# kb

id: max-planck-research-unit-for-enzymology-of-protein-folding-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Research_Unit_for_Enzymology_of_Protein_Folding-0.md
category: reference
title: Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Research_Unit_for_Enzymology_of_Protein_Folding
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:20.119200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: max-planck-research-unit-for-enzymology-of-protein-folding-20260505-0
summary:
The Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding was located in Halle (Saale), Germany. It was founded in 1996 and closed 31 December 2012. It was one of 80 institute in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). == External links == Official site MPI at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2009-05-21)


id: mexican-petroleum-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Petroleum_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Petroleum Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Petroleum_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:21.315951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-petroleum-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Mexican Petroleum Institute (in Spanish: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, IMP) is a public research organization dedicated to developing technical solutions, conducting basic and applied research and providing specialized training to Pemex, the state-owned government-granted monopoly in Mexico's petroleum industry. The Institute was founded on 23 August 1965 by federal decree and is based in Mexico City. Despite facing significant budget constraints in recent years and being accused of depending excessively on foreign technology by noted physicist Leopoldo García-Colín, it was the leading patent applicant among Mexican institutions in 2005 and houses one of the most advanced microscopes on the planet. == Noted researchers == Leopoldo García-Colín: physicist laureated with the 1988 National Prize for Arts and Sciences. Luis E. Miramontes: co-inventor of the first oral contraceptive. Laureated with the National Prize on Chemistry "Andrés Manuel del Rio" in 1986. Octavio Novaro: recipient of the 1993 UNESCO Science Prize for his contributions to understanding catalysis phenomena. Alexander Balankin: physicist laureated with the 2002 National Prize for Arts and Sciences and recipient of the 2005 UNESCO Science Prize for his remarkable ability to relate his research in fractal mechanics to technological applications that has provided great benefits to Mexico and worldwide.


id: michigan-tech-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Tech_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Michigan Tech Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Tech_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:22.478594+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: michigan-tech-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI) is a research center of Michigan Technological University located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The institute specializes in advancing the state of the art in remote sensing and information technology for a variety of applications. MTRI has its heritage in the branch of the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) that remained not-for-profit and developed into the Altarum Institute after ERIM's organization was divided by a corporate takeover in the late 1990s. It became part of Michigan Tech in 2006 and includes research programs related to national security, protecting and evaluating critical infrastructure, bioinformatics, earth sciences, and environmental processes, including transportation. == References == == External links == Michigan Tech Research Institute−MTRI website ERIM Corporate History


id: middle-east-society-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Society_for_Organ_Transplantation-0.md
category: reference
title: Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Society_for_Organ_Transplantation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:23.886925+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: middle-east-society-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
summary:
The Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation (MESOT) is an organization that promotes developments in the field of organ transplantation between medical centers in Middle Eastern, North African and some neighbouring Asian countries. It was founded in Turkey by Mehmet A. Haberal in 1987 and there are more than 29 countries that have membership covering a population of more than 600 million. With the aim of preventing transplant tourism and promoting ethical standards in organ transplantation, MESOT organizes meetings and annual conferences on the improvement of transplantation practices in the Asian region. Its official journal is the Experimental and Clinical Transplantation. == Past presidents == === 2010-2020 === == References ==


id: midwestern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Universities_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Midwestern Universities Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Universities_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:25.065635+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: midwestern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Midwestern Universities Research Association (MURA) was a consortium of 15 universities formed to design and build a particle accelerator in the Midwestern United States. Active from 1953 to 1967, the association ultimately did not achieve its goal and lost funding. It is believed that President John F. Kennedy would have supported the MURA project, whereas one of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s first actions was to shut down the MURA machine and laboratory. In its early years, Donald Kerst served as director of MURA. At the institution, Keith Symon independently invented the FFAG accelerator, alongside Tihiro Ohkawa. This design combined principles from both cyclotrons and synchrotrons. FFAG concepts were extensively developed at MURA. The proposed accelerators were scaling FFAG synchrotrons, meaning that particle orbits at different momenta were geometrically similar—essentially scaled versions of each other. The concept of FFAG acceleration was revived in the early 1980s and continues to attract interest today—for example, in projects such as EMMA (accelerator). == References == == Further reading == F. Cole. O Camelot. Supplement to Proc. 16th Intl. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2001) This paper was published posthumously. Jones, L.; Mills, F.; Sessler, A.; Symon, K.; Young, D. (2010). Innovation


id: monte-l-bean-life-science-museum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_L._Bean_Life_Science_Museum-0.md
category: reference
title: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_L._Bean_Life_Science_Museum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:26.273083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: monte-l-bean-life-science-museum-20260505-0
summary:
The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum is a natural history museum housed at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah, United States. == Description == The museum is named for Monte Lafayette Bean, a self-made Seattle-based magnate who entirely funded and paid for the building's construction. He also donated many of his own animal trophies to the collection. The Bean Museum opened on March 28, 1978, and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. It maintains collections of vascular and non-vascular plants, and invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Before 1978, it was known as the BYU Life Sciences Museum and did not have its own building. The Bean Museum now houses the Liger Shasta who lived at the Hogle Zoo from when she was born on May 6, 1948, till when she died, on July 12, 1972. Admission to the three-story museum is free of charge and over 100,000 unique visitors come to see the over 2 million specimens of insects, plants, reptiles, fish, shells, and birds. == References == == External links == Official website M.L. Bean Museum records, MSS 1132 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University Wilmer W. Tanner papers, including the records regarding


id: municipal-services-standards-committee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Services_Standards_Committee-0.md
category: reference
title: Municipal Services Standards Committee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Services_Standards_Committee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:27.466868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: municipal-services-standards-committee-20260505-0
summary:
The Municipal Services Standards Committee (NKT) of the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) is responsible for standardisation in the field of waste management and city cleaning. It chairs a number of European standardisation committees (CEN) and it issues specifications on technical and logistical aspects in waste handling, road cleaning, highway maintenance and winter service. == Organization == The full title is "Normenausschuss Kommunale Technik" (standards committee on municipal engineering) "im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V" (in the DIN German institute for standardisation). The NKT was founded on 26. November 1968 in Frankfurt on the initiative of the municipal authority associations like the "VKS im VKU" (full title "Verband kommunaler Abfallwirtschaft und Stadtreinigung" / association on municipal waste management and city cleaning) and the "BDE" (full title "Bundesverband der Deutschen Entsorgungs-, Wasser- und Rohstoffwirtschaft" / federal association of German waste management, water management and natural resources). The current organization is substructured in five departements (Fachbereich 1 „Grundlagen“ - basics; Fachbereich 2 „Behälter“ - containers; Fachbereich 3 „Fahrzeuge“ - vehicles; Fachbereich 4 „Anlagen“ - facilities; Fachbereich 5 „EDV“ - electronic data processing) running 29 projects. There are 106 national standards and 9 recommendations created by the NKT. The NKT is


id: national-agricultural-research-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Research_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: National Agricultural Research Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Research_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:28.642269+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-agricultural-research-centre-20260505-0
summary:
National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) (Urdu: قومی مرکز برائے تحقیقِ زراعت) is a research institution of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) based in Islamabad, Pakistan. It works in collaboration with Ministry of National Food Security and Research. == Research institutes == Crop Sciences Institute (CSI) Horticulture Research Institute (HRI) Agricultural Engineering Institute (AEI) Honeybee Research Institute (HBRI), started by Rafiq Ahmad Social Sciences Research Institute (SSRI) Institute of Plant & Environmental Protection (IPEP) Food Sciences Research Institute (FSRI) Land Resources Research Institute (LRRI) Animal Sciences Institute (ASI) Crops Diseases Research Institute (CDRI) Climate Energy & Water Research Institute (CEWRI) Bio Resources Conservation Institute (BCI) National Institute of Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB) Rangeland Research Institute (RRI) == Events == In 2015, Chief Justice of Pakistan intervened and took notice on a land issue that involved converting land owned by National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) into a residential housing society scheme. In October 2019, World Food Day was observed at an event at the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) in Islamabad. This event was organized by the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization, Pakistan's Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) and the World Food


id: national-council-for-scientific-and-technological-development-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technological_Development-0.md
category: reference
title: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technological_Development
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:29.851848+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-council-for-scientific-and-technological-development-20260505-0
summary:
The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Portuguese: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, earlier Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas) is a government agency under the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Brazilian federal government. The council is dedicated to the promotion of scientific and technological research and to the formation of human resources for research in the country. == Background == The main attributes that the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) see towards is the national development of Brazilian researchers and institutes, while developing recognition it wants on a global scale. The CNPq was started in 1951, and has a leading role in conducting and formulating research about technology, science and also innovation on current topics such as artificial intelligence and others. The goal of the CNPq is to promote science, technology and innovation and act in the formulation of their policies which thereby will lead to taking the frontier in knowledge, national sovereignty and sustainable development. By doing this, they are on the road to being recognized for their excellence and development not only in these elements but for the country as a whole. == See also == CAPES (Brazil) Lattes Platform


id: national-environmental-research-institute-of-denmark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Denmark-0.md
category: reference
title: National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Denmark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:31.018528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-environmental-research-institute-of-denmark-20260505-0
summary:
The National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark, abbreviated NERI, (Danish: Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, abbreviated DMU) was an independent research institute under the Ministry of the Environment. It was created in 1989 by merging the existing laboratories of the Environmental Protection Agency, which covered marine, freshwater and air pollution, soil ecology and analytical chemistry, with the Danish Wildlife Research, under the Ministry of Agriculture. The laboratories were physically located on Risø, in Silkeborg and on Kalø, north of Aarhus. In 1995, Greenland Biological Research laboratory was added. The research institute was detached from the ministry in 2007 and merged into Aarhus University as a separate unit with largely unchanged tasks and responsibilities. On 1 July 2011, it was reorganized, renamed and lost status as a separate entity. The research departments were divided between the Department of Bioscience and the Department of Environmental Science, while the secretariat and coordination of consultancy services to the Ministry of Environment was placed in the Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (abbreviated DCE). The institute participated in a large number of national and international research programmes, and also in scientific working groups, commissions, and organizations under such bodies as the European Union and the United Nations. It


id: national-foundation-of-science-and-advanced-technologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_of_Science_and_Advanced_Technologies-0.md
category: reference
title: National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_of_Science_and_Advanced_Technologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:32.123184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-foundation-of-science-and-advanced-technologies-20260505-0
summary:
The National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies (NFSAT) (Armenian: Գիտության և առաջադեմ տեխնոլոգիաների ազգային հիմնադրամ, romanized: Gitut’yan yev arrajadem tekhnologianeri azgayin himnadram) is an Armenian non-profit, voluntary organization established in 1997 by legislation. Its mission is to develop the scientific and engineering potential of Armenia. The headquarters of the federation is located in Yerevan. == Objectives == NFSAT's mission is to promote scientific research and technological development in various fields within conformity with international standards, as well as to provide financial and technological support for scientific research and project development. The foundation has several grants which are available for Armenian scientists and engineers. == See also == Science and technology in Armenia == External links == Official website National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies on Facebook


id: national-information-processing-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Processing_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: National Information Processing Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Processing_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:33.286329+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-information-processing-institute-20260505-0
summary:
National Information Processing Institute (OPI PIB) is a modern centre for information technology, artificial intelligence, and data analysis based in Warsaw, Poland. The institute supports the implementation of Polish government policy in science and higher education, and contributes to the construction of an innovative, knowledge-based economy. == Scope of Activities == OPI PIB supports the development of Polish science and higher education by providing advanced digital tools, conducting reliable research and analysis, and fostering the development of research infrastructure. The Institute’s experts conduct research technical IT and communication, as well as in social sciences. OPI PIB develops modern software primarily for the science and higher education sector. Integrating technology with the data that the institute processes enables more effective management of the sector and helps align education offerings with labour market demand and student expectations. OPI PIB also creates innovative solutions using artificial intelligence and is actively involved in the development of digital medicine. It is one of the leading centres in the development of cutting-edge AI-based solutions. Its tools are recognised not only in Poland, but also in other EU member states. The Institute’s experts prepare comprehensive reports and analyses in business analytics, the sociology of science, and scientometrics.


id: national-institute-for-nanotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Nanotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute for Nanotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Nanotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:34.505699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-for-nanotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council of Canada Nanotechnology Research Centre (formerly National Institute for Nanotechnology) is a research institution located on the University of Alberta main campus, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Its primary purpose is nanoscience research. The institute was established in 2001 as a partnership between the National Research Council of Canada, the University of Alberta, and the Government of Alberta. It is administered as an institute of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), and governed by a board of trustees nominated by the partners. Its core funding comes from the Government of Canada and additional funding and research support comes from the university, Government of Alberta, and various federal and provincial funding agencies. In June 2006, the institute moved into its present 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft) facility, designed to be one of the world's largest buildings for nanotechnological research. There are at most two or three other facilities worldwide matching the new building in scale and capacity. In 2017, the institute became the Nanotechnology Research Centre, following a recognition of the institute as its own research centre. Although on the premises of the University of Alberta, the research centre is a branch of the National Research Council


id: national-institute-of-amazonian-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Amazonian_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute of Amazonian Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Amazonian_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:35.694962+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-of-amazonian-research-20260505-0
summary:
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia or INPA) is a public educational and research institution headquartered in Manaus, Brazil. It was founded in 1952, with the purpose of furthering scientific knowledge of the Brazilian Amazon Region. Most of INPA's research focuses on tropical forest management, ecology, molecular ecology, zoology, botany, tropical agriculture and tropical pisciculture. The institution also maintains important vertebrate, invertebrate, and vascular plants research collections. It also publishes the scientific journal Acta Amazônica. == Graduate programs == Graduate programs offered by INPA: Agriculture in the Humid Tropics (Masters and Doctorate) Botany (Masters and Doctorate) Ecology (Masters and Doctorate) Entomology (Masters and Doctorate) Tropical Forestry (Masters and Doctorate) Climate and Environmental Sciences (Masters and Doctorate) Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology (Masters and Doctorate) Freshwater Biology and Inland Fisheries (Masters and Doctorate) Aquaculture (Masters) Management of Protected Areas in the Amazon (Professional Masters) == See also == Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke == References == == External links == INPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia


id: national-institute-of-chemical-physics-and-biophysics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Chemical_Physics_and_Biophysics-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Chemical_Physics_and_Biophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:37.117041+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-of-chemical-physics-and-biophysics-20260505-0
summary:
National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian Keemilise ja Bioloogilise Füüsika Instituut, or KBFI) is public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research and engages in the development of the novel directions in material sciences, physics, chemistry, gene- and biotechnology, environmental technology, and computer science. in Estonia, Tallinn at the address Akadeemia tee 23. == References == == External links == Official website Keemilise ja Bioloogilise Füüsika Instituudi seadus. Riigi Teataja (RT I 1998, 101, 1664). Vastu võetud 29.10.1998


id: national-institute-of-neurosciences-hospital-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurosciences_&_Hospital-0.md
category: reference
title: National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurosciences_&_Hospital
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:38.309716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-institute-of-neurosciences-hospital-20260505-0
summary:
National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital (NINS) is a state-run tertiary care institute in Bangladesh focused on neurological disorders. It is located at Agargaon in Dhaka. Bangladeshi neurologist Prof Quazi Deen Mohammad was the founding director of this institute. == History == Inaugurated by then Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the institute started its journey in September 2012. == Administration == Director of NINS is the administrative chief of the institute. He is assisted by Joint Director, deputy director, assistant directors (Admin, Finance & Store). Administrative officers assist them in this task. == Hospital facilities == It is a 450-bed hospital. Its ten-story building has six modern operation theaters, a 16-bed ICU, a 12-bed HDU, a six-bed Recovery Unit, and a 12-bed post-operative room. The hospital is equipped with the most modern radiology and imaging department. It has a 24/7 emergency unit. == Hospital Services == There are a lot of Medical Technologist, So 24x7 diagnostic services (Blood, urine, ECG, CT Scan Etc.) are available. == Publications == Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh is the official journal of NINS. It's launched in 2015 and publisbed biannually. == References == == External links == Media related to National Institute of


id: national-science-and-technology-museum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Museum-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science and Technology Museum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Museum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:39.506089+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-and-technology-museum-20260505-0
summary:
The National Science and Technology Museum (NSTM; traditional Chinese: 國立科學工藝博物館; simplified Chinese: 国立科学工艺博物馆; pinyin: Guólì Kēxué Gōngyì Bówùguǎn) is a museum of applied science and technology in Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. == History == The museum was established in November 1997. == Architecture == The museum covers an area of 19 hectares on Chiuju Road in Sanmin District. The floor area covers 112,400 square meters and as a result claims to be the largest science museum in Asia. The architecture features geometric forms including triangles, rectangles, and circles, and the buildings are connected by straight bridges. == Transportation == The museum accessible via the Science and Technology Museum railway station of Taiwan Railway. == See also == List of museums in Taiwan == References == == External links == National Science and Technology Museum on Facebook


id: national-science-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:40.699533+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The National Science Centre (Polish: Narodowe Centrum Nauki, often abbreviated NCN) is a governmental grant-making agency responsible for providing financial support for the conduct of basic science research in Poland and various programs to assist scientists throughout their careers. The NCN was founded in 2010, three years after the foundation of National Centre for Research and Development. Similar to National Science Foundation in the United States, NCN is the largest grant-making agency in Poland for fundamental research and basic science and collaborates with corresponding agencies worldwide. == Works == The central tasks of NCN include: financing: basic research carried out in the form of research projects, doctoral scholarships and post-doctoral fellowships, research projects for experienced scientists aiming at implementation of pioneering scientific research; international cooperation in the financing of basic research activities; dissemination of information about contests announced by the National Science Center; supervision over the implementation of the above-mentioned scientific research; inspiring and monitoring the financing of basic research with resources coming from outside the state budget; other tasks commissioned by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, including the development of research programs important for national culture. == Major Grants and Fellowships == The National Science Center finances


id: national-science-foundation-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:41.852419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
The National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka (NSF) (Sinhala: ජාතික විද්‍යා පදනම, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව; Jāthika Vidyā Padanama, Śrī Laṅkāva) was established in 1998 as the successor to the Natural Resources Energy & Science Authority of Sri Lanka (NARESA) established in 1981 and the National Science Council set up in 1968. It was created by the Science and Technology Development Act, No. 11 of 1994. == Objectives == The objectives of the NSF are to initiate, facilitate and support basic and applied scientific research conducted by universities, science and technology institutions and scientists, with the aim to: strengthen scientific research potential, including research in the social sciences, and scientific education programmes. develop the natural resources of Sri Lanka. promote the welfare of the people of Sri Lanka. train research personnel in science and technology. == Divisions == The NSF has the following divisions: Research Division Technology Division Science & Technology Policy Research Division Science Popularisation Division International Liaison Division National Science Library & Resource Centre It also maintains the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka Digital Repository, a digital library and open access repository. === National Science Library and Resource Centre === National Science Library and Resource Centre (NSLRC) (Sinhala: ජාතික


id: national-time-service-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Time_Service_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: National Time Service Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Time_Service_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:43.057429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-time-service-center-20260505-0
summary:
The National Time Service Center (NTSC; Chinese: 国家授时中心) is a public institute under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, responsible for generating, maintaining, and broadcasting standard time in China. It is located in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Its predecessor was the Shaanxi Astronomy Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which was established in 1966 and renamed the National Time Service Center in March 2001. The center is China's only statutory agency for issuing national standard time and frequency. NTSC includes short-wave (BPM) and long-wave (BPL) standard time and frequency radio stations. And in 2007, low-frequency (BPC) time signal station began trial broadcasting from Shangqiu. In October 2025, China's national security authorities released the technical investigation report on the series of major cyber attacks carried out by the National Security Agency of the United States against the National Time Service Center from March 2022 to July 2024. == References ==


id: natural-sciences-collections-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences_Collections_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Natural Sciences Collections Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences_Collections_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:44.278030+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: natural-sciences-collections-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Natural Sciences Collections Association (NatSCA) is a United Kingdom based membership organisation and charitable organization (No.1098156) run by volunteers from the membership. NatSCA's mission is "to promote and support natural science collections, the institutions that house them and the people that work with them, in order to improve collections care, understanding, accessibility and enjoyment for all." The subject specialist network promotes research and exchange of ideas, advances in technical and ethical standards, and raises the public profile of the conservation and preservation of natural science collections and objects. The organisation describes their focus as: Community – developing an open, friendly and accessible network for sharing information, experience and skills. Support – facilitating the professional development of stakeholders in natural science collections. Standards – identifying and promoting good quality practice in the care and use of natural science collections. Promoting collections – increasing awareness of the scientific and cultural value of natural science collections. Advocacy – challenging neglect of collections and lobbying for the appropriate resourcing of collections for their care and sustainable use. == History == The Natural Sciences Collections Association was founded in April 2003 from the merger of Natural Sciences Conservation Group (NCSG) and Biological Curator's Group


id: navigational-aids-for-the-history-of-science-technology-and-the-environment-project-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology, and the Environment Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:45.413336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: navigational-aids-for-the-history-of-science-technology-and-the-environment-project-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_Aids_for_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_the_Environment_Project-0.md

summary:
The Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology, and the Environment Project (NAHSTE) was a research archives/manuscripts cataloguing project based at the University of Edinburgh. Following a proposal led by Arnott Wilson in 1999, the project received £261,755 funding from the Research Support Libraries Programme (RSLP) from 2000 until 2002. The project was designed to access a variety of outstanding collections of archives and manuscripts held at the three partner Higher Education Institutions (HEIs); the University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow and Heriot-Watt University and to make them accessible on the Internet. The project additionally included linkages to related records held by non-HEI collaborators. Descriptions of the material conform to ISAD(G) (Second edition), whilst information about key individuals conform to ISAAR(CPF). Catalogues were tagged using the Encoded Archival Description XML standard. Although the project was completed in 2002, the resulting web service continues to be hosted at Edinburgh. == References == == External links == NAHSTE website - homepage with links to online collections.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_Aids_for_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_the_Environment_Project


id: network-of-african-science-academies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_of_African_Science_Academies-0.md
category: reference
title: Network of African Science Academies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_of_African_Science_Academies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:46.637733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: network-of-african-science-academies-20260505-0
summary:
The Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) is a coalition of national science academies across Africa, established in December 2001. It serves as a platform for collaboration on scientific challenges, policy advice, and advancing research relevant to the continent. NASAC promotes evidence-based decision-making, training, and joint statements on issues like health, environment, and sustainable development. Headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, it has grown to include 32 member academies and 7 affiliate members. Member academies are: African Academy of Sciences Académie Algérienne des Sciences et Technologies Académie Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Lettres du Benin Botswana Academy of Sciences L’Académie Nationale des Sciences, des Arts et des Lettres du Burkina Faso Burundi Academy of Sciences and Technology Cameroon Academy of Sciences Académie Nationale des Sciences et Technologies du Congo Congolese Academy of Sciences in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt Kingdom of Eswatini Academy of Sciences Ethiopian Academy of Sciences Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences Académie des Sciences de Guinée Kenya National Academy of Sciences Madagascar's National Academy of Arts, Letters and Sciences Académie des Sciences du Mali Mauritius Academy of Science and Technology Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology in Morocco Academy


id: new-jersey-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: New Jersey Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:47.801566+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-jersey-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The New Jersey Academy of Science (NJAS) is a private, nonprofit society of scientists and others interested in science, with a membership of about 400 individuals in academia, government, and industry. The academy also includes college students who are pursuing both graduate and undergraduate degrees in the senior academy, as well as high school students in the junior academy. Founded in 1954, the NJAS is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the National Academy of Sciences and works with the New Jersey state government to stimulate education and scientific research throughout the state. The NJAS is headquartered at Kean University in Union, New Jersey. == References == == External links == Official website


id: new-york-mineralogical-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mineralogical_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: New York Mineralogical Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mineralogical_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:48.943610+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-york-mineralogical-club-20260505-0
summary:
The New York Mineralogical Club, Inc. is the oldest continually-operating mineral club in the United States. The club was founded by George Frederick Kunz, Benjamin B. Chamberlin and Professor Daniel S. Martin, on September 21, 1886, in the home of Professor Daniel S. Martin at 236 West 4th Street, New York City. The club's collection of more than 700 mineral specimens from New York City is stored at the American Museum of Natural History and includes a large 6 inch (15 cm) almandine garnet called the Subway Garnet discovered in 1885. The New York Mineralogical Club is affiliated with the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies (AFMS, Organized 1947) and a member of the Eastern Federation of Mineralogical and Lapidary Societies, Inc. (EFMLS, Organized 1950). The club has EIN 35-2928901 as a 501(c)(3) Public Charity. == External links == History of the New York Mineralogical Club == References ==


id: nhs-research-scotland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Research_Scotland-0.md
category: reference
title: NHS Research Scotland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Research_Scotland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:50.089976+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nhs-research-scotland-20260505-0
summary:
NHS Research Scotland (NRS, formerly Health Science Scotland and Scottish Academic Health Science Collaboration), is a government agency that supports clinical and translational research in Scotland. NRS is a partnership between 4 of Scotland's medical schools (Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen), the Scottish NHS Boards and the Chief Scientist Office. NRS brings together the most senior figures from across Government, academia and the NHS. == References == == External links == Official website


id: nike-sport-research-lab-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Sport_Research_Lab-0.md
category: reference
title: Nike Sport Research Lab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Sport_Research_Lab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:51.309819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nike-sport-research-lab-20260505-0
summary:
The Nike Sport Research Lab is a research and development institute located in Beaverton in the U.S. state of Oregon. Opened in 1980, the lab is owned by American apparel and footwear maker Nike. Commercials for the facility have featured famous NBA and PGA athletes talking positively about the products and the research behind them. == Details == The first Nike lab opened in 1980 in Exeter, New Hampshire. The 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) Sport Research Lab is located in the Mia Hamm building at the company's headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. The Nike campus spans a total of 213 acres (9,300,000 sq ft) on the west side of the Portland metropolitan area. They deal with creating new footwear from athletic endeavors like track and field, golf, and basketball. Equipment at the lab include a mannequin constructed of copper, motion capture rooms, and environmental chambers, among others. The lab's facilities are also known as "the Kitchen" and "the Oven" (for most of their professional golf equipment). Nike Golf operates The Oven in Fort Worth, Texas, for developing golf clubs, while The Oven West in Oregon develops balls. Massotherapists are also employed within the facility. == References == == External links == Official


id: north-staffordshire-field-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Field_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: North Staffordshire Field Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Field_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:52.477823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: north-staffordshire-field-club-20260505-0
summary:
The North Staffordshire Field Club was an organisation founded in 1865 to study the natural history, geology, industrial history, folklore and local history of North Staffordshire, England. Its establishing president from 1865-70 was industrialist and banker James Bateman FRS. == History == The club was founded in 1865 at a meeting convened at the North Staffordshire Infirmary by W.D. Spanton, as the North Staffordshire Naturalists Field Club. It became the North Staffordshire Naturalists Field Club and Archaeological Society in 1877, and shortened its name to North Staffordshire Field Club in 1897. == Publications == The organisation produced its first printed book, Annual addresses, papers, etc. Author, North Staffordshire Field Club, in 1875, having previously published a short Annual Report for members. A history of the early years was published by R. Simms in 1886 as Coming of age of the North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field Club and Archaeological Society, 1865-1885: chronological history and bibliography of the Society. A further extensive history, including that of the various specialist sections, can be found in the Club's special 1916 Jubilee year publication. The annual Transactions were then titled North Staffordshire Field Club, Transactions and Annual Report (to 1960); this later became the North Staffordshire


id: nuclear-research-and-consultancy-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Research_and_Consultancy_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Research_and_Consultancy_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:53.690631+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nuclear-research-and-consultancy-group-20260505-0
summary:
Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) is a Dutch institute that performs nuclear research for the government and private companies. It is the most important producer of radionuclides, such as molybdenum-99, lutetium-177 and iridium-192, in Europe and maintains and operates the Petten nuclear reactor. The institute also offers services to medical, chemical, oil, and gas companies. == See also == Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands Institute for Energy (IE) EURATOM == References == == External links == NRG institute website


id: oak-ridge-institute-for-science-and-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Institute_for_Science_and_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Institute_for_Science_and_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:54.865173+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oak-ridge-institute-for-science-and-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) is an asset of the U.S. Department of Energy that provides expertise in STEM workforce development, scientific and technical reviews, and the evaluation of radiation exposure and environmental contamination. Located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, ORISE was established in 1992 to support DOE's mission by prepare the next generation of STEM professionals and by collaborating with the DOE Office of Science and other DOE programs, federal agencies, the scientific community, and industry to address scientific initiatives. == Overview == The ORISE mission is focused on five areas that support the U.S. Department of Energy's overall mission. Mission areas include recruiting and preparing the next generation of the United States scientific workforce; promoting sound scientific and technical investment decisions through independent peer reviews; facilitating and preparing for the medical management of radiation incidents around the world; evaluating health outcomes in individuals exposed to chemical and radiological hazards; and ensuring public confidence in environmental cleanup through independent environmental verification activities. The Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS) operates as a part of ORISE. REAC/TS provides emergency response and subject matter expertise on the medical management of radiation incidents for the National Nuclear Security Administration’s


id: oak-ridge-school-of-reactor-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_School_of_Reactor_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_School_of_Reactor_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:56.051312+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oak-ridge-school-of-reactor-technology-20260505-0
summary:
Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology (ORSORT) was the successor of the school known locally as the Clinch College of Nuclear Knowledge, later shorten to Clinch College. ORSORT was authorized and financed by the U.S. government and founded in 1950 by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover and Alvin Weinberg. During its existence, the school was the only educational venue in the U.S. from where a comprehensive twelve-month education and training in either "Reactor Hazards Analysis" or "Reactor Operations" could be obtained, with accompanying certificates. Funding ended and the school was closed in 1965, shortly after authorization was extended to select U.S. universities to develop their own Nuclear Engineering curricula. Housed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, this unique venue and its renowned instructors offered its students the highest level of education of practical applications of atomic energy available at the time, and first-hand exposure to a variety of nuclear reactor designs including the legendary first graphite reactor, pool reactor, high temperature gas reactor, molten salt reactor, fast reactor and high flux reactor. The school was made known first nationally and eventually worldwide to U.S. enterprises and to U.S. allies involved in the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy, and who


id: odontological-society-of-great-britain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontological_Society_of_Great_Britain-0.md
category: reference
title: Odontological Society of Great Britain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontological_Society_of_Great_Britain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:39:57.198654+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: odontological-society-of-great-britain-20260505-0
summary:
The Odontological Society of Great Britain was a learned society formed in 1863 by the merger of the Odontological Society of London and the College of Dentists of England, both of which had been founded within a day of each other in 1856. In 1907 it joined the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and other specialist medical societies to form the Royal Society of Medicine. == References ==


id: office-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Office of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:13.124529+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: office-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Office of Science and Technology (OST), later (briefly) named the Office of Science and Innovation, was a non-ministerial government department of the British government between 1992 and 2007. The office was responsible for co-ordination of the government's science and technology related activities and policies, and the distribution of some £2.4 billion among the seven UK Research Councils. It was headed by the Chief Scientific Adviser; initially this was Sir William Stewart, then Sir Robert May (later Lord May of Oxford), and finally Sir David King. The OST was originally formed in 1992 as a merger of the Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser with the Science Branch of the Department of Education and Science (as it then was). Although originally run under the Cabinet Office, it was moved between departments in 1995 to operate under the Department of Trade and Industry. In early 2006, the office was renamed to the Office of Science and Innovation and was subsequently absorbed into the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills in the Summer of 2007 when the Department for Education and Skills was split in two. The Government Chief Scientific Advisor now heads the Government Office for Science. == External links ==


id: organization-for-human-brain-mapping-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping-0.md
category: reference
title: Organization for Human Brain Mapping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Human_Brain_Mapping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:14.322112+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: organization-for-human-brain-mapping-20260505-0
summary:
The Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) is an international society of scientists dedicated to advancing the understanding of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain using neuroimaging. Among its main activities is the organization of annual conferences named "Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping." The organization was established in 1995 in Paris, where its inaugural meeting, named “International Conference on Human Brain Mapping,” took place with over 800 people attending it. Its senior organizers were Bernard Mazoyer, Rüdiger Seitz, and Per Roland. In the following years, OHBM, in coordination with the International Society for Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (ISCBFM), organized several additional conferences, namely, in Boston, Copenhagen, and Cologne. Although the 1999 meetings of the two societies were still coordinated, ISCBFM and OHBM have since split completely. OHBM's stated mission is "to advance the understanding of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain" by bringing "together scientists of various backgrounds who are engaged in investigations relevant to human brain organization" and engaging "in other activities to facilitate communication among these scientists and promote education in human brain organization." OHBM's past and present council members include, among others, David Van Essen, Russell


id: organization-for-tropical-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Organization for Tropical Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Tropical_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:15.492201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: organization-for-tropical-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET), founded in 1963, is a non-profit consortium of over 50 universities and research institutions based in the United States, Latin America, and South Africa. OTS manages a network of ecological research stations in Costa Rica and South Africa. The North American Office is located on the Duke University campus in Durham, North Carolina. OTS offers a variety of courses in Spanish and English for high school, university, graduate students and professionals. Most of the coursework and research conducted at OTS stations focuses on tropical ecology, and the three research stations in Costa Rica are located in distinct ecoregions. OTS provides housing and a cafeteria for students researchers, and sometime ecotourists. OTS is involved in the policy related to tropical biology through courses, hosting meetings and conferences and managing conservation related projects [1] Along with Cocha Cashu Biological Station and the Manu Learning Centre in Peru, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, the OTS research stations in general (and La Selva in particular) provide some of the most important and productive sites of original research on neotropical ecology. OTS research stations in Costa Rica: ·


id: pacific-section-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section-0.md
category: reference
title: Pacific Section
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Section
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:16.717440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pacific-section-20260505-0
summary:
The Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, or PSAAPG, is a non-profit geological society whose members are interested in the geology of the West Coast of the United States. Originally founded in 1924 as the Pacific Society of Petroleum Geologists, this organization today is one of the regional divisions of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). Although mainly geologists associated with the petroleum industry join the society, its membership also includes environmental geologists, educators, geophysicists and engineers who find membership in the organization benefits their personal interests and/or careers. == Affiliated societies == The Pacific Section is affiliated with several smaller geologic organizations, and the Pacific Section in most cases functions as a liaison between these societies and the parent organization of the AAPG. Alaska Geological Society Coast Geological Society Los Angeles Basin Geological Society Northern California Geological Society Northwest Energy Association Sacramento Petroleum Association (no website) San Joaquin Geological Society == References == == External links == Official website


id: pakistan-agricultural-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Agricultural_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:17.900835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-agricultural-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) (ہیئت برائے زرعی تحقیق پاکستان) is based in Islamabad, Pakistan. == Mission and achievements == It works in collaboration with Ministry of National Food Security and Research which is headed by a Federal Minister, Tariq Bashir Cheema who is heading the ministry since April 2022. It is an apex agricultural research organization at the national level. Its main objective is to strengthen Pakistan's agricultural research system, comprising the federal and provincial components. Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Ali is the current Chairman of PARC, a scientist. His visionary approach has taken PARC to real apex position. Dr. Ali is accompanied with the technical members for different divisions in PARC. Among them Dr. Imtiaz Hussain is Member of Plant Sciences Division, Dr. Shahid Maqsood Gill (Member Natural Resource Division), Dr, Zia ul Hasan (Member Animal Sciences Division), Dr. Ghulam Sadiq Afridi (Member Social Sciences Division). Agricultural Engineering Division is headed by Engineer Zulfiqar Ali. The technical assistance is provided by Dr. Faisal Sohail Fateh (Director Technical). National Agricultural Research Centre is the largest research establishment under PARC in Islamabad. The Director General in charge is Dr. Shahzad Asad. In 2019, Pakistan was able to produce 20 new


id: pakistan-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:19.077573+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science (PAAS) is a scientific organisation based in Pakistan. Headquartered in Lahore, the organisation was founded in December 1947 soon after the independence of Pakistan, and is among the oldest and premier science organisations in the country. Its aim is the promotion and development of science in the country, as well as to provide a forum for scientific meetings, and facilitate the publication of scientific research papers. Since 1949 the Pakistan Association for the advancement of science has published Pakistan Journal of Science (PJS). == References == == Further reading == Chughtai, M.I.D. (1977). Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science: its history and achievements, 1947-1975. Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science.


