# kb

id: fondements-de-la-g-ometrie-alg-brique-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondements_de_la_Géometrie_Algébrique-0.md
category: reference
title: Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondements_de_la_Géometrie_Algébrique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:44.112183+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fondements-de-la-g-ometrie-alg-brique-20260505-0
summary:
Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique (FGA) is a book that collected together seminar notes of Alexander Grothendieck. It is an important source for his pioneering work on scheme theory, which laid foundations for algebraic geometry in its modern technical developments. The title is a translation of the title of André Weil's book Foundations of Algebraic Geometry. It contained material on descent theory, and existence theorems including that for the Hilbert scheme. The Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géometrie algébrique is one series of seminars within FGA. Like the bulk of Grothendieck's work of the IHÉS period, duplicated notes were circulated, but the publication was not as a conventional book. == Contents == These are Séminaire Bourbaki notes, by number, from the years 1957 to 1962. Fondements de la géométrie algébrique. Commentaires [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 14, 1961/62, Complément]; Théorème de dualité pour les faisceaux algébriques cohérents [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 9, 1956/57, no. 149]; (coherent duality) Géométrie formelle et géométrie algébrique [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 11, 1958/59, no. 182]; (formal geometry) Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géométrie algébrique. I-VI I. Généralités. Descente par morphismes fidèlement plats [Séminaire Bourbaki, t. 12, 1959/60, no. 190]; II. Le théorème d'existence en théorie


id: formulario-mathematico-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulario_mathematico-0.md
category: reference
title: Formulario mathematico
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulario_mathematico
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:45.297151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: formulario-mathematico-20260505-0
summary:
Formulario Mathematico (Latino sine flexione: Formulary for Mathematics) is a book by Giuseppe Peano which expresses fundamental theorems of mathematics in a symbolic language developed by Peano. The author was assisted by Giovanni Vailati, Mario Pieri, Alessandro Padoa, Giovanni Vacca, Vincenzo Vivanti, Gino Fano and Cesare Burali-Forti. The Formulario was first published in 1894. The fifth and last edition was published in 1908. Nicolas Bourbaki described Peano's notation in the Formulario as "following current mathematical usage, and introducing many well-chosen abbreviating symbols, his language succeeded moreover in being fairly readable, ..." Hubert Kennedy wrote "the development and use of mathematical logic is the guiding motif of the project". He also explains the variety of Peano's publication under the title: the five editions of the Formulario [are not] editions in the usual sense of the word. Each is essentially a new elaboration, although much material is repeated. Moreover, the title and language varied: the first three, titled Formulaire de Mathématiques, and the fourth, titled, Formulaire Mathématique, were written in French, while Latino sine flexione, Peano's own invention, was used for the fifth edition, titled Formulario Mathematico. ... Ugo Cassina lists no less than twenty separately published items as being parts of


id: foundations-of-algebraic-geometry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Algebraic_Geometry-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundations of Algebraic Geometry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Algebraic_Geometry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:46.432627+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundations-of-algebraic-geometry-20260505-0
summary:
Foundations of Algebraic Geometry is a book by André Weil (1946, 1962) that develops algebraic geometry over fields of any characteristic. In particular it gives a careful treatment of intersection theory by defining the local intersection multiplicity of two subvarieties. Weil was motivated by the need for a rigorous theory of correspondences on algebraic curves in positive characteristic, which he used in his proof of the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields. Weil introduced abstract rather than projective varieties partly so that he could construct the Jacobian of a curve. (It was not known at the time that Jacobians are always projective varieties.) It was some time before anyone found any examples of complete abstract varieties that are not projective. In the 1950s Weil's work was one of several competing attempts to provide satisfactory foundations for algebraic geometry, all of which were superseded by Grothendieck's development of schemes. == See also == Weil cohomology theory == References == Raynaud, Michel (1999), "André Weil and the foundations of algebraic geometry" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 46 (8): 864–867, MR 1704257 van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1971), "The foundation of algebraic geometry from Severi to André Weil", Archive for


id: the-fractal-dimension-of-architecture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Dimension_of_Architecture-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fractal Dimension of Architecture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Dimension_of_Architecture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:47.635701+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fractal-dimension-of-architecture-20260505-0
summary:
The Fractal Dimension of Architecture is a book that applies the mathematical concept of fractal dimension to the analysis of the architecture of buildings. It was written by Michael J. Ostwald and Josephine Vaughan, both of whom are architecture academics at the University of Newcastle (Australia); it was published in 2016 by Birkhäuser, as the first volume in their Mathematics and the Built Environment book series. == Topics == The book applies the box counting method for computing fractal dimension, via the ArchImage software system, to compute a fractal dimension from architectural drawings (elevations and floor plans) of buildings, drawn at multiple levels of detail. The results of the book suggest that the results are consistent enough to allow for comparisons from one building to another, as long as the general features of the images (such as margins, line thickness, and resolution), parameters of the box counting algorithm, and statistical processing of the results are carefully controlled. The first five chapters of the book introduce fractals and the fractal dimension, and explain the methodology used by the authors for this analysis, also applying the same analysis to classical fractal structures including the Apollonian gasket, Fibonacci word, Koch snowflake, Minkowski sausage,


id: the-fractal-geometry-of-nature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Geometry_of_Nature-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fractal Geometry of Nature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Geometry_of_Nature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:48.793264+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fractal-geometry-of-nature-20260505-0
summary:
The Fractal Geometry of Nature is a 1982 book by the Franco-American mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot. == Overview == The Fractal Geometry of Nature is a revised and enlarged version of his 1977 book entitled Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension, which in turn was a revised, enlarged, and translated version of his 1975 French book, Les Objets Fractals: Forme, Hasard et Dimension. American Scientist put the book in its one hundred books of 20th century science. As technology has improved, mathematically accurate, computer-drawn fractals have become more detailed. Early drawings were low-resolution black and white; later drawings were higher resolution and in color. Many examples were created by programmers working with Mandelbrot, primarily at IBM Research. These visualizations have added to persuasiveness of the books and their impact on the scientific community. == See also == Chaos theory == References ==


id: fundamenta-nova-theoriae-functionum-ellipticarum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_nova_theoriae_functionum_ellipticarum-0.md
category: reference
title: Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_nova_theoriae_functionum_ellipticarum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:49.966123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fundamenta-nova-theoriae-functionum-ellipticarum-20260505-0
summary:
Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (from Latin: New Foundations of the Theory of Elliptic Functions) is a treatise on elliptic functions by German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The book was first published in 1829, and has been reprinted in volume 1 of his collected works and on several later occasions. The book introduces Jacobi elliptic functions and the Jacobi triple product identity. == References == Citations General Conway, John Horton (1980), "Monsters and moonshine", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 2 (4): 165–171, doi:10.1007/BF03028594, ISSN 0343-6993, MR 0600222, S2CID 121787388 Cooke, Roger (2005), "Chapter 31 C. F. G. Jacobi, book on elliptic functions", in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.), Landmark writings in western mathematics 1640–1940, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 412–430, ISBN 978-0-444-50871-3, MR 2169816 Jacobi, C. G. J. (1829), Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (in Latin), Königsberg: Borntraeger, ISBN 978-1-108-05200-9, Reprinted by Cambridge University Press 2012 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Jacobi, C. G. J. (1969) [1881], Gesammelte Werke, Herausgegeben auf Veranlassung der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. I–VIII (2nd ed.), New York: Chelsea Publishing Co., MR 0260557, archived from the original on 2013-05-13, retrieved 2012-10-14


id: games-puzzles-and-computation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games,_Puzzles,_and_Computation-0.md
category: reference
title: Games, Puzzles, and Computation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games,_Puzzles,_and_Computation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:51.099239+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: games-puzzles-and-computation-20260505-0
summary:
Games, Puzzles, and Computation is a book on game complexity, written by Robert Hearn and Erik Demaine, and published in 2009 by A K Peters. It is revised from Hearn's doctoral dissertation, which was supervised by Demaine. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended it for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == Games, Puzzles, and Computation concerns the computational complexity theory of solving logic puzzles and making optimal decisions in two-player and multi-player combinatorial games. Its focus is on games and puzzles that have seen real-world play, rather than ones that have been invented for a purely mathematical purpose. In this area it is common for puzzles and games such as sudoku, Rush Hour, reversi, and chess (in generalized forms with arbitrarily large boards) to be computationally difficult: sudoku is NP-complete, Rush Hour and reversi are PSPACE-complete, and chess is EXPTIME-complete. Beyond proving new results along these lines, the book aims to provide a unifying framework for proving such results, through the use of nondeterministic constraint logic, an abstract combinatorial problem that more closely resembles game play than the more classical problems previously used for completeness proofs. It is divided into three


id: geometric-and-topological-inference-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_and_Topological_Inference-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric and Topological Inference
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_and_Topological_Inference
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:52.312144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-and-topological-inference-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric and Topological Inference is a monograph in computational geometry, computational topology, geometry processing, and topological data analysis, on the problem of inferring properties of an unknown space from a finite point cloud of noisy samples from the space. It was written by Jean-Daniel Boissonnat, Frédéric Chazal, and Mariette Yvinec, and published in 2018 by the Cambridge University Press in their Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics book series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book is subdivided into four parts and 11 chapters. The first part covers basic tools from topology needed in the study, including simplicial complexes, Čech complexes and Vietoris–Rips complex, homotopy equivalence of topological spaces to their nerves, filtrations of complexes, and the data structures needed to represent these concepts efficiently in computer algorithms. A second introductory part concerns material of a more geometric nature, including Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi diagrams, convex polytopes, convex hulls and convex hull algorithms, lower envelopes, alpha shapes and alpha complexes, and witness complexes. With these preliminaries out of the way, the remaining two sections show how to use these tools for topological inference. The


id: geometric-exercises-in-paper-folding-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Exercises_in_Paper_Folding-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Exercises_in_Paper_Folding
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:53.464312+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-exercises-in-paper-folding-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding is a book on the mathematics of paper folding. It was written by Indian mathematician T. Sundara Row, first published in India in 1893, and later republished in many other editions. Its topics include paper constructions for regular polygons, symmetry, and algebraic curves. According to the historian of mathematics Michael Friedman, it became "one of the main engines of the popularization of folding as a mathematical activity". == Publication history == Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding was first published by Addison & Co. in Madras in 1893. The book became known in Europe through a remark of Felix Klein in his book Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie (1895) and its translation Famous Problems Of Elementary Geometry (1897). Based on the success of Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding in Germany, the Open Court Press of Chicago published it in the US, with updates by Wooster Woodruff Beman and David Eugene Smith. Although Open Court listed four editions of the book, published in 1901, 1905, 1917, and 1941, the content did not change between these editions. The fourth edition was also published in London by La Salle, and both presses reprinted the fourth edition in 1958.


id: geometric-folding-algorithms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Folding_Algorithms-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric Folding Algorithms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Folding_Algorithms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:54.562391+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-folding-algorithms-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric Folding Algorithms: Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra is a monograph on the mathematics and computational geometry of mechanical linkages, paper folding, and polyhedral nets, by Erik Demaine and Joseph O'Rourke. It was published in 2007 by Cambridge University Press (ISBN 978-0-521-85757-4). A Japanese-language translation by Ryuhei Uehara was published in 2009 by the Modern Science Company (ISBN 978-4-7649-0377-7). == Audience == Although aimed at computer science and mathematics students, much of the book is accessible to a broader audience of mathematically-sophisticated readers with some background in high-school level geometry. Mathematical origami expert Tom Hull has called it "a must-read for anyone interested in the field of computational origami". It is a monograph rather than a textbook, and in particular does not include sets of exercises. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended this book for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics and organization == The book is organized into three sections, on linkages, origami, and polyhedra. Topics in the section on linkages include the Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage for converting rotary motion into linear motion, Kempe's universality theorem that any algebraic curve can be traced out by a linkage, the existence of linkages for angle trisection,


id: geometric-origami-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Origami-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometric Origami
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Origami
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:55.725835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometric-origami-20260505-0
summary:
Geometric Origami is a book on the mathematics of paper folding, focusing on the ability to simulate and extend classical straightedge and compass constructions using origami. It was written by Austrian mathematician Robert Geretschläger and published by Arbelos Publishing (Shipley, UK) in 2008. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book is divided into two main parts. The first part is more theoretical. It outlines the Huzita–Hatori axioms for mathematical origami, and proves that they are capable of simulating any straightedge and compass construction. It goes on to show that, in this mathematical model, origami is strictly more powerful than straightedge and compass: with origami, it is possible to solve any cubic equation or quartic equation. In particular, origami methods can be used to trisect angles, and for doubling the cube, two problems that have been proven to have no exact solution using only straightedge and compass. The second part of the book focuses on folding instructions for constructing regular polygons using origami, and on finding the largest copy of a given regular polygon that can be constructed within a given square sheet of


id: la-g-om-trie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Géométrie-0.md
category: reference
title: La Géométrie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Géométrie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:56.902470+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: la-g-om-trie-20260505-0
summary:
La Géométrie (French pronunciation: [la ʒeɔmetʁi]) was published in 1637 as an appendix to Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method), written by René Descartes. In the Discourse, Descartes presents his method for obtaining clarity on any subject. La Géométrie and two other appendices, also by Descartes, La Dioptrique (Optics) and Les Météores (Meteorology), were published with the Discourse to give examples of the kinds of successes he had achieved following his method (as well as, perhaps, considering the contemporary European social climate of intellectual competitiveness, to show off a bit to a wider audience). The work was the first to propose the idea of uniting algebra and geometry into a single subject and invented an algebraic geometry called analytic geometry, which involves reducing geometry to a form of arithmetic and algebra and translating geometric shapes into algebraic equations. For its time this was ground-breaking. It also contributed to the mathematical ideas of Leibniz and Newton and was thus important in the development of calculus. == The text == This appendix is divided into three "books". Book I is titled Problems Which Can Be Constructed by Means of Circles and Straight Lines Only. In this book he introduces algebraic


id: geometry-from-africa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry_From_Africa-0.md
category: reference
title: Geometry From Africa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry_From_Africa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:58.111842+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geometry-from-africa-20260505-0
summary:
Geometry From Africa: Mathematical and Educational Explorations is a book in ethnomathematics by Paulus Gerdes. It analyzes the mathematics behind geometric designs and patterns from multiple African cultures, and suggests ways of connecting this analysis with the mathematics curriculum. It was published in 1999 by the Mathematical Association of America, in their Classroom Resource Materials book series. == Background == The book's author, Paulus Gerdes (1952–2014), was a mathematician from the Netherlands who became a professor of mathematics at the Eduardo Mondlane University in Mozambique, rector of Maputo University, and chair of the African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa. He was a prolific author, especially of works on the ethnomathematics of Africa. However, as many of his publications were written in Portuguese, German, and French, or published only in Mozambique, this book makes his work in ethnomathematics more accessible to English-speaking mathematicians. == Topics == The book is heavily illustrated, and describes geometric patterns in the carvings, textiles, drawings and paintings of multiple African cultures. Although these are primarily decorative rather than mathematical, Gerdes adds his own mathematical analysis of the patterns, and suggests ways of incorporating this analysis into the mathematical curriculum. It is


id: the-geometry-of-the-octonions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geometry_of_the_Octonions-0.md
category: reference
title: The Geometry of the Octonions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geometry_of_the_Octonions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:59.245218+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-geometry-of-the-octonions-20260505-0
summary:
The Geometry of the Octonions is a mathematics book on the octonions, a system of numbers generalizing the complex numbers and quaternions, presenting its material at a level suitable for undergraduate mathematics students. It was written by Tevian Dray and Corinne Manogue, and published in 2015 by World Scientific. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book is subdivided into three parts, with the second part being the most significant. Its contents combine both a survey of past work in this area, and much of its authors' own researches. The first part explains the Cayley–Dickson construction, which constructs the complex numbers from the real numbers, the quaternions from the complex numbers, and the octonions from the quaternions. Related algebras are also discussed, including the sedenions (a 16-dimensional real algebra formed in the same way by taking one more step past the octonions) and the split real unital composition algebras (also called Hurwitz algebras). A particular focus here is on interpreting the multiplication operation of these algebras in a geometric way. Reviewer Danail Brezov notes with disappointment that Clifford algebras, although very relevant to this


id: glossary-of-principia-mathematica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Principia_Mathematica-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of Principia Mathematica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Principia_Mathematica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:01.640169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-principia-mathematica-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the notation used in Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell's Principia Mathematica (1910–1913). The second (but not the first) edition of Volume I has a list of notation used at the end. == Glossary == This is a glossary of some of the technical terms in Principia Mathematica that are no longer widely used or whose meaning has changed. apparent variable bound variable atomic proposition A proposition of the form R(x,y,...) where R is a relation. Barbara A mnemonic for a certain syllogism. class A subset of the members of some type codomain The codomain of a relation R is the class of y such that xRy for some x. compact A relation R is called compact if whenever xRz there is a y with xRy and yRz concordant A set of real numbers is called concordant if all nonzero members have the same sign connected connexity A relation R is called connected if for any 2 distinct members x, y either xRy or yRx. continuous A continuous series is a complete totally ordered set isomorphic to the reals. *275 correlator bijection couple 1. A cardinal couple is a class with exactly two elements 2.


id: god-created-the-integers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Created_the_Integers-0.md
category: reference
title: God Created the Integers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Created_the_Integers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:02.760295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: god-created-the-integers-20260505-0
summary:
God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History is a 2005 anthology, edited by Stephen Hawking, of "excerpts from thirty-one of the most important works in the history of mathematics." Each chapter of the work focuses on a different mathematician and begins with a biographical overview. Within each chapter, Hawking examines the mathematician's key discoveries, presents formal proofs of significant results, and explains their impact on the development of the mathematical field. The title of the book is a reference to a quotation attributed to mathematician Leopold Kronecker, who once wrote that "God made the integers; all else is the work of man." == Content == The works are grouped by author and ordered chronologically. Each section is prefaced by notes on the mathematician's life and work. The anthology includes works by the following mathematicians: Selections from the works of Euler, Bolyai, Lobachevsky and Galois, which are included in the second edition of the book (published in 2007), were not included in the first edition. == Editions == Hawking, Stephen (2005). God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History. Running Press Book Publishers. pp. 1160 (Hardback). ISBN 0-7624-1922-9. Hawking, Stephen (2007). God Created the Integers: The


id: the-ground-of-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ground_of_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ground of Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ground_of_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:05.145058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ground-of-arts-20260505-0
summary:
Robert Recorde's Arithmetic: or, The Ground of Arts was one of the first printed English textbooks on arithmetic and the most popular of its time. The Ground of Arts appeared in London in 1543, and it was reprinted around 45 more editions until 1700. Editors and contributors of new sections included John Dee, John Mellis, Robert Hartwell, Thomas Willsford, and finally Edward Hatton. The text is in the format of a dialogue between master and student to facilitate learning arithmetic without a teacher. == References == Bregman, Alvan (1 July 2005). "Alligation Alternate and the Composition of Medicines: Arithmetic and Medicine in Early Modern England". Med. Hist. 49 (3): 299–320. doi:10.1017/s0025727300008899. PMC 1172291. PMID 16092789. Karpinski, Louis (1925). The history of arithmetic. Rand McNally. LCC QA21.K3. Recorde, Robert (1543). The Grounde of Artes. London: Reynold Wolff. LCC QA33.R3 1542a. Recorde, Robert (1699) [1543]. Edward Hatton (ed.). Arithmetick, or, The ground of arts. London: J.H. for Charles Harper. == Further reading == John Denniss & Fenny Smith, "Robert Recorde and his remarkable Arithmetic", pages 25 to 38 in Gareth Roberts & Fenny Smith (editors) (2012) Robert Recorde: The Life and Times of a Tudor Mathematician, Cardiff: University of Wales Press ISBN


id: grundlagen-der-mathematik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundlagen_der_Mathematik-0.md
category: reference
title: Grundlagen der Mathematik
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundlagen_der_Mathematik
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:06.338584+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grundlagen-der-mathematik-20260505-0
summary:
Grundlagen der Mathematik (English: Foundations of Mathematics) is a two-volume work by David Hilbert and Paul Bernays. Originally published in 1934 and 1939, it presents fundamental mathematical ideas and introduced second-order arithmetic. == Publication history == 1934/1939 (Vol. I, II) First German edition, Springer 1944 Reprint of first edition by J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1968/1970 (Vol. I, II) Second revised German edition, Springer 1979/1982 (Vol. I, II) Russian translation of 1968/1970, Nauka Publ., Moscow 2001/2003 (Vol. I, II) French translation, L’Harmattan, Paris 2011/2013 (Parts A and B of Vol. I, prefaces and sections 1-5) English translation of 1968 and 1934, bilingual with German facsimile on the left-hand sides. The Hilbert Bernays Project is producing an English translation. == See also == Hilbert–Bernays paradox == References == Sieg, Wilfried; Ravaglia, Mark (2005), "Chapter 77. David Hilbert and Paul Bernays, Grundlagen der Mathematik" (PDF), in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.), Landmark writings in western mathematics 1640–1940, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 981–99, doi:10.1016/B978-044450871-3/50158-3, ISBN 978-0-444-50871-3, MR 2169816, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-14, retrieved 2011-02-01 Hilbert, David; Bernays, Paul (1934), Grundlagen der Mathematik. I, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 40, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-04134-4, JFM 60.0017.02, MR 0237246,


id: grundz-ge-der-mengenlehre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundzüge_der_Mengenlehre-0.md
category: reference
title: Grundzüge der Mengenlehre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundzüge_der_Mengenlehre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:07.505560+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grundz-ge-der-mengenlehre-20260505-0
summary:
Grundzüge der Mengenlehre (English: Basics of Set Theory) is a book on set theory written by Felix Hausdorff. First published in April 1914, Grundzüge der Mengenlehre was the first comprehensive introduction to set theory. In addition to the systematic treatment of known results in set theory, the book also contains chapters on measure theory and topology, which were then still considered parts of set theory. Hausdorff presented and developed original material that later became the basis for those areas. In 1927, Hausdorff published an extensively revised second edition under the title Mengenlehre (English: Set Theory), omitting many topics from the first edition. In 1935, a third German edition was released, which in 1957 was translated into English by John R. Aumann et al. under the title Set Theory. == References == Blumberg, Henry (1920), "Hausdorff's Grundzüge der Mengenlehre", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 27 (3): 116–129, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1920-03378-1. Gehman, H. M. (1927), "Hausdorff's Revised Mengenlehre", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 33 (6): 778–781, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1927-04478-0 Hausdorff, Felix (1914), Grundzüge der Mengenlehre, Leipzig: Veit, ISBN 978-0-8284-0061-9 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Reprinted by Chelsea Publishing Company in 1944, 1949 and 1965 [1]. Hausdorff, F. (1935) [1927], Mengenlehre (3 ed.), Berlin-Leipzig: de Gruyter


id: the-higher-infinite-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Higher_Infinite-0.md
category: reference
title: The Higher Infinite
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Higher_Infinite
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:09.938302+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-higher-infinite-20260505-0
summary:
The Higher Infinite: Large Cardinals in Set Theory from their Beginnings is a monograph in set theory by Akihiro Kanamori, concerning the history and theory of large cardinals, infinite sets characterized by such strong properties that their existence cannot be proven in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC). This book was published in 1994 by Springer-Verlag in their series Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, with a second edition in 2003 in their Springer Monographs in Mathematics series, and a paperback reprint of the second edition in 2009 (ISBN 978-3-540-88866-6). == Topics == Not counting introductory material and appendices, there are six chapters in The Higher Infinite, arranged roughly in chronological order by the history of the development of the subject. The author writes that he chose this ordering "both because it provides the most coherent exposition of the mathematics and because it holds the key to any epistemological concerns". In the first chapter, "Beginnings", the material includes inaccessible cardinals, Mahlo cardinals, measurable cardinals, compact cardinals and indescribable cardinals. The chapter covers the constructible universe and inner models, elementary embeddings and ultrapowers, and a result of Dana Scott that measurable cardinals are inconsistent with the axiom of constructibility. The second chapter, "Partition properties", includes


id: higher-topos-theory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Topos_Theory-0.md
category: reference
title: Higher Topos Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Topos_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:11.067998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: higher-topos-theory-20260505-0
summary:
Higher Topos Theory is a treatise on the theory of ∞-categories written by American mathematician Jacob Lurie. In addition to introducing Lurie's new theory of ∞-topoi, the book is widely considered foundational to higher category theory. Since 2018, Lurie has been transferring the contents of Higher Topos Theory (along with new material) to Kerodon, an "online resource for homotopy-coherent mathematics" inspired by the Stacks Project. == Topics == Higher Topos Theory covers two related topics: ∞-categories and ∞-topoi (which are a special case of the former). The first five of the book's seven chapters comprise a rigorous development of general ∞-category theory in the language of quasicategories, a special class of simplicial set which acts as a model for ∞-categories. The path of this development largely parallels classical category theory, with the notable exception of the ∞-categorical Grothendieck construction; this correspondence, which Lurie refers to as "straightening and unstraightening", gains considerable importance in his treatment. The last two chapters are devoted to ∞-topoi, Lurie's own invention and the ∞-categorical analogue of topoi in classical category theory. The material of these chapters is original, and is adapted from an earlier preprint of Lurie's. There are also appendices discussing background material on


id: history-of-the-theory-of-numbers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Theory_of_Numbers-0.md
category: reference
title: History of the Theory of Numbers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Theory_of_Numbers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:12.238942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: history-of-the-theory-of-numbers-20260505-0
summary:
History of the Theory of Numbers is a three-volume work by Leonard Eugene Dickson summarizing work in number theory up to about 1920. The style is unusual in that Dickson mostly just lists results by various authors, with little further discussion. The central topic of quadratic reciprocity and higher reciprocity laws is barely mentioned; this was apparently going to be the topic of a fourth volume that was never written (Fenster 1999). == Volumes == Volume 1 - Divisibility and Primality - 486 pages Volume 2 - Diophantine Analysis - 803 pages Volume 3 - Quadratic and Higher Forms - 313 pages == References == Carmichael, Robert D. (1919), "Recent Publications: Reviews: History of the Theory of Numbers. Volume I: Divisibility and Primality", The American Mathematical Monthly, 26 (9): 396–403, doi:10.2307/2971917, ISSN 0002-9890, JSTOR 2971917 Carmichael, Robert D. (1921), "Recent Publications: Reviews: History of the Theory of Numbers: History of the Theory of Numbers", The American Mathematical Monthly, 28 (2): 72–78, doi:10.2307/2973042, ISSN 0002-9890, JSTOR 2973042 Carmichael, Robert D. (1923), "Recent Publications: Reviews: History of the Theory of Numbers", The American Mathematical Monthly, 30 (5): 259–262, doi:10.2307/2299094, ISSN 0002-9890, JSTOR 2299094 Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2005) [1919], History of the theory


id: a-history-of-vector-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Vector_Analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: A History of Vector Analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Vector_Analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:13.416934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-history-of-vector-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
A History of Vector Analysis (1967) is a book on the history of vector analysis by Michael J. Crowe, originally published by the University of Notre Dame Press. As a scholarly treatment of a reformation in technical communication, the text is a contribution to the history of science. In 2002, Crowe gave a talk summarizing the book, including an entertaining introduction in which he covered its publication history and related the award of a Jean Scott prize of $4000. Crowe had entered the book in a competition for "a study on the history of complex and hypercomplex numbers" twenty-five years after his book was first published. == Summary of book == The book has eight chapters: the first on the origins of vector analysis including Ancient Greek and 16th and 17th century influences; the second on the 19th century William Rowan Hamilton and quaternions; the third on other 19th and 18th century vectorial systems including equipollence of Giusto Bellavitis and the exterior algebra of Hermann Grassmann. Chapter four is on the general interest in the 19th century on vectorial systems including analysis of journal publications as well as sections on major figures and their views (e.g., Peter Guthrie Tait as


id: ijp-the-book-of-surfaces-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJP_The_Book_of_Surfaces-0.md
category: reference
title: IJP The Book of Surfaces
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJP_The_Book_of_Surfaces
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:16.947814+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ijp-the-book-of-surfaces-20260505-0
summary:
IJP the book of surfaces is a book by George L. Legendre, with a foreword by Mohsen Mostafavi. == Overview == IJP the Book of Surfaces was released in 2003 by the publishing arm of the London-based Architectural Association School of Architecture. The book features six essays on the notion of surface written from an architectural, philosophical, literary, mathematical, and computational angle, as well as several lighter asides ranging from cookery to poetry. These threads have been given a particular typographic and graphic design treatment meant to weave them together into a continuous narrative. == Background and literary references == The book addresses some significant developments of the decade, such as the explosion of computational tools; the emergence of the 3D surface as an architectural signifier of the Digital Revolution; the profession's fascination with the formal possibilities of surface cladding; and the rise of innovative manufacturing technologies. It can be compared to contemporary titles like Mohsen Mostafavi’s and David Leatherbarrow’s Surface Architecture, an essay on the phenomenology of architectural façades, and Ellen Lupton’s collection Skin: Surface, Substance + Design, which explores the working metaphor of artificial skin in Materials science, fashion and the visual arts. By comparison, Illa Berman notes


id: in-pursuit-of-the-traveling-salesman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Pursuit_of_the_Traveling_Salesman-0.md
category: reference
title: In Pursuit of the Traveling Salesman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Pursuit_of_the_Traveling_Salesman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:18.117712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: in-pursuit-of-the-traveling-salesman-20260505-0
summary:
In Pursuit of the Traveling Salesman: Mathematics at the Limits of Computation is a book on the travelling salesman problem, by William J. Cook, published in 2011 by the Princeton University Press, with a paperback reprint in 2014. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The travelling salesman problem asks to find the shortest cyclic tour of a collection of points, in the plane or in more abstract mathematical spaces. Because the problem is NP-hard, algorithms that take polynomial time are unlikely to be guaranteed to find its optimal solution; on the other hand a brute-force search of all permutations would always solve the problem exactly but would take far too long to be usable for all but the smallest problems. Threading a middle ground between these too-fast and too-slow running times, and developing a practical system that can find the exact solution of larger instances, raises difficult questions of algorithm engineering, which have sparked the development of "many of the concepts and techniques of combinatorial optimization". The introductory chapter of the book explores the limits of calculation on the problem, from 49-point problems solved


id: indra-s-pearls-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra's_Pearls_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Indra's Pearls (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra's_Pearls_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:19.251800+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indra-s-pearls-book-20260505-0
summary:
Indra's Pearls: The Vision of Felix Klein is a geometry book written by David Mumford, Caroline Series and David Wright, and published by Cambridge University Press in 2002 and 2015. The book explores the patterns created by iterating conformal maps of the complex plane called Möbius transformations, and their connections with symmetry and self-similarity. These patterns were glimpsed by German mathematician Felix Klein, but modern computer graphics allows them to be fully visualised and explored in detail. == Title == The book's title refers to Indra's net, a metaphorical object described in the Buddhist text of the Flower Garland Sutra. Indra's net consists of an infinite array of gossamer strands and pearls. The frontispiece to Indra's Pearls quotes the following description: In the glistening surface of each pearl are reflected all the other pearls ... In each reflection, again are reflected all the infinitely many other pearls, so that by this process, reflections of reflections continue without end. The allusion to Felix Klein's "vision" is a reference to Klein's early investigations of Schottky groups and hand-drawn plots of their limit sets. It also refers to Klein's wider vision of the connections between group theory, symmetry and geometry - see Erlangen


id: international-encyclopedia-of-statistical-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Statistical_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Statistical_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:21.535662+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-statistical-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science is a statistical sciences reference published by Springer. It has been described as one of the scientific projects with the largest number of involved countries ever, since it includes contributors coming from 105 countries and six continents. It contains the last papers written by Hirotugu Akaike, Nobel Laureate Sir Clive Granger, John Nelder and Erich Leo Lehmann. The team has been nominated for the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize by qualified nominators from Cambodia and Spain, with additional nominations anticipated . The first edition, in three volumes, was edited by Miodrag Lovrić and appeared in December 2010. It is published by Springer and it is available in print and online form. == See also == Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences == References == == External links == Publisher's webpage for this Encyclopedia


id: introduction-to-circle-packing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Circle_Packing-0.md
category: reference
title: Introduction to Circle Packing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Circle_Packing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:22.697059+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: introduction-to-circle-packing-20260505-0
summary:
Introduction to Circle Packing: The Theory of Discrete Analytic Functions is a mathematical monograph concerning systems of tangent circles and the circle packing theorem. It was written by Kenneth Stephenson and published in 2005 by the Cambridge University Press. == Topics == Circle packings, as studied in this book, are systems of circles that touch at tangent points but do not overlap, according to a combinatorial pattern of adjacencies specifying which pairs of circles should touch. The circle packing theorem states that a circle packing exists if and only if the pattern of adjacencies forms a planar graph; it was originally proved by Paul Koebe in the 1930s, and popularized by William Thurston, who rediscovered it in the 1970s and connected it with the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry. As a topic, this should be distinguished from sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency. The book is divided into four parts, in progressive levels of difficulty. The first part introduces the subject visually, encouraging the reader to think about packings not just as static objects but as dynamic systems of circles


id: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns-0.md
category: reference
title: Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:23.909555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-0
summary:
Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, Siyuan yujian (simplified Chinese: 四元玉鉴; traditional Chinese: 四元玉鑒), also referred to as Jade Mirror of the Four Origins, is a 1303 mathematical monograph by Yuan dynasty mathematician Zhu Shijie. The book consists of an introduction and three books, with a total of 288 problems. The first four problems in the introduction illustrate his method of the four unknowns. He showed how to convert a problem stated verbally into a system of polynomial equations (up to the 14th order), by using up to four unknowns: 天 Heaven, 地 Earth, 人 Man, 物 Matter, and then how to reduce the system to a single polynomial equation in one unknown by successive elimination of unknowns. He then solved the high-order equation by Southern Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao's "Ling long kai fang" method published in Shùshū Jiǔzhāng (“Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections”) in 1247 (more than 570 years before English mathematician William Horner's method using synthetic division). To do this, he makes use of the Pascal triangle, which he labels as the diagram of an ancient method first discovered by Jia Xian before 1050. Zhu also solved square and cube roots problems by solving quadratic and cubic


id: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns-1.md
category: reference
title: Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:23.909555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jade-mirror-of-the-four-unknowns-20260505-0
summary:
Successive elimination of unknowns to get 4 x 2 − 7 x − 686 = 0 {\displaystyle 4x^{2}-7x-686=0} Solve this and obtain 14 paces == Book I == === Problems of Right Angle Triangles and Rectangles === There are 18 problems in this section. Problem 18 Obtain a tenth order polynomial equation: 16 x 10 − 64 x 9 + 160 x 8 − 384 x 7 + 512 x 6 − 544 x 5 + 456 x 4 + 126 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 4 x − 177162 = 0 {\displaystyle 16x^{10}-64x^{9}+160x^{8}-384x^{7}+512x^{6}-544x^{5}+456x^{4}+126x^{3}+3x^{2}-4x-177162=0} The root of which is x = 3, multiply by 4, getting 12. That is the final answer. === Problems of Plane Figures === There are 18 problems in this section === Problems of Piece Goods === There are 9 problems in this section === Problems on Grain Storage === There are 6 problems in this section === Problems on Labour === There are 7 problems in this section === Problems of Equations for Fractional Roots === There are 13 problems in this section == Book II == === Mixed Problems === === Containment of Circles and Squares === === Problems on Areas ===


