# kb

id: wordnet-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-2.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
=== Licensed vs. Open WordNets === Some wordnets were subsequently created for other languages. A 2012 survey lists the wordnets and their availability. In an effort to propagate the usage of wordnets, the Global WordNet community had been slowly re-licensing their wordnets to an open domain where researchers and developers can easily access and use wordnets as language resources to provide ontological and lexical knowledge in natural-language processing (NLP) tasks. The Open Multilingual Wordnet provides access to open licensed wordnets in a variety of languages. Version 1 is linked to the Princeton Wordnet of English, while version 2 uses an independent index (the Collaborative Interlingual Index). The goal is to make it easy to use wordnets in multiple languages. == Applications == WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval, automatic text classification, automatic text summarization, machine translation and even automatic crossword puzzle generation. A common use of WordNet is to determine the similarity between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words


id: wordnet-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet-3.md
category: reference
title: WordNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:25.181276+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wordnet-20260505-0
summary:
=== Linked data === BabelNet, a very large multilingual semantic network with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Wikipedia using an automatic mapping algorithm. The SUMO ontology has a complete manual mapping [1] between all of the WordNet synsets and all of SUMO (including its domain ontologies, when WordNet contains a word sense for a given SUMO term) which is browsable at, for example [2]. OpenCyc, an open ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets. DOLCE, is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet is the result of an experimental alignment of WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications. DBpedia, a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet. The eXtended WordNet is a project at the University of Texas at Dallas which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the


id: x-road-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road-0.md
category: reference
title: X-Road
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Road
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:27.510724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: x-road-20260505-0
summary:
X-Road is a centrally managed distributed Data Exchange Layer (DXL) between information systems. Organizations can exchange information over the Internet using X-Road to ensure confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties. The first X-Road iteration was developed and launched by Estonia's Information System Authority (RIA) in 2001. The source code of its central components were released on October 3, 2016 under an MIT License. By February 7, 2018, Finland's and Estonia's data exchange layers were connected to one another. In 2017, Finland and Estonia established the Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS) to continue the development of the X-Road core. == Features == According to their web page, "The X-Road is an open source data exchange layer solution that enables organizations to exchange information over the Internet. The X-Road is a centrally managed distributed integration layer between Information Systems that provides a standardized and secure way to produce and consume services. The X-Road ensures confidentiality, integrity and interoperability between data exchange parties." A unique differentiator of X-Road compared to other governmental API exchange platforms, is the institution of decentralized peer-to-peer communication for API transactions. In this structure, organizations maintain and provide service endpoints for various transactions. These peer-to-peer transactions


id: yoda-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: YODA Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YODA_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:28.681392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yoda-project-20260505-0
summary:
The YODA (Yale University Open Data Access) Project is a Yale University project to promote open data in clinical research. The YODA Project has served as a trusted intermediary in a variety of collaborative efforts to make scientific data more broadly available to researchers. It is a response to expanding demands for health information. The YODA Project is currently partnering with Johnson & Johnson. SI-BONE is also a partner. Inquiries for data availability for unlisted trials from these data holders can also be submitted. This project is being examined as a pilot for a new way of sharing information. == See also == Metascience == References == == External links == Official website Krumholz, Harlan M.; Waldstreicher, Joanne (4 August 2016). "The Yale Open Data Access (YODA) Project — A Mechanism for Data Sharing". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 403–405. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1607342. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 27518657.


id: deborah-zarin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin-0.md
category: reference
title: Deborah Zarin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Zarin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:29.830773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: deborah-zarin-20260505-0
summary:
Deborah Zarin is a program director at the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University. She was formerly a scientist at the National Institutes of Health and the director of ClinicalTrials.gov. Zarin has a reputation as an advocate for open data. In 2014 Zarin accepted a visiting scholar appointment at the Stanford University School of Medicine to research the quality of scientific investigations. == Bibliography == Ross, J. S.; Tse, T.; Zarin, D. A.; Xu, H.; Zhou, L.; Krumholz, H. M. (2012). "Publication of NIH funded trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: cross sectional analysis". BMJ. 344 (jan03 1): d7292–d7292. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7292. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 3623605. PMID 22214755. "Is a Trial For You?", an article from 2005 in The Washington Post Zarin, Deborah A. (2013). "Participant-Level Data and the New Frontier in Trial Transparency". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (5): 468–469. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1307268. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23902488. Zarin, D. A.; Tse, T.; Williams, R. J.; Rajakannan, T. (2017). "Update on Trial Registration 11 Years after the ICMJE Policy Was Established". New England Journal of Medicine. 376: 383–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1601330. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 5813248. == References == == External links == profile at NIH September 2014 interview at the Knoepfler


id: zenodo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo-0.md
category: reference
title: Zenodo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:30.980014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zenodo-20260505-0
summary:
Zenodo is a general-purpose open repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN. It allows researchers to deposit research papers, data sets, research software, reports, and any other research related digital artefacts. For each submission, a persistent digital object identifier (DOI) is minted, which makes the stored items easily citeable. == Characteristics == Zenodo was launched on 8 May 2013, as the successor of the OpenAIRE Orphan Records Repository to let researchers in any subject area comply with any open science deposit requirement absent an institutional repository. It was relaunched as Zenodo in 2015 to provide a place for researchers to deposit datasets; it allows the uploading of files up to 50 GB. It provides a DOI to datasets and other submitted data that lacks one to make the work easier to cite and supports various data and license types. One supported source is GitHub repositories. Zenodo is supported by CERN "as a marginal activity", also receiving financial contributions via the CERN & Society Foundation, and hosted on the high-performance computing infrastructure that is primarily operated for the needs of high-energy physics. Zenodo is run with Invenio (a free software framework for large-scale digital repositories), wrapped by


id: academy-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:33.366892+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Social Sciences (AcSS) is a representative body for social sciences in the United Kingdom. The academy promotes social science through its sponsorship of the Campaign for Social Science, its links with Government on a variety of matters, and its own policy work in issuing public comment, responding to official consultations, and organising meetings and events about social science. It confers the title of Fellow upon nominated social scientists following a process of peer review. The academy comprises over 1000 fellows and 41 learned societies based in the UK and Europe. == History and structure == The academy's origins lie in the formation of a representative body for the social science learned societies in 1982, the Association of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences (ALSISS). From 1999 to 2007 it was called the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences before changing to its current name. The academy is run by a council of 21 members, with Professor Roger Goodman FAcSS as its current chair, and Professor Sir Ivor Crewe FAcSS, Master of University College, Oxford, as its current president. Seven council members are elected by the academy's fellows, 7 by its learned societies and seven are


id: american-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: American Association for the Promotion of Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:34.580885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865) was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, by several high-profile academics. Officers in the first years of the society included William B. Rogers, Thomas Hill, George S. Boutwell, Francis Lieber, Erastus O. Haven, Mary Eliot Parkman, David A. Wells, Emory Washburn, Caroline Healey Dall, Samuel Eliot, F. B. Sanborn, Joseph White, George Walker, Theodore W. Dwight, and James J. Higginson. In 1865, the group intended "to aid the development of social science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of promoting the amendment of laws, the advancement of education, the prevention and repression of crime, the reformation of criminals, and the progress of public morality, the adoption of sanitary regulations, and the diffusion of sound principles on questions of economy, trade, and finance. It will give attention to pauperism, and the topics related thereto; including the responsibility of the well-endowed and successful, the wise and educated, the honest and respectable, for the failures of others. It will aim to bring together the various societies and individuals now interested in these objects, for the purpose of obtaining by discussion the real elements of truth; by which doubts are removed,


id: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The American Educational Research Association (AERA, , AIR-ə) is an organization representing education researchers in the United States. Founded in 1915, the organization represents a range of disciplines, including education, psychology, statistics, sociology, history, economics, philosophy, anthropology, and political science. AERA reports a membership of approximately 25,000 education researchers including scientists, teachers, students, administrators, and policy professionals. According to the organization, its goal is to advance knowledge about education and promote the use of research in educational practices both nationally and abroad. == Early history == AERA (originally known as National Association of Directors of Educational Research) was founded in New York in 1915. It was originally formed by eight individuals as an interest group within the NEA Department of Superintendence. During its early years, the organization mainly focused on testing students' educational achievement. Membership grew as more faculty members from colleges of education nationwide joined and diversified the organization's research. In 1931, AERA became a department of the National Education Association. The association's eight founders – Burdette R. Buckingham, Albert Shiels, Leonard P. Ayres, Frank W. Ballou, Stuart A. Courtis, Edwin Hebden, George Melcher, and Joseph P. O'Hern – were all directors of education research in various parts of


id: american-educational-research-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: American Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:35.749587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
== Education research and policy == AERA participates in the open access movement. AERA currently offers Educational Researcher (journal) open access, as well as an Online Paper Repository and i-Presentation Gallery containing presentations from the 2010 Annual Meeting forward. An open access, peer-reviewed journal, AERA Open, launched in 2014. On the policy front, AERA is involved in revisions to the common rule. Executive Director Felice J. Levine served on the National Research Council committee charged with reviewing proposed regulations. The committee published its report in early 2014. AERA had helped to lead the social science research community to increase federal funding for education research, particularly research in the social and behavioral sciences. AERA selects and appoints scholars as AERA Fellows in a process based on peer nominations. This is an effort to convene researchers who are recognized for their contributions and contribute to the advancement of educational research. In addition, AERA was active in the reauthorization of the Institute of Education Sciences bill, Strengthening Education through Research Act, which was advanced by the United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce in April 2014. == Education research initiatives == AERA is involved in several education research initiatives, ranging from


id: american-social-science-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Social Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Social_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:36.943348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-social-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
In 1865, at Boston, Massachusetts, a society for the study of social questions was organized and given the name American Social Science Association. The group grew to where its membership totaled about 1,000 persons. About 30 corresponding members were located in Europe. It published annually the Journal of Social Science and The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW). Members of the group worked in five departments: Education and art Health Trade and finance Social economy Jurisprudence Language and Culture Multidisciplinary of Social Sciences In 1898, the society founded the National Institute of Arts and Letters which developed into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1912, the society founded the National Institute of Social Sciences which absorbed the ASSA in 1928. == Notable people == Lucy M. Hall (1843–1907), physician, writer; Vice President of the ASSA Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1831–1917), one of the founders and recording secretary 1865–1897 == See also == American Association for the Promotion of Social Science (est.1865), predecessor to the ASSA National Institute of Social Sciences (est. 1912) == References == This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).


