.262817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-cell-biology-20260505-0
summary:
== Cell biologists == Karl August Möbius – In 1884 first observed the structures that would later be called "organelles". Bengt Lidforss – Coined the word "organells" which later became "organelle". Robert Hooke – Coined the word "cell" after looking at cork under a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek – First observed microscopic single celled organisms in apparently clean water. Hans Adolf Krebs – Discovered the citric acid cycle in 1937. Konstantin Mereschkowski – Russian botanist who in 1905 described the Theory of Endosymbiosis. Edmund Beecher Wilson – Known as America's first cellular biologist, discovered the sex chromosome arrangement in humans. Albert Claude – Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells" Theodor Boveri – In 1888 identified the centrosome and described it as the 'special organ of cell division.' Peter D. Mitchell – British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis. Lynn Margulis – An American biologist best known for her theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles, and her contributions and support of the endosymbiotic theory. Günter Blobel – An American biologist who won a Nobel Prize


id: list-of-participants-in-the-evolving-genes-and-proteins-symposium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Evolving_Genes_and_Proteins_symposium-0.md
category: reference
title: List of participants in the Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Evolving_Genes_and_Proteins_symposium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:37.680304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-participants-in-the-evolving-genes-and-proteins-symposium-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of scientists who participated in the 1964 Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium, a landmark event in the history of molecular evolution. The symposium, supported by the National Science Foundation, took place on September 17 and September 18, 1964 at the Institute of Microbiology of Rutgers University. A summary of the proceedings was published in Science, and the full proceedings were edited by Vernon Bryson and Henry J. Vogel and published in 1965. == References ==


id: list-of-plant-orders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plant_orders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of plant orders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plant_orders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:38.983809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-plant-orders-20260505-0
summary:
This article lists the living orders of the Viridiplantae, based primarily on the work of Ruggiero et al. 2015. Living order of Lycophytes and ferns are taken from Christenhusz et al. 2011b and Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. Living orders of Gymnosperms are added from Christenhusz et al. 2011a while extinct orders are from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007. == Division Prasinodermophyta == === Class Prasinodermophyceae === Order Prasinodermatales === Class Palmophyllophyceae === Order Prasinococcales Order Palmophyllales == Division Chlorophyta == === Subdivision Prasinophytina === ==== Class Mamiellophyceae ==== Order Monomastigales Order Dolichomastigales Order Mamiellales ==== Class Pyramimonadophyceae ==== Order Pyramimonadales === Subdivision Chlorophytina === ==== Class Nephroselmidophyceae ==== Order Nephroselmidales ==== Class Picocystophyceae ==== Order Picocystales Order ?Pseudoscourfieldiales ==== Class Chloropicophyceae ==== Order Chloropicales ==== Class Pedinophyceae ==== Order ?Scourfieldiales Order Marsupiomonadales Order Pedinomonadales ==== Class Chlorodendrophyceae ==== Order Chlorodendrales ==== Class Trebouxiophyceae ==== Order ?Phyllosiphonales Order Chlorellales Order Prasiolales Order Microthamniales Order Trebouxiales ==== Class Ulvophyceae ==== Order Ignatiales Order Oltmannsiellopsidales Order Scotinosphaerales Order Ulotrichales Order Ulvales Order Trentepohliales Order Cladophorales Order Dasycladales Order Bryopsidales ==== Class Chlorophyceae ==== Order Chaetopeltidales Order Chaetophorales Order Chlamydomonadales Order Chlorococcales Order Microsporales Order Oedogoniales Order Sphaeropleales Order Tetrasporales == Division Streptophyta == ===


id: list-of-prehistoric-bryozoan-genera-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bryozoan_genera-0.md
category: reference
title: List of prehistoric bryozoan genera
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bryozoan_genera
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:40.298558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-prehistoric-bryozoan-genera-20260505-0
summary:
This list of prehistoric bryozoans is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the bryozoa which are known from the fossil record. This list excludes purely vernacular terms. It includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered bryozoans. Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, as indicated. == A == Acanthocella Acanthoceramoporella Acanthocladia Acanthoclema Acanthodesia Acantholaminatus Acanthopora Acanthoporella Acanthoporidea Acanthotrypa Acanthotrypina Acoscinopleura Acrogenia Actinopora Actinotaxia Actinotrypa Actinotrypella Actisecos Adenifera Adeona Adeonella Adeonellopsis Admiratella Aechmella Aegyptopora Aeolopora Aetea Aetomacladia Aggregopora Aimulosia Aisenvergia Akatopora Alderina Allantopora Allonema Alternifenestella Altshedata Aluverina Alveolaria Alwynopora Alysidota Amalgamoporous Amalgamoprus Amathia Ammatophora Amphiblestrella Amphiblestrum Amphimorsoniella Amphiporella Amplexopora Amsassipora Amurodictya Anaphragma Anaptopora Anarthropora Anastomopora Andriopora Angelopora Anguisia Anisotrypa Anisotrypella Annectocyma Annunziopora Anolotichia Anomalotoechus Anornithopora Anotopora Antropora Aostipora Apatotervia Apertostella Aplousina Apsendesia Arachnidid Arachnidium Arachnoidella Arachnopusia Araxopora Arborocladia Archaeofenestella Archaeomeson Archimedes Arcticopora Arctipoora Argopora Armillopora Artchedella Arthroclema Arthropoma Arthrostyloecia Arthrostylus Arthrotrypa Ascodictyon Ascopora Ascoporella Asperopora Aspidopora Aspidostoma Assatkinella Astralochoma Astrovidictya Astroviella Astroviellina Atacama (see Plesiothoa)


