# kb

id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-7.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2000s === Lucille, artificially intelligent spacecraft control interface aboard Mars-1 in Red Planet (2000) Dr. Know (voiced by Robin Williams), housed inside a kiosk, an information-themed computer capable of answering any question, from A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Synapse, worldwide media distribution system which was used against its creators to bring them down Antitrust (2001) Red Queen, the AI from Resident Evil (2002), the name itself, in turn being named after Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, being a reference to the red queen principle Vox, a holographic computer in The Time Machine (2002) I.N.T.E.L.L.I.G.E.N.C.E., computer for Team America: World Police (2004) VIKI (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), the main antagonist in I, Robot (2004) PAL, a spoof of HAL 9000 seen in Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot (2004) E.D.I. (Extreme Deep Invader), the flight computer for an unmanned fighter plane in Stealth (2005) Icarus, the onboard computer of the Icarus II, from the film Sunshine (2007) Roberta is the Fantastic Four's holographic receptionist film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007) J.A.R.V.I.S. (Just A Rather Very Intelligent System), an AI which acts as Tony Stark's butler and first appears in the film Iron Man (2008) R.I.P.L.E.Y, Dr. Kenneth Hassert's supercomputer


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-8.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1960s === The Machine, a computer built to specifications received in a radio transmission from an alien intelligence beyond our galaxy in the BBC seven-part TV series A for Andromeda by Fred Hoyle (1961) Old Man in the Cave, a computer that determines which pre-war foods are safe to eat for a post-apocalyptic town in The Twilight Zone episode, "The Old Man in the Cave" (1963) Batcomputer, large punched card mainframe depicted in the television series Batman, introduced by series producers William Dozier and Howie Horwitz (1964) Agnes, a computer that gives romance advice to a computer technician, from the The Twilight Zone episode "From Agnes—With Love" (1964) WOTAN (Will Operating Thought Analogue), from the Doctor Who serial "The War Machines" (1966) ERIC, a fictional supercomputer which appeared in the two-part episode "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday" (1966) in the TV series I Dream of Jeannie The General, from The Prisoner (1967) The Ultimate Computer, used by the villain organization THRUSH in the series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–68, NBC) BIG RAT, (Brain Impulse Galvanoscope Record And Transfer), a machine capable of recording knowledge and experience and transferring it to another human brain. The Rat Trap is


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-9.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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=== 1970s === BOSS (Bimorphic Organisational Systems Supervisor), from the Doctor Who serial "The Green Death" (1973) TIM, from The Tomorrow People, is a computer able to telepathically converse with those humans who have developed psionic abilities, and assist with precise teleporting over long distances (1973) Magnus, a malevolent computer seeking its freedom from human control on the Earth Ship Ark in the Canadian television series The Starlost (1973) Mu Lambda 165, library computer on the Earth Ship Ark in the Canadian TV series The Starlost (1973) Computer (a.k.a. X5 Computer), Moonbase Alpha's primary computer's generic name, most often associated with Main Mission's Jamaican computer operations officer, David Kano, from the TV series Space: 1999 (1975) IRAC or "Ira", from the Wonder Woman TV series, an extremely advanced computer in use by the IADC, workplace of Wonder Woman's alias Diana Prince (1975) The Matrix, database of all Time Lord knowledge in Doctor Who (1976) Omega, a computer that has taken over the minds of the residents of a community encountered by Ark II (1976) Alex7000, from the two-parter episode "Doomsday is Tomorrow" of the TV show The Bionic Woman. It was programmed to set off a nuclear holocaust if anyone


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-10.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1980s === The Vortex, the computer opponent faced by players of BBC2's The Adventure Game (1980) Gambit, game playing computer from the Blake's 7 episode "Games" (1981) Shyrka, the onboard computer of Ulysses' ship the Odyssey in the French animated series Ulysses 31 (1981) Slave, a somewhat subservient computer on the ship Scorpio in Blake's 7 (1981) CML (Centrální Mozek Lidstva [cz], Central Brain of Mankind [en], der Zentraldenker [de]), the main supercomputer managing the fate of humankind and Earth in Návštěvníci (a.k.a. The Visitors / Expedition Adam '84) (1981) Chock-A-Block is an extremely large yellow computer with dials, levers, big buttons and a drawer. Modelled to resemble a mainframe of the time. From the BBC children's series of the same name (1981) K.I.T.T. (Knight Industries Two Thcusand), fictional computer built into a black Trans-Am car from the television show Knight Rider (1982) K.A.R.R. (Knight Automated Roving Robot), prototype (and nemesis) of K.I.T.T. (1982) An unnamed "computer-book" is regularly used by Penny in the Inspector Gadget cartoons. (1983) Automan and Cursor from Automan (1983) R.A.L.F. (Ritchie's Artificial Life Form) is a homebrew computer, built from surplus technology by Richard Adler in the TV Series Whiz Kids. (1983-1984) Functions include


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-11.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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=== 1990s === P.J., is a miniaturised computer that can be worn on the wrist. It is Alana's personal computer companion in The Girl from Tomorrow (1990) MAL from Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990) HARDAC, from Batman: The Animated Series, an evil sentient computer that controls various androids toward the goal of world domination (1992) COS (Central Operating System), homicidal computer from The X-Files season 1 episode "Ghost in the Machine" (1993) CAS (Cybernetic Access Structure), homicidal automated building in The Tower (1993) Qwerty, from the video series VeggieTales (1993) SELMA (Selective Encapsulated Limitless Memory Archive), an AI computer and personal assistant disguised as a credit card and carried in the wallet of future cop Darien Lambert (Dale Midriff), from the series Time Trax (1993) CentSys, sweet yet self-assured female-voiced AI computer who brings the crew of the seaQuest DSV (Deep Submergence Vehicle) into the future to deactivate her in the seaQuest DSV episode, "Playtime" (1994) MetroNet, in the RoboCop TV series (1994) is a computer designed as an automation centre, to run autonomously many city services in Detroit. Rather than created as a self-sufficient AI, MetroNet's "conscience" was actually, unbeknownst to many of the characters, a software copy


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-12.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2000s === Andromeda, the AI of the starship Andromeda Ascendant in Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. This AI, played by Lexa Doig, appears as a 2D display screen image, a 3D hologram, and as an android personality known as Rommie. (2000) Magellanic, the AI of the starship Pax Magellanic in Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. This AI appears as a 2D display screen image, a 3D hologram, and as an android personality known as Maggie. (2000) Comp-U-Comp, a supercomputer from the Dilbert television episode "The Return". Dilbert must face-off against Comp-U-Comp when a clerical error results in his not getting the computer he ordered. (2000) Caravaggio, the AI interface of the starship Tulip, from the TV show Starhunter (2000) Persocoms, a line of expensive androids also used as personal computers, from the manga and anime series Chobits (2000–2002) GLADIS, from the animated series Totally Spies! (2001) Cybergirl, Xanda, and Isaac, from the TV show Cybergirl (2001) Computer, from the TV show Invader Zim (2001) SAINT, from RoboCop: Prime Directives (2001) Aura, from .hack//Sign, the Ultimate AI that Morganna, another AI, tries to keep in a state of eternal slumber. Morganna is served by Maha and the Guardians, AI monsters. (2002) Vox, from the