id: journey-into-geometries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_into_Geometries-0.md
category: reference
title: Journey into Geometries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_into_Geometries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:25.051504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: journey-into-geometries-20260505-0
summary:
Journey into Geometries is a book on non-Euclidean geometry. It was written by Hungarian-Australian mathematician Márta Svéd and published in 1991 by the Mathematical Association of America in their MAA Spectrum book series. == Topics == Journey into Geometries is written as a conversation between three characters: Alice, from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (but older and familiar with Euclidean geometry), Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice's adventures, and a modern mathematician named "Dr. Whatif". Its topics include hyperbolic geometry, inversive geometry, and projective geometry, following an arrangement of these topics credited to Australian mathematician Carl Moppert, and possibly based on an earlier German-language textbook on similar topics by F. Gonseth and P. Marti. As in Alice's original adventures, the first part of the book is arranged as a travelogue. This part of the book has six chapters, each ending with a set of exercises. Following these chapters, more conventionally written material covers geometric axiom systems and provides solutions to the exercises. == Audience and reception == Reviewer William E. Fenton is unsure of the audience of the book, writing that it is not suitable as a textbook and would scare most undergraduates, but is too unserious for graduate students. David


id: letters-to-a-german-princess-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_German_Princess-0.md
category: reference
title: Letters to a German Princess
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_German_Princess
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:26.216400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: letters-to-a-german-princess-20260505-0
summary:
Letters to a German Princess, On Different Subjects in Physics and Philosophy (French: Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie) were a series of 234 letters written by the mathematician Leonhard Euler between 1760 and 1762 addressed to Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt and her younger sister Louise. == Contents == Euler started the first letter with an explanation of the concept of "size". Starting with the definition of a foot, he defined the mile and the diameter of the earth as a unit in terms of foot and then calculated the distance of the planets of the Solar System in terms of the diameter of the earth. == Publication == The first two volumes of the 234 letters originally written in French appeared in print in Saint Petersburg in 1768 and the third in Frankfurt in 1774. The letters were later reprinted in Paris with the first volume in 1787, the second in 1788 and the third in 1789. The publication of the book was supported by empress Catherine II with her personally writing to Count Vorontsov in January 1766: I am certain that the academy will be resurrected from its ashes by such


id: letters-to-a-young-mathematician-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Mathematician-0.md
category: reference
title: Letters to a Young Mathematician
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Mathematician
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:27.375942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: letters-to-a-young-mathematician-20260505-0
summary:
Letters to a Young Mathematician (ISBN 0-465-08231-9) is a 2006 book by Ian Stewart, and is part of Basic Books' Art of Mentoring series. Stewart mentions in the preface that he considers this book an update to G.H. Hardy's A Mathematician's Apology. The book is made up of letters to a fictional correspondent of Stewart's, an aspiring mathematician named Meg. The roughly chronological letters follow Meg from her high school years up to her receiving tenure from an American university. Reviews of the book were generally positive. Fernando Q. Gouvêa's review for the MAA calls it "full of good advice, much of it direct and to the point" and later, that "while it won't change the world, it may well help some young people decide to be (or not to be) mathematicians." In Emma Carberry's review for the AMS, reacted differently, saying that "one does not so much feel the benefit of a ream of practical advice, but rather of exposure to the inner realm of mathematics". A review in Nature was harsher, however, saying that "there is a general lack of information ... [and] too much jargon" and that it "suffers from being written entirely for a US audience",


id: liber-abaci-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci-0.md
category: reference
title: Liber Abaci
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:28.580605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: liber-abaci-20260505-0
summary:
The Liber Abaci or Liber Abbaci (Latin for "The Book of Calculation") was a 1202 Latin work on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci. It is primarily famous for introducing both base-10 positional notation and the symbols known as Arabic numerals in Europe. == Premise == Liber Abaci was among the first Western books to describe the Hindu–Arabic numeral system and to use symbols resembling modern "Arabic numerals". By addressing the applications of both commercial tradesmen and mathematicians, it promoted the superiority of the system and the use of these glyphs. Although the book's title is sometimes translated as "The Book of the Abacus", Sigler (2002) notes that the word in title does not refer to the abacus as a calculating device. Rather, the word "abacus" was used at the time to refer to calculation in any form; the spelling "abbacus" with two "b"s was, and still is in Italy, used to refer to calculation using Hindu-Arabic numerals. The book describes methods of doing calculations without aid of an abacus, and as Ore (1948) confirms, for centuries after its publication the algorismists (followers of the style of calculation demonstrated in Liber Abaci) remained in conflict with the


id: liber-abaci-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci-1.md
category: reference
title: Liber Abaci
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:28.580605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: liber-abaci-20260505-0
summary:
Modern notation generally writes a fraction to the right of the whole number to which it is added, for instance 2 1 3 {\displaystyle 2\,{\tfrac {1}{3}}} for 7/3. Fibonacci instead would write the same fraction to the left, i.e., 1 3 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}\,2} . Fibonacci used a composite fraction notation in which a sequence of numerators and denominators shared the same fraction bar; each such term represented an additional fraction of the given numerator divided by the product of all the denominators below and to the right of it. That is, b a d c = a c + b c d {\displaystyle {\tfrac {b\,\,a}{d\,\,c}}={\tfrac {a}{c}}+{\tfrac {b}{cd}}} , and c b a f e d = a d + b d e + c d e f {\displaystyle {\tfrac {c\,\,b\,\,a}{f\,\,e\,\,d}}={\tfrac {a}{d}}+{\tfrac {b}{de}}+{\tfrac {c}{def}}} . The notation was read from right to left. For example, 29/30 could be written as 1 2 4 2 3 5 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1\,\,2\,\,4}{2\,\,3\,\,5}}} , representing the value 4 5 + 2 3 × 5 + 1 2 × 3 × 5 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{5}}+{\tfrac {2}{3\times 5}}+{\tfrac {1}{2\times 3\times 5}}} . This can be viewed as a form of mixed radix notation and was


id: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra-0.md
category: reference
title: List of books about polyhedra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:29.884776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of books about polyhedra. == Polyhedral models == === Cut-out kits === Jenkins, Gerald; Bear, Magdalen (1998). Paper Polyhedra in Colour. Tarquin. ISBN 1-899618-23-6. Advanced Polyhedra 1: The Final Stellation, ISBN 1-899618-61-9. Advanced Polyhedra 2: The Sixth Stellation, ISBN 1-899618-62-7. Advanced Polyhedra 3: The Compound of Five Cubes, ISBN 978-1-899618-63-7. Jenkins, Gerald; Wild, Anne (2000). Mathematical Curiosities. Tarquin. ISBN 1-899618-35-X. More Mathematical Curiosities, Tarquin, ISBN 1-899618-36-8. Make Shapes 1, ISBN 0-906212-00-6. Make Shapes 2, ISBN 0-906212-01-4. Smith, A. G. (1986). Cut and Assemble 3-D Geometrical Shapes: 10 Models in Full Color. Dover. Cut and Assemble 3-D Star Shapes, 1997. Easy-To-Make 3D Shapes in Full Color, 2000. Torrence, Eve (2011). Cut and Assemble Icosahedra: Twelve Models in White and Color. Dover. === Origami === Fuse, Tomoko (1990). Unit Origami: Multidimensional Transformations. Japan Publications. ISBN 978-0-87040-852-6. Gurkewitz, Rona; Arnstein, Bennett (1996). 3D Geometric Origami: Modular Origami Polyhedra. Dover. ISBN 9780486135601. Multimodular Origami Polyhedra: Archimedeans, Buckyballs and Duality, 2002. Beginner's Book of Modular Origami Polyhedra: The Platonic Solids, 2008. Modular Origami Polyhedra, also with Lewis Simon, 2nd ed., 1999. Mitchell, David (1997). Mathematical Origami: Geometrical Shapes by Paper Folding. Tarquin. ISBN 978-1-899618-18-7. Montroll, John (2009). Origami Polyhedra Design. A


id: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra-1.md
category: reference
title: List of books about polyhedra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_polyhedra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:29.884776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-books-about-polyhedra-20260505-0
summary:
=== Monographs and special topics === Coxeter, H. S. M.; du Val, P.; Flather, H. T.; Petrie, J. F. (1938). The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra. University of Toronto Studies, Mathematical Series. Vol. 6. University of Toronto Press. 2nd ed., Springer, 1982. 3rd ed., Tarquin, 1999. Coxeter, H. S. M. (1974). Regular Complex Polytopes. Cambridge University Press. 2nd ed., 1991. Demaine, Erik; O'Rourke, Joseph (2007). Geometric Folding Algorithms: Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra. Cambridge University Press. Deza, Michel; Grishukhin, Viatcheslav; Shtogrin, Mikhail (2004). Scale-Isometric Polytopal Graphs in Hypercubes and Cubic Lattices: Polytopes in Hypercubes and Z n {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{n}} . London: Imperial College Press. doi:10.1142/9781860945489. ISBN 1-86094-421-3. Lakatos, Imre (1976). Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery. Cambridge University Press. McMullen, Peter (2020). Geometric Regular Polytopes. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 172. Cambridge University Press. McMullen, Peter; Schulte, Egon (2002). Abstract Regular Polytopes. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 92. Cambridge University Press. McMullen, Peter; Shephard, G. C. (1971). Convex Polytopes and the Upper Bound Conjecture. London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. Nef, Walter (1978). Beiträge zur Theorie der Polyeder: Mit Anwendungen in der Computergraphik [Contributions to the theory of the polyhedron, with applications


id: list-of-mathematics-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_books-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mathematics books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:31.111931+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mathematics-books-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of mathematics books including textbooks, expository works, popular mathematics fields, and historically significant treatises. == General works == Concrete Mathematics — Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, and Oren Patashnik Concepts of Modern Mathematics — Ian Stewart Mathematics and the Imagination — Edward Kasner and James Newman Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning — George Pólya Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty — Morris Kline The Princeton Companion to Mathematics — Timothy Gowers What Is Mathematics? — Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins == Popular mathematics and biographies == A Mathematician's Apology — G. H. Hardy The Annotated Turing — Charles Petzold The Beauty of Fractals — Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter The Emperor's New Mind — Roger Penrose Fermat's Enigma — Simon Singh God Created the Integers — Stephen Hawking Gödel, Escher, Bach — Douglas Hofstadter How Not to Be Wrong — Jordan Ellenberg The Man Who Loved Only Numbers — Paul Hoffman Prime Obsession — John Derbyshire Where Mathematics Comes From — George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez == Algebra == Algebra — Serge Lang Algebra: Chapter 0 — Paolo Aluffi == Calculus and analysis == Calculus on Manifolds — Michael Spivak Principles of Mathematical Analysis — Walter Rudin Introduction


id: making-mathematics-with-needlework-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework-0.md
category: reference
title: Making Mathematics with Needlework
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:32.269533+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: making-mathematics-with-needlework-20260505-0
summary:
Making Mathematics with Needlework: Ten Papers and Ten Projects is an edited volume on mathematics and fiber arts. It was edited by Sarah-Marie Belcastro and Carolyn Yackel, and published in 2008 by A K Peters, based on a meeting held in 2005 in Atlanta by the American Mathematical Society. == Topics == The book includes ten different mathematical fiber arts projects, by eight contributors. An introduction provides a history of the connections between mathematics, mathematics education, and the fiber arts. Each of its ten project chapters is illustrated by many color photographs and diagrams, and is organized into four sections: an overview of the project, a section on the mathematics connected to it, a section of ideas for using the project as a teaching activity, and directions for constructing the project. Although there are some connections between topics, they can be read independently of each other, in any order. The thesis of the book is that directed exercises in fiber arts construction can help teach both mathematical visualization and concepts from three-dimensional geometry. The book uses knitting, crochet, sewing, and cross-stitch, but deliberately avoids weaving as a topic already well-covered in mathematical fiber arts publications. Projects in the book include


id: math-curse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_Curse-0.md
category: reference
title: Math Curse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_Curse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:33.411156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: math-curse-20260505-0
summary:
Math Curse is a children's picture book written by Jon Scieszka and illustrated by Lane Smith. Published in 1995 through Viking Press, the book tells the story of a student cursed by how mathematics is connected to everyday life. In 2009, Weston Woods Studios, Inc. released a film based on the book. == Plot summary == The nameless student begins with a seemingly innocent statement by her math teacher: "you know, almost everything in life can be considered a math problem." The next morning, the hero finds herself thinking of the time she needs to get up, along the lines of algebra. Next comes the mathematical school of probability, followed by charts and statistics. As the narrator slowly turns into a "math zombie", everything in her life is transformed into a problem. A class treat of cupcakes becomes a study in fractions, while a trip to the store turns into a problem of money. Finally, she is left painstakingly calculating how many minutes of "math madness" will be in her life now that she is a "mathematical lunatic." Her sister asks her what her problem is, and she responds, "365 days x 24 hours x 60 minutes." Finally, she collapses


id: mathematical-cranks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Cranks-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Cranks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Cranks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:34.587603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-cranks-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Cranks is a book on pseudomathematics and the cranks who create it, written by Underwood Dudley. It was published by the Mathematical Association of America in their MAA Spectrum book series in 1992 (ISBN 0-88385-507-0). == Topics == Previously, Augustus De Morgan wrote in A Budget of Paradoxes about cranks in multiple subjects, and Dudley wrote a book about angle trisection. However, this book is the first to focus on mathematical crankery as a whole. The book consists of 57 essays, loosely organized by the most common topics in mathematics for cranks to focus their attention on. The "top ten" of these topics, as listed by reviewer Ian Stewart, are, in order: squaring the circle, angle trisection, Fermat's Last Theorem, non-Euclidean geometry and the parallel postulate, the golden ratio, perfect numbers, the four color theorem, advocacy for duodecimal and other non-standard number systems, Cantor's diagonal argument for the uncountability of the real numbers, and doubling the cube. Other common topics for crankery, collected by Dudley, include calculations for the perimeter of an ellipse, roots of quintic equations, Fermat's little theorem, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, Goldbach's conjecture, magic squares, divisibility rules, constructible polygons, twin primes, set theory, statistics, and the Van


id: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:35.818465+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (German: Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik) is a quantum mechanics book written by John von Neumann in 1932. It is an important early work in the development of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. The book mainly summarizes results that von Neumann had published in earlier papers. Von Neumann formalized quantum mechanics using the concept of Hilbert spaces and linear operators. He acknowledged the previous work by Paul Dirac on the mathematical formalization of quantum mechanics, but was skeptical of Dirac's use of delta functions. He wrote the book in an attempt to be even more mathematically rigorous than Dirac. It was von Neumann's last book in German, afterwards he started publishing in English. == Publication history == The book was originally published in German in 1932 by Springer. It was translated into French by Alexandru Proca in 1946, and into Spanish in 1949. An English translation by Robert T. Beyer was published in 1955 by Princeton University Press. A Russian translation, edited by Nikolay Bogolyubov, was published by Nauka in 1964. A new English edition, edited by Nicholas A. Wheeler, was published in 2018 by Princeton University Press. == Table of contents == According to


id: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics-1.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:35.818465+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-foundations-of-quantum-mechanics-20260505-0
summary:
if there existed other, as yet undiscovered, physical quantities, in addition to those represented by the operators in quantum mechanics, because the relations assumed by quantum mechanics would have to fail already for the by now known quantities, those that we discussed above. It is therefore not, as is often assumed, a question of a re-interpretation of quantum mechanics, the present system of quantum mechanics would have to be objectively false, in order that another description of the elementary processes than the statistical one be possible. === Rejection === This proof was rejected as early as 1935 by Grete Hermann who found a flaw in the proof. The additive postulate above holds for quantum states, but it does not need to apply for measurements of dispersion-free states, specifically when considering non-commuting observables. Dispersion-free states only require to recover additivity when averaging over the hidden parameters. For example, for a spin-1/2 system, measurements of ( σ x + σ y ) {\displaystyle (\sigma _{x}+\sigma _{y})} can take values ± 2 {\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {2}}} for a dispersion-free state, but independent measurements of σ x {\displaystyle \sigma _{x}} and σ y {\displaystyle \sigma _{y}} can only take values of ± 1 {\displaystyle


id: mathematical-models-cundy-and-rollett-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Cundy_and_Rollett)-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Models (Cundy and Rollett)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Cundy_and_Rollett)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:38.192969+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-models-cundy-and-rollett-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Models is a book on the construction of physical models of mathematical objects for educational purposes. It was written by Martyn Cundy and A. P. Rollett, and published by the Clarendon Press in 1951, with a second edition in 1961. Tarquin Publications published a third edition in 1981. The vertex configuration of a uniform polyhedron, a generalization of the Schläfli symbol that describes the pattern of polygons surrounding each vertex, was devised in this book as a way to name the Archimedean solids, and has sometimes been called the Cundy–Rollett symbol as a nod to this origin. == Topics == The first edition of the book had five chapters, including its introduction which discusses model-making in general and the different media and tools with which one can construct models. The media used for the constructions described in the book include "paper, cardboard, plywood, plastics, wire, string, and sheet metal". The second chapter concerns plane geometry, and includes material on the golden ratio, the Pythagorean theorem, dissection problems, the mathematics of paper folding, tessellations, and plane curves, which are constructed by stitching, by graphical methods, and by mechanical devices. The third chapter, and the largest part of the book, concerns


id: mathematical-models-fischer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Fischer)-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematical Models (Fischer)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Models_(Fischer)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:39.351961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematical-models-fischer-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematical Models: From the Collections of Universities and Museums – Photograph Volume and Commentary is a book on the physical models of concepts in mathematics that were constructed in the 19th century and early 20th century and kept as instructional aids at universities. It credits Gerd Fischer as editor, but its photographs of models are also by Fischer. It was originally published by Vieweg+Teubner Verlag for their bicentennial in 1986, both in German (titled Mathematische Modelle. Aus den Sammlungen von Universitäten und Museen. Mit 132 Fotografien. Bildband und Kommentarband) and (separately) in English translation, in each case as a two-volume set with one volume of photographs and a second volume of mathematical commentary. Springer Spektrum reprinted it in a second edition in 2017, as a single dual-language volume. == Topics == The work consists of 132 full-page photographs of mathematical models, divided into seven categories, and seven chapters of mathematical commentary written by experts in the topic area of each category. These categories are: Wire and thread models, of hypercubes of various dimensions, and of hyperboloids, cylinders, and related ruled surfaces, described as "elementary analytic geometry" and explained by Fischer himself. Plaster and wood models of cubic and quartic algebraic


id: a-mathematical-theory-of-communication-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication-0.md
category: reference
title: A Mathematical Theory of Communication
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:40.516645+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-mathematical-theory-of-communication-20260505-0
summary:
"A Mathematical Theory of Communication" is an article by mathematician Claude Shannon published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948. It was renamed The Mathematical Theory of Communication in the 1949 book of the same name, a small but significant title change after realizing the generality of this work. It has tens of thousands of citations, being one of the most influential and cited scientific papers of all time, as it gave rise to the field of information theory, with Scientific American referring to the paper as the "Magna Carta of the Information Age", while the electrical engineer Robert G. Gallager called the paper a "blueprint for the digital era". Historian James Gleick rated the paper as the most important development of 1948, placing the transistor second in the same time period, with Gleick emphasizing that the paper by Shannon was "even more profound and more fundamental" than the transistor. It is also noted that "as did relativity and quantum theory, information theory radically changed the way scientists look at the universe". The paper also formally introduced the term "bit" and serves as its theoretical foundation. == Publication == The article was the founding work of the field of information


id: mathematicall-magick-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicall_Magick-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematicall Magick
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicall_Magick
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:41.682100+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematicall-magick-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematicall Magick. Or, The Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanicall Geometry is a treatise by the English clergyman, natural philosopher, polymath and author John Wilkins (1614–1672). It was first published in 1648 in London; another edition was printed in 1680 and further editions were published in 1691 and 1707. The work is dedicated to Charles I Louis, the Elector Palatine. The first book describes traditional mechanical devices, speed, siege engines and the modern guns of Wilkins' era. The second book covers Wilkins' theories and observations on land yachts, submarines, flying machines, and perpetual motion. Wilkins thought that human aviation is feasible, if only sufficient exercise, research and development is directed towards it. He envisioned flying machines that would be large enough to carry several people. The book repeats tales about early attempts at human flight, including Busbequius' 16th-century reports about Turkish flight experiments in Constantinople. Wilkins also mentions Anglo-Saxon flight experiments during the reign of Edward the Confessor. The researcher called "Elmerus" in the text is probably Eilmer of Malmesbury, who experimented with gliding flight in the 11th century. == Abstract == Wilkins dedicated his work to His Highness the Prince Elector Palatine (Charles I Louis) who was in


id: mathematics-and-plausible-reasoning-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_Plausible_Reasoning-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_Plausible_Reasoning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:42.860670+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematics-and-plausible-reasoning-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning is a two-volume book by the mathematician George Pólya describing various methods for being a good guesser of new mathematical results. In the Preface to Volume 1 of the book Pólya exhorts all interested students of mathematics thus: "Certainly, let us learn proving, but also let us learn guessing." P. R. Halmos reviewing the book summarised the central thesis of the book thus: ". . . a good guess is as important as a good proof." == Outline == === Volume I: Induction and analogy in mathematics === Polya begins Volume I with a discussion on induction, not mathematical induction, but as a way of guessing new results. He shows how the chance observations of a few results of the form 4 = 2 + 2, 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5, 10 = 3 + 7, etc., may prompt a sharp mind to formulate the conjecture that every even number greater than 4 can be represented as the sum of two odd prime numbers. This is the well known Goldbach's conjecture. The first problem in the first chapter is to guess the rule according to which the successive terms of the


id: mathematics-made-difficult-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Made_Difficult-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematics Made Difficult
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Made_Difficult
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:44.083466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematics-made-difficult-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics Made Difficult is a book by Carl E. Linderholm that uses advanced mathematical methods to prove results normally shown using elementary proofs. Although the aim is largely satirical, it also shows the non-trivial mathematics behind operations normally considered obvious, such as numbering, counting, and factoring integers. Linderholm discusses these seemingly obvious ideas using concepts like categories and monoids. As an example, the proof that 2 is a prime number starts: It is easily seen that the only numbers between 0 and 2, including 0 but excluding 2, are 0 and 1. Thus the remainder left by any number on division by 2 is either 0 or 1. Hence the quotient ring Z/2Z, where 2Z is the ideal in Z generated by 2, has only the elements [0] and [1], where these are the images of 0 and 1 under the canonical quotient map. Since [1] must be the unit of this ring, every element of this ring except [0] is a unit, and the ring is a field ... == References ==


id: mathematics-form-and-function-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics,_Form_and_Function-0.md
category: reference
title: Mathematics, Form and Function
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics,_Form_and_Function
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:45.216076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mathematics-form-and-function-20260505-0
summary:
Mathematics, Form and Function, a book published in 1986 by Springer-Verlag, is a survey of the whole of mathematics, including its origins and deep structure, by the American mathematician Saunders Mac Lane. == Mathematics and human activities == Throughout his book, and especially in chapter I.11, Mac Lane informally discusses how mathematics is grounded in more ordinary concrete and abstract human activities. The following table is adapted from one given on p. 35 of Mac Lane (1986). The rows are very roughly ordered from most to least fundamental. For a bullet list that can be compared and contrasted with this table, see section 3 of Where Mathematics Comes From. Also see the related diagrams appearing on the following pages of Mac Lane (1986): 149, 184, 306, 408, 416, 422-28. Mac Lane (1986) cites a related monograph by Lars Gårding (1977). == Mac Lane's relevance to the philosophy of mathematics == Mac Lane cofounded category theory with Samuel Eilenberg, which enables a unified treatment of mathematical structures and of the relations among them, at the cost of breaking away from their cognitive grounding. Nevertheless, his views—however informal—are a valuable contribution to the philosophy and anthropology of mathematics. His views anticipate, in


id: mechanica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica-0.md
category: reference
title: Mechanica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:47.561752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mechanica-20260505-0
summary:
Mechanica (Latin: Mechanica sive motus scientia analytice exposita; 1736) is a two-volume work published by mathematician Leonhard Euler which describes analytically the mathematics governing movement. Euler both developed the techniques of analysis and applied them to numerous problems in mechanics, notably in later publications the calculus of variations. Euler's laws of motion expressed scientific laws of Galileo and Newton in terms of points in reference frames and coordinate systems making them useful for calculation when the statement of a problem or example is slightly changed from the original. Newton–Euler equations express the dynamics of a rigid body. Euler has been credited with contributing to the rise of Newtonian mechanics especially in topics other than gravity. == References == == External links == Mechanica Vol. 1 [E015] – Latin. Mechanica Vol. 1 – English translation by Ian Bruce. Mechanica Vol. 2 [E016] – Latin. Mechanica Vol. 2 – English translation by Ian Bruce.


id: method-of-fluxions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_Fluxions-0.md
category: reference
title: Method of Fluxions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_Fluxions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:48.700102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: method-of-fluxions-20260505-0
summary:
Method of Fluxions (Latin: De Methodis Serierum et Fluxionum) is a mathematical treatise by Sir Isaac Newton which served as the earliest written formulation of modern calculus. The book was completed in 1671 and posthumously published in 1736. == Background == Fluxion is Newton's term for a derivative. He originally developed the method at Woolsthorpe Manor during the closing of Cambridge due to the Great Plague of London from 1665 to 1667. Newton did not choose to make his findings known (similarly, his findings which eventually became the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica were developed at this time and hidden from the world in Newton's notes for many years). Gottfried Leibniz developed his form of calculus independently around 1673, seven years after Newton had developed the basis for differential calculus, as seen in surviving documents like “the method of fluxions and fluents..." from 1666. Leibniz, however, published his discovery of differential calculus in 1684, nine years before Newton formally published his fluxion notation form of calculus in part during 1693. == Impact == The calculus notation in use today is mostly that of Leibniz, although Newton's dot notation for differentiation x ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}} is frequently used to denote derivatives


id: methoden-der-mathematischen-physik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoden_der_mathematischen_Physik-0.md
category: reference
title: Methoden der mathematischen Physik
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoden_der_mathematischen_Physik
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:49.831629+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: methoden-der-mathematischen-physik-20260505-0
summary:
Methoden der mathematischen Physik (translated into English with the title Methods of Mathematical Physics) is a 1924 book, in two volumes totalling around 1000 pages, published under the names of Richard Courant and David Hilbert. It was a comprehensive treatment of the "methods of mathematical physics" of the time. The second volume is devoted to the theory of partial differential equations. It contains presages of the finite element method, on which Courant would work subsequently, and which would eventually become basic to numerical analysis. The material of the book was worked up from the content of Hilbert's lectures. While Courant played the major editorial role, many at the University of Göttingen were involved in the writing-up, and in that sense it was a collective production. On its appearance in 1924 it apparently had little direct connection to the quantum theory questions at the centre of the theoretical physics of the time. That changed within two years, since the formulation of the Schrödinger equation made the Hilbert–Courant techniques of immediate relevance to the new wave mechanics. There was a second edition (1931/7), wartime edition in the USA (1943), and a third German edition (1968). The English version Methods of Mathematical Physics


id: a-metric-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Metric_America-0.md
category: reference
title: A Metric America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Metric_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:50.989387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-metric-america-20260505-0
summary:
A Metric America: A Decision Whose Time Has Come was a 1971 book by the United States National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) printed by the Government Printing Office. In 1968, in the Metric Study Act (Pub. L. 90-472, August 9, 1968, 82 Stat. 693), Congress authorized a three-year study of systems of measurement in the U.S., with particular emphasis on the feasibility of adopting the SI. This detailed U.S. Metric Study was conducted by the Department of Commerce. A 45-member advisory panel consulted with and took testimony from hundreds of consumers, business organizations, labor groups, manufacturers, and state and local officials. A Metric America: "A Decision Whose Time Has Come" – For Real (NISTIR 4858) was a June 1992 follow-up to this book. == See also == Metrication in the United States == External links == A Metric America; A Decision Whose Time Has Come A Metric America: A Decision Whose Time Has Come - For Real (NISTIR 4858) at the Wayback Machine (archived November 12, 2011)


id: metric-structures-for-riemannian-and-non-riemannian-spaces-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_Structures_for_Riemannian_and_Non-Riemannian_Spaces-0.md
category: reference
title: Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_Structures_for_Riemannian_and_Non-Riemannian_Spaces
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:52.170085+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: metric-structures-for-riemannian-and-non-riemannian-spaces-20260505-0
summary:
Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces is a book in geometry by Mikhail Gromov. It was originally published in French in 1981 under the title Structures métriques pour les variétés riemanniennes, by CEDIC (Paris). == History == The 1981 edition was edited by Jacques Lafontaine and Pierre Pansu. The English version, considerably expanded, was published in 1999 by Birkhäuser Verlag, with appendices by Pierre Pansu, Stephen Semmes, and Mikhail Katz. The book was well received and has been reprinted several times. == References ==


id: mishnat-ha-middot-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnat_ha-Middot-0.md
category: reference
title: Mishnat ha-Middot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnat_ha-Middot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:53.273259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mishnat-ha-middot-20260505-0
summary:
The Mishnat ha-Middot (Hebrew: מִשְׁנַת הַמִּדּוֹת, lit. 'Treatise of Measures') is the earliest known Hebrew treatise on geometry, composed of 49 mishnayot in six chapters. Scholars have dated the work to either the Mishnaic period or the early Islamic era. == History == === Date of composition === Moritz Steinschneider dated the Mishnat ha-Middot to between 800 and 1200 CE. Sarfatti and Langermann have advanced Steinschneider's claim of Arabic influence on the work's terminology, and date the text to the early ninth century. On the other hand, Hermann Schapira argued that the treatise dates from an earlier era, most likely the Mishnaic period, as its mathematical terminology differs from that of the Hebrew mathematicians of the Arab period. Solomon Gandz conjectured that the text was compiled no later than 150 CE (possibly by Rabbi Nehemiah) and intended to be a part of the Mishnah, but was excluded from its final canonical edition because the work was regarded as too secular. The content resembles both the work of Hero of Alexandria (c. 100 CE) and that of al-Khwārizmī (c. 800 CE) and the proponents of the earlier dating therefore see the Mishnat ha-Middot linking Greek and Islamic mathematics. === Modern history


id: murderous-maths-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths-0.md
category: reference
title: Murderous Maths
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:54.477242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: murderous-maths-20260505-0
summary:
Murderous Maths is a series of British educational books by author Kjartan Poskitt. Most of the books in the series are illustrated by illustrator Philip Reeve, with the exception of "The Secret Life of Codes", which is illustrated by Ian Baker, "Awesome Arithmetricks" illustrated by Daniel Postgate and Rob Davis, and "The Murderous Maths of Everything", also illustrated by Rob Davis. The Murderous Maths books have been published in over 25 countries. The books, which are aimed at children aged 8 and above, teach maths, spanning from basic arithmetic to relatively complex concepts such as the quadratic formula and trigonometry. The books are written in an informal similar style to the Horrible Histories, Horrible Science and Horrible Geography series, involving evil geniuses, gangsters, and a generally comedic tone. == Development == The first two books of the series were originally part of "The Knowledge" (now "Totally") series, itself a spin-off of Horrible Histories. However, these books were eventually redesigned and they, as well as the rest of the titles in the series, now use the Murderous Maths banner. According to Poskitt, "these books have even found their way into schools and proved to be a boost to GCSE studies". The


id: murderous-maths-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths-1.md
category: reference
title: Murderous Maths
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderous_Maths
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:54.477242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: murderous-maths-20260505-0
summary:
Professor Fiendish's Book of Diabolical Brain-benders (2002), ISBN 0-439-98226-X (mazes, logic, coin problems, number crosswords, shape cutting/rearranging, number squares.) Professor Fiendish's Book of Brain-benders (a smaller version of the above) (same as above) Sudoku: 100 Fun Number Puzzles (2005), ISBN 0-439-84570-X Kakuro and Other Fiendish Number Puzzles (2006), ISBN 0-439-95164-X One title that covers many different areas of mathematics has also been released: The Most Epic Book of Maths Ever (previously The Murderous Maths of Everything) (2010), ISBN 1-407-10367-9 (prime numbers, Sieve of Eratosthenes, Pythagoras' Theorem, triangular numbers, square numbers, the International Date Line, geometry, geometric constructions, topology, Möbius strips, curves (conic sections and cycloids Golomb Rulers, four-dimensional "Tic Tac Toe", The Golden Ratio, Fibonacci sequence, Logarithmic spirals, musical ratios, Theorems (including Ham sandwich theorem and Fixed point theorem), probability (cards, dice, cluedo etc.), Pascal's Triangle, Sierpinski Triangle, chess board, light years, size and distance of moon and planets, orbit, size of stars, shape of galaxy.) Kjartan has also written a book entitled Everyday Maths for Grown-Ups (2011). == Reviews == A recommendation of the series by Scientific American includes a quote from a Stanford engineer named Stacy F. Bennet, who described the series as "very humorous and engaging introductions


id: a-new-era-of-thought-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Era_of_Thought-0.md
category: reference
title: A New Era of Thought
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Era_of_Thought
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:55.623559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-era-of-thought-20260505-0
summary:
A New Era of Thought is a non-fiction work written by Charles Howard Hinton, published in 1888 and reprinted in 1900 by Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd., London. A New Era of Thought is about four-dimensional space and its implications on human thinking. The preface was written by Alicia Boole and H. John Falk. They also rewrote Part II which Hinton had sketched. The book has xvi and 230 pages. == Context == A New Era of Thought is inspired by Plato's allegory of the cave and is influenced by the works of Immanuel Kant, Carl Friedrich Gauss and Nikolai Lobachevsky. It influenced the work of P.D. Ouspensky, particularly his book Tertium Organum where it is frequently quoted; Scientific American writer Martin Gardner, who mentioned this book in some of his articles; and Rudy Rucker's The Fourth Dimension. == Synopsis == A New Era of Thought consists of two parts. The first part is a collection of philosophical and mathematical essays on the fourth dimension. These essays are somewhat disconnected. They teach the possibility of thinking four-dimensionally and about the religious and philosophical insights thus obtainable. In the second part Hinton develops a system of coloured cubes. These cubes serve


id: number-theory-an-approach-through-history-from-hammurapi-to-legendre-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Number Theory: An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Theory:_An_Approach_Through_History_from_Hammurapi_to_Legendre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:45:58.975469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: number-theory-an-approach-through-history-from-hammurapi-to-legendre-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Theory:_An_Approach_Through_History_from_Hammurapi_to_Legendre-0.md

summary:
Number Theory: An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre is a book on the history of number theory, written by André Weil and published in 1984. The book reviews over three millennia of research on numbers but the key focus is on mathematicians from the 17th century to the 19th, in particular, on the works of the mathematicians Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, and Legendre paved the way for modern number theory. It does not discuss many of the developments in the field after the work of Gauss in Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. However, it does indicate some of the developments in fields which directly arise from these works, in particular, the theory of elliptic curves. == See also == List of important publications in mathematics == References == === Footnotes === === Bibliography === Number Theory, An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre by André Weil, Birkhäuser (December 2006) ISBN 978-0-8176-4565-6


id: numerical-recipes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes-0.md
category: reference
title: Numerical Recipes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:00.240449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: numerical-recipes-20260505-0
summary:
Numerical Recipes is the generic title of a series of books on algorithms and numerical analysis by William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery. In various editions, the books have been in print since 1986. The most recent edition was published in 2007. == Overview == The Numerical Recipes books cover a range of topics that include both classical numerical analysis (interpolation, integration, linear algebra, differential equations, and so on), signal processing (Fourier methods, filtering), statistical treatment of data, and a few topics in machine learning (hidden Markov model, support vector machines). The writing style is accessible and has an informal tone. The emphasis is on understanding the underlying basics of techniques, not on the refinements that may, in practice, be needed to achieve optimal performance and reliability. Few results are proved with any degree of rigor, although the ideas behind proofs are often sketched, and references are given. Importantly, virtually all methods that are discussed are also implemented in a programming language, with the code printed in the book. Each variant of the book is keyed to a specific language. According to the publisher, Cambridge University Press, the Numerical Recipes books are historically