id: list-of-prehistoric-bryozoan-genera-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bryozoan_genera-1.md
category: reference
title: List of prehistoric bryozoan genera
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bryozoan_genera
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:40.298558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-prehistoric-bryozoan-genera-20260505-0
summary:
== M == Macropora Macroporina Magnea Magnederella Mamillopora Manzonella Marcusodictyon Marcusopora Margaretta Marginaria Marquetta Marssoniella Marssonopora Mastigophora (see Herentia) Mastigophorella Matherocladia Matheropora Matsutrypa Maychella Maychellina Meandropora Mecynoecia Mediapora Medisemicoscinium Meekopora Meekoporella Megacanthopora Megacanthoporina Melicerita Melicerita Meliceritella Meliceritites Meliceritites Membranipora Membraniporella Membraniporidra Membraniporina Membrendoecium Meniscopora Mesenteripora Mesonea Mesonopora Mesostomaria Mesotrypa Mesotrypina Metadictya Metastenodiscus Metelipora Metracolposa Metradolium Metrarabdotos Metrocrypta Metroperiella Microcampylus Microecia Micropora Microporella Microporina Minilya Minussina Mirifenestella Mitoclema Mitoclemella Mojczatrypa Mollia Mongoloclema Mongolodictya Monoceratopora Monocerina Monodesmopora Monoporella Monotrypa Monotrypella Monsella Monticellaria Monticulipora Moorephylloporina Morozovapora Morozoviella Morphasmopora Mosathoa Moyanopora Moyerella Mucronella Multicavea Multicrescis Multifascigera Multigalea Multiphragma Multisparsa Multitubigera Multizonopora Mumiella Murengoloclema Murinopsia Myagropora Myriapora Myriozoum Mystriopora == N == Nannopora Nekhoroshoviella Neliella Nellia Nemacanthclema Nemacanthopora Nemataxidra Nemataxis Nematifera Nematopora Nematoporella Nematotrypa Neoeridocampilus Neoeridotrypella Neoretenoa Neoreteporina Neorhombopora Neotrematopora Nephropora Neuropora Neuroporella Nevianopora Newportopora Nicholsonella Nicklesopora Niigaella Nikiforopora Nikiforovella Nipponstenopora Notamia Notoplagioecia Nudonychocella Nudymiella == O == Oanduella Oanduellina Obliquostoma Ochetosella Ochetosellina Odonotrypa Odontionella Oeciophylloporina Ogbinopora Ogiva Ogivalia Ogivalina Oligotopora Omalosecosa Oncousoecia Onychocella Onychocellaria Opisthornithopora Orbignyella Orbignyopora Orbipora Orbitulipora Orectodictya Orthopora Osburnostylus Osculipora Osthimosia Otionella Otopora Ottoseetaxis == P == Pachycraspedon Pachydera Pachydictya Pachystomaria Pachyteichopora Pachythecella Pakridictya Palaeocoryne Palaeocrisidia Paleoatactoechus Paleschara Palmicellaria Pamirella Pancheilopora Papillalunaria Parachasmatopora Paracrescis Parafenestalia Parafenestella Paralhederella Paralioclema Parametelipora Paranicklespora Paraseptopora


id: list-of-proteins-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proteins-0.md
category: reference
title: List of proteins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proteins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:41.469510+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-proteins-20260505-0
summary:
Proteins are a class of macromolecular organic compounds that are essential to life. They consist of a long polypeptide chain that usually adopts a single stable three-dimensional structure. They fulfill a wide variety of functions including providing structural stability to cells, catalyzing chemical reactions that produce or store energy or synthesize other biomolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, transporting essential nutrients, or serving other roles such as signal transduction. They are selectively transported to various compartments of the cell or in some cases, secreted from the cell. This list aims to organize information on how proteins are most often classified: by structure, by function, or by location. == Structure == Proteins may be classified as to their three-dimensional structure (also known a protein fold). The two most widely used classification schemes are: CATH database Structural Classification of Proteins database (SCOP) Both classification schemes are based on a hierarchy of fold types. At the top level are all alpha proteins (domains consisting of alpha helices), all beta proteins (domains consisting of beta sheets), and mixed alpha helix/beta sheet proteins. While most proteins adopt a single stable fold, a few proteins can rapidly interconvert between one or more folds. These are referred


id: list-of-brown-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-0.md
category: reference
title: List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:45.220951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-brown-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of brown seaweeds recorded from the oceans bordering The Cape Peninsula in South Africa from Melkbosstrand on the West Coast to Cape Hangklip on the South Coast. This list comprises locally used common names, scientific names with author citation and recorded ranges. Ranges specified may not be the entire known range for the species, but should include the known range within the waters surrounding the Republic of South Africa. Brown seaweed refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae in the taxon Phaeophyta The marine ecology is unusually varied for an area of this size, as a result of the meeting of two major oceanic water masses near Cape Point, and the park extends into two coastal marine bioregions. The ecology of the west or "Atlantic Seaboard" side of the Cape Peninsula is noticeably different in character and biodiversity to that of the east, or "False Bay" side. Both sides are classified as temperate waters, but there is a significant difference in average temperature, with the Atlantic side being noticeably colder on average. List ordering and taxonomy complies where possible with the current usage in Algaebase, and may differ from the cited source, as


id: list-of-brown-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-1.md
category: reference
title: List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:45.220951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-brown-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
==== Family Sargassaceae ==== Long-leafed sargassum Anthophycus longifolius (Turner) Kützing, 1849 syn. Fucus longifolius Turner 1809, Sargassum longifolium (Turner) C.Agardh 1820, Carpophyllum longifolium (Turner) De Toni 1895, (Platboombaai eastwards as far as Uvongo in southern KwaZulu-Natal) Constricted axils Axillariella constricta (J.Agardh) P.C.Silva 1959b, syn. Fucodium constrictum J.Agardh 1848, Ascophyllum constricta (J.Agardh) Kuntze 1891, Ascophylla constricta (Kützing) Kuntze 1891, (Cape Peninsula to Cape Columbine) Hanging wrack Brassicophycus brassicaeformis (Kützing) Draisma, Ballesteros, F.Rousseau & T.Thibaut 2010, syn. Pycnophycus brassicaeformis Kützing 1860, Bifurcaria brassicaeformis (Kützing) E.S.Barton 1893, (Cape Agulhas to Sea Point) Cystophora fibrosa Simons, 1970, (De Walle to Koppie Allen, and Platboom) Sargassum elegans Suhr, 1840, (False Bay to Mozambique. Endemic to southern Africa) Different-leafed sargassum, Sargassum incisifolium (Turner) C.Agardh 1820, syn. Fucus incisifolius Turner 1811, Sargassum heterophyllum (Turner) C.Agardh, 1820, (False Bay eastward into Mozambique. Restricted to Southern Africa and Madagascar) === Order: Laminariales === ==== Family Laminariaceae ==== Split-fan kelp Laminaria pallida Greville in J. Agardh 1848, Hafgygia pallida (Greville) Areschchoug 1883, Saccharina pallida (Greville) Kuntze 1891, (Danger Point to Cape Nolloth, as the schinzii form to at least Rocky Point in northern Namibia) Bladder kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C.Agardh, 1820, also recorded as syn. Macrocystis angustifolia Bory de Saint-Vincent