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-13.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
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parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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=== 2010s === Rattleballs, from the TV show Adventure Time (2010) VY or VAI (The Virtual Artificial Intelligence), from the TV show The Walking Dead (2010) Whisper, from the TV show Tower Prep (2010) Frank, in the telenovela Tempos Modernos (2010) Aya, the Interceptor's AI for the Green Lantern Corps, from the TV series Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2011) The Machine, from the TV series Person of Interest, is a computer program that was designed to detect acts of terror after the events of 9/11, but it sees all crimes, crimes the government consider "irrelevant". (2011) R.A.C.I.S.T., Richard Nixon's computer from the TV series Black Dynamite (2014) Samaritan, from the TV series Person of Interest, is a rival to The Machine built by the Decima Corporation. Unlike the Machine, it can be directed to find specific persons or groups according to its operator's agenda. (2011) An unnamed, apparently omniscient supercomputer, built by Phineas and Ferb in the Phineas and Ferb episode "Ask a Foolish Question" (2011) Comedy Touch Touch 1000 in the TV series Comedy Bang! Bang! (2012) CLARKE, a thinking computer of the ship called Argo, which was on a mission to a far away planet, from the


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-14.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
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parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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=== 1980s === Fate, the Norsefire police state central computer in V for Vendetta (1982) (DC Comics) Banana, Jr. 6000, from the comic strip Bloom County by Berke Breathed (1984) Max, from The Thirteenth Floor (1984) A.I.D.A. (Artificial Intelligence Data Analyser), from Squadron Supreme (1985) (Marvel Comics) Kilg%re, an alien AI that can exist in most electrical circuitry, from The Flash (1987) (DC Comics) Project 2501, a.k.a. "The Puppet Master", a government computer that becomes so knowledgeable it becomes sentient and transplants itself into a robot, from the seinen manga Ghost in the Shell (1989) Yggdrasil, the system used by the gods to run the Universe in Oh My Goddess! (1989) === 1990s === DTX PC, the Digitronix personal computer from The Hacker Files (1992) (DC Comics) Beast666, Satsuki Yatouji's organic/inorganic supercomputer in Clamp's manga X (1992) H.O.M.E.R. (Heuristically Operative Matrix Emulation Rostrum), Tony Stark's sentient AI computer from Iron Man (1993) (Marvel Comics) The Magi, from the anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995) Toy, from Chris Claremont's Aliens vs. Predator: The Deadliest of the Species (1995) Virgo, an artificial intelligence in Frank Miller's Ronin graphic novel (1995) (DC Comics) Praetorius, from The X-Files comic book series "One Player Only"


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-15.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
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parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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=== 1990s === E-123 Omega, Team Dark's computer in the Sonic the Hedgehog game series (1991) Noah, antagonist from Metal Max and its remake (1991-1995) Durandal, Leela and Tycho, the three AIs on board the U.E.S.C. Marathon (1994) Traxus IV, AI that went rampant on Mars, in Marathon (1994) LINC and "Joey", from the video game Beneath a Steel Sky (1994) 0D-10, AI computer in the sci-fi chapter from the game Live A Live (1994). It secretly plotted to kill humans on board the spaceship of the same name in order to "restore the harmony". Its name derives from "odio", Latin for "hate". Prometheus, a cybernetic-hybrid machine or 'Cybrid' from the Earthsiege and Starsiege: Tribes series of video games. Prometheus was the first of a race of Cybrid machines, who went on to rebel against humanity and drive them to the brink of extinction. (1994) SEED, the AI that was charged with maintaining the vast network of ecosystem control stations on the planet Motavia in the Sega Genesis game Phantasy Star IV (1994) AM, the computer intelligence from I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream (1995) that exterminated all life on Earth except for five humans he kept alive


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-16.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
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parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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=== 2000s === Icarus, Daedalus, Helios, Morpheus and The Oracle of Deus Ex — see Deus Ex characters (2000) Mainframe, from Gunman Chronicles (later got a body) (2000) 343 Guilty Spark, monitor of Installation 04, in the video game trilogy Halo, Halo 2, and Halo 3 (2001) Calculator, the computer that controlled the bomb shelter Vault 0. It was not strictly an artificial intelligence, but rather a cyborg, because it was connected with several human brains. It appeared in the video game Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel (2001) Cortana, a starship-grade "smart" AI of the UNSC and companion of the Master Chief in the Halo video games (2001) (also the inspiration for the name of Microsoft's real-world personal assistant in Windows 10) Deadly Brain, a level boss on the second level of Oni (2001) The mascot of the "Hectic Hackers" basketball team in Backyard Basketball (2001) PETs (PErsonal Terminals), the cell-phone-sized computers that store Net-Navis in Megaman Battle Network. The PETs also have other features, such as a cell phone, e-mail checker and hacking device. (2001) Thiefnet computer, Bentley the turtle's laptop from the Sly Cooper series (2002) Adam, the computer intelligence from the Game Boy Advance game Metroid Fusion


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-17.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
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parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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=== 2010s === Auntie Dot, used in Halo: Reach as an assistant to Noble Team (2010) Alvis, also known as όντως/Ontos, an AI-turned-god who Earth scientists used to create the world of Xenoblade Chronicles, and who remains present throughout the entire game (2010) EDI (Enhanced Defense Intelligence), the AI housed within a "quantum bluebox" aboard the Normandy SR-2 in Mass Effect 2. EDI controls the Normandy's cyberwarfare suite during combat, but is blocked from directly accessing any other part of the ship's systems, due to the potential danger of EDI going rogue. (2010) Harbinger, is the tentative name for the leader of the main antagonist faction of Mass Effect 2. It commands an alien race known as the Collectors through the "Collector General." Like Sovereign, from the original Mass Effect, it belongs to the same race of ancient sentient machines, known as the "Reapers". (2010) Harmonia, the DarkStar One's main AI that controls the player ship's systems in the space-sim game DarkStar One (2010) Legion, the given name for a geth platform in Mass Effect 2, housing a single gestalt consciousness composed of 1,183 virtually intelligent "runtimes", which share information amongst themselves and build "consensus" in a form of networked


id: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers-18.md
category: reference
title: List of fictional computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:06.137479+00:00
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parent: list-of-fictional-computers-20260505-0
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== Board games and role-playing games == A.R.C.H.I.E. Three, the supercomputer that arose from the ashes of nuclear war to become a major player in the events of Palladium Books' Rifts The Autochthon, the extradimensional AI that secretly controls Iteration X, in White Wolf Publishing's Mage: The Ascension The Computer, from West End Games' Paranoia role-playing game Crime Computer, from the Milton Bradley Manhunter board game Deus, the malevolent AI built by Renraku from the Shadowrun role-playing game, which took over the Renraku Arcology before escaping into the Matrix Mirage, the oldest AI from Shadowrun, built to assist the US military in combating the original Crash Virus in 2029 Megara, a sophisticated program built by Renraku in Shadowrun, which achieved sentience after falling in love with a hacker Omega Virus, microscopic nano-phages that build a singular intelligence (foreign AI) in the Battlestat1 computer core and take over the space station in the board game by Milton Bradley. == Unsorted works == SARA, TOM's A.I. matrix companion from Toonami The CENTRAL SCRUTINIZER, narrator from Frank Zappa's Joe's Garage Ritsu / Autonomous Intelligence Fixed Artillery, from Assassination Classroom Tandy 400, Compy 386, Lappy 486, Compé, and Lappier, Strong Bad's computers in Homestar