id: association-for-psychosocial-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Psychosocial Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychosocial_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:38.093325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-psychosocial-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Psychosocial Studies (APS) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of psychosocial studies. The association publishes an academic journal, The Journal of Psychosocial Studies The Association for Psychosocial Studies was formed in 2013 in order to formalise and carry forward the work of developing Psychosocial Studies in the UK. The APS emerged from the Psychosocial Studies Network, which had organised annual conferences at the major university bases for Psychosocial Studies since 2008. The APS is a charitable trust and is recognised as a Learned Society by the Academy of Social Sciences. == Founding members == Formed in 2013, the founding members of the association are: John Adlam, Phoebe Beedell, Tamara Bibby, Jo Brown, Rose Capdevila, Zoe Charalambous, Karen Ciclitira, Lita Crociani-Windland, Lynn Froggett, Stephen Frosh, Elizabeth Frost, Andi Fugard, Jason Glynos, Birgitta Haga Gripsrud, Rex Haigh, Ambrose Hogan, Paul Hoggett, Wendy Hollway, Shona Hunter, Rebecca Hutten, Luis Jiminez, David W. Jones, Warren Kinston, Helen Lucey, Jean McAvoy, James Martin, Claudia Megele, Yvonne Parry, Heather Price, Ellen Ramvi, Peter Redman, Barry Richards, Sasha Roseneil, Michael Rustin, Chris Scanlon, Gary Spencer-Humphrey, Paul Stenner, Jem Thomas, Isobel Urquhart, Julie Walsh, and Tom Wengraf.


id: association-for-the-social-scientific-study-of-jewry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Social_Scientific_Study_of_Jewry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:39.263428+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-the-social-scientific-study-of-jewry-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ) is a cross-disciplinary organization of individuals whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world, founded in 1971. == Purpose == The ASSJ comprises primarily academics, but also policy analysts, communal professionals, and activists whose research concerns the Jewish people throughout the world. Social scientific disciplines represented include sociology, social psychology, social anthropology, demography, contemporary history, social work, political science, economics, and Jewish education. Members work throughout the world but primarily in North America, Israel, and Europe. The ASSJ encourages and facilitates contact among researchers, supports the dissemination of research, and assists in the cultivation of younger scholars. == Past presidents == Mervin F. Verbit (1971-1973) Marshall Sklare (1973-1975) Samuel Klausner (1975-1977) Celia Heller (1977-1979) Chaim Waxman (1979-1981) Harold Himmelfarb (1981-1983) Egon Mayer (1983-1988) Rela Mintz Geffen (1988-1990) Arnold Dashefsky (1990-1996) Allen Glicksman (1996-2000) Sherry Israel (2000-2005) Harriet Hartman (2005-2012) Steven M. Cohen (2012-2016) Leonard Saxe (2016-2020) Judit Bokser Liwerant (2020-2024) Ira Sheskin (2024-) == Past vice presidents == Harriet Hartman Shaul Kelner (2005-2008) Sylvia Barack Fishman (2008-2012) Sergio DellaPergola (2012-2016) Sarah Benor (2016-2018) Judit Bokser Liwerant (2018-2020) Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz (2020-2023) Ariela Keysar (2023-) == Past treasurers == Carmel Chiswick


id: association-for-tourism-in-higher-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Tourism in Higher Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_in_Higher_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:40.428321+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-tourism-in-higher-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Tourism in Higher Education (ATHE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting tourism as a subject of study in the UK. It encourages high standards in learning, teaching and research. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. == External links == Official website == References ==


id: association-of-social-anthropologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Social Anthropologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:41.637397+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-social-anthropologists-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the academic discipline of social anthropology. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. == References == == External links == Official website


id: berkeley-initiative-for-transparency-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Initiative_for_Transparency_in_the_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:42.845987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: berkeley-initiative-for-transparency-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences, abbreviated BITSS, is an academic initiative dedicated to advancing transparency, reproducibility, and openness in social science research. It was established in 2012 by the University of California, Berkeley's Center for Effective Global Action. It has worked with the Center for Open Science to define and promote a set of best practices for social scientists to maximize transparency in their research. BITSS has also worked to promote registered reports, supporting journals like the Journal of Development Economics in taking up the review track. In 2015, BITSS began awarding the annual Leamer-Rosenthal Prizes for Open Social Science to honor outstanding achievements and emerging leaders in promoting transparency in social science. Through its Catalyst program, the initiative also supports and empowers over 150 graduate students, faculty, librarians, and early career researchers to advance open science all over the world. Their annual Research Transparency and Reproducibility Training (RT2) provides an overview of and hands-on practice with tools and practices for transparent and reproducible social science research. Their Massive Open Online Course "Transparent and Open Social Science Research,” based on a UC Berkeley course taught by Edward Miguel, is available on the FutureLearn platform. In 2019,


id: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-0.md
category: reference
title: British Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
The British Academy of Management (BAM) is a British learned society dedicated to advancing the academic discipline of management in the United Kingdom. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. The academy runs two flagship peer-reviewed academic journals: the British Journal of Management and the International Journal of Management Reviews as well as an annual conference. Its headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. == History == === Foundation === The British Academy of Management was founded in 1986, exactly 50 years after the AoM was formed in Chicago. Sir Cary Cooper was its first President and Andrew Pettigrew was its first chairman. During the AoM conference in San Diego in 1985 they realize the lack of a multidisciplinary association in the UK and decided to establish BAM. The biggest challenges for this new organisation were to set up a constitution and to exercise good governance through a strong executive committee. The inaugural conference of BAM was at the University of Warwick in 1987. This was organised by Andrew Pettigrew. With over 200 delegates, the conference had an immediate success. === Early days === From the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, the management of the academy was


id: british-academy-of-management-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management-1.md
category: reference
title: British Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:44.018575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
== Special interest groups == Special interest groups (SIGs) are networks of researchers that are focused in a specific area of management research. They organize events throughout the year and provide the members with an academic forum for the discussion on relevant topics. SIGs are run by BAM members, with support from the BAM office. They organise workshop and events on topics relevant to their research area, and take the lead in managing the academic programme at the annual BAM Conference. Here are the 23 SIG networks: Corporate Governance Cultural and Creative Industries e-Business and e-Government Entrepreneurship Financial Management Gender in Management Human Resource Management Identity Innovation Inter-Organizational Collaboration: partnerships, alliances and networks International Business and International Management Knowledge and Learning Leadership and Leadership Development Management and Business History Marketing and Retail Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Organisational Psychology Organisational Transformation, Change and Development Performance Management Research Methodology Strategy Sustainable and Responsible Business == Annual conference == The British Academy of Management (BAM) Conference is for business and management scholars. == Journals == === British Journal of Management === The British Journal of Management (BJM) is the official journal of the British Academy of Management. It is published four


id: british-accounting-finance-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Accounting & Finance Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Accounting_&_Finance_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:45.240643+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-accounting-finance-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Accounting and Finance Association (BAFA) is a learned society and research organisation dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and understanding of accounting, finance and financial management. It has over 750 members and edits the British Accounting Review, an academic journal. The association is a UK registered charity no. 299527. == Overview == BAFA promotes the development of innovative approaches to research and teaching in accounting and finance, and celebrates the breadth and diversity of research by UK and international researchers. It collaborates with other organisations, such as the Academy of Social Sciences, the British Academy, and professional accounting bodies, to promote accounting and finance as a social science that influences professional practice and affects the economy and society. In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the British Accounting Review, BAFA hosts an annual conference in April that attracts academics and professionals from around the world. == History == The Association of University Teachers of Accounting (AUTA) was formed in 1947 with Donald Cousins as its first Chairman. It held its inaugural meeting in December of that year at a time when the UK’s first accounting professorships were being created and accountancy was becoming recognised as a subject for


id: british-association-for-american-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: British Association for American Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_American_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:46.437750+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-association-for-american-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The British Association for American Studies is a learned society in the field of American studies. It was founded in 1955. It produces the Journal of American Studies, American Studies in Britain, US Studies Online, BAAS Paperbacks, and Resources for American Studies. It has produced many of its own publications, as well as many in partnership with Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh University Press, and Microform Academic Publishers. == BAAS Chairs past and present == Frank Thistlethwaite 1955–59 Herbert Nicholas 1959–62 Marcus Cunliffe 1962–65 Esmond Wright 1965–68 Maldwyn Jones 1968–71 George Shepperson 1971–74 Harry Allen 1974–77 Peter Parish 1977–80 Dennis Welland 1980–83 Charlotte Erickson 1983–86 Howard Temperley 1986–89 Bob Burchell 1989–92 Richard King 1992–95 Judie Newman 1995–98 Philip Davies 1998–2004 Simon Newman 2004–2007 Heidi Macpherson 2007–2010 Martin Halliwell 2010–2013 Susan Currell 2013–2016 Brian Ward 2016–2019 Cara Rodway 2019–2022 Lydia Plath 2022- 2025 Michael Collins 2025 - == See also == American studies in the United Kingdom == External links == Official website