id: numerical-recipes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes-1.md
category: reference
title: Numerical Recipes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Recipes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:00.240449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: numerical-recipes-20260505-0
summary:
However, Numerical Recipes does include the following statement regarding copyrights on computer programs:Copyright does not protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas in a particular form. In the case of a computer program, the ideas consist of the program's methodology and algorithm, including the necessary sequence of steps adopted by the programmer. The expression of those ideas is the program source code ... If you analyze the ideas contained in a program, and then express those ideas in your own completely different implementation, then that new program implementation belongs to you. One early motivation for the GNU Scientific Library was that a free library was needed as a substitute for Numerical Recipes. === Style === Another line of criticism centers on the coding style of the books, which strike some modern readers as "Fortran-ish", though written in contemporary, object-oriented C++. The authors have defended their very terse coding style as necessary to the format of the book because of space limitations and for readability. == Titles in the series (partial list) == The books differ by edition (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and by the computer language in which the code is given. Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific


id: on-numbers-and-games-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Numbers_and_Games-0.md
category: reference
title: On Numbers and Games
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Numbers_and_Games
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:01.406278+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-numbers-and-games-20260505-0
summary:
On Numbers and Games is a mathematics book by John Horton Conway first published in 1976. The book is written by a pre-eminent mathematician, and is directed at other mathematicians. The material is, however, developed in a playful and unpretentious manner and many chapters are accessible to non-mathematicians. Martin Gardner discussed the book at length, particularly Conway's construction of surreal numbers, in his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American in September 1976. The book is roughly divided into two sections: the first half (or Zeroth Part), on numbers, the second half (or First Part), on games. In the Zeroth Part, Conway provides axioms for arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and inequality. This allows an axiomatic construction of numbers and ordinal arithmetic, namely, the integers, reals, the countable infinity, and entire towers of infinite ordinals. The object to which these axioms apply takes the form {L|R}, which can be interpreted as a specialized kind of set; a kind of two-sided set. By insisting that L<R, this two-sided set resembles the Dedekind cut. The resulting construction yields a field, now called the surreal numbers. The ordinals are embedded in this field. The construction is rooted in axiomatic set theory, and is closely


id: opera-omnia-leonhard-euler-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Omnia_Leonhard_Euler-0.md
category: reference
title: Opera Omnia Leonhard Euler
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Omnia_Leonhard_Euler
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:02.590672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: opera-omnia-leonhard-euler-20260505-0
summary:
Opera Omnia Leonhard Euler (Leonhardi Euleri Opera omnia) is the compilation of Leonhard Euler's scientific writings. The project of this compilation was undertaken by the Euler Committee of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, established in 1908, and is ongoing as of September 2022. The Committee decided on "the edition of the Collected Works of Leonhard Euler in the original languages, convinced of rendering the entire scientific world a service thereby", and, in 1919, it indicated to collect “All works from Leonhard Euler, hitherto unseen or already printed, coming from St Petersburg or elsewhere need to be integrated. This also includes the scientific letters of Euler”. The project has been supported by the international community, notably the Petersburg Academy of Sciences where Euler taught and which lent out its Euler materials in 1910. Publishing Euler's Opera Omnia has been termed "one of the most extraordinary projects in publishing". The Opera Omnia, excepting correspondences still being compiled in IVA9, was made available online in 2022 via the Opera-Bernoulli-Euler, which is working to make "the entire work of Euler, the Bernoulli family and their environment" freely available online. == Euler's writings == During his life, Euler published about 560 writings. After his death


id: origami-polyhedra-design-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami_Polyhedra_Design-0.md
category: reference
title: Origami Polyhedra Design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami_Polyhedra_Design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:04.980941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: origami-polyhedra-design-20260505-0
summary:
Origami Polyhedra Design is a book on origami designs for constructing polyhedra. It was written by the origami artist and mathematician John Montroll, and it was published in 2009 by A K Peters. == Topics == There are two traditional methods for making polyhedra out of paper: polyhedral nets and modular origami. In the net method, the faces of the polyhedron are placed to form an irregular shape on a flat sheet of paper, with some of these faces connected to each other within this shape; it is cut out and folded into the shape of the polyhedron, and the remaining pairs of faces are attached together. In the modular origami method, many similarly-shaped "modules" are each folded from a single sheet of origami paper, and then assembled to form a polyhedron, with pairs of modules connected by the insertion of a flap from one module into a slot in another module. This book does neither of those two things. Instead, it provides designs for folding polyhedra, each out of a single uncut sheet of origami paper. After a brief introduction to the mathematics of polyhedra and the concepts used to design origami polyhedra, book presents designs for folding 72


id: origamics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origamics-0.md
category: reference
title: Origamics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origamics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:06.100462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: origamics-20260505-0
summary:
Origamics: Mathematical Explorations Through Paper Folding is a book on the mathematics of paper folding by Kazuo Haga, a Japanese retired biology professor. It was edited and translated into English by Josefina C. Fonacier and Masami Isoda, based on material published in several Japanese-language books by Haga, and published in 2008 by World Scientific. The title is a portmanteau of "origami" and "mathematics", coined in the 1990s by Haga to describe the type of paper-folding mathematical exploration that would later be described in this book. == Topics == Although much of its content involves folding square sheets of origami paper, the book focuses on mathematical explorations developing from folding and unfolding paper rather than on the traditional use of origami to create paper figures and artworks. It is divided into ten chapters, exploring concepts in paper folding that are "so simple that they could be discovered by middle- or high-school students". The book begins with the exploration of a single fold of a corner of a square to a midpoint of an opposite edge, and its analysis involving the geometry of the 3–4–5 right triangle. Later explorations (sometimes presented with colorful stories of knights and princesses as motivation) concern folding


id: pasta-by-design-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta_by_Design-0.md
category: reference
title: Pasta by Design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta_by_Design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:07.271123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pasta-by-design-20260505-0
summary:
Pasta by Design is a book by George L. Legendre, with a foreword by Paola Antonelli, and photography by Stefano Graziani. It is based on an idea by Marco Guarnieri. == Overview == Pasta by Design spans the fields of architecture, food, and popular science. The book features 92 pasta shapes, each depicted by a photograph, a mathematical equation, a 3D visual, and a short paragraph on geographic provenance and cooking etiquette. It was first published in 2011 by Thames & Hudson, while a German translation was published in 2012 by Springer Verlag. == Taxonomy == Pasta by Design is primarily a work of taxonomy, or classification. The critical inventory of shapes recalls the compilations of building-related knowledge known in the nineteenth century as architectural treatises, in which the source material was systematically drawn and formatted as a catalogue. To organise and classify the large variety of pasta shapes, the book employed principles of phylogenetics. The first application of phylogenetics to architectural criticism appeared in Phylogenesis: FOA’s Ark (2003), an architectural monograph by Foreign Office Architects, the first such publication to catalogue projects exclusively by design property, instead of the commonly used markers of programme, location, and client. Pasta by


id: perspectiva-corporum-regularium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectiva_corporum_regularium-0.md
category: reference
title: Perspectiva corporum regularium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectiva_corporum_regularium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:08.403606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: perspectiva-corporum-regularium-20260505-0
summary:
Perspectiva corporum regularium (from Latin: Perspective of the Regular Solids) is a book of perspective drawings of polyhedra by German Renaissance goldsmith Wenzel Jamnitzer, with engravings by Jost Amman, published in 1568. Despite its Latin title, Perspectiva corporum regularium is written mainly in the German language. It was "the most lavish of the perspective books published in Germany in the late sixteenth century" and was included in several royal art collections. It may have been the first work to depict chiral icosahedral symmetry. == Topics == The book focuses on the five Platonic solids, with the subtitles of its title page citing Plato's Timaeus and Euclid's Elements for their history. Each of these five shapes has a chapter, whose title page relates the connection of its polyhedron to the classical elements in medieval cosmology: fire for the tetrahedron, earth for the cube, air for the octahedron, and water for the icosahedron, with the dodecahedron representing the heavens, its 12 faces corresponding to the 12 symbols of the zodiac. Each chapter includes four engravings of polyhedra, each showing six variations of the shape including some of their stellations and truncations, for a total of 120 polyhedra. This great amount of variation,


id: the-petersen-graph-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Petersen_Graph-0.md
category: reference
title: The Petersen Graph
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Petersen_Graph
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:09.540930+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-petersen-graph-20260505-0
summary:
The Petersen Graph is a mathematics book about the Petersen graph and its applications in graph theory. It was written by Derek Holton and John Sheehan, and published in 1993 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 7 in their Australian Mathematical Society Lecture Series. == Topics == The Petersen graph is an undirected graph with ten vertices and fifteen edges, commonly drawn as a pentagram within a pentagon, with corresponding vertices attached to each other. It has many unusual mathematical properties, and has frequently been used as a counterexample to conjectures in graph theory. The book uses these properties as an excuse to cover several advanced topics in graph theory where this graph plays an important role. It is heavily illustrated, and includes both open problems on the topics it discusses and detailed references to the literature on these problems. After an introductory chapter, the second and third chapters concern graph coloring, the history of the four color theorem for planar graphs, its equivalence to 3-edge-coloring of planar cubic graphs, the snarks (cubic graphs that have no such colorings), and the conjecture of W. T. Tutte that every snark has the Petersen graph as a graph minor. Two more


id: point-processes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Processes-0.md
category: reference
title: Point Processes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Processes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:13.101692+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: point-processes-20260505-0
summary:
Point Processes is a book on the mathematics of point processes, randomly located sets of points on the real line or in other geometric spaces. It was written by David Cox and Valerie Isham, and published in 1980 by Chapman & Hall in their Monographs on Applied Probability and Statistics book series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == Although Point Processes covers some of the general theory of point processes, that is not its main focus, and it avoids any discussion of statistical inference involving these processes. Instead, its aim is to present the properties and descriptions of several specific processes arising in applications of this theory, which had not been previously collected in texts in this area. Three of its six chapters concern more general material, while the final three are more specific. The first chapter includes introductory material on standard processes: Poisson point processes, renewal processes, self-exciting processes, and doubly stochastic processes. The second chapter provides some general theory including stationarity, orderliness (meaning that the probability of multiple arrivals in short intervals is sublinear in the interval length), Palm distributions, Fourier analysis,


id: polyhedra-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedra_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Polyhedra (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedra_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:14.235573+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polyhedra-book-20260505-0
summary:
Polyhedra is a book on polyhedra, by Peter R. Cromwell. It was published by in 1997 by the Cambridge University Press, with an unrevised paperback edition in 1999. == Topics == The book covers both the mathematics of polyhedra and its historical development, limiting itself only to three-dimensional geometry. The notion of what it means to be a polyhedron has varied over the history of the subject, as have other related definitions, an issue that the book handles largely by keeping definitions informal and flexible, and by pointing out problematic examples for these intuitive definitions. Many digressions help make the material readable, and the book includes many illustrations, including historical reproductions, line diagrams, and photographs of models of polyhedra. Polyhedra has ten chapters, the first four of which are primarily historical, with the remaining six more technical. The first chapter outlines the history of polyhedra from the ancient world up to Hilbert's third problem on the possibility of cutting polyhedra into pieces and reassembling them into different polyhedra. The second chapter considers the symmetries of polyhedra, the Platonic solids and Archimedean solids, and the honeycombs formed by space-filling polyhedra. Chapter 3 covers the history of geometry in medieval Islam and


id: polyominoes-puzzles-patterns-problems-and-packings-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyominoes:_Puzzles,_Patterns,_Problems,_and_Packings-0.md
category: reference
title: Polyominoes: Puzzles, Patterns, Problems, and Packings
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyominoes:_Puzzles,_Patterns,_Problems,_and_Packings
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:27.385356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polyominoes-puzzles-patterns-problems-and-packings-20260505-0
summary:
Polyominoes: Puzzles, Patterns, Problems, and Packings is a mathematics book on polyominoes, the shapes formed by connecting some number of unit squares edge-to-edge. It was written by Solomon Golomb, and is "universally regarded as a classic in recreational mathematics". The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has strongly recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Publication history == The book collects together material previously published by Golomb in various articles and columns, especially in Recreational Mathematics Magazine. It was originally published by Scribner's in 1965, titled simply Polyominoes, and including a plastic set of the twelve pentominoes. The book's title word "polyominoes" was invented for the subject by Golomb in 1954 as a back-formation from "domino". A translation into Russian by I. Yaglom, Полимино, was published by Mir in 1975; it includes also translations of two papers on polyominoes by Golomb and by David A. Klarner. A second English-language edition of the book was published by the Princeton University Press in 1994. It added to the corrected text of the original addition two more chapters on recent developments, an expanded bibliography, and two appendices, one giving an enumeration of polyominoes and a second reprinting a


id: prime-obsession-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Obsession-0.md
category: reference
title: Prime Obsession
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Obsession
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:28.637361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prime-obsession-20260505-0
summary:
Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics (2003) is a historical book on mathematics by John Derbyshire, detailing the history of the Riemann hypothesis, named for Bernhard Riemann, and some of its applications. The book was awarded the Mathematical Association of America's inaugural Euler Book Prize in 2007. == Overview == The book is written such that even-numbered chapters present historical elements related to the development of the conjecture, and odd-numbered chapters deal with the mathematical and technical aspects. Despite the title, the book provides biographical information on many iconic mathematicians including Euler, Gauss, and Lagrange. In chapter 1, "Card Trick", Derbyshire introduces the idea of an infinite series and the ideas of convergence and divergence of these series. He imagines that there is a deck of cards stacked neatly together, and that one pulls off the top card so that it overhangs from the deck. Explaining that it can overhang only as far as the center of gravity allows, the card is pulled so that exactly half of it is overhanging. Then, without moving the top card, he slides the second card so that it is overhanging too at equilibrium. As he does this more


id: the-princeton-companion-to-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Companion_to_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: The Princeton Companion to Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Companion_to_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:29.787993+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-princeton-companion-to-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The Princeton Companion to Mathematics is a book providing an extensive overview of mathematics that was published in 2008 by Princeton University Press. Edited by Timothy Gowers with associate editors June Barrow-Green and Imre Leader, it has been noted for the high caliber of its contributors. The book was the 2011 winner of the Euler Book Prize of the Mathematical Association of America, given annually to "an outstanding book about mathematics". == Topics and organization == The book concentrates primarily on modern pure mathematics rather than applied mathematics, although it does also cover both applications of mathematics and the mathematics that relates to those applications; it provides a broad overview of the significant ideas and developments in research mathematics. It is organized into eight parts: An introduction to mathematics, outlining the major areas of study, key definitions, and the goals and purposes of mathematical research. An overview of the history of mathematics, in seven chapters including the development of important concepts such as number, geometry, mathematical proof, and the axiomatic approach to the foundations of mathematics. A chronology of significant events in mathematical history is also provided later in the book. Three core sections, totalling approximately 600 pages. The first


id: the-principles-of-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: The Principles of Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:30.914036+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-principles-of-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The Principles of Mathematics (PoM) is a 1903 book by Bertrand Russell, in which the author presented his famous paradox and argued his thesis that mathematics and logic are identical. The book presents a view of the foundations of mathematics and Meinongianism and has become a classic reference. It reported on developments by Giuseppe Peano, Mario Pieri, Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor, and others. In 1905 Louis Couturat published a partial French translation that expanded the book's readership. In 1937 Russell prepared a new introduction saying, "Such interest as the book now possesses is historical, and consists in the fact that it represents a certain stage in the development of its subject." Further editions were published in 1938, 1951, 1996, and 2009. == Contents == The Principles of Mathematics consists of 59 chapters divided into seven parts: indefinables in mathematics, number, quantity, order, infinity and continuity, space, matter and motion. In chapter one, "Definition of Pure Mathematics", Russell asserts that: The fact that all Mathematics is Symbolic Logic is one of the greatest discoveries of our age; and when this fact has been established, the remainder of the principles of mathematics consists in the analysis of Symbolic Logic itself. Russell deconstructs


id: the-principles-of-mathematics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics-1.md
category: reference
title: The Principles of Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:30.914036+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-principles-of-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The Principles of Mathematics, which I finished on 23 May 1902, turned out to be a crude and rather immature draft of the subsequent work [Principia Mathematica], from which, however, it differed in containing controversy with other philosophies of mathematics. Such self-deprecation from the author after half a century of philosophical growth is understandable. On the other hand, Jules Vuillemin wrote in 1968: The Principles inaugurated contemporary philosophy. Other works have won and lost the title. Such is not the case with this one. It is serious, and its wealth perseveres. Furthermore, in relation to it, in a deliberate fashion or not, it locates itself again today in the eyes of all those that believe that contemporary science has modified our representation of the universe and through this representation, our relation to ourselves and to others. Moreover, in the same reflection, Russell also recounts the singular place the composition of the book had in his intellectual life. He recalls: I finished this first draft of The Principles of Mathematics on the last day of the nineteenth century—i.e. December 31, 1900. The months since the previous July had been an intellectual honeymoon such as I have never experienced before or since.


id: proofs-and-refutations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_and_Refutations-0.md
category: reference
title: Proofs and Refutations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_and_Refutations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:32.102198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: proofs-and-refutations-20260505-0
summary:
Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery is a 1976 book by philosopher Imre Lakatos expounding his view of the progress of mathematics. The book is written as a series of Socratic dialogues involving a group of students who discuss proposed proofs of Euler's polyhedral formula. A central theme is that definitions are not carved in stone, but often have to be patched up in the light of later insights, in particular failed proofs. This gives mathematics a somewhat experimental flavour. At the end of the Introduction, Lakatos explains that his purpose is to challenge formalism in mathematics, and to show that informal mathematics grows by a logic of "proofs and refutations". == Background == The 1976 book Proofs and Refutations is based on the first three chapters of his 1961 four-chapter doctoral thesis Essays in the Logic of Mathematical Discovery. But its first chapter is Lakatos's own revision of its chapter 1 that was first published as Proofs and Refutations in four parts in 1963–4 in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. == Synopsis == Many important logical ideas are explained in the book. For example, the difference between a counterexample to a lemma (a so-called


id: proofs-from-the-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_from_THE_BOOK-0.md
category: reference
title: Proofs from THE BOOK
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_from_THE_BOOK
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:33.272504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: proofs-from-the-book-20260505-0
summary:
Proofs from THE BOOK is a book of mathematical proofs by Martin Aigner and Günter M. Ziegler, first published in 1998. The book is inspired by and named after an expression used by the mathematician Paul Erdős, who often referred to "The Book" in which God kept the best proof of each mathematical theorem. During a lecture in 1985, Erdős said, "You don't have to believe in God, but you should believe in The Book." The greatest praise Erdős gave to mathematical work was to proclaim it "straight from the Book". Aigner and Zeigler proposed to Erdős a real book that would be "a first (and very modest) approximation to 'The Book'". Erdős had many suggestions for proofs that should be included, and would have been a co-author except that he died in 1996. Proofs from THE BOOK is instead dedicated to his memory. Including its original publication, Proofs from THE BOOK has had six editions in English, and has been translated into Persian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Polish, Portuguese, Korean, Turkish, Russian, Spanish and Greek. The American Mathematical Society awarded the 2018 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition to Aigner and Ziegler for this book. ==


id: pythagorean-triangles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_Triangles-0.md
category: reference
title: Pythagorean Triangles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_Triangles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:35.563939+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pythagorean-triangles-20260505-0
summary:
Pythagorean Triangles is a book on right triangles, the Pythagorean theorem, and Pythagorean triples. It was originally written in the Polish language by Wacław Sierpiński (titled Trójkąty pitagorejskie), and published in Warsaw in 1954. Indian mathematician Ambikeshwar Sharma translated it into English, with some added material from Sierpiński, and published it in the Scripta Mathematica Studies series of Yeshiva University (volume 9 of the series) in 1962. Dover Books republished the translation in a paperback edition in 2003. There is also a Russian translation of the 1954 edition. == Topics == As a brief summary of the book's contents, reviewer Brian Hopkins quotes The Pirates of Penzance: "With many cheerful facts about the square of the hypotenuse." The book is divided into 15 chapters (or 16, if one counts the added material as a separate chapter). The first three of these define the primitive Pythagorean triples (the ones in which the two sides and hypotenuse have no common factor), derive the standard formula for generating all primitive Pythagorean triples, compute the inradius of Pythagorean triangles, and construct all triangles with sides of length at most 100. Chapter 4 considers special classes of Pythagorean triangles, including those with sides in arithmetic


id: quasicrystals-and-geometry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasicrystals_and_Geometry-0.md
category: reference
title: Quasicrystals and Geometry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasicrystals_and_Geometry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:36.726659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quasicrystals-and-geometry-20260505-0
summary:
Quasicrystals and Geometry is a book on quasicrystals and aperiodic tiling by Marjorie Senechal, published in 1995 by Cambridge University Press (ISBN 0-521-37259-3). One of the main themes of the book is to understand how the mathematical properties of aperiodic tilings such as the Penrose tiling, and in particular the existence of arbitrarily large patches of five-way rotational symmetry throughout these tilings, correspond to the properties of quasicrystals including the five-way symmetry of their Bragg peaks. Neither kind of symmetry is possible for a traditional periodic tiling or periodic crystal structure, and the interplay between these topics led from the 1960s into the 1990s to new developments and new fundamental definitions in both mathematics and crystallography. == Topics == The book is divided into two parts. The first part covers the history of crystallography, the use of X-ray diffraction to study crystal structures through the Bragg peaks formed on their diffraction patterns, and the discovery in the early 1980s of quasicrystals, materials that form Bragg peaks in patterns with five-way symmetry, impossible for a repeating crystal structure. It models the arrangement of atoms in a substance by a Delone set, a set of points in the plane or in Euclidean


id: rabdology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabdology-0.md
category: reference
title: Rabdology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabdology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:37.868793+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rabdology-20260505-0
summary:
In 1617 a treatise in Latin titled Rabdologiæ and written by John Napier was published in Edinburgh. Printed three years after his treatise on the discovery of logarithms and in the same year as his death, it describes three devices to aid arithmetic calculations. The devices themselves don't use logarithms, rather they are tools to reduce multiplication and division of natural numbers to simple addition and subtraction operations. The first device, which by then was already popularly used and known as Napier's bones, was a set of rods inscribed with the multiplication table. Napier coined the word rabdology (from Greek ῥάβδος [rhabdos], rod and λόγoς [logos] calculation or reckoning) to describe this technique. The rods were used to multiply, divide and even find the square roots and cube roots of numbers. The second device was a promptuary (Latin promptuarium meaning storehouse) and consisted of a large set of strips that could multiply multidigit numbers more easily than the bones. In combination with a table of reciprocals, it could also divide numbers. The third device used a checkerboard like grid and counters moving on the board to perform binary arithmetic. Napier termed this technique location arithmetic from the way in which


id: regular-figures-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Figures-0.md
category: reference
title: Regular Figures
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Figures
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:38.980218+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: regular-figures-20260505-0
summary:
Regular Figures is a book on polyhedra and symmetric patterns, by Hungarian geometer László Fejes Tóth. It was published in 1964 by Pergamon in London and Macmillan in New York. == Topics == Regular Figures is divided into two parts, "Systematology of the Regular Figures" and "Genetics of the Regular Figures", each in five chapters. Although the first part represents older and standard material, much of the second part is based on a large collection of research works by Fejes Tóth, published over the course of approximately 25 years, and on his previous exposition of this material in a 1953 German-language text. The first part of the book covers many of the same topics as a previously published book, Regular Polytopes (1947), by H. S. M. Coxeter, but with a greater emphasis on group theory and the classification of symmetry groups. Its first three chapters describe the symmetries that two-dimensional geometric objects can have: the 17 wallpaper groups of the Euclidean plane in the first chapter, with the first English-language presentation of the proof of their classification by Evgraf Fedorov, the regular spherical tilings in chapter two, and the uniform tilings of the hyperbolic plane in chapter three. Also mentioned


id: regular-polytopes-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Polytopes_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Regular Polytopes (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Polytopes_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:40.134422+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: regular-polytopes-book-20260505-0
summary:
Regular Polytopes is a geometry book on regular polytopes written by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter. It was originally published by Methuen in 1947 and by Pitman Publishing in 1948, with a second edition published by Macmillan in 1963 and a third edition by Dover Publications in 1973. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended that it be included in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Overview == The main topics of the book are the Platonic solids (regular convex polyhedra), related polyhedra, and their higher-dimensional generalizations. It has 14 chapters, along with multiple appendices, providing a more complete treatment of the subject than any earlier work, and incorporating material from 18 of Coxeter's own previous papers. It includes many figures (both photographs of models by Paul Donchian and drawings), tables of numerical values, and historical remarks on the subject. The first chapter discusses regular polygons, regular polyhedra, basic concepts of graph theory, and the Euler characteristic. Using the Euler characteristic, Coxeter derives a Diophantine equation whose integer solutions describe and classify the regular polyhedra. The second chapter uses combinations of regular polyhedra and their duals to generate related polyhedra, including the semiregular polyhedra, and discusses zonohedra


id: reverse-mathematics-proofs-from-the-inside-out-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Mathematics:_Proofs_from_the_Inside_Out-0.md
category: reference
title: Reverse Mathematics: Proofs from the Inside Out
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Mathematics:_Proofs_from_the_Inside_Out
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:41.365740+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reverse-mathematics-proofs-from-the-inside-out-20260505-0
summary:
Reverse Mathematics: Proofs from the Inside Out is a book by John Stillwell on reverse mathematics, the process of examining proofs in mathematics to determine which axioms are required by the proof. It was published in 2018 by the Princeton University Press. == Topics == The book begins with a historical overview of the long struggles with the parallel postulate in Euclidean geometry, and of the foundational crisis of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Then, after reviewing background material in real analysis and computability theory, the book concentrates on the reverse mathematics of theorems in real analysis, including the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, the Heine–Borel theorem, the intermediate value theorem and extreme value theorem, the Heine–Cantor theorem on uniform continuity, the Hahn–Banach theorem, and the Riemann mapping theorem. These theorems are analyzed with respect to three of the "big five" subsystems of second-order arithmetic, namely arithmetical comprehension, recursive comprehension, and the weak Kőnig's lemma. == Audience == The book is aimed at a "general mathematical audience" including undergraduate mathematics students with an introductory-level background in real analysis. It is intended both to excite mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists about the foundational issues in their fields, and to provide an accessible


id: revolutions-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_in_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Revolutions in Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_in_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:42.514232+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: revolutions-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Revolutions in Mathematics is a 1992 collection of essays in the history and philosophy of mathematics. == Contents == Michael J. Crowe, Ten "laws" concerning patterns of change in the history of mathematics (1975) (15–20); Herbert Mehrtens, T. S. Kuhn's theories and mathematics: a discussion paper on the "new historiography" of mathematics (1976) (21–41); Herbert Mehrtens, Appendix (1992): revolutions reconsidered (42–48); Joseph Dauben, Conceptual revolutions and the history of mathematics: two studies in the growth of knowledge (1984) (49–71); Joseph Dauben, Appendix (1992): revolutions revisited (72–82); Paolo Mancosu, Descartes's Géométrie and revolutions in mathematics (83–116); Emily Grosholz, Was Leibniz a mathematical revolutionary? (117–133); Giulio Giorello, The "fine structure" of mathematical revolutions: metaphysics, legitimacy, and rigour. The case of the calculus from Newton to Berkeley and Maclaurin (134–168); Yu Xin Zheng, Non-Euclidean geometry and revolutions in mathematics (169–182); Luciano Boi, The "revolution" in the geometrical vision of space in the nineteenth century, and the hermeneutical epistemology of mathematics (183–208); Caroline Dunmore, Meta-level revolutions in mathematics (209–225); Jeremy Gray, The nineteenth-century revolution in mathematical ontology (226–248); Herbert Breger, A restoration that failed: Paul Finsler's theory of sets (249–264); Donald A. Gillies, The Fregean revolution in logic (265–305); Michael Crowe, Afterword (1992): a


id: sacred-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Sacred Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:44.766570+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sacred-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Sacred Mathematics: Japanese Temple Geometry is a book on Sangaku, geometry problems presented on wooden tablets as temple offerings in the Edo period of Japan. It was written by Fukagawa Hidetoshi and Tony Rothman, and published in 2008 by the Princeton University Press. It won the PROSE Award of the Association of American Publishers in 2008 as the best book in mathematics for that year. == Topics == The book begins with an introduction to Japanese culture and how this culture led to the production of Sangaku tablets, depicting geometry problems, their presentation as votive offerings at temples, and their display at the temples. It also includes a chapter on the Chinese origins of Japanese mathematics, and a chapter on biographies of Japanese mathematicians from the time. The Sangaku tablets illustrate theorems in Euclidean geometry, typically involving circles or ellipses, often with a brief textual explanation. They are presented as puzzles for the viewer to prove, and in many cases the proofs require advanced mathematics. In some cases, booklets providing a solution were included separately, but in many cases the original solution has been lost or was never provided. The book's main content is the depiction, explanation, and solution of


id: sequences-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequences_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Sequences (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequences_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:45.913883+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sequences-book-20260505-0
summary:
Sequences is a mathematical monograph on integer sequences. It was written by Heini Halberstam and Klaus Roth, published in 1966 by the Clarendon Press, and republished in 1983 with minor corrections by Springer-Verlag. Although planned to be part of a two-volume set, the second volume was never published. == Topics == The book has five chapters, each largely self-contained and loosely organized around different techniques used to solve problems in this area, with an appendix on the background material in number theory needed for reading the book. Rather than being concerned with specific sequences such as the prime numbers or square numbers, its topic is the mathematical theory of sequences in general. The first chapter considers the natural density of sequences, and related concepts such as the Schnirelmann density. It proves theorems on the density of sumsets of sequences, including Mann's theorem that the Schnirelmann density of a sumset is at least the sum of the Schnirelmann densities and Kneser's theorem on the structure of sequences whose lower asymptotic density is subadditive. It studies essential components, sequences that when added to another sequence of Schnirelmann density between zero and one, increase their density, proves that additive bases are essential components,


id: shuli-jingyun-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuli_jingyun-0.md
category: reference
title: Shuli jingyun
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuli_jingyun
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:47.061966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shuli-jingyun-20260505-0
summary:
The Shuli jingyun (數理精蘊), known in English as the Collected Essential Principles of Mathematics, is a 53-volume mathematical encyclopedia, part of the Siku Quanshu collection, on musical tuning, calculation, and the calendar. It includes three treatises on astronomy, mathematics, and music, compiled under imperial order during the Kangxi reign. The book was completed in 1723. == Production and distribution == The encyclopedia was commissioned by the Kangxi Emperor in 1713 and involved over one hundred scholars studying under the Emperor and Jesuit experts. The compilation of this book was supervised by Prince Yūnlu, with He Guozong (d. 1767) and Mei Gucheng (1681-1746) as main compilers. The book began its creation in 1713 and was finished by 1723. In 1724, the first copy was published by the imperial printing shop. The encyclopedia was intended to be used as an imperial textbook in China. Upon its publication, it has been imported to different countries such as Korea in 1729. The Shuli jingyun is included in the Siku Quanshu collection, commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor. This collection, compiled between 1773 and 1782, includes 3,461 titles and is divided into four treasuries. == Contents == The Shuli jingyun has two parts and an appendix


id: significant-figures-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_Figures_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Significant Figures (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_Figures_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:48.244917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: significant-figures-book-20260505-0
summary:
Significant Figures: The Lives and Work of Great Mathematicians is a 2017 nonfiction book by British mathematician Ian Stewart , published by Basic Books. In the work, Stewart discusses the lives and contributions of 25 figures who are prominent in the history of mathematics. The 25 mathematicians selected are: Archimedes, Liu Hui, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, Isaac Newton, Euler, Fourier, Gauss, Lobachevsky, Galois, Ada Lovelace, Boole, Riemann, Cantor, Sofia Kovalevskaia, Poincaré, Hilbert, Emmy Noether, Ramanujan, Gödel, Turing, Mandelbrot, and Thurston. == Reception == In Kirkus Reviews, it was written that "even a popularizer as skilled and prolific as Stewart cannot expect general readers to fully digest his highly distilled explanations of what these significant figures did to resolve ever more complex conundrums as math advanced." However, the reviewer praised Stewart's sketches of the lives and times of the innovators. The book was described as "a text for teachers, precocious students, and intellectually curious readers unafraid to tread unfamiliar territory". == See also == In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World == References ==


id: solving-the-riddle-of-phyllotaxis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving_the_Riddle_of_Phyllotaxis-0.md
category: reference
title: Solving the Riddle of Phyllotaxis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving_the_Riddle_of_Phyllotaxis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:49.465367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: solving-the-riddle-of-phyllotaxis-20260505-0
summary:
Solving the Riddle of Phyllotaxis: Why the Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Ratio Occur in Plants is a book on the mathematics of plant structure, and in particular on phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves on plant stems. It was written by Irving Adler, and published in 2012 by World Scientific. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Background == Irving Adler (1913–2012) was known as a peace protester, schoolteacher, and children's science book author before, in 1961, earning a doctorate in abstract algebra. Even later in his life, Adler began working on phyllotaxis, the mathematical structure of leaves on plant stems. This book, which collects several of his papers on the subject previously published in journals and edited volumes, is the last of his 85 books to be published before his death. == Topics == Different plants arrange their leaves differently, for instance on alternating sides of the plant stem, or rotated from each other by other fractions of a full rotation between consecutive leaves. In these patterns, rotations by 1/2 of an angle, 1/3 of an angle, 3/8 of an angle, or 5/8 of an angle


id: sphere-packings-lattices-and-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_Packings,_Lattices_and_Groups-0.md
category: reference
title: Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_Packings,_Lattices_and_Groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:50.644463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sphere-packings-lattices-and-groups-20260505-0
summary:
Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups is a book about geometry and group theory by John Conway and Neil Sloane, with contributions by other mathematicians, first published in 1988. H. S. M. Coxeter noted, "Much of the book is inspired by the Leech lattice." The book covers many results that, as Richard K. Guy phrased it, "appear little short of miraculous", such as how the Leech lattice, a set of points in 24-dimensional space, is related via special relativity to stacking cannonballs. The interrelated topics featured in the book include Golay codes, Mathieu groups and Monstrous Moonshine. Many of the chapters are updates of papers that had been published in journals previously. Portions of the text were coauthored by Eiichi Bannai, Richard Borcherds, John Leech, Simon Norton, Andrew M. Odlyzko, Richard A. Parker, Larissa Queen and B. B. Venkov. Francis Fung called it "monumental", and Nick Lord described it as "epochal". Gian-Carlo Rota wrote: This is the best survey of the best work in the best fields of combinatorics written by the best people. It will make the best reading by the best students interested in the best mathematics that is now going on. == Editions == The book is volume


id: the-strange-logic-of-random-graphs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strange_Logic_of_Random_Graphs-0.md
category: reference
title: The Strange Logic of Random Graphs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strange_Logic_of_Random_Graphs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:51.781673+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-strange-logic-of-random-graphs-20260505-0
summary:
The Strange Logic of Random Graphs is a book on zero-one laws for random graphs. It was written by Joel Spencer and published in 2001 by Springer-Verlag as volume 22 of their book series Algorithms and Combinatorics. == Topics == The random graphs of the book are generated from the Erdős–Rényi–Gilbert model G ( n , p ) {\displaystyle G(n,p)} in which n {\displaystyle n} vertices are given and a random choice is made whether to connect each pair of vertices by an edge, independently for each pair, with probability p {\displaystyle p} of making a connection. A zero-one law is a theorem stating that, for certain properties of graphs, and for certain choices of p {\displaystyle p} , the probability of generating a graph with the property tends to zero or one in the limit as n {\displaystyle n} goes to infinity. A fundamental result in this area, proved independently by Glebskiĭ et al. and by Ronald Fagin, is that there is a zero-one law for G ( n , 1 / 2 ) {\displaystyle G(n,1/2)} for every property that can be described in the first-order logic of graphs. Moreover, the limiting probability is one if and only if