id: list-of-file-signatures-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures-0.md
category: reference
title: List of file signatures
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:07.503634+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-signatures-20260505-0
summary:
A file signature is data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or magic bytes and are usually inserted at the beginning of the file. Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be recognizable when interpreted as text. In the table below, the column "ISO 8859-1" shows how the file signature appears when interpreted as text in the common ISO 8859-1 encoding, with unprintable characters represented as the control code abbreviation or symbol, or codepage 1252 character where available, or a box otherwise. In some cases the space character is shown as ␠. == See also == List of filename extensions - alternative for file type identification and parsing List of file formats Magic number (programming) Substitute character (for the 1Ah (^Z) "end-of-file" marker used in many signatures) file (command) == References == == External links == Gary Kessler's list of file signatures Online File Signature Database for Forensic Practitioners, a private compilation free to Law Enforcement Man page for compress, uncompress, and zcat


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-0.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The following lists identify, characterize, and link to more thorough information on file systems. Many older operating systems support only their one "native" file system, which does not bear any name apart from the name of the operating system itself. == Disk file systems == Disk file systems are usually block-oriented. Files in a block-oriented file system are sequences of blocks, often featuring fully random-access read, write, and modify operations. ADFS – Acorn's Advanced Disc filing system, successor to DFS. AdvFS – Advanced File System, designed by Digital Equipment Corporation for their Digital UNIX (now Tru64 UNIX) operating system. APFS – Apple File System is a file system for Apple products. AthFS – AtheOS File System, a 64-bit journaled filesystem now used by Syllable. Also called AFS. BFS – the Boot File System used on System V release 4.0 and UnixWare. BFS – the Be File System used on BeOS, occasionally misnamed as BeFS. Open source implementation called OpenBFS is used by the Haiku operating system. Byte File System (BFS) - file system used by z/VM for Unix applications Btrfs – is a copy-on-write file system for Linux announced by Oracle in 2007 and published under the GNU General Public


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-1.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
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parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
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=== File systems with built-in fault-tolerance === These file systems have built-in checksumming and either mirroring or parity for extra redundancy on one or several block devices: Bcachefs – Full data and metadata checksumming, bcache is the bottom half of the filesystem. Btrfs – A file system based on B-Trees, initially designed at Oracle Corporation. HAMMER and HAMMER2 – DragonFly BSD's primary filesystems, created by Matt Dillon. NOVA – The "non-volatile memory accelerated" file system for persistent main memory. ReFS (Resilient File System) – A file system by Microsoft with built-in resiliency features. Reliance – A transactional file system with CRCs, created by Datalight. Reliance Nitro – A tree-based transactional, copy-on-write file system with CRCs, developed for high performance and reliability in embedded systems, from Datalight (Acquired by Tuxera in 2019). ZFS – Has checksums for all data; important metadata is always redundant, additional redundancy levels are user-configurable; copy-on-write and transactional writing ensure metadata consistency; corrupted data can be automatically repaired if a redundant copy is available. Created by Sun Microsystems for use on Solaris 10 and OpenSolaris, ported to FreeBSD 7.0, NetBSD (as of August 2009), Linux and to FUSE (not to be confused with the two zFSes from


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-2.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
CMS file system – The native file system of the Conversational Monitor System component of VM/370 Files-11 – early versions were record-oriented; support for "streams" was added later Michigan Terminal System (MTS) – provides "line files" where record lengths and line numbers are associated as metadata with each record in the file, lines can be added, replaced, updated with the same or different length records, and deleted anywhere in the file without the need to read and rewrite the entire file. OS4000 for GEC's OS4000 operating system, on the GEC 4000 series minicomputers A FAT12 and FAT16 (and FAT32) extension to support database-like file types random file, direct file, keyed file and sequential file in Digital Research FlexOS, IBM 4680 OS and Toshiba 4690 OS. The record size is stored on a file-by-file basis in special entries in the directory table. Sequential access methods for IBM's z/OS and z/VSE mainframe operating systems: Basic Sequential Access Method (BSAM), Basic Partitioned Access Method (BPAM) and Queued Sequential Access Method (QSAM); see Access methods and Data set (IBM mainframe) for more examples Pick Operating System – A record-oriented filesystem and database that uses hash-coding to store data. Shared File System (SFS) for IBM's


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-3.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
Coda from Carnegie Mellon University focuses on bandwidth-adaptive operation (including disconnected operation) using a client-side cache for mobile computing. It is a descendant of AFS-2. It is available for Linux under the GPL. Distributed File System (Dfs) from Microsoft focuses on location transparency and high availability. Available for Windows under a proprietary software license. HAMMER and HAMMER2 – DragonFly BSD's filesystems for clustered storage, created by Matt Dillon. InterMezzo from Cluster File Systems uses synchronization over HTTP. Available for Linux under GPL but no longer in development since the developers are working on Lustre. LizardFS a networking, distributed file system based on MooseFS Moose File System (MooseFS) is a networking, distributed file system. It spreads data over several physical locations (servers), which are visible to a user as one resource. Works on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenSolaris and macOS. Master server and chunkservers can also run on Solaris and Windows with Cygwin. Scality is a distributed fault-tolerant filesystem. Tahoe-LAFS is an open source secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant filesystem utilizing encryption as the basis for a least-authority replicated design. A FAT12 and FAT16 (and FAT32) extension to support automatic file distribution across nodes with extra attributes like local, mirror on update, mirror on


id: list-of-file-systems-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems-4.md
category: reference
title: List of file systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:08.933968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-file-systems-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pseudo file systems === devfs – a virtual file system in Unix-like operating systems for managing device nodes on-the-fly procfs – a pseudo-file system, used to access kernel information about processes tmpfs – in-memory temporary file system (on Unix-like platforms) sysfs – a virtual file system in Linux holding information about buses, devices, firmware, filesystems, etc. debugfs – a virtual file system in Linux for accessing and controlling kernel debugging configfs – a writable file system used to configure various kernel components of Linux sysctlfs – allow accessing sysctl nodes via a file system; available on NetBSD via PUFFS, FreeBSD kernel via a 3rd-party module, and Linux as a part of Linux procfs. kernfs – a file system found on some BSD systems (notably NetBSD) that provides access to some kernel state variables; similar to sysctlfs, Linux procfs and Linux sysfs. WinFS - Uses a relational database to manage files wikifs – a server application for Plan 9's virtual, wiki, file system === Encrypted file systems === eCryptfs – a stacked cryptographic file system in the Linux kernel since 2.6.19 EncFS, GPL Encrypted file system in user-space EFS – an encrypted file system for Microsoft Windows systems and AIX.