id: pakistan-science-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Science Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:20.287364+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-science-club-20260505-0
summary:
Pakistan Science Club (PSC) (Urdu: پاکستان سائنس کلب) is a youth organization in Pakistan that engages students on various scientific activities aimed at promoting scientific and technological knowledge amongst the country's young generation. Based in Karachi, capital of the Sindh province, the organization runs various seminars and organized activities and, more recently, arranged summer camps in such activities. The club has more recently been engaging in activities in collaboration with other science clubs such as the Karachi astronomy club. PSC has also participated in international science events such as the World Science Day for Peace and Development. PSC is also member of International Federation of Inventors Associations: IFIA . == See also == Science and technology in Pakistan == References == == External links == Official site Official YouTube channel Facebook page Official Vimeo channel


id: passano-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Passano Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:21.539587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: passano-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Passano Foundation, established in 1945, provides an annual award to a research scientist whose work – done in the United States – is thought to have immediate practical benefits. Many Passano laureates have subsequently won the Nobel Prize. == Selection of award winners == === Passano Laureates === 2024 K. Christopher Garcia 2023 Se-Jin Lee 2022 Duojia Pan 2021 Alfred Goldberg 2020 David Eisenberg 2019 Robert Fettiplace, James Hudspeth 2018 Carl June, Michel Sadelain 2017 Yuan Chang, Patrick S. Moore 2016 Jonathan C. Cohen, Helen Hobbs 2015 James P. Allison (2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2014 Jeffrey I. Gordon 2013 Rudolf Jaenisch 2012 Eric N. Olson 2011 Elaine Fuchs 2010 David Julius (2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2009 Irving Weissman 2008 Thomas Südhof (2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2007 Joan Massagué Solé 2006 Napoleone Ferrara 2005 Jeffrey M. Friedman 2003 Andrew Z. Fire (2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2002 Alexander Rich 2001 Seymour Benzer 2000 Giuseppe Attardi, Douglas C. Wallace 1999 Elizabeth Blackburn (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Carol W. Greider (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 1998 H. Robert Horvitz (2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)


id: pc-104-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: PC/104 Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:22.708348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pc-104-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The PC/104 Consortium is a technology consortium that was established in February 1992 by 12 companies, all sharing a vision of adapting desktop computer technology for embedded applications. Based on the technologies of a IBM PC-based single-board computer developed by American company Ampro in 1987, the PC/104 Consortium has since had a positive effect on the embedded computer marketplace and now includes over 50 member companies. The PC/104 Consortium's technological philosophy is to support legacy technology while developing new solutions for the future. Longevity is a requirement for embedded systems and one of the hallmarks of PC/104 technology. == Adopted specifications == PC/104 – based on Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) PC/104-Plus – based on Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) and ISA PCI-104 – based on PCI PCI/104-Express – based on PCI Express (PCIe) and PCI PCIe/104 – based on PCIe EBX Express – based on PCIe and PCI EPIC – based on PCI and ISA EPIC Express – based on PCIe and PCI == Notes == == External links == Official website RMS Consortium


id: penn-genome-frontiers-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Penn Genome Frontiers Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Genome_Frontiers_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:23.899396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: penn-genome-frontiers-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, previously known as the Penn Genomics Institute, was established in January 2001 to provide a focus for all aspects of and participants in the genomics community at University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the Wistar Institute. == References == == External links == Official website


id: performance-analysis-of-telecommunication-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Performance Analysis of Telecommunication Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Analysis_of_Telecommunication_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:25.115250+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: performance-analysis-of-telecommunication-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Performance Analysis of Telecommunication Systems (PATS) research group is part of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Antwerp. The group was founded in 1995. PATS performs basic, applied, and contract research related to the performance analysis of telecommunication systems and the impact of performance on the architecture and the design of these systems. The PATS research group is one of the groups that are involved in the Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT) which was founded by the Flemish government on 19 March 2004. == References == == External links == PATS homepage Archived 8 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine


id: phipps-institute-for-the-study-treatment-and-prevention-of-tuberculosis-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:26.281365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phipps-institute-for-the-study-treatment-and-prevention-of-tuberculosis-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis-0.md

summary:
The Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania was established in 1903 with a grant from Henry Phipps, a former business partner of Andrew Carnegie. Dr. Esmond R. Long was the director of the institute from 1935 until his retirement in 1955. == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps_Institute_for_the_Study,_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Tuberculosis


id: plan-te-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Planète Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planète_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:27.458512+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: plan-te-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Planète Sciences is a French voluntary association founded in 1962 dedicated to the sciences. The organization organizes the Coupe de France de robotique and Eurobot, an international amateur robotics contest == External links == Planète Sciences (in French)


id: plasma-science-society-of-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Plasma Science Society of India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Science_Society_of_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:28.642974+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: plasma-science-society-of-india-20260505-0
summary:
Plasma Science Society of India was founded in 1978 at Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad in India for the benefit of the fusion community working on plasma. This serves the thrive for knowledge towards the fusion research in the field of theoretical and experimental research, it associated with India Science, Technology and Innovation, . The devices are SST-1, SINP-Tokamak, AdityaTokamak, SST-2 (DEMO) to generate the electricity.There are over 950 life-member of this society along with number of annual members. == References == == External links == Official website


id: platteville-atmospheric-observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Platteville Atmospheric Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville_Atmospheric_Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:29.842137+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: platteville-atmospheric-observatory-20260505-0
summary:
The Platteville Atmospheric Observatory located near Platteville, Colorado was one of the first major ionospheric heaters in the world. Operating from 1968 through 1984, it expanded knowledge of ionospheric processes greatly. The observatory continues operation, but now focuses on wind profiling. The first studies were made of HF heater induced airglow, heater-induced spread F, wide band heater-induced absorption, and heater created field-aligned ionization. == References == == External links == References to experiments and programs at Platteville


id: polish-limnological-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish Limnological Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Limnological_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:30.970169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-limnological-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Polish Limnological Society (Polish: Polskie Towarzystwo Limnologiczne (PTLim)) is a Polish scientific society that disseminates information among limnologists, those who study all aspects of lakes, including their physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and management. It was founded at the "Fifth National Limnological Conference" in 2001 and, as of 2021, has over 100 active members. In 2009 it organized the International Conference "Lakes, Reservoirs and Ponds. Impacts – Threats – Conservation" partnered with the Czech Limnological Society and Romanian Limnogeographical Association. In 2019, PLS organized the International Conference "Lakes & Reservoirs: Hot Spots in Limnology" in co-operation with the Romanian Limnogeographical Association [1]. PTLim publishes the scientific journal Limnological Review. == References == == External links == PTLim official website


id: prospace-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace-0.md
category: reference
title: ProSpace
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSpace
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:32.177090+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prospace-20260505-0
summary:
ProSpace is a nonprofit citizens space advocacy group. Annually, these members speak to the congressional leaders in an attempt to open space for the average citizen. One such initiative is expanding the use of prize competitions that would spur space innovations and the creation of a National Space Prize Board (NSPB). ProSpace helped push the passage of space-related legislative initiatives, among these are the Commercial Space Act of 1998, space solar power programs, and technology development for the reusable launch system. Every year in March many of the group's members travel to Washington, D.C. for an event called "March Storm." == See also == National Space Society Space colonization Space Frontier Foundation Vision for Space Exploration == References == == External links == Official website


id: quantum-communications-hub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md
category: reference
title: Quantum Communications Hub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:33.464175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quantum-communications-hub-20260505-0
summary:
The Quantum Communications Hub is a quantum technology research hub established as part of the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme. The hub is a consortium of 8 UK universities and 13 industrial partners, which received funding of £24m over a 5-year period. The hub has established techniques for quantum key distribution (QKD), and in particular the chip-scale integration of QKD, as well as developed the UK's first quantum network. == Organisation == The hub is led by the University of York and its academic partners are the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, Heriot-Watt University, the University of Leeds, Royal Holloway, University of London, the University of Sheffield and the University of Strathclyde. The Quantum Communications Hub works with 13 industrial partners including Airbus, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, ID Quantique, the UK National Physical Laboratory, and Toshiba. == Independent Coverage == Independent media have reported on experimental advances in UK quantum communications infrastructure associated with the Quantum Communications Hub, including long-distance demonstrations of quantum-secure data transmission over deployed optical fibre networks. This coverage references research activity led by Richard Penty at the University of Cambridge in the context of UK quantum network development, with further technical details documented


id: rathenau-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Rathenau Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenau_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:34.647233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rathenau-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Rathenau Institute (Dutch: Rathenau Instituut) is an organisation in the Netherlands for technology assessment. It is a member of the European Parliamentary Technology Assessment. The Institute was formed in 1986 as the Netherlands Organisation for Technology Assessment (Dutch: Nederlandse Organisatie van Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek). It was formed by the Minister of Education and Sciences on the recommendation of a commission led by Gerhart Wolfgang Rathenau. In 1994, several years after the death of Rathenau in 1989, it was renamed to the Rathenau Institute and relocated within the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. == References ==


id: recherche-en-pr-vision-num-rique-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique-0.md
category: reference
title: Recherche en Prévision Numérique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_en_Prévision_Numérique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:35.829835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: recherche-en-pr-vision-num-rique-20260505-0
summary:
The Recherche en Prévision Numérique center (RPN) is responsible for the research and development of the modelling component of the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) System for the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) and the Regional Meteorological Centers of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment Canada (EC). Their work continues to underpin the operational MSC forecast systems. The roots of RPN can be traced back to 1959, when the Dynamic Prediction Research (DPR) unit was established in Montréal. Over time, DPR was renamed RPN, and the CAO, with which RPN has always been co-located, evolved into the CMC. The evolution of weather forecasting in Canada has transformed dramatically from manual, chart-based forecasting to an automated process powered by advanced computer models. This transformation was largely driven by the continual development of the Canadian NWP suite and the contributions of RPN scientists. These scientists were at the forefront of numerous NWP innovations, such as the integration of semi-Lagrangian schemes in the 1980s, which played a key role in advancing computational weather prediction. == References == == External links == "Introduction to RPN (Recherche en Prévision Numérique)". Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC). Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2026-03-16.


id: the-regenerative-medicine-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: The Regenerative Medicine Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:36.985639+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-regenerative-medicine-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), was established in 2003 as a Centre for Science, Technology & Engineering in collaboration with National University of Ireland, Galway. It obtained an award of €14.9 million from Science Foundation Ireland over five years. It conducts basic research and applied research in regenerative medicine, an emerging field that combines the technologies of gene therapy and adult stem cell therapy. The goal is to use cells and genes to regenerate healthy tissues that can be used to repair or replace other tissues and organs in a minimally invasive approach. Centres for Science, Engineering & Technology help link scientists and engineers in partnerships across academia and industry to address crucial research questions, foster the development of new and existing Irish-based technology companies, attract industry that could make an important contribution to Ireland and its economy, and expand educational and career opportunities in Ireland in science and engineering. CSETs must exhibit outstanding research quality, intellectual breadth, active collaboration, flexibility in responding to new research opportunities, and integration of research and education in the fields that SFI supports. == References == == External links == Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) Science Foundation Ireland National University of Ireland, Galway


id: research-council-of-finland-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council of Finland
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Finland
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:38.232009+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-of-finland-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Akatemia, Swedish: Finlands Akademi) is a governmental funding body for scientific research in Finland. Until August 2023, its official English-language name was Academy of Finland. It is based in Helsinki. Yearly, the council administers over 260 million euros to Finnish research activities. Over 5000 researchers are working on projects supported by the council. The Academy of Finland should not be confused with The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Suomalainen tiedeakatemia) and the Finnish Society of Science and Letters (Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten) which are the two Finnish learned societies for scientists and scholars. For engineers, there are two language-based honorary academies, the Finnish Academy of Technology (Teknillisten Tieteiden Akatemia) and the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland (Svenska tekniska veteskapsakademien i Finland). The Finnish title of Academician (akateemikko / akademiker) is an award given by the President of Finland upon the recommendation of the Research Council to the most distinguished Finnish scientists, scholars and artists. It may also be bestowed on foreign scientists, scholars or artists who have contributed very significantly to Finnish intellectual life. At any time, there may be a maximum of 12 living scientific and scholarly academicians and eight living


id: research4life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Research4Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:39.402546+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research4life-20260505-0
summary:
Research4Life is a platform and website dedicated to making peer-reviewed knowledge public to students and researchers in lower income countries. Research4Life provides free or low cost access to academic and professional peer-reviewed content online. In 2021 Research4Life offered 132,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. == Organization == === Partners === Research4Life is led by an Executive Council and several supporting teams of representatives from a variety of partner organizations, including: Cornell University Elsevier Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Information Training & Outreach Centre for Africa (ITOCA) International Labour Organization (ILO) Librarians Without Borders Oxford University Press Portsys STM Taylor & Francis Group United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Yale University Library === Programs === Research4Life consists of five programs: HINARI, research for health; AGORA, research on agriculture; ARDI, research for development and innovation; OARE, research in the environment; GOALI, research for global justice. == External links == Official website == References ==


id: royal-danish-geographical-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Danish Geographical Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Geographical_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:40.563736+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-danish-geographical-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Danish Geographical Society (RDGS, Danish: Det Kongelige Danske Geografiske Selskab) is a scientific society. The society aims to furthethe knowledge of the Earth and its inhabitants and to disseminate interest in the science of geography. It was founded 18 November 1876 on the initiative of Professor E. D. Erslev. The society is based in Copenhagen, Denmark. The society publishes an academic journal, the Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. == Awards and medals == The society awards several prizes and medals to those people who contribute to geographical science and research in areas of natural and cultural geography. The society awards the Hans Egede Medal in silver 'preferably for geographical studies and research in the Arctic countries'. It was established in 1916 and named after Hans Egede, who was a Danish missionary in Greenland. == References == == External links == Royal Danish Geographical Society website (in Danish and English)


id: royal-dutch-mathematical-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Dutch Mathematical Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mathematical_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:41.755153+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-dutch-mathematical-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Dutch Mathematical Society (Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap in Dutch, abbreviated as KWG) was founded in 1778. Its goal is to promote the development of mathematics, both from a theoretical and applied point of view. The society publishes the quarterly journal Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, the magazine Pythagoras, wiskundetijdschrift voor jongeren for high school children, and the scientific journal Indagationes Mathematicae. Each year the society organizes a winter symposium for high school teachers. Biannually Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap organizes the Dutch Mathematical Congress. Once every three years, the society awards the prestigious Brouwer Medal to a distinguished mathematician. This medal is named after L. E. J. Brouwer. == Honorary members == == Institutional members == The society has the following institutional members: Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica Delft University of Technology Eindhoven University of Technology Leiden University Radboud University Nijmegen University of Amsterdam: Institute for Logic, Language and Computation Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics University of Groningen Utrecht University Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam == References == == External links == "KWG". wiskgenoot.nl Official website. Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap. 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.


id: royal-physical-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Physical_Society_of_Edinburgh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:42.894881+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-physical-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh was a learned society based in Edinburgh, Scotland "for the cultivation of the physical sciences". The society was founded in 1771 as the Physico-Chirurgical Society but soon after changed its name to the Physical Society. After being granted a Royal Charter in 1778 it became the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. It absorbed a number of other societies over the next fifty years, including the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1782 (not to be confused with the extant Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, founded in 1821), the American Physical Society in 1796 (not to be confused with the extant American Physical Society, founded in 1899), the Hibernian Medical Society in 1799, the Chemical Society in 1803, the Natural History Society in 1812 and the Didactic Society in 1813. The society occupied a lecture hall in Nicholson Street, Edinburgh, complete with library. From 1854 to 1965, it published the journal Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, devoted to articles on experimental biology and natural history. Members of the society were known as Fellows and permitted to use the post-nominal letters FRPSE. Presidents were elected at intervals, sometimes more than one for each year. Some of


id: royal-scottish-forestry-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Scottish Forestry Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Forestry_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:44.018515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-scottish-forestry-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Scottish Forestry Society was founded in 1854 as the Scottish Arboricultural Society. In 1869, the society received the patronage of Queen Victoria and the "Royal" prefix was added in 1887. The name changed to the current one in 1930. In addition to advising the forestry industry, the RSFS manages its own woodland, Cashel Forest at Cashel, near Milarrochy Bay on the east shore of Loch Lomond. The RSFS purchased the site in 1996 and since then has been establishing a native woodland to demonstrate best practice in woodland management and growing timber. The RSFS publishes a journal, Scottish Forestry. Among its past presidents was the Scottish botanist Dr. Hugh Cleghorn. == See also == The Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland == References == == External links == "Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society 1888-1926". in the Biodiversity Heritage Library.


id: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-computer-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: RWTH Aachen Faculty of Computer Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Computer_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:45.174674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-computer-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Faculty of Computer science is a faculty of the RWTH Aachen University. The faculty was founded in 2025, though computer science has been taught at the university since 1972. == History == === Founding === The faculty was founded in 2025 and is the first faculty to be founded at the university since 1966. === Previous status === Previously, it was part of the RWTH Aachen Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, which has since been renamed to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Computer science was added to the curriculum in 1972 and was then added to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences as a new department in 1986. It has since become a large part of the university with national and international recognition. === Students === At the time of the split, its students made up 50% of the students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. == References ==


id: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-mathematics-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: RWTH Aachen Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Natural_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:46.379162+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rwth-aachen-faculty-of-mathematics-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural sciences is one of nine faculties at the RWTH Aachen University. It comprises four sections for mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. The faculty was founded in 1880 and produced several notable individuals like Arnold Sommerfeld and Nobel Prize laureates Philipp Lenard, Wilhelm Wien, Johannes Stark or Karl Ziegler. Peter Debye studied physics at the RWTH Aachen and won the Nobel Prize in 1936. Furthermore, Helmut Zahn and his team of the Institute for textile chemistry were the first who synthesised Insulin. The faculty cooperates with Forschungszentrum Jülich and the 4 Fraunhofer Institutes in Aachen. Several projects are assisted by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Union. In the academic year 2019/20, approximately 9,700 students are enrolled in the faculty, which makes it the second largest faculty at the RWTH. == References == == External links == Department of Mathematics (German version) Department of Physics (English version) Department of Chemistry (English version) Department of Biology (German version)


id: saudi-center-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation-0.md
category: reference
title: Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Center_for_Organ_Transplantation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:47.582287+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: saudi-center-for-organ-transplantation-20260505-0
summary:
The Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation (SCOT), was established in 1985 by the Government of Saudi Arabia. It was formerly known as the National Kidney Foundation (Saudi), until it was renamed in 1993, and is a centre for the transplantation of organs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its Director General is Talal Algoufi. == References == == External links == Official website Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine


id: schimmel-conrades-science-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Schimmel-Conrades Science Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmel-Conrades_Science_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:48.812793+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schimmel-conrades-science-center-20260505-0
summary:
The Schimmel-Conrades Science Center is a science building at Ohio Wesleyan University. The Science Center involved the renovation of 100,000 square feet (9,290 m²) of indoor space, including physically connecting the two old science facilities, constructing 52,000 square feet (4,830 m²) of additional space, and creating an expanded and integrated science library, amphitheatre, and three-story atrium. The Science Center includes a cafe and vending machines. The floorspace is used for events ranging from the annual President's Ball to regular poster sessions. == References == == External links == Schimmel-Conrades Science Center Site


id: science-oxford-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Oxford
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Oxford
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:49.990648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-oxford-20260505-0
summary:
Science Oxford is part of a charitable organisation called The Oxford Trust, based in Oxford, England. Science Oxford is the trust's education and public engagement branch. The Oxford Trust was founded in 1985 by Sir Martin and Lady Audrey Wood. Science Oxford was founded in 2006. Science Oxford operates the Science Oxford Centre, a science discovery centre located in Headington, and educational programmes. == References == == External links == Science Oxford website


id: scientific-analysis-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific Analysis Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Analysis_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:51.701399+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-analysis-group-20260505-0
summary:
Scientific Analysis Group (SAG) is a laboratory of the Indian Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located in Delhi its primary function is to evolve new scientific methods for design and analysis of communication systems == References == == External links == DRDO


id: scottish-oceanographical-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Oceanographical_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:52.858646+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scottish-oceanographical-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory was founded in Nicolson Street, Edinburgh in 1906, by William Speirs Bruce, who had travelled widely in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and had led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE) 1902–04. Bruce had originally studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but had transferred his studies to the natural sciences and, through his varied experiences, had established a reputation as a polar scientist. He had also collected a large number of botanical, biological, zoological and geological specimens, together with vast amounts of meteorological and magnetic data. The laboratory, established in Edinburgh at premises in Nicolson Street, provided a place to examine, store or display these materials, an office from which Bruce could work on the SNAE scientific reports, and a base from which further expeditions could be planned. It was Bruce's ambition that the laboratory should develop into a Scottish National Oceanographical Institute. A meeting to discuss this possibility was held in May 1914, and the proposal gained significant support from leading Scottish scientists. An organising committee was established, but the matter was shelved on the outbreak of war in August 1914 and was not revived. In 1919 lack of funding, combined with his failing


id: siberian-branch-of-the-russian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Branch_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:54.031242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siberian-branch-of-the-russian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SBRAS) was established by the Decree of the Government of the USSR which was based on the proposal of Mikhail Lavrentyev, Sergei Sobolev and Sergey Khristianovich in 1957 as a regional division of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, replacing a previous small branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Novosibirsk State University was founded to serve as a staff base for the Siberian Branch. Lavrentyev was also the founding chairman of the branch. == History == During the war, hundreds of scientists were evacuated to Siberia, and in 1943 the West Siberian Branch (WSF) of the Soviet Union Academy of Sciences was created. Initially, the WSF allowed scientists to work in various cities. But since 1948, most scientists have been working in Novosibirsk. Formed in May 1957 on the initiative of academicians Mikhail Lavrentyev, Sergei Sobolev, and Sergey Khristianovich. When the department was organized, it included scientific institutions of the West Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (formed in 1943), East Siberian Branch of the Soviet Union Academy of Sciences (formed in 1949), Yakut Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (formed


id: silesian-institute-in-katowice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice-0.md
category: reference
title: Silesian Institute in Katowice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Institute_in_Katowice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:55.229997+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silesian-institute-in-katowice-20260505-0
summary:
The Silesian Institute in Katowice (Polish: Instytut Śląski w Katowicach) was a regional scientific organization collecting local information about the region of Silesia, working in Katowice from 1934 to 1939 and 1945 to 1949, and during the Nazi occupation of Poland during World War II (1939 to 1945) as an underground movement in Warschau, Krakau and Lemburg. Between 1945 and 1948, the Silesian Institute founded branches in Wrocław and Kłodzko and also the Jerzy Bandtkie Library in Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój. During reorganization in 1948, the Silesian Institute became part of the Western Institute in Poznań. The works and tradition of the Silesian Institute are continued by the Silesian Institute in Opole (Instytut Śląski w Opolu) established in 1957 and the Silesian Scientific Institute in Katowice (Śląski Instutut Naukowy w Katowicach) established in 1958. Designed by Stanislaw Kwasniewicz, the Silesian Scientific Institute building located at 32 Graniczna Street was representative of an architectural style known as Katowice brutalism. It was demolished in 2022. == References ==


id: sirris-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris-0.md
category: reference
title: Sirris
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirris
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:56.405217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sirris-20260505-0
summary:
Sirris is a non-profit scientific organisation in Belgium. It is an important collaborative centre for the Belgian technology industry. Until 2007, Sirris was known as CRIF-WTCM, which was founded in 1949 by Fabrimetal (now known as Agoria, the Belgian federation of technology industries). == Mission == The mission of Sirris is to support its members and clients in order to increase their competitive position on the international market through technological innovation. The organization carries out applied research and development in close cooperation with industry. Sirris participates in development projects at different levels, from European Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development to regional ones. == COPTURN == One of the biggest achievements of Sirris so far is the Cutting Optimisation Program, or COPTURN for short. It is a software package that is used to calculate the optimal cutting conditions, the program then calculates the job time and cost. == Development fields == === Additive manufacturing === Sirris performs researches on mains additive manufacturing technologies such as selective laser melting, 3D printing, laser cladding, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, Aero Jet Printing and paste polymerization (ceramic + polymer). All these technologies start from a CAD file to build it in metal, polymer


id: skochinsky-institute-of-mining-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining-0.md
category: reference
title: Skochinsky Institute of Mining
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skochinsky_Institute_of_Mining
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:57.581359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: skochinsky-institute-of-mining-20260505-0
summary:
The Skochinsky Institute of Mining (full name: National Mining Research Center – A.A. Skochinsky Institute of Mining; Russian: Институт горного дела им. А. А. Скочинского) is an institute of mining located in Lyubertsy, Russia. It was established in 1927 as the All-Union Institute of Coal. In 1959, it merged with the Institute of Mining of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, established in 1938. In 1962, it was named after academician Alexander Skochinsky. In 1968, a branch of the Skochinsky Institute of Mining was established in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia, which researched oil shale mining. == References == == External links == Official website


id: snow-and-avalanche-study-establishment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment-0.md
category: reference
title: Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_and_Avalanche_Study_Establishment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:40:59.167010+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: snow-and-avalanche-study-establishment-20260505-0
summary:
Center for Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located near Manali, Himachal Pradesh its primary function is research in the field of snow and avalanches to provide avalanche control measures and forecasting support to Indian Armed Forces. In 2020, Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) was merged with Snow and Avalanche Studies Establishment which is renamed into Defence Geoinformatics Research Establishment (DGRE). == See also == List of DRDO laboratories Aeronautical Development Agency Bharat Electronics Limited Defence Institute of Advanced Technology Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Ordnance Factories Board == References == == External links == Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment


id: soci-t-d-encouragement-au-progr-s-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès-0.md
category: reference
title: Société d'Encouragement au Progrès
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_d'Encouragement_au_Progrès
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:00.344198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soci-t-d-encouragement-au-progr-s-20260505-0
summary:
Société d'Encouragement au Progrès is a NGO fighting for initiative, responsibility and progress headquartered in Paris (France). It publishes a quarterly review called La Tribune du Progrès. In 2009, the article "Cancer: curing is good, preventing is better" awarded André Gernez. == Founders == Albert Lebrun Paul Painlevé Louis Cailletet Lumière brothers Édouard Belin Edouard Branly == Notes == == External links == Albert Masri presentation


id: soci-t-royale-belge-de-g-ographie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie-0.md
category: reference
title: Société Royale Belge de Géographie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Royale_Belge_de_Géographie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:01.502902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soci-t-royale-belge-de-g-ographie-20260505-0
summary:
The Société Royale Belge de Géographie (In English, the Royal Belgian Geographical Society) or SRBG, is a Belgian learned society which works to promote geographical sciences. == History == The Société was founded on 27 August 1876 as the Belgian Society of Geography a few days before the opening of the Brussels Geographic Conference to promote the exploration of various parts of the world. It was initially involved with commercial investment in Belgian colonies. In 1882 King Leopold II authorised the society to use the prefix "Royal". Although it was later funded privately Adrien de Gerlache first unveiled his plans for the Belgian Antarctic Expedition to the society in 1894. In 1900 the society had more than one thousand members including several explorers such as the American, Richard Mohun. By the middle of the twentieth century the society had changed its objectives from exploration to scientific research and study. The SRBG represents Belgium in the European Society of Geography and publishes the Belgian Journal of Geography, now branded as Belgeo (ISSN 2294-9135). The SRBG awards a gold medal to noted geographers and explorers. == Presidents == Count Hippolyte d'Ursel. == See also == Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp == References


id: society-and-technology-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Society and Technology Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_Technology_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:02.711972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-and-technology-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Society and Technology Institute (Dutch: Instituut Samenleving en Technologie) was from 2000 until 2013 a Flemish institute. The institute was associated with the Flemish Parliament, for which it provided advice on complex issues involving society and technology. Until 2008 it was called the Flemish Institute for Scientific and Technological Aspect research (Dutch: Vlaams Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk en Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek, viWTA). The Flemish Parliament abolished the institute per 1 January 2013. The technology assessment function and several employees were transferred to the Flemish Institute for Technological Research. == See also == Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences Flemish Council for Science and Innovation (VRWI) Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Science and technology in Flanders == External links == Official website


id: society-for-biomolecular-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Biomolecular Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:03.919681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-biomolecular-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Biomolecular Sciences (SBS) was an international learned society, originally established as the Society for Biomolecular Screening in 1994, for scientists and technologists in academia, government and industry, headquartered in Danbury, CT, US. Its focus was education and information exchange among professionals in the chemical, pharmaceutical, biotech, and agrochemical industries in the field of drug discovery and technologies. It was the publisher of the peer-reviewed scientific journal, Journal of Biomolecular Screening. In 2010, it merged with the Association for Laboratory Automation to form the Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening. SBS has created, in collaboration with ANSI, dimensional standards for microplates used in screening. Originally, recognized as the ANSI/SBS standard, it is now as the ANSI/SLAS standard. == External links == Society for Biomolecular Sciences, described by its successor organization, SLAS Journal of Biomolecular Screening web site


id: society-for-industrial-microbiology-and-biotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:05.078267+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-industrial-microbiology-and-biotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB) is a nonprofit, international association dedicated to the advancement of microbiological sciences, especially as they apply to industrial products, biotechnology, materials, and processes. SIMB promotes the exchange of scientific information through its meetings and publications, and serves as liaison among the specialized fields of microbiology. SIMB was established in 1949 as the Society for Industrial Microbiology (SIM) by Walter Ezekiel, Charles Thom, and Charles L. Porter. == Governance == The SIMB is governed by a constitution and bylaws. The membership of SIMB elects a Board of Directors that consists of a President, President-Elect, Past-President, Secretary, Treasurer, and four Directors. == Publications == SIMB has two publications, the Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology and SIMB News. == Scientific Meetings == === SIMB Annual Meeting === Source: === Symposium on Biomaterials, Fuels and Chemicals (SBFC) === Source: The first Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was held in 1978 and hosted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN). It was the first technical meeting focusing exclusively on the biotechnologically-‐mediated conversion of renewable feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic plant biomass, to fuels and chemicals. This annual meeting soon became large enough to be co-‐hosted