id: sumario-compendioso-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumario_Compendioso-0.md
category: reference
title: Sumario Compendioso
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumario_Compendioso
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:52.962788+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sumario-compendioso-20260505-0
summary:
The Sumario Compendioso was the first mathematics book published in the New World. The book was published in Mexico City in 1556 by a clergyman Juan Diez. == Availability == The book has been digitized and is available on the Internet. Before the Digital Age the only four known surviving copies were preserved at the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, the British Library, London, Duke University Library, and the University of Salamanca in Spain. == Excerpts == In his book The Math Book, Clifford A. Pickover provided the following information about Sumario Compendioso: The Sumario Compendioso, published in Mexico City in 1556, is the first work on mathematics printed in the Americas. The publication of Sumario Compendioso in the New World preceded by many decades the emigration of the Puritans to North America and the settlement in Jamestown, Virginia. The author, Brother Juan Diez, was a companion of Hernando Cortes, the Spanish conquistador, during Cortes's conquests of the Aztec Empire. == References == == External links == Open Library HathiTrust JSTOR Archive.org


id: symmetry-aspects-of-m-c-escher-s-periodic-drawings-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_aspects_of_M._C._Escher's_periodic_drawings-0.md
category: reference
title: Symmetry aspects of M. C. Escher's periodic drawings
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_aspects_of_M._C._Escher's_periodic_drawings
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:55.237869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: symmetry-aspects-of-m-c-escher-s-periodic-drawings-20260505-0
summary:
Symmetry aspects of M. C. Escher's periodic drawings is a book by crystallographer Caroline H. MacGillavry published for the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) by Oosthoek in 1965. The book analyzes the symmetry of M. C. Escher's colored periodic drawings using the international crystallographic notation. In 1959, MacGillavry met Escher. His work, the regular tiling of the plane, showed obvious links with the symmetry principles of crystallography. After seeking approval from the organisers (Joseph and Gabrielle Donnay), MacGillavry asked Escher to exhibit his lithographic works at the IUCr Congress in Cambridge, U.K. in 1960. The exhibition was a success, and as a consequence the IUCr commissioned MacGillavry to write the book under its auspices. == Structure and topics == The book has three chapters. In the first chapter, entitled Patterns with Classical Symmetry, the author introduces the concepts of motif, symmetry operations, lattice and unit cell, and uses these to analyze the symmetry of 13 of Escher's tiling designs. In the second chapter, Patterns with Black-white Symmetry, the antisymmetry operation (indicated by a prime ') is introduced. The chapter analyzes 22 of Escher's design in terms of black-white symmetry and assigns each a symbol in the international notation describing its


id: symmetry-in-science-and-art-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_Science_and_Art-0.md
category: reference
title: Symmetry in Science and Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_Science_and_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:56.409275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: symmetry-in-science-and-art-20260505-0
summary:
Symmetry in Science and Art is a book by A.V. Shubnikov and V.A. Koptsik published by Plenum Press in 1974. The book is a translation of Simmetrija v nauke i iskusstve (Russian: Симметрия в науке и искусстве) published by Nauka in 1972. The book was notable because it gave English-language speakers access to Russian work in the fields of dichromatic and polychromatic symmetry. == Structure and topics == The book is divided into two parts. The first part is an updated version of A.V. Shubnikov's 1940 book Symmetry: laws of symmetry and their application in science, technology and applied arts (Russian: Симметрия : законы симметрии и их применение в науке, технике и прикладном искусстве). The following types of classical (one-color) and dichromatic (two-color) symmetries are covered in the first part of the book: one-sided rosettes, figures with a singular point, one-sided bands, two-sided bands, rods, network patterns, layers and space groups. The second part consists of three new chapters written by V.A. Koptsik covering the following subjects: group theory, crystallographic groups, antisymmetry, colored symmetry, symmetry in science and art, and conservation laws. == Audience == The book is written for crystallographers, mathematicians and physicists who are interested in the application


id: synopsis-of-pure-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsis_of_Pure_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Synopsis of Pure Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsis_of_Pure_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:57.582639+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: synopsis-of-pure-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Synopsis of Pure Mathematics is a book by G. S. Carr, written in 1886. The book attempted to summarize the state of most of the basic mathematics known at the time. The book is noteworthy because it was a major source of information for the legendary and self-taught mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan who managed to obtain a library loaned copy from a friend in 1903. Ramanujan reportedly studied the contents of the book in detail. The book is generally acknowledged as a key element in awakening the genius of Ramanujan. Carr acknowledged the main sources of his book in its preface: ... In the Algebra, Theory of Equations, and Trigonometry sections, I am largely indebted to Todhunter's well-known treatises ... In the section entitled Elementary Geometry, I have added to simpler propositions a selection of theorems from Townsend's Modern Geometry and Salmon's Conic Sections. In Geometric Conics, the line of demonstration followed agrees, in the main, with that adopted in Drew's treatise on the subject. ... The account of the C. G. S. system given in the preliminary section, has been compiled from a valuable contribution on the subject by Professor Everett, of Belfast, published by the Physical Society of London.


id: theory-of-lie-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Lie_groups-0.md
category: reference
title: Theory of Lie groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Lie_groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:46:59.850097+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: theory-of-lie-groups-20260505-0
summary:
In mathematics, Theory of Lie groups is a series of books on Lie groups by Claude Chevalley (1946, 1951, 1955). The first in the series was one of the earliest books on Lie groups to treat them from the global point of view, and for many years was the standard text on Lie groups. The second and third volumes, on algebraic groups and Lie algebras, were written in French, and later reprinted bound together as one volume. Apparently further volumes were planned but not published, though his lectures (Chevalley 2005) on the classification of semisimple algebraic groups could be considered as a continuation of the series. == References == Chevalley, Claude (1946), Theory of Lie Groups. I, Princeton Mathematical Series, vol. 8, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04990-8, MR 0015396 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Chevalley, Claude (1951), Théorie des groupes de Lie. Tome II. Groupes algébriques, Actualités Sci. Ind., vol. 1152, Hermann & Cie., Paris, MR 0051242 Chevalley, Claude (1955), Théorie des groupes de Lie. Tome III. Théorèmes généraux sur les algèbres de Lie, Actualités Sci. Ind., vol. 1226, Hermann & Cie, Paris, MR 0068552 Chevalley, Claude (1968), Théorie des groupes de Lie : Groupes algébriques, théorèmes généraux sur


id: tilings-and-patterns-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilings_and_patterns-0.md
category: reference
title: Tilings and patterns
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilings_and_patterns
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:01.029296+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tilings-and-patterns-20260505-0
summary:
Tilings and patterns is a book by mathematicians Branko Grünbaum and Geoffrey Colin Shephard published in 1987 by W.H. Freeman. The book was 10 years in development, and upon publication it was widely reviewed and highly acclaimed. == Structure and topics == The book is concerned with tilings—a partition of the plane into regions (the tiles)—and patterns—repetitions of a motif in the plane in a regular manner. The book is divided into two parts. The first seven chapters define concepts and terminology, establish the general theory of tilings, survey tilings by regular polygons, review the theory of patterns, and discuss tilings in which all the tiles, or all the edges, or all the vertices, play the same role. The last five chapters survey a variety of advanced topics in tiling theory: colored patterns and tilings, polygonal tilings, aperiodic tilings, Wang tiles, and tilings with unusual kinds of tiles. Each chapter open with an introduction to the topic, this is followed by the detailed material of the chapter, much previously unpublished, which is always profusely illustrated, and normally includes examples and proofs. Chapters close with exercises, and a section of notes and references which detail the historical development of the topic.


id: a-topological-picturebook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Topological_Picturebook-0.md
category: reference
title: A Topological Picturebook
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Topological_Picturebook
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:02.165515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-topological-picturebook-20260505-0
summary:
A Topological Picturebook is a book on mathematical visualization in low-dimensional topology by George K. Francis. It was originally published by Springer in 1987, and reprinted in paperback in 2007. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == Although the book includes some computer-generated images, most of it is centered on hand drawing techniques. After an introductory chapter on topological surfaces, the cusps in the outlines of surfaces formed when viewing them from certain angles, and the self-intersections of immersed surfaces, the next two chapters are centered on drawing techniques: chapter two concerns ink, paper, cross-hatching, and shading techniques for indicating the curvature of surfaces, while chapter three provides some basic techniques of graphical perspective. The remaining five chapters of the book provide case studies of different visualization problems in mathematics, called by the book "picture stories". The mathematical topics visualized in these chapters include the Penrose triangle and related optical illusions; the Roman surface and Boy's surface, two different immersions of the projective plane, and deformations between them; sphere eversion and the Morin surface; group theory, the mapping class groups of surfaces, and the braid


id: the-tower-of-hanoi-myths-and-maths-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tower_of_Hanoi_–_Myths_and_Maths-0.md
category: reference
title: The Tower of Hanoi – Myths and Maths
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tower_of_Hanoi_–_Myths_and_Maths
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:03.324829+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-tower-of-hanoi-myths-and-maths-20260505-0
summary:
The Tower of Hanoi – Myths and Maths is a book in recreational mathematics, on the tower of Hanoi, baguenaudier, and related puzzles. It was written by Andreas M. Hinz, Sandi Klavžar, Uroš Milutinović, and Ciril Petr, and published in 2013 by Birkhäuser, with an expanded second edition in 2018. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == Although this book is in recreational mathematics, it takes its subject seriously, and brings in material from automata theory, computational complexity, the design and analysis of algorithms, graph theory, and group theory, topology, fractal geometry, chemical graph theory, and even psychology (where related puzzles have applications in psychological testing). The 1st edition of the book had 10 chapters, and the 2nd edition has 11. In both cases they begin with chapter zero, on the background and history of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, covering its real-world invention by Édouard Lucas and in the mythical backstory he invented for it. Chapter one considers the Baguenaudier puzzle (or, as it is often called, the Chinese rings), related to the tower of Hanoi both in the structure of its state space


id: treatise-on-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: Treatise on Analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:05.664536+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: treatise-on-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
Treatise on Analysis is a translation by Ian G. Macdonald of the nine-volume work Éléments d'analyse on mathematical analysis by Jean Dieudonné, and is an expansion of his textbook Foundations of Modern Analysis. It is a successor to the various Cours d'Analyse by Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Camille Jordan, and Édouard Goursat. == Contents and publication history == === Volume I === The first volume was originally a stand-alone graduate textbook with a different title. It was first written in English and later translated into French, unlike the other volumes which were first written in French. It has been republished several times and is much more common than the later volumes of the series. The contents include Chapter I: Sets Chapter II Real numbers Chapter III Metric spaces Chapter IV The real line Chapter V Normed spaces Chapter VI Hilbert spaces Chapter VII Spaces of continuous functions Chapter VIII Differential calculus (This uses the Cauchy integral rather than the more common Riemann integral of functions.) Chapter IX Analytic functions (of a complex variable) Chapter X Existence theorems (for ordinary differential equations) Chapter XI Elementary spectral theory Dieudonné, J. (1960), Foundations of modern analysis, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. X, New York-London: Academic


id: a-treatise-on-the-circle-and-the-sphere-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_the_Circle_and_the_Sphere-0.md
category: reference
title: A Treatise on the Circle and the Sphere
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_the_Circle_and_the_Sphere
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:06.833342+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-treatise-on-the-circle-and-the-sphere-20260505-0
summary:
A Treatise on the Circle and the Sphere is a mathematics book on circles, spheres, and inversive geometry. It was written by Julian Coolidge and published by the Clarendon Press in 1916. The Chelsea Publishing Company published a corrected reprint in 1971. After the American Mathematical Society acquired Chelsea Publishing it was reprinted again in 1997. == Topics == As is now standard in inversive geometry, the book extends the Euclidean plane to its one-point compactification, and considers Euclidean lines to be a degenerate case of circles, passing through the point at infinity. It identifies every circle with the inversion through it, and studies circle inversions as a group, the group of Möbius transformations of the extended plane. Another key tool used by the book are the "tetracyclic coordinates" of a circle, quadruples of complex numbers a , b , c , d {\displaystyle a,b,c,d} describing the circle in the complex plane as the solutions to the equation a z z ¯ + b z + c z ¯ + d = 0 {\displaystyle az{\bar {z}}+bz+c{\bar {z}}+d=0} . It applies similar methods in three dimensions to identify spheres (and planes as degenerate spheres) with the inversions through them, and to


id: treks-into-intuitive-geometry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treks_into_Intuitive_Geometry-0.md
category: reference
title: Treks into Intuitive Geometry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treks_into_Intuitive_Geometry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:07.944460+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: treks-into-intuitive-geometry-20260505-0
summary:
Treks into Intuitive Geometry: The World of Polygons and Polyhedra is a book on geometry, written as a discussion between a teacher and a student in the style of a Socratic dialogue. It was written by Japanese mathematician Jin Akiyama and science writer Kiyoko Matsunaga, and published by Springer-Verlag in 2015 (ISBN 978-4-431-55841-5), with an expanded second edition in 2024 (ISBN 978-981-99-8607-1). == Topics == The term "intuitive geometry" of the title was used by László Fejes Tóth to refer to results in geometry that are accessible to the general public, and the book concerns topics of this type. The book has 16 self-contained chapters, each beginning with an illustrative puzzle or real-world application. It includes material on tessellations, polyhedra, and honeycombs, unfoldings of polyhedra and tessellations of unfoldings, cross sections of polyhedra, measuring boxes, gift wrapping, packing problems, wallpaper groups, pentagonal tilings, the Conway criterion for prototiles and Escher-like tilings of the plane by animal-shaped figures, aperiodic tilings including the Penrose tiling, the art gallery theorem, the Euler characteristic, dissection problems and the Dehn invariant, and the Steiner tree problem. The book is heavily illustrated. And although the results of the book are demonstrated in an accessible way, the


id: treviso-arithmetic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso_Arithmetic-0.md
category: reference
title: Treviso Arithmetic
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso_Arithmetic
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:09.079015+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: treviso-arithmetic-20260505-0
summary:
The Treviso Arithmetic, or Arte dell'Abbaco, is an anonymous textbook in commercial arithmetic written in vernacular Venetian and published in Treviso, Italy, in 1478. The author explains the motivation for writing this textbook: I have often been asked by certain youths in whom I have much interest, and who look forward to mercantile pursuits, to put into writing the fundamental principles of arithmetic, commonly called abacus. The Treviso Arithmetic is the earliest known printed mathematics book in the West, and one of the first printed European textbooks dealing with a science. == The Arithmetic as an early printed book == There appears to have been only one edition of the work. David Eugene Smith translated parts of the Treviso Arithmetic for educational purposes in 1907. Frank J. Swetz translated the complete work using Smith's notes in 1987 in his Capitalism & Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century. Swetz used a copy of the Treviso housed in the Manuscript Library at Columbia University. The volume found its way to this collection via a curious route. Maffeo Pinelli (1785), an Italian bibliophile, is the first known owner. After his death his library was purchased by a London book-dealer and sold


id: trigonometric-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_Series-0.md
category: reference
title: Trigonometric Series
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_Series
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:10.228449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trigonometric-series-20260505-0
summary:
Antoni Zygmund wrote a classic two-volume set of books entitled Trigonometric Series, which discusses many different aspects of trigonometric series. The first edition was a single volume, published in 1935 (under the slightly different title Trigonometrical Series). The second edition of 1959 was greatly expanded, taking up two volumes, though it was later reprinted as a single volume paperback. The third edition of 2002 is similar to the second edition, with the addition of a preface by Robert A. Fefferman on more recent developments, in particular Carleson's theorem about almost everywhere pointwise convergence for square-integrable functions. == Publication history == Zygmund, Antoni (1935). Trigonometrical series. Monogr. Mat. Vol. 5. Warszawa, Lwow: Subwencji Fundusz Kultury Narodowej. Zbl 0011.01703. At icm.edu.pl: original archived Zygmund, Antoni (1952). Trigonometrical series. New York: Chelsea Publishing Co. MR 0076084. Zygmund, Antoni (1955). Trigonometrical series. New York: Dover Publications. MR 0072976. Zygmund, Antoni (1959). Trigonometric series (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. MR 0107776. Volume I, Volume II. Zygmund, Antoni (1968). Trigonometric series. Second edition, reprinted with corrections and some additions. Vol. I and II (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. MR 0236587. Zygmund, Antoni (1977). Trigonometric series. Vol. I and II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07477-3. MR 0617944.


id: two-sided-matching-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Sided_Matching-0.md
category: reference
title: Two-Sided Matching
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Sided_Matching
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:12.555607+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: two-sided-matching-20260505-0
summary:
Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-Theoretic Modeling and Analysis is a book on matching markets in economics and game theory, particularly concentrating on the stable marriage problem. It was written by Alvin E. Roth and Marilda Sotomayor, with a preface by Robert Aumann, and published in 1990 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 18 in their series of Econometric Society monographs. For this work, Roth and Sotomayor won the 1990 Frederick W. Lanchester Prize of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. == Topics == The book's introduction discusses the National Resident Matching Program and its use of stable marriage to assign medical students to hospital positions, and collects the problems in economics that the theory of matching markets is positioned to solve. Following this, it has three main sections. The first of these sections discusses the stable matching problem in its simplest form, in which two equal-sized groups of agents are to be matched one-to-one. It discusses the stability of solutions (the property that no pair of agents both prefer being matched to each other to their assigned matches), the lattice of stable matchings, the Gale–Shapley algorithm for finding stable solutions, and two key properties of


id: urania-propitia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_Propitia-0.md
category: reference
title: Urania Propitia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_Propitia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:13.709479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: urania-propitia-20260505-0
summary:
Urania Propitia (lit. 'kind/beneficent Urania') is a book of astronomical tables written by the Silesian astronomer Maria Cunitz and published in 1650. As Maria Cunitz was the daughter of both a physician and mathematician, it was her ability to grasp complex mathematics quickly and transcribe her findings as a polyglot that allowed her to do what few women had done before her. The work served as a simplification of the Rudolphine Tables (1627) by Johannes Kepler, with Cunitz attempting to both increase the accuracy and to simplify the calculations from the original work. While she corrected a number of Kepler's computational errors, her equations also include inaccuracies. Cunitz's work is credited with making astrological tables accessible outside of the era's universities. Cunitz's cosmology combined elements from the cosmologies of both Kepler and Tycho Brahe. Like Brahe, she thought that the Sun and the Moon orbit around the planet Earth, while the rest of the planets in the Solar System orbit around the Sun. In her work, the physics within the cosmos involve ellipticals and aphelions. == Introduction == Urania Propitia was a simplification of the Rudolphine Tables written by Johannes Kepler in 1627. Kepler's dedication to Emperor Ferdinand II which


id: vectors-in-three-dimensional-space-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectors_in_Three-dimensional_Space-0.md
category: reference
title: Vectors in Three-dimensional Space
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectors_in_Three-dimensional_Space
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:14.876227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vectors-in-three-dimensional-space-20260505-0
summary:
Vectors in Three-dimensional Space (1978) is a book concerned with physical quantities defined in "ordinary" 3-space. It was written by J. S. R. Chisholm, an English mathematical physicist, and published by Cambridge University Press. According to the author, such physical quantities are studied in Newtonian mechanics, fluid mechanics, theories of elasticity and plasticity, non-relativistic quantum mechanics, and many parts of solid state physics. The author further states that "the vector concept developed in two different ways: in a wide variety of physical applications, vector notation and techniques became, by the middle of this century, almost universal; on the other hand, pure mathematicians reduced vector algebra to an axiomatic system, and introduced wide generalisations of the concept of a three-dimensional 'vector space'." Chisholm explains that since these two developments proceeded largely independently, there is a need to show how one can be applied to the other. == Summary == Vectors in Three-Dimensional Space has six chapters, each divided into five or more subsections. The first on linear spaces and displacements including these sections: Introduction, Scalar multiplication of vectors, Addition and subtraction of vectors, Displacements in Euclidean space, Geometrical applications. The second on Scalar products and components including these sections: Scalar products,


id: vorlesungen-ber-zahlentheorie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlesungen_über_Zahlentheorie-0.md
category: reference
title: Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlesungen_über_Zahlentheorie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:16.045939+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vorlesungen-ber-zahlentheorie-20260505-0
summary:
Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie (German pronunciation: [ˈfoːɐ̯ˌleːzʊŋən ˈyːbɐ ˈtsaːlənteoˌʁiː]; German for Lectures on Number Theory) is the name of several different textbooks of number theory. The best known was written by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Richard Dedekind, and published in 1863. Others were written by Leopold Kronecker, Edmund Landau, and Helmut Hasse. They all cover elementary number theory, Dirichlet's theorem, quadratic fields and forms, and sometimes more advanced topics. == Dirichlet and Dedekind's book == Based on Dirichlet's number theory course at the University of Göttingen, the Vorlesungen were edited by Dedekind and published after Lejeune Dirichlet's death. Dedekind added several appendices to the Vorlesungen, in which he collected further results of Lejeune Dirichlet's and also developed his own original mathematical ideas. === Scope === The Vorlesungen cover topics in elementary number theory, algebraic number theory and analytic number theory, including modular arithmetic, quadratic congruences, quadratic reciprocity and binary quadratic forms. === Contents === The contents of Professor John Stillwell's 1999 translation of the Vorlesungen are as follows Chapter 1. On the divisibility of numbers Chapter 2. On the congruence of numbers Chapter 3. On quadratic residues Chapter 4. On quadratic forms Chapter 5. Determination of the class number of


id: where-mathematics-comes-from-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From-0.md
category: reference
title: Where Mathematics Comes From
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:17.193195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: where-mathematics-comes-from-20260505-0
summary:
Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being (hereinafter WMCF) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist. Published in 2000, WMCF seeks to found a cognitive science of mathematics, a theory of embodied mathematics based on conceptual metaphor. == WMCF definition of mathematics == Mathematics makes up that part of the human conceptual system that is special in the following way: It is precise, consistent, stable across time and human communities, symbolizable, calculable, generalizable, universally available, consistent within each of its subject matters, and effective as a general tool for description, explanation, and prediction in a vast number of everyday activities, [ranging from] sports, to building, business, technology, and science. - WMCF, pp. 50, 377 Nikolay Lobachevsky said "There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world." A common type of conceptual blending process would seem to apply to the entire mathematical procession. == Human cognition and mathematics == Lakoff and Núñez's avowed purpose is to begin laying the foundations for a truly scientific understanding of mathematics, one grounded in processes common to all human cognition.


id: where-mathematics-comes-from-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From-1.md
category: reference
title: Where Mathematics Comes From
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:17.193195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: where-mathematics-comes-from-20260505-0
summary:
== Example of metaphorical ambiguity == WMCF (p. 151) includes the following example of what the authors term "metaphorical ambiguity." Take the set A = { { ∅ } , { ∅ , { ∅ } } } . {\displaystyle A=\{\{\emptyset \},\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}\}.} Then recall two bits of standard terminology from elementary set theory: The recursive construction of the ordinal natural numbers, whereby 0 is ∅ {\displaystyle \emptyset } , and n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} is n ∪ { n } . {\displaystyle n\cup \{n\}.} The ordered pair (a,b), defined as { { a } , { a , b } } . {\displaystyle \{\{a\},\{a,b\}\}.} By (1), A is the set {1,2}. But (1) and (2) together say that A is also the ordered pair (0,1). Both statements cannot be correct; the ordered pair (0,1) and the unordered pair {1,2} are fully distinct concepts. Lakoff and Johnson (1999) term this situation "metaphorically ambiguous." This simple example calls into question any Platonistic foundations for mathematics. While (1) and (2) above are admittedly canonical, especially within the consensus set theory known as the Zermelo–Fraenkel axiomatization, WMCF does not let on that they are but one of several definitions that have


id: where-mathematics-comes-from-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From-2.md
category: reference
title: Where Mathematics Comes From
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:17.193195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: where-mathematics-comes-from-20260505-0
summary:
But their analysis leaves at least a couple of questions insufficiently answered. For one thing, the authors ignore the fact that brains not only observe nature, but also are part of nature. Perhaps the math that brains invent takes the form it does because math had a hand in forming the brains in the first place (through the operation of natural laws in constraining the evolution of life). Furthermore, it's one thing to fit equations to aspects of reality that are already known. It's something else for that math to tell of phenomena never previously suspected. When Paul Dirac's equations describing electrons produced more than one solution, he surmised that nature must possess other particles, now known as antimatter. But scientists did not discover such particles until after Dirac's math told him they must exist. If math is a human invention, nature seems to know what was going to be invented. Lakoff and Núñez tend to dismiss the negative opinions mathematicians have expressed about WMCF, because their critics do not appreciate the insights of cognitive science. Lakoff and Núñez maintain that their argument can only be understood using the discoveries of recent decades about the way human brains process language


id: the-whetstone-of-witte-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte-0.md
category: reference
title: The Whetstone of Witte
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:18.369323+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-whetstone-of-witte-20260505-0
summary:
The Whetstone of Witte is the shortened title of Robert Recorde's mathematics book published in 1557, the full title being The whetstone of witte, whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmetike: containyng thextraction of Rootes: The Coßike practise, with the rule of Equation: and the woorkes of Surde Nombers. The book covers topics including whole numbers, the extraction of roots and irrational numbers. The work is notable for containing the first recorded use of the equals sign and also for being the first book in English to use the plus and minus signs. Recordian notation for exponentiation, however, differed from the later Cartesian notation p q = p × p × p ⋯ × p {\displaystyle p^{q}=p\times p\times p\cdots \times p} . Recorde expressed indices and surds larger than 3 in a systematic form based on the prime factorization of the exponent: a factor of two he termed a zenzic, and a factor of three, a cubic. Recorde termed the larger prime numbers appearing in this factorization sursolids, distinguishing between them by use of ordinal numbers: that is, he defined 5 as the first sursolid, written as ʃz and 7 as the second sursolid, written as Bʃz. He also devised


id: word-processing-in-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Processing_in_Groups-0.md
category: reference
title: Word Processing in Groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Processing_in_Groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:19.528199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: word-processing-in-groups-20260505-0
summary:
Word Processing in Groups is a monograph in mathematics on the theory of automatic groups, a type of abstract algebra whose operations are defined by the behavior of finite automata. The book's authors are David B. A. Epstein, James W. Cannon, Derek F. Holt, Silvio V. F. Levy, Mike Paterson, and William Thurston. Widely circulated in preprint form, it formed the foundation of the study of automatic groups even before its 1992 publication by Jones and Bartlett Publishers (ISBN 0-86720-244-0). == Topics == The book is divided into two parts, one on the basic theory of these structures and another on recent research, connections to geometry and topology, and other related topics. The first part has eight chapters. They cover automata theory and regular languages, and the closure properties of regular languages under logical combinations; the definition of automatic groups and biautomatic groups; examples from topology and "combable" structure in the Cayley graphs of automatic groups; abelian groups and the automaticity of Euclidean groups; the theory of determining whether a group is automatic, and its practical implementation by Epstein, Holt, and Sarah Rees; extensions to asynchronous automata; and nilpotent groups. The second part has four chapters, on braid groups, isoperimetric


id: zahlbericht-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahlbericht-0.md
category: reference
title: Zahlbericht
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahlbericht
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:20.658964+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zahlbericht-20260505-0
summary:
In mathematics, the Zahlbericht (number report) was a report on algebraic number theory by Hilbert (1897, 1998, (English translation)). == History == In 1893 the German Mathematical Society invited Hilbert and Minkowski to write reports on the theory of numbers. They agreed that Minkowski would cover the more elementary parts of number theory while Hilbert would cover algebraic number theory. Minkowski eventually abandoned his report, while Hilbert's report was published in 1897. It was reprinted in volume 1 of his collected works, and republished in an English translation in 1998. Corry (1996) and Schappacher (2005) and the English introduction to (Hilbert 1998) give detailed discussions of the history and influence of Hilbert's Zahlbericht. Some earlier reports on number theory include the report by H. J. S. Smith in 6 parts between 1859 and 1865, reprinted in Smith (1965), and the report by Brill & Noether (1894). Hasse (1926, 1927, 1930) wrote an update of Hilbert's Zahlbericht that covered class field theory (republished in 1 volume as (Hasse 1970)). == Contents == Part 1 covers the theory of general number fields, including ideals, discriminants, differents, units, and ideal classes. Part 2 covers Galois number fields, including in particular Hilbert's theorem 90.


id: aequanimitas-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequanimitas-0.md
category: reference
title: Aequanimitas
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequanimitas
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:22.189252+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aequanimitas-20260505-0
summary:
Aequanimitas was one of Sir William Osler's most famous essays, delivered to new doctors in 1889 as his farewell address at the Pennsylvania School of Medicine, prior to his transfer to Johns Hopkins. It was published in the same year and in 1904 appeared in his collection of essays titled Aequanimitas with Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses and Practitioners of Medicine. A second edition was produced in 1906, and a third in 1932. In the essay, Osler advocates two qualities "imperturbability" and "equanimity", which he defined as "coolness and presence of mind under all circumstances". Between 1932 and 1953, Eli Lilly & Company distributed more than 150,000 copies of the third edition to medical graduates. Through the years Osler's ideal of "Aequanimitas" has been analysed by various academics. Daniel Sokol, medical ethics and law expert, reasons in the British Medical Journal in 2007, that whatever interpretation is made of Aequanimitas, it "tackles head-on a timeless question: what makes a good doctor?". == Publication == === The essay === Aequanimitas was an essay by Sir William Osler, delivered to new doctors on 1 May 1889 as his farewell address at the Pennsylvania School of Medicine. It was published in the


id: ahfs-drug-information-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHFS_Drug_Information_Book-0.md
category: reference
title: AHFS Drug Information Book
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHFS_Drug_Information_Book
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:23.323678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ahfs-drug-information-book-20260505-0
summary:
The AHFS DI is one of several compendiums approved by the Social Security Act (Section 1861(t)(2)(B)(ii)(I)) as a source of off-label anti-cancer drug use. It was originally published in 1959 as the American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. It is also the only one left of the originally authorized compendiums. == References == == Further reading == "Gain a solid understanding of compendia and its impact on patient access". Formulary Journal. 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2018-03-30. == External links == Official website


id: al-hawi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hawi-0.md
category: reference
title: Al-Hawi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hawi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:24.437406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: al-hawi-20260505-0
summary:
Kitab al-Hawi or Al-Hawi or Kitāb al-Ḥāwī fī al-ṭibb translated as The Comprehensive Book on Medicine is an extensive medical encyclopedia authored by the Persian polymath Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865–925), commonly known in the West as Rhazes in the 10th century. This monumental work is a compendium of Greek, Syrian, and early Arabic medical knowledge, as well as some Indian medical practices. It was first translated into Latin in 1279 under the title Continens by Faraj ben Salim, a physician of Sicilian-Jewish origin employed by Charles of Anjou. The oldest partial remaining copy of this work belongs to the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland dated 1094 CE. == Historical context and composition == The Kitab al-Hawi was composed around the year 900 and spans 22 volumes. It was later published by the Dairat'l-Macarif-il-Osmania (Osmania Oriental Publications Bureau) in Hyderabad, India. == Contents and significance == The book covers a wide range of medical topics, including theoretical and practical medicine. Al-Razi's approach was notably comprehensive, as he not only included medical knowledge from Greek and Syrian sources but also incorporated insights from Indian medical traditions. Al-Razi frequently recommended various treatments, including those that might be considered


id: articella-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articella-0.md
category: reference
title: Articella
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articella
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:26.761166+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: articella-20260505-0
summary:
The Articella ('little art') or Ars medicinae ('art of medicine') is a Latin collection of medical treatises bound together in one volume that was used mainly as a textbook and reference manual between the 13th and the 16th centuries. In medieval times, several versions of this anthology circulated in manuscript form among medical students. Between 1476 and 1534, printed editions of the Articella were also published in several European cities. The earliest surviving manuscript of the collection was copied just after 1100. The original five texts, in their standard order, are the Isagoge Ioannitii ad Tegni Galieni by Hunayn ibn Ishaq; the Hippocratic Aphorisms and Prognostics; the De urinis of Theophilus Protospatharius; and the De pulsibus of Philaretus. The collection is usually supposed to have grown around Hunayn's Isagoge, an abridged introduction to Galen's classical Greek treatise Ars medica (Techne iatrike) translated from Arabic into Latin by Constantine the African in the 11th century. It circulated independently of the Articella. In the late 12th century, Galen's Ars was added to the Articella as a sixth text under the title Tegni. It was later moved into second place. In the mid-13th century, the emergence of formal medical education in several European


id: an-atlas-of-illustrations-of-clinical-medicine-surgery-and-pathology-20260505-0
category: reference
title: An Atlas of Illustrations of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Pathology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Atlas_of_Illustrations_of_Clinical_Medicine,_Surgery_and_Pathology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:27.931520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: an-atlas-of-illustrations-of-clinical-medicine-surgery-and-pathology-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Atlas_of_Illustrations_of_Clinical_Medicine,_Surgery_and_Pathology-0.md

summary:
An Atlas of Illustrations of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Pathology is a medical book of images first published in 1901 by John Bale, Sons & Danielsson. It contains the widely cited photograph taken by Allan Warner of two 13-year-old boys from the same class, who after coming into contact with smallpox, the vaccinated boy remained well and the boy who did not receive the vaccine developed the disease. == References ==


id: autism-s-false-prophets-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism's_False_Prophets-0.md
category: reference
title: Autism's False Prophets
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism's_False_Prophets
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:30.278207+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: autism-s-false-prophets-20260505-0
summary:
Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure is a 2008 book by Paul Offit, a vaccine expert and chief of infectious diseases at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The book focuses on the controversy surrounding the now-discredited link between vaccines and autism. The scientific consensus is that no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims, and a 2011 pharmacotherapy journal article described the vaccine-autism connection as "the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". == Summary == Offit describes the origins and development of claims regarding the MMR vaccine and the vaccine preservative thiomersal, as well as subsequent scientific evidence which has disproved a link with autism. The book discusses possible explanations for the persistence of these claims in the face of scientific evidence to the contrary, as well as the proliferation of potentially risky and unproven treatments for autism. The author takes a critical view of several advocates of a vaccine–autism link, including Andrew Wakefield, David Kirby, Mark Geier, and Boyd Haley, raising scientific and, in some cases, ethical and legal concerns. The book also explores divisions within the autism community on the topic of vaccines, as some parents consider the ongoing narrow


id: bad-pharma-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-0.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:31.497683+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients is a book by the British physician and academic Ben Goldacre about the pharmaceutical industry, its relationship with the medical profession, and the extent to which it controls academic research into its own products. It was published in the UK in September 2012 by the Fourth Estate imprint of HarperCollins, and in the United States in February 2013 by Faber and Faber. Goldacre argues in the book that "the whole edifice of medicine is broken", because the evidence on which it is based is systematically distorted by the pharmaceutical industry. He writes that the industry finances most of the clinical trials into its own products and much of doctors' continuing education, that clinical trials are often conducted on small groups of unrepresentative subjects and negative data is routinely withheld, and that apparently independent academic papers may be planned and even ghostwritten by pharmaceutical companies or their contractors, without disclosure. Describing the situation as a "murderous disaster", he makes suggestions for action by patients' groups, physicians, academics and the industry itself. Responding to the book's publication, the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry issued a statement in 2012 arguing that the