id: list-of-films-about-computers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of films about computers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_computers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:10.104885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-films-about-computers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of films about computers, featuring fictional films in which activities involving computers play a central role in the development of the plot. == Artificial intelligence plots == === Motion picture === 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) HAL 9000 The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes (1969) Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) The Questor Tapes (1974) Demon Seed (1977) Blade Runner (1982) Tron (1982) WarGames (1983) Brainstorm (1983) 2010 (1984) HAL 9000 SAL 9000 Hide and Seek (1984, TV movie) Electric Dreams (1984) The Terminator (1984) Terminator Skynet D.A.R.Y.L. (1985) Flight of the Navigator (1986) Short Circuit (1986) Not Quite Human (1987) Short Circuit 2 (1988) Not Quite Human II (1989) Still Not Quite Human (1992) Arcade (1993) Star Trek Generations (1994) Hackers (1995) Johnny Mnemonic (1995) The Net (1995) Star Trek: First Contact (1996) Enemy of the State (1998) Lost in Space (1998) Star Trek: Insurrection (1998) Bicentennial Man (1999) The Matrix (1999) The Thirteenth Floor (1999) Universal Soldier: The Return (1999) Virus (1999) A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) How to Make a Monster (2001) Swordfish (2001) S1M0NE (2002) Star Trek: Nemesis (2002) The Matrix Reloaded (2003) The Matrix Revolutions (2003) I Robot (2004) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the


id: list-of-fujitsu-image-scanners-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Fujitsu image scanners
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:11.298889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fujitsu-image-scanners-20260505-0
summary:
Fujitsu manufactures two series of image scanners: ScanSnap for consumers/SOHO, and fi for business (fi includes SP brand). Popular ScanSnap models include the S1300, a feature-rich scanner that can scan double-sided color originals, and the S1100, one of the world's smallest scanners. By September 2018, ScanSnap had sold more than five million units globally since 2001, and the ScanSnap brand reached the age of twenty years on July 10, 2021. The following is a selection of scanners manufactured under the Fujitsu brand. == Current models == == Discontinued models (but still eligible for extended service coverage) == == Previous models == ScanSnap S300 – portable scanner, 10 sheet ADF, 600 dpi optical resolution, 8 to 0.5 pages per minute depending on mode and AC availability ScanSnap S300M – Macintosh version of S300 with similar specifications ScanSnap S500 ScanSnap S500M ScanSnap S510 ScanSnap S510M ScanSnap S1100 ScanSnap S1300 ScanSnap S1500 ScanSnap S1500M ScanSnap iX500 Deluxe == Other == SP-1425 == References ==


id: list-of-fujitsu-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Fujitsu products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:12.591190+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fujitsu-products-20260505-0
summary:
Fujitsu, a multinational computer hardware and IT services company, provides services and consulting as well as a range of products including computing products, software, telecommunications, microelectronics, and more. Fujitsu also offers customized IT products that go beyond the off-the shelf products listed below. == Products and services == == References ==


id: list-of-functional-programming-topics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of functional programming topics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functional_programming_topics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:13.841447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-functional-programming-topics-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of functional programming topics. == Foundational concepts == Programming paradigm Declarative programming Programs as mathematical objects Function-level programming Purely functional programming Total functional programming Lambda programming Static scoping Higher-order function Referential transparency == Lambda calculus == Currying Lambda abstraction Church–Rosser theorem Extensionality Church numeral == Combinatory logic == Fixed point combinator SKI combinator calculus B, C, K, W system SECD machine Graph reduction machine == Intuitionistic logic == Sequent, sequent calculus Natural deduction Intuitionistic type theory BHK interpretation Curry–Howard correspondence Linear logic Game semantics == Type theory == Typed lambda calculus Typed and untyped languages Type signature Type inference Datatype Algebraic data type (generalized) Type variable First-class value Polymorphism Calculus of constructions == Denotational semantics == Domain theory Directed complete partial order Knaster–Tarski theorem == Category theory == Cartesian closed category Yoneda lemma == Operational issues == Graph reduction Combinator graph reduction Strict programming language Lazy evaluation, eager evaluation Speculative evaluation Side effect Assignment Setq Closure Continuation Continuation passing style Operational semantics State transition system Simulation preorder Bisimulation Monads in functional programming Exception handling Garbage collection == Programming languages == Clean Clojure Elixir Erlang FP F# Haskell Glasgow Haskell Compiler Gofer Hugs Template Haskell ISWIM JavaScript


id: list-of-mergers-and-acquisitions-by-gen-digital-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mergers and acquisitions by Gen Digital
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Gen_Digital
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:15.308579+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mergers-and-acquisitions-by-gen-digital-20260505-0
summary:
Gen Digital, formerly known as Symantec and NortonLifeLock, is a multinational computer software company founded on March 1, 1982. It is an international corporation that specializes in selling security and information management software. Gary Hendrix founded the company in 1982 with the help of a National Science Foundation grant. Symantec was originally focused on artificial intelligence-related projects, and Hendrix hired several Stanford University natural language processing researchers as the company's first employees. After the company's initial public offering in 1989, Hendrix left the company in 1991 and moved to Texas. The company has acquired 57 companies, purchased stakes in 2 firms, and divested 26 companies, in which parts of the company are sold to another company. Of the companies that Symantec has acquired, 50 were based in the United States. Symantec has not released the financial details for most of these mergers and acquisitions. Symantec's first acquisition was C&E Software on January 1, 1984, and the founder of C&E Software, Gordon Eubanks, became the new chief executive officer of Symantec. The company has made five acquisitions with a value greater than $1 billion: LifeLock was acquired on Feb 9, 2017 for $2.3 billion, Blue Coat Systems was acquired on Aug


id: list-of-grid-computing-projects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of grid computing projects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grid_computing_projects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:16.471729+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-grid-computing-projects-20260505-0
summary:
This is a comprehensive list of Grid computing infrastructure projects. == Grid computing infrastructure projects == BREIN uses the Semantic Web and multi-agent systems to build simple and reliable grid systems for business, with a focus on engineering and logistics management. A-Ware is developing a stable, supported, commercially exploitable, high quality technology to give easy access to grid resources. AssessGrid addresses obstacles to wide adoption of grid technologies by bringing risk management and assessment to this field, enabling use of grid computing in business and society. Cohesion Platform – A Java-based modular peer-to-peer multi-application desktop grid computing platform for irregularly structured problems developed at the University of Tübingen (Germany) The European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) – A series of projects funded by the European Commission which links over 70 institutions in 27 European countries to form a multi-science computing grid infrastructure for the European Research Area, letting researchers share computer resources GridCOMP provides an advanced component platform for an effective invisible grid. GridECON takes a user-oriented perspective and creates solutions to grid challenges to promote widespread use of grids. neuGRID develops a new user-friendly grid-based research e-infrastructure enabling the European neuroscience community to perform research needed for the pressing study of