id: british-association-for-international-and-comparative-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: British Association for International and Comparative Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_International_and_Comparative_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:47.566874+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-association-for-international-and-comparative-education-20260505-0
summary:
The British Association for International and Comparative Education (BAICE) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting teaching, research, policy and development in all aspects of international and comparative education. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. The association runs an academic journal, Compare. The current Chair of BAICE is Dr Tejendra Pherali from the Institute of Education, UCL. The current Vice chair is Dr Alison Buckler from The Open University. The current Secretary is Dr Jennifer Jomafuvwe Agbaire from the Centre for International Education (CIE) at the University of Sussex. The current President of BAICE is Professor Paul Morris from the Institute of Education, UCL. == External links == Official website Records of the British Association for International and Comparative Education (formerly the British Comparative and International Education Society) at University College London == References ==


id: british-association-for-slavonic-east-european-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: British Association for Slavonic & East European Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_Slavonic_&_East_European_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:48.734910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-association-for-slavonic-east-european-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies (BASEES) is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the study of Russia, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences. It was formed in 1988 or 1989 through a merger of the British Universities Association of Slavists (BUAS; created 1956) and the National Association for Soviet and East European Studies (NASEES; created 1967, funded by the Ford Foundation and Shell), two founding members of the International Council for Central and East European Studies. Its first president until 1991 was the economist and foreign policy adviser Michael Kaser, who had also initially chaired the NASEES from 1967 to 1973. Until 1992, it was called the British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies (BASSEES). == References == == External links == Official website


id: british-educational-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Educational Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Educational_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:49.904367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-educational-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Educational Research Association (BERA) is a membership association and learned society committed to advancing research quality, building research capacity and fostering research engagement. BERA's aim is to inform the development of policy and practice by promoting the best quality evidence produced by educational research. == History == Founded in 1974, BERA has since expanded into an internationally renowned association with over 3,000 members. BERA is not discipline-specific and has members from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, theoretical orientations, methodological approaches, sectoral interests and institutional affiliations. BERA holds a major international conference each year alongside a series of events, and publishes high quality research in peer-reviewed journals, reports, book series and the BERA Blog. BERA has an array of awards and fellowships, provides grants for research, support the career development of educational researchers and creates an active peer community organised around networks, forums and special interest groups. BERA is a registered charity and is governed by an elected council, with its president serving a two-year term, and managed by a small office team based in London. BERA holds conferences, publishes research, and pays for research. Their publications includes: "reports of experiments and surveys, discussions of conceptual and methodological


id: british-international-studies-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British International Studies Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Studies_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:51.074199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-international-studies-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British International Studies Association (BISA) is a learned society that promotes the study of international relations and related subjects through teaching, research, and facilitation of contact between scholars. BISA has an international membership of over 1,500 members, with over 80 countries represented. Chair is Mark Webber (University of Birmingham). He succeeded Richard Whitman (University of Kent), who served as chair until 2015. The national office is based at the University of Birmingham. BISA is a member society of the Academy of Social Sciences. == Foundation == In Jan 1974 an inaugural meeting was held at the 14th Bailey Conference on International Studies at the University of Surrey, and at that time, a draft interim constitution was agreed. The interim executive committee consisted of Alastair Francis Buchan (chairman), RJ Jones (secretary), Susan Strange (treasurer), PA Reynolds, G Goodwin, D Wrightman, CM Mason, T Taylor, A James and J Spence. == Publications == Review of International Studies European Journal of International Security The book series Cambridge Studies in International Relations in collaboration with Cambridge University Press == Annual prizes == BISA awards the following prizes at its annual international conference: Distinguished Contribution Prize Michael Nicholson Thesis Prize Susan Strange Book Prize


id: campaign-for-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Campaign for Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:52.255293+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campaign-for-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Campaign for Social Science was launched in 2011 to advocate social science to the UK Government and to the public, at a time of significant change in the higher education system. It campaigns for the restoration of the post of Government Chief Social Science Advisor, promotes social science in the media and on the web, and organises roadshows and other events to emphasise the value of social science. == History == The Campaign was established by the Academy of Social Sciences and was formally launched at the House of Lords in January 2011, at an event that featured speakers including Trevor Phillips, Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, Polly Toynbee, the Guardian columnist, and David Willetts, the then Universities and Science Minister in the Coalition Government. == Structure and funding == The Campaign's Board is chaired by James Wilsdon, Professor of Research Policy, Department of Politics, Director of Impact and Engagement, Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Sheffield and founding director of the Science Policy Centre at the Royal Society. Other members are: Stephen Anderson, executive director of the Academy of Social Sciences; Nick Bibby, Communications Officer at the Centre on Constitutional Change, University of


id: centre-d-tudes-et-de-documentation-conomiques-juridiques-et-sociales-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:53.441827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-d-tudes-et-de-documentation-conomiques-juridiques-et-sociales-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales-0.md

summary:
The CEDEJ (Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales Eng.:Centre for Economic, Judicial, and Social Study and Documentation) is a French sponsored research center located in Cairo (Egypt), created in 1968. The Cedej has the status of a "Joint Entity of French Research Institutes Abroad" (UMIFRE, Unité Mixte des Instituts français de recherche à l’étranger) and is under the aegis of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research). Karine Bennafla is its director since September 2015. It has published numerous books and periodicals in all fields of social sciences in Egypt, the Sudan and the Arabic world. Among these, Egypte/Monde arabe, published from 1990, which is online in full text on the portal revues.org. It includes a social sciences library of more than 35,000 books, most of them in Arabic; a database of geolocated statistics; and a collection of old and new maps of Egypt and its cities. == References == == External links == This article is based on a translation of fr:CEDEJ on French language Wikipedia. Cedej's website Egypte/Monde arabe website

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d'études_et_de_documentation_économiques,_juridiques_et_sociales


id: centre-for-independent-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Independent Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:54.603324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-independent-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Independent Social Research (CISR) is a nongovernmental research institute in Russia working in four main areas: Social research projects; professional development of young sociologists; the formation of professional networks in the social sciences; Sociological expertise and consultations. The CISR activities are financed mainly through Russian and international scientific funds and philanthropic organizations. Since 2001, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation has been a partner of CISR. == History == The thought of establishing an independent sociological center first arose in the late 1980s and was the idea of Viktor Voronkov and Oleg Vite, who, at the time, were employees of the Leningrad division of the Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Sociology. Inspired by the rapid social and political changes taking place in the country, they gathered a group of enthusiasts and started conducting their own independent research projects. Edward Fomin, Elena Zdravomyslova, and Ingrid Oswald actively participated in the practical fulfillment of this idea. They all shared a desire to create a flexible, democratic research structure that would be capable of responding to the demands of a quickly changing Russian society and of promoting the integration of Russian sociologists into the international sociological community. The Center


id: centre-for-studies-in-social-sciences-calcutta-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:55.830680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-studies-in-social-sciences-calcutta-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC) is a social science and humanities research and teaching institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. == History == Established in 1973 jointly by the Indian Council of Social Science Research and Government of West Bengal, the Centre is one of the top social sciences think tanks of India. The centre was founded by Professor S. Nurul Hasan, when he was the education minister of India. Professor Barun De was appointed as its first director. == Academics == === Centre === The centre specializes in post-colonial, subaltern studies and cultural studies research. === Museum === The museum, called Jadunath Sarkar Resource Centre and Museum, houses an extensive collection of vernacular medium primary and secondary literature. === Research === They have various journals published consistently. They also feature a scholarly journal in collaboration with Sage Publications known as the Media Watch. == Administration == The Centre is administered by a chairman, director and registrar. == Location == Initially located in Jadunath Bhavan, the former residence of Sir Jadunath Sarkar at 10, Jadunath Sarkar Road (earlier Lake Terrace), Calcutta, the research centre is now located in a new building in Patuli, Calcutta. The resource centre


id: centre-of-research-in-theories-and-practices-that-overcome-inequalities-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:57.007521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-of-research-in-theories-and-practices-that-overcome-inequalities-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities-0.md

summary:
The Centre of Research in Theories and Practices that Overcome Inequalities (CREA) was founded in 1991 by a current professor of Sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa of West University of Timișoara and also a recognized researcher in Europe in the Social Science area, Ramon Flecha. After Ramon Flecha's resignation as the Director of CREA, in 2006; Marta Soler, Doctor by Harvard, a current Professor of Sociological Theory, assumed the post. Nowadays, the name of the research centre has changed for this other CREA-Community of Researchers on Excellence for All. CREA, one of the centres that first joined the Scientific Park of Barcelona (University of Barcelona); is interdisciplinary; multicultural and open accepting different ideologies, religions, lifestyles, sexual orientations; transparent, since its knowledge is at everyone's disposal; and it is a centre where the validity of arguments prevails over the positions of power of their members, creating, in this way, an environment of an egalitarian dialogue. This centre is formed by University research professors, researchers and professional collaborators of diverse disciplines (sociology, pedagogy, economy, mathematics, communication, biology, etc). == Dissolution == In December 2025, CREA announced its dissolution in a statement published on its official social media channels.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Research_in_Theories_and_Practices_that_Overcome_Inequalities


id: colonial-social-science-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Colonial Social Science Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:58.178184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: colonial-social-science-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Colonial Social Science Research Council (CSSRC) was an expert panel established in the United Kingdom in 1944 under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940 in order to advise the Secretary of State for the Colonies on research funding in sociology and anthropology relating to colonial development. In 1949 it was chaired by Alexander Carr-Saunders and its members consisted of Frank Debenham, Raymond Firth, Harry Hodson, Margery Perham, Arnold Plant, Margaret Helen Read, Godfrey Thomson, and Ralph Lilley Turner. == References == == Further reading == Mills, David (2002). "British Anthropology at the End of Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Colonial Social Science Research Council, 1944-1962". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines. 6 (1/6): 161–188. doi:10.3917/rhsh.006.0161.