id: bad-pharma-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-1.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:31.497683+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter 2: "Where Do New Drugs Come From?" === In the second chapter, the book describes the process as new drugs move from animal testing through phase 1 (first-in-man study), phase 2, and phase 3 clinical trials. Phase 1 participants are referred to as volunteers, but in the US are paid $200–$400 per day, and because studies can last several weeks and subjects may volunteer several times a year, earning potential becomes the main reason for participation. Participants are usually taken from the poorest groups in society, and outsourcing increasingly means that trials may be conducted in countries with low wages by contract research organizations (CROs). The rate of growth for clinical trials in India is 20 percent a year, in Argentina 27 percent, and in China 47 percent, while trials in the UK have fallen by 10 percent a year and in the US by six percent. The shift to outsourcing raises issues about data integrity, regulatory oversight, language difficulties, the meaning of informed consent among a much poorer population, the standards of clinical care, the extent to which corruption may be regarded as routine in certain countries, and the ethical problem of raising a population's expectations for


id: bad-pharma-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-2.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:31.497683+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter 6: "Marketing" === In the final chapter, Goldacre looks at how doctors are persuaded to prescribe "me-too drugs," brand-name drugs that are no more effective than significantly cheaper off-patent ones. He cites as examples the statins atorvastatin (Lipitor, made by Pfizer) and simvastatin (Zocor), which he writes seem to be equally effective, or at least there is no evidence to suggest otherwise. Simvastatin came off patent several years ago, yet there are still three million prescriptions a year in the UK for atorvastatin, costing the National Health Service (NHS) an annual £165 million extra. He addresses the issue of medicalization of certain conditions (or, as he argues, of personhood), whereby pharmaceutical companies "widen the boundaries of diagnosis" before offering solutions. Female sexual dysfunction was highlighted in 1999 by a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which alleged that 43 percent of women were suffering from it. After the article appeared, the New York Times wrote that two of its three authors had worked as consultants for Pfizer, which at the time was preparing to launch UK-414,495, known as female Viagra. The journal's editor said that the failure to disclose the relationship with Pfizer was


id: bad-pharma-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma-3.md
category: reference
title: Bad Pharma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pharma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:31.497683+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bad-pharma-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == The book was generally well received. The Economist described it as "slightly technical, eminently readable, consistently shocking, occasionally hectoring and unapologetically polemical". Helen Lewis in the New Statesman called it an important book, while Luisa Dillner, writing in the Guardian, described it as a "thorough piece of investigative medical journalism". Andrew Jack wrote in the Financial Times that Goldacre is "at his best in methodically dissecting poor clinical trials. ... He is less strong in explaining the complex background reality, such as the general constraints and individual slips of regulators and pharma companies' employees." Jack also argued that the book failed to reflect how many lives have been improved by the current system, for example with new treatments for HIV, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Max Pemberton, a psychiatrist, wrote in the Daily Telegraph that "this is a book to make you enraged ... because it's about how big business puts profits over patient welfare, allows people to die because they don't want to disclose damning research evidence, and the tricks they play to make sure doctors do not have all the evidence when it comes to appraising whether a drug really works or not." The Association of


id: big-pharma-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pharma_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Big Pharma (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pharma_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:32.673802+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: big-pharma-book-20260505-0
summary:
Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies Control Illness is a 2006 book by British journalist Jacky Law. The book examines the history of the pharmaceutical industry. Before the book, Law was the associate editor of Scrip Magazine. == Reception == Ike Iheanacho writes about the book that "The author is clearly no great fan of the industry. But, refreshingly, she avoids the sort of lazy polemic that casts major pharmaceutical companies as an evil empire that continually foists its products on unwilling and unsuspecting healthcare professionals and patients." == See also == Bad Pharma (2012) by Ben Goldacre Side Effects (2008) by Alison Bass Lists about the pharmaceutical industry == References == == External links == Excerpt from the book


id: a-colour-atlas-of-urology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Colour_Atlas_of_Urology-0.md
category: reference
title: A Colour Atlas of Urology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Colour_Atlas_of_Urology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:33.835758+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-colour-atlas-of-urology-20260505-0
summary:
A Colour Atlas of Urology is a medical textbook of urology images first published by Wolfe Medical Publications in 1983. It is co-authored by Reginald Wyndham Lloyd-Davies, James G. Gow and D. R. Davies. 1,188 Images include those of pathological specimens, photographs at endoscopy of the bladder and diagrams that explain urological diagnostic procedures. 70 images relate to lesions of the penis and scrotum. A second edition was published in 1994. A review in the Postgraduate Medical Journal noted that the X-ray of lung metastases was back to front. Another review considered it a complete work covering everything a urologist could possibly see in their profession. The British Journal of Venereal Diseases noted that the book was aimed at urologists but suggested that genitourinary physicians might be interested in it. All three reviews reported that the book was expensive. == Publication == A Colour Atlas of Urology is co-authored by Reginald Wyndham Lloyd-Davies, James G. Gow and D. R. Davies, and was first published by Wolfe Medical Publications in 1983 at a cost of £48. A second edition, with co-author Helen Parkhouse, was published in 1994. == Content == 1,188 images include those of pathological specimens, photographs at endoscopy of


id: current-reviews-in-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Reviews_in_Obstetrics_and_Gynaecology-0.md
category: reference
title: Current Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Reviews_in_Obstetrics_and_Gynaecology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:34.991149+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: current-reviews-in-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-20260505-0
summary:
Current Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, also spelled Current Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, is a book series on obstetrics and gynecology which was edited by Tom Lind, Albert Singer, and Joseph A. Jordan and was published by Churchill Livingstone in the 1980s. Its International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is 0264-5610. == Volumes == Volume 1: Obstetric Analgesia and Anaesthesia (Selwyn Crawford, 1982) Volume 2: Early Diagnosis of Fetal Defects (Brock, 1982) Volume 3: Early Teenage Pregnancy (Russell, 1982) Volume 4: Ovarian Malignancies: The Clinical Care of Adults and Adolescents (Piver & Scully, 1983) Volume 5: Cancer of the Cervix: Diagnosis and Treatment (Shingleton & Orr, 1983) Volume 6: Aspects of Care in Labour (Beazley & Lobb, 1983) Volume 7: Drug Prescribing in Pregnancy (Krauer, Krauer, & Hytten, 1984) Volume 8: Spontaneous Abortion (Huisjes, 1984) Volume 9: Female Puberty and Its Abnormalities (Dewhurst, 1984) Volume 10: Coagulation Problems During Pregnancy (Letsky, 1985) Volume 11: Infertility in the Male (Jequier, 1986) Volume 12: Endometriosis (O'Connor, 1987) Volume 13: Diabetic Pregnancy (Brudenell & Doddridge, 1989) == References == == External links == Current Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynaecology (0264-5610) - ISSN Portal Current Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology - WorldCat Search


id: the-deadly-dinner-party-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deadly_Dinner_Party-0.md
category: reference
title: The Deadly Dinner Party
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deadly_Dinner_Party
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:37.245785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-deadly-dinner-party-20260505-0
summary:
The Deadly Dinner Party and Other Medical Detective Stories (2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12558-0) is a nonfiction book by Jonathan A. Edlow, MD about medical mysteries. The book contains fifteen real-life stories of everyday people caught up in medical crises that take deduction and detective work to solve, and to determine a correct diagnosis. The book has been compared to the "medical mystery" books of Berton Roueché. The book is published by Yale University Press. == Reception == In a review for New Scientist, Druin Burch wrote that the "collection of bite-sized essays about obscure infections, poisons and diseases […] make an enjoyable and interesting book. The stories don’t flow, but they do add up to more than a list of anecdotes […]." In The New York Review of Books, Jerome Groopman described how Edlow wrote in "clear and fluid prose" about unusual diagnoses and the ultimate need for a "discerning doctor". == See also == Diagnosis Medical ethics How Doctors Think Fatal Care: Survive in the U.S. Health System == References == == External links == Review of book in The New York Review of Books (November 5, 2009) Review in New Scientist (October 11, 2009)


id: the-desideratum-or-electricity-made-plain-and-useful-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desideratum-0.md
category: reference
title: The Desideratum; or, Electricity Made Plain and Useful
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desideratum;_or,_Electricity_Made_Plain_and_Useful
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:38.416207+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-desideratum-or-electricity-made-plain-and-useful-20260505-0
summary:
The Desideratum; or, Electricity Made Plain and Useful - By a Lover of Mankind, and of Common Sense is a 1760 book by John Wesley advocating the use of electric shock therapy. Wesley collected the accounts of other researchers with "electrifying machines", and to them added observations from his own experiments in public clinics. == Legacy == The 72-page book has led Wesley to be mentioned alongside his contemporaries Richard Lovett and Jean Paul Marat as a pioneer advocate of the medical uses of electroconvulsive therapy, despite the fact that Wesley's tests and results are not considered scientific by modern standards. == References == == External links == Digital copy of an 1871 reprint at Archive.org


id: diagnosis-mercury-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_Mercury-0.md
category: reference
title: Diagnosis Mercury
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_Mercury
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:39.612590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: diagnosis-mercury-20260505-0
summary:
Diagnosis Mercury: Money, Politics and Poison is a 2008 book by Jane Hightower. The book explains that mercury is a poison and that the majority of mercury in the environment comes from coal-fired power plants. But the book is mainly concerned with human exposure from the eating of large predatory fish such as swordfish, shark, king mackerel, large tuna, etc. The book also discusses industrial mercury poisonings, such as those in Minamata, Japan, in the 1950s and Ontario, Canada, in the 1970s. == See also == Mercury in fish Minamata Convention on Mercury == References == == External links == Diagnosis: Mercury Mercury poisoning symptoms and fish recommendations Mercury poisoning time line Mercury guidelines Author Bio at California Pacific Medical Center Mercury Facts


id: die-homosexualit-t-des-mannes-und-des-weibes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Homosexualität_des_Mannes_und_des_Weibes-0.md
category: reference
title: Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Homosexualität_des_Mannes_und_des_Weibes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:40.768630+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-homosexualit-t-des-mannes-und-des-weibes-20260505-0
summary:
Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes is a classic 1914 book on homosexuality in men and women that was written by German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld. A second edition was published in 1920. Hirschfeld was himself gay and an occasional crossdresser, known by other Berlin crossdressers as "Aunt Magnesia". The book was part of the series Handbuch der Gesamten Sexualwissenschaft in Einzeldarstellungen and was the third volume of this series. Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes was not translated until 2000, under the title The Homosexuality of Men and Women by Michael Lombardi-Nash. It has been said that the book was the most significant and authoritative text on homosexuality of its time. The book has often been overlooked in the English-speaking academia. == See also == Die Transvestiten: Eine Untersuchung über den Erotischen Verkleidungstrieb (Hirschfeld, 1910) == References ==


id: die-transvestiten-eine-untersuchung-ber-den-erotischen-verkleidungstrieb-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Die Transvestiten: Eine Untersuchung über den Erotischen Verkleidungstrieb
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:41.916181+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-transvestiten-eine-untersuchung-ber-den-erotischen-verkleidungstrieb-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Transvestiten:_Eine_Untersuchung_über_den_Erotischen_Verkleidungstrieb-0.md

summary:
Die Transvestiten: Eine Untersuchung über den Erotischen Verkleidungstrieb is a classic 1910 book on crossdressing and transvestism that was written by German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld. An illustrated companion second volume to the book was published by Hirschfeld and Max Tilke in 1912. In addition, a second edition of Die Transvestiten was published by Hirschfeld in 1925. Subsequent to its publication, the book was translated into English with the title Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress by Michael Lombardi-Nash in 1991. == Background == Hirschfeld was himself gay and an occasional crossdresser, known by other Berlin crossdressers as "Aunt Magnesia". It has been said that Die Transvestiten was the most significant and authoritative text on transvestism of its time. While the book is about crossdressing, it also clearly includes some people with cross-gender feelings who would likely be referred to as transgender today. The book has often been overlooked in the English-speaking academia. == Contents == Die Transvestiten includes first-person narratives of crossdressing, Hirschfeld's commentaries on these cases, and theorizing based on the observations. Of the narratives, there were 17 in total, with 16 of them natal male and one of them natal female. In the book, Hirschfeld wished to distinguish

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Transvestiten:_Eine_Untersuchung_über_den_Erotischen_Verkleidungstrieb


id: the-doctor-in-war-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_in_War-0.md
category: reference
title: The Doctor in War
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_in_War
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:43.085159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-doctor-in-war-20260505-0
summary:
The Doctor in War is a book published in November 1918 by Woods Hutchinson, an American physician who travelled throughout Europe from 15 January to 24 December 1917 visiting hospitals, ambulance trains, and other locations to offer his services to the war effort during World War I. == Background == As Hutchinson believed that "the doctor and the sanitarian would play an important part" in the World War, he offered to help the British Army medical staff but was told in order to serve he would have to swear allegiance and in turn lose his American citizenship. With the help of Secretary of War Newton Diehl Baker and Colonel Roosevelt he was able to travel to Europe and see everything that had "any value or interest from a medical and public health point of view." == Summary == Hutchinson emphasizes the importance that doctors played in the war. One of the major things they have contributed is the decrease in deaths due to disease. In the American Civil War the ratio was five deaths to disease for every one in battle, however during 'The Great War' the ratio was changed to ten deaths in battle for every one to disease.


id: donguibogam-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donguibogam-0.md
category: reference
title: Donguibogam
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donguibogam
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:44.248506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: donguibogam-20260505-0
summary:
The Dongui Bogam (Korean: 동의보감; translated as "Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine") is a Korean book compiled by the royal physician, Heo Jun and was first published in 1613 during the Joseon period of Korea. The book is regarded as important in traditional Korean medicine, and is one of the classics of Oriental medicine today. In July 2009, it was added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World International Register. The original edition of Dongui Bogam is currently preserved by the Korean National Library. The original was written in Hanja and only part of it was transcribed in Korean for wide reading use, as only officials understood in Hanmun. It was translated to English in 2013. == Name == The title literally translates as "A Precious Mirror of Eastern Medicine". The phrase "Precious Mirror" (보감 寶鑑) is a metaphorical idiom meaning 'something which can be modeled after'. Meanwhile, the phrase "Eastern Medicine" (동의 東醫) is not the antonym to 'Western Medicine'; "Dongguk" (동국 東國), meaning "Eastern Country," was one of the names of Korea, which means the country to the east of China. Therefore, the title can be rendered as "An Exemplary Explanation of Korean Medicine" and is listed in


id: endemic-goiter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_Goiter-0.md
category: reference
title: Endemic Goiter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_Goiter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:45.385720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: endemic-goiter-20260505-0
summary:
Endemic Goiter: The Adaptation of Man to Iodine Deficiency is a monograph about a study of endemic goiters conducted in Mendoza Province, Argentina by the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Cuyo. Written by John B. Stanbury, Gordon L. Brownell, Douglas S. Riggs, Hector Perinetti, Juan Itoiz and Enrique B. Del Castillo, it was published in 1954 by Harvard University Press as part of their Harvard University Monographs in Medicine and Public Health series. The study itself was conducted just before the addition of iodine was made mandatory in Mendoza, and it suggested that a thyroid deprived of iodine absorbed iodide in blood more quickly than their iodine-satiated counterparts. Contemporaneous reviews in The Quarterly Review of Biology, Archives of Internal Medicine, Science, and the American Journal of Clinical Pathology all praised the book for what they felt was clear, well-articulated research on the part of the authors. The reviews also felt that the work had provided a great deal of knowledge on thyroids, and several recommended it to wider audience, or just endocrinologists. The Journal of the American Medical Association differed in its assessment, feeling that the book was "too complex and theoretical" for general practitioners, though recommended it


id: ending-aging-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_Aging-0.md
category: reference
title: Ending Aging
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_Aging
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:46.562153+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ending-aging-20260505-0
summary:
Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime is a 2007 book written by biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey, with his research assistant Michael Rae. Ending Aging describes de Grey's proposal for eliminating aging as a cause of debilitation and death in humans, and restoring the body to an indefinitely youthful state, a project that he calls the "strategies for engineered negligible senescence" ("SENS"). De Grey argues that defeating aging is feasible, possibly within a few decades, and he outlines steps that can be taken to hasten the development of regenerative medicine treatments for each side of aging. == Editions == St. Martin's Press, 1st edition (hardcover, 389 pages), released September 4, 2007: ISBN 0-312-36706-6 St. Martin's Griffin, 1st reprint edition with new afterword (paperback, 448 pages), released October 14, 2008: ISBN 0-312-36707-4 == Translations == German: Niemals alt!: So lässt sich das Altern umkehren. Fortschritte der Verjüngungsforschung, transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2010 Spanish: El Fin del Envejecimiento. Los avances que podrían revertir el envejecimiento humano durante nuestra vida, Lola Books, Berlín 2013 Italian: La fine dell'invecchiamento: Come la scienza potrà esaudire il sogno dell'eterna giovinezza, D Editore, Roma 2016 Portuguese: O fim do envelhecimento: Os avanços


id: epidemiology-in-country-practice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_in_Country_Practice-0.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology in Country Practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_in_Country_Practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:47.739445+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-in-country-practice-20260505-0
summary:
Epidemiology in Country Practice is a book by William Pickles (1885–1969), a rural general practitioner (GP) physician in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England, first published in 1939. The book reports on how careful observations can lead to correlations between transmission of infective disease between families, farms and villages. It contains the detailed observational studies of a 1928 epidemic of catarrhal jaundice and a 1929 epidemic of Bornholm disease which were published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) in 1930 and 1933 respectively. == Background == William Pickles first realised the possibilities for epidemiological studies for a GP after he read James Mackenzie's The Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment in Heart Affections in the 1920s. With the assistance of his wife Gertie, who kept the charts, Pickles recorded his observations on a 1928 epidemic of catarrhal jaundice and a 1929 epidemic of Bornholm Disease in his district. His findings were published in the British Medical Journal in 1930 and 1933 respectively and in 1935 he presented them at the Royal Society of Medicine. The work was praised by Major Greenwood who wrote that Pickles's work would mark a "new era in epidemiology". His observations led to new understandings of the transmission of


id: epidemiology-in-relation-to-air-travel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_in_Relation_to_Air_Travel-0.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_in_Relation_to_Air_Travel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:48.910523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiology-in-relation-to-air-travel-20260505-0
summary:
Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel is a book by Arthur Massey, the medical officer of health of Coventry, published by H. K. Lewis & Co. in 1933. By comparing the travel times of journeys by ship to those of travelling by air, he demonstrated how the quarantinable diseases plague, cholera, yellow fever and smallpox, could arrive in the UK in the early 1930s. Massey noted that travelling by aeroplane, from countries where major infectious diseases were common, to countries where those diseases were rare or non-existent, risked spreading those diseases during the incubation period. It was noted by Air Commodore H. E. Whittingham and in The Indian Medical Gazette to be one of the earliest works of its kind. == Publication == Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel was written by the Coventry-based medical officer of health Arthur Massey, and published by H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd. in 1933, when the topic was relatively new, and in the year after the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation was drawn up. It has 59 pages and five maps. == Synopsis == The book deals briefly with the danger of spreading infectious disease via aircraft as flight times in the


id: etiology-concept-and-prophylaxis-of-childbed-fever-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology,_Concept_and_Prophylaxis_of_Childbed_Fever-0.md
category: reference
title: Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology,_Concept_and_Prophylaxis_of_Childbed_Fever
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:50.066960+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: etiology-concept-and-prophylaxis-of-childbed-fever-20260505-0
summary:
Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever (German: Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers) is a pioneering medical book written by Ignaz Semmelweis and published in 1861, which explains how hygiene in hospitals can drastically reduce unnecessary deaths. The book and concept saved millions of mothers from a preventable streptococcal infection. The book is 524 pages long and includes studies in hospitals conducted in Vienna in 1847. It is claimed to be one of the most comprehensive medical studies ever published. It was translated into English in 1983 by Dr. K. Codell Carter. Semmelweis's findings challenged conventional ideas about the incidence of puerperal fever (also known as postpartum infections or childbed fever), finding that it could be drastically reduced by requiring hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics. He also cites bed hygiene by washing linens after each patient. Puerperal fever was a deadly infection, common in mid-19th-century hospitals. Semmelweis proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions in 1847 while working in Vienna General Hospital's First Obstetrical Clinic, where doctors' wards had three times the mortality of midwives' wards. Semmelweis had his life ruined at the time of publication because his ideas, though now proved and


id: fantastic-voyage-live-long-enough-to-live-forever-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage:_Live_Long_Enough_to_Live_Forever-0.md
category: reference
title: Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage:_Live_Long_Enough_to_Live_Forever
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:51.226341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fantastic-voyage-live-long-enough-to-live-forever-20260505-0
summary:
Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever (Rodale Books, ISBN 1-57954-954-3) is a book authored by Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman published in 2004. The basic premise of the book is that if middle aged people can live long enough, until approximately 120 years, they will be able to live forever—as humanity overcomes all diseases and old age itself. This might also be considered a break-even scenario where developments made during a year increase life expectancy by more than one year. Biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey called this the "Longevity escape velocity" in a 2005 TED talk. The book focuses primarily on health topics such as heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. It promotes lifestyle changes such as a low glycemic index diet, calorie restriction, exercise, drinking green tea and alkalinized water, and other changes to daily living. They also promote aggressive supplementation to make up for nutrient deficiencies they believe are common in Western society. In contrast to his previous book The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life, in which he recommended a diet with 10% of calories from fat, in this book, Kurzweil recommends consuming less than one third of calories from carbohydrates (and less than one


id: feminine-forever-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_Forever-0.md
category: reference
title: Feminine Forever
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_Forever
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:52.361242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: feminine-forever-20260505-0
summary:
Feminine Forever is a 1966 book written by American gynecologist Robert A. Wilson. The book characterized menopause and associated symptoms as a serious disease state and strongly advocated the use of estrogen-based menopausal hormone therapy to alleviate it, maintain femininity and well-being, and improve quality of life and health. Wilson's claims were criticized as not being based on adequate research and evidence. Nonetheless, Wilson's book was marketed directly to women and was a best-seller, with it having been implicated in causing a rapid and large rise in prescriptions of menopausal hormone therapy. Subsequently, trials such as the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) contradicted Wilson's claims and showed that menopausal hormone therapy could have significant medical risks, such as venous thromboembolism and breast cancer, and that its benefits were not as great as once believed. Decades after the book's publication, it was revealed that the manufacturer of the estrogen drug Premarin had secretly paid Wilson to promote its use by menopausal women. == References ==


id: fixing-sex-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Sex-0.md
category: reference
title: Fixing Sex
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Sex
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:53.573873+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fixing-sex-20260505-0
summary:
Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience, a book by Stanford anthropologist and bioethicist Katrina Karkazis, was published in 2008. Described as "thoughtful", "meticulous", and an "authoritative treatise on intersex", the book examines the perspectives of intersex people, their families, and clinicians to offer compassionate look at the treatment of people born with atypical sex characteristics. == Synopsis == In a scholarly work, Karkazis draws heavily on interviews with intersex adults, parents, and physicians to explore how intersex is understood and treated. In part 1, she reviews the history of treatment for intersex traits, highlighting the work of John Money and the introduction of the, then new, terms "gender", "gender role" and "gender identity". She explores the events following publication of Milton Diamond's study of the David Reimer or "John/Joan" case, and the ways in which public opinion impacted on medical treatment. In part 2, Karkazis presents an analysis of current medical approaches to intersex, and the risks involved, in the wake of a 2006 "consensus statement on the management of intersex disorders". She also reviews the methods utilised to assign a sex of rearing to intersex infants, such as genitals and penis size, chromosomes, fertility, "sexing of the


id: flexner-report-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report-0.md
category: reference
title: Flexner Report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:54.714737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: flexner-report-20260505-0
summary:
The Flexner Report is a book-length landmark report of medical education in the United States and Canada, written by Abraham Flexner and published in 1910 under the aegis of the Carnegie Foundation. Flexner not only described the state of medical education in North America, but he also gave detailed descriptions of the medical schools that were operating at the time. He provided both criticisms and recommendations for improvements of medical education in the United States. While it had many positive effects on American medical education, the Flexner report has been accused of introducing policies that encouraged systemic racism and sexism. The Report, also called Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four, called on American medical schools to enact higher admission and graduation standards, and to adhere strictly to the protocols of mainstream science principles in their teaching and research. The report talked about the need for revamping and centralizing medical institutions. Many American medical schools fell short of the standard advocated in the Flexner Report and, subsequent to its publication, nearly half of such schools merged or were closed outright. Colleges for the education of the various forms of alternative medicine, such as electrotherapy, were closed. Homeopathy, traditional osteopathy, eclectic medicine, and


id: flexner-report-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report-1.md
category: reference
title: Flexner Report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:54.714737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: flexner-report-20260505-0
summary:
== Recommended changes == To help with the transition and change the minds of other doctors and scientists, John D. Rockefeller gave many millions to colleges, hospitals and founded a philanthropic group called "General Education Board" (GEB). In the nineteenth century, it was relatively easy to not only receive a medical education, but also to start a medical school. When Flexner researched his report, many American medical schools were small "proprietary" trade schools owned by one or more doctors, unaffiliated with a college or university, and run to make a profit. A degree was typically awarded after only two years of study with laboratory work and dissection optional. Many of the instructors were local doctors teaching part-time. There were very few full-time professors, dedicated to medical education. Medical schools did not receive funding, and their only money came from the students' tuitions. Regulation of the medical profession by state governments was minimal or nonexistent. American doctors varied enormously in their scientific understanding of human physiology, and the word "quack" was in common use. Flexner carefully examined the situation. Using the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as the ideal medical school, he issued the following recommendations: Reduce both the number of


id: flexner-report-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report-2.md
category: reference
title: Flexner Report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:54.714737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: flexner-report-20260505-0
summary:
=== Strengthening state regulation of medical licensure === Chapter 11 of the Flexner Report, "The State Boards," offers a scathing critique of the medical regulatory landscape at the time, particularly focusing on the inefficacy and inconsistency of state medical boards. Flexner identifies the critical role these boards were intended to play in upholding medical education standards, both legally and ethically, but argues that they had largely failed in this responsibility."In 1906, the worst of the Chicago schools a school with no entrance requirement, no laboratory teaching, no hospital connections made before state boards the best record attained by any Chicago school in that year. This school, essentially the same now as then, has only recently been declared "not in good standing" with the state board of Illinois. Everywhere in Canada and the United States wretched institutions refute criticism by pointing to their successful state board records."Flexner's broader reform plan, which aimed to elevate medical education in the United States, was fundamentally dependent on state medical boards functioning as effective gatekeepers to the profession. He insisted that state boards must rigorously ensure that only those who completed proper, standardized training could enter medical practice. From a legal standpoint, state boards were


id: flexner-report-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report-3.md
category: reference
title: Flexner Report
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:54.714737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: flexner-report-20260505-0
summary:
"The practice of the Negro doctor will be limited to his own race, which in its turn will be cared for better by good Negro physicians than by poor white ones. But the physical well-being of the Negro is not only of moment to the Negro himself. Ten million of them live in close contact with sixty million whites. Not only does the Negro himself suffer from hookworm and tuberculosis; he communicates them to his white neighbors, precisely as the ignorant and unfortunate white contaminates him. Self-protection not less than humanity offers weighty counsel in this matter; self- interest seconds philanthropy. The Negro must be educated not only for his sake, but for ours. He is, as far as the human eye can see, a permanent factor in the nation." Flexner's findings also restricted opportunities for African-American physicians in the medical sphere. Even the Howard and Meharry schools struggled to stay open following the Flexner Report, having to meet the institutional requirements of white medical schools, reflecting a divide in access to health care between white and African-Americans. Following the Flexner Report, African-American students sued universities, challenging the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson. However, those students were met by


id: full-catastrophe-living-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Catastrophe_Living-0.md
category: reference
title: Full Catastrophe Living
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Catastrophe_Living
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:55.897257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: full-catastrophe-living-20260505-0
summary:
Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness is a book by Jon Kabat-Zinn, first published in 1990, revised in 2013, which describes the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center's Stress Reduction Clinic. In addition to describing the content and background of MBSR, Kabat-Zinn describes scientific research showing the medical benefits of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), and lays out an approach to mind-body medicine emphasizing the depth of the interconnections between physical and mental health. The book has been called "one of the great classics of mind/body medicine", and has been seen as a landmark in the development of the secular mindfulness movement in the United States and internationally. == Background == Full Catastrophe Living grew out of the work of the University of Massachusetts Medical Center's Stress Reduction Clinic, founded in 1979 by Jon Kabat-Zinn. The purpose of the Clinic was to "serve as a referral service for physicians and other health providers, to which they could send medical patients with a wide range of diagnoses and conditions who were not responding completely to more traditional treatments, or who were 'falling through the cracks'


id: full-catastrophe-living-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Catastrophe_Living-1.md
category: reference
title: Full Catastrophe Living
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Catastrophe_Living
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:55.897257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: full-catastrophe-living-20260505-0
summary:
=== Introduction === In the introduction to the revised edition of 2013, Kabat-Zinn defines mindfulness, reflects on the massive growth of MBSR and other mindfulness-based practices since the publication of the first edition in 1990, and lays out the findings of relevant scientific studies. He defines mindfulness operationally as "the awareness that arises by paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally", while noting that "when we speak of mindfulness, it is important to keep in mind that we equally mean heartfulness ... It is a more-than-conceptual knowing. It is more akin to wisdom, and to the freedom a wisdom perspective provides." He emphasizes that mindfulness involves accessing within ourselves capacities that we in fact already possess, "finding, recognizing, and making use of that in us which is already okay, already beautiful, already whole by virtue of our being human—and drawing upon it to live our lives as if it really mattered how we stand in relationship to what arises, whatever it is." While stressing that "mindfulness has its own internal logic and poetry", he suggests that scientific research showing its beneficial effects for health and well-being may provide extra incentive to follow the MBSR curriculum. He highlights,


id: full-catastrophe-living-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Catastrophe_Living-2.md
category: reference
title: Full Catastrophe Living
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Catastrophe_Living
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:55.897257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: full-catastrophe-living-20260505-0
summary:
Health can be undermined by a lifetime of ingrained behavior patterns that compound and exacerbate the pressures of living we continually face. Ultimately, our habitual and automatic reactions to the stressors we encounter, particularly when we get in the habit of reacting maladaptively, determine in large measure how much stress we experience. Automatic reactions triggered out of unawareness—especially when the circumstances are not life-threatening but we take them that way all the same—can compound and exacerbate stress, making what might have remained basically simple problems into worse ones over time. They can prevent us from seeing clearly, from solving problems creatively, and from expressing our emotions effectively when we need to communicate with other people or even understand what is going on within ourselves. ... A lifetime of unconscious and unexamined habitual reactivity to challenges and perceived threats is likely to increase our risk of eventual breakdown and illness significantly. Habitual maladaptive reactions to stressors can include physical tensions, workaholism, addiction to various chemicals, drugs, or foods, and depressive rumination. Kabat-Zinn describes how mindfulness practice can help people to overcome such maladaptive reactions by bringing them into awareness, "allowing you to engage in and influence the flow of events and


id: galileo-s-middle-finger-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo's_Middle_Finger-0.md
category: reference
title: Galileo's Middle Finger
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo's_Middle_Finger
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:57.079400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: galileo-s-middle-finger-20260505-0
summary:
Galileo's Middle Finger is a 2015 book about the ethics of medical research by Alice Dreger, an American bioethicist and author. Dreger explores the relationship between science and social justice by discussing a number of scientific controversies. These include the debates surrounding intersex genital surgery, autogynephilia, and anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon's work. == Synopsis == The first part of Galileo's Middle Finger recounts Dreger's activism against surgical "correction" of intersex individuals' genitalia. Some surgeons called this "total urogenital mobilization" which is "...ripping out everything that didn't seem right to the doctor and rebuilding a girl's genitals from scratch using Frankenstein stitches..." Based on her interactions with the intersex community as well as her own research, she advocated that genital surgery for intersex children be postponed until the individual is old enough to make an informed decision, in the absence of any evidence that the benefits of such surgery outweighed its already reported risks. The second section provides her analysis of the controversy surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen (2003), by sex researcher and psychologist J. Michael Bailey. In that book, Bailey summarized research on Blanchard's transsexualism typology in a way that Dreger says is scientifically accurate, well-intended, and sympathetic, but


id: the-green-book-immunisation-guide-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Book_(immunisation_guide)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Green Book (immunisation guide)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Book_(immunisation_guide)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:58.214179+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-green-book-immunisation-guide-20260505-0
summary:
Immunisation against infectious disease, popularly known as The Green Book, provides information on vaccines for vaccine-preventable diseases. It acts as a guide to the UK's vaccination schedule for health professionals and health departments that give vaccines in the United Kingdom. The first two editions were published in 1992 and 1996. A third edition in 2006, was the last to appear in print. Updates have since been added by its clinical editors through advice and recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) and appear only online as individual chapters via the immunisation section of the GOV.UK website. As of 2021 it includes updates on COVID-19. == Purpose == Immunisation against infectious disease is popularly known as The Green Book, to provide information on the UK's vaccination schedule and vaccines for vaccine preventable infectious diseases. It is a guide for health professionals and health departments that give vaccines in the UK. Updates are added by its clinical editors through advice and recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI), as accepted by the Secretaries of State. Larger updates may also need consultations with UK health departments and public health bodies, MHRA, vaccine manufacturers, NHS England, National Travel


id: homeopathy-and-its-kindred-delusions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy_and_Its_Kindred_Delusions-0.md
category: reference
title: Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy_and_Its_Kindred_Delusions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:47:59.420677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: homeopathy-and-its-kindred-delusions-20260505-0
summary:
Homœopathy and Its Kindred Delusions is a work by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., based upon two lectures he gave in 1842, Medical Delusions and Homœopathy. The work criticizes homeopathy, which he considered to be akin to "astrology, palmistry and other methods of getting a living out of the weakness and credulity of mankind and womankind". It is considered to be a classic text, one of Holmes' most important works, as well as one of the earliest criticisms of homeopathy. == Synopsis == Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions is composed of two parts. In the first, Holmes explains how the placebo effect can produce false positives, and describes numerous forms of popular but ineffective quackery (including the royal touch, the tractors of Elisha Perkins, and the powder of sympathy), to demonstrate that positive anecdotal evidence is not necessarily indicative of an effective medical therapy. He also describes how Perkins claimed the healing powers of the tractors were due to their being made of a special alloy, but how they declined in popularity after it was discovered that the tractors had the same effect no matter what they were made of. In the second, he criticizes the basis of homeopathy itself, such


id: the-human-embryo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Embryo-0.md
category: reference
title: The Human Embryo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Embryo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:01.741856+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-human-embryo-20260505-0
summary:
The Human Embryo: Aristotle and the Arabic and European Traditions is a book looking at the philosophy and religious viewpoints of human reproduction over the ages by the Reverend Canon G. R. Dunstan and published by University of Exeter Press in 1990. It specialises in the study of the human embryo both historically and from different cultural viewpoints. The largest section is devoted to the understanding of the embryo in the Middle Ages, with seven articles alone reinterpreting Dante's passages on the animation of the embryo. == References ==