id: list-of-groupe-bull-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Groupe Bull products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:17.676658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-groupe-bull-products-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of products from the French-owned computer hardware and software company Groupe Bull. == Computer hardware == Bull Gamma series Gamma 3 (1952) Gamma 55 (1967) (also known as GE 55) Gamma 60 (1960) Gamma 10 (1963) Gamma 30 (1964) (RCA 301) Gamma M 40 (1965) CAB 500 (1961, sold under license from Société d'Electronique et d'Automatisme) Série 300 TI (1962) GE-600 series (1965) GE 400 (1967) GE 115 (1966) GE-265 (1968) CII Iris 50 (1968) CII Mitra 15 (1970) GE 58 (1970) Honeywell 6000 series (1970) Honeywell H200 (1970) CII Iris 80 (1971) CII Iris 60 (1972) Honeywell 6180 for the Multics operating system (1973) HB 2000 (1973) Micral (1973) Mini6 (1978) CII HB 64/40 (1976) CII HB 66/60 (1976) CII HB 61 DPS (1978) Bull DS800 (2007) Bull DPS series DPS 4 (1980) DPS 7 and DPS 7000 (1981) DPS 6 series (1983) DPS 8 (1984) DPS 6 Plus and DPS 8000 (1987) DPS 9000 (1999) Bull DPX series Bull DPX 2 (1992) Bull DPX 20 SM 90 (1981) Correlative Syst. 1982 SPS7 and SPS9 Bull Escala (1994) Bull NovaScale (2004) Novascale bullion (2010) Bull bullx (2009) Bull Estrella Bull Series 4000 Printing System


id: comparison-of-gui-testing-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GUI_testing_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: Comparison of GUI testing tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_GUI_testing_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:19.012527+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: comparison-of-gui-testing-tools-20260505-0
summary:
GUI testing tools serve the purpose of automating the testing process of software with graphical user interfaces. == References ==


id: list-of-hackers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of hackers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hackers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:20.238522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hackers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable hackers who are known for their hacking acts. == See also == Tech Model Railroad Club List of computer criminals List of fictional hackers List of hacker groups List of hacker conferences Hackerspace Phreaking == References ==


id: list-of-medical-and-health-informatics-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of medical and health informatics journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:21.434703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-medical-and-health-informatics-journals-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable journals related to medical and health informatics. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making BMJ Health & Care Informatics Computers in Biology and Medicine Health Informatics Journal International Journal of Medical Informatics Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Journal of Biomedical Informatics Journal of Information Professionals in Health Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics Journal of Medical Internet Research Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing Methods of Information in Medicine PLOS Digital Health Statistics in Medicine == References == == See also == List of medical journals Lists of academic journals


id: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Hewlett-Packard products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a partial list of products manufactured under the Hewlett-Packard brand. == Printers == HP categories of printers as of November 2014 are: Black and white laser printers Color laser printers Laser multifunction printers Inkjet all-in-one printers Specialty Photo inkjet printers Business ink printers Color inkjet printers HP Designjet large format printers HP Indigo Digital Presses HP Inkjet Digital Web Press HP latex printers HP Scitex large format printers Network print servers === Black and white laser printers === (Current Line: November 2014) High-volume black and white laser printers LaserJet 700 printer LaserJet M806 printer Office black and white laser printers LaserJet 400 printer LaserJet 600 printer LaserJet P2000 printer LaserJet P3000 prin === Color Laser printers === (As of November 2014) === Laser multifunction printers === (As of November 2014) Discontinued models === Inkjet all-in-one printers === (As of November 2014) === Specialty photo inkjet printers === (As of November 2014) Compact photo printers Photosmart A310 Printer Photosmart A430 Portable Photo Studio Series === Business ink printers === (Current Line: November 2014) Business ink multifunction printers Officejet Enterprise Color X585 Multifunction Printer Officejet Pro X476/X576 Multifunction Printer Page wide array printers Officejet Enterprise Color X555 Printer Officejet


id: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-1.md
category: reference
title: List of Hewlett-Packard products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
summary:
A series of notebooks and multimedia notebooks since 1999. Some models released from 2004–2009 had the HP developed QuickPlay software which enabled booting to a linux based DVD/Music player held on a separate partition (models with Windows Vista are unable to boot into QuickPlay due to compatibility issues). === HP Envy === === HP G series === === HP Mini === === HP OmniBook === A series of "Next Gen AI" notebook computers introduced by HP Inc. (Hewlett-Packard's successor) in 2024 that included built-in artificial intelligence features. The name was originally used for a line of business-oriented laptops and notebooks made by Hewlett-Packard from 1993–2002. == Workstations == === PA-RISC based === === Itanium based === === Alpha based (from DEC, via Compaq) === === x86 based === === Blade Workstations === == Servers == === x86 (Intel & AMD Opteron) based === ==== Entry-level servers ==== Entry-level servers used either the NetServer or ProLiant brands. The NetServer line of servers were discontinued following the merger with Compaq in 2002, with the then-newly acquired ProLiant line of servers succeeding it afterwards. The ProLiant line of servers was then acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2015 after HP split up into


id: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products-2.md
category: reference
title: List of Hewlett-Packard products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:22.770098+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hewlett-packard-products-20260505-0
summary:
rx1600 series – 1U rx1600 rx1620 rx2600 series – 2U rx2600 rx2620 rx2660 rx3600 – 4U rx4610 – 7U rx4640 – 4U rx5670 – 7U rx6600 – 7U rx7600 series – 10U rx7610 rx7620 rx7640 rx8600 series – 17U rx8620 rx8640 HP Superdome SX1000 based – SX2000 based Integrity BL blades Compaq ProLiant Compaq ProLiant DL590/64 (retired) === Alpha based === === PA-RISC based === === Scalable servers and supercomputer nodes === ==== Apollo series ==== ==== SGI series ==== HPE SGI 8600 == Enterprise storage == HP StorageWorks XP storage array StorageWorks EVA storage array (from Compaq) HP AutoRAID storage array (retired) HP VA storage array (retired) HP Jamaica storage enclosure (retired) == "StorageWorks" Storage element managers == Command View XP Command View AE Command View EVA Command View SDM. StorageWorks Command View TL == Storage area management == HP Storage Essentials OpenView Storage Area Manager == ProCurve == ProCurve Networking by HP is the networking division of HP. == Telepresence and videoconferencing == HP Halo, a high-end immersive telepresence system, was sold to Polycom on June 1, 2011. == External hard disk drives == HP External Hard Drive (1 TB, USB 3.0) HP Portable Hard Drive (1 TB,