id: the-commission-on-the-humanities-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_on_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:18:59.369074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-commission-on-the-humanities-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences was convened in 2010 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at the request of Senators Lamar Alexander (R-Tennessee) and Mark Warner (D-Virginia) and Representatives Tom Petri (R-Wisconsin) and David Price (D-North Carolina). On June 19, 2013, the Commission issued its initial report The Heart of the Matter, along with a companion film created by brothers Christopher and Erik Ewers, both long-time Ken Burns collaborators. The short film features interviews with Burns, George Lucas, Sandra Day O'Connor, John Lithgow, and Yo-Yo Ma. The commission was chaired by Richard H. Brodhead, president of Duke University, and John W. Rowe, retired chairman and chief executive officer of Exelon Corporation. Other Commission members included university, college, and community college presidents, museum directors, public servants, corporate executives, humanists, social scientists, and artists. The Commission’s report received wide press coverage and statements of support from 15 national and state organizations. == References == == External links == American Academy Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences Archived 2017-05-04 at the Wayback Machine Humanities Indicators, a project of the American Academy American Academy of Arts and Sciences


id: crises-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES-0.md
category: reference
title: CRISES
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISES
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:00.504827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crises-20260505-0
summary:
Laboratoire CRISES (or Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires en sciences humaines et sociales) is a French research centre in humanities and social sciences, founded in Montpellier, France, in January 2009. It brings together about 100 scholars and 200 PhD students working in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences : History, History of Art, Archaeology, Classics, Fine Arts, Law, Political Sciences, Economy, Spanish and French Literature, Educational Sciences, Ethnology, Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, Theology. The director of Crises is, for the time being, Frédéric Rousseau (elected in 2008, December), Professor of Contemporary History, University of Montpellier. == References and sources == == External links == Official website


id: development-studies-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Development Studies Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Studies_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:01.686396+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: development-studies-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Development Studies Association (DSA) is a scholarly society. It was formally established at the National Development Research Glasgow Conference in 1978 and currently has 35 institutional members (primarily UK University departments/research centres with some development organisations) and 400 individual and student members. It is governed by a Council made up of academics and practitioners working in international development elected at the Annual General Meeting. The DSA aims to advance knowledge of the alternative processes and methods of socio-economic change, through supporting high quality research, teaching and practice in international development. Its strategic objectives are to: i) Mobilise collective capacity and knowledge ii) Nurture the next generation iii) Invest in development infrastructure in the UK and beyond. Two key activities are its annual conference and its study groups. The DSA annual conference gathers together scholars, practitioners, policy makers and other commentators to focus upon major contemporary international development issues in the largest gathering in the UK of the development community. DSA Study Groups facilitate interaction and networking within the development studies community and encourage the development of new ideas contributing to ongoing debates about development in the UK and Ireland. The study groups are sustained by active development studies professionals


id: duke-university-center-for-international-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Duke University Center for International Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Center_for_International_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:02.888423+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: duke-university-center-for-international-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Duke University Center for International Studies (DUCIS) is an international studies national resource center housed within the John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies on Duke University's west campus. The current director is Gilbert W. Merkx. The executive director is Rob Sikorski. == Languages == The Duke University Center for International Studies provides salary support for instruction in Persian, Polish, Romanian, Turkish and Wolof. It provides additional academic year and summer funding for students to study a wider range of critical languages including Arabic, Czech, Hungarian and Russian. == Programs == DUCIS' public programs include the University Seminar on Global Governance and Democracy, a popular evening seminar series which draws speakers from across the globe, to present in-progress research on a variety of subjects, ranging from transnational banking trends, to regional election reform, to international concepts of justice. The Duke University Center for International Studies is home to two national organizations: the Association of International Education Administrators and the Council of National Resource Centers. == External links == Duke University Center for International Studies Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine DUCIS Podcasts on iTunes U (requires iTunes)


id: european-academy-of-management-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management-0.md
category: reference
title: European Academy of Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:05.302781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-academy-of-management-20260505-0
summary:
The European Academy of Management (EURAM), founded in 2001, is a learned society dedicated to the advancement of the academic discipline of management in the Europe. It is a member of the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management network. EURAM runs the European Management Review, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons, annual conferences for business and management scholars, and training programmes for PhD students, Post-Docs, Research Directors, and Business School Executives. It is an organization associated with the Academy of Management since inception and also with the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management. == History == The European Academy of Management (EURAM) was founded in 2001 and its head office is in Brussels, Belgium. The first EURAM Annual Conference was titled European Management Research: Trends and Challenges and was hosted by the IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain. EURAM has continued to develop programs and activities to accompany members throughout their professional career life-cycle. Additional initiatives include the creation of the European Management Review in 2003; the Doctoral Consortium started in 2006; Strategic Interest Groups launched in 2009; the European Directors of Research program started in 2009; and the junior faculty program, the


id: european-association-of-development-research-and-training-institutes-20260505-0
category: reference
title: European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:06.483574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-association-of-development-research-and-training-institutes-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Development_Research_and_Training_Institutes-0.md

summary:
The European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes or EADI is the professional body for development studies and area studies in Europe. In 2010 it had about 300 members in 27 countries. It publishes a journal, the European Journal of Development Research, and every three years holds a general conference. Through the International Accreditation Council for Global Development Studies and Research it provides accreditation for Master's degree programmes; the council is a member of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education. The association receives funding from various sources including membership fees and core funding from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany. Members include the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, the International Institute of Social Studies and the Nordic Africa Institute. == History == The association was founded 1975 in Linz. It was originally based in Vienna, before moving to Tilburg (1982) and Geneva (1988). Since 2000, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, hosted by the German Development Institute, InWEnt and the Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung. The Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH (INWENT), the German Development Institute and the Center for Development Research (ZEF) jointly took over the patronage at the


id: gulbenkian-commission-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission-0.md
category: reference
title: Gulbenkian Commission
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Commission
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:07.651781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gulbenkian-commission-20260505-0
summary:
The Gulbenkian Commission sought to address inadequacies in the organization of the social science disciplines that developed in the nineteenth century by indicating a direction for social scientific inquiry for the next 50 years. It was founded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. It held three meetings in 1994 and 1995. == Members == Its members included Immanuel Wallerstein (chair), Calestous Juma, Evelyn Fox Keller, Jürgen Kocka, Dominique Lecourt, Valentin Y. Mudimbe, Kinhide Mushakoji, Ilya Prigogine, Peter J. Taylor, Michel-Rolph Trouillot. Six of them were drawn from the social sciences, two from the natural sciences and two from the humanities. The commission sought to produce a book length work that would identify new directions for the organization of knowledge in the next fifty years. The report was published in 1996 by Stanford University as the book, Open the Social Sciences by Immanuel Wallerstein. To foster international debate, the report has been published in numerous languages including English, French, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Czech, Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Romanian, Serbocroat, Turkish, and Japanese. == Debate == The ideas in the report have stimulated debate around the world. For example, in the Indian Magazine Frontline, Sundar Sarukkai discussed its conclusions and


id: gwyneddigion-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Gwyneddigion Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneddigion_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:09.516650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gwyneddigion-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Gwyneddigion Society (Welsh: Cymdeithas y Gwyneddigion) was a London-based Welsh literary and cultural society. The original society was founded in 1770 and wound up in 1843. It was briefly revived in 1978. Its proceedings were conducted through the medium of Welsh. == History == The Gwyneddigion Society was founded in December 1770 by a group of expatriate Welshmen resident in London, its first formal meeting taking place on 4 February 1771. Foremost of the founders was Owen Jones (known as Owain Myfyr), who became the society's first president. Originally from Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr, Jones had moved to London as a young man and had earned his fortune as a furrier. Other notable early members included Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams), William Owen Pughe, Jac Glan-y-gors (John Jones), Siôn Ceiriog (John Edwards), Edward Jones ("Bardd y Brenin"), and Twm o'r Nant (Thomas Edwards). Although the society's name (meaning "Gwynedd scholars") suggests a particular link with the region of Gwynedd, its affiliations were from the start with the whole of North Wales, and later with all parts of Wales. It seems likely that the society was formed in part in reaction to the perceived social and intellectual elitism of the existing London


id: h-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net-0.md
category: reference
title: H-Net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:11.346013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: h-net-20260505-0
summary:
H-Net ("Humanities & Social Sciences Online") is an interdisciplinary forum for scholars in the humanities and social sciences. One of its functions is to host electronic mailing lists organized by academic disciplines. In 2007, H-Net lists reached 180,000 subscribers from over 160 countries, and in 2025 its website stated there were 230,000 subscribers from over 200 countries. The H-Net Network has grown until it is now endorsed by many academic professional organizations. Its over 180 topic- or discipline-specific lists are often the primary internet forum for scholars. Individual lists are edited by a team of scholars and each has a board of editors. The Department of History at Michigan State University hosts H-Net. == Online services == In addition to its email lists, H-Net provides three related online services: H-Net Reviews is resource for coordinating book reviews and website reviews from participating lists, preserving them in searchable annual volumes. There are 46,000+ reviews of books and other publications, commissioned and published on its website and through its listservs. H-Net Job Guide: academic position announcements, available on its website and through email H-Net Academic Announcements: announcements of academic conferences, calls for papers, and programs == Discussion networks == Many of the


id: h-soz-kult-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult-0.md
category: reference
title: H-Soz-Kult
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Soz-Kult
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:12.497867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: h-soz-kult-20260505-0
summary:
H-Soz-u-Kult (Humanities – Sozial und Kulturgeschichte) is an online information and communication platform for historians which disseminates academic news and publications. The project is committed to the principles of open access and community network. Since its founding in 1996 the central editorial office is located at the History Department of the Humboldt University of Berlin. H-Soz-u-Kult is part of H-Net and one of the most important online communication and information services for Historians in the German-speaking world. It is read by more than 20,000 email subscribers in over 70 countries. In 2012, around one million page views by up to 210,000 unique visitors were registered per month on the website. H-Soz-u-Kult publishes a wide range of book reviews, conference reports, job offers, scholarships, tables of contents of academic journals, literature reports and other news from the historical science community. Most publications are in German but the number of English publications continually increases. The book reviews are the main emphasis of H-Soz-u-Kult – more than 12,000 reviews were accessible on its website in 2013. H-Soz-u-Kult’s main editorial office at the Humboldt University of Berlin is supported by a pro bono editorial staff which consists of over 40 researchers from almost all