id: society-for-intercultural-education-training-and-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:06.216621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-intercultural-education-training-and-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR) was founded in 1974 as an interdisciplinary network for trainers and researchers in the area of intercultural and cross-cultural communication. As of 2004, SIETAR had a network of national and regional professional networks with more than 3,000 members worldwide. It holds NGO status with the United Nations. Kathryn Sorrells states that it "played a central role in facilitating collaboration among intercultural practitioners". For a time, SIETAR was the publisher of the International Journal of Intercultural Relations before the publication was taken over by the International Academy of Intercultural Research. SIETAR has many different bodies, like Argentina, Austria, Brazil, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Europe, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USA, and Young Sietar. == Foundation == L. Robert Kohls is a founding member. == References == == External links == Official website (Sietar USA)


id: society-for-prevention-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Prevention Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Prevention_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:07.419748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-prevention-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Prevention Research (SPR) is an American non-profit learned society dedicated to prevention science. == History == The Society for Prevention Research was established in 1991 at a meeting of National Institute on Drug Abuse staff and prevention research center directors held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. By the following spring, it was incorporated as a non-profit organization in New York. Steven P. Schinke served as the Society's first president from 1993 to 1995. In 2000, its official journal, Prevention Science, was established. == Presidents == The president of the Society for Prevention Research is Guillermo "Willy" Prado. The following is a partial list of the Society's past presidents: 1993–1995: Steven P. Schinke 1995–1997: Richard Clayton 1997–1998: Karol Kumpfer 1998 (interim): Richard Clayton 1998–2001: Sheppard Kellam 2001–2003: Gilbert Botvin 2003–2005: J. David Hawkins 2005–2007: Anthony Biglan 2007–2009: Zili Sloboda 2009–2011: Linda Collins 2011–2013: Deborah Gorman-Smith 2013–2015: Felipe Gonzalez Castro == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-research-synthesis-methodology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Research Synthesis Methodology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Research_Synthesis_Methodology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:08.642688+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-research-synthesis-methodology-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Research Synthesis Methodology (abbreviated SRSM) is an international, interdisciplinary learned society dedicated to promoting and fostering the study of research synthesis: the process whereby the results of multiple scientific studies are combined. It was founded in November 2005, with its organizational meeting held on November 11 and 12 of that year. It has 85 active members. Its official journal is Research Synthesis Methods, which has been published by Wiley since 2010. It holds annual meetings every summer for members (and occasionally nonmembers) to present their research. The president for the 2024–2025 term is Ian Shrier, and the president-elect is James Pustejovsky. == Past presidents == Terri Pigott (2023-24) Tianjing Li (2022–23) Georgia Salanti (2021–22) Jack Vevea (2019–21) Christopher H. Schmid (2018–19) Michael Borenstein (2017–18) Kay Dickersin (2016–17) Jessica Gurevitch (2015–16) Lesley Stewart (2014–15) William Shadish (2013–14) Hannah Rothstein (2012–13) Jesse Berlin (2011–12) David Jones (2010–11) John Ioannidis (2009–10) Larry V. Hedges (2008–09) Alex Sutton (2007–08) Betsy Becker (2006–07) Julian Higgins (2005–06) == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Scientific Study of Religion
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:09.834333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (was founded at Harvard University in 1949) was formed to advance research in the social scientific perspective on religious institutions and experiences. The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion is published by the society to provide a forum for empirical papers in the topic area. On the society's home page, it is clear that they promote interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration - with organizations etc. - carried out by prominent members. (See Hoesly and nondenominationals, for example, as gleaned from the references — one of Hoesly's texts: “‘Need a Minister? [...]"). == Presidents == == See also == American Academy of Religion Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry Association for the Sociology of Religion Canadian Society for the Study of Religion Psychology of religion Religious Research Association Religious studies Sociology of religion == References == === Footnotes === === Bibliography === == Further reading == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-the-social-history-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Social History of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Social_History_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:11.022084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-social-history-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM) was established in 1970. It is known for its peer-reviewed journal Social History of Medicine (since 1988) and the three book series it has sponsored, Studies in the Social History of Medicine (1989-2009), Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine, and Social Histories of Medicine. Its first meeting and inaugural lecture was in May 1970. == References ==


id: society-for-the-study-of-human-development-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Study of Human Development
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Human_Development
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:12.195994+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-study-of-human-development-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for the Study of Human Development (SSHD) is a professional society formed by a group of scholars from multiple disciplines (e.g., medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, economics, and history). The central focus of SSHD is to provide an organization that moves beyond age-segmented scholarly organizations to take an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to ages/stages across the life span, generational and ecological contexts of human development, and research and applications to human development policies and programs. It was founded in 1998 when a group of scholars met at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Its first meeting was held in November 1999. The current president of the society is Carolyn Aldwin (Oregon State University), and the president-elect is Lynn S. Liben (The Pennsylvania State University). The society's official journal is Research in Human Development. == Past presidents == Former presidents of the SSHD include: David Henry Feldman (Tufts University) Kristine Ajrouch (Eastern Michigan University) Willis Overton (Temple University) Cynthia García Coll (Brown University/University of Puerto Rico) Lawrence Schiamberg (Michigan State University) Toni Antonucci (University of Michigan) Susan Whitbourne (University of Massachusetts) Jacquelyn James (Boston College) Richard M. Lerner (Tufts University) == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-of-economic-geologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists-0.md
category: reference
title: Society of Economic Geologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:13.335314+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-of-economic-geologists-20260505-0
summary:
The Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) is a scientific organization that promotes the study of geology as it relates to mining, mineral exploration, mineral resource classification and mineral extraction. The society's Publication Board publishes the scientific journal Economic Geology. The society serves 7,000+ members worldwide with research, publications, courses, and field trips. == History == SEG began in 1919 with a group of Geological Society of America (GSA) with an interest in economic geology. December 28, 1920, 60 distinguished professionals met and established the organization. == Notable economic geologists == Pavel Pavlovich Goudkoff (Gudkov) (1921). He was the organizer of the journal "Economic Geology" also. Josiah E. Spurr (1923-1924) C.K. Leith (1925-1926) William E. Wrather (1934-1935) William O. Hotchkiss, President (1946-1947) Anthony J. Naldrett, President (1991-1992) == See also == List of geoscience organizations == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-of-friends-of-science-in-wilno-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno-0.md
category: reference
title: Society of Friends of Science in Wilno
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Wilno
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:14.513616+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-of-friends-of-science-in-wilno-20260505-0
summary:
Society of Friends of Science in Wilno (Polish: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie) was a Polish scientific society which functioned in Wilno (since 1945 Vilnius) from 1906 to 1939. The Society was involved with the reopening of the Stefan Batory University in Wilno. One of its presidents was Marian Zdziechowski, a popular figure in the pre-World War II Wilno. The Society was destroyed during World War II by the occupying authorities.


id: sociologists-for-women-in-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Sociologists for Women in Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologists_for_Women_in_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:15.739957+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sociologists-for-women-in-society-20260505-0
summary:
Sociologists for Women in Society (SWS) is an international organization of social scientists—students, faculty, practitioners, and researchers—working together to improve the position of women within sociology and society in general. == History == In 1969, several hundred women gathered at a "counter-convention" at Glide Memorial Church rather than attend the ASA meetings at the Hilton Hotel. Sharing feelings of insecurity and stories of initially mystifying experiences as graduate students and faculty, and encouraging each other with applause, they came to see that some of the stresses in being sociologists were not idiosyncratic, but part of the experience of being women. Later that year, some 20 founding women met to build an organization and network. Although SWS was created to redress the plight of women sociologists, SWS has become an organization that also focuses on improving the social position of women in society through feminist sociological research and writing. SWS holds annual meetings and publishes the academic journal Gender & Society. == Journal == Gender & Society == References == Baker, Carrie N. (2008). The women's movement against sexual harassment (1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9780521879354. Spade, Joan Z.; Valentine, Catherine G., eds. (2013). The


id: south-australian-science-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: South Australian Science Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Science_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:16.909661+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: south-australian-science-council-20260505-0
summary:
The South Australian Science Council is a body which provides high level, independent science policy advice to the Government of South Australia and to the Chief Scientist of South Australia. It also oversees the implementation of the state's Investing in Science action plan. Prior to June 2015 the council was known as the Premier's Science and Industry Council, and prior to that, the Premier's Science and Research Council. The council was established during the first term of the Rann government in June 2002 "to advise the government on strategies for boosting local science and research capabilities and improving levels of innovation." In 2011, the council re-examined its priorities, and focused on the development of the State's science and research capabilities "in the critical area of adaptation to industry." Minister Tom Kenyon said the shift of focus was "in line with the recommendations to revitalise manufacturing as proposed by the ‘Thinker in Residence’, Professor Göran Roos and in the establishment of the Department of Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy." == Membership == Members of the council are recommended by the Chief Scientist then approved by the Minister for Science and Information Economy. As of October 2016, membership of


id: southeastern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Southeastern Universities Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:18.056682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: southeastern-universities-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. (SURA) is a non-profit association with member universities from the United States and Canada. SURA is focused on advancing science, research, and educational discovery. SURA is the parent company of Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (JSA), which is the Management and Operations (M&O) contractor for Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Virginia. In addition to Jefferson Lab, SURA supports space science and technology, information technology, and coastal and environmental research. SURA was founded in May 1980 at a meeting at The College of William & Mary, in which a group of research physicists from various universities recognized the opportunity to create a consortium to promote the expansion of nuclear physics in southeastern United States. Harry Holmgren, of the University of Maryland, was the first elected president of SURA, with Jim McCarthy of the University of Virginia as the Vice President. SURA was initially formed in response to the science community’s desire to build an electron macerator to explore the role of quarks in nuclear structure. This CEBAF is now known as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). == Organization == As a consortium of 57 advanced research institutions, SURA collaborates with


id: statistics-without-borders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders-0.md
category: reference
title: Statistics Without Borders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Without_Borders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:19.233755+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: statistics-without-borders-20260505-0
summary:
Statistics Without Borders (SWB) is an organization of volunteers that provide pro bono statistical consulting and assistance to organizations or governments to help deal with health issues. SWB is sponsored by the American Statistical Association. Their goal is to help international health initiatives and projects be delivered more effectively through better use of statistics. Some of the past and present projects include design and analysis about a survey about a public health intervention project in Sierra Leone, and another in Haiti, a survey of the economic impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, reviewing food security survey projects for the Food and Nutritional Technical Assistance II (FANTA-2) project at the Academy for Educational Development, and helping to prepare a proposal to survey households in Mexico about their use of bottled water. == Projects == == References == == External links == Statistics Without Borders homepage


id: student-space-exploration-technology-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_&_Technology_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:20.408523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: student-space-exploration-technology-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative (SSETI) is a unique project put into execution by students from different universities spread over European countries. In collaboration with space industry they aim to build microsatellites together. Most universities do not have capabilities to build their own complete satellite. The SSETI aims to combine different academic capabilities to realise pan-European student missions. Space projects, which are beyond the local existing capabilities, will be made possible through the fragmentation and redistribution of many small, locally achievable tasks. Ambitious projects, such as a lunar lander, may be realised by this distributed development. == SWARM == SWARM is the youngest project in line. SWARM will be developed consisting by a nanosatellite releasing femtosatellites into low Earth orbit from where scientific and/or technical experiments will be conducted. == ESEO == The ESEO (European Student Earth Orbiter) project was started as part of the SSETI project family, in collaboration with the European Space Agency who ran the project independently from SSETI. ESEO was launched from Vandenberg AFB on 3 December 2018 as a part of Spaceflight's SmallSat Express and was expected to function for 6 to 18 months. The Mission Control Center was located in Forlì (Italy).


id: sunshine-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Sunshine Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:21.564708+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sunshine-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Sunshine Project was an international NGO dedicated to upholding prohibitions against biological warfare and, particularly, to preventing military abuse of biotechnology. It was directed by Edward Hammond. With offices in Austin, Texas, and Hamburg, Germany, the Sunshine Project worked by exposing research on biological and chemical weapons. Typically, it accessed documents under the Freedom of Information Act and other open records laws, publishing reports and encouraging action to reduce the risk of biological warfare. It tracked the construction of high containment laboratory facilities and the dual-use activities of the U.S. biodefense program. Another focus was on documenting government-sponsored research and development of incapacitating "non-lethal" weapons, such as the chemical used by Russia to end the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002. The Sunshine Project was also active in meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention, the main international treaty prohibiting biological warfare. An announcement was posted on The Sunshine Project website, "As of 1 February 2008, the Sunshine Project is suspending its operations", due to a lack of funding. Its website remained online for some time after this date and could be used as an archive of its activities and publications from 2000 through 2008. However, as of October 2013,


id: swiss-association-of-scientific-zoos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Association of Scientific Zoos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Association_of_Scientific_Zoos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:22.722115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-association-of-scientific-zoos-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Association of Scientific Zoos, or zooschweiz/zoosuisse, is the zoological association responsible for the operation of zoos in Switzerland. The full name is: zooschweiz - Verein wissenschaftlich geleiteter zoologischer Gärten der Schweiz / zoosuisse - Association des parcs zoologiques suisses gérés de façon scientifique ((German)Zooschweiz/(French)Zoosuisse - Association of scientifically managed swiss zoological parks). Zooschweiz/zoosuisse is a member of Verband der Zoologischen Gärten, which is in turn affiliate to WAZA. The mission of the association is to make a contribution to the biodiversity of the Earth, through the conservation of animal species and their habitats. The association currently handles the management of nine zoos: Basel Zoo Tierpark Bern Nature and Animal Park Goldau Knie's Kinderzoo La Garenne Papiliorama in Kerzers Zurich Zoo Wildnispark Zurich, Langenberg Walter Zoo, Gossau == See also == List of zoo associations == External links == "(official website of) zooschweiz/zoosuisse". Archived from the original on 2025-08-20. Retrieved 2025-09-06. == References ==


id: switch-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Switch Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:23.919645+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: switch-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The VIB Switch laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven is a department of VIB located at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Leuven, Belgium. The laboratory is headed by Frederic Rousseau and Joost Schymkowitz. Its research focuses on functional regulation of cellular processes, which are governed by protein conformational switches that have to be actively controlled to ensure cell viability. The laboratory combines in vitro biophysical techniques and computational structural biology methods with advanced cell biological studies. == References == Fernandez-Escamilla AM, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Serrano L., Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Oct;22(10):1302-6, Prediction of sequence-dependent and mutational effects on the aggregation of peptides and proteins. == Sources == J. Comijn, P. Raeymaekers, A. Van Gysel, M. Veugelers, Today = Tomorrow : a tribute to life sciences research and innovation : 10 years of VIB, Snoeck, 2006, ISBN 978-90-5349-630-5 Switch laboratory (VIB) Switch laboratory (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)


id: sydney-nanoscience-hub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub-0.md
category: reference
title: Sydney Nanoscience Hub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Nanoscience_Hub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:25.087060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sydney-nanoscience-hub-20260505-0
summary:
The Sydney Nanoscience Hub is a nanoscience facility of The University of Sydney Nano Institute (formerly the Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology) at the University of Sydney in Camperdown, Sydney, Australia. The laboratories in the building are isolated from outside influences such as vibration, electromagnetic fluctuations, temperature and atmospheric pressure variation, the air in the laboratories is also filtered to be free of dust. == History == The facility opened in April 2016. Construction cost AU$150 million; the Australian federal government's Commonwealth Education Infrastructure Fund contributed AU$40 million. Microsoft has invested in a quantum computing research facility. == References == == External links == University of Sydney Nano Institute Sydney Nanoscience Hub


id: the-syncml-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: The SyncML Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SyncML_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:26.258118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-syncml-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The SyncML Initiative, Ltd. was a non-profit corporation formed by a group of companies who co-operated to produce an open standard for data synchronization and device management. Prior to SyncML, data synchronization and device management had been based on a set of different, proprietary protocols, each functioning only with a limited number of devices, systems and data types. The SyncML Initiative, Ltd. consolidated into the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) in 2002, contributing their technical work to the OMA technical Working Groups: Device Management Working Group and Data Synchronization Working Group. The SyncML legacy specifications were converted to the OMA format with the 1.2.2 versions of OMA SyncML, OMA Data Synchronization and OMA Device Management specifications. == References == Recent documents OMA SyncML Section (old site)


id: tekla-labs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs-0.md
category: reference
title: Tekla Labs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Labs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:27.406359+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tekla-labs-20260505-0
summary:
Tekla Labs (TeklaLabs.org) is a non-profit organization of researchers, educators and hobbyists committed to developing do it yourself (DIY) science infrastructure. Tekla Labs objective is to "enable scientists to construct their own high quality lab equipment using readily available, off the shelf items." Tekla Labs has been featured in numerous publications, including in MAKE, TechHive, Nature.com Blogs, New Scientist, and SciDev.Net. == History == The organization was founded in 2010 in Berkeley, California by postdoctoral and graduate student researchers at UC Berkeley and UCSF. One of the founders, Lina Nilsson, cofounded Tekla Labs to develop high quality, open-source lab equipment that scientists could build themselves. She drew on her experiences visiting biology labs in Asia and South America, where she saw researchers hindered by lack of access to proper laboratory equipment. == See also == Open Source Lab (book) == References ==


id: thailand-national-metal-and-materials-technology-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Thailand National Metal and Materials Technology Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Metal_and_Materials_Technology_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:28.598951+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thailand-national-metal-and-materials-technology-center-20260505-0
summary:
National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) is one of Thailand's National Research Centers. It is directed by the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), which belongs to Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. A publicly funded governmental organization, MTEC enjoys more freedom in its operation than government-only bodies. MTEC aims to promote, support and coordinate research and development in polymers, metals, ceramics, and related materials, and to encourage collaborations among research, education and technology organizations. == References == == External links == 2015 MTEC review: Niranatlumpong, P.; Ramangul, N.; Dulyaprapan, P.; Nivitchanyong, S.; Udomkitdecha, W. (2015). "Material research for environmental sustainability in Thailand: Current trends". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (3) 034601. Bibcode:2015STAdM..16c4601N. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/034601. PMC 5099825. PMID 27877788.


id: thailand-national-nanotechnology-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Thailand National Nanotechnology Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Nanotechnology_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:29.786010+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thailand-national-nanotechnology-center-20260505-0
summary:
National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) is one of Thailand's National Research Centers, directed by National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. == See also == Nanotechnology National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) == External links == Official website


id: thomas-young-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Thomas Young Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:30.966675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thomas-young-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Thomas Young Centre (TYC) is an alliance of London research groups working on the theory and simulation of materials (TSM). It is named after the scientist and polymath Thomas Young (1773–1829), who lived and worked in London and is known in the world of science for a number of important discoveries concerning the wave nature of light, the theory of vision, the elastic properties of solids, and the theory of surface tension. The participating research groups are based mainly at Imperial College London, King's College London, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) and University College London (UCL), but there are also members at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington. The aims of the TYC are to foster collaboration between TSM research groups in London, to provide a world-class source of graduate education in the field, and to address problems of major importance to industry and society. The current (2009) membership of TYC numbers about 80 research groups, of which six are led by Fellows of the Royal Society. == Participating academic departments == The breadth of scientific expertise offered by TYC can be inferred from the range of home academic departments of TYC research groups at the three main


id: thomson-scientific-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific-0.md
category: reference
title: Thomson Scientific
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Scientific
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:32.158246+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thomson-scientific-20260505-0
summary:
Thomson Scientific was one of the six (later five) strategic business units of The Thomson Corporation, beginning in 2007, after being separated from Thomson Scientific & Healthcare. Following the merger of Thomson with Reuters Group to form Thomson Reuters in 2008, it became the "Scientific" business unit of the new company. In 2009, the unit came together with the Healthcare division of Thomson Reuters to form the Healthcare & Science division. The healthcare business was sold in 2012 to become Truven Health Analytics. The Science unit of Thomson Reuters provided information services for the academic, business, and R&D communities. It had headquarters in Philadelphia, London, Singapore and Tokyo with about 2,400 staff in more than 20 countries. Its products were Aureka, Delphion, Cortellis, Derwent World Patents Index (DWPI), EndNote, Horizon Global, Horizon Sourcing, IDdb, IDRAC, IP Management Services, ISI Web of Knowledge, MicroPatent PatentWeb, Techstreet Industry Standards, ThomsonPharma, GeneGo, IDDB, Thomson Regulatory Solutions, and Web of Science. In late 2011, Thomson Reuters announced a new organizational structure, with one of its divisions being Intellectual Property & Science. This science unit of Thomson Reuters (known as IP & Science unit) was sold in 2016 to Onex and Baring Private Equity Asia


id: tocklai-tea-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Tocklai Tea Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocklai_Tea_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:33.372312+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tocklai-tea-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Tocklai Tea Research Institute (formerly Tocklai Experimental Station) of Tea Research Association (TRA) is an Indian tea research institute for the development of tea and its agricultural practices located in Jorhat, Assam, India. Founded in 1911, it is the world's oldest tea research institute. == See also == History of tea in India Assam tea == References == == External links == Tocklai Tea Research Institute website


id: turkish-national-research-institute-of-electronics-and-cryptology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology-0.md
category: reference
title: Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Research_Institute_of_Electronics_and_Cryptology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:34.501126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turkish-national-research-institute-of-electronics-and-cryptology-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology of Turkey (Turkish: Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü), shortly UEKAE, is a national scientific organization with the aim of developing advanced technologies for information security. UEKAE is the most prominent and also the founder (first) institute of the TÜBİTAK. The institute was founded by Yılmaz Tokad, professor at ITU (Istanbul Technical University), and four researchers under his supervision in the building of engineering at METU (Middle East Technical University)in 1972, with the name Electronic Research Unit. In 1995 the institute's name has become National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology and moved to Gebze, Kocaeli. == Affiliates and facilities == It is affiliated with the TÜBİTAK Informatics and Information Security Research Center (BİLGEM), which is bound to Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK). The institute was later reorganized as the prime institute of the BİLGEM in the Gebze, Kocaeli Province campus of TÜBİTAK. The institute consists of facilities on fields and for products as follows: Semiconductor Technologies Research Laboratory (YITAL) Cryptanalysis Center EMC/Tempest Test Center Speech and Language Technologies Software Development Surveillance Systems Communication and Information Security Electro-Optics Laboratory Spectrum Analysis and Management Open Source Software Government Cerficiation Authority


id: turkish-state-meteorological-service-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service-0.md
category: reference
title: Turkish State Meteorological Service
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:35.692515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turkish-state-meteorological-service-20260505-0
summary:
Turkish State Meteorological Service (Turkish: Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü or MGM) is the Turkish government bureau commissioned with producing the meteorological and climatic data pertaining to Turkey. It is responsible to the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change. == History == Efforts to conduct meteorological services in Turkey through a single and organized channel were addressed within the year 1936. The commission formed for the establishment of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs submitted a legislative proposal to the Council of Ministers on February 11, 1936. The justifications for the establishment of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs were discussed and accepted by the Council of Ministers under the chairmanship of Prime Minister İsmet İnönü and were submitted to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on November 30, 1936, with letter number 6/3727 from the Prime Ministry Directorate of Resolutions. The following justifications were included in the bill regarding the creation of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs: "Prior to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, there was no organization in the country working with various station networks dealing with atmospheric phenomena. Within the last ten years, the need for weather and climate information in our


id: u-s-national-ice-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: U.S. National Ice Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Ice_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:36.927748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: u-s-national-ice-center-20260505-0
summary:
The U.S. National Ice Center (USNIC) is a tri-agency operational center and echelon V command of the Fleet Weather Center - Norfolk (FWC-N), whose mission is to provide worldwide navigational ice analyses for the armed forces of the United States, allied nations, and U.S. government agencies. It is represented by the United States Navy (Department of Defense); the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Department of Commerce); and the United States Coast Guard (Department of Homeland Security). The U.S. National Ice Center is a subordinate command of the Fleet Weather Center - Norfolk (FWC-N). Originally known as the Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center, which was established on December 15, 1976 in a memorandum of agreement between the U.S. Navy and NOAA, the National Ice Center was formed in 1995 when the U.S. Coast Guard became a partner. The U.S. National Ice Center produces global sea ice charts and various cryospheric GIS products. They also name and track Antarctic icebergs if greater than 10 nautical miles (20 km) on its longest axis. Icebergs must be a minimum of 19 kilometers in length to be tracked by the USNIC. == See also == International Ice Charting Working Group International Ice Patrol == References ==


id: uk-national-tide-gauge-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: UK National Tide Gauge Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_National_Tide_Gauge_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:38.107928+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uk-national-tide-gauge-network-20260505-0
summary:
The UK National Tide Gauge Network is part of the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility. It was set up in 1953 to record sea levels around the coast of the UK, after the east coast of England was affected by severe floods. Gauges positioned at 43 locations around the UK coast record data which is archived at the British Oceanographic Data Centre in Liverpool. Once quality controlled, this data is made available for scientific use. == External links == National Tidal & Sea Level Facility Tide Gauge data from the British Oceanographic Data Centre Archived 2006-06-23 at the Wayback Machine


id: ungdommens-naturvidenskabelige-forening-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening-0.md
category: reference
title: Ungdommens Naturvidenskabelige Forening
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdommens_Naturvidenskabelige_Forening
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:39.249407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ungdommens-naturvidenskabelige-forening-20260505-0
summary:
Ungdommens Naturvidenskabelige Forening (UNF) (English: The Danish Youth Association of Science) is an association for young Danish people interested in science. It was founded in 1944 by interested high school teachers who were members of the society for the spreading of knowledge of the natural sciences (Danish: Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse, SNU). The primary purpose of the association is to promote science to youth and give the already interested youth the possibility to gain a deeper insight in science. The national association, UNF Danmark, has five local chapters in the major cities; Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Lyngby, and Aalborg. == ScienceCamps == Every year during the school summer holidays (July–August), UNF organises the so-called ScienceCamps. The aim of these ScienceCamps is to give young people an opportunity to meet others with similar interests and to spread interest in specific science subjects. Over the years, UNF has organised ScienceCamps in the fields of Mathematics, Computer Science, Biotechnology, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Environmental Technology, ScienceShow, Game Development, Health Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Software Development. == Published material == A series of teaching material and a children's book have been published by the organization and is available on Danish libraries. == References ==


id: unione-zoologica-italiana-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana-0.md
category: reference
title: Unione Zoologica Italiana
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Zoologica_Italiana
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:40.444280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unione-zoologica-italiana-20260505-0
summary:
Unione Zoologica Italiana is an Italian scientific society devoted to Zoology especially that of Italy. The Society was founded in 1900. Publications include (from 2006) The Italian Journal of Zoology previously (from 1930), published under the name of Il Bollettino di Zoologia.Archivio zoologico italiano : pubblicato sotto gli auspicii della unione zoologica precedes this (from 1902) [1],[2] which replaced Monitore zoologico italiano[3] reflecting the loose associations of zoologists and anatomists also using the title Unione Zoologica Italiana prior to the formal grouping of 1900. The Society collaborates with La Società Entomologica Italiana, the Italian Entomological Society in maintaining a website listing the Italian Fauna FaunaItalia. The endemic Spectacled Salamander is the emblem of the Society. == See also == Ethology Ecology & Evolution == External links == Official Site


id: university-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: University Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:41.627784+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Belgian University Foundation (French: Fondation Universitaire; Dutch: Universitaire Stichting) was founded in 1920. The goal of the Foundation, as was put forward by Emile Francqui, is to promote scientific activity at Belgian universities. == Goals == To provide grants and study loans to students from less privileged families. To help university research centres and laboratories to attract young researchers. To stimulate contacts and collaboration between the different Belgian research institutions by supporting scientific publications. To organize a Club Universitaire as a meeting place for Belgian and foreign academics. == History == The money for the foundation came from the remaining funds from the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) and the National Committee for Help and Food. The help to the Belgian people during World War I had been organized by Herbert Hoover and Emile Francqui On 28 August 1919, Herbert Hoover proposed to Emile Francqui, President of the National Committee for Help and Food, and to Léon Delacroix, Prime Minister of Belgium, to use the funds, roughly 150 million Belgian francs, to support university education. The Belgian government decided to give twenty million to each of the four universities, and to use 55 million francs to establish the


id: university-of-toronto-space-design-contest-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest-0.md
category: reference
title: University of Toronto Space Design Contest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Space_Design_Contest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:42.805454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-toronto-space-design-contest-20260505-0
summary:
The University of Toronto Space Design Contest, or UTSDC is an annual contest for high school students founded in 2003. Teams work together to develop a solution for a design challenge, set every year. The contest was founded to promote awareness of space exploration and development, as well as to excite students about new, creative applications of science, technology and engineering. The contest runs year long and ends in a Design Fair and Conference held on the University of Toronto's St. George Campus in mid May. == History == The inaugural UTSDC 2004-2005 had 30 teams signing up, most of these teams are based in Toronto, some teams in other regions of Ontario. However, only 15 of these teams official participated in the contest and the Design Fair and Conference. The Space Design contest continues to grow, attracting participants from a wider geographic area, such as Waterloo, Ottawa, Florida and recently India. == External links == Official University of Toronto Space Design Contest website


id: urania-berlin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)-0.md
category: reference
title: Urania (Berlin)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_(Berlin)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:43.968173+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: urania-berlin-20260505-0
summary:
Urania is a science centre and scientific society in Berlin, Germany. Urania was founded in Berlin in 1888, following an idea of Alexander von Humboldt, by Max Wilhelm Meyer and Wilhelm Foerster. Its aim is to communicate the most recent scientific findings to the broad public. With its 2000 members, Urania organises more than 1000 events per year, attracting about 130,000 visitors. Since its centenary in 1988, the society has awarded the Urania Medaille annually to individuals who have supported significantly the implementation of its aims. Recipients are Nobel laureates in natural science as well as social scientists, artists, and politicians. The Berlin International Film Festival uses the centre's 866-seat theatre to host film premieres in the Generation section. == See also == List of science centers == References == == Further reading == Max Wilhelm Meyer: Die Urania nach ihrer Fertigstellung. In: Himmel und Erde 2/1890. Teil 1, Teil 2 Max Wilhelm Meyer (ed.): Illustrirter Leitfaden der Astronomie, Physik und Mikroskopie in Form eines Führers durch die Urania zu Berlin. 1892. Denkschrift zum 25jährigen Bestehen der Gesellschaft Urania (1888–1913) 1913. Jutta Aschenbrenner. "Bildung und die Muse der Sternenkunde". Berlinische Monatsschrift. 7/1998. Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein: 38–44. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ==


id: usb-flash-drive-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: USB Flash Drive Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_Drive_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:45.189877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: usb-flash-drive-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The USB Flash Drive Alliance, founded in December 2003 by Samsung, Lexar Media, Kingston Technology and others, is a group of companies promoting the use of USB flash drives (also called "keydrives" and a variety of other names). In 2003, according to the alliance, 50 million USB flash drives were sold in the US alone. == Alliance members == Buffalo Technology Corsair Gaming Crucial Technology Infineon Technologies Kingston Technology Lexar Media Microsoft Phison PNY Technologies Samsung SimpleTech == See also == USB USB flash drive U3 USB "smart" drives == References ==


id: vertebrate-genomes-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Vertebrate Genomes Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Genomes_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:46.354039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vertebrate-genomes-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) is a project which aims to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes of all 66,000 vertebrate species. It is an international cooperation project with members from more than 50 separate institutions and was launched in February 2017. In October 2021, VGP partnered with Colossal Biosciences to sequence and assemble elephant genomes for preservation purposes. In April 2022, VGP partnered with the Human Genome Project and the African BioGenome Project for sequencing research. In July 2022, VGP and Colossal Biosciences announced that they successfully sequenced the entire Asian elephant genome; this is the first time that mammalian genetic code has been fully sequenced to this degree since the Human Genome Project was completed in the early 2000s. In November 2022, VGP successfully sequenced the Nile Rat genome in order to facilitate research on type 2 diabetes and the health effects of circadian rhythm disruption. Not only did researchers sequence an individual rat, but they also sequenced both its parents, allowing them to separate the original rat’s alleles by parental haplotype. The resulting sequence showed that the vast majority of expected protein-coding genes were accounted for. == References == == External links == Vertebrate Genomes Project


id: veterinary-laboratories-agency-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency-0.md
category: reference
title: Veterinary Laboratories Agency
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_Laboratories_Agency
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:47.511981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: veterinary-laboratories-agency-20260505-0
summary:
The Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) was an executive agency of the UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). It carried out animal disease surveillance, diagnostic services and veterinary scientific research for government and commercial organisations. It was based in New Haw, though had offices and laboratories around the country, such as in Sutton Bonington. It was both an International Reference Laboratory and the EU Community Reference Laboratory for avian influenza. == History == 1894 – The Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) is established in a small basement room in Whitehall, London to deal with a swine fever epidemic. 1917 – The Laboratory moves to its current location in Weybridge. The site is still known as Weybridge today, although the postal address is now Addlestone. == Merger with Animal Health == On 29 June 2010 DEFRA announced that the VLA would be merged with Animal Health. The merger was completed on 1 April 2011, forming the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency. == References == == External links == Veterinary Laboratories Agency Avian Influenza - Reference Laboratory


id: vienna-environmental-research-accelerator-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator-0.md
category: reference
title: Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Environmental_Research_Accelerator
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:48.668948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vienna-environmental-research-accelerator-20260505-0
summary:
The Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator, VERA, is a particle accelerator. It is operated by the University of Vienna and is dedicated to Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). It started operation in 1995. The system is a 3-MV Pelletron type tandem accelerator, designed to accelerate protons or heavy ions. == See also == Accelerator mass spectrometry List of accelerator mass spectrometry facilities == External links == The VERA accelerator home page. The Fakultät für Physik (Faculty of Physics) at the ... Universität Wien (University of Vienna). == References ==


id: virginia-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Virginia Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:49.817415+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: virginia-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Virginia Academy of Science is a non-profit organization established to promote science and scientific research in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Academy was first established in 1920 in Richmond, Virginia, by a group of nine biologists. == Affiliations == The Virginia Academy of Science is affiliated with The American Association for the Advancement of Science The National Association of Academies of Science The American Junior Academy of Sciences == Actions == Publishes The Virginia Journal of Science Established the Virginia State Park Service Established the Virginia Institute for Scientific Research, regarded by many as a precursor to the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology The Science Museum of Virginia was founded due to their effort to establish a statewide network of science museums == Notable alumni == Jesse Beams was a president and fellow of Virginia Academy of Science. Lloyd C. Bird was a fellow of Virginia Academy of Science. Lena Clemmons Artz was an elected an Honorary Life Member of Virginia Academy of Science. == Virginia Junior Academy of Science == The Virginia Junior Academy of Science (VJAS) was founded in 1941. It was named a National Model and ranked among the Top 3 Junior Academies in the U.S.