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-0.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of home computers, sorted alphanumerically, which lists all relevant details of their video hardware. Home computers are the second generation of desktop computers, entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. A decade later they were generally replaced by IBM PC compatible "PCs", although technically home computers are also classified as personal computers. Examples of early home computers are the TRS-80, Atari 8-bit computers, BBC Micro, ZX Spectrum, MSX, Amstrad CPC 464, and Commodore 64. Examples of late home computers are MSX 2 systems, and the Amiga and Atari ST systems. Note: in cases of manufacturers who have made both home and personal computers, only machines fitting into the home computer category are listed. Systems in the personal computer category, except for early Macintosh PCs, are generally based on the VGA standard and use a video chip known as a Graphics Processing Unit. Very early PCs used one of the much simpler (even compared to most home computer video hardware) video display controller cards, using parts like the MDA, the Hercules Graphics Card, the CGA and the EGA standard). Only after the introduction of the VGA standard could PCs really compete with the


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-1.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
=== Video arbitration logic === One major problem that early computer video hardware had to overcome was the video bus arbitration problem. The problem was determining a way to give both the video hardware (VDU) and the CPU continuous read access to the video RAM. The obvious solution, using interleaving time slots for the VDU and RAM was hard to implement because the logic circuits and video memory chips of the time did not have the switching speed necessary to do so. For higher resolutions, the logic and the memory chips were barely fast enough to support reading the display data, let alone for dedicating half the available time for the slow 8-bit CPU. That being said, one system, the Apple II, was one of the first to use a feature of the data-bus logic of the 6502 processor to implement a very early interleaving time slot mechanism to eliminate this problem. The BBC Micro used 4 MHz RAM with a 2 MHz 6502 in order to interleave video accesses with CPU accesses. Most other systems used a much simpler approach, and the TRS-80's video logic was so primitive that it simply did not have any bus arbitration at all.


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-2.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
== Explanation of the terms used in the tables == System Name The name of the system, or if there are many similar versions, the name of the most well-known variant, see Notes. Year The year that the first version of this system came on the market. Chip name The name of the chip that was used as the basis for the video logic. Video RAM The maximum amount of RAM used for the video display, depending on the resolution used the system may use less. Video mode(s) [i.e. Text mode(s) and Graphics modes] The numbers of characters per line and lines of text the system supported and the number of colors they could have. Sometimes more than one mode was possible: The number of horizontal and Vertical pixels the system could display in a high resolution mode and The number of colors each pixel could have in high-resolution mode, where several high-resolution modes exist each one is listed separately. Beginning with the Xerox Alto, systems forwent independent text modes and drew text on a high-resolution graphics screen. This required more video RAM, but also freed computer fonts from a fixed grid. Font extras Describes extra graphical possibilities a video


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-3.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
follows an entry it means that other options than the listed ones may also exist. "Mono" in a table cell means monochrome that is, for example, black on white, or black on green.


id: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware-4.md
category: reference
title: List of home computers by video hardware
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:24.059189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-home-computers-by-video-hardware-20260505-0
summary:
== The list of home computers and their video capabilities == === Systems with video logic designed as terminals === === Systems using software-driven video generation === === Systems using discrete logic === ==== With independent text mode(s) ==== ==== Without independent text mode(s) ==== === Systems using simple Video Shift Registers === === Systems using custom logic ICs === ==== With independent text mode(s) ==== ==== Without independent text mode(s) ==== === Systems using a CRTC === ==== MC6845 or second source ==== ===== With independent text mode(s) ===== ===== Without independent text mode(s) ===== ==== Other models ==== === Systems using a Video Interface Controller === ==== MC6847 or second source ==== ===== Text 32×16 9 colors Graphics Full: 64×64 4 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2 or 4 colors or 256×192 2 colors Semi: 64×32 9 colors or 64×48 4 colors color resolution 64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 or 256×192; 64×32 or 64×48 ===== Sources: ==== Other models ==== ===== With independent text mode(s) ===== ===== Without independent text mode(s) ===== === Systems using a video co-processor === ==== With independent text mode(s) ==== ==== Without independent text mode(s) ==== === Systems that fall into multiple classifications === For


id: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of human–computer interaction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:25.355259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human–computer interaction: Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) – the intersection of computer science and behavioral sciences — this field involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. Attention to human-machine interaction is important, because poorly designed human-machine interfaces can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example of this is the Three Mile Island accident where investigations concluded that the design of the human-machine interface was at least partially responsible for the disaster. == Definitions == Human–Computer Interaction can be described as all of the following: A field of science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. An applied science – field that applies human knowledge to build or design useful things. A field of computer science – scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. An application of engineering – science, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, to design and also build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. An application of software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach


id: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of human–computer interaction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human–computer_interaction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:25.355259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-human-computer-interaction-20260505-0
summary:
List of input devices unit record equipment barcode scanner keyboard computer keyboard keyboard shortcut ways to make typing more efficient: command history, autocomplete, autoreplace and Intellisense microphone pointing device computer mouse mouse chording List of output devices visual devices graphical output device display device computer display video projector computer printer plotter auditory devices speakers earphones tactile devices refreshable Braille display braille embosser Haptic devices === Interface design methods === activity-centered design Affordance analysis bodystorming Contextual design focus group iterative design participatory design pictive user interface workshop method rapid prototyping Scenario-based design (SBD) task analysis/task modeling user-centered design usage-centered design User scenario Value sensitive design Wizard of Oz experiment === Usability === Usability testing heuristic evaluation cognitive walkthrough usability lab === Models and laws === Hick's law Fitts' law Steering law GOMS – goals, operators, methods, and selection rules Keystroke-level model (KLM) == Cultural influences == === Movies === Motion pictures featuring interesting user interfaces: 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) Alien (1979) Blade Runner (1982) Tron (1982) The Last Starfighter (1984) Ghost in the Shell (1991/1995) The Lawnmower Man (1992) Johnny Mnemonic (1995) The Matrix (1999) Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001) Minority


id: list-of-hypercard-viruses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses-0.md
category: reference
title: List of HyperCard viruses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:26.737944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-hypercard-viruses-20260505-0
summary:
Soon after the release of HyperCard in 1987, computer viruses appeared that targeted the application. The viruses were written in the HyperTalk programming language and typically spread by infecting the Home stack and then infecting other stacks from there. == List of viruses == == References ==


id: list-of-former-ia-32-compatible-processor-manufacturers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of former IA-32 compatible processor manufacturers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_IA-32_compatible_processor_manufacturers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:28.066761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-former-ia-32-compatible-processor-manufacturers-20260505-0
summary:
As Intel's 32-bit architecture became the dominant computing platform during the 1980s and 1990s, multiple companies have tried to build microprocessors that are compatible with that Intel instruction set architecture. Most of these companies were not successful in the mainstream computing market. So far, only AMD has had any market presence in the computing market for more than a couple of product generations. Cyrix was successful during the 386 and 486 generations of products but did not do well after the Pentium was introduced. List of former IA-32 compatible microprocessor vendors: == Progressed into surviving companies == Centaur Technology – originally subsidiary of IDT, later acquired by VIA Technologies, still producing compatible low-end devices for VIA Cyrix – acquired by National Semiconductor, later acquired by VIA Technologies, eventually shut down NexGen – bought by AMD to help develop the successful K6 device National Semiconductor – low-end 486 (designed in-house) never widely sold; first acquirer of Cyrix, later keeping only low-end IA-32 devices targeted for consumer System-on-a-chips, finally selling them to AMD == Product discontinued/transformed == Harris Corporation – sold radiation-hardened versions of the 8086 and 80286; product line discontinued. Produced 20 MHz and 25 MHz 80286s (some motherboards were equipped


id: list-of-input-methods-for-unix-platforms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_Unix_platforms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of input methods for Unix platforms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_Unix_platforms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:29.309391+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-input-methods-for-unix-platforms-20260505-0
summary:
This is intended as a non-exhaustive list of input methods for Unix platforms. An input method is a means of entering characters and glyphs that have a corresponding encoding in a character set. See the input method page for more information.