id: list-of-green-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-0.md
category: reference
title: List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:46.623106+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-green-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of green seaweeds recorded from the oceans bordering the Cape Peninsula in South Africa from Melkbosstrand on the West Coast to Cape Hangklip on the South Coast. This list comprises locally used common names, scientific names with author citation and recorded ranges. Ranges specified may not be the entire known range for the species, but should include the known range within the waters surrounding the Republic of South Africa. Green seaweed refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae in the taxon Chlorophyta The marine ecology is unusually varied for an area of this size, as a result of the meeting of two major oceanic water masses near Cape Point, and the area extends into two coastal marine bioregions. The ecology of the west or "Atlantic Seaboard" side of the Cape Peninsula is noticeably different in character and biodiversity to that of the east, or "False Bay" side. Both sides are classified as temperate waters, but there is a significant difference in average temperature, with the Atlantic side being noticeably colder on average. List ordering and taxonomy complies where possible with the current usage in Algaebase, and may differ from the cited source, as


id: list-of-green-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-1.md
category: reference
title: List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:46.623106+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-green-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
==== Family: Ulvaceae ==== Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin 1947, syn. Enteromorpha minima Nägeli ex Kützing 1849, Enteromorpha compressa var. minima (Nägeli ex Hauck) Hamel 1931, Enteromorpha nana var. minima (Nägeli ex Hauck) Sjøstedt 1939, (Kraalbaai, Langebaan lagoon to False Bay, and Eastern Cape) Chloropelta caespitosa Tanner 1980, (Kalk Bay and Cape Hangklip) Enteromorpha atroviridis (Levring) M.J.Wynne 1986, syn. Ulva atroviridis Levring 1938, (Namibia to Oudekraal, Cape Peninsula) Percursaria percursa (C.Agardh) Rosenvinge 1893, syn. Zignoa percursa (C.Agardh) Trevisan, Conferva percursa C.Agardh 1817, Enteromorpha percursa (C.Agardh) J.Agardh 1842, (Cape Peninsula – Glencairn, Scarborough, Mouille Point) Tangleweed, Ulva clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh, 1811, (TMNPMPA), Ulva flexuosa Wulfen 1803, syn. Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J.Agardh 1883, (Muizenberg and Dalebrook, False Bay and Eastern Cape) Green sea intestines, Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus 1753, syn. Conferva intestinalis (Linnaeus) Roth 1797, Tetraspora intestinalis (Linnaeus) Desvaux 1818, Scytosiphon intestinalis (Linnaeus) Lyngbye 1819, Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees 1820, Fistularia intestinalis (Linnaeus) Greville 1824, Solenia intestinalis (Linnaeus) C.Agardh 1824, Ilea intestinalis (Linnaeus) Leiblein 1827, Hydrosolen intestinalis (Linnaeus) Martius 1833, Ulva enteromorpha var. intestinalis (Linnaeus) Le Jolis 1863, Ulva bulbosa var. intestinalis (Linnaeus) Hariot 1889, Enteromorpha compressa var. intestinalis (Linnaeus) Hamel 1931, (Widespread on west and south coasts, along entire South African


id: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-0.md
category: reference
title: List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:48.020280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of red seaweeds recorded from the oceans bordering The Cape Peninsula in South Africa from Melkbosstrand on the West Coast to Cape Hangklip on the South Coast. This list comprises locally used common names, scientific names with author citation and recorded ranges. Ranges specified may not be the entire known range for the species, but should include the known range within the waters surrounding the Republic of South Africa. Red seaweed refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae in the taxon Rhodophyta The marine ecology is unusually varied for an area of this size, as a result of the meeting of two major oceanic water masses near Cape Point, and the park extends into two coastal marine bioregions. The ecology of the west or "Atlantic Seaboard" side of the Cape Peninsula is noticeably different in character and biodiversity to that of the east, or "False Bay" side. Both sides are classified as temperate waters, but there is a significant difference in average temperature, with the Atlantic side being noticeably colder on average. List ordering and taxonomy complies where possible with the current usage in Algaebase, and may differ from the cited source, as


id: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-1.md
category: reference
title: List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:48.020280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
==== Family Ceramiaceae ==== Antithamnion diminuatum var. polyglandulum Stegenga 1986, (Olifantsbos in the southern Cape Peninsula eastward to KwaZulu-Natal) Antithamnion pseudoarmatum Stegenga 1986, (Olifantsbos and Brandfontein, endemic) Antithamnionella tasmanica Wollaston 1968, (Kalk Bay to Kowie River) Antithamnionella tormentosa Stegenga 1986, (Cape Peninsula from Three Anchor Bay to Muizenberg, endemic) Antithamnionella verticillata (Suhr) Lyle 1922, syn. Callithamnion vertillatum Suhr 1840, Antithamnion verticillatum (Suhr) De Toni 1903, (Swartklip in False Bay to Transkei) Bornetia repens Stegenga 1985, (Swartklip in False Bay to Transkei, possibly KwaZulu-Natal) Callithamniella capensis Simons 1970, (Muizenberg to East London, endemic) Callithamnion stuposum Suhr 1840, syn. Phlebothamnion stuposum (Suhr) Kützing 1843, Spongoclonium stuposum (Suhr) De Toni 1903, (Rare on weat coast, common on south coast and KwaZulu-Natal at least as far north as Mabibi) Flaccid kelp-weed, Carpoblepharis flaccida (J.V.Lamouroux) Kützing 1849, syn. Ptilota flaccida (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh 1822, Delesseria flaccida J.V.Lamouroux 1813, (Namibia to the Kei river, Southern African endemic) Carpoblepharis minima E.S.Barton 1893, (Möwe Bay in Namibia to Buffels Bay on the Cape Peninsula) Centroceras clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne 1846, syn. Ceramium clavulatum C.Agardh 1822, Spyridia clavulata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh 1842, (Whole southern African coast) Centroceras distichum Okamura 1934, (Cape Hangklip) Curl-claw, Centroceras spp. Beaded ceramium, Ceramium arenarium Simons 1966, (Swakopmund