id: hague-academic-coalition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition-0.md
category: reference
title: Hague Academic Coalition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:13.661805+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hague-academic-coalition-20260505-0
summary:
The Hague Academic Coalition (HAC) is a consortium of academic institutions in the fields of international relations, international law and international development. == Members and Organization == The member institutions are: Carnegie Foundation The Hague Academy of International Law Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (HiiL) International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS) Leiden University Campus The Hague Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' The Hague University of Applied Sciences T.M.C. Asser Instituut The board of the Hague Academic Coalition consists of: Prof. Dr. J. de Vries (Campus The Hague) - President Mr. S. van Hoogstraten (Carnegie Foundation) - Vice President Prof. Dr. L.J. de Haan (ISS) - Treasurer Drs. A.S. Gerards (Hague Academic Coalition) - Secretary Dr. A.S. Muller (HiiL) Mr. R.K. Brons (The Hague University of Applied Sciences) Prof. Dr. J. Colijn (Clingendael) Mrs. A. O'Brien (T.M.C. Asser Instituut) Mr. F.W.H. van den Emster (Raad voor de Rechtspraak) - In an advisory capacity == Current programmes and activities == The Hague Forum for Judicial Expertise (HFJE), providing high level training to judges, magistrates and prosecutors. The Hague Justice Portal (HJP), providing up to date information about the activities of international courts, tribunals and other


id: the-hague-institute-for-global-justice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice-0.md
category: reference
title: The Hague Institute for Global Justice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Institute_for_Global_Justice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:14.843182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-hague-institute-for-global-justice-20260505-0
summary:
The Hague Institute for Global Justice, often referred to as simply The Hague Institute or THIGJ, is an international think tank located in The Hague, Netherlands. It was established in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague, an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations and with support from the Dutch government. Its current president is Jordanian businesswoman Sohair Salam Saber. == History == The Hague Institute was founded in 2011 by a consortium of partners including the Municipality of The Hague and an academic coalition of Hague-based organizations, with support from the Dutch government. Its stated aim, to "contribute to, and further strengthen, the global framework for preventing and resolving conflict and promoting international peace." Nico Schrijver, academic director of the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies at Leiden University, served as the Institute's first dean between January and August 2011. Willem van Genugten served as interim dean of the Institute from September 2011 to December 2012. He was succeeded by the Institute's first president, Abiodun Williams, the former senior vice president of the Center for Conflict Management at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) on January 1, 2013. === Williams tenure === In articles


id: human-development-and-capabilities-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Human Development and Capabilities Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_and_Capabilities_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:16.020716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-development-and-capabilities-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Human Development and Capabilities Association is an academic and research society whose aim is to promote the field of human development in general and the capability approach in particular. The Association was launched in 2004 with conferences in the UK at Cambridge and in Italy at Pavia and has run conferences annually since. The organisation publishes the peer-reviewed journal: Journal of Human Development and Capabilities: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-Centered Development. (formally 2000–8) known as the Journal of Human Development. == Presidents == Presidents of the HDCA have included the following: Amartya Sen Martha Nussbaum Frances Stewart Kaushik Basu Tony Atkinson Henry Richardson Ravi Kanburs Ingrid Robeyns Jay Drydyk Melanie Walker Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti == References ==


id: iassist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST-0.md
category: reference
title: IASSIST
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IASSIST
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:17.245306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iassist-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association for Social Science Information Service and Technology (or IASSIST) is an international organisation that provides professional development, communication and conferences for data librarians, archivists, and social science aligned information specialists. Each year, the IASSIST Fellow program sponsors members from developing nations to attend events and professional development to further the advancement of information management. == Conferences == IASSIST organizes an annual conference, typically held in May or June, focusing on data sharing and management, data access and repository tools, metadata for research data, best practices for data preservation, global information resources, new technologies, and professional development. The conference location usually rotates to a different region each year. == History == IASSIST was formed in 1974. It emerged to manage and increase access to the growing amount of machine-readable social science data. The first IASSIST conference was held in 1977 in Cocoa Beach, Florida with 29 representatives from Canada and the United States. == Africa Chapter == The IASSIST Africa Chapter is currently the only Regional Chapter of IASSIST. Regional chapters of IASSIST support the expedient and efficient management of IASSIST affairs and activities within their regions. The Africa Chapter was officially launched in 2021 during the first


id: indian-council-of-social-science-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Council of Social Science Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:18.450093+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-council-of-social-science-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) is the national body overseeing research in the social sciences in India. It was established in New Delhi in 1969. == Council == The Council is currently chaired by Prof. Deepak Kumar Srivastava. Current members include Deena Bandhu Pandey, P. Kanagasabapathi, Sanjay Kumar, H.S. Bedi, Harish Chandra Singh Rathore, Panchanan Mohanty, Amita Singh, Kshamadevi Shankarrao Khobragade, T. Subramanyam Naidu, Rakesh Sinha, Aswini Mohapatra, P.V. Krishna Bhatta, Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit, J.K. Bajaj, M.P. Bezbaruah, D.D. Pattanaik, and Madhu Purnima Kishwar. == Activities == It provides funding to scholars and to a network of twenty-nine research institutes, among them: A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna (ANSISS Patna) Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS), Bhubaneswar Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Development Research Centre for Women's Development Studies, Delhi Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad Indian Institute Of Economics, Hyderabad Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi Madras Institute of Development


id: institute-for-international-law-of-peace-and-armed-conflict-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_International_Law_of_Peace_and_Armed_Conflict
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:19.686079+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-international-law-of-peace-and-armed-conflict-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) at Ruhr University Bochum (Germany) is one of the leading research institutes on humanitarian law and humanitarian studies in Europe. It was founded in 1988 on the initiative of Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Knut Ipsen, then rector of Ruhr University Bochum, as a means to conduct research on international conflicts and provide solutions to resolve them. The IFHV’s research is highly interdisciplinary with a focus on international humanitarian studies from a legal and social-scientific perspective. The Institute also provides high-level academic and professional training for the next generation of personnel in the area of humanitarian action. The IFHV’s interdisciplinary angle is put into practice through its Joint Master’s Programme in International Humanitarian Action, part of the European University Network on Humanitarian Assistance (NOHA). Since 2014, the Institute is headed by Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard). Its staff consists of about 25 employees (including student research assistants) and about 10 PhD students. Current professors involved in the Institute’s work are: Prof. Dr. Horst Fischer (IFHV) Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Heintze (IFHV) Prof. Dr. Pierre Thielbörger, M.PP. (Harvard) (IFHV & Faculty of Law; Managing Director) Prof. Dr. Markus Kaltenborn (Faculty


id: institute-of-social-sciences-new-delhi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Sciences,_New_Delhi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:20.865201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-social-sciences-new-delhi-20260505-0
summary:
}} The Institute of Social Sciences studies social, political and economic issues of contemporary relevance. It provides inputs to the policy makers and civil society organisations. The Institute has established the Centre for Multilevel Federalism (CMF) for the study of federalism in India. == References == == External links == Official website


id: international-migration-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: International Migration Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Migration_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:21.968664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-migration-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The International Migration Institute (IMI) is an international network that promotes research on international migration. It is based at the University of Amsterdam and is part of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). It was established as a research institute at Oxford University in the United Kingdom where it was affiliated with the Oxford Department of International Development. == History == The International Migration Institute was founded in 2006 to complement the work of the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) and the Refugee Studies Centre, both at the University of Oxford. Stephen Castles, who had been director of the Refugee Studies Centre, assumed directorship of IMI upon its formation, and stepped down in August 2009. From September 2009 to September 2011, Robin Cohen was the director. From 2011 to 2016, directorship has been jointly in the hands of Oliver Blackwell and Hein de Haas. In 2017, Mathias Czaika became the director. In 2017, IMI ceased to exist as an institute. In 2019, it relocated to the University of Amsterdam. == Partners == IMI was a member of the Migration Studies Society at Oxford University. The other two members of the society were the Centre on Migration,


id: international-network-for-social-network-analysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis-0.md
category: reference
title: International Network for Social Network Analysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:23.153044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-network-for-social-network-analysis-20260505-0
summary:
The International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA) is a professional academic association of researchers and practitioners of social network analysis. == History == INSNA was founded in 1977 by Barry Wellman, a sociologist. A key function of the organization was to provide a sense of identity for a set of researchers who were widely dispersed geographically and across scientific disciplines. Shortly after INSNA was founded, Linton C. Freeman founded the association's flagship journal, Social Networks, in 1978. Early meetings were invitation-only, but in 1980 H. Russell Bernard and Alvin Wolfe inaugurated the series of annual "Sunbelt" meetings open to all. A full chronology of INSNA leadership is as follows: As of 2018, INSNA has approximately 1,000 active members, while the SOCNET listserv has about 3700 subscribers. As well as publishing a triannual journal Connections on the subject, INSNA also: Runs SOCNET, a listserv mailing-list for the subject. Hosts the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference annually. Facilitates regional and specialized conferences. Publishes a quarterly journal, Social Networks. Publishes the online Journal of Social Structure, irregular periodicity. Provides links to researchers around the world. Provides raw data. == See also == Social network Social network analysis software Dynamic Network Analysis ==