id: walter-schottky-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Walter Schottky Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:51.007569+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walter-schottky-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Walter Schottky Institute (WSI) (German: Walter-Schottky-Institut) is a research center at the Technical University of Munich, dedicated to the physics of semiconductors. Established in 1988, it is located on its Garching campus. It is named after physicist Walter H. Schottky. == History == The idea for an interdisciplinary research facility that would bridge the gap between fundamental physics and applied semiconductor electronics emerged in the early 1980s. In February 1985, Gerhard Abstreiter, professor at the Technical University of Munich, wrote a memorandum about the establishment of a research institute, with specific focus on semiconductor research and device development. After Klaus von Klitzing, who had been working at the physics department of the TU Munich until shortly before the announcement, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1985, the idea, which was already supported by the research board of Siemens, received great approval. Thus, as early as December 1985, the general conditions for founding the research institute as a collaborative project between the Technical University of Munich and Siemens were discussed with Bavarian state government. The construction costs were paid jointly by Siemens and the Bavarian state. After two years of construction, the Walter Schottky Institute was officially inaugurated


id: warsaw-scientific-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Warsaw Scientific Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:52.205023+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: warsaw-scientific-society-20260505-0
summary:
Warsaw Scientific Society (Polish: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie; TNW) is a Polish scientific society based in Warsaw. It was established in 1907 as a continuation of the Society of Friends of Science to advance the sciences and arts and to publish scientific papers. == Members == == References == == External links == Warsaw Scientific Society homepage


id: wellcome-trust-centre-for-cell-matrix-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Cell-Matrix_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:53.386821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wellcome-trust-centre-for-cell-matrix-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research at the University of Manchester pursues research into extracellular matrix (ECM) biology and its contribution to human diseases. The Centre was established in 1995 by Mike Grant and is funded by the Wellcome Trust. The Centre set out with the long-term aims of elucidating the structure and function of extracellular matrices and cell-matrix adhesions, defining the contributions of cell-matrix interactions to human diseases, and developing approaches for preventing and treating these diseases. == Research == The Centre focuses on cellular matrix microenvironment, matrix immunobiology, and mechanobiology of the matrix. As of 2016 principal investigators in the centre include Judi Allen, Clair Baldock, Christoph Ballestrem, Ray Boot-Handford, Pat Caswell, Tony Day, Andrew Gilmore, Richard Grencis, Tim Hardingham, Martin Humphries, Karl Kadler, Rachel Lennon, Qing-Jun Meng, Chris Miller, Martin Schwartz, Charles Streuli, Joe Swift, Dave Thornton, Mark Travis, Sarah Woolner, Ceri Harrop, Thomas Jowitt, David Knight, Toby Starborg and Egor Zindy. == References ==


id: wiyn-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: WIYN Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:54.566984+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wiyn-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
WIYN Consortium founding members were the University of Wisconsin–Madison (W), Indiana University (I), Yale University (Y), and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories (N). Yale University withdrew from the WIYN consortium on April 1, 2014, and was replaced by the University of Missouri in the fall of that year. In 2015, a NASA-NSF partnership called NN-EXPLORE effectively took over NOAO's share, although NOAO still manages the operations. Purdue University joined in 2017 for a three-year period. The consortium operates two telescopes of 3.5 m and 0.9 m diameters. The universities financed the construction of the WIYN Observatory at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) in 1994. In 2001, the WIYN Consortium took over control of the KPNO 36-inch (910 mm) telescope, built in 1960, and rechristened it as the WIYN 0.9 m Telescope. This small but popular telescope was in danger of being mothballed for budgetary reasons. == References == == External links == WIYN Consortium - official site


id: women-in-science-hall-of-fame-u-s-state-department-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)-0.md
category: reference
title: Women in Science Hall of Fame (U.S. State Department)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Science_Hall_of_Fame_(U.S._State_Department)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:55.750896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: women-in-science-hall-of-fame-u-s-state-department-20260505-0
summary:
Women in Science Hall of Fame was established in 2010 by the U.S. State Department Environment, Science, Technology, and Health Hub for the Middle East and North Africa to recognize the exceptional women scientists in this region of the world. Annual awards were made 2011-2015 and coordinated by the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan. == References ==


id: wool-industries-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Wool Industries Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Industries_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:56.948558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wool-industries-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Wool Industries Research Association was an industrial research organization in the United Kingdom. It later became the Wira Technology Group before being merged with the Shirley Institute in the 1989 to form the British Textile Technology Group. It was funded by a levy raised under powers from the Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 through the Wool Textile Research Council, established in 1950. == Notable employees == Richard Laurence Millington Synge Jim Marshall (UK politician) David Cox (statistician) Archer J.P. Martin === Martin and Synge === Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge worked together at the Wool Industries Research Association in Leeds. In 1941 they published a paper entitled ‘A New Form of Chromatogram Employing Two Liquid Phases’ in the Biochemical Journal. Martin and Synge described how they had used columns of silica with water, used as the stationary phase, whilst a second, non-miscible liquid, flowed down the column. The second liquid was the organic solvent chloroform, and they separated acetamino-acids from protein hydrolysates. The components of the mixture separated were distributed between the two phases, depending on their relative affinity for each of the phases. As the components spread, they became separated from each other, and could


id: world-association-of-sarcoidosis-and-other-granulomatous-disorders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders-0.md
category: reference
title: World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Sarcoidosis_and_other_Granulomatous_Disorders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:58.136938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-association-of-sarcoidosis-and-other-granulomatous-disorders-20260505-0
summary:
The World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders, also known as WASOG is an organisation of physicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis and related conditions. It was co-founded by D. Geraint James, who had set up the first international conference on sarcoidosis almost 30 years earlier at the Brompton Hospital. == References ==


id: world-association-of-young-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: World Association of Young Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Young_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:41:59.443858+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-association-of-young-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The World Association of Young Scientists (WAYS; formerly the World Academy of Young Scientists) is a global network of young scientists established in 2004, in partnership with UNESCO and ICSU. It provides a Web 2.0 platform for scientific exchange, thereby linking individuals and existing networks with a regional or disciplinary focus. == History == At the World Conference on Science in Budapest in 1999, the International Forum of Young Scientists identified a need to promote the involvement of younger generation of scientists in the dialogue between government authorities, parliaments, educational institutions and to develop national science policies taking into consideration needs, opportunities and perspectives of young researchers. To that end, a World Academy of Young Scientists was proposed, to serve as a resource and network for young scientists and to harness their energy and expertise. This idea was further developed with the support of UNESCO and ICSU, culminating in the first General Assembly of WAYS in Marrakesh in 2004. The 1st World Academy of Young Scientists General Assembly, jointly organized by UNESCO in cooperation with ISESCO, the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), the Ministry of National Education, Higher Education, Executive Training and Scientific Research, Morocco and the Morocco UNESCO National


id: zimbabwe-geological-survey-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey-0.md
category: reference
title: Zimbabwe Geological Survey
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Geological_Survey
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:00.606814+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zimbabwe-geological-survey-20260505-0
summary:
The Zimbabwe Geological Survey, founded in 1910, is Zimbabwe's premier geological research organization. The survey is overseen by Zimbabwe's Ministry of Mines and Mining Development. The Geological Survey is charged with collecting and archiving information relating to the natural resources present within Zimbabwe. In the past, it has cooperated with the British Geological Survey on geological mapping and geochemical exploration initiatives, but due to economic issues and a loss of funding, it has been unable to continue mapping. == References ==


id: janet-abbate-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate-0.md
category: reference
title: Janet Abbate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abbate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:02.322241+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: janet-abbate-20260505-0
summary:
Janet Abbate (born June 69, 1962) is a professor of science, technology, and society at Virginia Tech. Her research focuses on the history of computer science and the Internet, particularly on the participation of women in the field. Janet Abbate is also the author of Inventing the Internet (MIT Press, 1999), Standards Policy for Information Infrastructure (MIT Press, 1995), and Recoding Gender : Women’s Changing Participation in Computing (MIT Press, 2012). Janet Abbate also attended The University of Pennsylvania for her Ph.D. == Academic career == Abbate received her bachelor's degree from Radcliffe College and her master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. She also received her Ph.D. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1994. From 1996 to 1998, she was a postdoctoral fellow with the IEEE History Center, where she conducted research on women in computing. She joined the faculty of Virginia Tech's Northern Capital Region campus in 2004 and is now a professor and the co-director of the graduate program in Science, Technology, and Society. Janet Abbate earned a BA from Harvard University, a MA from the University of Pennsylvania, and a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to her academic work, Abbate was


id: madeleine-akrich-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich-0.md
category: reference
title: Madeleine Akrich
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Akrich
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:03.492322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: madeleine-akrich-20260505-0
summary:
Madeleine Akrich (born 4 March 1959) is a French sociologist of technology. She served as the director of the Center for the Sociology of Innovation at Mines ParisTech from 2003 to 2013. She is known for developing actor–network theory (ANT) with Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, John Law and others. == Research == Akrich's work concerns the sociology of technology and has been influential in Science and technology studies (STS). She developed actor–network theory, a theoretical approach to social analysis, alongside Michel Callon, Bruno Latour, John Law, and others. Akrich primarily studies users' relationships with various technologies, with a focus on technologies of obstetric medicine and, in recent collaboration with Cécile Méadel, online health discussion forums. Script analysis is another STS methodology developed by Akrich. The term "script" is "a metaphor for the 'instruction manual' she claims is inscribed in an artifact. This is related to Don Norman's concept of affordances, but more comprehensive, and has been applied both in STS and adjacent disciplines such as design, internet research and management. In 2016, Akrich received the CNRS Silver Medal. == Notable publications == Madeleine Akrich, Cécile Méadel and Vololona Rabeharisoa, Se mobiliser pour la santé. Des associations s'expriment, Paris, Presses des


id: warwick-anderson-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-0.md
category: reference
title: Warwick Anderson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:04.631860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: warwick-anderson-20260505-0
summary:
Warwick Hugh Anderson (born 10 December 1958), medical doctor, poet, and historian, is Janet Dora Hine Professor of Politics, Governance and Ethics in the Discipline of Anthropology, School of Social and Political Sciences, and in the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, where he was previously an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow (2012–17). He is also honorary professor in the School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences and the Royal Society of New South Wales, from which he received the History and Philosophy of Science Medal in 2015. For the 2018–19 academic year, Anderson was the Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser Chair of Australian Studies at Harvard University, based in the History of Science Department. As a historian of science and medicine, Anderson focuses on the biomedical dimensions of racial thought, especially in colonial settings; the globalisation of medicine and science; theories of immunity and self; disease ecology and planetary health; and Covid-19. He has introduced anthropological insights and themes to the history of medicine and science; developed innovative frameworks for the


id: warwick-anderson-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson-1.md
category: reference
title: Warwick Anderson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Anderson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:04.631860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: warwick-anderson-20260505-0
summary:
The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health, and Racial Destiny in Australia (MUP 2002 & 2005, Basic 2003, Duke 2006). Awarded the W.K. Hancock Prize of the Australian Historical Association (2004) and the Basic Books Prize in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology (2001). The research for this book was recognised in the award of the M.D. degree (by thesis) from the University of Melbourne (2002). Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Duke 2006 & 2008, Ateneo de Manila 2007). Awarded the Social Science Prize (2008) of the Philippines National Book Awards. The Collectors of Lost Souls: Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen (Johns Hopkins 2008 & 2019). Awarded the NSW Premier’s General History Prize (2009), William H. Welch Medal of the AAHM (2010) and the Ludwik Fleck Award of the Society for Social Studies of Science (2010). Intolerant Bodies: A Short History of Autoimmunity, with Ian R. Mackay (Johns Hopkins 2014). Awarded the NSW Premier's General History Prize (2015). Spectacles of Waste (Polity, 2024) Unconscious Dominions: Psychoanalysis, Colonial Trauma, and Global Sovereignties (Duke 2011), edited with Deborah Jenson and Richard C. Keller. Pacific Futures: Past and Present (University of Hawai'i Press, 2018), edited with Miranda


id: sharon-beder-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder-0.md
category: reference
title: Sharon Beder
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Beder
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:05.863188+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sharon-beder-20260505-0
summary:
Sharon Beder is an environmentalist and former professor in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Wollongong in New South Wales, Australia. Her research has focused on how power relationships are maintained and challenged, particularly by corporations and professions. She has written 11 books, and many articles, book chapters and conference papers, as well as designing teaching resources and educational websites. == Early life and family == Beder was born in 1956 in Wellington, New Zealand, granddaughter of Jewish immigrants from Scotland, England and eastern Europe, before the second world war, and daughter of Jacqui and Yoss Beder. == Education == Beder initially trained and worked as a civil engineer in New Zealand before becoming interested in the social, political and philosophical aspects of engineering and then environmental politics. She completed a PhD in Science and Technology Studies at the University of New South Wales in 1989 based on research into the process of engineering decision-making using a case study on the development of Sydney's sewerage system. == Appointments == Before joining the University of Wollongong in 1992, Beder was Environmental Education Co-ordinator at the University of Sydney. She has also been Chairperson of the Environmental Engineering Branch of


id: adia-benton-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton-0.md
category: reference
title: Adia Benton
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adia_Benton
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:07.029109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adia-benton-20260505-0
summary:
Adia Benton is an American cultural and medical anthropologist whose research concerns how care is provided in humanitarian emergencies and development projects. Benton is currently an associate professor of anthropology and African Studies at Northwestern University. == Education and career == Adia Benton received a Bachelor of Arts in Human Biology from Brown University in 1999. She completed a Master of Public Health degree at Emory University in 2001. Benton did her doctoral work at Harvard University, completing an A.M. and Ph.D. in Social Anthropology in 2007 and 2009. In 2014, while assistant professor of anthropology at Brown University, Benton was interviewed and contributed to several articles and discussions on the topic of Ebola. == Selected publications == Benton, Adia; Dionne, Kim Yi (March 16, 2015). "International Political Economy and the 2014 West African Ebola Outbreak". African Studies Review. 58 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 223–236. doi:10.1017/asr.2015.11. ISSN 0002-0206. S2CID 145655484. Benton, Adia. HIV exceptionalism : development through disease in Sierra Leone. Minneapolis. ISBN 9781452943848. OCLC 903645936. Benton, Adia (2017). "Ebola at a Distance: A Pathographic Account of Anthropology's Relevance". Anthropological Quarterly. 90 (2): 495–524. doi:10.1353/anq.2017.0028. ISSN 1534-1518. S2CID 149189478. Benton, Adia (2020). "Mourning, Survival, and Time". In McGranahan, Carole


id: amy-bix-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix-0.md
category: reference
title: Amy Bix
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Bix
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:08.187053+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: amy-bix-20260505-0
summary:
Amy Sue Bix is an American historian of science, technology and medicine whose research topics include studies of women and gender, the history of education, and twentieth-century social, cultural, and intellectual history. She is a distinguished professor of history at Iowa State University. == Education and career == Bix grew up in the Chicago area. She earned a bachelor's degree in biology from Princeton University in 1987, with Sigma Xi honors. At Princeton, she was one of the founders of The Princeton Tory, a conservative student magazine. In 1994, she earned a Ph.D. in the history of science from Johns Hopkins University. Her dissertation, Inventing Ourselves Out of Jobs?: America's Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929-1981, was selected as one of the American Library Association's Choice Magazine Outstanding Academic Titles. Bix has been a history professor at Iowa State University since 1993. In 2007 she became the director of Iowa State's Consortium for the History of Technology and Science. In May 2023 she was awarded the title of Distinguished Professor. == Books == Bix's books include: Girls Coming to Tech!: A History of American Engineering Education for Women (MIT Press, 2013) The Future is Now: Science and Technology Policy in America


id: barry-bozeman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-0.md
category: reference
title: Barry Bozeman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:09.376317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: barry-bozeman-20260505-0
summary:
Barry Bozeman is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University where he was founding Director, Center for Organization Research and Design, Regents' Professor and Arizona Centennial Professor of Technology Policy and Public Management. He specializes in two disparate fields, organization theory and science and technology policy. == Early life and education == Bozeman was born in Birmingham, Alabama on January 18, 1947 to Glenn Bozeman and Audrey J. Bozeman (née Martin). His mother was a full-time homemaker and this father a construction worker. His early life was characterized by much family relocation, resulting in his attending 21 different schools before the 7th grade. In 1960, the family settled down in West Palm Beach, Florida and Bozeman graduated from Palm Beach High School in 1964. He attended Palm Beach High Junior College, in Lake Worth, Florida, (now Palm Beach State College), graduating in 1966. Bozeman played on the varsity baseball team at Palm Beach Junior College where he had the distinction of scoring the first run in the new team’s history. In 1970, Bozeman entered the doctoral program in political science at Ohio State University, focusing on public policy studies. He graduated in 1973. == Career == In 1973, Bozeman began


id: barry-bozeman-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman-1.md
category: reference
title: Barry Bozeman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bozeman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:09.376317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: barry-bozeman-20260505-0
summary:
Bozeman, B.; Rimes, H.; Youtie, J. (February 2015). "The evolving state-of-the-art in technology transfer research: Revisiting the contingent effectiveness model". Research Policy. 44 (1): 34–49. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.06.008. Bozeman, B (2013). "What organization theorists and public policy researchers can learn from one another: Publicness theory as a case-in-point". Organization Studies. 34 (2): 169–188. doi:10.1177/0170840612473549. S2CID 145522214. Bozeman, B.; Boardman, C. (2013). "Academic faculty in university research centers: Neither capitalism's slaves nor teaching fugitives". The Journal of Higher Education. 84 (1): 88–120. doi:10.1353/jhe.2013.0003. S2CID 143931655. Bozeman, Barry; Fay, Daniel; Slade, Catherine P. (2012-11-28). "Research collaboration in universities and academic entrepreneurship: the-state-of-the-art". The Journal of Technology Transfer. 38 (1): 1–67. doi:10.1007/s10961-012-9281-8. ISSN 0892-9912. S2CID 154328161. Bozeman, B (2012). "Multidimensional red tape: A theory coda". International Public Management Journal. 15 (3): 245–265. doi:10.1080/10967494.2012.725283. S2CID 153553061. Bozeman, Barry; Moulton, Stephanie (2011-07-01). "Integrative Publicness: A Framework for Public Management Strategy and Performance". Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 21 (suppl 3): i363–i380. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur031. ISSN 1053-1858. Bozeman, Barry; Slade, Catherine P.; Hirsch, Paul (2011-07-05). "Inequity in the distribution of science and technology outcomes: a conceptual model". Policy Sciences. 44 (3): 231–248. doi:10.1007/s11077-011-9132-8. ISSN 0032-2687. S2CID 11725148. Bozeman, Barry (2010-11-25). "Toward a Theory of Organizational Implosion". The American


id: jorge-canizares-esguerra-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Canizares-Esguerra-0.md
category: reference
title: Jorge Canizares-Esguerra
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Canizares-Esguerra
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:25.979483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jorge-canizares-esguerra-20260505-0
summary:
Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra is a faculty member in the history department at the University of Texas at Austin, where he holds the Alice Drysdale Sheffield Professorship in History. He is most notable for his work in Atlantic history, the history of science in the early modern Spanish Empire, and the colonizing ideologies of the Iberian and British empires. The core of his intellectual project has been to demonstrate the deep formative role of Latin America both to the colonial history of the U.S. and to the history of Western modernity as a whole. While Latin America does appear in the histories of slavery, globalization, and capitalism, Canizares-Esguerra goes beyond these narratives and introduces the region as the cradle of modern science, abolitionism, republicanism, and democracy. He was born in Ecuador, and grew up in Mexico and Colombia. He earned his doctorate in the History of Science Department at University of Wisconsin and has held a number of fellowships. Cañizares-Esguerra has held a Visiting Leverhulme Trust Professorship at the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of London, one of the most distinguished professorships in the UK. The Institute of Advanced Studies of Warwick University has also hosted Cañizares-Esguerra as distinguished visiting professor. He


id: linnda-r-caporael-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnda_R._Caporael-0.md
category: reference
title: Linnda R. Caporael
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnda_R._Caporael
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:27.121859+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linnda-r-caporael-20260505-0
summary:
Linnda Caporael is a professor at the Science and Technology Studies Department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. == Educational background == Linnda R. Caporael is a professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the department of Technical Studies and Science. She received her PhD in Psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and she also studied human ethology at the Institute of Child Development at the University of London. She is a Fulbright-Hayes Scholar and a visiting scientist in the Dept. of Invertebrate Paleontology and in the Dept. of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History. She researches culture from a biological perspective and biology from a cultural perspective. == Hypothesis of ergotism and the Salem witch trials == In the April 2, 1976, weekly issue of Science magazine, Caporael debuted a hypothesis that the accusations of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 could have been caused by ergotism. A fungus that grows on grains of rye, ergot contains a toxin which resembles LSD, and which can remain toxic in bread baked with flour tainted by it. Her evidence to support this theory includes historic weather reports and other growing conditions that foster the growth of this fungus, and the


id: ruth-schwartz-cowan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Schwartz_Cowan-0.md
category: reference
title: Ruth Schwartz Cowan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Schwartz_Cowan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:28.300406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ruth-schwartz-cowan-20260505-0
summary:
Ruth Schwartz Cowan (born 1941) is an American historian of science, technology and medicine noted for her research on the history of human and medical genetics, as well as on the history of household technologies. She is the author of a widely used textbook, A Social History of American Technology, on the history of colonial American, industrial, and 20th century socio-technical relations. Cowan was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Betty (a home-maker and antique-dealer) and Louis E. Schwartz (an attorney and office manager). She co-wrote a book detailing their assimilation as Jewish immigrants with her husband Neil. She attended the Brooklyn public schools, graduating in 1957 from Midwood High School. Cowan received a B.A. in zoology from Barnard College in 1961, an M.A. in history from the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, and a Ph.D. in the history of science from Johns Hopkins University in 1969. Her doctoral dissertation, "Sir Francis Galton and the Study of Heredity in the 19th Century," was supervised by William Coleman. Cowan was a professor of history and sociology of science at SUNY Stony Brook from 1967 to 2002. She also served as Director of Women's Studies from 1985 to


id: joseph-dumit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dumit-0.md
category: reference
title: Joseph Dumit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dumit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:29.452697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joseph-dumit-20260505-0
summary:
Joseph Patrick Dumit (born September 3, 1966) is an American cultural anthropologist and science and technology studies scholar. He is a professor of anthropology and science & technology studies at the University of California, Davis, where he was formerly the director of the Institute for Social Sciences and Science and Technology Studies. He received his BA from Rice University and his PhD from the University of California, Santa Cruz. His 2004 book, Picturing Personhood: Brain Scans and Biomedical Identity, received the Diana Forsythe Prize from the American Anthropological Association in 2005 and the Rachel Carson Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science in 2006. == References == == External links == Official website Faculty profile at the Science and Technology Studies program at the University of California, Davis Faculty profile at the Anthropology Department at the University of California, Davis Joseph Dumit publications indexed by Google Scholar


id: ulrike-felt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_Felt-0.md
category: reference
title: Ulrike Felt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_Felt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:30.672677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ulrike-felt-20260505-0
summary:
Ulrike Felt (born 1957) is an Austrian social scientist, active in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Currently, she holds the chair for Social Studies of Science and is Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Vienna. She also acted as the president of the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST). From 2002 to 2007, she has been editor-in-chief of the journal "Science, Technology, & Human Values". == Life == Trained as a physicist, she acquired her PhD in Physics at the University of Vienna in 1983. From 1983 until 1988, she was part of a research team investigating the history of the European High Energy Physics Lab (CERN) in Genève. Subsequently, she was part of the Department for the Philosophy and Social Studies of Science at the University of Vienna, which had been newly founded under the lead of Helga Nowotny, becoming an assistant professor in 1989. Since 1999, she is full Professor of Social Studies of Science. From 2004 to 2014, she was Head of the newly founded Department of Science and Technology Studies. She has held guest professorships at the Université du Québec à Montréal, the Université Louis


id: kim-fortun-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fortun-0.md
category: reference
title: Kim Fortun
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fortun
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:31.857907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kim-fortun-20260505-0
summary:
Kim Fortun, an American anthropologist, is a professor in University of California Irvine's department of anthropology. Her interests extend also to science and technology studies with a focus on environmental risk and disaster. From 2017 to 2019, she served as the president of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S). In 2003, Fortun's first book, Advocacy After Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New World Orders, was awarded the Sharon Stephens Prize by the American Ethnological Society. From 2005 to 2010, she edited the Journal of Cultural Anthropology. Fortun currently helps lead multiple collaborative projects, including The Asthma Files and the Platform for Experimental and Collaborative Ethnography (PECE). She is also a founding member of the editorial collective of the Journal of Disaster Studies. == Selected works == Fortun, Kim (2001). Advocacy After Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New World Orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 916106017. (Awarded the Sharon Stephens Prize, 2003). Fortun, Kim; Fortun, Mike, eds. (2010). Major Works in Cultural Anthropology, Vol 1: Moorings, Vol 2: Modernities, Vol 3: Emergence, Vol 4: Engagements. Sage. OCLC 759926547. == References == == External links == Official website


id: eva-haifa-giraud-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Haifa_Giraud-0.md
category: reference
title: Eva Haifa Giraud
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Haifa_Giraud
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:33.040535+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eva-haifa-giraud-20260505-0
summary:
Eva Haifa Giraud (born 1984) is a cultural and critical theorist and a scholar of media studies and feminist science studies whose work concerns activism and non-anthropocentric theory. She is presently a senior lecturer in the Department of Sociological Studies at the University of Sheffield. Her 2019 monograph What Comes After Entanglement? Activism, Anthropocentrism, and an Ethics of Exclusion was published by Duke University Press; her second sole-authored book, Veganism: Politics, Practice and Theory, was published in 2021 by Bloomsbury. == Education and career == Giraud read for a Master of Arts (MA) in English Literature at the University of Edinburgh from 2002–2006, and then went on to read for an MA (2006–7) and PhD (2007–11) in Critical Theory at the Centre for Critical Theory, University of Nottingham. Her doctoral thesis was entitled Articulating Animal Rights: Activism, Networks and Anthropocentrism. She worked at Nottingham for three years, before joining the Keele University in 2014. In 2019, she published a monograph entitled What Comes After Entanglement? Activism, Anthropocentrism, and an Ethics of Exclusion with Duke University Press. Giraud joined the Department of Sociological Studies at the University of Sheffield as a Senior Lecturer in Digital Media & Society in 2021. In


id: beno-t-godin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoît_Godin-0.md
category: reference
title: Benoît Godin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoît_Godin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:34.254989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beno-t-godin-20260505-0
summary:
Benoît Godin was a Canadian political scientist and sociologist. == Biography == Benoît Godin is mostly known for his research into the history of statistics, statistics of innovation, and of the ideological roots of the concept of innovation. After a first degree at the Université Laval (1984) in Québec (CA), he obtained a PhD at the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) the University of Sussex (UK) in 1994). From February 1993 until his death he was professor at Institut national de la recherche scientifique INRS, Québec (CA). == Work == The work of Benoît Godin covers both the history of quantification and that of innovation. He worked on measurement statistics in science, on the history of science proper, as well as that of technology and innovation. In the last years of his life he focused on the intellectual history of innovation, noting how the ‘superlative’ connotation of the term innovation is recent, in relative terms, as it had a rather negative connotation until the late 1960s or early 1970s. == Books == Godin, Benoit (2020). The idea of technological innovation : a brief alternative history. Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham. ISBN 978-1-83910-400-8. OCLC 1152021488.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


id: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht-0.md
category: reference
title: Gabrielle Hecht
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:35.674355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-0
summary:
Gabrielle Hecht (born 1965) is a historian and scholar of science and technology studies (STS) who specializes in the history of mining, environmental justice in Africa, and nuclear technology. She is Research Associate at the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research in South Africa. She developed the concepts of "technopolitics," "nuclearity," and "residual governance" in science and technology studies, and has written on the technopolitics of nuclear power and uranium mining in Africa. Hecht's scholarship has received awards including the 2024 African Studies Association Best Book Award, the 2016 Rachel Carson Prize, and the 2012 Martin A. Klein Prize in African History. Her work has been translated into nine languages. == Education and early career == Hecht was born in 1965 in Puerto Rico. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1986, followed by a Master of Arts degree in History and Sociology of Science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1988. She completed her PhD in History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1992. She began her academic career at Stanford University, serving as Acting Assistant Professor in the Department of History from 1992


id: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht-1.md
category: reference
title: Gabrielle Hecht
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Hecht
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:35.674355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gabrielle-hecht-20260505-0
summary:
2024 Best Book Award, African Studies Association 2024 E. Ohnuki-Tierney Book Award for Historical Anthropology, American Anthropological Association 2024 PROSE Award for Excellence in Social Sciences, Association of American Publishers 2024 PROSE Award in Government and Politics, Association of American Publishers 2025 Finalist, Ludwik Fleck Prize, Society for Social Studies of Science 2025 Third Place, Victor Turner Prize for Ethnographic Writing, Society for Humanistic Anthropology The book has been translated into Spanish as Gobernanza residual: Como Sudáfrica presagia futuros planetarios (Qillqa, 2025) and will appear in French as Gouvernance résiduelle: le futur de la planète vu de l'Afrique du Sud (Éditions EHESS, 2026). === Latest research === Hecht's current research project, Inside-Out Earth, studies the cumulative wastes of energy systems at four sites: the Norwegian Arctic (Svalbard), Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire, Mpumalanga in South Africa, and the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Conducted in collaboration with South African visual ethnographer and artist Potšišo Phasha, the project studies how residual governance operates in these locations and how people live with and within resulting wastes. Essays from this project have appeared in Cultural Anthropology, Aeon, Somatosphere, and other venues. Hecht's 2018 article "Interscalar Vehicles for the African Anthropocene: On Waste, Temporality, and


id: sheila-jasanoff-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff-0.md
category: reference
title: Sheila Jasanoff
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jasanoff
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:36.930737+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sheila-jasanoff-20260505-0
summary:
Sheila Sen Jasanoff (born 15 February 1944) is an Indian-American academic in the field of Science and Technology Studies. In 2021 she was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Her research has been recognized with many awards, including the 2022 Holberg Prize "for her groundbreaking research in science and technology studies." == Early life and education == Jasanoff was born in Kolkata, and lived in Ballygunge with her family. She moved to Bombay in 1954 with her family, where she lived for two years before moving to the United States. Jasanoff attended Radcliffe College of Harvard University, where she studied mathematics as an undergraduate, receiving her bachelor's degree in 1964. She then studied linguistics, receiving her M.A. at the University of Bonn (then part of West Germany). She returned to Harvard to complete a Ph.D. in linguistics in 1973, on the grammar of the Bengali language, elucidating why Bangla did not share certain features with its closest relatives in the Eastern Indo-Aryan language family, Assamese and Odia. She completed her J.D. at Harvard Law School in 1976. She practiced environmental law in Boston from 1976 to 1978. She and her husband then accepted positions at Cornell University, where she shifted