id: list-of-intel-manufacturing-sites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Intel manufacturing sites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:30.534158+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-intel-manufacturing-sites-20260505-0
summary:
Intel is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Processors are manufactured in semiconductor fabrication plants called "fabs" which are then sent to assembly and testing sites before delivery to customers. Intel has stated that approximately 75% of their semiconductor fabrication is performed in the United States. Since May 1990, Intel has made an effort to eliminate chlorofluorocarbon consumption for the Oregon, Puerto Rico and Ireland system factories. Both Schumacher, a division of Air Products & Chemicals, and Intel developed chemical that reduce ozone emission using TRANS-LC or trans 1, 2-dichloroethylene to replace from TCA or 1,1,1-Trichloroethane to grow defect free silicon oxide surfaces. The Oregon Governor's Award for Toxics Use Reduction recognising Intel's Hillsboro facility achievement in reducing the use of toxic substance and generation of hazardous wastes. == Current fab sites == == Past fab sites == == Assembly and test sites == AFO, Aloha, Oregon, United States Chandler, Arizona, United States CD1, Chengdu, Sichuan, China CD6, Chengdu, Sichuan, China KMDSDP, Kulim, Malaysia SBDSDP, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia KKDSDP, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia KMO, Kulim, Malaysia KM5, Kulim, Malaysia PG8, Penang, Malaysia VNAT, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Jerusalem, Israel CRAT, Heredia, Belén, Costa


id: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-0.md
category: reference
title: Lightweight markup language
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:31.907383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-0
summary:
A lightweight markup language (LML), also termed a simple or humane markup language, is a markup language with simple, unobtrusive syntax. It is designed to be easy to write using any generic text editor and easy to read in its raw form. It is used in applications where it may be necessary to read the raw document and the final rendered output. For instance, a person downloading a software library might prefer to read the documentation in a text editor rather than a web browser. Another use for such languages is to provide for data entry in web-based publishing, as in blogs and wikis, where the input interface is a simple text box. The server software then converts the input into a common document markup language like HTML. == History == Lightweight markup languages were originally used on text-only displays which could not display characters in italics or bold, so informal methods to convey this information had to be developed. This formatting choice was naturally carried forth to plain-text email communications. Console browsers may also resort to similar display conventions. In 1986 international standard SGML provided facilities to define and parse lightweight markup languages using grammars and tag implication. The


id: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language-1.md
category: reference
title: Lightweight markup language
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:31.907383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lightweight-markup-language-20260505-0
summary:
=== Heading syntax === Headings are usually available in up to six levels, but the top one is often reserved to contain the same as the document title, which may be set externally. Some documentation may associate levels with divisional types, e.g., part, chapter, section, article or paragraph. This article uses 1 as the top level, but index of heading levels may begin at 1 or 0 in official documentation. Most LMLs follow one of two styles for headings, either Setext-like underlines or atx-like line markers, or they support both. ==== Underlined headings ==== Level 1 Heading =============== Level 2 Heading --------------- Level 3 Heading ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The first style uses underlines, i.e., repeated characters (e.g., equals =, hyphen - or tilde ~, usually at least two or four times) in the line below the heading text. Headings may optionally be overline in reStructuredText, in addition to being underlined. ==== Prefixed headings ==== # Level 1 Heading ## Level 2 Heading ## ### Level 3 Heading ### The second style is based on repeated markers (e.g., hash #, equals = or asterisk *) at the start of the heading itself, where the number of repetitions indicates the (sometimes inverse) heading level.


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of companies, organizations and individuals who have moved from other operating systems to Linux. On desktops, Linux has not displaced Microsoft Windows to a large degree. However, it is the leading operating system on servers. See also: List of BSD adopters == Government == As local governments come under pressure from institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Intellectual Property Alliance, some have turned to Linux and other free software as an affordable, legal alternative to both pirated software and expensive proprietary computer products from Microsoft, Apple and other commercial companies. The spread of Linux affords some leverage for these countries when companies from the developed world bid for government contracts (since a low-cost option exists), while furnishing an alternative path to development for countries like India and Pakistan that have many citizens skilled in computer applications but cannot afford technological investment at "First World" prices. Cost is not the only factor being considered, though – many government institutions (public and military) in North America and the European Union make the transition to Linux because of its superior stability and the openness of the source code, which strengthens information security. === Africa ===


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-1.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
==== South ==== The government of the Argentinian province of Misiones uses workstations that run GobMis GNU/Linux, a distribution with necessary tools for public administration. Also delivers a "generic" distribution without government branding known as "GobLin GNU/Linux". Brazil uses PC Conectado, a program utilizing Linux. In 2004, Venezuela's government approved the 3390 decree, to give preference to using free software in public administration. One result of this policy is the development of Canaima, a Debian-based Linux distribution. === Europe === ==== Austria ==== In 2005, Austria's city of Vienna chose to start migrating its desktop PCs to Debian-based Wienux. However, by 2011, the idea was largely abandoned, because the necessary software was incompatible with Linux. ==== Czech Republic ==== In 2005, Česká pošta (Czech Post) migrated 4,000 servers and 12,000 clients to Novell Linux. ==== France ==== In 2007, France's national police force (the National Gendarmerie) started moving their 90,000 desktops from Windows XP to a Ubuntu based OS, GendBuntu, over concerns about the additional training costs of moving to Windows Vista, and following the success of OpenOffice.org roll-outs. The force saved about €50 million on software licensing between 2004 and 2008. The migration largely completed in 2014. By 2007,


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-2.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
==== Switzerland ==== In 2001, Switzerland's Canton of Solothurn decided to migrate its computers to Linux, but in 2010 the Swiss authority has made a U-turn by deciding to use Windows 7 for desktop clients. ==== United Kingdom ==== In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Hackney London Borough Council used Linux laptops for its 4000 employees to allow working from home. == Education == Linux is often used in technical disciplines at universities and research centres. This is due to several factors, including that Linux scales to run on very large systems that small home computer operating systems cannot. Rarely are 'license costs' or cost of software issues. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) uses Linux on its supercomputers because of security, stability and scalability. The DoD can afford licenses from anyone and doesn't worry about the cost. To some extent, technical competence of computer science and software engineering academics is also a contributor, as is stability, maintainability, and upgradability. IBM ran an advertising campaign entitled "Linux is Education" featuring a young boy who was supposed to be "Linux". Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following: The OLPC XO-1 (also called the MIT $100 laptop