id: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-2.md
category: reference
title: List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:48.020280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
==== Family Rhodomelaceae ==== Aiolocolax pulchellus M.A.Pocock 1956, (Blaauwberg eastwards) Bostrychia intricata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Montagne 1852, syn. Scytonema intricatum Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828, Stictosiphonia intricata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) P.C.Silva 1996, (Saldanha Bay, Kommetjie on Cape Peninsula eastward along whole of south coast) Kelp fern, Carradoriella virgata (C.Agardh) P.C.Silva, 1996, recorded as syn. Polysiphonia virgata (C.Agardh) Sprengel 1827, syn. Hutchinsia virgata C.Agardh 1824, Carradoria virgata (C.Agardh) Kylin 1956, (Namibia to Brandfontein) Cape chondria, Chondria capensis (Harvey) Askenasy 1888, syn. Laurencia capensis Harvey 1849, Chondriopsis capensis (Harvey) J.Agardh 1863, (Namibia to just east of Cape Agulhas. Southern African endemic.) Falkenbergiella capensis Kylin 1938, (St James, Muizenberg and Swartklip in False Bay. Cape south coast. Endemic) Herposiphonia didymosporangia Stegenga & Kemperman 1987, (St James, Brandfontein and coast of De Hoop nature reserve, Southern African endemic) Herposiphonia heringii (Harvey) Falkenberg 1901, syn. Polysiphonia heringii Harvey 1847, (Between Hondeklipbaai and St James, endemic) Herposiphonia secunda (C.Agardh) Ambronn 1880, syn. Hutchinsia secunda C.Agardh 1824, Polysiphonia secunda (C.Agardh) Zanardini 1840, Herposiphonia tenella f. secunda (C.Agardh) Hollenberg 1968, (Muizenberg, Cape Agulhas eastward to the tropics) Flexuose laurencia, Laurencia flexuosa Kützing 1849, (False Bay to KwaZulu-Natal at least as far north as Mabibi, endemic)) Grape laurencia, Laurencia glomerata


id: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-3.md
category: reference
title: List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:48.020280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
==== Family Corallinaceae ==== Amphiroa capensis Areschoug 1852, (Llandudno on Cape Peninsula to Kowie River, endemic) Amphiroa epheddraea horsetail coralline, Arthrocardia corymbosa (Lamarck) Decaisne 1842, syn. Corallina corymbosa Lamarck 1815, Amphiroa corymbosa (Lamarck) Decaisne 1842, Cheilosporum corymbosum (Lamarck) Decaisne 1842, (Southern Cape Peninsula eastward) Arthrocardia flabellata (Kützing) Manza 1940, syn. Corallina flabellata Kützing 1858, (Probably along most of the southern African coast) (Probably along the entire South African coast extending into Mozambique) Arthrocardia filicula (Lamarck) Johansen 1984, syn. Corallina filicula Lamarck 1815, Cheilosporum palmatum var. filicula (Lamarck) Yendo 1902, (Namibia and west coast) Feather coralline, Corallina officinalis Linnaeus 1758, (Oudekraal to Kowie river) (Oudekraal eastward to Mission Rocks) Hydrolithon samoënse (Foslie) Keats & Y.M.Chamberlain 1994, syn. Lithophyllum samoënse Foslie 1906, Pseudolithophyllum samoënse (Foslie) Adey 1970, (Yzerfontein, Western Cape to Sodwana Bay, KwaZulu-Natal.) Finely forked coralline, Jania adhaerens J.V.Lamouroux, 1816 (TMNPMPA) Jania crassa J.V.Lamouroux 1821, (St. James in False Bay, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal) Arrowhead coralline, Jania cultrata (Harvey) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.-G.Choi 2007, syn. Amphiroa cultrata Harvey 1849, Cheilosporum cultratum (Harvey) Areschoug 1852, (as Cheilosporum cultratum, Platboombaai on Cape Peninsula to Mozambique) Jania sagittata (J.V.Lamouroux) Blainville 1834, syn. Corallina sagittata J.V.Lamouroux 1824, Amphiroa sagittata (J.V.Lamouroux) Decaisne 1842, Arthrocardia sagittata (J.V.Lamouroux)


id: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-4.md
category: reference
title: List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:48.020280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
==== Family Gigartinaceae ==== Red tongue-weed, Gigartina bracteata (S.G.Gmelin) Setchell & N.L.Gardner 1933, syn. Fucus bracteatus S.G.Gmelin 1768, (Namibia to Cape of Good Hope, drift material from Muizenberg, Southern African endemic) Gigartina insignis (Endlicher & Diesing) F.Schmitz in E.S.Barton 1896, syn. Iridaea insignis Endlicher & Diesing 1845, (Muizenberg, Cape Hangklip to Kowie River, Southern African endemic) Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse 1809, syn. Fucus pistillatus S.G.Gmelin 1768, (Smitswinkel Bay and Swartklip east to the Kowie area) Tongue-weed, Gigartina polycarpa (Kützing) Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1933 (TMNPMPA) Gigartina tysonii Reinbold in Tyson 1912, (Three Anchor Bay to Camps Bay, drift specimens from Platboombaai and Olifantsbos, endemic) Gigartina scabiosa (Kützing) Papenfuss (date not specified) (TMNPMPA) Iridaea convoluta (Areschoug ex J Agardh) Hewitt 1960, syn. Gigartina convoluta Areschoug ex J.Agardh 1899, (Table Bay to Cape of Good Hope, endemic) Spotted mazzaella, Mazzaella capensis (J.Agardh) Fredericq in Hommersand et al. 1993, Iridaea capensis J.Agardh 1848, Iridophycus capensis (J.Agardh) Setchell & N.L.Gardner 1936, Gigartina capensis (J.Agardh) D.H.Kim 1976, (Port Nolloth to Cape Agulhas, extending into Namibia, Southern African endemic) Convoluted mazzaella Mazzaella convoluta (Areschoug ex J.Agardh) Hommersand, 1994, (TMNPMPA) Rhodoglossum alcicorne Stegenga, Bolton & R.J.Anderson 1997, (Hout Bay, endemic) Sarcothalia radula (Esper) Edyvane & Womersley 1994, syn.