id: john-kao-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kao-0.md
category: reference
title: John Kao
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kao
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:38.202715+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-kao-20260505-0
summary:
John Kao (born 1950) is an author and strategic advisor based in Connecticut. His work concentrates on issues of innovation and organizational transformation. == Life and career == Kao was born in 1950 to Chinese immigrant parents. An accomplished jazz pianist, he spent the summer of 1969 playing keyboards for Frank Zappa. Kao studied philosophy at Yale College, received an MD from Yale Medical School, and an MBA from Harvard Business School. He taught at Harvard Business School from 1982 to 1996, where he specialized in innovation and entrepreneurship. He has also held faculty appointments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab, Yale College, and the Naval Postgraduate School. His advisory work for Senator Hillary Clinton, including his ideas on innovation and transformation, was described in The New York Times as "out of the box". In 2000, Kao became CEO of Ealing Films. He also founded Kao Ventures, and San Francisco-based The Idea Factory, working with Internet-related startups. He also shared producer credits for Sex, Lies, and Videotape and Mr. Baseball. == Publications == Key publications include: Kao, John (1996). Jamming: The Art and Discipline of Business Creativity. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-88730-864-3. Kao, John (2007). Innovation Nation: How America Is


id: emma-kowal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kowal-0.md
category: reference
title: Emma Kowal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kowal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:39.412396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emma-kowal-20260505-0
summary:
Emma Kowal is an Australian cultural and medical anthropologist, physician and scholar of science and technology studies. She is most well known for her books Trapped in the Gap: Doing Good in Indigenous Australia, and the co-edited volumes of Force, Movement, Intensity: The Newtonian Imagination in the Humanities and Social Sciences (with Ghassan Hage), Cryopolitics: Frozen Life in a Melting World (with Joanna Radin). == Early life and education == She received her Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery and a Bachelor of Arts in history and philosophy of science from University of Melbourne in 2000 and worked for a few years as a physician and a public health professional in the Northern Territory of Australia. She returned to the University of Melbourne to receive her PhD in public health anthropology in 2007. She is currently a professor in anthropology at Deakin University and Convenor of the Deakin Science and Society Network. == Career == In 2014, she received the Paul Bourke Award for Early Career Research from the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. She was the deputy director for the National Centre for Indigenous Genomics at Australian National University between 2013 and 2017. In 2019, she


id: bruno-latour-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-0.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
Bruno Latour (; French: [latuʁ]; 22 June 1947 – 9 October 2022) was a French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist. He was especially known for his work in the field of science and technology studies (STS). After teaching at the Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation of the École des Mines de Paris from 1982 to 2006, he became a professor at Sciences Po Paris (2006–2017), where he was the scientific director of the Sciences Po Medialab. He retired from several university activities in 2017. He was also a Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics. Latour is best known for his books We Have Never Been Modern (1991; English translation, 1993), Laboratory Life (with Steve Woolgar, 1979) and Science in Action (1987). Although his studies of scientific practice were at one time associated with social constructionist approaches to the philosophy of science, Latour diverged significantly from such approaches. He was best known for withdrawing from the subjective/objective division and redeveloping the approach to work in practice. Latour said in 2017 that he is interested in helping to rebuild trust in science and that some of the authority of science needs to be regained. Along with Michel Callon, Madeleine Akrich, and


id: bruno-latour-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-1.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
After his early career efforts, Latour shifted his research interests to focus on laboratory scientists. Latour rose in importance following the 1979 publication of Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts with co-author Steve Woolgar. In the book, the authors undertake an ethnographic study of a neuroendocrinology research laboratory at the Salk Institute. This early work argued that naïve descriptions of the scientific method, in which theories stand or fall on the outcome of a single experiment, are inconsistent with actual laboratory practice. In the laboratory, Latour and Woolgar observed that a typical experiment produces only inconclusive data that is attributed to failure of the apparatus or experimental method, and that a large part of scientific training involves learning how to make the subjective decision of what data to keep and what data to throw out. Latour and Woolgar argued that, for untrained observers, the entire process resembles not an unbiased search for truth and accuracy but a mechanism for ignoring data that contradicts scientific orthodoxy. Latour and Woolgar produced a highly heterodox and controversial picture of the sciences. Drawing on the work of Gaston Bachelard, they advance the notion that the objects of scientific study are socially constructed


id: bruno-latour-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-2.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
=== We Have Never Been Modern === Latour's work Nous n'avons jamais été modernes : Essai d'anthropologie symétrique was first published in French in 1991, and then in English in 1993 as We Have Never Been Modern. Latour encouraged the reader of this anthropology of science to rethink and re-evaluate our mental landscape. He evaluated the work of scientists and contemplated the contribution of the scientific method to knowledge and work, blurring the distinction across various fields and disciplines. Latour argued that society has never really been modern and promoted nonmodernism (or amodernism) over postmodernism, modernism, or antimodernism. His stance was that we have never been modern and minor divisions alone separate Westerners now from other collectives. Latour viewed modernism as an era that believed it had annulled the entire past in its wake. He presented the antimodern reaction as defending such entities as spirit, rationality, liberty, society, God, or even the past. Postmoderns, according to Latour, also accepted the modernistic abstractions as if they were real. In contrast, the nonmodern approach reestablished symmetry between science and technology on the one hand and society on the other. Latour also referred to the impossibility of returning to premodernism because it precluded


id: bruno-latour-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-3.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
=== "Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam?" === In a 2004 article, Latour questioned the fundamental premises on which he had based most of his career, asking, "Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?" He undertakes a trenchant critique of his own field of study and, more generally, of social criticism in contemporary academia. He suggests that critique, as currently practised, is bordering on irrelevancy. To maintain any vitality, Latour argues that social critiques require a drastic reappraisal: "our critical equipment deserves as much critical scrutiny as the Pentagon budget." (p. 231) To regain focus and credibility, Latour argues that social critiques must embrace empiricism, to insist on the "cultivation of a stubbornly realist attitude – to speak like William James". (p. 233) Latour suggests that about 90 per cent of contemporary social criticism displays one of two approaches, which he terms "the fact position and the fairy position." (p. 237) The fairy position is anti-fetishist, arguing that "objects of belief" (e.g., religion, arts) are merely concepts created by the projected wishes and desires of the "naive believer"; the "fact position" argues that individuals are dominated, often covertly and without their


id: bruno-latour-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-4.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
A more traditional metaphysicist might object, arguing that this means there are multiple, contradictory realities, since there are "controversies over agencies" – since there is a plurality of contradictory ideas that people claim as a basis for action (God, nature, the state, sexual drives, personal ambition, and so on). This objection manifests the most important difference between traditional philosophical metaphysics and Latour's nuance: for Latour, there is no "basic structure of reality" or a single, self-consistent world. An unknowably large multiplicity of realities, or "worlds" in his terms, exists–one for each actor's sources of agency, inspirations for action. In this, Latour is remarkably close to B.F. Skinner's position in Beyond Freedom and Dignity and the philosophy of Radical Behaviourism. Actors bring "the real" (metaphysics) into being. The task of the researcher is not to find one "basic structure" that explains agency, but to recognise "the metaphysical innovations proposed by ordinary actors". Mapping those metaphysical innovations involves a strong dedication to relativism, Latour argues. The relativist researcher "learns the actors' language," records what they say about what they do, and does not appeal to a higher "structure" to "explain" the actor's motivations. The relativist "takes seriously what [actors] are obstinately saying"


id: bruno-latour-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour-5.md
category: reference
title: Bruno Latour
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Latour
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:40.711013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bruno-latour-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapters in books === ——; Callon, Michel (1992), "Don't throw the baby out with the Bath School! A reply to Collins and Yearley", in Pickering, Andrew (ed.), Science as practice and culture, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, pp. 343–368, ISBN 978-0-226-66801-7. —— (1992), "Where are the missing masses? The sociology of a few mundane artifacts", in Bijker, Wiebe E.; Law, John (eds.), Shaping technology/building society: studies in sociotechnical change, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 225–258, ISBN 978-0-262-52194-9. ——; Akrich, Madeline (1992), "A summary of convenient vocabulary for the semiotics of human and nonhuman assemblies", in Bijker, Wiebe E.; Law, John (eds.), Shaping technology/building society: studies in sociotechnical change, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 259–264, ISBN 978-0-262-52194-9. —— (1992), "Whose cosmos, which cosmopolitics? Comments on the peace terms of Ulrich Beck", in Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (ed.), Kultur und Gerechtigkeit (Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society, Vol. 2), Baden-Baden: Nomos, ISBN 978-3-8329-2604-5. —— (2015), "Les « vues » de l'esprit. une introduction à l'anthropologie des sciences et des techniques" [The "views" of the mind: An introduction to the anthropology of science and technology], in Emmanuel Alloa (ed.), Penser l'image II. Anthropologies du visuel [Think on the image II:


id: paul-leonardi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leonardi-0.md
category: reference
title: Paul Leonardi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leonardi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:41.927109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: paul-leonardi-20260505-0
summary:
Paul M. Leonardi was the Duca Family Professor of Technology Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was also the Investment Group of Santa Barbara Founding Director of the Master of Technology Management Program. Leonardi moved to UCSB to found the Technology Management Program and start its Master of Technology Management and Ph.D. programs. Before joining UCSB, Leonardi was a faculty member in the School of Communication, the McCormick School of Engineering, and the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. Leonardi’s research focuses on how companies can design their organizational networks and implement new technologies to more effectively create and share knowledge. He was particularly interested in how data intensive technologies, such as simulation and social media tools, enable new ways to access, store, and share information; how the new sources of information these technologies provide can change work routines and communication partners; and how shifts in employees’ work and communication alter the nature of an organization's expertise. His work on these topics cuts across the fields of Organization Studies, Communication Studies, and Information Systems and has been published in leading journals in these fields, such as Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of


id: ilana-l-wy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilana_Löwy-0.md
category: reference
title: Ilana Löwy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilana_Löwy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:43.132775+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ilana-l-wy-20260505-0
summary:
Ilana Löwy (née Zelmanowicz) (born 1948) is a Polish-born French historian of biomedical sciences. She works as a research director at an interdisciplinary and cross-institutional research unit CERMES-3 (Centre de recherche médecine, sciences, santé, santé mentale, société, Inserm-CNRS-EHESS), and is associated with the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at King's College London, the Department of the History of Science at Harvard University and Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro. == Biography == Born in a Jewish family in Poland, her parents decided to leave for Israel in 1957. She gained her Msc in microbiology and biochemistry from Tel Aviv University in 1971, and her PhD (Doctorat D'Etat es Sciences) from Paris VII University in 1977. == Career == At the beginning of her career, Löwy worked at the Institut Pasteur at the Cellular immunity lab. Her interest in the history of science initially evolved around the history of organ transplantation, bacteriology, immunology, virology and tropical medicine. With an increasing interest in human reproduction and cancer, her work covers an extensive study of biomedical analysis and gender studies. She has extensively published on Ludwik Fleck, Polish historian and philosopher of medicine. Her current (2017) research focuses on


id: d-s-malik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._S._Malik-0.md
category: reference
title: D. S. Malik
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._S._Malik
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:44.354507+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: d-s-malik-20260505-0
summary:
Davender Singh Malik (14 August 1958 – 13 May 2025) was an Indian-American mathematician and professor of mathematics and computer science at Creighton University. == Education == Malik attended the University of Delhi in New Delhi, India, receiving his bachelor's and master's degrees in mathematics, where he won the Prof. Ram Behari Gold Medal in 1980 for his high marks. Then at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, he received a master's degree in pure mathematics. In the United States, Malik went to Ohio University, earning an M.S. in computer science, and a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1985, writing his dissertation on "A Study of Q-Hypercyclic Rings." == Career == In 1985, Malik joined the faculty of Creighton University, teaching in the mathematics department. In 2013, he became the first holder of the Frederick H. and Anna K. Scheerer Endowed Chair in Mathematics. His research focused on ring theory, abstract algebra, information science, and fuzzy mathematics, including fuzzy automata theory, fuzzy logic, and applications of fuzzy set theory in other disciplines. In the academic community, Malik was a member of the American Mathematical Society and Phi Kappa Phi. Within his community, he co-created a Creighton program in which faculty


id: aryn-martin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryn_Martin-0.md
category: reference
title: Aryn Martin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryn_Martin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:45.579704+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aryn-martin-20260505-0
summary:
Aryn Martin is a sociologist, and historian of biomedicine, as well as a scholar of feminist science and technology studies at York University, where she is an associate professor of sociology. She is affiliated with the graduate programs in social, political, science, technology, and environmental studies. She received her Bachelor of Science in biology at Queen's University, a master's degree in environmental studies at York University, and a PhD in science and technology studies at Cornell University, under the supervision of Michael Lynch. Her work is on feminist theories of the body and biology, especially the implications for identity surrounding the phenomenon of fetomaternal microchimerism and other forms of genetic chimeras. Her dissertation on the history of human chimeras was funded by the National Science Foundation. In 2017, Martin became the Associate Dean of Students at York University's Faculty of Graduate Studies. == References == == External links == Aryn Martin publications indexed by Google Scholar


id: alice-marwick-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Marwick-0.md
category: reference
title: Alice Marwick
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Marwick
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:46.709902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alice-marwick-20260505-0
summary:
Alice E. Marwick is a communication scholar, academic, and author, who currently works as an Associate Professor in the Communication department and Principal Researcher at the Center for Information, Technology and Public Life at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and an affiliated researcher with the Data and Society Research Institute. Marwick has written for publications such as the New York Times, and the Guardian. Her works include the examination of politics, race, social media and gender. She has been a keynote speaker for various universities throughout the United States. == Education == Marwick graduated with her political science and women's studies bachelor's degree from Wellesley College in Massachusetts in 1998. She received her Master of Arts degree in communication from the University of Washington in 2005. She received her PhD in the Department of Media, Culture and Communication from New York University in 2010. == Written works == She has written for the New York Review of Books. Marwick has authored two books: Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity and Branding in the Social Media Age (2013) and The Private Is Political: Networked Privacy and Social Media (2023). She also co-edited The Sage Handbook of Social Media (2016) with


id: carl-r-may-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R._May-0.md
category: reference
title: Carl R. May
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R._May
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:47.901229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carl-r-may-20260505-0
summary:
Carl May FAcSS (born 1961, in Farnham, Surrey) is a British sociologist. He researches in the fields of medical sociology and Implementation Science. Formerly based at Southampton University and Newcastle University, he is now Professor of Health Systems Implementation at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Carl May was elected an Academician of the Academy of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences in 2006. He was appointed a Senior Investigator at the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) in 2010. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners in 2020. He has honorary professorial appointments in primary care at the University of Melbourne, and in public health at Monash University. May is best known for his contributions to Implementation Science and his work is represented by many studies of the interaction between health technologies and their users. In Implementation Science his work investigates how innovations become routinely embedded in health care and other organizational systems. This research has led to Normalization Process Theory, developed with Tracy Finch and others, including Victor Montori. This is a sociological theory of the implementation, embedding, and integration of new technologies and organizational innovations. May and


id: annemarie-mol-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Mol-0.md
category: reference
title: Annemarie Mol
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Mol
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:49.088552+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: annemarie-mol-20260505-0
summary:
Annemarie Mol (born 13 September 1958) is a Dutch ethnographer and philosopher. She is the Professor of Anthropology of the Body at the University of Amsterdam. Winner of the Constantijn & Christiaan Huijgens Grant from the NWO in 1990 to study 'Differences in Medicine', she was awarded a European Research Council Advanced Grant in 2010 to study 'The Eating Body in Western Practice and Theory'. She has helped to develop post-ANT/feminist understandings of science, technology and medicine. In her earlier work she explored the performativity of health care practices, argued that realities are generated within those practices, and noted that since practices differ, so too do realities. The body, as she expressed it, is multiple: it is more than one but it is also less than many (since the different versions of the body also overlap in health care practices). This is an empirical argument about ontology (which is the branch of philosophy that explores being, existence, or the categories of being.) As a part of this she also developed the notion of 'ontological politics', arguing that since realities or the conditions of possibility vary between practices, this means that they are not given but might be changed. Mol has


id: michael-mulkay-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mulkay-0.md
category: reference
title: Michael Mulkay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mulkay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:50.294697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: michael-mulkay-20260505-0
summary:
Michael Joseph Mulkay (10 August 1936 – 21 October 2025) was a British sociologist known for his contributions to the development of the sociology of scientific knowledge, discourse analysis, and reflexive sociology. == Early life and education == Mulkay was born in London on 10 August 1936 to Joseph Mulkay, a window cleaner, and Annie Johnson, a housewife. After his mother left the family home in 1946, he was raised by his father in a council house in Tottenham. He attended a Catholic boys' school in North London, which he later recalled as being austere and highly disciplined. Leaving school at 16 without a desire to continue education, he worked as a clerk for the London Water Board. In 1954, he began National Service but was released early after collapsing on parade and being diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. He subsequently completed A-level correspondence courses funded by itinerant work, including periods as a grave digger and a deckchair attendant, and these enabled him to enter the London School of Economics (LSE), where he graduated with a first-class degree in Sociology in 1965. == Academic career == After LSE, Mulkay was invited to move to Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Vancouver


id: fabian-muniesa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Muniesa-0.md
category: reference
title: Fabian Muniesa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Muniesa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:51.497419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fabian-muniesa-20260505-0
summary:
Fabian Muniesa (alternative spelling: Fabián Muniesa) is an author, social scientist, and poet of French and Spanish citizenship. He is a Professor at the École des Mines de Paris, and a member of the Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation in Paris, France. == Life == Fabian Muniesa (born 16 October 1972 in Madrid, Spain) received high school education at the Lycée Français de Madrid, in Spain. He graduated (sociology) from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología) in 1996, and obtained a master's degree in that same institution in 1998. Notable mentors and influences in this institution included Ignacio Gómez de Liaño, Jesús Ibáñez, and Ramón Ramos Torre. He then joined the Centre National d'Études des Télécommunications in France, enrolling simultaneously in the doctoral programme of Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation, at the École des Mines de Paris, and completing a doctoral dissertation in 2003 (on the automation of the Paris Bourse). After a year working as a post-doctoral researcher at the London School of Economics (Department of Information Systems), he returned to Paris with an international grant from the city's municipal government. He obtained a permanent position at the École des Mines de Paris in


id: natasha-myers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Myers-0.md
category: reference
title: Natasha Myers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Myers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:52.704792+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: natasha-myers-20260505-0
summary:
Natasha Myers is an associate professor of anthropology at York University. In 2016 she coined the term "Planthroposcene". Her first book, Rendering Life Molecular: Models, Modelers, and Excitable Matter is an ethnography of protein crystallographers and discusses how scientists teach one another how to sense the molecular realm. This book won the 2016 Robert Merton Book Prize from the Science, Knowledge, and Technology Section of the American Sociological Association. She received her BSc in biology from McGill University, a Masters in Environmental Studies from York University's Faculty of Environmental Studies and her PhD in the Program in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology & Society (HASTS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. == References == === Further reading === Yoshizawa RS. Rendering life molecular: models, modelers, and excitable matter. New Genetics & Society. 2017;36(4):410-411. doi:10.1080/14636778.2016.1162093 Wald JG. A Haptic Anthropology of Science. Current Anthropology. 2016;57(4):533-534. doi:10.1086/687564


id: shobita-parthasarathy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobita_Parthasarathy-0.md
category: reference
title: Shobita Parthasarathy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobita_Parthasarathy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:53.930722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shobita-parthasarathy-20260505-0
summary:
Shobita Parthasarathy is an American academic, author, and contributor to the field of Science and Technology Studies based at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan. She is the director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, a research, education, and policy engagement center concerned with questions at the intersection of science, technology, policy, and society. She has received numerous prominent awards and grants for her work and has provided expert advice on technology, equity, and policy to civil society groups, international organizations, and governments around the world, including testimony to the U.S. Congress. == Career and research == Parthasarathy was the founding director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy (STPP) program at the University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy from 2006 to 2011, and currently serves as its director, in addition to holding a faculty appointment as Professor. At U-M, she is also affiliated with the Department of Women's Studies, the Science/Technology/Society Program, Institute for Data Science, Precision Health Initiative, the Organizational Studies Program, and the Centers for European Studies and South Asian Studies; she sits on the Internal Advisory Board for the Center for Ethics, Society,


id: heather-paxson-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Paxson-0.md
category: reference
title: Heather Paxson
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Paxson
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:55.090661+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heather-paxson-20260505-0
summary:
Heather Paxson is an American cultural anthropologist and science and technology studies scholar. She is an expert on the anthropology of reproduction, and on the anthropology of food, including in particular cheese and commonplace family food practices. She is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Anthropology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Paxson is a graduate of Haverford College, and obtained her Ph.D. from Stanford University. She is an editor of the Oxford Companion to Cheese. Her other books include: Making Modern Mothers: Ethics and Family Planning in Urban Greece (University of California Press, 2004) The Life of Cheese: Crafting Food and Value in America (University of California Press, 2013) She is married to fellow cultural anthropologist, STS scholar and professor Stefan Helmreich. == References ==


id: trevor-pinch-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Pinch-0.md
category: reference
title: Trevor Pinch
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Pinch
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:56.288526+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trevor-pinch-20260505-0
summary:
Trevor J. Pinch (1 January 1952 – 16 December 2021) was a British sociologist, part-time musician and chair of the science and technology studies department at Cornell University. In 2018, he won the J.D. Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science for "distinguished contributions to Science and Technology Studies over the course of [a] career." == Personal life == Pinch was born in Lisnaskea, Northern Ireland on the New Year's Day of 1952. He lived in Cornell's Forest Home neighborhood and started the band Electric Golem. Pinch died from cancer, four years after his initial diagnosis, on 16 December 2021, 16 days before his 70th birthday. == Career == Pinch held a degree in physics from Imperial College London and a PhD in sociology from the University of Bath. He taught sociology at the University of York before moving to the United States. Together with Wiebe Bijker, Pinch started the movement known as Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) within the sociology of science. == Works == Pinch was a significant contributor to the study of sound culture, and his books include a major study of Robert Moog. His book Confronting Nature is widely considered the definitive sociological


id: joanna-poulton-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Poulton-0.md
category: reference
title: Joanna Poulton
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Poulton
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:57.473663+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joanna-poulton-20260505-0
summary:
Joanna Poulton is a British medical researcher, and Professor of Mitochondrial Genetics at the University of Oxford. She is an honorary consultant in Oxford, where she works on diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Such mutations are associated with many diseases, including diabetes, organ failure, deafness, and blindness, and are also important in neurodegeneration and aging. Poulton has spoken up on behalf of women in academia, as well as on the effects of neurodiversity on women's careers. == Education and career == Poulton is the daughter of the physician and psychologist E. C. Poulton. Her mother, one of the earliest women to study medicine at the University of Cambridge, gained her MD at the age of 90. Poulton credits her parents for having taught her and her siblings a scientific attitude and critical thinking. In 1976, Poulton gained a BA in physiological sciences at Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford, followed by a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery in 1979. She became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London, in 1982. She was awarded a doctorate in medicine at Oxford in 1991. In 1997, she became a Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and


id: arie-rip-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Rip-0.md
category: reference
title: Arie Rip
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Rip
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:58.677262+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arie-rip-20260505-0
summary:
Arie Rip (born 13 June 1941, in Kethel en Spaland) is a Dutch professor emeritus of Philosophy of Science and Technology. == Career == During 1988–1989 he was the President of the international Society for Social Studies of Science. From 2000 until 2005 he was the head of WTMC, the Netherlands Graduate School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture. The WTMC is a formal collaboration of Dutch researchers studying the development of science, technology and modern culture. In 2006 Rip formally retired as the Professor of Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Twente, a position he held since 1987. He has published extensively on various topics concerning the philosophy and sociology of scientific and technological developments, and on science and innovation policy. Rip has, for example, introduced the widely used Constructive Technology Assessment method. Currently he is among others a Professor at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa. Rip became chairman of the Society for the Study of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies (S-NET) in 2008. In 2022 Rip received for his oeuvre the John Desmond Bernal Prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), which will be awarded to him in the second week


id: ulbo-de-sitter-sociologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulbo_de_Sitter_(sociologist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Ulbo de Sitter (sociologist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulbo_de_Sitter_(sociologist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:42:59.836838+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ulbo-de-sitter-sociologist-20260505-0
summary:
Lamoraal Ulbo de Sitter (April 2, 1930 – December 18, 2010) was a Dutch sociologist and Professor of Business Administration at the Radboud University Nijmegen, known for his seminal work in the field of sociotechnical systems in the Netherlands. == Biography == Born in Jönköping, Sweden, Ulbo de Sitter was named after his father Ulbo de Sitter (1902–1980), a geologist working at the Leiden University. Ulbo, the sociologist, was the grandson of astronomer Willem de Sitter (1872-1934). He studied sociology at the University of Amsterdam, and obtained his PhD in 1970 at the University of Leiden with the thesis, entitled "Leiderschapsvorming en leiderschapsgedrag in een organisatie" (Leadership formation and leadership behavior in an organization). De Sitter had started working as engineer in the merchant navy for four years before he started his studies in Amsterdam. After graduation in Amsterdam he worked as sociologist at the head office of the Koninklijke PTT Nederland, nowadays KPN. Sequentially he was research assistant at the Sociografische Werkgemeenschap (Socio Graphic Work Association) of the University of Amsterdam. In 1971, he was appointed professor at Eindhoven University of Technology. From 1986 to 1988 he was also director of the Koers consulting group in 's-Hertogenbosch. In 1990,


id: softa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softa-0.md
category: reference
title: Softa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:01.056048+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: softa-20260505-0
summary:
According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition written by English historian and Orientalist C.E. Bosworth, the term "softa" (ṣofta) was a name given to students in the fields of theology, law and other sciences within the madrasa educational system of the Ottoman Empire. A parallel form can be found in Persian, pronounced as sūkhte, meaning "in flames" or "to set on fire", i.e. consumed by the love of God or learning. However, the relationship between the two words is unclear. More specifically, "softa" seems to have been used to refer to beginners within their fields of science or theology, where as after they've completed their first courses they're instead referred to as "dānishmend". == History == Starting with Mehmed II, Ottoman sultans established these centers of education to develop a qualified group of individuals that would constitute a strong bureaucracy and fill administrative roles. The cities became intellectual centers of modernization. Through their studies in the madrasa system, softas aimed to become part of the ulama, the class of Muslim religious elites within the Ottoman Empire. The ulama class, especially during the classical period, had significant political and social power and functioned as an avenue of economic advancement. Though


id: lucy-suchman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman-0.md
category: reference
title: Lucy Suchman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:02.237981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lucy-suchman-20260505-0
summary:
Lucy Suchman is professor emerita of Anthropology of Science and Technology in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University, in the United Kingdom, also known for her work at Xerox PARC in the 1980s and 90s. Her current research extends her longstanding critical engagement with the field of human-computer interaction to the domain of contemporary war fighting, including problems of ‘situational awareness’ in military training and simulation, and in the design and deployment of automated weapon systems. At the center of this research is the question of whose bodies are incorporated into military systems, how and with what consequences for social justice and the possibility for a less violent world. Suchman is a member of International Committee for Robot Arms Control and the author of the blog dedicated to the problems of ethical robotics and 'technocultures of humanlike machines' Before coming to Lancaster, she worked for 22 years at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in California, where she held the positions of principal scientist and manager of the Work Practice and Technology research group. While at PARC, she conducted an influential ethnographic study, using video, of office workers and research scientists struggling to use a copy machine. Suchman is


id: lucy-suchman-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman-1.md
category: reference
title: Lucy Suchman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Suchman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:02.237981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lucy-suchman-20260505-0
summary:
Suchman, L. (1987) Plans and situated actions : The Problem of Human-Machine Communication. Cambridge University Press, New York. Suchman, L. (1993) Response to Vera and Simon's Situated Action: A Symbolic Interpretation. Cognitive Science, 17:71—75, 1993. Suchman, L. (1995) Making Work Visible. Communications of the ACM, 38 (9). pp. 56–61+. Suchman, L. (1995) Representations of Work (Special Report). Communications of the ACM, 38 (9). pp. 33–68. Suchman, L. and Blomberg, J. and Orr, J. E. (1999) Reconstructing Technologies as Social Practice. The American Behavioral Scientist, 43 (3). pp. 392–408. Suchman, L. (2000) Embodied Practices of Engineering Work. Mind, Culture and Activity, 7 (1&2). pp. 4–18. Suchman, L. (2000) Making a case: knowledge and routine work in document production. In: Workplace studies : recovering work practice and informing system design. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 29–45. Suchman, L. (2000) Organising alignment : a case of bridge-building. Organization, 7 (2). pp. 311–327. Suchman, L. and Bishop, L. (2000) Problematizing 'Innovation' as a Critical Project. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 12 (3). pp. 327–333. Suchman, L. (2002) Practice-based design of information systems : notes from the hyperdeveloped world. The Information Society, 18 (2). pp. 139–144. Suchman, L. A. and Blomberg, J. and Trigg, R.