id: international-social-science-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: International Social Science Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:24.560720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-social-science-council-20260505-0
summary:
The International Social Science Council (ISSC) was an international non-governmental organization promoting the social sciences, including the economic and behavioural sciences. Founded in 1952, the organization was based out of UNESCO headquarters in Paris, France. == History == The ISSC was established in October 1952 under the auspices of UNESCO following a resolution adopted at the 6th UNESCO General Conference in 1951. It was adopted on 19 September 1972, completed and revised on 14 November 1979, and underwent multiple revisions on 17 December 1985, 3 December 1992, 27 November 1998, 8 November 2006, and finally 10 December 2010. ISSC was registered in accordance with French Law. In July 2018, the ISSC merged with the International Council for Science (ICSU) to form the International Science Council (ISC). == Mission == The mission of the ISSC was to advance the social sciences – their quality, novelty, and utility – in all parts of the world: To advance social science research across national and regional boundaries; To support social science capacity building, particularly in countries and regions where it is currently not well developed; To provide a central clearinghouse for the collection, interpretation, analysis, and dissemination of data on social science resources, their


id: international-social-science-council-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-1.md
category: reference
title: International Social Science Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:24.560720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-social-science-council-20260505-0
summary:
=== Prizes === The ISSC was awarded two prestigious international prizes: the Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research and the Foundation Mattei Dogan Prize for Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research. Nominations for the prize were made by ISSC members or other professional associations in various disciplines, as well as by universities and academic institutions. The selection of a winner is made by an international jury of scholars. === World Social Science Fellows === From 2012 to 2015, the ISSC led the World Social Science Fellows programme, an international scientific programme to support early-career researchers in the social sciences. ISSC aimed to foster a new generation of globally networked research leaders who will collaborate in addressing global problems with particular relevance for low and middle-income countries. == Member organizations == Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia Arab Council for the Social Sciences Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais (ANPOCS) Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) British Academy Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) European


id: john-hope-franklin-center-for-interdisciplinary-and-international-studies-20260505-0
category: reference
title: John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:25.754962+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-hope-franklin-center-for-interdisciplinary-and-international-studies-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies-0.md

summary:
The John Hope Franklin Center for Interdisciplinary and International Studies (JHFC) is located at Duke University in the United States. It is a consortium of programs dedicated to studying and revitalizing theories of how knowledge is gained and exchanged. The more than twenty participants come from a broad range of disciplines, converging to explore intellectual, social, and political issues, including race and race relations, the legacy of the African-American Experience, equality and opportunity amongst populations, and the implications of globalization. In essence, the Center's mission is to facilitate the interactions of humanists and others involved in the social sciences in an intellectual setting amenable to diverse partnerships. == About == The Franklin Center is named after Dr. John Hope Franklin, the James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of History and former professor of Legal History at Duke. An intellectual leader and lifelong civil rights activist, his work has inspired the Center's dedication to creative sharing of ideas and methodologies. One essential aspect of the Franklin Center is its wholehearted embrace of new technologies and innovations to enhance intellectual exchange. Using resources such as multimedia and high-speed videoconferencing, the Center employs advanced technologies both as a means to share ideas and as

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Center_for_Interdisciplinary_and_International_Studies


id: luxembourg-income-study-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study-0.md
category: reference
title: Luxembourg Income Study
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Income_Study
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:28.294713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: luxembourg-income-study-20260505-0
summary:
LIS Cross-National Data Center, formerly known as the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), is a non-profit organization registered in Luxembourg which produces a cross-national database of micro-economic income data for social science research. The project started in 1983 and is headquartered in Luxembourg. The database includes over 300 datasets from about 50 high- and middle-income countries, with some countries represented for over 30 years. Nationally representative household income survey data is commonly, though not exclusively, provided by the participant country's national statistics collection agency (e.g. Statistics Canada; the Australian Bureau of Statistics). These and other agencies make annual financial contributions which support the database production and maintenance. The LIS database contains anonymised demographic, income, labour market, and expenditure information at two different levels of analysis (household and persons). The data have, as far as is practical, been transformed to a structure which make different national data equivalent. Data access is only provided for research projects in the social sciences, commercial use is not permitted. For data security reasons the datasets cannot be downloaded or directly accessed. After being granted permission to use the data, users submit SPSS, SAS, R or Stata programs under their username and password to a remote server.


id: madras-institute-of-development-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Madras Institute of Development Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Development_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:29.488801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: madras-institute-of-development-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS) is a research institute based in Chennai. It is a joint undertaking of the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu for conducting research on development problems in Tamil Nadu and the rest of India. == History == MIDS was established by Malcolm Adiseshiah and his wife Elizabeth Adiseshiah in January 1971. Malcolm Adiseshiah served as its first director. In March 1977, MIDS was reconstituted as a national research institute under the sponsorship of Government of India through the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The Adiseshiahs donated the land, buildings, furniture, equipment and made cash endowments to the newly constituted institute. Malcolm Adiseshiah resigned as MIDS' director in 1978 and became the chairman and honorary fellow. Professor C.T. Kurien became the next director of MIDS. In 1985, the Reserve Bank of India established a chair for applied research in regional economics, which has since been converted to a fully autonomous unit in 2002. == Administration == MIDS is governed by a governing council and an academic council. The governing council consists of the chairperson, the institute's director as member-secretary, representatives of faculty, the Indian Council of Social


id: metropolis-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Metropolis Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:30.650074+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: metropolis-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Metropolis Project is an international network of researchers, policy-makers, international organizations and civil society organizations for the development of comparative research and policy-relevant knowledge on migration, diversity, and immigrant integration in cities in Canada and around the world. The Metropolis Project's principal decision-making body is an International Steering Committee of representatives from over 40 countries. The Project is managed by a Secretariat with offices in Ottawa, Amsterdam and in Asia with functions distributed across organizations in Seoul, Manila and Beijing. The Ottawa Secretariat is responsible for establishing the Project's strategic directions. Howard Duncan is the Project's Executive Head. == Metropolis Professional Development == The Metropolis Project launched in April 2014 a new training program for senior policy-makers, senior managers of settlement agencies, officials of international organizations and the private sector. The programme is intended to provide participants with information, analysis and tools on the management of migration and integration. A pilot training will be offered in June 2014. Metropolis Professional Development has been developed in collaboration with worldwide renowned experts such as Graeme Hugo (University of Adelaide), Jan Niessen (Migration Policy Group), Imelda Nicolas (Commission on Filipinos Overseas) and Peter Schatzer (IOM) among many others. The Metropolis Project is


id: national-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: National Association for the Promotion of Social Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:31.844491+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-association-for-the-promotion-of-social-science-20260505-0
summary:
The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (NAPSS), often known as the Social Science Association, was a British reformist group founded in 1857 by Lord Brougham. It pursued issues in public health, industrial relations, penal reform, and female education. It was dissolved in 1886. == Background == The efforts of George Hastings brought together three groups of the 1850s to form the NAPSS: the Society for Promoting the Amendment of the Law, the National Reformatory Union, and the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women (the Langham Place Group). It took as model the British Association for the Advancement of Science, holding an itinerant annual meeting, which provided a forum for social reformers. The objective of the Association was defined as "to coordinate the efforts of the experts and the politicians". One factor in the eventual decline of the NSPSS was that the objectives of medical reformers changed. Legislation and the efforts of central government to improve public health became less important to them. Its first secretary was Isa Knox. == Congresses == Twenty-eight Social Science Congresses took place: == Committees == === Trades Societies and Strikes === A committee of the Association produced Report on Trade Societies


id: national-centre-for-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: National Centre for Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:33.031771+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-centre-for-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
The National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) is a registered charity and is the largest independent social research institute in the UK. The research charity was founded in 1969 by Sir Roger Jowell and Gerald Hoinville with the aim of carrying out social policy research to improve society. Until 1999, it was known as Social and Community Planning Research and gained a reputation for promoting high standards in survey research and pushing the boundaries of survey methods. It hosted for 25 years the ESRC Survey Methods Centre - later, when ESRC funding was not renewed, known as the SCPR Survey Methods Centre a centre of expertise which carried out methodological research, ran popular seminars and published a regular newsletter. SCPR authors produced a handbook, Survey Research Practice., published by Heinemann in 1978, which remained in print for 20 years and was translated into other languages. NatCen is best known for its annual British Social Attitudes Survey, founded by the organisation in 1983. The British Social Attitudes survey is Britain's longest-running annual survey of public attitudes and can be accessed for research through the UK Data Service. It uses a random probability method and face to face interviews with more than


id: national-council-for-the-social-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: National Council for the Social Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:34.157326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-council-for-the-social-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) is a private, non-profit association based in Silver Spring, Maryland, that provides leadership, support, and advocacy for social studies education. The council is affiliated with various regional or state-level social studies associations, including the Middle States Council for the Social Studies, the Washington State Council for the Social Studies, the New York City UFT Association for the Teaching of Social Studies, the Michigan Council for the Social Studies, the Massachusetts Council for the Social Studies, and the Virginia Council for the Social Studies. The association publishes several journals. Its flagship publication, Social Education, is a peer-reviewed journal which, according to its website, aims to strike "a balance of theoretical content and practical teaching ideas." They sponsor the high school honor society Rho Kappa. NCSS is currently a member of the National Coalition Against Censorship. == History == Founded in 1921, NCSS engages and supports educators in strengthening and advocating social studies. With members in all the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and 69 foreign countries, NCSS serves as an umbrella organization for elementary, secondary, and college teachers of history, geography, economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and law-related education. Organized into a network


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
National Social Science Documentation Centre (commonly abbreviated as NASSDOC) is an Indian national-level documentation, library, and information services center for the social sciences. It is a division of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and plays a central role in supporting research, documentation, and dissemination of social science knowledge in India. == History and Background == NASSDOC was established in 1970 as a division of the ICSSR. Its primary purpose is from inception, to provide library and information support to social science researchers across India—especially those in academic institutions, autonomous research organizations, government departments, policy and planning units, and the social science community at large. Over the decades, NASSDOC has expanded in terms of services, automation, digital infrastructure, and outreach to ICSSR’s regional centres and other research institutions. ICSSR provides grants to 27 research institutes and six regional centers in India. == Mission and Objectives == NASSDOC’s mission centers on facilitating social science research by ensuring the collection, preservation, dissemination, and accessibility of relevant documents and information. Its objectives include: Providing robust library, documentation, and reference support to social science researchers and institutions. Acquiring and preserving social science content—especially materials that are not otherwise widely available (e.g., unpublished