id: in-training-stories-from-tomorrow-s-physicians-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-Training:_Stories_from_Tomorrow's_Physicians-0.md
category: reference
title: In-Training: Stories from Tomorrow's Physicians
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-Training:_Stories_from_Tomorrow's_Physicians
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:02.942655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: in-training-stories-from-tomorrow-s-physicians-20260505-0
summary:
in-Training: Stories from Tomorrow’s Physicians is a print collection of 102 manuscripts originally published on in-Training, the online magazine for medical students, since its founding in July 2012. The collection was written, curated, and edited entirely by medical students. The book is “a compendium of peer-edited narratives written by medical students on humanism, our real-life patients, and the challenges of being a physician-in-training.” The book was published by Pager Publications, Inc., a 501c3 nonprofit literary corporation founded by Ajay Major and Aleena Paul, the founders of in-Training. == Authors == The 80 authors of the manuscripts in the collection are medical students across the United States and Canada, all of whom were writers for in-Training. The book was curated and edited by Ajay Major and Aleena Paul, the founders of in-Training. == Contents == The 102 manuscripts in the collection were selected from over 800 articles originally published on in-Training since its founding in July 2012. Each manuscript is accompanied by reflective discussion questions written by the medical student editors of in-Training. The book was designed as a resource guide for medical students and educators interested in the medical humanities, so the collection includes first-person accounts of experiences in dissection


id: kaitai-shinsho-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitai_Shinsho-0.md
category: reference
title: Kaitai Shinsho
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitai_Shinsho
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:04.089453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kaitai-shinsho-20260505-0
summary:
Kaitai Shinsho (解体新書; Kyūjitai: 解體新書, roughly meaning "New Text on Anatomy") is a medical text translated into Japanese during the Edo period. It was written by Sugita Genpaku, and was published by Suharaya Ichibee (須原屋市兵衛) in 1774, the third year of An'ei. The body comprises four volumes, the illustrations, one. The contents are written kanbun-style. It is based on a translation of the Dutch Ontleedkundige Tafelen, often known in Japan as Tafel Anatomie (ターヘル・アナトミア, Tāheru Anatomia), of Johann Adam Kulmus’ Latin Tabulae Anatomicae, published before 1722 (exact year is unknown) in Gdańsk, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a full-blown translation from a Western language, it was the first of its kind in Japan. == Background == On 4 March 1771, the eighth year of Meiwa, the students of Rangaku medicine Sugita Genpaku, Maeno Ryōtaku, Nakagawa Jun'an, et al., by studying performing autopsies on criminals executed at the Kozukappara execution grounds (now, there is a possibility that Katsuragawa Hoshū was at this facility as well, but from the description in Rangaku Koto Hajime (蘭学事始), it seems more likely that he was not). Both Sugita and Maeno had the book Ontleedkundige Tafelen, imported from Holland. Sugita, marveling at the accuracy of the work while


id: kaitai-shinsho-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitai_Shinsho-1.md
category: reference
title: Kaitai Shinsho
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitai_Shinsho
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:04.089453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kaitai-shinsho-20260505-0
summary:
Kaitai Shinsho is generally said to be a translation of Ontleedkundige Tafelen. However, other than the work itself, Bartholini's, Blankaart's, Schamberger’s, Koyter’s, Veslingius', Palfijn's, and others' works were also consulted; the cover is based on Valuerda's. Of course, Asian sources and opinions also had an influence. The book is not a mere translation; the translation was done mostly by Maeno Ryōtaku and then transponed into classical Chinese by Sugita. There are notes in various places left by Sugita, as leftovers from the work. All those lengthy footnotes that cover more than 50% of Kulmus' book were left out. The contents are split into four volumes: Volume I General remarks; forms and names; parts of the body; skeletal structure: general remarks about joints; skeletal structure: detailed exposition about joints. Volume II The head; the mouth; the brain and nerves; the eyes; the ears; the nose; the tongue. Volume III The chest and the diaphragm; the lungs; the heart; arteries; veins; the portal vein; the abdomen; the bowels and stomach; the mesentery and lacteals; the pancreas. Volume IV The spleen; the liver and gall bladder; the kidneys and the bladder; the genitalia; pregnancy; the muscles. The illustrations only comprise one volume. ==


id: a-letter-to-a-friend-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Friend-0.md
category: reference
title: A Letter to a Friend
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Friend
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:05.233170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-letter-to-a-friend-20260505-0
summary:
A Letter to a Friend (written 1656; published posthumously in 1690), by Sir Thomas Browne, the 17th century English philosopher and physician, is a medical treatise of case-histories and witty speculations upon the human condition. == Publication == The Letter was first published as a folio pamphlet in 1690, after having been left out of the 1686 posthumous collection of Browne's complete works. Few copies of this pamphlet are extant; several of those which have survived did so because they were bound as an addition to his complete works. It was then included in his 1712 Poshumous Works printed by Edmund Curll, and a 1716 collection titled Christian Morals edited by John Jeffrey. == Morgellons == Browne's pamphlet is the source of a term Mary Leitao coined in 2001 to describe her son's skin condition. She chose the name "Morgellons disease" based on a skin condition described by Browne in Letter to a Friend, thus: Hairs which have most amused me have not been in the Face or Head, but on the Back, and not in Men but Children, as I long ago observed in that endemial Distemper33 of little Children in Languedock, called the Morgellons, wherein they critically break


id: libellus-de-medicinalibus-indorum-herbis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis-0.md
category: reference
title: Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:06.360253+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: libellus-de-medicinalibus-indorum-herbis-20260505-0
summary:
The Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (Latin for "Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians") is an Aztec herbal manuscript, describing the medicinal properties of 250 plants used by the Aztecs. It was translated into Latin by Juan Badiano, from a Nahuatl original composed in the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in 1552 by Martín de la Cruz that is no longer existant. The Libellus is also known as the Badianus Manuscript, after the translator; the Codex de la Cruz-Badiano, after both the original author and translator; and the Codex Barberini, after Cardinal Francesco Barberini, who had possession of the manuscript in the early 17th century. The Badianus Manuscript of 1552 is the first illustrated and descriptive scientific text of Nahua medicine and botany produced in the Americas. It is a significant text in the history of botany and the history of medicine. == History == In 1552 Jacobo de Grado, the friar in charge of the Convent of Tlatelolco and the College of Santa Cruz, had the herbal created and translated for Don Francisco de Mendoza, son of Don Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy of New Spain. Mendoza sent the Latin manuscript to Spain, where it


id: medical-visions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Visions-0.md
category: reference
title: Medical Visions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Visions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:07.505430+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: medical-visions-20260505-0
summary:
Medical Visions: Producing the Patient through Film, Television, and Imaging Technologies is a non-fiction book by Kirsten Ostherr. It was published in 2013 by Oxford University Press. == General references == Guy, Mary (2015-07-28). "Medical Visions: Producing the Patient Through Film, Television, and Imaging Technologies". Medical Law Review fwv033. doi:10.1093/medlaw/fwv033. ISSN 0967-0742. Jordanova, Ludmilla (2014). "Medical Visions: Producing the Patient through Film, Television, and Imaging Technologies by Kirsten Ostherr (review)". Literature and Medicine. 32 (1): 224–227. ISSN 1080-6571. Willis, Martin (July 2016). "Book Review: Medical Visions: Producing the Patient Through Film, Television, and Imaging Technologies". Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies. 11 (2): 257–260. doi:10.1177/1749602016642932. ISSN 1749-6020.


id: medicine-prep-manual-for-undergraduates-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine:_Prep_Manual_for_Undergraduates-0.md
category: reference
title: Medicine: Prep Manual for Undergraduates
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine:_Prep_Manual_for_Undergraduates
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:20.941786+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: medicine-prep-manual-for-undergraduates-20260505-0
summary:
Medicine: Prep Manual for Undergraduates is a book. The first edition was edited by K G Mathew and published by Kalasala Publishers in Kerala in 1994. The fifth edition was published by Elsevier in 2015. == Contents == The book explains in detail about clinical conditions. Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others. == Footnotes == == References == (1995) 54 British Journal of Hospital Medicine 295 Google Books G C Cook (1995) 89 Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 343 OUP.


id: men-trapped-in-men-s-bodies-narratives-of-autogynephilic-transsexualism-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:22.131765+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: men-trapped-in-men-s-bodies-narratives-of-autogynephilic-transsexualism-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Trapped_in_Men's_Bodies:_Narratives_of_Autogynephilic_Transsexualism-0.md

summary:
Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism is a 2013 book about Blanchard's transsexualism typology written by sexologist Anne Lawrence. The book was published in 2013 by Springer in New York. The book includes 249 first-person narratives of autogynephilia by transgender women and 52 narratives of autogynephilia by cis men (301 narratives in total) that were submitted to and collected by Lawrence. This followed earlier collections of the same kinds of narratives that Lawrence had published in 1999. Besides the book, Lawrence has published a number of literature reviews on autogynephilia. == Title == The book's title is similar to the title of a chapter called Men Trapped in Men's Bodies in J. Michael Bailey's 2003 book, The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism, with this chapter title being inspired by and taking after the titles of Lawrence's earlier essays. The phrase "men trapped in men's bodies" refers to the fact that transgender women are often described as "women trapped in men's bodies", yet autogynephilic transgender women are claimed by Blanchard's typology to be behaviorally more similar to men and to have an intense desire to become women due to their autogynephilic feelings.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Trapped_in_Men's_Bodies:_Narratives_of_Autogynephilic_Transsexualism


id: migrant-architects-of-the-nhs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Architects_of_the_NHS-0.md
category: reference
title: Migrant Architects of the NHS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Architects_of_the_NHS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:23.273978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: migrant-architects-of-the-nhs-20260505-0
summary:
Migrant Architects of the NHS: South Asian Doctors and the Reinvention of British General Practice (1940s–1980s), written by Julian M. Simpson, and published by Manchester University Press in 2018, is a book which combines archival research, images and interviews to tell the story of the physicians who immigrated to Britain from South Asia and became general practitioners (GPs) during the first four decades of Britain's National Health Service (NHS). The research in the book is the basis of an exhibition on migrant doctors at the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP), London, the opening of which also marked the launch of the book. == Content == The book combines archival research, images and interviews to tell the story of the physicians who immigrated to Britain from South Asia and entered general practice during the first four decades of the National Health Service. It focuses on physicians from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Intended for students and academic researchers with an interest in the history of migration, South Asian studies, oral history and the history of medicine, the book is also of interest to those curious about the links between the British Empire and medical migration. The book sets out


id: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited-0.md
category: reference
title: The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:24.478686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-0
summary:
The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited (1995) is a book by psychiatrist George E. Vaillant that describes two multi-decade studies of the lives of 600 American males, non-alcoholics at the outset, focusing on their lifelong drinking behaviours. By following the men from youth to old age it was possible to chart their drinking patterns and what factors may have contributed to alcoholism. Another study followed 100 severe alcoholics from a clinic eight years after their detoxification. The National Review hailed the first edition (1983) as "a genuine revolution in the field of alcoholism research" and said that "Vaillant has combined clinical experience with an unprecedented amount of empirical data to produce what may ultimately come to be viewed as the single most important contribution to the literature of alcoholism since the first edition of AA's Big Book." Some of the main conclusions of Vaillant's book are: That alcoholism is as much a social as a medical condition. "Alcoholism can simultaneously reflect both a conditioned habit and a disease." Factors predicting alcoholism were related to ethnic culture, alcoholism in relatives, and a personality that is antisocial and extroverted. An unhappy childhood predicted mental illness but not alcoholism—unless the family problems were


id: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited-1.md
category: reference
title: The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:24.478686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-0
summary:
=== Techniques for research on alcoholics === Alcoholics present special challenges for researchers because they are good at concealing their drunkenness. Vaillant asserts that "Alcoholics are expert forgetters," have inaccurate memories, and give persuasive denials that manifest "an extraordinary ability to deny the consequences of their drinking." For effective interviews, the subject should first be relatively sober. The interviewer should ask non-threatening, non-judgmental questions that do not challenge the alcoholic's right to drink and that minimise guilt. (Failure to observe these guidelines by medical professionals has likely contributed to alcoholics’ reputation for denial.) Interviewers should ask for objective evidence. For example, if an alcoholic claims that his divorce led to him drinking, the interviewer could ask if the alcoholic's spouse ever complained of his drinking before they split. Interviews and questionnaires should always be backed up with interviews with the subject's family, with consultation of medical records, and with searches in public records for evidence of legal problems associated with drinking. == Book summary == === Medical or behavioural disorder? === A major focus in the book was a comparison of the various definitions of alcoholism: the medical model, which focuses on the individual's physical addiction and on symptoms such


id: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited-2.md
category: reference
title: The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:24.478686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-0
summary:
=== Natural history of alcoholism === Contrary to popular conception, alcoholism does not start with the first drink, but usually has a gradual onset over 5 to 15 years of continuous alcohol abuse. One surprise to Vaillant was the number of men who were able to abuse alcohol for decades without becoming dependent. Of 29 alcohol abusers in the College sample, seven men were able to drink heavily for a mean of three decades without showing symptoms of dependence. The average age of onset of alcohol abuse was 29 years for the Core City men and 41 years for the College men. Full blown alcoholism, where it appeared, usually lasted a decade or two before sobriety was attained. The number of alcoholics increased steadily until age 40 and then began to decline at a rate of stable remission of 2 to 3% per year. Older alcoholics are relatively rare because of the rate of remission and a higher mortality rate. Seventy-two alcoholics in the Core City sample were successfully followed to age 70. By this age 54% had died, 32% were abstinent, 1% were controlled drinkers, and 12% were still abusing alcohol. By comparison 19 alcoholics in the College sample


id: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited-3.md
category: reference
title: The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Alcoholism_Revisited
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:24.478686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-natural-history-of-alcoholism-revisited-20260505-0
summary:
=== Alcoholics Anonymous === Vaillant, who is a non-alcoholic Trustee of AA, made the effectiveness of AA one of the key questions to be investigated in his research. Vaillant argues that AA and other similar groups effectively harness the above four factors of healing and that many alcoholics achieve sobriety through AA attendance. However, he also notes that the “effectiveness of AA has not been adequately assessed” and that “direct evidence for the efficacy of AA… remains as elusive as ever. For example, if an alcoholic achieves sobriety during AA attendance, who is to say if AA helped or if he merely went to AA when he was ready to heal? In the Clinic sample, 48% of the 29 alcoholics who achieved sobriety eventually attended 300 or more AA meetings, and AA attendance was associated with good outcomes in patients who otherwise would have been predicted not to remit. In the Core City sample the more severe alcoholics attended AA, possibly because all other avenues had failed—after all, AA meetings are rarely attended for hedonistic reasons. The implication from all three samples was simply that many alcoholics find help through AA. == Book reviews == Vaillant’s academic peers saw The


id: novel-therapeutic-targets-for-antiarrhythmic-drugs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Therapeutic_Targets_for_Antiarrhythmic_Drugs-0.md
category: reference
title: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Antiarrhythmic Drugs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Therapeutic_Targets_for_Antiarrhythmic_Drugs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:25.641149+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: novel-therapeutic-targets-for-antiarrhythmic-drugs-20260505-0
summary:
Novel Therapeutic Targets for Antiarrhythmic Drugs is a book edited by George Billman and published by John Wiley and Sons in 2010. == Content == According to the publisher, the book describes the current state of cardiac arrhythmia treatment, and attempts to identify future directions research may take. Its 21 chapters cover a variety of topics related to cardiac arrhythmia and electrophysiology, primarily reviewing known molecular targets for drugs. Subjects covered in the book include both traditional approaches to looking at arrhythmia, such as ion channel effects, and more general issues such as the genetics behind differential response to existing drug therapies. Drug safety and side effects are also cover. The book examines avenues by which new treatments might be developed, with four chapters (10, 13, 16, 17) specifically focused on novel targets. Novel ideas offered included studying sodium-calcium exchanger and ryanodine receptor effects. One chapter (5) is dedicated to examining the targets on which existing drugs operate, and another (8) examines drugs in clinical trial at the time of publication. The chemical structure of existing drugs is not covered. Overall, the book advocates for segregating drug targets by disease type and state, rather than the conventional approach of segregating


id: outlive-the-science-and-art-of-longevity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlive:_The_Science_and_Art_of_Longevity-0.md
category: reference
title: Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlive:_The_Science_and_Art_of_Longevity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:26.786576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outlive-the-science-and-art-of-longevity-20260505-0
summary:
Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity is a non-fiction health and wellness book authored by Peter Attia, a physician specializing in longevity, and co-written with journalist Bill Gifford. Published in March 2023, Outlive was listed on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2023 and 2024. The book is divided into three parts with 17 chapters in total, exploring various aspects of longevity. == Synopsis == Outlive presents a guide to preventing age-related diseases and promoting longevity through lifestyle changes, emphasizing the importance of managing physical and emotional health. He sees longevity as encompassing two aspects: the length of life and the quality of life. Healthspan, a major theme in the book, refers to "the portion of life free from disability or disease." Attia identifies the "Four Horsemen" of aging as the primary causes of declining healthspan—heart disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and type 2 diabetes. Attia advocates for early screening, personalized health management, and lifestyle adjustments such as improved sleep, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and emotional well-being. He integrates scientific research with practical, specific steps to optimize well-being and healthspan. == Key themes == Reviewers have noted some of the following themes in the book. === Preventative


id: der-philosophische-arzt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Philosophische_Arzt-0.md
category: reference
title: Der Philosophische Arzt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Philosophische_Arzt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:27.930578+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: der-philosophische-arzt-20260505-0
summary:
Der Philosophische Arzt is a medical publication published in the late 18th century by Melchior Adam Weikard, a prominent German physician and philosopher to the Russian Empress, Catherine II. The first edition of Der Philosophische Arzt was first published in 1775, but was written perhaps as early as 1770. It was initially published anonymously as was the second edition, though it was widely believed that Weikard was the author. The reason for doing so is unclear but was probably due to anticipated critical reactions to its publication from several sources. A principal one was the Prince-Bishop of Fulda, to whom Weikard served as physician and in a Catholic region where Weikard worked as a spa doctor being supported by the state. According to Otto Schmitt's biography of Weikard published in 1970, the reaction of organized religion to the publication of his textbook was widespread condemnation. This was likely due to his attacks in the textbook on various religious practices for curing medical illnesses. According to Schmidt, the attacks against Weikard continued throughout his career but his patron, Prince Heinrich von Bibra, maintained an amicable relationship with him and supported him financially late in his career despite many people who criticized


id: the-preventive-obstacle-or-conjugal-onanism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_preventive_obstacle-0.md
category: reference
title: The preventive obstacle; or, Conjugal onanism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_preventive_obstacle;_or,_Conjugal_onanism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:29.122747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-preventive-obstacle-or-conjugal-onanism-20260505-0
summary:
The preventive obstacle; or, Conjugal onanism is the English translation by P. De Marmon of the third French edition of Louis François Étienne Bergeret's book Des Fraudes dans l'Accomplissement des Fonctions Generatrices (1868). It was published in 1870 by Turner and Mignard Printers and Publishers. In the book, Bergeret used his nineteenth century clinical case studies to demonstrate his anti-contraception beliefs and his theory that sexual excitement without conception was "fraud", which leads to uterine inflammation, "indirect infanticide", and various physical and psychological illnesses in women. In 1874, the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London library ordered the book to be burned. == References == == Further reading == Bergeret, Louis François Étienne (1974). The preventive obstacle; or, Conjugal onanism. New York, Arno Press. (translated by P. De Marmon)


id: the-relaxation-response-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Relaxation_Response-0.md
category: reference
title: The Relaxation Response
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Relaxation_Response
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:30.304385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-relaxation-response-20260505-0
summary:
The Relaxation Response is a book written in 1975 by Herbert Benson, a Harvard physician, and Miriam Z. Klipper. The response described in the book is an autonomic reaction elicited by a mental device and a passive attitude that has been used for altered states of consciousness throughout various religious traditions and cultures. The scientific characterization of the relaxation response was initially prompted by research studies on Transcendental Meditation ("TM"), a yogic meditation technique, that was presented primarily to people in the Western world. == Origin == Benson writes in his book, "We claim no innovation but simply a scientific validation of age-old wisdom". People from the Transcendental Meditation movement, who felt they could reduce blood pressure using TM, visited Harvard Medical School in 1968, asking to be studied. The school, which at the time was studying the relationship of monkeys' behavior and blood pressure, told them "No, thank you." But when they persisted, Benson told them he would study them. He met with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi first to find out if he could agree in advance to any outcome, which Mahesh did. Benson mentions in his book that independent studies were already underway by then-PhD candidate R. Keith Wallace


id: rethinking-madness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethinking_Madness-0.md
category: reference
title: Rethinking Madness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethinking_Madness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:31.471062+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rethinking-madness-20260505-0
summary:
Rethinking Madness: Towards a Paradigm Shift In Our Understanding and Treatment of Psychosis (Sky's Edge Publishing, 2012) is a book by the psychologist Paris Williams that explores creative ways of dealing with madness (psychosis). Williams says that psychotic experiences, which cause significant distress, typically occur deep within the mind. Given suitable conditions, this process can often result in a positive outcome, but Williams avoids the romantic notion that psychosis is always beneficial. Much of what Williams says is in close accord with a recovery approach. Williams says that the term "psychosis" has many meanings, and the definitions that have been put forward are controversial. Even the DSM-IV-TR, says that "the term psychosis has historically received a number of definitions, none of which has achieved universal acceptance". Williams says that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is also the subject of much debate: Despite over a century of intensive research, no biological markers or physiological tests that can be used to diagnose schizophrenia have been found, its etiology continues to be uncertain, and we don’t even have clear evidence that the concept of schizophrenia is a valid construct. However, diagnosis and treatment based upon the diagnosis continues unhindered by these serious problems. William's


id: stuck-how-vaccine-rumors-start-and-why-they-don-t-go-away-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck:_How_Vaccine_Rumors_Start_and_Why_They_Don't_Go_Away-0.md
category: reference
title: Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start and Why They Don't Go Away
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck:_How_Vaccine_Rumors_Start_and_Why_They_Don't_Go_Away
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:33.831719+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stuck-how-vaccine-rumors-start-and-why-they-don-t-go-away-20260505-0
summary:
Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start and Why They Don't Go Away (2020), published by Oxford University Press and written by the director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine's Vaccine Confidence Project, Heidi Larson, looks at what influences attitudes to vaccination. It was largely compiled before the COVID-19 pandemic and inspired by her feeling that the dialogue between scientists and the public regarding vaccines was becoming complex on a background of increasing online information. Using historical examples, from 19th century protests against smallpox vaccination to 21st-century boycotts of polio vaccination programmes, to show how rumours about vaccinations spread, the book looks chiefly at high-income countries and examines the factors that form opinions about vaccination. == Publication == Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start and Why They Don't Go Away was published by Oxford University Press in 2020, and written by the director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine's Vaccine Confidence Project, Heidi Larson. It was largely compiled before the COVID-19 pandemic. It has 200 pages, of which 127 pages cover eight chapters, which are preceded by acknowledgements, prologue and an introduction, and are followed by notes and an index. == Synopsis == The book addresses misinformation


id: studies-in-the-social-history-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Social_History_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Social History of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Social_History_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:34.977652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-social-history-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of books in the series Studies in the Social History of Medicine. The series was produced by the Society for the Social History of Medicine and Tavistock, later Routledge, between 1989 and 2009. It totalled 37 volumes. == Titles == Titles in the series were: Andrews, Bridie, and Mary P. Sutphen (Eds.), Medicine and Colonial Identity (2003). Barry, Jonathan, and Colin Jones (Eds.), Medicine and Charity before the Welfare State (1991). Bashford, Alison, and Claire Hooker, Contagion (2001). Berridge, Virginia, and Kelly Loughlin, Medicine, the Market and the Mass Media: Producing health in the twentieth century (2006). Cooter, Roger, In the Name of the Child: Health and welfare, 1880–1940 (1992). Cunningham, Andrew, and Ole Peter Grell (Eds.), Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, 1500–1700 (2004). Dale, Pamela, and Joseph Melling (Eds.), Mental Illness and Learning Disability since 1850: Finding a place for mental disorder in the United Kingdom (2006). Davidson, Roger, and Lesley A. Hall (Eds.), Sex, Sin and Suffering: Venereal disease and European society since 1870 (2001). De Barros, Juanita, Steven Palmer, and David Wright (Eds.), Health and Medicine in the circum-Caribbean, 1800–1968 (2009). Digby, Anne, and David Wright (Eds.), From Idiocy to


id: substance-abuse-disorders-in-clinical-practice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_Abuse_Disorders_in_Clinical_Practice-0.md
category: reference
title: Substance Abuse Disorders in Clinical Practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_Abuse_Disorders_in_Clinical_Practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:36.123098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: substance-abuse-disorders-in-clinical-practice-20260505-0
summary:
Substance Abuse Disorders in Clinical Practice is a medical text written by Edward C. Senay. First published in 1983 by John Wright PSG, a second edition was published in 1998 by W.W. Norton & Co. == References == === General references === Ginzburg, Harold M. (January 1984). "Substance Abuse Disorders in Clinical Practice—.- by Edward C. Senay, M.D.; John Wright, Boston, 1983, 243 pages, $22.50". Psychiatric Services. 35 (1): 80–a. doi:10.1176/ps.35.1.80-a. ISSN 1075-2730. Lowinson, Joyce H. (1985-03-22). "Substance Abuse Disorders in Clinical Practice". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 253 (12): 1799. doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03350360125037. ISSN 0098-7484. Mitcheson, Martin C. (June 1984). "Substance Abuse Disorders in Clinical Practice. By Edward C. Senay Boston, Bristol: John Wright PSG. 1983. Pp 243. £19.95". British Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (6): 676. doi:10.1192/S0007125000204169. ISSN 0007-1250. Willenbring, Mark (September 1999). "Substance Abuse Disorders in Clinical Practice, second edition". Psychiatric Services. 50 (9): 1241. doi:10.1176/ps.50.9.1241. ISSN 1075-2730.


id: survival-of-the-sickest-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_Sickest_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Survival of the Sickest (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_Sickest_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:37.312452+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: survival-of-the-sickest-book-20260505-0
summary:
Survival of the Sickest: The Surprising Connections Between Disease and Longevity is a 2007 New York Times Bestselling science book by Sharon Moalem, an evolutionary biologist and neurogeneticist, and Jonathan Prince, senior advisor and speechwriter for the Clinton administration. It was originally titled, Survival of the Sickest: A Medical Maverick Discovers Why We Need Disease. == Overview == The book is a collection of case studies, which use scientific and historical data to support the individual proposed hypotheses, and the overall argument for a connection between some illnesses and increased longevity. Or, how many of the medical conditions that are diseases were the result of evolutionary changes that gave our ancestors a "leg up in the survival sweepstakes." It contains 266 pages all leading up to part 3. Chapter 1: Hemochromatosis, bloodletting, and human iron consumption Chapter 2: Diabetes, climate change, and brown fat Chapter 3: Sunlight, vitamin D, cholesterol, and the physiological makeup of race Chapter 4: Vegetables, fava beans, and the spread of malaria Chapter 5: The virulence of bacteria, Guinea worms, and parasitic diseases Chapter 6: Mutating DNA and “jumping” genes Chapter 7: Genetic suppression and childhood obesity Chapter 8: Cancer cells and childbirth Moalem includes an


id: technica-curiosa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technica_Curiosa-0.md
category: reference
title: Technica Curiosa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technica_Curiosa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:38.495682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technica-curiosa-20260505-0
summary:
Technica Curiosa was an early compendium of scientific and medical technologies. It was one part of a two-volume work, the other being Physica Curiosa, authored by the German Jesuit scholar Gaspar Schott and published in 1664 during the early stages of the Scientific Revolution. == Background of the writer == Schott was an attentive spectator at the demonstrations of Otto von Guericke's vacuum pump and subsequently began extensive experiments and studies on his own. He established a fruitful correspondence with von Guericke and published the earliest account on von Guericke's experiments on air pressure and the vacuum in 1657, titled Experimentum Novum Magdeburgicum as an appendix of his Mechanica Hydraulico-pneumatica. With von Guericke as co-author, he published a reviewed and more detailed account in the Technica Curiosa. == Role in popularizing science == The work ranks among the early popular science publications and did much to inspire widespread interest in the sciences. == 21st-century legacy == In 2017 an online platform, that serves as host for several American science magazines for a modern audience has been titled Technica Curiosa. The site incorporates the popular magazines Popular Astronomy, Popular Electronics, and Mechanix Illustrated, among others. == References ==


id: the-tennis-partner-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennis_Partner-0.md
category: reference
title: The Tennis Partner
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennis_Partner
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:39.659473+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-tennis-partner-20260505-0
summary:
The Tennis Partner is the second of Abraham Verghese's books. Published in 1999, when he was a physician practicing internal medicine in El Paso, Texas, this is an autobiographical memoir, and Abraham Verghese writes of his experience moving to El Paso in the midst of an unraveling marriage. Once there, he meets and eventually becomes a mentor to David Smith, a medical resident at the hospital where Verghese worked and a brilliant tennis player recovering from drug addiction. Because of his own love for the game and as part of his effort to reach out to the troubled resident, Verghese begins to play singles tennis regularly during their free time outside the hospital. What starts as a casual game between the two men eventually develops into a complex ritual that allows them to develop a deep friendship and understanding of the pressures they each face. In the hospital, Verghese is the teacher and Smith the student. On the court, however, Smith, the one-time professional player, becomes the teacher. The story tells of their all too brief friendship as Smith battles and eventually succumbs to his disease, and Verghese's helpless attempts to intervene. While cited as fiction, The Tennis Partner is


id: the-top-100-drugs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Top_100_Drugs-0.md
category: reference
title: The Top 100 Drugs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Top_100_Drugs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:40.830580+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-top-100-drugs-20260505-0
summary:
The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing is a pocket-size medical manual focusing on the most commonly prescribed medicines by the British National Health Service (NHS). It was first published by Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, in 2014, revised in a second edition in 2018, and again in 2022 in a third edition. It is authored by four clinical pharmacologists from St George's Hospital, London; Andrew Hitchings, Dagan Lonsdale, Daniel Burrage and Emma Baker. The drugs are described in alphabetical order, with each drug or drug class on a double page. Each is subsequently explained in terms of clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing. Intravenous fluids are dealt with later in the book, followed by a self-assessment. The book received a review in Pulse, and in 2018 was listed as an essential reference book for junior doctors by the Pharmaceutical Journal. == Development and publication == The Top 100 Drugs is a medical manual which aims to reduce risks in prescribing. It includes a list of commonly prescribed medicines by the British NHS, for undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in the UK. It was first published as an e-book by Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, in 2014. A second edition was published in


id: train-your-brain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Your_Brain-0.md
category: reference
title: Train Your Brain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Your_Brain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:42.042404+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: train-your-brain-20260505-0
summary:
Train Your Brain: 60 Days to a Better Brain is an English-language version of a Japanese book written by Ryuta Kawashima. The original book sold over a million copies in Japan. Dr. Kawashima found that by performing simple mathematical calculations and reading books aloud, one could retain mental clarity and stave off the mental effects of aging. The book is based on this research. The first half of the book contains simple mathematical calculations intermingled with memory tests and counting tests. The book recommends that one should do a set of maths questions every day and note the time it takes. This is complemented by a memory test, a counting test, and a stroop test (found at the back of the book) which should be undertaken every five days. A set of graphs are provided at the back of the book so that the results of the tests can be logged. The concepts presented in Train Your Brain would later be used to create the Nintendo DS game Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!. == References ==


id: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon-0.md
category: reference
title: The Transsexual Phenomenon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:43.275697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-0
summary:
The Transsexual Phenomenon is a medical textbook published by American endocrinologist and sexologist Harry Benjamin in 1966 with The Julian Press. The text is notable for its examination of transsexualism not as a psychological issue, but rather as a somatic disorder that should be treated through medicine. Benjamin argues that transvestism and transsexuality are a spectrum of conditions, requiring different treatments that ranged from hormone replacement therapy to surgical intervention (such as orchiectomy). When initially published, the book was met with a mixed reception but would be later known as the "transsexuals' Bible", a standard for trans care in the medical community. Benjamin and his work (and specifically this text) are credited with the popularization of the term transsexual in medicine. However, some trans scholars argue that the book created many harmful stereotypes still perpetuated by the medical community today, such as the idea that trans people are "born in the wrong body". Scholars criticize Benjamin's reliance on the idea of "passing" and other cisnormative stereotypes. Overall, Benjamin's work was hugely influential in terms of trans visibility in the medical field and set the stage for transgender studies in the modern day. As a note, throughout his work, Benjamin defines


id: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon-1.md
category: reference
title: The Transsexual Phenomenon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:43.275697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-0
summary:
Table 1: Harry Benjamin's Sex Orientation Scale (sometimes abbreviated to S.O.S). Benjamin also notes how homosexuality is fundamentally different from both transvestism and transsexualism. In the closing of the section, he essentializes the difference to this: "The transvestite has a social problem. The transsexual has a gender problem. The homosexual has a sex[uality] problem." After introducing the S.O.S scale, Benjamin goes into greater detail about each of these "types". The "pseudo-transvestite", a Type 1 on the S.O.S, does not dress as the opposite sex, but derives great enjoyment from transvestitic fantasy. In contrast, the true transvestite's central "deviation" is cross-dressing, with a strong emotional and sexual urge to do so. The transvestite can be fetishistic (Type 2) or "latent and basically transsexual", (Type 3) where the transvestitism evolves into transsexualism. According to Benjamin, there is no one "so constantly unhappy (before sex change) as the transsexual." He documents that transsexual patients perform self-mutilation in order to more closely align their "genital sex" to their psychological one. In this discussion of genital sex, Benjamin also looks at the sexual activity of the transsexual. Sex can offer an outlet to express their femininity within a fetish, or simply to pass as a


id: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon-2.md
category: reference
title: The Transsexual Phenomenon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:43.275697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-0
summary:
Based on a physician’s certificate, the Hamburg police department issues a card to the transvestites, not giving them permission to “dress,” but merely stating that this person is known to the department as a transvestite. That is all, but it is enough to absolve the particular person from any suspicion of “criminal intent” in “dressing” and therefore from arrest. Finally, Benjamin presents a single chapter considering "female transsexuals", trans men, of which he reports a 1:6 ratio with "male transsexuals". He connects this disparity to an observed lesser frequency of female homosexual behavior as well, but concedes that the symptomatology between male and female transsexuals is nearly identical, though he describes that female transsexuals wish for "typically masculine occupations… but often they have to be practical and settle for office work." He describes androgen injection as a useful medication to suppress menstrual periods, as well as total hysterectomy, and double mastectomy when desired. The Transsexual Phenomenon concludes with four appendices. The first of which, written by Benjamin, presents a set of concluding remarks. He maintains that the etiology of transsexualism remains obscure, but points to neurology and psychology as disciplines that may provide answers. He predicts that sex reassignment surgery


id: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon-3.md
category: reference
title: The Transsexual Phenomenon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transsexual_Phenomenon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:43.275697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-transsexual-phenomenon-20260505-0
summary:
When the first clinics were constituted, Benjamin’s book was the standard reference. And when the first transsexuals were evaluated for their suitability for surgery, their behavior matched up gratifyingly with Benjamin’s criteria. The researchers produced papers which reported on this, and which were used as bases for funding. It took a surprisingly long time--several years--for the researchers to realize that the reason the candidates’ behavioral profiles matched Benjamin’s so well was that the candidates, too, had read Benjamin’s book, which was passed from hand to hand within the transsexual community, and they were only too happy to provide the behavior that led to acceptance for surgery. In this manner, trans historians have argued that transsexuals at early gender clinics expressed Benjamin's criteria of "being in the wrong body" because they, too, had all read The Transsexual Phenomenon—and knew embodying Benjamin's descriptions was the path to the surgical affirmation of their gender identity. Benjamin has also been heavily criticized for his endorsements of heteronormativity and cisnormativity throughout the text, his reliance on notions of "passing", his construction of gender success, and his criteria for "male transsexuals" who would make "suitable" women. Other contemporary critiques of Benjamin also include Jillian St. Jacques,


id: transsexualism-and-sex-reassignment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsexualism_and_Sex_Reassignment-0.md
category: reference
title: Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsexualism_and_Sex_Reassignment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:44.442140+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: transsexualism-and-sex-reassignment-20260505-0
summary:
Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment is a book on gender dysphoria which was edited by sexologists Richard Green and John Money and was published by Johns Hopkins University Press in 1969. It was the first medical textbook to be published on transgender people. The book contained a chapter on hormone replacement therapy written by Christian Hamburger and included an appendix with additional treatment suggestions and guidelines by Harry Benjamin. == References ==


id: trick-or-treatment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_or_Treatment-0.md
category: reference
title: Trick or Treatment?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_or_Treatment?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:45.614970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trick-or-treatment-20260505-0
summary:
Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial (North American title: Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine) is a 2008 book by Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst. The book evaluates the scientific evidence for alternative medicines such as acupuncture, homeopathy, herbal medicine, and chiropractic, and briefly covers 36 other treatments. It finds that the scientific evidence for these alternative treatments is generally lacking. The authors concluded that homeopathy is merely a placebo. Although Trick or Treatment presents evidence that acupuncture, chiropractic and herbal remedies have limited efficacy for certain ailments, the authors conclude that the dangers of these treatments outweigh any potential benefits. Such potential risks outlined by the authors are contamination or unexpected interactions between components in the case of herbal medicine, risk of infection in the case of acupuncture and the potential for chiropractic manipulation of the neck to cause delayed stroke. The book, dedicated in an ironic fashion to Prince Charles, is critical of his advocacy of alternative medicine and the actions of his now-defunct The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health. == Contents == The book contains six chapters: How do you determine the truth? This chapter describes the methods and history of clinical trials,


id: trick-or-treatment-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_or_Treatment-1.md
category: reference
title: Trick or Treatment?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_or_Treatment?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:45.614970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trick-or-treatment-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == In 2008 and 2009, Trick or Treatment received mostly favorable reviews for its clear and thorough writing although several reviewers were critical that the book lacked acknowledgement of problems present in conventional medicine. Olivia Laing, writing for The Guardian, said "Singh and Ernst are scientists and their mainly dismissive conclusions are based on extensive, though bizarrely unfootnoted, research. In tones of quiet fury, they demolish the claims of acupuncture, chiropractic therapy, . . . and homeopathy." Laing criticized the book for a lack of "acknowledgement of the problems of funding adequate trials" and "discussion of the equivalent risks and inadequacies of conventional medicine" such as the side effects of pharmaceutical drugs. In a review for Nature, Toby Murcott described the book as "thoroughly researched and clearly written", where the authors, in discussing the available randomized clinical trials for each of four treatments, "make repeated claims that they provide the truth, and have even included this word in the title of every chapter. The balance of evidence from randomized controlled trials supports their arguments, but the authors are not tendering a disprovable hypothesis." Murcott expressed concern that the authors' sense of certainty "mirrors that of the proponents of


id: users-guides-to-the-medical-literature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Users'_Guides_to_the_Medical_Literature-0.md
category: reference
title: Users' Guides to the Medical Literature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Users'_Guides_to_the_Medical_Literature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:46.778342+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: users-guides-to-the-medical-literature-20260505-0
summary:
The Users' Guides to the Medical Literature is a series of articles originally published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, later rewritten and compiled in a textbook, now in its third edition. The guides provide practical, clinician-friendly advice on all aspects of evidence-based medicine. == As articles == During the late 1970s, a group of clinical epidemiologists at McMaster University including David Sackett prepared a series of articles to assist clinicians interpreting clinical research. These articles, introducing the term "critical appraisal", appeared in the Canadian Medical Association Journal beginning in 1981. In 1990, Gordon Guyatt introduced the term "evidence-based medicine" to stress the role of rigorous, systematic evidence from clinical research in conjunction with patients’ values and preferences in clinical decision-making. A group of academic physicians subsequently formed the international Evidence-based Medicine Working Group and published a 1992 article announcing the "new paradigm" of evidence-based medicine. The Evidence-based Medicine Working Group decided to build on the popular series in the Canadian Medical Association Journal by creating a more practical approach to applying the medical literature to clinical practice. Championed by Drummond Rennie, an editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, the result was the Users' Guides.