id: kim-tallbear-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear-0.md
category: reference
title: Kim TallBear
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:03.481446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kim-tallbear-20260505-0
summary:
Kim TallBear (born 1968) is a Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate professor at the University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, specializing in racial politics in science. Holding the first ever Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Peoples, Technoscience and Environment, TallBear has published on DNA testing, race science and Indigenous identities, as well as on polyamory as a decolonization practice. == Early life == TallBear was born in 1968 at a public hospital in Pipestone, Minnesota. She grew up moving back and forth between the Sisseton and Flandreau reservations in South Dakota. During this time, she was mostly raised by her maternal grandmother and great-grandmother, until the age of fourteen when she went to live full time with her mother in St. Paul, Minnesota. TallBear is a citizen of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate in South Dakota, as well as a descendant from the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes of Oklahoma through her maternal grandfather. Her Indigenous descent comes from her mother's side. She also has some Cree and Métis ancestry from Canada. Her father, who was only present in her life up to age three, is white. TallBear has two sisters and one brother, whose father is Floyd Westerman, a Dakota Sioux musician, actor and


id: kim-tallbear-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear-1.md
category: reference
title: Kim TallBear
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_TallBear
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:03.481446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kim-tallbear-20260505-0
summary:
=== "The Critical Polyamorist" and decolonizing relationships === In her later work, TallBear is focused on sexuality, specifically on decolonizing the valourization of monogamy that she characterizes as emblematic of "settler sexualities". She pursued this topic of study through a blog written under an alter ego, "The Critical Polyamorist". TallBear was part of a panel discussing decolonizing institutions such as relationships, at the National Women's Studies Association meeting in 2016. TallBear's critiques of monogamous, heteronormative colonial relations focus on their incompatibility with an environmentally sustainable world. For TallBear, moving beyond the current environmental problems of the neoliberal nation state requires expanding understandings and practices of kinship. She argues Indigenous conceptions of kin provide opportunities for this transition. TallBear's critical polyamory places emphasis on looking beyond human-centric intimacy to also incorporate relational ways of being with place and other non-human dimensions to relationships. TallBear's focus on kin goes to the "decolonization" of intimacy: relationships outside of what she describes as settler-colonial relationship structures. == Selected works == === Articles === "Dossier: Theorizing Queer Inhumanisms: An Indigenous Reflection on Working Beyond the Human/Not Human" in GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Vol. 21(2–3), 2015: 230–235. "The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace


id: zoe-todd-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Todd-0.md
category: reference
title: Zoe Todd
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Todd
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:04.660675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zoe-todd-20260505-0
summary:
Zoe Todd is a Métis anthropologist and scholar of Indigenous studies, human-animal studies, science and technology studies and the Anthropocene. She is an associate professor in the Department of Indigenous Studies at Simon Fraser University and a Presidential Visiting Fellow at Yale University during the 2018–19 academic year. == Early life == Todd was born to a Métis father and white mother in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1983. She credits her father, an artist, Gary Todd's engagement with his Métis heritage as an influential factor in her scholarship; especially his art and his knowledge of fish and wildlife of the Canadian prairies. Todd is a descendant of William Todd, a 19th-century surgeon from the British Navy. She received her BSc degree in biological sciences and an MSc in rural sociology from the University of Alberta and her PhD in social anthropology from the University of Aberdeen. She received the prestigious Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Scholarship in 2011 for her PhD research. == Research == Todd's research concerns human-animal relations, in particular, human-fish, relationships in the context of Settler colonialism in Canada. She is an assistant professor at Carleton University's Department of Sociology and Anthropology. She is best known for her work


id: kentaro-toyama-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Toyama-0.md
category: reference
title: Kentaro Toyama
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Toyama
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:05.866135+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kentaro-toyama-20260505-0
summary:
Kentaro Toyama is a computer scientist and international development researcher, who works on the relationship of technology and global development. He is the W. K. Kellogg Professor at the University of Michigan School of Information and author of Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology. He is also a fellow of the Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformative Values at MIT. Toyama was founding assistant director of Microsoft Research India, a Bangalore-based computer science laboratory, where he established the Technology for Emerging Markets group which conducts interdisciplinary research in the field of "information and communication technologies for development" (ICT4D). Together with AnnaLee Saxenian and Raj Reddy, he co-founded the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, a global platform for rigorous, academic, interdisciplinary research in ICT4D. == Education == Toyama graduated from the American School in Japan. Toyama received a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Yale University, and an A.B. in Physics from Harvard University. == Research and career == Toyama's research spans several disparate areas, including ICT4D, development studies, computer vision, human-computer interaction, geographic information systems, and multimedia. He is best known for his research in ICT4D, which includes technology projects such as


id: richard-twine-sociologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Richard Twine (sociologist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:07.072516+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: richard-twine-sociologist-20260505-0
summary:
Richard Twine (born 1974) is a British sociologist whose research addresses environmental sociology as well as gender, human/animal and science studies. He is noted for his "foundational" work in critical animal studies, as well as his contributions to ecofeminism. His work includes developing Barbara Noske's notion of the animal-industrial complex and theorizing the "vegan killjoy", building on Sara Ahmed's "feminist killjoy". Twine is a reader in sociology in the Department of History, Geography & Social Sciences at Edge Hill University, where he is the co-director of the Centre for Human-Animal Studies. He is also the chair of the Research Advisory Committee of The Vegan Society. He is the author of 2010's Animals as Biotechnology and 2024's The Climate Crisis and Other Animals, as well as a co-editor of 2014's The Rise of Critical Animal Studies and 2024's Violence and Harm in the Animal Industrial Complex. == Career == Twine studied for a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology and Psychology at the University of Stirling, graduating in 1995, and then went on to study for a Master of Arts in Sociology at the University of Essex, which he completed in 1996. He was awarded his PhD in Sociology from Manchester Metropolitan


id: helen-verran-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Verran-0.md
category: reference
title: Helen Verran
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Verran
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:08.278103+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: helen-verran-20260505-0
summary:
Helen Verran is an Australian historian and empirical philosopher of science, primarily working in the Social Studies of Science and Technology (STS), and currently adjunct professor at Charles Darwin University. == Background == Verran is from New South Wales, Australia. She trained as a scientist and teacher in the 1960s (BSc, DipEd, University of New England) and has a PhD in metabolic biochemistry (UNE, 1972). She then spent eight years lecturing in science education at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ifẹ, southwestern Nigeria. In the 1980s she became a lecturer and later associate professor at the University of Melbourne, working in a unit dedicated to the study of history and philosophy of science. She retired in 2012. On retiring she became adjunct professor at the Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University in Darwin, where she still teaches. == Scholarship == === Numbers and Enumerated Entities === Verran's book, Science and an African Logic (University of Chicago Press, 2001), received the Ludwik Fleck Prize in 2003. It analyses counting, and its relation to the ontology of numbers based on her lengthy field observations as a mathematics lecturer and teacher in Nigeria. The book draws on her sudden realisation of the radically different nature


id: shiv-visvanathan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Visvanathan-0.md
category: reference
title: Shiv Visvanathan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Visvanathan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:09.466128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shiv-visvanathan-20260505-0
summary:
Shiv Visvanathan is an Indian academic best known for his contributions to developing the field of science and technology studies (STS), and for the concept of cognitive justice, a term he coined. He is currently Professor at O P Jindal Global University, Sonepat. He was Professor, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT), Gandhinagar, India and has held the position of Senior fellow Center for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) in Delhi He has also taught at the Delhi School of Economics. He has held visiting professorships at Smith College, Stanford, Goldsmiths, Arizona State University and Maastricht University, Harvard University & Oxford University. He is author of Organizing for Science (OUP, Delhi, 1985), A Carnival for Science (OUP, Delhi, 1997) and has co-edited Foulplay: Chronicles of Corruption (Banyan Books, Delhi, 1999). He has been consultant to the National Council of Churches and Business India. As a public intellectual, he is a regular columnist to newspapers like The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Asian Age. He also contributes to popular magazines like Outlook, India Today, Governance Today and Tehelka. His popular writings touch topics as wide as science, cricket, anthropology, development,


id: judy-wajcman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Wajcman-0.md
category: reference
title: Judy Wajcman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Wajcman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:10.667848+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: judy-wajcman-20260505-0
summary:
Judy Wajcman, is the Anthony Giddens Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She is the Principal Investigator of the Women in Data Science and AI project at The Alan Turing Institute. She is also a visiting professor at the Oxford Internet Institute. Her scholarly interests encompass the sociology of work, science and technology studies, gender theory, and organizational analysis. Her work has been translated into French, German, Greek, Italian, Korean, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Chinese and Spanish. Prior to joining the LSE in 2009, she was a professor of sociology in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University. She was the first woman to be appointed the Norman Laski Research Fellow (1978–80) at St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1997 she was elected Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Wajcman was President of the Society for the Social Studies of Science (2009–2011), and is the recipient of the William F. Ogburn Career Achievement Award of the American Sociological Association (2013). She received an honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva (2015) and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (2016). Her book Pressed for Time is the


id: robin-williams-academic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams_(academic)-0.md
category: reference
title: Robin Williams (academic)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams_(academic)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:11.822870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: robin-williams-academic-20260505-0
summary:
Robin Williams (born 13 November 1952) is a British social scientist who is professor of social research on technology at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and director of the Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation. He is an interdisciplinary researcher in the field of Science and Technology Studies and contributed much to the social shaping of technology by studying the interplay between 'social' and 'technical' factors in the design and implementation of a range of technologies. == Biography == After studying Natural Sciences and Social and Political Science at Clare College, Cambridge, Robin Williams took an MSc and PhD at Aston University and worked as research fellow in the Technology Policy Unit until 1986. He then joined the Research Centre for Social Sciences (RCSS) at the University of Edinburgh and coordinated the Edinburgh PICT Centre, one of the six university research centres established under the ESRC Programme on Information and Communications Technologies (1986 - 1995). During this time Robin Williams and other researchers in Edinburgh PICT Centre published on issues regarding social, economic and political aspects of the design and implementation of technology. Concluding the findings of a decade's research Robin Williams and David Edge published a


id: langdon-winner-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdon_Winner-0.md
category: reference
title: Langdon Winner
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdon_Winner
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:13.007664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: langdon-winner-20260505-0
summary:
Langdon Winner (born August 7, 1944) is an American academic who is the Thomas Phelan Chair of Humanities and Social Sciences in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. His academic interests include science, technology, American popular culture, and theories of sustainability and he is known for his articles and books on science, technology, and society. He also spent several years as a reporter, rock music critic, and contributing editor for Rolling Stone magazine. == Career == Langdon Winner was born in San Luis Obispo, California. He received his B.A. in 1966, M.A. in 1967 and Ph.D. in 1973, all in political science, at the University of California, Berkeley. His primary focus was political theory. He has served as professor at the University of Leiden, MIT, University of California, Los Angeles and at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Since 1985 he has been at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; he was a visiting professor at Harvey Mudd College (2000) and Colgate University (2001). In 2010 he was a Fulbright Fellow visiting the Universidad Complutense in Madrid. His interests include science, technology, American popular culture, and theories of sustainability. === Technology and politics ===


id: certified-health-physicist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_health_physicist-0.md
category: reference
title: Certified health physicist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_health_physicist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:14.530564+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: certified-health-physicist-20260505-0
summary:
Certified Health Physicist is an official title granted by the American Board of Health Physics, the certification board for health physicists in the United States. A Certified Health Physicist is designated by the letters CHP or DABHP (Diplomate of the American Board of Health Physics) after his or her name. A certification by the ABHP is not a license to practice and does not confer any legal qualification to practice health physics. However, the certification is well respected and indicates a high level of achievement by those who obtain it. Certified Health Physicists are plenary or emeritus members of the American Academy of Health Physics (AAHP). In 2019, the AAHP web site listed over 1600 plenary and emeritus members. == Professional responsibilities == A person certified as a health physicist has a responsibility to uphold the professional integrity associated with the certification to promote the practice and science of radiation safety. It is expected that such a person will always give health physics information based on the highest standards of science and professional ethics. A certified individual has a responsibility to remain professionally active in the health physics field and remain technically competent in the scientific, technical and regulatory developments


id: chartered-scientist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Scientist-0.md
category: reference
title: Chartered Scientist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Scientist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:15.703730+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chartered-scientist-20260505-0
summary:
Chartered Scientist (CSci) is a professional qualification in the United Kingdom that is awarded by the Science Council through its licensed member organisations. Holders of this qualification can use the post-nominal letters CSci. Chartered scientists are professional scientists who are practising and/or advancing science at the full professional level and are individuals for whom scientific knowledge or practice at that level form an essential element of their role. The required standard for Chartered Scientist registration is a master's-level science qualification accredited by one of the licensed bodies (or equivalent) with four years of postgraduate work experience. The standards of the Chartered Scientist designation are upheld by the Science Council’s registration authority, whose members are elected representatives from the licensed bodies and appointed experts from other areas. == Chartered Science Teacher == There is a specialist section of the register for scientists whose primary profession is teaching. Those registered are entitled to use the post-nominal CSciTeach. It was developed in 2007 by the Science Council in partnership with the Association for Science Education, and is also awarded by the Royal Society of Biology and the Royal Society of Chemistry. == See also == Chartered Biologist Chartered Chemist Chartered Engineer (UK) Chartered


id: european-chemist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Chemist-0.md
category: reference
title: European Chemist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Chemist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:16.883101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-chemist-20260505-0
summary:
European Chemist (EurChem) is an international professional qualification awarded by the European Chemist Registration Board (ECRB) of the European Chemical Society (EuChemS) for chemists, for use in many European countries. Through the European Chemist designation, the chemical societies in the European Union (EU) have ensured that there is an easily understood title to indicate a high level of competence in the practice of chemistry. The award of EurChem assists individual chemists who are moving from one employer to another in different EU member states, receiving equal treatment across the Union. EurChem Candidates must meet the following requirements: Be a member of a participating national chemical society; Hold a degree accredited by the participating national chemical society; Have at least eight years of post-secondary school education/experience including a category-A schedule academic qualification; Have at least three years' approved post-graduation professional experience; Two referees who must be members of the applicant's national chemical society; Show proficient professional experience appearing out of: Able to work in conditions with minor leadership Applying knowledge Consciousness of safety, health, and environment aspects Demonstrate of professional skill Excellent written and oral communications Good people's management, advising, evaluating skills. The title EurChem is a post-nominal, placed after the


id: fellow-of-the-institute-of-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the Institute of Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:18.098463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-institute-of-physics-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) is "the highest level of membership attainable" by physicists who are members of the Institute of Physics (IOP), "for those with a degree in physics or related subject (or equivalent knowledge gained in the workplace) and who have made a significant impact on their sector"; it is for "distinguished physicists in recognition of their accomplishments". Honorary Fellowship (HonFInstP) is for "exceptional individuals" who can be nominated in recognition of having "contributed to physics generally or to the work of the IOP", working in fields including business, education, research, and policy relating to physics. The Institute's bye-laws limit the number of fellows in this category to being not more than 100 living Honorary Fellows at any one time. == Fellows (FInstP) == Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FInstP, and receive a number of minor benefits such as a subscription to Physics World magazine (like other members of the IOP). As of 2022 fellows include: See also Category:Fellows of the Institute of Physics == Honorary Fellows (HonFInstP) == The designation of Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics, as an honorary title. The award of Honorary Fellowship is "the highest accolade presented


id: fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:19.321917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) is one of the most prestigious awards conferred by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in the United Kingdom. Existing Fellows include award winning scientists and Nobel prize winners. == FRSC award == Achieving Fellow status in the chemical profession signals to the broader community a high level of accomplishment as a professional chemist. Eligibility for Fellow status is open to Members of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC) who have excelled in their fields through patents, scientific publications, discoveries, and other notable achievements. To be elected, the fellows must have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of the chemical sciences; or to the advancement of the chemical sciences as a profession; or have been distinguished in the management of a chemical sciences organization. In all cases, sponsor references from other RSC Fellows are required. The award of designatory letters FRSC is subject to the final approval of the RSC Applications Committee. In addition to the above, all RSC membership requires acceptance and adherence to a specific code of conduct and an established set of high standards of ethical and professional behavior. The RSC continuously establishes, and evaluates professional qualifications and


id: medical-physicist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physicist-0.md
category: reference
title: Medical physicist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physicist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:20.466169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: medical-physicist-20260505-0
summary:
A medical physicist is a health professional with specialist education and training in the concepts and techniques of applying physics in medicine and competent to practice independently in one or more of the subfields (specialties) of medical physics. A medical physicist plays a fundamental role in applying physics to medicine, but particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The scientific and technological progress in medical physics has led to a variety of skills that must be integrated into the role of a medical physicist in order for them to perform their job. The "medical services" provided to patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic treatments must, therefore, be the result of different but complementary skills. In general, the medical physicist is responsible for all scientific and technical aspects of imaging, radiation treatment, and radiation safety. It is their occupational role to ensure that medical modalities offered to patients are met with the utmost quality assurance. It is the medical physicist that manage and supervise the efforts of dosimetrists, therapists and technologists in that capacity. == Education and training == === Australia and New Zealand === The Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) is the professional body that


id: professional-chemist-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_chemist_(Canada)-0.md
category: reference
title: Professional chemist (Canada)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_chemist_(Canada)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:21.633611+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: professional-chemist-canada-20260505-0
summary:
Professional chemist is the term for registered or licensed chemists in Canada who are permitted to offer their professional services directly to the public. The professional chemist designation is commonly abbreviated to PChem when added as a suffix after a person's name. The term professional chemist and the actual practice of professional chemistry is legally defined and protected by the government. In some jurisdictions only registered or licensed professional chemists or chartered chemists are permitted to use the title, or to practice professional chemistry. The earmark that distinguishes a licensed/registered professional chemist is the authority to sign and seal or "stamp" chemistry documents (reports, drawings and calculations) for a study, estimate, design or analysis, thus taking legal responsibility for it. == Registration and regulation == Each province has specific procedures and requirements for license or registration. On March 20, 2017, the Federation of Canada’s Professional Chemists (FCPC) announced that provincial chemists’ organizations have adopted a Memorandum of Understanding to facilitate mobility of professional chemists between provinces which enabled Professional Chemists who are members of organizations established in each province to move and work in other provinces. The licensing procedure varies, but the general process is: Graduate with a degree from


id: registered-science-technician-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Science_Technician-0.md
category: reference
title: Registered Science Technician
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Science_Technician
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:22.800978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: registered-science-technician-20260505-0
summary:
Registered Science Technician (RSciTech) is a professional qualification in the United Kingdom for science technicians. It was introduced in 2011 alongside Registered Scientist as an extension to the UK Science Council's existing professional register for Chartered Scientists. the Registered Science Technician (RSciTech) was developed with the support of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, with the aim of increasing the professionalism and recognition of those working in technical roles in science. Holders of this qualification can use the post-nominal letters RSciTech. Registration as RSciTech has been encouraged by institutions such as Imperial College London, and the UK Government's Science manufacturing technician and Laboratory technician apprenticeship standards are designed to lead to registration as an RSciTech. == Licensed Bodies == The Science Council licences its member bodies to award professional statuses. The professional bodies listed below are those licensed to award Registered Science Technician as of May 2017: Association for Science Education British Psychological Society Institute of Animal Technology Institute of Biomedical Science Institute of Food Science & Technology Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Institute of Physics Institute of Science and Technology Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine Institution of Chemical Engineers Institute of Water Royal Society of Biology Royal Society


id: regtech-technician-registration-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegTech_technician_registration-0.md
category: reference
title: RegTech technician registration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegTech_technician_registration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:23.952238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: regtech-technician-registration-20260505-0
summary:
RegTech is a project established by the Prospect union to promote and support the professional registration of engineering, IT and science technicians in the UK. == Membership bodies == With technician members across hundreds of workplaces in sectors ranging from defence and energy to heritage and telecoms, the union is working in conjunction with membership bodies including professional associations: the Engineering Council, Science Council, BCS - The Chartered Institute for IT and EngTechNow. == Entitlement == Technicians who successfully gain professional registration status through a relevant membership body have the right to display the appropriate letters after their name. In the case of RegTech this means either EngTech, RSciTech or RITTech. The title or “post nominal” provides a formal recognition of relevant skills and experience. == Career progression & skills gap == Prospect believes technician registration is a key means of supporting apprentices and other young professionals with structured vocational routes to career progression. While it is a valuable asset in its own right it can provide the foundation for achieving chartered status. More broadly the RegTech project is aimed at helping to address skills shortages, by raising the profile of technicians and attracting more recruits to the roles. ==


id: list-of-science-communicators-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators-0.md
category: reference
title: List of science communicators
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:25.531034+00:00
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parent: list-of-science-communicators-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable science communicators or popularizers of science, in alphabetical order by last name. == A == John Acorn, naturalist and broadcaster known as the "Nature Nut" Amir Aczel, Jewish author and mathematician Maggie Aderin-Pocock, space scientist and broadcaster Hashem Al-Ghaili, molecular biotechnologist and video producer Jim Al-Khalili, theoretical physicist, author, and science communicator Alan Alda, actor; inspired the Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science Michael Allaby, writes on science, ecology, and weather Elise Andrew, British blogger, founder and maintainer of the Facebook page "I Fucking Love Science" Alberto Angela (born 1962), television presenter, paleontologist, writer, popularizer of science and history Piero Angela (1928–2022), journalist, television presenter, writer, popularizer of science, founder of CICAP (Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims on Pseudosciences) Natalie Angier, science journalist and writer Isaac Asimov, biochemist, science-fiction writer, and author Peter Atkins, physical chemist and author Sir David Attenborough, naturalist and broadcaster Amy Atwater, paleontologist, podcaster and author == B == Francis Bacon, English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author J. Michael Bailey, psychologist; known for his research on the etiology of sexual orientation Johnny Ball, broadcaster and math popularizer Kirsten Banks, Australian astrophysicist and science communicator of the Wiradjuri


id: list-of-science-communicators-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators-1.md
category: reference
title: List of science communicators
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:25.531034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-science-communicators-20260505-0
summary:
== J == Hope Jahren, geochemist and author Ray Jayawardhana, astrophysicist and author Donald Carl Johanson, paleoanthropologist and author Steven Johnson, author Steve Jones, evolutionary biologist and author Horace Freeland Judson, historian of molecular biology and author Olivia Judson, evolutionary biologist, broadcaster and author == K == Michio Kaku, theoretical physicist and author Sam Kean, author David Kipping, associate professor, astronomer and YouTuber Marek Kukula, public astronomer at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich Lawrence Krauss, physicist and author Robert Krulwich, broadcaster Karl Kruszelnicki (also known as Dr Karl), broadcaster == L == Lynne Lamberg, American freelance science journalist Richard Leakey, Kenyan paleoanthropologist and conservationist John Lennox, mathematician and author Edward M. Lerner, computer engineer and author Daniel Levitin, cognitive neuroscientist and author Roger Lewin, British anthropologist Richard Lewontin, evolutionary biologist, geneticist, and author Willy Ley, space-travel enthusiast and science writer (Prophet of the Space Age) Don Lincoln, particle physicist and author Chris Lintott, astrophysicist Avi Loeb, astronomer and author Professor Lyrical, rapper, associate professor of mathematics == M == Bob McDonald, CBC journalist and host of Quirks and Quarks Alister McGrath, molecular biologist and author Katie Mack, astrophysics professor who focuses on studying dark matter Lynn Margulis, evolutionary biologist and author


id: alexander-butyagin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butyagin-0.md
category: reference
title: Alexander Butyagin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butyagin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:26.770185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alexander-butyagin-20260505-0
summary:
Alexander Mikhailovich Butyagin (Russian: Александр Михайлович Бутягин; born October 12, 1971) is a Russian archaeologist and classical scholar, a Candidate of Historical Sciences, and a science communicator. He is the head of the Sector of Archaeology of the Northern Black Sea region in the Department of the Ancient World at the State Hermitage Museum. Since 1999, he has served as the head of the Myrmekion Archaeological Expedition, which studies the ruins of the ancient (Greek, then Bosporan and Roman) city of Myrmekion in present-day Kerch. In December 2025, Butyagin was detained in Poland at Ukraine's request due to accusations of conducting archaeological excavations in Crimea after 2014 without permission from Ukrainian authorities. In March 2026, he was ordered by the Warsaw District Court to be extradited to Ukraine to stand trial. On April 28, Butyagin was released as part of a prisoner exchange. == Biography == Butyagin was born in 1971 in Leningrad. From 1978 to 1988 he studied at School No. 67 with an advanced curriculum in the Spanish language. In 1985 he joined an archaeology club at the Leningrad Palace of Pioneers (now the St. Petersburg City Palace of Youth Creativity). In 1988 he entered the Department of


id: alexander-butyagin-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butyagin-1.md
category: reference
title: Alexander Butyagin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butyagin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:26.770185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alexander-butyagin-20260505-0
summary:
=== Arrest in Poland === In 2024, Ukrainian prosecutors reported that Butyagin had been notified in absentia of suspicion of unlawful excavations, damage to a cultural heritage site, and causing damage estimated at more than 200 million hryvnias, under Part 4 of Article 298 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine ("illegal search work at an archaeological heritage site; destruction, ruin or damage to cultural heritage objects"). The accusations were based on the international cultural heritage law that prohibits any archaeological excavations on occupied territories unless explicitly authorized and permitted by the internationally recognized authorities. According to the Kharkiv Human Rights Group, Russia had violated said law by excavating, 'renovating', and causing other irreparable damage to places of Crimean Tatar or Ukrainian cultural heritage in Crimea, such as Bakhchysarai Palace or the Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora. In March 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence (HUR) stated that "hundreds of archaeological artifacts discovered during excavations" had been removed from Crimea, including from the ancient city of Panticapaeum, where Butyagin also carried out archaeological work. Meanwhile, Vadim Mayko, director of the Institute of Archaeology of Crimea (Russian Academy of Sciences), said in an interview with a Russian outlet that


id: alexander-butyagin-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butyagin-2.md
category: reference
title: Alexander Butyagin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butyagin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:26.770185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alexander-butyagin-20260505-0
summary:
=== Selected articles === Butyagin, A. M. (2004). "Клады античного Мирмекия" [Hoard finds from ancient Myrmekion]. Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа (in Russian). LXII. Saint Petersburg: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа: 86–91. ISBN 5-93572-142-2. Butyagin, A. M. (2004). "Кизикины: античная валюта Понта" [Cyzicenes: an ancient currency of Pontus] (PDF). Мирмекийский клад. Новые открытия на Боспоре Эрмитажной археологической экспедиции [The Myrmekion hoard: new discoveries on the Bosporus by the Hermitage archaeological expedition] (Exhibition catalogue) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа. pp. 12–15. ISBN 5-93572-143-0. Butyagin, A. M. (2004). "Клады кизикинов и Мирмекийский клад" [Hoard finds of Cyzicenes and the Myrmekion hoard] (PDF). Мирмекийский клад. Новые открытия на Боспоре Эрмитажной археологической экспедиции [The Myrmekion hoard: new discoveries on the Bosporus by the Hermitage archaeological expedition] (Exhibition catalogue) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа. pp. 17–21. ISBN 5-93572-143-0. Butyagin, A. M. (2004). "Дом под мирмекийскими зольниками" [A house beneath the Myrmekion ash mounds]. Боспорский феномен: проблемы хронологии и датировки памятников [The Bosporan phenomenon: problems of chronology and dating of sites] (Proceedings of an international conference) (in Russian). Vol. I. Saint Petersburg: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа. pp. 126–131. ISBN 5-93572-116-3. Butyagin, A. M. (2005). "К интерпретации зольников Мирмекия (свидетельства Павсания и боспорская культовая практика)" [On interpreting the


id: c-sar-augusto-aguilar-puntriano-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/César_Augusto_Aguilar_Puntriano-0.md
category: reference
title: César Augusto Aguilar Puntriano
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/César_Augusto_Aguilar_Puntriano
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:28.323349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: c-sar-augusto-aguilar-puntriano-20260505-0
summary:
César Augusto Aguilar Puntriano also written as César Aguilar-Puntriano (born 1971) is a Peruvian zoologist, herpetologist, and professor. He conducts academic and scientific work in the Department of Herpetology at the Museo de Historia Natural Javier Prado of the National University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru. A total of 25 taxon names are authored by Aguilar Puntriano. == Work == === Selected taxa described === == References ==


id: anne-sophie-dielen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Dielen-0.md
category: reference
title: Anne-Sophie Dielen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Dielen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:29.495767+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anne-sophie-dielen-20260505-0
summary:
Anne-Sophie Dielen is a researcher, scientist communicator and policy maker. Her research focuses on generating and regulating sodium/proton antiporters in plant chloroplasts. She is the Founder of The League of Remarkable Women in Science. == Career == Dielen has a bachelor's degree from the Academy of Montpellier. After completing a PhD in Plant Biology and Biochemistry from the Bordeaux II University in France, Dielen then became a postdoctoral fellow at The Australian National University (ANU) as part of its Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency research project. The League of Remarkable Women that she founded, is an interview project featuring women in STEM. It aims at profiling role models for the next generation of female scientists and was first supported by a 2014 ANU Gender Institute grants. She then became the director of crop biotechnology policy at CropLife Australia. == References ==


id: engineer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer-0.md
category: reference
title: Engineer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:31.104825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: engineer-20260505-0
summary:
An engineer is a practitioner of engineering. The word engineer (Latin ingeniator, Ir is the term and or title of an engineer in countries like Belgium, The Netherlands, and Indonesia) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness"). The foundational qualifications of a licensed professional engineer typically include a four-year bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, a master's degree in an engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional practice (culminating in a project report or thesis) and passage of engineering board examinations. The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. == Definition == In 1961, the Conference of Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United States of America defined "professional engineer" as follows: A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering problems. He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering science and knowledge, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing, and in the education of the


id: engineer-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer-1.md
category: reference
title: Engineer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:31.104825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: engineer-20260505-0
summary:
There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies and products. Typically, engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. For example, mechanical engineering curricula typically include introductory courses in electrical engineering, computer science, materials science, metallurgy, mathematics, and software engineering. An engineer may either be hired for a firm that requires engineers on a continuous basis, or may belong to an engineering firm that provides engineering consulting services to other firms. When developing a product, engineers typically work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers. A mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators. An electrical engineer would design the power systems, sensors, electronics, embedded software in electronics, and control circuitry. Finally, a software engineer would develop the software that makes the robot behave properly. Engineers that aspire to management engage in further study in business administration, project management and organizational or business psychology. Often engineers move up the management hierarchy from managing projects, functional departments, and divisions, and some eventually become CEOs of multi-national corporations. == Ethics == Engineers have obligations to the public, their


id: engineer-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer-2.md
category: reference
title: Engineer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:31.104825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: engineer-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law. Licensure is generally attainable through combination of education, pre-examination (Fundamentals of Engineering exam), examination (professional engineering exam), and engineering experience (typically in the area of 5+ years). Each state tests and licenses professional engineers. Currently, most states do not license by specific engineering discipline, but rather provide generalized licensure, and trust engineers to use professional judgment regarding their individual competencies; this is the favoured approach of the professional societies. Despite this, at least one of the examinations required by most states is actually focused on a particular discipline; candidates for licensure typically choose the category of examination which comes closest to their respective expertise. In the United States, an "industrial exemption" allows businesses to employ employees and call them an "engineer", as long as such individuals are under the direct supervision and control of the business entity and function internally related to manufacturing (manufactured parts) related to the business entity, or work internally within an exempt organization. Such person does not have the final authority to approve, or the ultimate responsibility for, engineering designs, plans, or specifications that are to be


id: engineer-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer-3.md
category: reference
title: Engineer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:31.104825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: engineer-20260505-0
summary:
In France, the term ingénieur (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used by anyone who practices this profession. However, the title ingénieur diplomé (graduate engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the Diplôme d'Ingénieur, which is a renowned academic degree in France. Anyone misusing this title in France can be fined a large sum and jailed, as it is usually reserved for graduates of French engineering grandes écoles. Engineering schools which were created during the French revolution have a special reputation among the French people, as they helped to make the transition from a mostly agricultural country of late 18th century to the industrially developed France of the 19th century. A great part of 19th-century France's economic wealth and industrial prowess was created by engineers that have graduated from École Centrale Paris, École des Mines de Paris, École polytechnique or Télécom Paris. This was also the case after WWII when France had to be rebuilt. Before the "réforme René Haby" in the 1970s, it was very difficult to be admitted to such schools, and the French ingénieurs were commonly perceived as the nation's élite. However, after the Haby


id: alessandro-fran-ois-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_François-0.md
category: reference
title: Alessandro François
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_François
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:32.288451+00:00
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parent: alessandro-fran-ois-20260505-0
summary:
Alessandro François (1796–1857) was an Italian archaeologist. He was also a scholar, artist, engineer, and war commissioner of the Grand Duke of Tuscany in the mid-19th century. == Biography == François was born in 1796 in Florence, then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Throughout his life, François undertook a number of occupations, including as a mining engineer. After travelling widely in his youth, François decided in 1825 to excavate Etruscan sites, including Cosa, Cortona, Volterra, Fiesole, Vetulonia, Populonia, Chiusi and Vulci. He discovered several black-figure vase fragments in 1844 at Fonte Rotelle near Chiusi. He discovered more fragments in 1845, and the pieces were assembled into a complete vase of the highest quality, subsequently named after him, which was purchased by Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in 1846 for the Uffizi Gallery. In 1857, François discovered a spectacular painted Etruscan tomb, which has also been named after him. François created his own excavation society and kept his finds in his home in Florence. Numerous attempts to found a museum to house his finds failed, despite his appealing to potential sponsors in Italy and to the French government. While in Florence, François fell ill and died at the


id: biological-illustration-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_illustration-0.md
category: reference
title: Biological illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:33.926239+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biological-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
Biological illustration is the use of technical illustration to visually communicate the structure and specific details of biological subjects of study. This can be used to demonstrate anatomy, explain biological functions or interactions, direct surgical procedures, distinguish species, and other applications. The scope of biological illustration can range from the whole organism level to microscopic. == Subcategories == Types of biological illustrations include: Medical illustration Botanical illustration Zoological illustration == History == Historically, biological illustrations have been in use since the beginning of man's exploration and attempts to understand the world. The Paleolithic cave paintings were so detailed that species and breeds of many of the depicted animals can be recognized. For example, in the Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave (circa 30,000 BC), at least 13 different species have been identified. In one prehistoric cave (circa 15,000 BC), there is a drawing of a mammoth with a darkened area where the heart should be. If this is indeed the intention of the illustration, it would be the world's first anatomical illustration. During the Renaissance, artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci famously sketched his observations from human dissections, as well as his studies of plants and the flight of birds. In the mid-16th century,


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-0.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
Botanical illustration is the art of depicting the form, color, and details of plant species. They are generally meant to be scientifically descriptive about subjects depicted and are often found printed alongside a botanical description in books, magazines, and other media. Some are sold as artworks. Often composed by a botanical illustrator in consultation with a scientific author, their creation requires an understanding of plant morphology and access to specimens and references. Many illustrations are in watercolour, but may also be in oils, ink, or pencil, or a combination of these and other media. The image may be life-size or not, though at times a scale is shown, and may show the life cycle and/or habitat of the plant and its neighbors, the upper and reverse sides of leaves, and details of flowers, bud, seed and root system. The fragility of dried or otherwise preserved specimens, and restrictions or impracticalities of transport, saw illustrations used as valuable visual references for taxonomists. In particular, minute plants or other botanical specimens only visible under a microscope were often identified through illustrations. To that end, botanical illustrations used to be generally accepted as types for attribution of a botanical name to a taxon.


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-1.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
=== Sixteenth century === In the 15th and 16th centuries, botany developed as a scientific discipline distinct from herbalism and medicine, although it continued to contribute to both. Several factors contributed to the development and progress of botany during these centuries: the evolution from miniature painting or woodblock printing to more modern techniques; the invention (and improvements) of the printing press, which facilitated the widespread dissemination of botanical knowledge; the advent of paper for the preparation of herbariums; and the development of botanical gardens, which allowed for the cultivation, observation, and study of plants from diverse regions. These developments were closely tied to advancements in navigation and exploration, which led to botanical expeditions that introduced numerous previously unknown species to Europe. As explorers and botanists traveled to new lands, they collected plants and expanded both the scope of botanical knowledge and the range of plants available. Together, these factors significantly increased the number of known plant species and facilitated the global exchange of local and regional botanical knowledge. During this period, Latin remained the universal language of science, ensuring that botanical discoveries could be shared and understood across national and linguistic boundaries. Christian Egenolff attached great importance to the illustrations


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-2.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
In 1533 the first chair of botany in Europe was established in Padua. Luca Ghini, an Italian physician and botanist, founded the Orto botanico di Pisa (Europe's first university botanical garden) in 1544 with the support of Cosimo I de' Medici and published his first herbarium that same year. He is credited with inventing the herbarium (known as "hortus siccus", dried garden), around 1520 or 1530. His compatriot Ulisse Aldrovandi compiled one of the first floras in the mid-16th century. Jacopo Ligozzi worked for both Ghini and Aldovrandi. Pietro Andrea Mattioli's botanical masterpiece was his Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis, first published in Italian in 1544 with 500, and later 1,200 engravings. This work made a profound impression on the botanist Gherardo Cibo, who then illustrated some of the plants featured in Mattioli's work (with roots, flowers and fruit) in close-up set against a backdrop of a real (often inhabited) landscape depicting their natural environment. Many of the illustrations also feature two little botanists collecting specimens of the plant illustrated. The work (Pietro Andrea Mattioli, Discorsi, a herbal assembled and illustrated by Gherardo Cibo), dated 1564–1584, is accessible for online viewing on the British Library website. See the Gherardo


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-3.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
His Amoris Monumentum Matri Charissimae (1589) shows a floral arrangement that seems to have been perceived at the precise moment when butterflies, caterpillars and snails appeared. The idea was often taken up again. His Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii (published by his son Jacob, in Frankfurt, in 1592) contains 48 engravings by Jacob (and perhaps Theodor de Bry or his son) based on studies that seem to have been made from life by Joris (who, according to Filippo Bonanni, had used a microscope).