id: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay-5.md
category: reference
title: List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:48.020280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-red-seaweeds-of-the-cape-peninsula-and-false-bay-20260505-0
summary:
==== Family Hapalidiaceae ==== Thin coralline crust, Phymatolithon foveatum (Y.M.Chamberlain & Keats) Maneveldt & E.Van der Merwe 2014, (TMNPMPA), syn. Leptophytum foveatum Y.M.Chamberlain & D.W.Keats, 1994. === Order Hildenbrandiales === ==== Family Hildenbrandiaceae ==== Tar crust, Hildenbrandia lecannellieri Hariot 1887, (Entire west coast and east coast as far as Port Elizabeth) Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini 1841, (Probably the whole of the west coast) === Order Nemaliales === ==== Family Liagoraceae ==== Helminthocladia papenfussii Kylin 1938, (Oudekraal eastward at least as far as Cape Morgan) Helminthora furcellata (Reinbold ex Tyson) M.T.Martin 1947, (Endemic, Three Anchor Bay to Cape Hangklip) ==== Family Scinaiaceae ==== Hedgehog seaweed, Nothogenia erinacea (Turner) P.G.Parkinson 1983, (Cape Fria, Namibia to East London) Balloon weed, Nothogenia ovalis (Suhr) P.G.Parkinson 1983, syn. Dumontia ovalis Suhr 1840, (Endemic, Möwe Bay, Namibia to Cape Agulhas) Scinaia capensis (Setchell) Huisman 1985, syn. Gloiophloea capensis Setchell 1914, (Endemic, Melkbosstrand to Kowie area of Eastern Cape) Ramrod weed, Scinaia salicornioides (Kützing) J.Agardh 1851, syn. Ginnania salicornioides Kützing, (Endemic, Muizenberg to east coast) === Order Nemastomatales === ==== Family Schizymeniaceae ==== Schizymenia apoda (J.Agardh) J.Agardh 1851, syn. Platymenia apoda J.Agardh 1848, Platymenia undulata var. obovata J.Agardh 1848, Schizymenia obovata (J.Agardh) J.Agardh 1851, (Port Nolloth to


id: list-of-selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators-0.md
category: reference
title: List of selective estrogen receptor modulators
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:49.247802+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). == Approved == SERMs that have been approved for medical use include anordrin (+mifepristone (Zi Yun)), bazedoxifene (+conjugated estrogens (Duavee)), broparestrol (Acnestrol), clomifene (Clomid), cyclofenil (Sexovid), lasofoxifene (Fablyn), ormeloxifene (Centron, Novex, Novex-DS, Sevista), ospemifene (Osphena; deaminohydroxytoremifene), raloxifene (Evista), tamoxifen (Nolvadex), and toremifene (Fareston; 4-chlorotamoxifen). == Clinical trials == SERMs that are currently under development and in clinical trials include acolbifene, afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen; metabolite of tamoxifen), elacestrant, enclomifene ((E)-clomifene), endoxifen (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen; metabolite of tamoxifen), and zuclomifene ((Z)-clomifene). == Non-approved == SERMs that have not been approved for medical use include arzoxifene, brilanestrant, clomifenoxide (clomiphene N-oxide; metabolite of clomifene), droloxifene (3-hydroxytamoxifen), etacstil, fispemifene, GW-7604 (4-hydroxyetacstil; metabolite of etacstil), idoxifene (pyrrolidino-4-iodotamoxifen), levormeloxifene ((L)-ormeloxifene), miproxifene, nafoxidine, nitromifene (CI-628), NNC 45-0095, panomifene, pipendoxifene (ERA-923), trioxifene, and zindoxifene (D-16726). Sivifene (A-007) was initially thought to be a SERM due to its structural similarity to tamoxifen but it was subsequently found not to bind to the estrogen receptor (ER). Tesmilifene (DPPE; YMB-1002, BMS-217380-01) is also structurally related to tamoxifen but similarly does not bind to the ER and is not a SERM. == Structure == SERMs can be variously classified structurally as triphenylethylenes (tamoxifen, clomifene, toremifene, droloxifene,


id: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced animal genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:50.483884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of sequenced animal genomes contains animal species for which complete genome sequences have been assembled, annotated and published. Substantially complete draft genomes are included, but not partial genome sequences or organelle-only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes. For the far more abundant mitochondrial genomes, see list of sequenced animal mitochondrial genomes. == Porifera (Sponges) == Amphimedon queenslandica, a sponge (2009) Stylissa carteri (2016) Ephydatia muelleri (2020) Xestospongia testudinaria (2016) == Ctenophora == Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora), (order Lobata) (2012/2013) Hormiphora californensis (Ctenophora) (2021) Pleurobrachia bachei (Ctenophora) (2014) Bolinopsis microptera(Ctenophora) (2022) == Placozoa == == Cnidaria == Hydra vulgaris, (previously Hydra magnipapillata), a model hydrozoan (2010) Nematostella vectensis, a model sea anemone (starlet sea anemone) (2007) Aiptasia pallida, a sea anemone (2015) Renilla muelleri, an octocoral (2017, 2019) Stylophora pistillata, a coral (2017) Aurelia aurita, moon jellyfish (2019) Clytia hemisphaerica, Hydrozoan jellyfish (2019) Myxobolus honghuensis (2022) Nemopilema nomurai, Nomura jellyfish (2019) Rhopilema esculentum, Flame jellyfish (2020) Cassiopea xamachana (Scyphozoa) (2019) Alatina alata (Cubozoa) (2019) Calvadosia cruxmelitensis (Staurozoa) (2019) Dendronephthya gigantea, an octocoral (2019) Acropora acuminata (2020) Acropora awi (2020) Acropora cytherea, Table coral (2020) Acropora digitifera, a coral (2011) Acropora echinata (2020) Acropora florida, branching staghorn


id: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes-1.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced animal genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:50.483884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
==== Teleostei ==== Order Anabantiformes Betta splendens, Siamese fighting fish (2018) Helostoma temminkii, Kissing gourami (2020) Order Anguilliformes Anguilla anguilla, European Eel (2012) Anguilla japonica, Japanese Eel (2022) Order Atheriniformes Atherinopsis californiensis, Jack silverside (2023) Order Beloniformes Oryzias latipes, medaka (2007) Order Callionymiformes Callionymus lyra, common dragonet (2020) Order Carangiformes Caranx ignobilis, Giant trevally (2022) Caranx melampygus, Bluefin trevally (2021) Pseudocaranx georgianus, New Zealand trevally (2021) Order Centrarchiformes Oplegnathus fasciatus, barred knifejaw (2019) Siniperca roulei (Slender Mandarinfish) (2025) Order Characiformes Astyanax jordani, Mexican cavefish (2014) Astyanax mexicanus, Mexican tetra (2021) Colossoma macropomum, Tambaqui (2021) Hasemania nana, Silvertip tetra (2013) Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus, Flag tetra (2023) Petitella bleheri, Firehead tetra (2015) Psalidodon paranae, (2016) Order Cichliformes Oreochromis niloticus, Nile tilapia (2019) Maylandia zebra, Lake Malawi cichlid (2019) Order Clupeiformes Clupea harengus, Atlantic herring (2020) Coilia nasus, Japanese grenadier anchovy (2020) Sardina pilchardus, European pilchard (2019) Order Cypriniformes Anabarilius grahami, Kanglang fish (2018) Danio rerio, zebrafish (2007) Leuciscus baicalensis, Siberian dace (2014) Megalobrama amblycephala, Wuchang bream (2017) Metzia formosae, (2015) Opsarius caudiocellatus, (2022) Oxygymnocypris stewartii, (2019) Pseudobrama simoni (2020) Rhodeus ocellatus, Rosy bitterling (2020) Triplophysa bleekeri, Tibetan stone loach (2020) Order Cyprinodontiformes Fundulus catenatus, Northern studfish (2020) Fundulus olivaceus, Blackspotted topminnow (2020) Fundulus