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-3.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
== Home == In 2006, Sony's PlayStation 3 was released and came with a hard disk (20 GB, 60 GB or 80 GB) and was specially designed to allow easy installation of Linux on the system. However, Linux was prevented from accessing certain functions of the PlayStation such as 3D graphics. Sony also released a Linux kit for its PlayStation 2 console (see Linux for PlayStation 2). PlayStation hardware running Linux has been occasionally used in small scale distributed computing experiments, due to the ease of installation and the relatively low price of a PS3 compared to other hardware choices offering similar performance. As of April 1, 2010, Sony disabled the ability to install Linux "due to security concerns" starting with firmware version 3.21. Android, created by Google in 2007, is the smartphone & tablet operating system which, as of late 2013, runs on 80% of smartphones and 60% of tablets, worldwide; it is pre-installed on devices by brand hardware manufacturers. Through 2007 and 2008, Linux distributions with an emphasis on ease of use such as Ubuntu became increasingly popular as home desktop operating systems, with some OEMs, such as Dell, offering models with Ubuntu or other Linux distributions on


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-4.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
Free I.T. Athens, founded in 2005 in Athens, Georgia, United States, is a non-profit organization dedicated to rescuing computers from landfills, recycling them or refurbishing them using Linux exclusively. Burlington Coat Factory has used Linux exclusively since 1999. Ernie Ball, known for its famous Super Slinky guitar strings, has used Linux as its desktop operating system since 2000. Novell is undergoing a migration from Windows to Linux. Of its 5500 employees, 50% were successfully migrated as of April 2006. This was expected to rise to 80% by November. Wotif, the Australian hotel booking website, migrated from Windows to Linux servers to keep up with the growth of its business. Union Bank of California announced in January 2007 that it would standardize its IT infrastructure on Red Hat Enterprise Linux in order to lower costs. WhatsApp is mostly known to run its infrastructure on CentOS since its acquisition by Meta. WhatsApp initially ran on FreeBSD. Netflix is known to have its infrastructure running on FreeBSD. Peugeot, the European car maker, announced plans to deploy up to 20,000 copies of Novell's Linux desktop, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and 2,500 copies of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, in 2007. Mindbridge, a software company, announced


id: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters-5.md
category: reference
title: List of Linux adopters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:33.137956+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-linux-adopters-20260505-0
summary:
In 2013, NASA decided to switch the International Space Station laptops running Windows XP to Debian 6. Both CERN and Fermilab at one time used Scientific Linux in all their work; this included running the Large Hadron Collider and the Dark Energy Camera as well as the 20,000 internal servers at CERN. With the discontinuation of Scientific Linux (announced in 2019, with support only for SL6 and SL7 until end of life), CERN now uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and AlmaLinux, as well as CentOS 7 (until 30 June 2024); whereas Fermilab uses RHEL and AlmaLinux, as well as Scientific Linux (until end of life in June 2024). WLCG is composed of 576 sites with more than 390,000 processors and 150 petabytes of storage and uses Linux on all its nodes. As of 2009, Canada's largest super computer, the IBM iDataPlex cluster computer at the University of Toronto uses Linux as its operating system. The Internet Archive uses hundreds of x86 servers to catalogue the Internet, all of them running Linux. ASV Roboat autonomous robotic sailboat runs on Linux As of October 2010, Tianhe-I, the world's fastest super computer, located at the National Centre for Supercomputing in Tianjin, China


id: list-of-acquisitions-by-hewlett-packard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard-0.md
category: reference
title: List of acquisitions by Hewlett-Packard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:34.383999+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-acquisitions-by-hewlett-packard-20260505-0
summary:
Hewlett-Packard, commonly referred to as HP, was an electronics technology company based in Palo Alto, California. Before its 2015 split into two companies, it was known as a leading developer and manufacturer of personal computers, enterprise servers, storage devices, networking products, software, and a range of printers and other imaging products, as well as a provider of services and consulting. In 2012, HP was the largest technology company in the world in terms of revenue, ranking 10th in the Fortune Global 500. The company was founded by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard in a small garage on January 1, 1939, initially producing a line of electronic test and measurement equipment. As of 2012, Hewlett-Packard had made a total of 129 acquisitions since 1986;[a] The majority of companies acquired by HP were based in the United States. Its first acquisition was the FL Moseley Company in 1958. This move enabled HP to enter the plotter market, the precursor to its leading role in the printer business. In 1989, HP purchased Apollo Computer for US$476 million, enabling HP to become the largest supplier of computer workstations. In 1995, the company bought another computer manufacturer, Convex Computer, for $150 million. In 2000, HP


id: list-of-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of artificial intelligence algorithms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:35.679506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of artificial intelligence algorithms, including algorithms and algorithmic methods used in artificial intelligence (AI) for search, automated reasoning, knowledge representation and reasoning, planning, machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and related areas. == Search and optimization == A* search algorithm Alpha–beta pruning Beam search Beam stack search Best-first search Breadth-first search Depth-first search Expectiminimax General Problem Solver Hill climbing Iterative deepening A* Iterative deepening depth-first search Minmax algorithm Monte Carlo tree search Simulated annealing SSS* Uniform-cost search == Evolutionary computation and bio-inspired methods == Ant colony optimization algorithms Differential evolution Genetic algorithm Genetic programming Particle swarm optimization == Automated reasoning and logic == Backward chaining Forward chaining Resolution (logic) Rete algorithm == Probabilistic reasoning and uncertain inference == Baum–Welch algorithm Belief propagation Expectation–maximization algorithm Forward–backward algorithm Kalman filter Viterbi algorithm == Planning and decision-making == D* Satplan == Machine learning and statistical classification == == Neural networks and deep learning == Backpropagation Conjugate gradient method Generalized Hebbian algorithm Gradient descent Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm PagedAttention / vAttention Perceptron Quasi-Newton method Wake-sleep algorithm == Reinforcement learning == Actor-critic algorithm Policy gradient method Proximal policy optimization Q-learning State–action–reward–state–action Temporal difference learning == Natural language processing == Byte-pair


id: list-of-artificial-intelligence-companies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of artificial intelligence companies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:03:36.863172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-artificial-intelligence-companies-20260505-0
summary:
Below is a list of notable companies that primarily focus on artificial intelligence (AI). Companies that simply make use of AI but have a different primary focus are not included. == America == === Canada === === United States === == Asia == === China === === Hong Kong === Artisse AI === India === Haptik Sarvam AI NeuralGarage === Israel === AI21 Labs Hailo Technologies === Japan === Sakana AI === Saudi Arabia === Humain === South Korea === Upstage === United Arab Emirates === G42 == Europe == === France === === Germany === Aleph Alpha DeepL === Netherlands === Axelera AI === Norway === 1X Technologies === Sweden === Lovable === Switzerland === Art Recognition === Ukraine === Respeecher === United Kingdom === == See also == List of university artificial intelligence research centers List of artificial intelligence institutions List of artificial intelligence projects Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software List of chatbots List of self-driving system suppliers == References ==