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-4.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
=== Seventeenth century === Theodor de Bry, draughtsman and engraver, published his Florilegium novum in 1612, consisting of 116 plates representing, as the full title emphasises, flowers and plants, with their roots and bulbs, engraved from nature. It appears that at least some of the plates were borrowed from Pierre Vallet (c. 1575–1657), engraver and embroiderer to Kings Henri IV and Louis XIII, who himself published two florilèges: Le Jardin du roy tres chrestien Henri IV (1608) and Le Jardin du roy tres chrestien Loys XIII (1623). Some of the plates are beautifully hand-colored. Both books were made for "those who wish to paint or illuminate, embroider or make tapestries". Johann Theodor de Bry greatly assisted his father. With the assistance of Matthäus Merian der Ältere he later published Florilegium renovatum et auctum, also known as Anthologia Magna (1641), an expanded version with 177 engraved plates. Emanuel Sweerts, a tulip collector, published another florilegium: Florilegium by Emanuel Sweerts of Zevenbergen, living in Amsterdam [...] showing various flowers and other plants, in two parts, drawn from nature and rendered in four languages (Latin, German, French and Dutch). The first part is devoted to 67 bulb plants (32 varieties of tulips), and


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-5.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
It was John Ray who brought them to light by applying them to his own botanical classification work, and, through Ray, Carl von Linné eventually incorporated them into his own system. Jacob Marrel's stepdaughter Maria Sibylla Merian, who published her first book in 1675, included insects in her floral pictures. Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (1705) showed caterpillars and the plants to which they are attached. Her daughters Rachel Ruysch and Dorothea Maria Graff were also flower painters. The most important work on plant systematics in the 17th century was the Historia generalis plantarum ('The General History of Plants', 1686) by John Ray (1627–1705), on which Linnaeus based his work and whom he proclaimed the 'founder' of systematics. The botanist and draughtsman Charles Plumier, who made four botanical expeditions (the first one in 1689), brought back a (now lost) herbarium and many drawings: Description des plantes de l'Amérique was published after the second voyage (1693), and Nova plantarum americanarum genera (1703) after the third. These works include plates showing flowers and fruits at different stages of development. A few decades earlier, Flora Sinensis (Vienna, 1656) had been published by a Jesuit missionary, Michał Boym. At the end of the 17th century, the


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-6.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
=== 18th century === After the emergence of plant anatomy in the 17th, the 18th century saw that of plant physiology, which has since had a profound influence on the development of all areas of botany. Stephen Hales is considered the father of plant physiology for his many experiments in Vegetable Staticks (1727). As for Carl Linnaeus, he is widely recognized as the father of modern botanical nomenclature. Linnaeus introduced several key innovations in taxinomy. First, he applied binomial nomenclature, assigning each species a two-part Latin name, while also emphasizing detailed morphological characterization. This system allowed for clearer, more systematic classification. Additionally, he implemented a precise terminology for describing plant morphology, especially floral and fruit structures. Building on Jungius's work, Linnaeus carefully defined terms that became standard in botanical descriptions. Through his major works—Systema Naturae (1735) and "Species Plantarum" (1753), —he revolutionized taxonomy, creating a framework still used today. In Hortus Cliffortianus (1737), a collaboration between Linnaeus and the illustrator Georg Dionysius Ehret, he described 2536 genres et espèces de plantes. He organised their list according to the system he had established in the Specis Plantarum and in the Systema Naturae. To name the plants, he relied on his Critica


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-7.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
=== 19th century === In the 19th century a number of different methods of colour printing were developed in Europe, using including chromoxylography, which became the most successful of several methods of colour printing developed in the 19th century, and chromolithography. Other methods were developed by printers such as Jacob Christoph Le Blon, George Baxter and Edmund Evans, and mostly relied on using several woodblocks with different colours. Hand-colouring also remained important. From 1801, William Say worked on steel plates rather than the usual, less durable, copper plates used since the early 16th century. However, Jean-Michel Papillon revived the art of engraving, which reached a new peak with Thomas Bewick, who engraved the woodblocks "across the grain", making them much more durable. Robert John Thornton, A new family herbal, 1810, was engraved by T. Bewick. Invented in 1796 lithography quickly became the standard. Jan Kops' first issue of Flora Batava was published in Amsterdam in 1800 (last one 1934), with most of the illustrations in the first three volumes by Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os), a flower and fruit painter for the Sèvres porcelain factory. Charles Alexandre Lesueur took part in the Baudin expedition to Australia (1800–1803) as a draughtsman,


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-8.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
Iwasaki Tsunemasa had already started publishing Honzō Zufu (Iconographia Plantarum or Diagrams and Chronicles of Botany) a woodblock illustrated work (1828–1921). In the 1870s, Leopold Kny created a series of large, detailed botanical wall charts (Botanische Wandtafeln). These charts depicted various plant structures, including roots, flowers, and leaves, in great detail and at a large scale, making them useful for teaching botany in classrooms. Teachers could also use Robert and Reinhold Brendel's papier-mâché models (For more details, see Wikipedia in French: Modèles Brendel, or in German: Robert Brendel (Modellbauer)). Deyrolle also published wall charts (planches didactiques). After several expeditions to South and Central America, Jean Jules Linden made a detailed study of orchid growth conditions in their natural habitat. His findings revolutionised the cultivation of orchids under European conditions. Upon his return to Belgium, he became a prominent commercial orchid grower. Linden published exceptional books on orchids and their cultivation, commissioning leading botanical illustrators to create a number of chromolithographs. His Iconographie des Orchidées (17 volumes, 1885–1903) is monumental. Many of the plates in the first series and all of the plates in the second series were executed by the noted botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch, called by Blunt &


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-9.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
=== 20th and 21st centuries === As the 19th century ended and photography gained popularity, Photoengraving, which used halftone technology instead of traditional illustration, became the primary aesthetic of the era. The first offset press was introduced in 1907, revolutionizing image reproduction. New botanical specialties emerged and developed: Lichenology (pioneered by Erik Acharius), Phycology (William Henry Harvey), Palaeobotany (Kaspar Maria von Sternberg), and Ecology (Eugenius Warming), along with new fields like Cytogenetics. Botanical illustrators are still actively working today. Deborah Lambkin, the official illustrator of new orchids described by the RHS since 2005, was awarded the Margaret Flockton Award in 2020. American botanists Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose, with illustrator Mary Emily Eaton, published The Cactaceae (1919–1923). The prolific Matilda Smith was active until the early 1920s. Batty Langley, Pomona, or The Fruit-garden illustrated (London, 1928). Nellie Roberts was the first and longest serving Royal Horticultural Society orchid artist, from 1897 until 1953. In 1972, the Smithsonian Institution hired its first botanical illustrator, Alice Tangerini. In the 1980s, Celia Rosser undertook to illustrate every Banksia species for the masterwork, The Banksias. When another species was described after its publication, Banksia rosserae, it was named to honour her mammoth


id: botanical-illustration-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration-10.md
category: reference
title: Botanical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:35.237685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
Papercutting : (Philipp Otto Runge, 1777–1810). This discipline was also practised in Ottoman Turkey (17th-18th centuries), under the name of Kaat'ı (more or less similar to quilling). Collages: (watercolor-enhanced paper collages by Mary Delany). Cut-out gouaches (Acanthus by Henri Matisse), 1953. Wall-paper and textile designers like Joseph-Laurent Malaine and the Arthur et Robert wallpaper factory, or William Morris, who paid close attention to botanical detail in his botanical patterns (Common hollyhock, 1862). Ceramics, such as those from Sèvres, often feature botanical motifs, finely observed from the 18th century onward. In 1790, Frederick VI of Denmark ordered a dinner set made decorated with exact copies of the plates of Flora Danica. Loren L. Zeller notes that Jean-Baptiste Pillement also produced several collections containing exotic floral and botanical designs. This was at a time when many women loved accessories decorated with flowers (flower holders, fans, perfume dispensers such as perfume [14]) and floral wall hangings, wallpaper, textiles and jewels were fashionable. Floral marquetry : Jan van Mekeren (Tiel 1658-1733 Amsterdam) is remembered for his cabinets covered with floral marquetry representing more than ten identifiable flowers. Cabinetmaker Jean-François Oeben was renowned for his foral marquetry decorations. Martine Lefèvre suggests that the foliage and


id: stuttgart-database-of-scientific-illustrators-1450-1950-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_Database_of_Scientific_Illustrators_1450–1950-0.md
category: reference
title: Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_Database_of_Scientific_Illustrators_1450–1950
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:37.541219+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stuttgart-database-of-scientific-illustrators-1450-1950-20260505-0
summary:
The Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950 (abbreviated DSI) is an online repository of bibliographic data about people who illustrated published scientific works from the time of the invention of the printing press, around 1450, until 1950; the latter cut-off chosen with the intention of excluding currently-active illustrators. The database includes those who worked in a variety of fields, including anatomical, astronomical, botanical, zoological and medical illustration. The database is hosted by the University of Stuttgart. Content is displayed in English, and is free to access. As of October 2023, the database includes over 13,000 illustrators. The site is searchable by 20 fields. Suggestions for additional entries, or amendments, may be submitted by members of the public, but are subject to editorial review before inclusion. == References == === Further reading === Hentschel, Klaus (2012-10-03). "The Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950: Making the Invisible Hands Visible" (PDF). Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science. 6 (1): 182–191. doi:10.4245/sponge.v6i1.17156. Hentschel, Klaus; Himmel, Torsten (2018). "Die Stuttgarter Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450-1950 (DSI)". In Peggy Bockwinkel; Beatrice Nickel; Gabriel Viehhauser (eds.). Digital Humanities. Perspektiven der Praxis (in German). Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ==


id: technical-illustration-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_illustration-0.md
category: reference
title: Technical illustration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_illustration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:38.718156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technical-illustration-20260505-0
summary:
Technical illustration is illustration meant to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be components of technical drawings or diagrams. Technical illustrations in general aim "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer". Technical illustrations generally have to describe and explain the subjects to a nontechnical audience. Therefore, the visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer’s interest and understanding". == Types == === Types of communication === Today, technical illustration can be broken down into three categories based on the type of communication: Communication with the general public: informs the general public, for example illustrated instructions found in the manuals for automobiles and consumer electronics. This type of technical illustration contains simple terminology and symbols that can be understood by the lay person and is sometimes called creative technical illustration/graphics. Specialized engineering or scientific communication: used by engineers/scientists to communicate with their peers and in specifications. This use of technical illustration has its own complex terminology and specialized symbols; examples are the fields of atomic energy, aerospace


id: jeannine-ach-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannine_Achón-0.md
category: reference
title: Jeannine Achón
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannine_Achón
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:39.910539+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jeannine-ach-n-20260505-0
summary:
Jeannine Achón (born 1973) is a Cuban abstract painter. Born in Havana, after secondary studies at LaLenin school, she completed a university degree in Industrial Design from the Instituto Superior de Diseño Industrial (ISDI) of Cuba, specializing in Housing (1996). After ISDI, she worked a couple of years at Decoro d'Arq,a design company, for hotel projects, including Hotel Nacional and Capri. Then she focuses on fine arts and paintings, first figurative and illustration, in the late 1990s. She does scientific illustrations ("Mi Libro de Lagartijas" Alfonso Silva Lee, published by Editorial Gente Nueva), as well as drawings for children's books, always with the same publisher. Her painting in the late 1990s and early 2000s is still in large part figurative, but already contains the main technical basis and features for her future abstract works: structure composed of multiple layers, the use of acrylic on paper or canvas, rather colorful approaches. This is the time of sales in the art markets of Habana Vieja or Vedado, where foreign tourists and young Cuban artists meet. Jeannine had her first solo exhibition in 2005 on the Isle of Youth ("Isla de la Juventud"), at the gallery of the Hermanos Saiz Association. It bears


id: ricardo-almend-riz-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Almendáriz-0.md
category: reference
title: Ricardo Almendáriz
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Almendáriz
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:41.080228+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ricardo-almend-riz-20260505-0
summary:
Ricardo Almendáriz (fl. 1787) was a draftsman from New Spain who accompanied Antonio del Río to the first excavation of pre-Columbian Maya ruins at Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico. Undertaken in May and June 1787, the expedition was performed under orders from Charles III of Spain, to investigate reports about the ruins from the inhabitants of the neighboring pueblo of Santo Domingo de Palenque. The team spent two weeks digging at the location, followed by three weeks studying the site. Almendáriz made thirty drawings of the bas relief sculptures at the Palenque ruins. These drawings were intended to accompany del Río's written report, which was dated June 24, 1787. According to George Stuart, writing for the Kislak Foundation, the del Río report "ranks as the first substantial archaeological report known in the Americas." Almendáriz's drawings of Palenque are "remarkably accurate for the era" and depict features of Palenque that have since been destroyed from exposure. For this reason they remain scientifically useful. The Almendáriz drawings were copied for archival purposes. The most complete set of contemporary copies belongs to the library of the Royal Palace in Madrid. == Notes == == References == == External links == Coleccion de Estampas Copiadas


id: astrid-andreasen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Andreasen-0.md
category: reference
title: Astrid Andreasen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Andreasen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:42.288482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: astrid-andreasen-20260505-0
summary:
Astrid Jóhanna Andreasen (born 31 July 1948 in Vestmanna, Faroe Islands) is a Faroese artist, illustrator and postage stamp designer. As a scientific illustrator, she specialises in marine animals. Andreasen grew up in Vestmanna, as the daughter of Andreas Andreasen (1906–1974), a teacher, and Daniella Andreasen, a housewife. Early in her career she produced illustrations for collections of her father's poetry. From 1968 to 1970 she studied at a vocational school in Kerteminde in Denmark to become a teacher of embroidery. In 1974 she studied to become an occupational therapist in Hellerup. In the 1970s she took a job as a therapist in Tórshavn hospital where she worked with mentally handicapped people, teaching them embroidery and other art forms. From 1984 to 1986, Andreasen learned illustration and weaving at the Academy of Arts in Århus, and from 1990 to 1991 she specialized in scientific illustration at the Gerlesborg School of Fine Art as well as at the Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory. Andreasen worked from 1999 until 2016 as a scientific illustrator at the National Museum of the Faroe Islands. She has gained international recognition through her illustrations for Postverk Føroya. As an artist she is especially known for her textile


id: ang-lique-allais-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angélique_Allais-0.md
category: reference
title: Angélique Allais
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angélique_Allais
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:43.491715+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ang-lique-allais-20260505-0
summary:
Marie-Angélique Briceau-Allais (1767–1827) was a French engraver active during the late Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Trained in her family workshop, she became known as one of the foremost crayon engravers in France of the late 18th century. Her work includes anatomical plates for Félix Vicq-d’Azyr’s Traité d’anatomie et de physiologie, as well widely circulated portraits of leading figures of the Revolution. == Early life and training == Marie-Angélique Briceau was born on 24 May 1767 in Paris, the daughter of Suzanne Porcher and the painter and engraver Pierre-Claude Briceau. She received her artistic training within her family, following a common practice among engravers of the time. The Briceau studio was situated on rue Aubri-le-Boucher, near the historic printmaking neighbourhood of rue Montorgueil. By the age of 20 Briceau-Allais was an established printmaker, and a number of sources suggest that around this time she was awarded the title peintre du roi (Painter of the King). Briceau-Allais married the engraver Louis-Jean Allais in November 1790. Together they had a large number of children, several of whom went on to pursue artistic careers. In addition to her own work, she trained a number of students, including her children Jean Alexandre Allais and


id: mauricio-ant-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Antón-0.md
category: reference
title: Mauricio Antón
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Antón
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:44.674985+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mauricio-ant-n-20260505-0
summary:
Mauricio Antón Ortuzar (born 1961 in Bilbao, Spain) is a Spanish paleoartist, vertebrate paleontologist, and illustrator. As a paleontologist specialising in carnivoran mammals, he has written extensively about sabertooth cats, as well as other groups like hyenas and amphicyonids. As a paleoartist and illustrator, he has created numerous illustrations of prehistoric life illustrating carnivorans as well as other animals (typically mammals), and archaic humans. Antón is one of the most widely known and influential contemporary paleoartists. == Life and career == Anton was born in Bilbao, Spain. His family moved to Venezuela in the 1970s. As a teenager in Caracas, Antón became fascinated with the skeleton of the saber-tooth cat Smilodon fatalis on exhibition at the local museum. Ever since, he has been working and improving his techniques to bring fossils alive, being especially interested in felids, hominids and other vertebrates. As he puts it in one of his books (El secreto de los fósiles) “It is the responsibility of the scientific paleo-illustrator to make sure that his images rigorously transmit the knowledge that the paleontologists have gathered from specific extinct species.” To do this he gathers data from extant species, travelling the world extensively, working hands on with fossils,


id: gabriele-dell-otto-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Dell'Otto-0.md
category: reference
title: Gabriele Dell'Otto
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Dell'Otto
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:45.851882+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gabriele-dell-otto-20260505-0
summary:
Gabriele Dell'Otto (born December 20, 1973) is an Italian illustrator and author whose works have been published in several countries in the fields of scientific illustration, comic books, calendars, lithographies, books, colored graphic folders, and cover work for magazines and video games. == Early life == Dell'Otto was born December 20, 1973, in Rome. He received a diploma in artistic maturity and registered in the European Design Institute. == Career == In 1998, Dell'Otto started collaborating with the European division of Marvel Comics, producing covers, posters and lithographies for Italy, France and Germany. In Germany he started collaborating with DC Comics and other publishers such as IPP, Egmont Ehapa and MG Publishing. In 2002 and 2003, the Italian Carabinieri hired him to design the images for their historical calendar. In 2002, his work was shown to Joe Quesada, the editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics, who assigned him the art duties for the Secret War mini-series, written by Brian Michael Bendis. In 2006, he illustrated the cover and promotional images of the Italian version of the Activision videogame Marvel: Ultimate Alliance. Between 2006 and 2007, Dell'Otto provided the covers of the miniseries Annihilation, which starred the space-based characters of the Marvel Universe.


id: esther-hastings-hart-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Hastings_Hart-0.md
category: reference
title: Esther Hastings Hart
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Hastings_Hart
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:47.029757+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: esther-hastings-hart-20260505-0
summary:
Esther Hastings Hart (22 February 1862 – 3 August 1940) was an American entomological illustrator. She worked at the Bureau of Entomology for twelve years drawing insects for publications. Hart was born in Elmira, New York, where her father Ira Hart was a well-known physician. She received an AB degree from Elmira college and spent four years to study the art of engraving at the Cooper Institute where she was a friend of Anna Botsford Comstock. She gave private lessons in art at her home in Elmira and in 1906 she worked in the Patent Office and the next year went to work with the Forest Service as a draftsman. Her expertise in illustrating insects led A. D. Hopkins to transfer her to the Bureau of Entomology in 1911. She worked on documenting forest insects and worked for 23 years, retiring in 1932. She was made a trustee of the Elmira College Alumnae Association in that year. She died after two years of illness in 1940. == References == == External links == The Bug Lady: Ms. Esther Hart


id: emma-kissling-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kissling-0.md
category: reference
title: Emma Kissling
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kissling
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:48.199874+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emma-kissling-20260505-0
summary:
Emma Kissling (1862 or 1864? – 1950?) was a scientific illustrator who worked for the Prince of Monaco and completed illustrations of marine species. Her work was published in Poissons provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (1901-1910). == References ==


id: anka-krizmani-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anka_Krizmanić-0.md
category: reference
title: Anka Krizmanić
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anka_Krizmanić
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:49.403684+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anka-krizmani-20260505-0
summary:
Anka Krizmanić, also known as Anka Krizmanic-Paulic, (1896–1987) was a Croatian painter and printmaker, and later scientific illustrator. She was active between 1910 and 1946. == About == She attended a private painting school at Krizman School of Painting in Zagreb, where she studied under Tomislav Krizman. From 1913 to 1917, she continued her education at Kunstgewerbeschule in Dresden, Germany. Afterward, she pursued further studies in Paris from 1920 to 1930. In 1921 and 1922, she worked on creating lithographic maps of Dubrovnik, while staying in that city Her painting work had two major series, one of which was "dance" and was inspired dancers by Anna Pavlova, Grete Wiesenthal, and Gertrud Leistikow. The other series was "lovers". In 1935, she met German painter Ludwig Weninger (1904–1945) and a romance was started between them. By the beginning of World War II (c.1939), the relationship ended. In 1946, she became a scientific illustrator for the School of Medicine in Zagreb, and she lessened her time painting. == References == == External links == Anka Krizmanić on AskArt.com Anka Krizmanic on ArtNet.com


id: roberto-pace-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Pace-0.md
category: reference
title: Roberto Pace
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Pace
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:50.593832+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: roberto-pace-20260505-0
summary:
Roberto Pace (7 May 1935 – 13 February 2017) was an Italian entomologist and scientific illustrator specializing in beetles. == Biography == Roberto Pace was born in Monteforte d’Alpone to Attilio Pace and his wife Edvige, née Poli. In 1953, he graduated from the Liceo Statale Guarino Veronese in Verona, after which he worked as an elementary school teacher in Roncà. In 1968, he became a researcher at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, where, with the support of Sandro Ruffo, Giuseppe Osella, and Adriano Zanetti, he worked on the family Staphylinidae (rove beetles). His main research interest was the subfamilies Leptotyphlinae and Aleocharinae. He focused not only on Italian species but also on those from New Caledonia, Madagascar, Africa, and Chile. By 2015, Pace had described around 6,400 species and 400 genera or subgenera, and had published more than 370 scientific papers in journals such as Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, Fragmenta Entomologica, Redia, and Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie. He authored several monographs, including Monografia del genere Leptusa Kraatz (Coleoptera Staphylinidae) (1989), Coleoptera. Staphylinidae. Leptotyphlinae (1996), Insectes Coléoptères Staphylinidae Aleocharinae. Faune de Madagascar, 89 (1999), and Aleocharinae del Madagascar.


id: alex-warnick-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Warnick-0.md
category: reference
title: Alex Warnick
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Warnick
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:51.749881+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alex-warnick-20260505-0
summary:
Alex Clark Warnick (born September 1987) is an American naturalist and scientific illustrator, specializing in avifauna (birds), and a painter. She describes herself as a "natural history artist" and aims to use her artwork to foster appreciation and conservation action for the natural world, stating that she hopes her work will "introduce many others to the significance and beauty of birds so that birds can benefit the lives of people, and in turn, people can benefit the lives of birds." == Early life and education == Warnick grew up in Indiana and began painting and studying birds at a young age. She has said: "Birds have always been my mild obsession. In 5th grade, I delivered my career project on ornithology sitting in a giant nest I'd built from willow sticks. I held a pair of binoculars in my sixth grade yearbook picture." She graduated with a degree in Integrated Studio Art from Brigham Young University–Idaho. == Career == Warnick's work is characterized by the integration of scientific accuracy with an aesthetic inspired by historical natural history artists. Her signature style is defined by illustrating "all things crested, spotted, and gilded," a reference to terms found in bird nomenclature. She


id: nina-andreyeva-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva-0.md
category: reference
title: Nina Andreyeva
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:53.295030+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nina-andreyeva-20260505-0
summary:
Nina Alexandrovna Andreyeva (Russian: Нина Александровна Андреева, 12 October 1938 – 24 July 2020) was a Soviet Russian chemical scientist, teacher, author, and political activist. A supporter of classical Soviet principles, she wrote an essay entitled I Cannot Forsake My Principles that defended many aspects of the traditional Soviet system, and criticized General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his closest supporters for not being true communists. In the rebuke published in the official party newspaper Pravda the essay was called The Manifesto of Anti-Perestroika Forces. == Career in chemistry == She was born in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), and was a chemistry lecturer at the Leningrad Technological Institute. She joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) around 1966. == I Cannot Forsake My Principles == Andreyeva's essay I Cannot Forsake My Principles (Не могу поступаться принципами; variously translated in English commentary) was published in the newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya on March 13, 1988, at a time when Gorbachev and Alexander Yakovlev were either about to start on overseas visit or already abroad, and was initiated and approved by the secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, Yegor Ligachev. She was contemptuous of Perestroika and defended the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.


id: stephen-attride-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Attride-0.md
category: reference
title: Stephen Attride
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Attride
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:54.454868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stephen-attride-20260505-0
summary:
Stephen Attride (born 1993) is a Gaelic footballer who has played for the Killeshin club and the Laois county team, serving as captain of his county for the 2017, 2018 and 2019 seasons. Attride was primarily interested in athletics from a young age, specifically middle-/long-distance running, at which he competed both nationally and internationally. However, while in his last year at school, he developed shin splints and this affected his future progress in athletics. He attended Dublin City University (DCU), where he played for the university football team. Initially playing at wing-forward, Attride developed into a corner-back. Laois manager Justin McNulty noticed his progress and invited him onto the county panel in 2013. He scored a goal against Dublin in Laois's 2016 Leinster Senior Football Championship quarter-final loss to the then All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title holders. In 2017, the then Laois manager Peter Creedon appointed Attride as captain of the team. Creedon's successor John Sugrue allowed Attride to retain the county captaincy. Sugrue led Laois to the National Football League Division 4 title in his first year. It meant that Attride became the first Laois captain since Ian Fitzgerald to raise a trophy aloft in the Hogan Stand of


id: gordon-aylward-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Aylward-0.md
category: reference
title: Gordon Aylward
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Aylward
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:55.672043+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gordon-aylward-20260505-0
summary:
Gordon Hillis Aylward is an Australian chemical author. He is known for writing the SI Chemical Data book. == Biography == Aylward graduated on 20 May 1952 with a BSc (Honours) in Applied Chemistry from the then-new University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. Later he received a MSc from the same university, and continued to teach Analytical Chemistry for 13 years there. During that period he organized the Approach to Chemistry summer schools, together with his co-teacher Dr Tristan Findlay. To support the course, they wrote the book SI Chemical Data as the textbook. Later Aylward joined Macquarie University as Associate Professor and worked from 1970 till his retirement in 2005 in developing countries as a Science Education consultant for UNESCO, then for the World Bank and finally as a freelance Senior Science Education Advisor. == Published works == Aylward, G. H.; T. J. V. Findlay (1965). SI Chemical Data (1st ed.). Milton, Queensland: John Wiley & Sons Australia. Now in its 6th edition. == References ==


id: andrew-balmford-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Balmford-0.md
category: reference
title: Andrew Balmford
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Balmford
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:56.873268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: andrew-balmford-20260505-0
summary:
Andrew Balmford is a professor of conservation science at the University of Cambridge. His research focuses on planning conservation, comparing the costs and benefits of conservation and how conservation can be reconciled with other activities. == Education and career == Balmford studied for his undergraduate degree, and PhD at the University of Cambridge before becoming a research fellow at the university. He was then a research fellow at the Institute of Zoology before becoming a lecturer at Sheffield University. He returned to Cambridge in 1998 as a member of the zoology department. He was a fellow of Clare College from 2008 to 2024, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2011. === Research === In 1993, along with two other researchers, he investigated why the tails of birds are shaped as they are, aiming to test Charles Darwin's hypothesis that females have a preference for males with longer and more ornate tails using aerodynamic analysis. They reported that shallow forked shaped tails (such as those of the house martin) are aerodynamically optimal and that species with them had similar lengthed tails, indicating they could have developed through natural selection. In species with longer tails, males tend to


id: rachel-barrett-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Barrett-0.md
category: reference
title: Rachel Barrett
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Barrett
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:58.069695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rachel-barrett-20260505-0
summary:
Rachel Barrett (12 November 1874 – 26 August 1953) was a Welsh suffragette and newspaper editor born in Carmarthen. Educated at the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth she became a science teacher, but quit her job in 1906 on hearing Nellie Martel speak of women's suffrage, joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and moved to London. In 1907, she became a WSPU organiser, and after Christabel Pankhurst fled to Paris, Barrett became joint organiser of the national WSPU campaign. In 1912, despite no journalistic background, she took charge of the new newspaper The Suffragette. Barrett was arrested on occasions for activities linked to the suffrage movement and, in 1913–1914, spent some time incognito to avoid re-arrest. == Early life == Barrett was born in Carmarthen on 12 November 1874 to Rees Barrett, a land and road surveyor, and his second wife Anne Jones, both Welsh-speakers. She grew up in the town of Llandeilo with her elder brother Rees and a younger sister, Janette. By the 1881 census, her mother Anne was the lone adult living at their address on Alan Road, her father having died in 1878. Barrett was educated at Stratford Abbey School, a boarding school


id: rachel-barrett-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Barrett-1.md
category: reference
title: Rachel Barrett
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Barrett
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:43:58.069695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rachel-barrett-20260505-0
summary:
Over the next two years, Barrett was a key figure in keeping the newspaper in print despite the Home Secretary's efforts to suppress it. In April 1913, the offices of The Suffragette were raided by the police and Barrett, Beatrice Sanders, Agnes Lake, Harriet Kerr and Flora Drummond were arrested on charges of conspiring to damage property. Barrett was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment at Holloway. She immediately went on hunger strike, was transferred to Canterbury Prison, and after five days she was released under the "Cat and Mouse Act". She moved into "Mouse Castle", 2 Campden Hill Square, home of the Brackenbury family who were sympathetic suffragists. After three weeks at the house, Barrett emerged and was rearrested. She went back on hunger strike and after four days was again released to "Mouse Castle". This time, she was smuggled out of the house in disguise to allow her to speak at meetings, before being rearrested for a second time and was looked after by her friend I. A. R. Wylie at St John's Wood, known as the "Mouse Hole" and for the third time, Barrett was released after a hunger strike, but this time, she successfully eluded the authorities


id: as-m-orhan-barut-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asım_Orhan_Barut-0.md
category: reference
title: Asım Orhan Barut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asım_Orhan_Barut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:14.192545+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: as-m-orhan-barut-20260505-0
summary:
Asım Orhan Barut (June 6, 1926 – December 5, 1994) was a Turkish-American theoretical physicist. == Education == He received both his undergraduate diploma and his Ph.D. degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1949 and 1952, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at the University of Chicago during 1953–1954. == Academic life == Barut was an assistant professor at Reed College during 1954-55 and then joined the faculty at Syracuse University in 1956. He became a professor of physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1962 and served for 32 years. == Research areas == His research interests centered on group theoretic methods in physics. His books include Theory of the Scattering Matrix, Electrodynamics and Classical Theory of Fields and Particles and Representations of Noncompact Groups and Applications. Asım Orhan Barut was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1966. == Publications == === Books === Theory of group representations and applications, (2nd edition) Barut, Asim O.; Raczka, Ryszard, 1980, ISBN 83-01-02716-9, Polish Science Publishers, Varsovie. Quantum Systems, Barut, Asim O.; Feranchuk, I. D.; Shnir, Yu M., 1995, ISBN 9810220995, World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated. Polarization Dynamics in Nuclear & Particle


id: peter-becker-biologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Becker_(biologist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Peter Becker (biologist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Becker_(biologist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:15.325211+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: peter-becker-biologist-20260505-0
summary:
Peter Burkhard Becker is a German molecular biologist. He studied biology at Heidelberg University until 1984 and finished his Ph.D. at the German Cancer Research Center and Heidelberg University in 1987. After being employed at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) from 1991 until 1999, he became head of the Adolf Butenandt Institute for molecular biology at LMU Munich. In 2000, he was elected as a member of EMBO. In 2005, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research. In 2007, he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He became chair of EMBL Council, the governing body of EMBL, in 2023, having served as a delegate since 2016. == References == == External links == Summary biography at the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (in German)


id: carlo-beenakker-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Beenakker-0.md
category: reference
title: Carlo Beenakker
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Beenakker
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:16.490566+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carlo-beenakker-20260505-0
summary:
Carlo Willem Joannes Beenakker (born 9 June 1960) is a professor at Leiden University and leader of the university's mesoscopic physics group, established in 1992. == Education and career == Born in Leiden as the son of physicists Jan Beenakker and Elena Manaresi, Beenakker graduated from Leiden University in 1982 and obtained his doctorate two years later. After the awarding of his doctorate, he then spent one year working in the United States of America as a fellow of the Niels Stensen Foundation before returning to the Netherlands as a member of the scientific staff of the Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven. He joined the Lorentz Institute for theoretical physics at Leiden University in 1991. == Work == His work in mesoscopic physics addresses fundamental physical problems that occur when a macroscopic object is miniaturized to dimensions on the nanoscale. Quantum mechanical effects then play a decisive role, as demonstrated in the quantum point contact (a narrow constriction with a quantized conductance). To understand the universal quantum mechanical properties of mesoscopic systems, Beenakker adapted methods from the theory of random matrices, originally developed in the context of nuclear physics. Discoveries by Beenakker and colleagues include the one-third suppression of shot


id: lawrence-beesley-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Beesley-0.md
category: reference
title: Lawrence Beesley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Beesley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:17.739756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lawrence-beesley-20260505-0
summary:
Lawrence Beesley (31 December 1877 – 14 February 1967) was an English science teacher, journalist and author who was a survivor of the sinking of RMS Titanic. == Education == Beesley was educated at Derby School, where he was a scholar, and afterwards at Caius College, Cambridge, again as a scholar. He took a First Class degree in the Natural Science tripos in 1903. == Career == Beginning as a schoolmaster at Wirksworth Grammar School in Derbyshire, he moved to Dulwich College in south London, where he was a science master. In 1957 he was still teaching as Principal of the Northwood School of Coaching, Northwood, Middlesex. == RMS Titanic == A second class passenger, Beesley is one of the survivors of the sinking of Titanic in April 1912. He wrote a successful book about his experience, The Loss of the SS Titanic (June 1912), published just nine weeks after the disaster. Lifeboat No.13 was being launched on the Boat Deck, no women or children were in immediate sight, but it seemed there was room for more. As a result, Beesley was instructed to jump into the lifeboat just before it launched. He managed to survive a subsequent incident where


id: theodor-ludwig-wilhelm-von-bischoff-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Ludwig_Wilhelm_von_Bischoff-0.md
category: reference
title: Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Ludwig_Wilhelm_von_Bischoff
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:18.902155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: theodor-ludwig-wilhelm-von-bischoff-20260505-0
summary:
Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff (28 October 1807 in Hannover – 5 December 1882 in Munich) was a German physician and biologist. == Biography == He lectured on pathological anatomy at Heidelberg (1835-1843) and held professorships in anatomy and physiology at Giessen (1843-1855) and Munich, where he was appointed to the chair of anatomy and physiology in 1854. In 1843, Theodor von Bischoff was elected as member of the German Academy of Sciences. His most important contributions were made in embryology with a series of four exhaustive memoirs on the development of the mammalian ovum; published in 1842 (rabbit), 1845 (dog), 1852 (guinea pig), and 1854 (roe deer). His studies concerning animal metabolism by measuring urea were less successful, as was his research on the anatomy of skull and brain. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878. == Selected works == Beiträge zur Lehre von den Eyhüllen des menschlichen Fötus, 1834 – Contributions to the study of the human fetus. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Säugethiere und des Menschen, 1842 – Developmental history of mammals and man. Entwicklungsgeschichte des kaninchen-eies, 1842 – Developmental history of the rabbit ovum. Entwicklungsgeschichte des hunde-eies, 1845 –


id: christian-bohr-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bohr-0.md
category: reference
title: Christian Bohr
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bohr
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:20.084098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: christian-bohr-20260505-0
summary:
Christian Harald Lauritz Peter Emil Bohr (14 February 1855 - 3 February 1911) was a Danish physician, father of the physicist and Nobel laureate Niels Bohr, as well as the mathematician and football player Harald Bohr and grandfather of another physicist and Nobel laureate Aage Bohr. He married Ellen Adler in 1881. == Personal life == He wrote his first scientific paper, "Om salicylsyrens indflydelse på kødfordøjelsen" ("On salicylic acid's influence on the digestion of meat"), at the age of 22. He received his medical degree in 1880, studied under Carl Ludwig at University of Leipzig, took a Ph.D. in physiology and was appointed professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen in 1886. Christian Bohr is buried in the Assistens Kirkegård. == Physiology == In 1891, he was the first to characterize dead space. In 1904, Christian Bohr described the phenomenon, now called the Bohr effect, whereby hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide heterotopically decrease hemoglobin's oxygen-binding affinity. This regulation increases the efficiency of oxygen release by hemoglobin in tissues, like active muscle tissue, where rapid metabolization has produced relatively high concentrations of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide. == References == == Sources == Fredericia, L.S. (1932) Christian Bohr, pp.