id: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes-2.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced animal genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:50.483884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
Genus Aptenodytes (Great Penguins) Aptenodytes forsteri, Emperor penguin (2014) Aptenodytes patagonicus, King penguin (2019) Genus Eudyptes (Crested Penguins) Eudyptes chrysocome, Western rockhopper penguin (2019) Eudyptes chrysolophus chrysolophus, Macaroni penguin (2019) Eudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli, Royal penguin (2019) Eudyptes filholi, Eastern rockhopper penguin (2019) Eudyptes moseleyi, Northern rockhopper penguin (2019) Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Fiordland penguin (2019) Eudyptes robustus, Snares penguin (2019) Eudyptes sclateri, Erect-crested penguin (2019) Genus Eudyptula (Little Penguins) Eudyptula minor albosignata, White-flippered penguin (2019) Eudyptula minor minor, Little blue penguin (2019) Eudyptula novaehollandiae, Fairy penguin (2019) Genus Megadyptes (Hoiho Penguins) Megadyptes antipodes antipodes, Yellow-eyed penguin (2019) Pygoscelis (Brush-tailed Penguins) Pygoscelis adeliae, Adélie penguin (2014) Pygoscelis antarctica, Chinstrap penguin (2019) Pygoscelis papua, Gentoo penguin (2019) Genus Spheniscus (Banded Penguins) Spheniscus demersus, African penguin (2019) Spheniscus humboldti, Humboldt penguin (2019) Spheniscus magellanicus, Magellanic penguin (2019) Spheniscus mendiculus, Galápagos penguin (2019) ====== Order Ciconiiformes (Storks) ====== ====== Order Suliformes ====== ====== Order Pelecaniformes ====== ===== Afroaves ===== ====== Order Strigiformes (Owls) ====== ====== Order Accipitriformes ====== Add 87 hawk genomes found here: The Complete Genome Sequences of 87 Species of Hawks (Accipitriformes, Aves) ====== Order Coliiformes (Mousebirds) ====== ====== Order Leptosomiformes ====== ====== Order Trogoniformes (Trogons) ====== ====== Order Bucerotiformes ====== ====== Order Coraciiformes


id: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes-3.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced animal genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:50.483884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
===== Euarchontoglires ===== Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus, European rabbit (2010) Order Primates Family Callitrichidae Callithrix jacchus, Common marmoset (2010, whole genome 2014) Family Cercopithecidae Macaca mulatta, rhesus macaque (2007 & Chinese rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta lasiota in 2011) Macaca fascicularis, Cynomolgus or crab-eating macaque (2011) Papio anubis, olive baboon (2020) Papio cynocephalus, yellow baboon (2016) Rhinopithecus roxellana, golden snub-nosed monkey (2019) Family Galagidae Otolemur garnettii, small-eared galago, or bushbaby () Family Hominidae Subfamily Ponginae Pongo pygmaeus/Pongo abelii, orangutan (Borneo/Sumatra) (2011) Subfamily Homininae Gorilla gorilla, western gorilla (2012) Homo sapiens, modern human (draft 2001, whole genome 2022) † Homo neanderthalensis, Neanderthal (draft 2010) Pan troglodytes, chimpanzee (2005) Pan paniscus, bonobo (2012) Order Rodentia Family Caviidae Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, capybara (2018) Family Cricetidae Microtus montanus, Montane vole (2021) Microtus richardsoni, North American Water Vole (2021) Peromyscus leucopus, white-footed mouse (2019) Family Heteromyidae Perognathus longimembris pacificus, Pacific Pocket Mouse Family Muridae Mastomys coucha, Southern multimammate mouse (2019) Mus musculus Strain: C57BL/6J, House mouse (2002) Rattus norvegicus, Brown rat (2004) ===== Laurasiatheria ===== Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Family Antilocapridae Antilocapra americana, pronghorn (2019) Family Balaenidae Balaena mysticetus, bowhead whale (2015) Eubalaena glacialis, North Atlantic right whale (2018) Family Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera acutorostrata, common minke


id: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes-4.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced animal genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:50.483884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
=== Insects === Order Blattodea Blattella germanica, German cockroach (2018) Periplaneta americana, American cockroach (2018) Zootermopsis nevadensis, a dampwood termite (2014 Cryptotermes secundus, a drywood termite(2018) Macrotermes natalensis, a higher termite (2014 Order Coleoptera Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, beetle (mountain pine beetle) (2013) Aquatica lateralis, Japanese aquatic firefly "Heike-botaru" (firefly) (2018) Photinus pyralis, Big Dipper firefly (2018) Protaetia brevitarsis, White-spotted flower chafer (2019) Tribolium castaneum Strain:GA-2, beetle (red flour beetle) (2008) Allomyrina dichotoma, Japanese rhinoceros beetle (2022) Pachyrhynchus sulphureomaculatus, Easter Egg Weevil (2021) Order Collembola Family Isotomidae Desoria tigrina, (2021) Family Sminthurididae Sminthurides aquaticus, (2021) Order Diptera Family Calliphoridae Aldrichina grahami, Forensic blowfly (2020) Family Chironomidae Dasypogon diadema, Hunting Robber fly (2019) Parochlus steinend, Antarctic winged midge (2017) Proctacanthus coquilletti, Assassin fly (2017) Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) Aedes aegypti Strain:LVPib12, mosquito (vector of dengue fever, etc.) (2007) Aedes albopictus (2015) Anopheles darlingi Anopheles gambiae Strain: PEST, mosquito (vector of malaria) (2002) Anopheles gambiae Strain: M, mosquito (vector of malaria) (2010) Anopheles gambiae Strain: S, mosquito (vector of malaria) (2010) Anopheles sinensis, mosquito (vector of vivax malaria, lymphatic filariasis and Setaria infections), (2014) Anopheles stephensii Anopheles arabiensis (2015) Anopheles quadriannulatus (2015) Anopheles merus (2015) Anopheles melas (2015) Anopheles christyi (2015) Anopheles epiroticus (2015)