id: vitamin-c-and-the-common-cold-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C_and_the_Common_Cold_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Vitamin C and the Common Cold (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C_and_the_Common_Cold_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:47.915250+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vitamin-c-and-the-common-cold-book-20260505-0
summary:
Vitamin C and the Common Cold is a popular book by Linus Pauling, first published in 1970, on vitamin C, its interactions with common cold and the role of vitamin C megadosage in human health. The book promoted the idea that taking large amounts of vitamin C could reduce the duration and severity of the common cold. A Nobel Prize-winning chemist and activist, Pauling promoted a view of vitamin C that is strongly at odds with most of the scientific community, which found little evidence for the alleged health benefits of greatly increased vitamin C intake. The book went through multiple editions, and a revised version that discussed the flu and other diseases, retitled Vitamin C, the Common Cold & the Flu, came out in 1976. The book characterizes the inability of humans and some other animals to produce vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in terms of evolution and Pauling's concept of "molecular disease" (first articulated in his 1949 study, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"). Pauling argues that the loss of vitamin C synthesis first arose as a molecular disease, because of a genetic mutation that resulted in the loss of the biochemical capacity to make the vitamin, but because


id: who-blue-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Blue_Books-0.md
category: reference
title: WHO Blue Books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Blue_Books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:49.101051+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: who-blue-books-20260505-0
summary:
The WHO Classification of Tumours, more commonly known as the WHO Blue Books, is a series of books that classify tumours. They are compiled by expert consensus and published by the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). They appear in print and online in a series of 15 books, each of which focuses on a major tumour group and defines the cause, mechanism, signs and symptoms, basic structure, diagnosis, epidemiology and outcomes of up to 300 types of tumours. The project was started by the WHO in 1956 and the first series of books was published between 1967 and 1981, as the International Histological Classification of Tumors series. A fifth series was released in 2019. Terms included in the books appear in the international classification of diseases for tumours. The classifications are regularly updated by an editorial board composed mostly of practicing pathologists. The method of classifying tumours in the Blue Books was discussed in an accompanying article in the International Journal of Cancer in June 2020, titled "WHO Classification of Tumours: How should tumors be classified? Expert consensus, systematic reviews or both?" == The series == The WHO Classification of Tumours series, more commonly


id: who-blue-books-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Blue_Books-1.md
category: reference
title: WHO Blue Books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Blue_Books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:49.101051+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: who-blue-books-20260505-0
summary:
Digestive System Tumours. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2019. ISBN 978-92-832-4499-8. Breast Tumours. Vol. 2 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2019. ISBN 978-92-832-4500-1. Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours. Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020. ISBN 978-92-832-4502-5. Female Genital Tumours. Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9. Thoracic Tumours. Vol. 5 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2021. ISBN 978-92-832-4506-3. Central Nervous System Tumours. Vol. 6 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2021. ISBN 978-92-832-4508-7. Paediatric Tumours. Vol. 7 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2023. ISBN 978-92-832-4510-0. Urinary and Male Genital Tumours. Vol. 8 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2022. ISBN 978-92-832-4512-4. Head and Neck Tumours. Vol. 9 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2024. ISBN 978-92-832-4514-8. == Consensus based versus evidence based approach == The method of classifying tumours in the Blue Books was discussed in an accompanying article in the International Journal of Cancer in June 2020, titled "WHO Classification


id: the-woman-who-knew-too-much-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_Who_Knew_Too_Much-0.md
category: reference
title: The Woman Who Knew Too Much
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_Who_Knew_Too_Much
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:50.232380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-woman-who-knew-too-much-20260505-0
summary:
The Woman Who Knew Too Much is a book about Alice Stewart, authored by Gayle Greene, and published by University of Michigan Press in 1999. The foreword is written by Helen Caldicott. == References ==


id: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals-0.md
category: reference
title: Adaptive Coloration in Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:51.760603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-0
summary:
Adaptive Coloration in Animals is a 500-page textbook about camouflage, warning coloration and mimicry by the Cambridge zoologist Hugh Cott, first published during the Second World War in 1940; the book sold widely and made him famous. The book's general method is to present a wide range of examples from across the animal kingdom of each type of coloration, including marine invertebrates and fishes as well as terrestrial insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The examples are supported by many of Cott's own drawings, diagrams, and photographs. This essentially descriptive natural history treatment is supplemented with accounts of experiments by Cott and others. The book had few precedents, but to some extent follows (and criticises) Abbott Handerson Thayer's 1909 Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom. The book is divided into three parts: concealment, advertisement, and disguise. Part 1, concealment, covers the methods of camouflage, which are colour resemblance, countershading, disruptive coloration, and shadow elimination. The effectiveness of these, arguments for and against them, and experimental evidence, are described. Part 2, advertisement, covers the methods of becoming conspicuous, especially for warning displays in aposematic animals. Examples are chosen from mammals, insects, reptiles and marine animals, and empirical evidence from feeding experiments with


id: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals-1.md
category: reference
title: Adaptive Coloration in Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:51.760603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-0
summary:
Cott argues with diagrams, drawings, photographs and examples that animals are often extremely effectively disruptively patterned. He analyses the component effects of disruption, including "differential blending" and "maximum disruptive contrast". Cott's figure 7 is a set of nine drawings, arranged as a 3x3 table. On the left is an animal's outline in grey tone against a differently coloured background. In the centre, the same animals are now disruptively patterned against the same plain backgrounds. On the right, the disruptively patterned animals are shown against realistic broken backgrounds containing vegetation or rocks. Cott explains The simplified diagrams in Fig. 7 illustrate the value and effectiveness of maximum disruptive contrasts better than any verbal description... On looking at these drawings from a little distance, it will be seen that the conspicuous patches operate most efficiently in distracting attention from the form of the animals wearing them. By sheer force of their brightness, or blackness, or contrasts, they dominate the picture presented to the eye, apparently destroying their form... Cott goes on to explain that the right-hand drawing shows the effect "of broken surroundings in further blending and confusing the picture", observing that this is the closest to what is seen in nature.


id: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals-2.md
category: reference
title: Adaptive Coloration in Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:51.760603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-0
summary:
Animals keep still, sway in the wind, or play dead to assist their camouflage. Poulton's examples of twig-like Geometridae caterpillars are praised. There are fine photographs of leaf insects, and Cott's admired drawing of a poor-me-one or potoo, Nyctibius griseus, sitting on its nest mimicking a broken branch. Cott explains, in a section on "Special resemblances in relation to the attitude of rest" This wonderful bird ... habitually selects the top of an upright stump as a receptacle for its egg, which usually occupies a small hollow just, and only just, large enough to contain it.... the stump selected had thrown up a new leader just below the point of fracture;... the bird sat facing this in such a way that when viewed from behind they came into line and blended with the grey stem. Chapter 3. Adventitious Concealing Coloration. Cott begins by citing Shakespeare's Macbeth with "until/ Great Birnamwood to the Dunsinane hill/ Shall come against him" to introduce his chapter on the use of materials as camouflage. Animals from crabs to caterpillars are described. Conspicuous localized characters Chapter 4. Deflective marks. Cott describes markings that help to deflect attack, such as the eyespots of butterfly wings and the


id: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals-3.md
category: reference
title: Adaptive Coloration in Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:51.760603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-0
summary:
In this Neodarwinian epic Dr. Cott stamps himself as a true disciple of the master evolutionist. Indeed, he rivals Darwin in the thorough, objective and penetrating analysis of a major biological problem. An immense body of facts and interpretation, much of it original, has been judiciously considered and brought to bear on the question of the biological significance of coloration. Hubbs notes that Cott is seeming concerned about the scarcity of experimental data for the survival value of camouflage, and accordingly relies on Sumner and Isely's "clear-cut results", but at once continues that Cott relies on "the general lore of natural history". Hubbs also remarks on the "resurgence to Darwinian views", referring to the scepticism about the power of natural selection among both geneticists of the time and to the Lamarckist views of Trofim Lysenko. Hubbs observes that Cott is both an artist and a naturalist as well as a scientist: "In section after section, rivaling one another in fascination, this master of art and of natural history unfolds the biological significance of adaptive coloration in animals." And Cott's emphasis on disruptive patterning and (following Thayer) countershading clearly affected the reviewer: "Particularly impressive is the author's treatment of "coincident disruptive


id: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals-4.md
category: reference
title: Adaptive Coloration in Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:51.760603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adaptive-coloration-in-animals-20260505-0
summary:
1940, Methuen, Frome and London (printed by Butler and Tanner). Foreword by Julian Huxley 1940, Oxford University Press, New York 1941, Oxford University Press, New York 1957, Methuen, London (reprinted with minor corrections) 1966, Methuen, London (reprinted with minor corrections) == See also == Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom (G. H. Thayer, 1909) The Colours of Animals (E. B. Poulton, 1890) Animal Coloration (F. E. Beddard, 1892) == References == === Primary === === Secondary === == Bibliography == Behrens, Roy R. (2009). Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 978-0-9713244-6-6. Cott, Hugh B. (1940). Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Methuen. Forbes, Peter (2009). Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage. Yale. Hubbs, Carl L. (1942). "Book Review:Adaptive Coloration in Animals: Hugh B. Cott". American Naturalist. 76 (764): 318–321. doi:10.1086/281046. Retrieved 2012-11-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) Poulton, Edward B. (August 1940). "Book Review:Adaptive Coloration in Animals". Nature. 146 (3692): 144–145. doi:10.1038/146144a0. S2CID 4114423. Poulton, Edward B. (1890). The Colours of Animals. London: Int. Sci. Ser. LXVIII. == External links == Ohio State University: The Camouflage Project: Hugh Cott Smithsonian: A Painter of Angels Became the Father of Camouflage by Richard Meryman, April 1999


id: animal-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Animal (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:52.908291+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-book-20260505-0
summary:
Animal is a non-fiction coffee table book edited by David Burnie, who was the main-editor, and several co-authors. The full title of the book is: Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to The World's WildLife. The 624-page book was published by Dorling Kindersley in 2001. The book is printed in full gloss paper and has numerous, full-color pictures. The book is divided into several separate sections, each covering either a specific topic or a class of animals such as mammals or reptiles. The introduction deals with how animals are classified. It also touches on animal behaviour and life cycles. Later content delves into the habitats of animals and how they live in them, Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish, and Invertebrates. == References ==


id: animal-coloration-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Animal Coloration (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:54.089679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-coloration-book-20260505-0
summary:
Animal Coloration, or in full Animal Coloration: An Account of the Principal Facts and Theories Relating to the Colours and Markings of Animals, is a book by the English zoologist Frank Evers Beddard, published by Swan Sonnenschein in 1892. It formed part of the ongoing debate amongst zoologists about the relevance of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to the observed appearance, structure, and behaviour of animals, and vice versa. Beddard states in the book that it contains little that is new, intending instead to give a clear overview of the subject. The main topics covered are camouflage, then called 'protective coloration'; mimicry; and sexual selection. Arguments for and against these aspects of animal coloration are intensively discussed in the book. The book was reviewed in 1892 by the major journals including The Auk, Nature, and Science. The scientist reviewers Joel Asaph Allen, Edward Bagnall Poulton and Robert Wilson Shufeldt took up different positions on the book and accordingly praised or criticized Beddard's work. Modern evaluation of the book is from a variety of perspectives, including the history of Darwinism, the history of the Thayer debate on the purpose of camouflage, the mechanisms of camouflage, sexual selection, and mimicry. Beddard


id: animal-coloration-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Animal Coloration (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:54.089679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-coloration-book-20260505-0
summary:
Comparative Rarity of Green tree-frequenting Animals an Argument in favour of SelectionIt is not a little surprising to find how few green animals there are ... it is precisely because the sandy colour of desert animals and the transparency of pelagic organisms is so universal, that some general environmental cause appears to be necessary for the explanation of the facts; on the other hand, the picking and choosing among arboreal animals savours distinctly of natural selection. He observes that "Every naturalist traveller appears to have some instance to relate of how he was taken in by a protectively-coloured insect. These stories are told with a curiously exaggerated delight at the deception...", giving as example how Professor Drummond in his book Tropical Africa thought a mantid was a wisp of hay. He picks up on the casually mentioned fact that Drummond's African companion was not deceived, writing that we should not judge camouflage "from the human standpoint". On the other hand, Beddard writes that people who had only seen the giraffe, zebra, and jaguar in the zoo would think them "among the most conspicuously coloured of the Mammalia", but that seen "in their native countries" they are "most difficult to detect".


id: animal-coloration-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Animal Coloration (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:54.089679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-coloration-book-20260505-0
summary:
==== The Auk ==== The American zoologist and ornithologist Joel Asaph Allen reviewed Animal Coloration in The Auk in 1893. Allen notes Beddard's remark that the book contains hardly anything novel, so that it is mainly a review of previous theories, but welcomes it as a review of the state of knowledge together with Beddard's critical commentary. Allen notes that Beddard could have gone further in criticising Weismann and Poulton on colour changes, but is "glad to see [that Beddard] is willing to grant that the influence of an animal's surroundings may exercise a direct influence upon its coloration without the intervention of the agency of 'natural selection.'" Allen praises Beddard's "commendable conservatism" in his discussion of camouflage, which he compares to the "credulous spirit" of other authors. Reviewing the chapter on warning coloration, Allen remarks that the great horned owl is known to prey on the skunk, showing that even such a disagreeably pungent animal can be subject to predation. On mimicry, Allen is critical of Bates's theory, arguing that edible mimics (such as flies) are often not protected by resembling distasteful models (such as wasps). Allen notes that Beddard deals with many special cases "as of .. spiders


id: animal-coloration-book-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)-3.md
category: reference
title: Animal Coloration (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:54.089679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-coloration-book-20260505-0
summary:
==== Sexual selection ==== The ornithologist Geoffrey Edward Hill, writing in 2002, notes that both Poulton and Beddard discuss sexual selection, and both agreed that "sexual selection by female choice is a likely explanation for the bright coloration of at least some species of birds". In contrast, Hill observes, Cott's detailed 1940 book does not mention it at all; like other zoologists including Wallace and Huxley, Cott preferred explanations "firmly rooted in natural selection". ==== Mimicry ==== The American evolutionary zoologists Jane Van Zandt Brower and Lincoln Pierson Brower followed up the experiments described in the book (pp. 153–159). Beddard, they write, observed the results of feeding the drone fly Eristalis tenax, a harmless but intimidating Batesian mimic of honeybees, to various predators. A chameleon, a green lizard, and a sand skink eagerly consumed the flies, whereas a thrush and a great spotted woodpecker did not. However, they — like Cott before them, they note — were unable to replicate Beddard's claim that toads would eat insects of any kind, including stinging bees and wasps. They describe their own experimental investigations of bees and their drone fly mimics, like Beddard using toads as the predators, concluding that the Batesian mimicry


id: animals-are-like-that-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_Are_Like_That-0.md
category: reference
title: Animals Are Like That
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_Are_Like_That
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:55.293246+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animals-are-like-that-20260505-0
summary:
Animals Are Like That! (1939) was Frank Buck's sixth book, which continued his stories of capturing exotic animals. Animals Are Like That! has entered the public domain in the United States and the full text is available online at HathiTrust. If you should find yourself with a monkey or ape on your hands and no knowledge of what to do with it, Buck told co-author Carol Weld, just treat it like a child. And the elephant, like a man in the tropics, needs a sheltered siesta in mid-afternoon because he is susceptible to sunstroke. Monkeys pick up human ways and copy them. But you should never, never trust a tiger, any more than you should trust a crocodile. == Critical reception == "Buck describes the animals in their native haunts, the capture of some of them, their characteristics, and their reactions in captivity...filled with adventure and odd bits of animal lore." Booklist 36:170 Jan 1, 1940 "The vast legion of Frank Buck's followers will find Animals Are Like That thoroughly enjoyable and instructive reading. When the author doesn't know the answer to some more intangible animal trait he frankly admits his deficiency; but this happens infrequently. Mr. Buck has selected


id: awful-splendour-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awful_Splendour-0.md
category: reference
title: Awful Splendour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awful_Splendour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:56.469844+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: awful-splendour-20260505-0
summary:
Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada is a 2007 non-fiction book by American environmental historian Stephen J. Pyne. It examines the natural, social and political history of forest fires in Canada. == Background == Author Pyne has a long relationship with forest fires; the Arizona State University professor was a wildland firefighter on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon for fifteen years, as well as a member of the United Nations Wildfire Advisory Group. The book is part of a series on forest fires by Pyne. In his Circle of Fire series, he has covered forest fires in the U.S., Australia and on a global scale. The Canadian Forest Service encouraged Pyne to tackle the topic of Canadian forest fires. The phrase "awful splendour" was taken from a quote from early Canadian naturalist Henry Youle Hind, referring to the destructive beauty of prairie fires. == Synopsis == The book is divided into three sections, titled "Torch", "Axe", and "Engine", roughly corresponding to the pre-contact, exploration, and industrial periods of Canadian history. In its frequent mentions of American experiences with fire, the book engages in some comparative history. Pyne defines several geographical "rings" of fire in Canada, including the


id: beaverland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverland-0.md
category: reference
title: Beaverland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:57.676562+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beaverland-20260505-0
summary:
Beaverland: How One Weird Rodent Made America is a non-fiction book written by Leila Philip published on December 6, 2022 by Twelve Books. == Overview == Beaverland is a non-fiction book describing the behavior, history, and cultural significance of the North American beaver. Philip discusses the relationship between beavers and humans throughout history with a focus on Indigenous cultures and the American westward expansion. The title, Beaverland, is an allusion to Philip's argument that "Before 1600, all of the continent from west to east, save a few desert sections, had stretched out as one great Beaverland". == Reception == Beaverland received positive reviews from critics. Kate Bellody reviewed the book for Library Journal and positively described the level of detail it gave to beaver activity, along with praising Philip for weaving discussion of "Indigenous wisdom" throughout the book. Richard Adams Carey, writing in The Wall Street Journal, described Beaverland as being "in parts a memoir, a local and national history, and a sort of quest narrative." Kirkus Reviews noted the large amount of field research conducted by Philip while writing the book, while Publishers Weekly praised Philip's prose and described the book as a "triumph of popular nature writing." Beaverland


id: biologia-centrali-americana-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_Centrali-Americana-0.md
category: reference
title: Biologia Centrali-Americana
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_Centrali-Americana
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:58.819243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biologia-centrali-americana-20260505-0
summary:
The Biologia Centrali-Americana is an encyclopedia of the natural history of Mexico and Central America, privately issued in 215 parts from 1879 to 1915 by the editors Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin, of the British Museum (Natural History) in London. It was begun by Alfred Maudslay publishing his first long-form description of the Archaeology at Chichen Itza (London: R.H. Porter and Dulau, 1889–1902). This work is still fundamental for the study of Neotropical plants and animals, because it contains almost all that was known of the biodiversity of Mexico and Central America at the time of its publication. Leading scientists of the day were the authors of the volumes. The whole series has 63 volumes with 1677 lithograph plates (more than 900 of which are in color) depicting 18,587 subjects. In total, 50,263 species are treated, of which 19,263 are described as new. Archaeology was added to the already monumental project because of new discoveries in the region. Since the Biologia Centrali-Americana was published, several volumes have been reprinted, but on the whole the series is rare in libraries and mostly absent from Latin American research institutions. The original volumes were printed on acid paper and have suffered from


id: cat-sense-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Sense-0.md
category: reference
title: Cat Sense
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Sense
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:48:59.985303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cat-sense-20260505-0
summary:
Cat Sense is a 2013 non-fiction book written by John Bradshaw. It was published on August 15, 2013, and was chosen by The New York Times as one of its best-sellers in 2013. It was also publicly well received and praised for its humorist approach to its subject: cat psychology. Major newspapers and radios gave good reviews. NPR, for example, included it as an NPR Staff Pick on their "Guide to 2013's Great Reads." == References ==


id: chasing-kangaroos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Kangaroos-0.md
category: reference
title: Chasing Kangaroos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Kangaroos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:01.154436+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chasing-kangaroos-20260505-0
summary:
Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature, is a 2007 book (ISBN 978-0802118523) by Professor Tim Flannery. The book draws on three decades of travel, research, and field work to explore Australia's kangaroos. Seventy species make up the kangaroo family, which includes wallabies and rat-kangaroos. Professor Tim Flannery is also author of The Weather Makers, which received much critical acclaim. == See also == List of Australian environmental books == References ==


id: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals-0.md
category: reference
title: The Colours of Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:02.340033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-0
summary:
The Colours of Animals is a zoology book written in 1890 by Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton (1856–1943). It was the first substantial textbook to argue the case for Darwinian selection applying to all aspects of animal coloration. The book also pioneered the concept of frequency-dependent selection and introduced the term "aposematism". The book begins with a brief account of the physical causes of animal coloration. The second chapter gives an overview of the book, describing the various uses of colour in terms of the advantages it can bring through natural selection. The next seven chapters describe camouflage, both in predators and in prey. Methods of camouflage covered include background matching, resemblance to specific objects such as bird droppings, self-decoration with materials from the environment, and the seasonal colour change of arctic animals. Two chapters cover warning colours, including both Batesian mimicry, where the mimic is edible, and Müllerian mimicry, where distasteful species mimic each other. A chapter then looks at how animals combine multiple methods of defence, for instance in the puss moth. Two chapters examine coloration related to sexual selection. Finally Poulton summarizes the subject with a fold-out table including a set of Greek derived words that he invented,


id: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals-1.md
category: reference
title: The Colours of Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:02.340033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-0
summary:
The effects of natural selection in creating or destroying colour are discussed. Colour can be non-significant, e.g. directly useful for absorbing heat, Poulton argues, but "By far the most widespread use of colour is to assist an animal in escaping from its enemies or in capturing its prey; the former is Protective, the latter Aggressive [resemblance, i.e. camouflage]." The topics of mimicry, warning coloration, and sexual selection are introduced. Chapter 3 Protective Resemblances in Lepidoptera. Poulton distinguishes "special" from "general" resemblances, meaning mimicking a specific object "of no interest to its enemies", or just harmonising "with the general artistic effect of its surroundings", giving examples from moth caterpillars found in England such as the peppered moth and the brimstone moth. Chapter 4 Protective Resemblances in Lepidoptera (continued), Dimorphism, Etc. The privet hawkmoth caterpillar is used as an example of "general resemblance". Dimorphism, where caterpillars of a species are sometimes green, sometimes brown, is discussed. The delicacy of larvae is given as a reason for their "wonderful concealment": one touch from a predator "being practically fatal". The resemblance of Kallima and some moths to dead leaves is examined. Chapter 5 Protective Resemblances In Vertebrata, Etc. The camouflage of snakes, female birds


id: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals-2.md
category: reference
title: The Colours of Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:02.340033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-0
summary:
The co-discoverer of natural selection Alfred Russel Wallace, reviewing Poulton in Nature, was interested by Poulton's observations on thin films producing iridescence: "In some cases dried insects lose some of their metallic colours, but these reappear when the specimen is dipped in water." However, Wallace objected to Poulton's suggestion that arctic birds and mammals are white to reduce heat loss by radiation, for which he argued there was no evidence in favour, while a thicker "covering, such as actually occurs in all arctic animals" would reduce heat loss effectively, and could be observed to do so. Wallace was enthusiastic about Poulton's experimental work on how butterfly larvae vary their coloration according to the background, admiring "a number of ingenious experiments" in which Poulton illuminated the insects in light of one colour or another, causing reliable colour changes which could not be direct, like photography, but had to be mediated by the animal's nervous system: In some cases even the cocoons spun by the larvæ are modified by the surrounding colours; and still more curious changes are effected in the larva itself when ... the same species feeds on several plants having differently-coloured leaves. Even the presence of numerous dark twigs


id: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals-3.md
category: reference
title: The Colours of Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:02.340033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-0
summary:
The Neo-Lamarckian Edward Drinker Cope, reviewing the book for the American Naturalist, wrote that "Mr. Poulton supports his own theory of the direct physiological value of the uses of colour to animals by a large amount of experimental evidence brought together from many sources". Cope is attracted by "a detail of great interest" in a caterpillar's camouflage "by the semblance of a small hole to indicate piercing by insect larvae" (ichneumon flies, since they avoid caterpillars that are already parasitised), and is impressed by Poulton's observations of "perhaps the most perfect concealment attained by any butterfly" in the dead leaf butterfly Kallima, first described by Alfred Russel Wallace. While admiring of Poulton's detailed observations, Cope was critical of his support for Darwin, arguing that Poulton failed to explain how the variability that natural selection needs to work on actually arises. (The mechanisms of mutation and genetics were not to become adequately understood until the twentieth century rediscovery of Mendel's work.) Cope also objected to Poulton's critique of Lamarckism, where in a footnote he cites S.B.J. Skertchly as writing that "other butterflies noticed this immunity [and] copied it, to which Cope replies as that "even the American Neo-Lamarckians [like Cope] do


id: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals-4.md
category: reference
title: The Colours of Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:02.340033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-colours-of-animals-20260505-0
summary:
=== Modern view === Poulton was a staunch supporter of Darwin, through a period when there was no adequate theory of heredity and both natural selection and sexual selection had become unpopular among scientists, and was attacked for his support both in The Colours of Animals and outside it. And he is recognised as the first scientist to identify frequency-dependent selection, as described in this book. By 1919, the book was being described in Nature as a classic work. Poulton is paid homage by J.A. Allen and B.C. Clarke for his pioneering work on frequency-dependent selection "by predators acting on non-mimetic polymorphic prey (i.e. for apostatic selection), anticipating many of the points made by later workers. We draw attention to his remarkable insight." The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography comments that Poulton's book "concisely and simply explained the many forms of coloration in terms of natural selection; these forms he ingeniously summarized in a comparative table introducing terms which became the standard nomenclature." In her book The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today, the Darwinian philosopher and rationalist Helena Cronin writes that in The Colours of Animals, Poulton defended Darwin's theory of sexual selection,


id: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom-0.md
category: reference
title: Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:03.554381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-0
summary:
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom: An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise Through Color and Pattern; Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer's Discoveries is a book published ostensibly by Gerald H. Thayer in 1909, and revised in 1918, but in fact a collaboration with and completion of his father Abbott Handerson Thayer's major work. The book, illustrated artistically by Abbott Thayer, sets out the controversial thesis that all animal coloration has the evolutionary purpose of camouflage. Thayer rejected Charles Darwin's theory of sexual selection, arguing in words and paintings that even such conspicuous animal features as the peacock's tail or the brilliant pink of flamingoes or roseate spoonbills were effective as camouflage in the right light. The book introduced the concepts of disruptive coloration to break up an object's outlines, of masquerade, as when a butterfly mimics a leaf, and especially of countershading, where an animal's tones make it appear flat by concealing its self-shadowing. The book was criticised by big game hunter and politician Theodore Roosevelt for its central assertion that every aspect of animal coloration is effective as camouflage. Roosevelt's detailed reply attacked the biased choice of examples to suit Abbott Thayer's thesis and the book's reliance


id: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom-1.md
category: reference
title: Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:03.554381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-0
summary:
Introduction by Abbott H. Thayer. An essay on the psychological and other basic principles of the subject. Outline of the book's scope. "The Law which underlies Protective Coloration" Definition of terms. Obliterative Shading First principles of the use of markings with obliterative shading Picture-patterns, with obliterative shading, on birds. American Woodcock, and Snipe Picture-patterns on obliteratively-shaded birds, continued. Terrestrial Goatsuckers Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds. Forest Grouse, Owls, European Woodcock Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Grass-patterns, heather-patterns Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Scansorial (climbing) birds Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Shore-birds Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Reed-patterns, etc., of Bitterns Background-picturing on counter-shaded birds, continued. Marsh-birds. Wood Duck Background-picturing on counter-shaded birds, continued. Birds of the ocean Birds, etc. The inherent 'obliterative' power of markings. 'Ruptive' and 'Secant' patterns Birds, etc. Special functions of markings Birds. Masking of bill and feet for offensive purposes Birds, etc. The manifold obliterative power of iridescence Birds, etc. Appendages, and their part in 'obliteration' Birds: miscellany. "Mimicry" (vs 'obliteration') Birds, concluded Mammals Mammals, continued Mammals, concluded Fishes Reptiles and Amphibians Caterpillars A glance at Insects other than Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths == Outline == Chapter 1 sets out the "long-ignored laws" of "protective coloration", an


id: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom-2.md
category: reference
title: Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:03.554381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-0
summary:
The light stripes on the bill were repeated and continued by the light stripes on the sides of the head and neck, and together they imitated very closely the look of separate, bright reed-stems; while the dark stripes pictured reeds in shadow, or the shadowed interstices between the stems. Chapter 11 argues (in a way that was heavily criticised when the book appeared, see below) that water birds, some of them highly conspicuous like the jacana and notoriously the male wood duck, are colored for camouflage: "The beautifully contrasted black-and-white bars on the flanks of the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) are ripple pictures, and as potent [as camouflage], in their place, as the most elaborate markings of land birds". Chapter 12 argues that the "pure white" of ocean birds such as gulls and terns equally functions as camouflage. Thayer admits that these often appear conspicuous, but argues that against varied backgrounds, white offers "the greatest average inconspicuousness against the ocean" (his italics) or against the bright sky when seen from below. Chapter 13 analyses "markings and patterns in detail, starting with a color plate that shows the effect of disruptive patterning, which Thayer calls "strong 'secant' and 'ruptive' patterns". Using


id: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom-3.md
category: reference
title: Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:03.554381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-0
summary:
Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks attempt to prove the point. The chapter goes on to claim that roseate spoonbills, flamingoes, and prongbuck are all obliteratively colored. The raccoon's head resembles "the end of a hollow stump or log", while its tail is said to be "distractive", the strong banding serving like an eyespot to divert the attention of a predator to the tail rather than the head while the animal dives down a hole. But Thayer is unable to resist arguing that when "quiet, their tail-bands act obliteratively". Chapter 23 looks at fish, admitting frankly that the authors "know next to nothing about fishes from the standpoint of systematic science", but saying that they have gathered a "trustworthy general estimate" of their "disguising coloration" from market stalls, museums and books. Many fish are countershaded. The bioluminescence of some deep sea fish and other animals is seen as a problem as it is not "obliterative"; the possibility of counterillumination camouflage is not considered. Chapter 24 considers the reptiles and amphibians. These are noted to be predominantly green, often with "ruptive" patterns. Plate 11 treats a "Copperhead snake on dead leaves", the caption explaining that "This is a bona-fide study


id: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom-4.md
category: reference
title: Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:03.554381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-0
summary:
with the blue sky showing through the leaves in just sufficient quantity here and there to warrant the author-artists explaining that the wonderful blue hues of the peacock's neck are obliterative because they make it fade into the sky. This, Roosevelt writes, would be an extremely rare sight in nature. Worse, the female (the peahen) would, he argues, be conspicuous in those conditions. The Thayers have chosen a blue sky to argue that the peacock is camouflaged; but then they choose a white sky to allow the prongbuck's white rump to fade into that background. This, Roosevelt argues, is so dishonest that an engineer who constructed a report in that way would at once be dismissed, and the directors of a corporation who "tried to float shares on the strength of such a report" would be liable to "prosecution for fraud". Roosevelt had recently returned from his African safari, having seen, admired and shot large numbers of animals. He was scornful of Thayer's theories, which he described as "phantasmagoria", and the writer as "a well meaning and ill-balanced enthusiast". Thayer's suggestion that the white markings on the body of the harnessed bush buck are meant to resemble "flecks of water