id: lorenz-cederbaum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Cederbaum-0.md
category: reference
title: Lorenz Cederbaum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Cederbaum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:21.280290+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lorenz-cederbaum-20260505-0
summary:
Lorenz S. Cederbaum (born 26 October 1946 in Braunschweig, Germany) is a German physical chemist. He studied physics at the University of Munich and obtained his diplome in 1970, his Ph.D. in 1972 under Georg Hohlneicher, and habilitation in 1976. He was professor at the University of Freiburg before becoming professor for theoretical chemistry at the University of Heidelberg in 1979. Cederbaum is member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. == Research areas == Calculation of electronic states and transitions using many-particle methods (computational chemistry) Spectroscopy and radiationless relaxation of polyatomic molecules Electron-molecule scattering, photoionization and Auger decay Wave packet dynamics (the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method). Chaos and statistics Structure and dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional systems Stable multiply charged anions of isolated small molecules and clusters Fundamental aspects, electronic structure and dynamics of atoms and molecules in strong magnetic fields Bose-Einstein Condensation Interatomic/Intermolecular Coulombic Decay (ICD) == External links == University of Heidelberg Biography (German) IAQMS: Lorenz S. Cederbaum


id: charles-clarke-botanist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Clarke_(botanist)-0.md
category: reference
title: Charles Clarke (botanist)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Clarke_(botanist)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:22.435787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charles-clarke-botanist-20260505-0
summary:
Dr. Charles M. Clarke (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an ecologist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes, for which he is regarded as a world authority. Clarke has an honours degree in Botany from Monash University in Melbourne, and a Ph.D. in Ecosystem management at the University of New England, in Armidale, New South Wales. Clarke first travelled to Borneo in search of pitcher plants in 1987. In 1989 and 1990 he lived in Brunei, studying the ecology of Nepenthes. In between travels, Clarke has taught Ecology and Biometrics at James Cook University in Queensland, and worked as a horticultural consultant in Hong Kong. He now works at the Cairns Botanic Garden. Clarke has written five books and guides on Nepenthes, which present a synthesis of the research performed on his travels around the Malay Archipelago. The most significant of these works are the monographs Nepenthes of Borneo (1997) and Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (2001). Clarke has described six species of Nepenthes: N. baramensis (now known as N. hemsleyana), N. benstonei, N. chaniana, N. izumiae, N. jacquelineae, and N. tenax. == Publications == Clarke, C., Schlauer, J., Moran, J. & Robinson, A.S., 2018. Systematics and


id: stephen-cluxton-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cluxton-0.md
category: reference
title: Stephen Cluxton
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cluxton
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:23.725940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stephen-cluxton-20260505-0
summary:
Stephen Cluxton (born 17 December 1981) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays as a goalkeeper at senior level for the Dublin county team. Cluxton made his senior debut for Dublin during the 2001 Championship. Since then he has established himself as Dublin's first-choice goalkeeper. Along with Mick Fitzsimons and James McCarthy, Cluxton holds the record of most All-Ireland Senior Football Championship medals, with nine medals, beginning with wins in 2011 and 2013, and including six championships in a row from 2015 to 2020. Cluxton is the only player in the history of the game to captain a team to seven championship titles. He has also won a record 18 Leinster medals, five National Football League medals and six All Stars. == Early life == Born in Coolock, Cluxton was raised in a house that had a strong association with association football. His father, Pat, won a lot of medals with Postal Celtic, while Cluxton himself played with St David's Primary School and Tolka Rovers. == Playing career == === College === Cluxton first played competitive Gaelic football with St David's CBS in Artane. He initially played association football at school and was reluctant to play Gaelic football as he


id: stephen-cluxton-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cluxton-1.md
category: reference
title: Stephen Cluxton
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cluxton
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:23.725940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stephen-cluxton-20260505-0
summary:
Dublin surrendered their title to Meath in 2010 in a game which saw Cluxton concede five goals; however, he won a seventh Leinster Championship medal the following year after a 2–12 to 1–12 defeat of Wexford in the final. On 18 September 2011, Cluxton lined out in goal against Kerry in his first All-Ireland SFC final. In the 72nd minute of the game, and with the sides level, he scored a free kick to secure a 1–12 to 1–11 victory and a first All-Ireland SFC title for Dublin in 16 years. Shortly after the final whistle, Cluxton was presented with the match ball by Tomás Ó Sé; however, in keeping with his intensely private persona, he avoided the post-match celebrations and retreated to the dressing room. Dublin teammate Paul Flynn paid tribute afterwards: "He [Cluxton] is out training an hour before everybody else and he kicks them over with his eyes closed. I didn't even look at the kick. I looked at him and he just kicked it and ran back. He is a phenomenal man, I am delighted for him." Cluxton ended the season by winning a fourth All Star Award, as well as being nominated for Footballer of


id: stephen-cluxton-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cluxton-2.md
category: reference
title: Stephen Cluxton
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cluxton
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:23.725940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stephen-cluxton-20260505-0
summary:
===== 2021–2023 ===== Cluxton was missing from the Dublin panel in both the 2021 League and Championship campaigns as Dublin shared the Allianz Division 1 Football League title with Kerry, and lost their first Championship match since 2014 against Mayo in the 2021 All-Ireland SFC semi-final, ending their quest for 7 consecutive All-Ireland SFC titles, and bringing the most successful and continuously dominant period in the history of Gaelic football to an end. His absence was a discussion point in the media throughout the year, with some speculation as to whether no announcement was in-keeping with Cluxton's low profile personality, or whether the departure was more acrimonious in nature. On 8 January 2022, in the aftermath of Dublin's O'Byrne Cup victory over Offaly, Dublin manager Dessie Farrell announced that Cluxton would not be returning to the Dublin fold for the coming league and championship, seemingly all but confirming Cluxton's retirement. However, despite his absence the previous two years, Cluxton was named as a substitute in Dublin's Round 7 Division 2 match against Louth in March 2023. This return came as a major surprise due to speculation of a falling out between Cluxton and Dublin manager Dessie Farrell. On 30 July


id: patrick-cramer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cramer-0.md
category: reference
title: Patrick Cramer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cramer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:24.940888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: patrick-cramer-20260505-0
summary:
Patrick Cramer (born 3 February 1969) is a German chemist, structural biologist, and molecular systems biologist. In 2020, he was elected an international member of the National Academy of Sciences. He became president of the Max Planck Society in June 2023. == Early life and education == Cramer studied chemistry at the University of Stuttgart and Heidelberg University (Germany) from 1989 until 1995. He completed a part of his studies as ERASMUS scholar at the University of Bristol in the UK. As a research student, he also worked in the lab of Sir Alan Fersht in Cambridge, UK at the MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology (LMB) site. In 1995 until 1998 he worked as a PhD student in laboratory of Christoph W. Müller at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Grenoble, France. He obtained his PhD in natural sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) from Heidelberg University in 1998. == Career in research == === Stanford University, 1999–2001 === From 1999 until 2001 Cramer worked as postdoctoral researcher and fellow of the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the laboratory of the later Nobel Prize laureate Roger D. Kornberg at Stanford University, USA. === LMU Munich, 2001–2013 === In 2001, Cramer returned


id: patrick-cramer-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cramer-1.md
category: reference
title: Patrick Cramer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cramer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:24.940888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: patrick-cramer-20260505-0
summary:
=== Original research articles (selection) === Schwalb, Björn; Michel, Margaux; Zacher, Benedikt; Frühauf, Katja; Demel, Carina; Tresch, Achim; Gagneur, Julien; Cramer, Patrick (3 June 2016). "TT-seq maps the human transient transcriptome". Science. 352 (6290): 1225–1228. Bibcode:2016Sci...352.1225S. doi:10.1126/science.aad9841. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27257258. S2CID 8549873. Plaschka, C.; Hantsche, M.; Dienemann, C.; Burzinski, C.; Plitzko, J.; Cramer, P. (2016). "Transcription initiation complex structures elucidate DNA opening". Nature. 533 (7603): 353–358. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..353P. doi:10.1038/nature17990. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-6CC4-0. PMID 27193681. S2CID 4465762. Bernecky, Carrie; Herzog, Franz; Baumeister, Wolfgang; Plitzko, Jürgen M.; Cramer, Patrick (2016). "Structure of transcribing mammalian RNA polymerase II". Nature. 529 (7587): 551–554. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..551B. doi:10.1038/nature16482. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3. PMID 26789250. S2CID 4404463. Plaschka, C.; Larivière, L.; Wenzeck, L.; Seizl, M.; Hemann, M.; Tegunov, D.; Petrotchenko, E. V.; Borchers, C. H.; Baumeister, W. (2015). "Architecture of the RNA polymerase II–Mediator core initiation complex". Nature. 518 (7539): 376–380. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..376P. doi:10.1038/nature14229. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5. PMID 25652824. S2CID 4450934. Schulz, Daniel; Schwalb, Bjoern; Kiesel, Anja; Baejen, Carlo; Torkler, Phillipp; Gagneur, Julien; Soeding, Johannes; Cramer, Patrick (21 November 2013). "Transcriptome surveillance by selective termination of noncoding RNA synthesis". Cell. 155 (5): 1075–1087. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.024. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 24210918. Kostrewa, Dirk; Zeller, Mirijam E.; Armache, Karim-Jean; Seizl, Martin; Leike, Kristin; Thomm, Michael; Cramer, Patrick (2009). "RNA


id: john-darwin-disappearance-case-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darwin_disappearance_case-0.md
category: reference
title: John Darwin disappearance case
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darwin_disappearance_case
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:26.175660+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-darwin-disappearance-case-20260505-0
summary:
The John Darwin disappearance case involved the faked death of the British former teacher and prison officer John Darwin. Darwin turned up alive in December 2007, five and a half years after he was believed to have died in a canoeing accident. Darwin was arrested and charged with fraud. His wife, Anne, was also arrested and charged for helping Darwin to collect his life insurance of £250,000 (equivalent to about £460,000 in 2025). The fraudulent claim had allowed the couple to pay off their £130,000 (equivalent to about £240,000 in 2025) mortgage. In December 2007, after it was revealed the couple had been photographed together in Panama a year earlier, Anne confessed to knowing Darwin was alive and revealed that he had been secretly living in their house and the house next door, which allowed him to receive the insurance money for his own use. On 23 July 2008, John and Anne Darwin were each sentenced to more than six years in prison. == Background == John Darwin was born in 1950 or 1951. He attended St Francis Xavier's Grammar School, Hartlepool and De La Salle College, Salford, where he studied biology and chemistry. On 22 December 1973, Darwin married


id: john-darwin-disappearance-case-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darwin_disappearance_case-1.md
category: reference
title: John Darwin disappearance case
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darwin_disappearance_case
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:26.175660+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-darwin-disappearance-case-20260505-0
summary:
== Return and arrest == Following a change in Panama's visa laws, Darwin emailed Anne on 14 June 2007 to notify her that their identities would have to be verified by UK police in order for them to receive now-required Panamanian "investors' visas". Knowing that his "John Jones" alias would not pass this level of scrutiny, Darwin decided to return to the UK under his real name and fake amnesia. On 1 December 2007, Darwin walked into the West End Central police station in London, claiming to have no memory of the past five years. Anne expressed surprise, joy and elation at the return of her missing husband. The UK police by that time had already suspected that Darwin might not have been dead since Anne, despite portraying herself as a broken-hearted widow, took foreign holidays, planned to sell the family home in Hartlepool to move to Panama and transferred large sums of money abroad. A police financial investigation had already begun three months prior to Darwin's reappearance, following a tip from one of Anne's colleagues connecting her claim on her husband's life insurance and her subsequent emigration to Panama. The Darwins' cover story unravelled after the Daily Mirror published


id: john-darwin-disappearance-case-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darwin_disappearance_case-2.md
category: reference
title: John Darwin disappearance case
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darwin_disappearance_case
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:26.175660+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-darwin-disappearance-case-20260505-0
summary:
== In popular culture == The story of John and Anne Darwin was dramatised in the BBC Four programme Canoe Man in 2010. The film starred Bernard Hill and Saskia Reeves as John and Anne Darwin, respectively. In fiction, it inspired a 2009 novel by Adrian Gere called Return from the Dead, and a 2010 storyline in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street saw the character Joe McIntyre (Reece Dinsdale) attempt the same thing but ultimately drown for real. It was also used as an inspiration for the return of the supposedly dead Kathy Beale in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. In October 2021, Wondery released a podcast exploring the disappearance of John Darwin as part of their British Scandal series. The Thief, His Wife and the Canoe, a dramatisation written by Chris Lang without any cooperation from the Darwin family, and with Eddie Marsan and Monica Dolan in the title roles, was shown on ITV in April 2022. In September 2023, he was mentioned on the show Saving Lives at Sea that airs on BBC iPlayer as they talked with members of the Hartlepool lifeboat station. The 2026 BBC sitcom Can You Keep a Secret? is loosely based on


id: edmund-davy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Davy-0.md
category: reference
title: Edmund Davy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Davy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:27.314025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: edmund-davy-20260505-0
summary:
Edmund Davy FRS (1785 – 5 November 1857) was a professor of chemistry at the Royal Cork Institution from 1813 and at the Royal Dublin Society from 1826. He discovered acetylene, as it was later named by Marcellin Berthelot. He was also an original member of the Chemical Society, and a member of the Royal Irish Academy. == Family and early life == Edmund Davy was a cousin of Humphry Davy, the famous chemist who invented the Davy lamp for the safety of miners. Edmund, the son of William Davy, was born in Penzance, Cornwall, and lived there throughout his teen years. He moved to London in 1804 to spend eight years as operator and assistant to Humphry Davy in the Royal Institution laboratory, which he kept in order. For a large part of that time, Edmund was also superintendent of the Royal Society's mineralogical collection. When, in October 1807, Humphry accomplished the electrolytic preparation of potassium and saw the minute globules of the quicksilver-like metal burst through the crust and take fire, Edmund described that his cousin was so delighted with this achievement that he danced about the room in ecstasy. Humphry Davy's younger brother, Dr. John Davy, (24


id: ewine-van-dishoeck-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck-0.md
category: reference
title: Ewine van Dishoeck
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:28.502936+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ewine-van-dishoeck-20260505-0
summary:
Ewine Fleur van Dishoeck (born 13 June 1955) is a Dutch astronomer and chemist. She is Professor of Molecular Astrophysics at Leiden Observatory, and served as the President of the International Astronomical Union (2018–2021) and a co-editor of the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (2012–present). She is one of the pioneers of astrochemistry, and her research is aimed at determination of the structure of cosmic objects using their molecular spectra. == Early life == Ewine Fleur van Dishoeck was born on June 13, 1955, in Leiden, Netherlands. With her father being a professor of ear, nose, and throat medicine, her love of science was inspired at the young age of 12. During this time, her father was invited to spend six months in San Diego, CA. Her first science class ever was through the San Diego Public School system. She fondly remembers that her science teacher, a female and African-American in the 1960s, was forced to overcome many obstacles to reach the position she is at now. Her upbringing inspired Van Dishoeck to gain an interest in science and have the desire to do great things in the world of chemistry. When she went back to the Netherlands, she


id: erin-dolan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Dolan-0.md
category: reference
title: Erin Dolan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Dolan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:29.777130+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: erin-dolan-20260505-0
summary:
Erin Dolan is the Georgia Athletic Association Professor of Innovative Science Education at the University of Georgia. Dolan is a biochemist known for her research on engaging students in science research. == Education and career == Dolan has a B.A. in biology from Wellesley College (1993) where she did an honors thesis on SCPb, a neurotransmitter in the American lobster. She earned a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of California, San Francisco where she worked on developmental plasticity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Following her Ph.D., she worked at the University of Arizona for two years before moving to Virginia Tech in 2002. In 2011, Dolan moved to the University of Georgia where she was named the Georgia Athletic Association Professor of Innovative Science Education in 2016. From 2014 until 2016 she was the executive director of the Texas Institute for Discovery Education in Science at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2010 Dolan was named Editor-in-chief of the journal CBE: Life Sciences Education. == Research == As a neuroscientist, Dolan worked on sensory signalling, gene expression, and nerve development in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Following her graduate work, Dolan started researching science education where she focuses on


id: paul-ehrenfest-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest-0.md
category: reference
title: Paul Ehrenfest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:30.949944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: paul-ehrenfest-20260505-0
summary:
Paul Ehrenfest (German: [ˈpaʊl ˈeːʁənˌfɛst]; 18 January 1880 – 25 September 1933) was an Austrian theoretical physicist who made major contributions to statistical mechanics and its relation to quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem. He befriended Albert Einstein on a visit to Prague in 1912 and became a professor in Leiden, where he frequently hosted Einstein. Suffering from depression, in 1933 Ehrenfest killed his disabled son, Wassik, and then himself. == Biography == Paul Ehrenfest was born on 18 January 1880 in Vienna to Jewish parents, who were originally from Loštice in Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic). His parents, Sigmund Ehrenfest and Johanna Jellinek, managed a grocery store. Ehrenfest excelled in grade school but did not do well at the Akademisches Gymnasium, his best subject being mathematics. After transferring to the Franz Josef Gymnasium, his marks improved. In 1899, he passed the final exams. He majored in chemistry at the Vienna Institute of Technology, but took courses at the University of Vienna, in particular from Ludwig Boltzmann on his kinetic theory of thermodynamics. These lectures had a profound influence: they were instrumental in developing Ehrenfest's interest in theoretical physics, defined his main


id: paul-ehrenfest-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest-1.md
category: reference
title: Paul Ehrenfest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:30.949944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: paul-ehrenfest-20260505-0
summary:
If Ehrenfest felt there was little more he could teach a student, he would send them to other centers in Europe for more training. He would also encourage students to accept positions abroad. Among his students were Johannes Burgers, Hendrik Kramers, Dirk Coster, George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit, who became famous for jointly proposing the concept of electron spin, Jan Tinbergen, Arend Rutgers, Hendrik Casimir, Gerhard Dieke, Dirk Struik, and Gerard Kuiper. His assistants included Yuri Krutkov, Viktor Trkal, Adriaan Fokker, Paul Epstein, and Gregory Breit. Other young foreign scientists who spent extended periods in his laboratory included Gunnar Nordström, Enrico Fermi, Igor Tamm, Oskar Klein, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Walter Elsasser, Ralph Kronig, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac, and David Dennison. Ehrenfest had ambivalent opinions about science, technological progress, and cultural and social issues. In 1919, he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. === Final years === Going by his correspondence with his friends, it seems that Ehrenfest suffered from severe depression at latest by May 1931. By August 1932, Einstein was so worried that he wrote to the Board of the University of Leiden, expressing concern and suggesting ways in which Ehrenfest's workload could


id: james-cossar-ewart-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cossar_Ewart-0.md
category: reference
title: James Cossar Ewart
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cossar_Ewart
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:32.122537+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: james-cossar-ewart-20260505-0
summary:
James Cossar Ewart FRS FRSE (26 November 1851 – 31 December 1933) was a Scottish zoologist. He performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras which disproved earlier theories of heredity. == Life == Ewart was born in Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, the son of Jean Cossar and John Ewart, a joiner. He studied medicine from 1871 to 1874 at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated with an MB ChB. After graduation, he became an anatomy demonstrator under William Turner and then held the position of Curator of the Zoological Museum at University College, London, where he assisted Ray Lankester (later director of the Natural History Museum) by making zoological preparations for the museum and providing teaching support for Lankester's course in practical zoology. In 1878 he returned to Scotland to take a post of Regius Professor of Natural History at the University of Aberdeen from where he moved to the University of Edinburgh in 1882, staying in the post until 1927. In Aberdeen he encountered James Duncan Matthews, a mature student (older than himself) and they became friends until Matthew's premature death in 1890. In 1879 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were


id: alexander-ferrauti-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ferrauti-0.md
category: reference
title: Alexander Ferrauti
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ferrauti
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:33.307351+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alexander-ferrauti-20260505-0
summary:
Alexander Ferrauti is a German sport scientist, university professor and past president of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS). == Education == Ferrauti graduated in Sport Science and Biology at the German Sport University Cologne and at the University of Cologne. He completed his PhD in 1992 and completed his Post-Doc Thesis in 1997 on "Energy metabolism in tennis with practical recommendations for high-performance and recreational sports." == Career == Since 2002, Ferrauti is a full Professor for Sports Science at Ruhr University Bochum teaching Training & Exercise Science and will be Emeritus from 2026. His research topics are related to physiological aspects in team and racket sports, performance testing training prescription and sports nutrition for different age groups on recreational and competitive level. He is editor of several textbooks. Ferrauti served as Faculty Dean from 2013 to 2017 and was a member of the Senate at Ruhr University Bochum. He was Scientific Consultant for the German Tennis Federation and holds an A-level Coaching license. After being Congress President of the 22nd Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science (ECCS) in 2017, he was elected to the ECSS Executive Board (2019) and was ECSS President (2023-2025) and


id: thomas-fincke-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fincke-0.md
category: reference
title: Thomas Fincke
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fincke
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:34.460955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thomas-fincke-20260505-0
summary:
Thomas Fincke (6 January 1561 – 24 April 1656) was a Danish mathematician and physicist, and a professor at the University of Copenhagen for more than 60 years. == Biography == Thomas Jacobsen Fincke was born in Flensburg in Schleswig. Fincke was the son of Councillor Jacob Fincke and Anna Thorsmede. He completed his primary schooling at Flensburg. From 1577, he studied mathematics, rhetoric and other philosophical studies for five years at the University of Strasbourg. Fincke's lasting achievement is found in his book Geometria rotundi (1583), in which he introduced the modern names of the trigonometric functions tangent and secant. In 1590, he became professor of mathematics at the University of Copenhagen. In 1603 he also obtained a professorship in medicine. == Personal life == He was married to Ivaria Jungesdatter Ivers (1574–1614). His son Jacob Fincke (1592–1663) was a professor of physics. His daughters married scientist Caspar Bartholin the Elder (1585–1629), botanist Jørgen Fuiren (1581–1628), historian Ole Worm (1588–1654) and theologian Hans Brochmand (1594–1630). Fincke died at Copenhagen and was buried at Vor Frue Kirke. == References == == External links == O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Thomas Fincke", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St


id: alfred-mathieu-giard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Mathieu_Giard-0.md
category: reference
title: Alfred Mathieu Giard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Mathieu_Giard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:35.627623+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alfred-mathieu-giard-20260505-0
summary:
Alfred Mathieu Giard (8 August 1846 – 8 August 1908) was a French zoologist born in Valenciennes. He served as a professor of zoology at the Faculty of Sciences in Lille. He specialized in parasitology, and the genus Giardia was named after him by Johann Künstler in 1882. == Biography == Giard was born in Valenciennes to grocer Alfred François Émile and Jeanne Henriette Mortamais. At an early age he became interested in plants and insects. In 1867, he began his studies of natural sciences at the École Normale Supérieure, followed by work as préparateur de zoologie at the laboratory of Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (1821–1901) in Paris and later the teratologist Gabriel Dareste de la Chavanne. In 1872, he defended his doctoral thesis with a study on compound ascidians titled "Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies". From 1873 to 1882, he was professeur suppléant of natural history at the faculty of sciences in Lille, and in the meantime, was also affiliated with the Institut industriel du Nord. In 1874, he founded a biological station at Wimereux in order to familiarize his students to marine and terrestrial organisms. At Lille, he is credited for putting together an active school of


id: heinz-gollwitzer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Gollwitzer-0.md
category: reference
title: Heinz Gollwitzer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Gollwitzer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:36.772078+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heinz-gollwitzer-20260505-0
summary:
Heinz Gollwitzer (30 January 1917 – 26 December 1999) was a German historian. He held the chair of Modern Political and Social History at the University of Münster. == Life == Gollwitzer was born in Nuremberg and grew up in Munich. After being severely wounded in World War II he took up his studies (history and German literature) at the University of Munich, earning his Ph.D. in 1944. He earned his qualification to teach as a professor in 1950 with a thesis called “The Image of Europe and the European Thought – Contributions to the German History of Ideas”. He subsequently taught at universities in Munich and Münster until retiring in 1982. He died in Munich. == Scientific focus == Gollwitzer's books mostly deal with the history of mentalities and political ideas, as well as with German regional history and biography. Due to the preponderance of structural history in the German scientific community during the post war age, his impact on colleagues and students was rather small. This outsider position was to change from the beginning of the early Nineties, when historians became more and more sensible to universal history as well as to the relevance of personality in history,


id: els-goulmy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els_Goulmy-0.md
category: reference
title: Els Goulmy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els_Goulmy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:37.957196+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: els-goulmy-20260505-0
summary:
Els Goulmy (born 27 November 1946, The Hague) is an eminent professor of transplantation biology, especially regarding minor histocompatibility antigen, at Leiden University. Goulmy is an expert in the area of tissue typing and belongs internationally to the absolute top of her discipline. She was awarded the Spinoza Prize in 2002. == Research == Goulmy did groundbreaking research on the role of antigens in organ and stem cell transplantation. She is the pioneer of the so-called Minor Transplantation Antigens in men. Minor antigens can induce strong immune reactions. She discovered the H-Y minor antigen encoded by the Y-chromosome (1976) and the autosomally encoded HA-1 antigen (1983). She then described the polymorphism and the population frequencies of several autosomal minor antigens. Crucial was her work on the differential expression of minor antigens showing either overall expression on all body cells, such as the male specific H-Y antigens, or restricted expression on solely blood and blood cancer cells, such as HA-1. Goulmy was the first to describe the chemical structure of the human minor antigens (1995). In 1996 she demonstrated the crucial role of minor antigens in the outcome of organ and stem cell transplantation. In 1997 she launched new concepts for


id: malcolm-grimston-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Grimston-0.md
category: reference
title: Malcolm Grimston
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Grimston
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:39.145221+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malcolm-grimston-20260505-0
summary:
Malcolm Charles Grimston (born 1 May 1958) is a British advocate of nuclear power, and is also a scientific author, based at the Centre for Energy Policy and Technology at Imperial College London. == Early life == Grimston was born in Cleethorpes, now in North East Lincolnshire, then in Lindsey. He grew up in North Yorkshire, attending the independent Scarborough College. He studied natural sciences at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1979. He subsequently took a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE), again at Magdalene Cambridge. == Career == Grimston taught chemistry for seven years from 1980, at Stowe and Millfield schools. From 1987-92 he was an information officer at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). From 1992-95 he was an information officer at the British Nuclear Industry Forum (now called the Nuclear Industry Association). In 1995 Grimston joined Imperial College as a senior research fellow. In 1999 Grimston became a senior research fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, also known as Chatham House. He served as an associate fellow until 2015. == Publications == Double or Quits – the global future of civil nuclear energy (with Peter Beck, Earthscan Books, 2002) Civil nuclear energy –


id: v-clav-hampl-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Václav_Hampl-0.md
category: reference
title: Václav Hampl
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Václav_Hampl
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:40.275720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: v-clav-hampl-20260505-0
summary:
Václav Hampl (born 1 July 1962) is a Czech physiologist and a former politician who was a Senator from Prague 1 from 2014 until 2020. From 2006 to 2014, Hampl served as Rector of the Charles University. == Research == Hampl was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1962. He received his PhD from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1990. He did postgraduate work at the University of Minnesota Medical School and, since 2002, has been a professor of physiology at Charles University in Prague. His research has focused on the pulmonary circulation and its use of nitric oxide as a signaling agent. His research publications have been cited more than 3,750 times, his H-index is 28. In February 2006, Hampl became the 507th rector of Charles University. After serving the two four-years terms stipulated by law, he stepped down on 31 January 2014, and was succeeded by Tomáš Zima. == Professional Membership == In 2006–2011 Hampl served in the association of rectors of public, state and private higher education institutions in the Czech Republic, the Czech Rectors Conference, as its Vice-President for public relations and foreign affairs, and Vice-President for creative activities, respectively; in 2011–2014 he served as its


id: judith-hancock-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Hancock-0.md
category: reference
title: Judith Hancock
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Hancock
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:41.438938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: judith-hancock-20260505-0
summary:
Judith Anne Hancock (born 25 August 1937 in Lismore, New South Wales) is an Australian retired educator and high school principal. She worked as a science Teacher at Dover Heights Girls High School, Science Mistress at Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School and Deputy Principal at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney. Hancock became principal of Brisbane Girls Grammar School in 1977. The Hancock Communication Centre at the school is named after her. In 2000, Hancock was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia. Hancock was appointed as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Rockhampton Girls Grammar School from 11 November 2010 until 30 January 2012. == References ==


id: brad-hazzard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Hazzard-0.md
category: reference
title: Brad Hazzard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Hazzard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:44:42.646249+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brad-hazzard-20260505-0
summary:
Bradley Ronald "Brad" Hazzard (born 30 August 1951) is a retired Australian politician who served as the member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly district of Wakehurst between May 1991 and March 2023. A member of the Liberal Party, Hazzard has also served as the Minister for Planning and Infrastructure and the Minister Assisting the Premier on Infrastructure NSW in the O'Farrell government between 2011 and 2014; as the Attorney General of New South Wales and the Minister for Justice between 2014 and 2015 in the first Baird ministry; as the Minister for Family and Community Services and the Minister for Social Housing between April 2015 and January 2017 in the second Baird government; and as the Minister for Health between January 2017 and March 2023 in the Berejiklian and Perrottet ministries. == Background and early career == Hazzard was educated at Manly Boys' High School (now Manly Selective Campus), Macquarie University where he gained a Bachelor of Arts (Science) and a Diploma of Education, the University of New South Wales where he graduated Bachelor of Laws, and the University of Sydney where he graduated Master of Laws. Hazzard was then employed as a science teacher (1974–1977) before being