id: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes-5.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced animal genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:50.483884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-animal-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
== Nematodes == Ancylostoma ceylanicum, zoonotic hookworm infecting both humans and other mammals (2015) Aplectana chamaeleonis, amphibian parasite (2023) Ascaris suum, pig-infecting giant roundworm, closely related to human-infecting giant roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides (2011) Brugia malayi (Strain:TRS), human-infecting filarial parasite (2007) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, infects pine trees (2011) Caenorhabditis angaria (Strain:PS1010) (2010) Caenorhabditis brenneri, a gonochoristic (male-female obligate) species more closely related to C. briggsae than C. elegans Caenorhabditis briggsae (2003) Caenorhabditis elegans (Strain:Bristol N2), model organism (1998) Caenorhabditis remanei, a gonochoristic (male-female obligate) species more closely related to C. briggsae than C. elegans Dirofilaria immitis, dog-infecting filarial parasite (2012) Globodera pallida, plant pathogen (2014) Haemonchus contortus, blood-feeding parasite infecting sheep and goats (2013) Heterodera glycines, soybean cyst nematode (2019) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, (2013) Loa loa, human-infecting filarial parasite (2013) Meloidogyne hapla, northern root-knot nematode (plant pathogen) (2008) Meloidogyne incognita, southern root-knot nematode (plant pathogen) (2008) Necator americanus, human-infecting hookworm (2014) Onchocerca volvulus, human-infecting filarial parasite Pristionchus pacificus, model invertebrate (2008) Romanomermis culicivorax, entomopathogenic nematode that invades larvae of various mosquito species (2013) Trichuris suis, pig-infecting whipworm (2014) Trichuris muris, mouse-infecting whipworm (2014) Trichuris trichiura, human-infecting whipworm (2014) Wuchereria bancrofti, human-infecting filarial parasite == Nematomorpha == == Priapulida == == Kinorhyncha == ==


id: list-of-sequenced-archaeal-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced archaeal genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:51.865642+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-archaeal-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of sequenced archaeal genomes contains all the archaea known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and deposited in public databases. Methanococcus jannaschii was the first archaeon whose genome was sequenced, in 1996. Currently in this list there are 39 genomes belonging to Crenarchaeota species, 105 belonging to the Euryarchaeota, 1 genome belonging to Korarchaeota and to the Nanoarchaeota, 3 belonging to the Thaumarchaeota and 1 genome belonging to an unclassified Archaea, totalling 150 Archaeal genomes. == Crenarchaeota == === Acidilobales === === Desulforococcales === === Sulfolobales === === Thermoproteales === == Euryarchaeota == === Archaeoglobi === === Halobacteria === === Methanobacteria === === Methanococci === === Methanomicrobia === === Methanopyri === === Thermococci === === Thermoplasmata === === Unclassified Euryarchaeota === == Korarchaeota == == Nanoarchaeota == == Thaumarchaeota == === Cenarchaeales === === Nitrosopumilales === == Unclassified Archaea == == See also == Genome project Human microbiome project Lists of sequenced genomes List of sequenced bacterial genomes List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes List of sequenced mitochondrial genomes List of sequenced plastomes List of sequenced animal genomes List of sequenced animal mitochondrial genomes List of sequenced fungi genomes List of sequenced fungi


id: list-of-sequenced-fungi-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_fungi_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced fungi genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_fungi_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:53.310491+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-fungi-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of sequenced fungi genomes contains all the fungal species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. For all kingdoms, see lists of sequenced genomes. == Ascomycota == === Dothideomycetes === Aureobasidium pullulans, A. melanogenum, A. subglaciale and A. namibiae, polyextremotolerant (2014) Hortaea werneckii, extremely halotolerant (2013 2017) Leptosphaeria maculans, plant pathogen (2011) Macrophomina phaseolina, plant pathogen (2012) Mycosphaerella fijiensis, plant pathogen (2007) Mycosphaerella graminicola IPO323, wheat pathogen (2008) Phaeosphaeria nodorum SN15, wheat pathogen (2005) Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Pt-1C-BFP, wheat pathogen (2007) === Eurotiomycetes === Ajellomyces capsulata several strains, Darling's disease (2009, unpubl.) Ajellomyces dermatitidis several strains (2009, unpubl.) Arthroderma benhamiae CBS 112371, skin infection (2010, unpubl.) Arthroderma gypseum CBS 118893, athlete's foot (2008) Arthroderma otae CBS 113480, athlete's foot (2008) Aspergillus aculeatus ATCC16872, industrial use (2010) Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010, food pathogen (2009) Aspergillus clavatus Strain:NRRL1 (2008) Aspergillus fumigatus Strain:A1163, human pathogen (2008) Aspergillus fumigatus Strain:Af293, human pathogen (2005) Aspergillus kawachii IFO 4308, food industry (2011) Aspergillus nidulans Strain:FGSC A4, model organism (2005) Aspergillus niger Strain:ATCC 1015 (DOE Joint Genome institute) Aspergillus niger Strain:CBS 513.88, industrial use (2007) Aspergillus oryzae Strain:RIB40,


id: list-of-sequenced-fungi-genomes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_fungi_genomes-1.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced fungi genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_fungi_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:53.310491+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-fungi-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
== Chytridiomycota == Chytridiomycota includes fungi with spores that have flagella (zoospores) and are a sister group to more advanced land fungi that lack flagella. Several chytrid species are pathogens, but have not had their genomes sequenced yet. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis JEL423, amphibian pathogen (2006) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis JAM81, amphibian pathogen (2006) Spizellomyces punctatus DAOM BR117 (2009) Gonapodya prolifera JEL478 (Monoblepharidomycetes) (2011) Chytriomyces sp. MP 71 Entophlycits helioformis JEL805 Gaertneriomyces semiglobifer Barr43 Globomyces pollinis-pini Rhizoclomsatium globosum == Blastocladiomycota == Allomyces macrogynus ATCC 38327 (Blastocladiomycota) (2009) Catenaria anguillulae PL171 (Blastocladiomycota) == Neocallimastigomycota == Piromyces sp. E2 (Neocallimastigomycota) (2011) Anaeromyces sp. S4 Neocallimastix sp. G1 Orpinomyces sp. C1A == Microsporidia == Encephalitozoon cuniculi, human pathogen (2001) Encephalitozoon intestinalis ATCC 50506, human pathogen (2010) Enterocytozoon bieneusi, human pathogen particularly in the context of HIV infection (~60% of genome 2009, 2010) Nosema ceranae, honey bee pathogen (2009) Octosporea bayeri OER 3-3, Daphnia pathogen (2009) == Mucoromycota == === Mucoromycotina === Absidia padenii Absidia repens Backusella circina Circinella umbellata Cokeromyces recurvatus Cunninghamella echinulata Dichotomocladium elegans Fennellomyces sp. Gilbertella persicaria var. persicaria Gongronella butleri Hesseltinella vesiculosa Lichtheimia corymbifera Lichtheimia hyalospora Mucor circinelloides Mucor cordense Mucor indicus Mucor heterogamus Mycotypha africana Parasitella parasitica Phascolomyces articulosus Phycomyces blakesleeanus Phycomyces nitens