id: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom-5.md
category: reference
title: Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:03.554381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concealing-coloration-in-the-animal-kingdom-20260505-0
summary:
Unfortunately certain of Thayer's explanations and illustrations misrepresent nature and are deceptive because they depend upon observations made under abnormal circumstances. Cott then gives the examples of the peacock in the woods with the blue sky behind the neck; the "flock of red Flamingoes matching a red sunset sky", and the roseate spoonbill "whose pink plumage matches a pink cloud scheme". He then lists the cases of the white flamingo, the skunk and the white rump of the prongbuck, quoting Roosevelt ("The raven's coloration is of course concealing if it is put into a coal scuttle"), notes "How unreasonable are extreme views like that adopted by Thayer", and admits that criticisms of "certain of Thayer's conclusions" are justified, before returning to the attack on those critics, robustly defending the "theory of protective and aggressive resemblance". More favourably, Cott explicitly recognises Thayer's work on countershading, though granting Edward Bagnall Poulton's partial anticipation with his work on the chrysalis of the purple emperor butterfly. Further, Cott quotes Thayer's description of countershading, and Cott's Figure 1, of countershaded fish, is captioned "Diagrams illustrating Thayer's principle of obliterative shading". Implicitly, also, Cott follows Thayer in his Figure 3 "Larva of Eyed Hawk-moth" in both


id: cry-of-the-kalahari-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_of_the_Kalahari-0.md
category: reference
title: Cry of the Kalahari
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_of_the_Kalahari
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:04.727534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cry-of-the-kalahari-20260505-0
summary:
Cry of the Kalahari (1984) is an autobiographical book detailing two young American zoologists, Mark and Delia Owens, and their experience studying wildlife in the Kalahari Desert in Botswana in the mid-1970s. There they lived and worked for seven years in an uninhabited area named Deception Valley in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. With no roads and the nearest civilization eight hours away they had only each other and the animals they studied as company, most of which had never seen humans before. Their research focused mainly on lions, brown hyenas, jackals and other African carnivores. Cry of the Kalahari is the personal story of the Owenses' encounters with these and a myriad of other animals and depicts their own struggle to live and work in such an inhospitable and unforgiving environment. Cry of the Kalahari was a national and international bestseller, translated into seven languages and is the 1985 John Burroughs Medal winner. == References == == External links == Cry of the Kalahari, book website


id: de-materia-medica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica-0.md
category: reference
title: De materia medica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:05.984182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-materia-medica-20260505-0
summary:
De materia medica (Latin name for the Greek work Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hulēs iatrikēs, both meaning "On Medical Material") is a pharmacopoeia of medicinal plants and the medicines that can be obtained from them. The five-volume work was written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the Roman army. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until supplanted by revised herbals in the Renaissance, making it one of the longest-lasting of all natural history and pharmacology books. The work describes many drugs known to be effective, including aconite, aloes, colocynth, colchicum, henbane, opium and squill. In total, about 600 plants are covered, along with some animals and mineral substances, and around 1000 medicines made from them. De materia medica was circulated as illustrated manuscripts, copied by hand, in Greek, Latin, and Arabic throughout the medieval period. From the 16th century onwards, Dioscorides' text was translated into Italian, German, Spanish, French, and into English in 1655. It served as the foundation for herbals in these languages by figures such as Leonhart Fuchs, Valerius Cordus, Lobelius, Rembert Dodoens, Carolus Clusius, John Gerard, and William Turner. Over time, these herbals incorporated increasing numbers of direct


id: de-materia-medica-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica-1.md
category: reference
title: De materia medica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:05.984182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-materia-medica-20260505-0
summary:
A little of it (taken with as much as a grain of ervum) is a pain-easer, a sleep-causer, and a digester, helping coughs and abdominal cavity afflictions. Taken as a drink too often it hurts (making men lethargic) and it kills. It is helpful for aches, sprinkled on with rosaceum; and for pain in the ears dropped in them with oil of almonds, saffron, and myrrh. For inflammation of the eyes it is used with a roasted egg yolk and saffron, and for erysipela and wounds with vinegar; but for gout with women's milk and saffron. Put up with the finger as a suppository it causes sleep. Dioscorides then describes how to tell a good from a counterfeit preparation. He mentions the recommendations of other physicians, Diagoras (according to Eristratus), Andreas, and Mnesidemus, only to dismiss them as false and not borne out by experience. He ends with a description of how the liquid is gathered from poppy plants, and lists names used for it: chamaesyce, mecon rhoeas, oxytonon; papaver to the Romans, and wanti to the Egyptians. As late as in the Tudor and Stuart periods in Britain, herbals often still classified plants in the same way as Dioscorides


id: de-materia-medica-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica-2.md
category: reference
title: De materia medica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:05.984182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-materia-medica-20260505-0
summary:
The Dioscorides translator and editor Tess Anne Osbaldeston notes that "For almost two millennia Dioscorides was regarded as the ultimate authority on plants and medicine", and that he "achieved overwhelming commendation and approval because his writings addressed the many ills of mankind most usefully." To illustrate this, she states that "Dioscorides describes many valuable drugs including aconite, aloes, bitter apple, colchicum, henbane, and squill". The work mentions the painkillers willow (leading ultimately to aspirin, she writes), autumn crocus and opium, which however is also narcotic. Many other substances that Dioscorides describes remain in modern pharmacopoeias as "minor drugs, diluents, flavouring agents, and emollients ... [such as] ammoniacum, anise, cardamoms, catechu, cinnamon, colocynth, coriander, crocus, dill, fennel, galbanum, gentian, hemlock, hyoscyamus, lavender, linseed, mastic, male fern, marjoram, marshmallow, mezereon, mustard, myrrh, orris (iris), oak galls, olive oil, pennyroyal, pepper, peppermint, poppy, psyllium, rhubarb, rosemary, rue, saffron, sesame, squirting cucumber (elaterium), starch, stavesacre (delphinium), storax, stramonium, sugar, terebinth, thyme, white hellebore, white horehound, and couch grass—the last still used as a demulcent diuretic." She notes that medicines such as wormwood, juniper, ginger, and calamine also remain in use, while "Chinese and Indian physicians continue to use liquorice". She observes that the many


id: de-natura-rerum-cantimpr-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_natura_rerum_(Cantimpré)-0.md
category: reference
title: De natura rerum (Cantimpré)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_natura_rerum_(Cantimpré)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:07.153560+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-natura-rerum-cantimpr-20260505-0
summary:
De natura rerum (or Liber de natura rerum) is a thirteenth century work of natural history, written by Flemish Roman Catholic friar and medieval writer. Thomas of Cantimpré. De natura rerum may be Thomas' most significant work, as it's both the one he dedicated more time to (almost twenty years of work, between 1225 and 1244) and the one that had the largest posthumous fortune, as witnessed by the large number of codices that contain this work, but also by the many authors that took inspiration from it. == Contents == De natura rerum is an encyclopedic work – thus belonging to the encyclopedic genre, largely widespread on the Latin Late Middle Ages – that wants to represent a complete and exhaustive compendium of the previous scientific history, specifically for clergy. A first 'stable' redaction of the work is dated between 1237 and 1240 (as to say, in the period when Thomas is located at the Dominica studium in Paris) and it's structured into nineteen books. Later, anyway, the author himself deeply revises the text, adding many interpolations to it: this second redaction of De natura rerum, dated 1244, is organized into twenty book, of different topics: === Outline ===


id: des-singularit-s-de-la-nature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_singularités_de_la_nature-0.md
category: reference
title: Des singularités de la nature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_singularités_de_la_nature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:08.322001+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: des-singularit-s-de-la-nature-20260505-0
summary:
Des singularités de la nature is a book on natural history by the French philosopher and author Voltaire, first published in 1768. In it, he defends Preformationism, the idea that organisms develop from tiny versions of themselves. He defends the idea of a supreme being, and the idea that many features of the natural world have been made to benefit people, including noses for smelling and mountains for forming the landscape. == References == == Further reading == Marguerite Carozzi (1985) "Voltaire's geological observations in Les singularités de la nature" in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, volume 215. Oxford; the Voltaire Foundation Porter, Roy (5 January 2009). "Review: Enlightenment Marguerite Carozzi, Voltaire's attitude toward geology. Geneva: Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, 1983. Pp. 146. SFRp 28". The British Journal for the History of Science. 17 (1): 116. doi:10.1017/S0007087400020732.


id: dinosaurs-of-tendaguru-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_of_Tendaguru-0.md
category: reference
title: Dinosaurs of Tendaguru
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_of_Tendaguru
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:10.581550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dinosaurs-of-tendaguru-20260505-0
summary:
Dinosaurs of Tendaguru (original title in Swahili: Dinosaria wa Tendaguru) is a Tanzanian booklet for young readers on natural history, focussing on the discovery and subsequent excavations of dinosaur fossils at Tendaguru hill in Lindi Region of South Eastern Tanzania between 1906 and 1913. It was written in the country’s national language Swahili by Tanzanian authors Cassian Magori and Charles Saanane, with illustrations by the German graphic artist Thomas Thiemeyer. The booklet was published in 1998 with the support of the Goethe-Institut in Dar es Salaam, the local branch of the German cultural institute, by E&D Vision Publishing, Tanzania. == Contents == Through its illustrations and a partially fictional story, the book tells the story of dinosaurs that lived approximately 150 million years ago in East Africa. Their skeletons were excavated between 1906 and 1913 in the former colony of German East Africa and until today represent the most important excavations of dinosaur fossils found in Africa. As the booklet is directed towards young readers in Tanzania, the authors invented a partially new narrative to set the story of the discovery, the subsequent excavations, and the scientific knowledge about natural history and the life of dinosaurs into a contemporary Tanzanian


id: dinosaurs-of-tendaguru-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_of_Tendaguru-1.md
category: reference
title: Dinosaurs of Tendaguru
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_of_Tendaguru
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:10.581550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dinosaurs-of-tendaguru-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == In 2009, paleontologist Gerhard Maier mentioned the booklet in his comprehensive study on the history of the excavations African Dinosaurs Unearthed: The Tendaguru Expeditions. He commented on the effect of this booklet as "a most welcome outcome (...) was the popularization of Tendaguru for the people of Tanzania." In 2022, Dinosaria wa Tendaguru was mentioned in the report "Reclaiming restitution" by Open Restitution Africa, an Africa-led heritage project that referred to the Tendaguru fossils as a case study for the discussion on restitution of African cultural heritage. In a 2024 chapter on how the Berlin Dinosaurs got their names, the German authors working for the Natural History Museum in Berlin described how excavation leaders Janensch and Hennig had recorded the work of several African workers at the excavation. This acknowledgement was based on the preliminary names for several specific fossil specimens, including "Abdallahsaurus", named after fossil preparator Sefu Abdallah, "Salimosaurus", named after the excavator Salim Tombali and "Mohammadisaurus", named after Mohammai Keranje. In the same article, the authors also referred to chief overseer Boheti bin Amrani, whose contribution to the excavation was recorded both in the field notes and photographs by Janensch. These specimen names bearing African


id: earth-s-deep-history-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_Deep_History-0.md
category: reference
title: Earth's Deep History
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_Deep_History
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:11.776752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: earth-s-deep-history-20260505-0
summary:
Earth's Deep History is a 2014 book by historian and geologist Martin J. S. Rudwick about advances in geological time and deep history, a term for the development of Earth's history and the distant past of the human species. Reviews were largely positive although some criticized Rudwick's minimalism in relation to the conflict between science and religion and the rejection of evolution by religious groups. == Synopsis == From a geologist's perspective where everything has a history, Earth's Deep History explains how the discovery of the Earth's old age progressively moved humans from the center. It focuses on details of the difficult and slow path to knowledge, the difference between law-like and physical history and the interplay of science and religion. It explains how scholars gradually discovered and came to understand the mechanisms that shaped the Earth, rather than remaining limited by event reconstructions. Earth's Deep History is considered to be a more condensed and approachable overview than Rudwick's previous works like Worlds Before Adam. == Reviews == Editor Ted Nield, writing for the Geoscientist, praised the book and Rudwick's elegant prose, and added that Earth's Deep History is a more approachable summary of Rudwick's voluminous previous works, notably Bursting


id: elephant-de-camp-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_(de_Camp_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Elephant (de Camp book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_(de_Camp_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:12.942498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elephant-de-camp-book-20260505-0
summary:
Elephant is a science book by L. Sprague de Camp, published by Pyramid Books in July 1964 as part of The Worlds of Science series. The cover title is Elephant: The Fascinating Life Cycle of the World's Largest Land Animal. == Summary == The book treats its subject comprehensively, covering elephants in captivity and the wild, their use in ancient warfare, modern conflicts between elephants and farmers, and preservation efforts, among other topics. A "generalized account of the life history of elephants, living and fossil, their relatives, and their use throughout history," it deals with "the various aspects of the world's largest land animal, from fossils to captive elephants." It is illustrated with pen-and-ink sketches, maps and charts, and includes eight pages of unnumbered black-and-white photographs, a bibliography and index. == Reception == The Science News-Letter notes that the book is "[d]esigned for the general reader and student." The Science Teacher praises the book's "academic and sometimes lighthearted text," noting "[t]he author has a knack for interjecting subtleties such as 'nobody has yet fitted an elephant with false teeth.'" It rates the book "an excellent junior high school library reference, especially for students who need a readable source for a


id: the-end-of-night-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Night_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The End of Night (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Night_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:14.173297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-end-of-night-book-20260505-0
summary:
The End of Night: Searching for Natural Darkness in an Age of Artificial Light is a 2013 non-fiction book by Paul Bogard on the gradual disappearance, due to light pollution, of true darkness from the night skies of most people on the planet. Bogard examines the effects of this loss on human physical and mental health, society, and ecosystems, and how it might be mitigated. The book has been translated into Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish. == Synopsis == The nine chapters of Bogard's book map to the nine levels of the Bortle scale, which attempts to quantify the subjective brightness and suitability for astronomy of the sky in different environments. Bogard has said of the scale, invented in 2001, "one of the reasons why identifying different depths of darkness is so important is that we don't recognize that we're losing it, unless we have a name to recognize it by." Bogard begins at a Bortle level 9 environment, by the Luxor Sky Beam, the brightest spotlight on Earth, located on the Las Vegas Strip. He explores the nighttime landscapes of London and Paris, and examines the planning, or lack thereof, in each city's lighting. He visits locations throughout


id: the-extermination-of-the-american-bison-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison-0.md
category: reference
title: The Extermination of the American Bison
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:15.345339+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-extermination-of-the-american-bison-20260505-0
summary:
The Extermination of the American Bison is a book by William Temple Hornaday first published in 1889 by the Government Printing Office. It was reprinted from a report Hornaday wrote for the Smithsonian Institution in the years 1886–87. Extermination contains an exhaustive account of bison ecology and the story of the near-entire destruction of the bison population in the United States. The book argues for the consequent necessity of protecting the small number of bison then in Yellowstone National Park. The book is divided into three parts. The first relates to the habits, geographical distribution, and probable population of the bison before the European settlement of North America. The second describes the extermination of the animal by industrial-scale bison hunting. It argues that the speed of extermination has been increased by unnecessary slaughter and the lack of legal protection of the bison population, among other things. The third part describes the Smithsonian's 1886 expedition to Montana to obtain specimens for the National Museum of Natural History before bison went extinct in North America. A census of the animals known to exist in captivity on January 1, 1889, showed 256 specimens in the United States and abroad.One contemporary writer notes that


id: fabre-s-book-of-insects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabre's_Book_of_Insects-0.md
category: reference
title: Fabre's Book of Insects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabre's_Book_of_Insects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:16.483957+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fabre-s-book-of-insects-20260505-0
summary:
Fabre's Book of Insects is a non-fiction book that is a retelling of Alexander Teixeira de Mattos' translation of Jean-Henri Fabre's Souvenirs entomologiques. It was retold by Mrs. Rodolph Stawell and illustrated by Edward Detmold. It talks about insects in real life, mythology and folklore. == Reception == A Times Higher Education review says, "It was Fabre's Book of Insects, extracts from that extraordinary man's Souvenirs entomologiques, "retold" – and with an exemplary clarity and simplicity which made me feel enlisted and embraced but never patronised – by a Mrs Rudolph Stawell. Years later I read the full Souvenirs themselves and wondered why I had not done so long before, as soon as I could read French. The magic is Fabre's own, not imported by Mrs Stawell." It was reviewed by The New York Times. == References ==


id: fauna-japonica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Japonica-0.md
category: reference
title: Fauna Japonica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Japonica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:17.617091+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fauna-japonica-20260505-0
summary:
Fauna Japonica is a series of monographs on the zoology of Japan. It was the first book written in a European language (French) on the Japanese fauna, and published serially in five volumes between 1833 and 1850. The full title is Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825–1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Conjunctis studiis C. J. Temminck et H. Schlegel pro vertebratis atque W. de Haan pro invertebratis elaborata. Based on the collections made by Philipp Franz von Siebold (who edited the text) and his successor Heinrich Bürger in Japan, Fauna Japonica's vertebrate volumes were authored by the Leyden Museum naturalists Coenraad Jacob Temminck and Hermann Schlegel. Wilhem de Haan, also at the Leyden museum, wrote the invertebrate volumes assisted by the Japanese artist naturalists Keiga Kawahara, Kurimoto Masayoshi and others. The volumes were a rare chance for European naturalists to learn about the wildlife in isolationist Japan. == Publication == The 5 volumes that make up Fauna Japonica were published by P. F. von Siebold and Lugduni Batavorum between 1833 and 1850. Originally intended to include


id: the-fauna-of-british-india-including-ceylon-and-burma-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauna_of_British_India,_Including_Ceylon_and_Burma-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauna_of_British_India,_Including_Ceylon_and_Burma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:18.789713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fauna-of-british-india-including-ceylon-and-burma-20260505-0
summary:
The Fauna of British India (short title) with long titles including The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma, and The Fauna of British India Including the Remainder of the Oriental Region is a series of scientific books that was published by the British government in India and printed by Taylor and Francis of London. The series was started sometime in 1881 after a letter had been sent to the Secretary of State for India signed by Charles Darwin, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker and other "eminent men of science" forwarded by P.L.Sclater to R.H. Hobart. W. T. Blanford was appointed editor and began work on the volume on mammals. In the volume on the mammals, Blanford notes: The need for new and revised descriptive works had, for some years before 1881, been felt and discussed amongst naturalists in India, but the attention of the Government was, I believe, first called to the matter by a memorial dated Sept. 15th of that year, prepared by Mr. P. L. Sclater, the well-known Secretary of the Zoological Society, signed by Mr. Charles Darwin, Sir J. Hooker, Professor Huxley, Sir J. Lubbock, Prof. W. H. Flower, and by Mr. Sclater himself, and presented


id: the-fauna-of-british-india-including-ceylon-and-burma-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauna_of_British_India,_Including_Ceylon_and_Burma-1.md
category: reference
title: The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauna_of_British_India,_Including_Ceylon_and_Burma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:18.789713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fauna-of-british-india-including-ceylon-and-burma-20260505-0
summary:
Andrewes, H. (1929) Carabidae 1. Carabinae [ 431 p - 62 figs - 9 pl (1 col) ] Andrewes, H. (1935) Carabidae 2. Harpalinae [ 323 p - 51 figs - 5 pl ] Arrow, G.J. (1910) Lamellicornia 1. Cetoniinae and Dynastinae [xiv + 322 p - 76 figs - 2 col. pl. ] Arrow, G.J. (1917) Lamellicornia 2. Rutelinae, Desmonycinae, Euchirinae [xiii + 387 p - 77 figs - 5 pl (1 col.)] Arrow, G.J. (1931) Lamellicornia 3. Coprinae [428 p - 61 figs - 13 pl (1 col.) - 1 map ] Arrow, G.J. (1949) Lamellicornia 4. Lucanidae & Passalidae[vii + 274 pp., 23 pl] Arrow, G.J. (1925) Clavicornia : Erotylidae, Languriidae & Endomychidae [xv + 416 p - 76 figs - 1 col. pl. - 1 map] Beeson, C.F.C. (?) Platypodidae () Browne, J Balfour (never published) Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae and Haliplidae Cameron, M. (1930) Staphylinidae 1. (Micropeplinae, Oxytelinae, Oxyporinae, Megalopinae, Steninae, Enaesthetinae) [471 p - 134 figs - 1 map - 3 col. plates] Cameron, M. (1934) Staphylinidae. 2. (Paederinae) 257 p - 2 col. pl. Cameron, M. (1932) Staphylinidae 3. (Staphylininae, Trichophyinae, Termitodiscinae, Pygosteninae, Tachyporinae) 443 p - 4 col. pl. Cameron, M. (1939) Staphylinidae 4.


id: feathers-the-evolution-of-a-natural-miracle-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers:_The_Evolution_of_a_Natural_Miracle-0.md
category: reference
title: Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers:_The_Evolution_of_a_Natural_Miracle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:19.999877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: feathers-the-evolution-of-a-natural-miracle-20260505-0
summary:
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle is a natural history book by American conservation biologist Thor Hanson. Published by Basic Books in 2011 and written for general audiences, the book discusses the significance of feathers, their evolution, and their history both in nature and in use by humans. Feathers is divided into five parts. In "Evolution", Hanson discusses the scientific debate over how feathers evolved, interviewing ornithologists Richard Prum and Alan Feduccia, as well as paleontologist Xing Xu. In "Fluff", Hanson discusses how feathers play a role in regulating a bird's body temperature and how feather insulation has also been utilized by humans. "Flight" discusses how flight might have evolved in birds, interviewing Prum, Feduccia, Xu, and also ornithologist Ken Dial, who described wing-assisted incline running. In "Fancy", Hanson discusses the role of feathers in sexual selection, as well as how humans have utilized feathers for fashion, interviewing costume and fashion designers on the Las Vegas Strip and New York City. "Function" discusses how feathers have been adapted for other purposes, such as waterproofing, fly fishing, and quill pens. Hanson decided he would write Feathers after going on a run and noticing a feather dropped at his feet by


id: feathers-the-evolution-of-a-natural-miracle-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers:_The_Evolution_of_a_Natural_Miracle-1.md
category: reference
title: Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers:_The_Evolution_of_a_Natural_Miracle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:19.999877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: feathers-the-evolution-of-a-natural-miracle-20260505-0
summary:
Scientists disagree on how feathered flight originally evolved, and Hanson describes various viewpoints on the subject. The "ground-up" view holds that flight originated from theropod dinosaurs running along the ground, whereas the "tree-down" view holds that flight originated from animals who lived in trees "as a means to extend their hops from branch to branch". Hanson discusses the issue with Feduccia, who argues for the "tree-down" view, noting that other vertebrates also developed flight from the tree down. Hanson also discusses with Prum and Xu, who state that while the origin of feathers might have been ground-based theropods, the origin of flight could have been theropods who climbed trees, especially considering four-winged feathered theropods like Microraptor. Hanson interviews Ken Dial, an ornithologist who described wing-assisted incline running (WAIR), a behavior exhibited by baby birds learning how to fly. WAIR has been proposed as an alternative model for the origin of avian flight, as it addresses weaknesses in both the "ground-up" and "tree-down" views. Later, Hanson interviews Ken Franklin, who raised Frightful, a peregrine falcon whose dive was measured to be 242 miles per hour (389 km/h), making her the fastest flying animal on record. Franklin describes the role of feathers


id: feathers-the-evolution-of-a-natural-miracle-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers:_The_Evolution_of_a_Natural_Miracle-2.md
category: reference
title: Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers:_The_Evolution_of_a_Natural_Miracle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:19.999877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: feathers-the-evolution-of-a-natural-miracle-20260505-0
summary:
=== Literary === Literary reception to Feathers has been positive. Amanda Katz, in a review published by The New York Times, wrote that because Feathers is a work of synthesis, bird enthusiasts will find the book's content already "familiar", but noted that "as synthesis goes, it is gracious, funny, persuasive and wide ranging." Peter Forbes, in a review published by The Guardian, stated that Hanson's "enthusiasm is infectious", particularly for a topic Forbes found "alluring". The Economist published a review which also described Hanson as having "infectious enthusiasm" and stated, "Mr Hanson's unpretentious style makes what is essentially an excellent scientific work into an enjoyable read for the ignorant and uninitiated." Irene Wanner, in a review published by The Seattle Times, highlighted Hanson's analogies, calling them "apt" and helping to "simplify complex concepts". Kirkus Reviews described Feathers as a "delightful ramble through the byways of evolution and the wonderful world of birds." Scientific American published an online review of Feathers in their blog Tetrapod Zoology by Darren Naish. Naish commented that prior to Hanson's book, "it doesn’t seem that any one book has ever been devoted to feathers and feathers alone. ... Feathers is thus a rather significant book, and


id: golden-field-guide-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Field_Guide-0.md
category: reference
title: Golden Field Guide
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Field_Guide
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:21.158314+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: golden-field-guide-20260505-0
summary:
The Golden Field Guides are a series of larger pocket-sized books about the natural world which were created by Western Publishing and published under their "Golden Press" line (mostly used for children's books at the time), as a related series to the Golden Guides. Edited by Herbert Zim and Vera Webster, the books were written by experts in their field and illustrated with a simple straightforward style. Unlike the Golden Guides, the Field Guides covered their subjects in greater depth, being more aimed at the high school/college level. They also had sturdier covers, obviously intending that they be used in the field. Most note that they are a "Guide to Field Identification" on the cover. To cover their subject matter in greater depth, and intended as both identification and educational, most of the Field Guides limited themselves to North America, while the Golden Guides were usually worldwide. The series, updated, was relaunched in 2001 as "Golden Field Guides by St. Martin's Press". Certain titles have been discontinued, such as the Amphibians of North America and Families of Birds books. == Series list == Amphibians of North America, by Hobart Muir Smith (1978) — discontinued by St. Martin's Press Birds of


id: gossip-from-the-forest-maitland-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_from_the_Forest_(Maitland_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Gossip from the Forest (Maitland book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_from_the_Forest_(Maitland_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:22.332572+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gossip-from-the-forest-maitland-book-20260505-0
summary:
Gossip from the Forest: the Tangled Roots of our Forests and Fairytales is a 2012 book by Sara Maitland about the connections between forests and fairytales in Northern Europe. It is structured around accounts of walks through 12 forests in Scotland and England, one per month of the year, and 12 associated retellings of traditional fairytales, and was published by Granta (ISBN 9781847084293). Maitland has described the book as "a hybrid book ... history and photographs and nature and politics and science and anthropology and fiction (my own retellings of 12 Grimm stories) and, indeed, gossip." == The chapters: the forests and the retold tales == March Airyolland Wood, Dumfries and Galloway "Thumbling" April Saltridge Wood, near Stroud, Gloucestershire "The White Snake" May The New Forest, Hampshire "Rumpelstiltskin" June Epping Forest, Greater London and Essex "Hansel and Gretel" July The Great North Wood, Dulwich, Sydenham and Norwood, London "Little Goosegirl" August Staverton Thicks (and Staverton Park), Suffolk "The Seven Swans' Sister" - see "The Six Swans" September Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire "The Seven Dwarves" October Ballochbuie, near Braemar and the Forest of Mar, Aberdeenshire "Rapunzel" November Kielder Forest, Northumberland "Little Red Riding Hood and the Big Bad Wolf" December The


id: hen-s-teeth-and-horse-s-toes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen's_Teeth_and_Horse's_Toes-0.md
category: reference
title: Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen's_Teeth_and_Horse's_Toes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:23.558184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hen-s-teeth-and-horse-s-toes-20260505-0
summary:
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (1983) is Stephen Jay Gould's third volume of collected essays reprinted from his monthly columns for Natural History magazine titled "This View of Life". Three essays appeared elsewhere. "Evolution as Fact and Theory" first appeared in Discover magazine in May 1981; "Phyletic size decrease in Hershey bars" appeared in C. J. Rubins's Junk Food, 1980; and his "Reply to Critics", was written specifically for this volume as a commentary upon criticism of essay 16, "The Piltdown Conspiracy". == Awards == The book was awarded the 1983 Phi Beta Kappa Award for Science from the Phi Beta Kappa Society. == References == == External links == Steven Rose, "And Zebra Stripes and Chocolate Bars", The New York Times, 8 May 1983, section 7, page 3. Richard Dawkins, "The Art of the Developable. Review of Pluto's Republic by Peter Medawar and Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes by Stephen Jay Gould", reprinted in The Devil's Chaplain: Selected Essays, Phoenix, 2003 (ISBN 978-0-7538-1750-6). W. W. Norton's promotional page


id: histoire-naturelle-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle-0.md
category: reference
title: Histoire Naturelle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:24.741406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: histoire-naturelle-20260505-0
summary:
The Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi (French: [istwaʁ natyʁɛl]; English: Natural History, General and Particular, with a Description of the King's Cabinet) is an encyclopaedic collection of 36 large (quarto) volumes written between 1749 and 1804, initially by the Comte de Buffon, and continued in eight more volumes after his death (in 1788) by his colleagues, led by Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The books cover what was known of the "natural sciences" at the time, including what would now be called material science, physics, chemistry and technology as well as the natural history of animals. The early volumes (IV to XV) are on quadrupeds. The next group (XVI to XXIV) are on birds, followed by a group on minerals (XXV to XXIX). There followed a group of supplements on geology and related subjects, with additional quadrupeds (XXX to XXXVI). Further supplements covered the reptiles (XXXVII to XXXVIII) and fishes (XXXIX to XXXXIII). Finally there was a volume on cetaceans (XXXXIV). The work was republished in various editions in France, and was translated into languages including English, German, Swedish, Italian, and Russian. Buffon was assisted over the years by a variety of authors with


id: histoire-naturelle-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle-1.md
category: reference
title: Histoire Naturelle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:24.741406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: histoire-naturelle-20260505-0
summary:
Volume XXXVII (Reptiles I) : Histoire générale et particulière des Quadrupèdes ovipares, 1788 Volume XXXVIII (Reptiles II) : Histoire des Serpents, 1789 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (Fish) (1798–1803) Volume XXXIX (Poissons I) : 1798 Volume XXXX (Poissons II) : 1800 Volume XXXXI (Poissons III) : 1802 Volume XXXXII (Poissons IV) : 1802 Volume XXXXIII (Poissons V) : 1803 Histoire Naturelle des Cétacés (Cetaceans) (1804) Volume XXXXIV (Cétacés) : 1804 == Authors and artists == The descriptive and anatomical part of l’Histoire des Quadrupèdes was the work of Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton. Philippe Guéneau de Montbeillard worked on the birds, assisted later by Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond and the abbot Gabriel Bexon. Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond and Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau provided sources for the mineral volumes. Buffon commissioned Jacques de Sève to illustrate the quadrupeds, while François-Nicolas Martinet illustrated the birds. Some 2000 plates by de Sève adorn the work, representing mammals, reptiles, and some birds. After Buffon's death, the work was continued by Bernard Germain de Lacépède, who described the egg-laying quadrupeds, snakes, fishes and cetaceans in 8 volumes (1788–1804). == Approach == Each group is introduced with a general essay. This is followed by an article, sometimes of


id: histoire-naturelle-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle-2.md
category: reference
title: Histoire Naturelle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:24.741406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: histoire-naturelle-20260505-0
summary:
=== Translations === The Histoire Naturelle was translated (in whole, in part, or abridged) into languages including English, German, Swedish, Russian and Italian. R. Griffith published an early translation of the volume on The Horse in London in 1762. T. Bell published a translation of the first six volumes in London between 1775 and 1776. William Creech published an edition in Edinburgh between 1780 and 1785. T. Cadell and W. Davies published another edition in London in 1812. An abridged edition was published by Wogan, Byrne et al. in Dublin in 1791; that same year R. Morison and Son of Perth, J. and J. Fairbairn of Edinburgh and T. Kay and C. Forster of London published their edition. W. Strahan and T. Cadell published a translation with notes by the encyclopaedist William Smellie in London around 1785. Barr's Buffon in ten volumes was published in London between 1797 and 1807. W. Davidson published an abridged version including the natural history of insects taken from Swammerdam, Brookes, Goldsmith et al., with "elegant engravings on wood"; its four volumes appeared in Alnwick in 1814. German translations include those published by Grund and Holle, 1750–1775; Johann Samuel Heinsius, 1756–1782; Joseph Georg Trassler, 1784–1785;


id: histoire-naturelle-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle-3.md
category: reference
title: Histoire Naturelle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:24.741406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: histoire-naturelle-20260505-0
summary:
==== Evolutionary thought ==== The evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr comments that "In this monumental and fascinating Histoire naturelle, Buffon dealt in a stimulating manner with almost all the problems that would subsequently be raised by evolutionists. Written in a brilliant style, this work was read in French or in one of the numerous translations by every educated person in Europe". Mayr argued that "virtually all the well-known writers of the Enlightenment" were "Buffonians", and calls Buffon "the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the eighteenth century". Mayr notes that Buffon was not an "evolutionist", but was certainly responsible for creating the great amount of interest in natural history in France. He agrees that Buffon's thought is hard to classify and even self-contradictory, and that the theologians forced him to avoid writing some of his opinions openly. Mayr argues however that Buffon was "fully aware of the possibility of 'common descent', and was perhaps the first author ever to articulate it clearly", quoting Buffon at length, starting with "Not only the ass and the horse, but also man, the apes, the quadrupeds, and all the animals might be regarded as constituting but a single family",


id: historia-naturalis-brasiliae-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliae-0.md
category: reference
title: Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliae
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:25.885193+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: historia-naturalis-brasiliae-20260505-0
summary:
Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (English: Brazilian Natural History), originally written in Latin, is the first scientific work on the natural history of Brazil, written by Dutch naturalist Willem Piso and containing research done by the German scientist Georg Marcgraf, published in 1648. The work includes observations made by the German naturalist H. Gralitzio, in addition to humanist Johannes de Laet. It was dedicated to Johan Maurits, Count of Nassau, who was the patron of the project during the period of Dutch rule in Brazil. The research of the work focuses on the coast of the Northeast, during its occupation by the Dutch West India Company. Marcgraf and Piso had started their field research of the area in 1637. The work covers tropical diseases and Indigenous therapies, but Piso depicts the Indigenous peoples of Brazil as barbarians who lack scientific education. Piso and his contemporaries thought that the Indigenous peoples would be unable to contribute to any studies on medicine and botany. The book had wide circulation in Northern Europe, and was admired for the illustrations accompanying the text. The work remained unsurpassed until the 19th century. In Denmark, Ole Worm followed the book's organizational structure when documenting the natural history of


id: history-of-animals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Animals-0.md
category: reference
title: History of Animals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Animals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:49:27.075544+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: history-of-animals-20260505-0
summary:
History of Animals (Ancient Greek: Τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστοριῶν, Ton peri ta zoia historion, "Inquiries on Animals"; Latin: Historia Animalium, "History of Animals") is one of the major texts on biology by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. It was written in sometime between the mid-fourth century BC and Aristotle's death in 322 BC. Generally seen as a pioneering work of zoology, Aristotle frames his text by explaining that he is investigating the what (the existing facts about animals) prior to establishing the why (the causes of these characteristics). The book is thus an attempt to apply philosophy to part of the natural world. Throughout the work, Aristotle seeks to identify differences, both between individuals and between groups. A group is established when it is seen that all members have the same set of distinguishing features; for example, that all birds have feathers, wings, and beaks. This relationship between the birds and their features is recognized as a universal. The History of Animals contains many accurate eye-witness observations, in particular of the marine biology around the island of Lesbos, such as that the octopus had colour-changing abilities and a sperm-transferring tentacle, that the young of a dogfish grow inside their