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-1.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
== Document Delivery, Inter Library Loan and Reprographic Service == Document Delivery Service: NASSDOC facilitates delivery of documents (books, journal articles, reports) either by borrowing via interlibrary loan (ILL) or providing photocopies of requested materials. Interlibrary Loan: NASSDOC participates in loan arrangements with other libraries to fulfill user demands for materials not held locally. Reprography / Photocopying Services: Users may request photocopies of selected portions of materials (within copyright constraints). == Continuing Education, Training and Outreach Programmes == Recognizing that many scholars and librarians may need new skills to adapt to digital systems, NASSDOC organizes: Short-term workshops, seminars, and lectures on information technology, digital tools, library science, and social science research methods Internships and apprenticeship programs: For MLIS / BLIS students, NASSDOC may offer training, orientation, and exposure to real-world library operations Outreach and professional networking: NASSDOC is a member of library associations (IASLIC, ILA, IFLA, DELNET) and collaborates with ICSSR regional centres to propagate best practices. Sales, Distribution and Publishing Support Financial Assistance for Projects: It offers grants for documentation, bibliographic, and library-oriented projects (e.g. development of guides, catalogues, bibliometric studies). Study Grant Scheme: To assist PhD scholars to visit libraries in other cities for their research work; travel,


id: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre-2.md
category: reference
title: National Social Science Documentation Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Science_Documentation_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:35.928275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-social-science-documentation-centre-20260505-0
summary:
=== User Satisfaction and Environment === Studies on work environment in libraries surveyed library professionals across categories including NASSDOC and found that the cumulative perception of “work environment” was positive (71.3% agreement). In particular, special libraries (which include NASSDOC) scored 72.2% in that survey, indicating relatively favorable conditions among staff. However, such studies are library-general and not NASSDOC-specific. They reflect perceptions across institutions, including issues such as lighting, ventilation, social relationships, job prestige and recreational facilities. A recent survey conducted by the National Social Science Documentation Centre (NASSDOC) of the ICSSR revealed the existence of about 1,200 research institutes in India. == Impact and Significance == NASSDOC plays a crucial role in the Indian social sciences ecosystem: It bridges information gaps by collecting rare, unpublished, or less circulated documents that are often unavailable elsewhere. Its bibliographic databases, catalogues, and union listings reduce duplication, improve discovery, and enhance resource sharing among libraries. Through training and outreach, NASSDOC helps build capacity among librarians, researchers, and information professionals to adopt new tools and methodologies. As a central hub for ICSSR’s research infrastructure, it helps maintain coherence, standardization, and inter-institutional linkages across the social science research community. Its digital and e-resource initiatives contribute to


id: programme-on-ecosystem-change-and-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_on_Ecosystem_Change_and_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:37.121896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: programme-on-ecosystem-change-and-society-20260505-0
summary:
Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) is a core project of Future Earth. PECS is an international research network that aims to connect and integrate research on the stewardship of social–ecological systems, how these systems support human wellbeing. PECS was established in 2011. It is hosted by Stellenbosch University, from 2011-2019 it was hosted by the Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm University. Since the beginning of 2014 PECS has been part of Future Earth, the global sustainability research platform. A number of research projects have been affiliated with PECS, and it has created a number of regional nodes and thematic projects to integrate social-ecological research. For example, one large active regional group is SAPECS, which brings together social-ecological researchers in South Africa. It has also organised and hosted three open science conferences, the first in 2015 in South Africa, the second in 2017 in Mexico, and the third in 2024 in Canada. == External links == Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society website Earth System Science Partnership website == References ==


id: research4impact-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact-0.md
category: reference
title: Research4Impact
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research4Impact
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:38.301388+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research4impact-20260505-0
summary:
Research4Impact is a U.S. based nonprofit organization that matches academic researchers with practitioners so that they might work together on pressing problems in both private and public spheres. == Background == Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers often want to collaborate with each other to better understand and solve problems of mutual concern (e.g., poverty, economic development, climate change, land use, environmental challenges, voter engagement), but they are part of distinct social networks and do not always know how to find or relate to one another. After hearing about these challenges, Adam Seth Levine, Jake Bowers, and Donald Green established Research4Impact in 2017 with the aim of fostering both informal and formal collaborations, launching the organization's website in February 2018. == Activities == === Matchmaking === Research4Impact leverages an evidence-based approach to matchmaking called the Research Impact Through Matchmaking (RITM) method. RITM is based on organizational diversity and emphasizes relationship building in addition to information sharing and has also been adopted by Scholars Strategy Network chapters. In the case of Research4Impact, individuals may contact the organization and ask to be matched with peers. Volunteer staff members then provide a matchmaking service based on responses to anonymized blurbs shared in the organization's newsletter.


id: scholars-strategy-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: Scholars Strategy Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars_Strategy_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:39.571888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scholars-strategy-network-20260505-0
summary:
The Scholars Strategy Network (SSN) is an association of academics and researchers who coordinate to address public challenges while increasing the accessibility of their findings to those outside of academia. While the work of individual SSN members is typically published in academic journals, the organization encourages its members to write "briefs" about current issues. These shorter pieces, written in consideration of a lay audience, are published on the organization's website. The idea for the Scholars Strategy Network with an associated website was originally conceived of in 2009 by sociologist and political scientist Theda Skocpol. The association is backed by donors Robert Bowditch, Jr. and David desJardins, both of whom are affiliated with the progressive Democracy Alliance, but the Scholars Strategy Network does not take formal positions on policy questions or support or oppose particular political candidates. == Regional networks == An SSN Regional Network includes scholars who live or work in that region, and each is coordinated by a leader or co-leaders who set the regional agenda and organize discussions and public events. == References == == External links == Scholars Strategy Network


id: scotcen-social-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: ScotCen Social Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotCen_Social_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:40.772425+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scotcen-social-research-20260505-0
summary:
ScotCen Social Research is the Scottish branch of the United Kingdom’s largest centre for independent social research, NatCen Social Research. Based in Edinburgh, ScotCen Social Research is a not-for-profit organisation. Employees include survey methodologists, data analysts and expert quantitative and qualitative researchers. It is commissioned by governments and charities to investigate public opinion about social issues. The Centre is known for conducting fieldwork and reporting on studies including the annual Scottish Health Survey, the Scottish Social Attitudes survey, and the Growing Up in Scotland longitudinal study. The research conducted covers: Children and young people Communities Families Crime and justice Equality and diversity Health and wellbeing Housing Income and work Schools, education and training Social and political attitudes Transport == References ==


id: senss-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS-0.md
category: reference
title: SeNSS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeNSS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:41.930317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: senss-20260505-0
summary:
The South East Network for Social Sciences (SeNSS) is a consortium of ten universities in the UK. All pioneers and world leaders in social-science research, knowledge production and training, the universities cooperate under ESRC to provide funding, expertise and an arena for Social Science and Economics researchers; their ESRC funding was announced in August 2016 after SeNSS's 2015 foundation. In 2016, SAGE Publishing revealed that it would begin a partnership with SeNSS. == Member institutions == SeNSS members are: City, University of London University of East Anglia University of Essex (the co-ordinating institution) Goldsmiths, University of London University of Kent University of Reading University of Roehampton, London Royal Holloway, University of London University of Surrey University of Sussex == Activities == The SeNSS is funded by the ESRC and provides funding for PhD students in the social sciences, training and workshops as well as a yearly conference. SeNSS also provides post-doctoral fellowships, placements and researcher support; SeNSS started accepting applicants in 2017. SeNSS focuses on providing inter-disciplinary research training through engaging its scholars with expertise drawn from different scholarly fields. == References ==


id: social-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:43.060577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Research Association (SRA) is a British and Irish organisation open to practitioners and researchers interested in all branches of social research. It was founded in 1978 by Janet Lewis and Malcolm Cross, and supported by an active board that included Roger Jowell. It is a learned society member of the UK Academy of Social Sciences. In addition to the umbrella organisation, it has branches that cater specifically to researchers in Scotland, Wales and Ireland (including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Among other activities, it publishes a code of conduct for social researchers which is widely adopted as a standard of research ethics by funding agencies in the social sciences. == References == == External links == SRA official website


id: social-science-genetic-association-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science Genetic Association Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Genetic_Association_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:44.224840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-genetic-association-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, abbreviated SSGAC, is a consortium of scientists dedicated to studying the role of genetics in important life outcomes in the social sciences. It has received media coverage for its research looking for genetic variants associated with educational attainment. For instance, the Consortium's first study, published in 2013, found three such variants in a sample of 101,000 people. The SSGAC was founded by Daniel Benjamin (University of Southern California), David Cesarini (New York University), and Philipp Koellinger (VU Amsterdam). According to Benjamin, "One major impetus for the formation of the SSGAC was the growing recognition that most effects of individual genetic markers on behavioral traits are very small and that, consequently, very large samples are required to accurately detect them". It was founded during a meeting of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium on February 12, 2011. The SSGAC continues operates with support from CHARGE. == References == == External links == Official website


id: social-science-history-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science History Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_History_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:45.428741+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-history-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Science History Association brings together scholars from disciplines interested in interpreting history with social scientific approaches. The Social Science History Association's core purpose is: "To bring together members of various disciplines (including economics, sociology, demography, anthropology, and history) who work with historical materials." The association publishes the journal Social Science History, a quarterly peer-reviewed academic publication. Its articles address historical evidence analytically, theoretically, and frequently quantitatively. The journal's founders intended to "improve the quality of historical explanation" with "theories and methods from the social science disciplines", and to make generalizations across historical cases. The first issue came out in the fall of 1976. The journal's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives. == History == The association was formed in 1974 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention. The goal was to incorporate historical studies' perspectives from all the social sciences, especially political science, sociology and economics. The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification. However, by the 1980s critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency and warned against naive positivism. Meanwhile, quantification became well-established inside economics in the field