id: lists-of-sequenced-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_sequenced_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of sequenced genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_sequenced_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:54.563940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-sequenced-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
There are several lists of sequenced genomes: List of sequenced algae genomes List of sequenced animal genomes List of sequenced animal mitochondrial genomes List of sequenced archaeal genomes List of sequenced bacterial genomes List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes List of sequenced fungi genomes List of sequenced plant genomes List of sequenced plastomes List of sequenced protist genomes


id: list-of-sequenced-plant-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_plant_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced plant genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_plant_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:56.257480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-plant-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of sequenced plant genomes contains plant species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published. Unassembled genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes. For mitochondrial genomes, see list of sequenced plant mitochondrial genomes, For plastid genomes, see list of sequenced plastomes. See also List of sequenced algae genomes. == Bryophytes == == Vascular plants == === Lycophytes === === Ferns === === Gymnosperms === === Angiosperms === ==== Amborellales ==== ==== Chloranthales ==== ==== Magnoliids ==== ==== Eudicots ==== ===== Proteales ===== ===== Ranunculales ===== ===== Trochodendrales ===== ===== Caryophyllales ===== ===== Rosids ===== ===== Asterids ===== ==== Monocots ==== ===== Grasses ===== ===== Other non-grasses ===== == Press releases announcing sequencing == Not meeting criteria of the first paragraph of this article in being nearly full sequences with high quality, published, assembled and publicly available. This list includes species where sequences are announced in press releases or websites, but not in a data-rich publication in a refereed peer-review journal with DOI. Corchorus olitorius (Jute mallow), fibre plant 2017 Corchorus capsularis 2017 Fraxinus excelsior, European ash (2013 draft) == See


id: list-of-sequenced-plastomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_plastomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced plastomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_plastomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:57.675480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-plastomes-20260505-0
summary:
A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study. The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales. A compilation of most complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository. == Plants == === Bryophytes s.l. === === Ferns and lycophytes === === Gymnosperms === === Flowering plants === This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families. == Green algae == == Red algae == == Glaucophytes == == Meta-algae and apicomplexans == Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle. === Photosynthetic chromalveolates === Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule


id: list-of-sequenced-protist-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_protist_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced protist genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_protist_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:59.051434+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-protist-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of sequenced protist genomes contains all the protist species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. == Alveolata == Alveolata are a group of protists which includes the Ciliophora, Apicomplexa and Dinoflagellata. Members of this group are of particular interest to science as the cause of serious human and livestock diseases. == Amoebozoa == Amoebozoa are a group of motile amoeboid protists, members of this group move or feed by means of temporary projections, called pseudopods. The best known member of this group is the slime mold, which has been studied for centuries; other members include the Archamoebae, Tubulinea and Flabellinia. Some Amoeboza cause disease. == Chromista == The Chromista are a group of protists that contains the algal phyla Heterokontophyta (stramenopiles), Haptophyta and Cryptophyta. Members of this group are mostly studied for evolutionary interest. == Excavata == Excavata is a group of related free living and symbiotic protists; it includes the Metamonada, Loukozoa, Euglenozoa and Percolozoa. They are researched for their role in human disease. == Opisthokonts, basal == Opisthokonts are a group of eukaryotes that include both animals


id: list-of-subviral-agents-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subviral_agents-0.md
category: reference
title: List of subviral agents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subviral_agents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:58:12.423484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-subviral-agents-20260505-0
summary:
Subviral agents are pathogenic entities that can cause disease, but lack various fundamental properties of viruses. Subviral agents consist of satellites, viroids, prions, defective interfering particles, viriforms, and, most recently, obelisks. == See also == List of prions Virus classification == References ==


id: table-of-neurotransmitter-actions-in-the-ans-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_neurotransmitter_actions_in_the_ANS-0.md
category: reference
title: Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_neurotransmitter_actions_in_the_ANS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:58:13.667157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: table-of-neurotransmitter-actions-in-the-ans-20260505-0
summary:
This is a table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS (autonomic nervous system). It includes the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the visual system, the digestive system, the endocrine system, the urinary system, the reproductive system, and the integumentary system. Both effects of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic) and parasympathetic nervous system (muscarinic) are included. == Circulatory system == === Heart === === Blood vessels === === Other === == Respiratory system == ✱ The bronchioles have no sympathetic innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline == Visual system == == Digestive system == == Endocrine system == == Urinary system == == Reproductive system == == Integumentary system == == References ==


id: list-of-biology-websites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_websites-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biology websites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_websites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:58:16.215533+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biology-websites-20260505-0
summary:
This is an annotated list of biological websites, including only notable websites dealing with biology generally and those with a more specific focus. == See also == List of biodiversity databases Lists of websites


id: index-of-chemistry-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_chemistry_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of chemistry articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_chemistry_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:58:18.164414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-chemistry-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. Below is a list of chemistry-related articles in alphabetical order. Chemical compounds are listed separately at List of inorganic compounds, List of biomolecules, or List of organic compounds. The Outline of chemistry delineates different aspects of chemistry. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == Q == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == Z == == References ==


id: outline-of-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:58:19.295419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline acts as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: Chemistry is the science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate to the chemical reactions. Chemistry is centrally concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds. == Summary == Chemistry can be described as all of the following: An academic discipline – one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals. A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are several chemistry-related scientific journals. A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific method. A physical science – one that studies non-living systems. A biological science – one that studies the role of chemicals and chemical processes in living organisms. See Outline of biochemistry. == Branches ==


id: outline-of-chemistry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:58:19.295419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Astrochemistry – study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation. Cosmochemistry – study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. Computational chemistry – is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations for solving chemical problems. Environmental chemistry – study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur diverse aspects of the environment such the air, soil, and water. It also studies the effects of human activity on the environment. Green chemistry is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. Supramolecular chemistry – refers to the domain of chemistry beyond that of molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components. Theoretical chemistry – study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art