id: social-science-library-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science Library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:46.620697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-library-20260505-0
summary:
The Bodleian Social Science Library, Oxford (SSL) is the main teaching social sciences lending library at the University of Oxford, England. The library supports taught programmes for both undergraduates and postgraduates, and houses a dedicated research collection part of which contains legal deposit material out-housed from the Bodleian Library. The Social Science Library uses the Library of Congress classification scheme. The library is located in the Manor Road Building on Manor Road, Oxford. The Manor Road Building was designed by Foster & Partners. == History == The Social Science Library officially opened 1 October 2004, following a period in which subject collections housed within smaller units were amalgamated into a central library site. The institution was preceded by the Social Studies Libraries; a grouping of three separate libraries: Politics, International Relations, and Sociology Library (PIRS) Economics Library (formerly the Institute of Economics and Statistics (IES) until 1999) Social Policy and Social Work Library (SPSW) These three libraries were the first to be combined, at the site of the existing Economics Library, between 2002 and 2003. Further integration followed with the Criminology Library and Socio-Legal Studies Library moving to the site in 2004. The collections housed at the International Development Centre


id: social-science-research-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Science Research Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:47.769432+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-science-research-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Science Research Laboratory (SSRL) is a component of the College of Arts & Letters at San Diego State University (SDSU) in San Diego, California. == Functions == The SSRL provide comprehensive survey research and program evaluation services to university faculty, administration, students, and regional government and non-profit organizations, and to provide education and training in current survey research and program evaluation methods to SDSU students. The SSRL also provides information on current best practices in survey research methodology and program evaluation to SDSU students, faculty, staff, and the greater San Diego community. === Standards === Activities are conducted in accordance with the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Code of Professional Ethics and Practices. === Affiliations === AAPOR: All of SSRL’s full-time staff are members of the AAPOR. AEA: The SSRL staff specialize in evaluation research, and are members of the American Evaluation Association (AEA). CMOR: The SSRL is a member of the Council on Marketing and Opinion Research (CMOR). EMPAQ: The SSRL is a certified independent data collection contractor for Employer Measures of Production, Absence, and Quality (EMPAQ). == See also == Statistical survey == References == == External links == SDSU Social Science Research Laboratory


id: social-stratification-research-seminar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Stratification Research Seminar
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Stratification_Research_Seminar
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:48.939842+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-stratification-research-seminar-20260505-0
summary:
The Social Stratification Research Seminar (UK) is an annual research colloquium for original, empirically informed sociological presentations on social stratification. The Social Stratification Research Seminars have been running almost every autumn since 1968. The seminars have mainly been hosted at the University of Cambridge and were often organised by the Social Science Research Group (formerly the Sociological Research Group). The seminars have also been held at the Cardiff University (2003-5), the University of Edinburgh (2014, 2017), the University of Milan (2015), the University of Stirling (2007, 2011) and Utrecht University (2010). The seminar was originally founded by - Professor Robert Blackburn, Professor Ken Prandy, and Professor Alexander Stewart. Since the early 2000s the seminar has been organised by Professor Paul Lambert, who is Professor of Sociology at the University of Stirling. The annual call for papers is usually issued in the spring and the seminar is usually held on two consecutive days in the early September. Proposals for papers for presentations are invited from any area of research into social stratification and social inequality. The organizers do not usually limit the number of delegates attending. There are no parallel sessions and therefore there is an upper limit on the number


id: society-for-disability-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Disability Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:51.186616+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-disability-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Disability Studies is an international academic network of disability studies practitioners. It often abbreviates its name to SDS, though that abbreviation continues to be used by academics and political scientists to describe the Students for a Democratic Society organization in the United States. The society's overall goal is to promote disability studies as a serious academic discipline on par with philosophy, the social sciences, and similar fields. == Definition of disability studies == In 1993 the society adopted an official definition of "Disability Studies": ... examines the policies and practices of all societies to understand the social, rather than the physical or psychological determinants of the experience of disability. Disability Studies has been developed to disentangle impairments from the myths, ideology and stigma that influence social interaction and social policy. The scholarship challenges the idea that the economic and social statuses and the assigned roles of people with disabilities are the inevitable outcomes of their condition. == Founding and history == The organization was founded in 1982 first as the Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability (SSCIID), and renamed Society for Disability Studies in 1986. Its founders are Daryl Evans, Nora Groce, Steve


id: society-of-catholic-social-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Society of Catholic Social Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Catholic_Social_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:52.411769+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-of-catholic-social-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Society of Catholic Social Scientists (SCSS) is a US-based non-profit organization founded in 1992 by Stephen M. Krason of Franciscan University of Steubenville at the Pittsburgh Hilton hotel and recognized as a non-profit by the US Internal Revenue Service in 1999. The SCSS offers a Master of Theology degree program in Catholic social thought at Steubenville, Ohio, as well as holding an annual meeting and conference, and publishing an academic journal, The Catholic Social Science Review. The organization's mission is to "bring rigorous, credible scholarship to political, social and economic questions" through a collegiality of Catholic scholars, professors, researchers, practitioners, and writers who "approach their work in both a scholarly and evangelical spirit." The organization publishes The Catholic Social Science Review, an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal of original articles and reviews in the social sciences and the humanities. They are expected to strictly observe the highest scholarly and professional requirements of their disciplines as they examine their data in light of church teaching and the natural law. In this way, the society seeks to obtain objective knowledge about the social order, provide solutions to vexing social problems, and further the cause of Christ. == References == == External links ==


id: subject-network-for-sociology-anthropology-politics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics-0.md
category: reference
title: Subject Network for Sociology, Anthropology, Politics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Network_for_Sociology,_Anthropology,_Politics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:53.661267+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: subject-network-for-sociology-anthropology-politics-20260505-0
summary:
The Subject Network for Sociology, Anthropology, Politics of the Higher Education Academy of the United Kingdom was established in 2000 to support and enhance learning and teaching in performing arts higher education across the UK. It is based at the University of Birmingham. The director is Professor Alasdair Blair. == External links == Network website Higher Education Academy


id: swiss-centre-of-expertise-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Centre_of_Expertise_in_the_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:54.866286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-centre-of-expertise-in-the-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences (FORS) is a national research infrastructure, created in 2008. FORS is financed by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Lausanne. Its purpose is to provide services to the social science research community, to conduct research, and to publish and disseminate research findings. The activities of the FORS specifically comprise the following: conducting national and international surveys on social and political topics; documenting and providing datasets of all kinds for secondary analyses; enhancing methods and procedures for survey research; advising researchers. The FORS integrates infrastructures and research projects like the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), the Swiss Electoral Studies (Selects), the Social Report, and the current Data and Research Information Services (DARIS). In addition, the FORS organises teaching and learning events, including the annual Swiss Summer School on Methods in the Social Sciences, monthly seminars on research methodology (in collaboration with social science faculty partners (MISC and IMA), workshops at Swiss universities and universities of applied sciences, as well as international conferences. FORS also offers a data portal to public statistics—COMPASS. FORS and its staff collaborate widely with different players in the


id: transaction-publishers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers-0.md
category: reference
title: Transaction Publishers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:56.018102+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: transaction-publishers-20260505-0
summary:
Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey–based publishing house that specialized in social-science books and journals. It was located on the Livingston Campus of Rutgers University. The company was sold to Taylor & Francis in 2016 and merged with its Routledge imprint. == History and operations == As of February 1, 2017, Transaction Publishers became a part of Routledge, of the Taylor & Francis Group. Transaction was an academic publisher of the social sciences. It was founded by Irving Louis Horowitz, who served as Transaction's chairman of the board and editorial director until his death in 2012. Transaction began on July 1, 1962, as part of a multiplex grant sponsored by the Ford Foundation at Washington University in St. Louis. From beginnings as a social-science magazine, Transaction: Social Science and Modern Society (later Society), Transaction Publishers evolved into a full-fledged publisher of books (Transaction Books), journals (Transaction Periodicals Consortium), and eBooks. In 1969, Transaction relocatedto the newly formed Livingston College, on the Livingston campus of Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. Many editors, authors, and advisors were drawn from the faculty. Close to 200 faculty members have been authors and editors of Transaction books. AldineTransaction was an imprint of Transaction Publishers.


id: university-of-california-irvine-school-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: University of California, Irvine School of Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_School_of_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:57.178268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-california-irvine-school-of-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The School of Social Sciences is an academic unit of the University of California, Irvine (UCI) that studies the social sciences. The School is the largest academic unit in the university with an enrollment of over 5,300 students. More than a third of the bachelor's degrees conferred at UCI are from the School of Social Sciences. It is home to the departments of Anthropology, Chicano-Latino Studies, Cognitive Science, Economics, Logic and Philosophy of Science, Political Science, International Studies, and Sociology. UC Irvine's School of Social Sciences is also home to several research and educational entities including the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences (IMBS, headed by Donald G. Saari), the Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies (GPACS), the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, and the Center for the Study of Democracy (headed by Bernard Grofman). == History == The School of Social Sciences was founded in 1965. The Social Science Tower at UCI was featured in the film Conquest of the Planet of the Apes in 1972. == Undergraduate studies == The school offers 11 undergraduate majors in 7 different departments, each providing a Bachelor of Arts degree. Departments within the Social of Social Sciences include Anthropology, Chicano/Latino Studies, Cognitive Sciences,


id: university-of-maryland-college-of-behavioral-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:58.399134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: university-of-maryland-college-of-behavioral-and-social-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences is the school of social sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park. It consists of nine academic departments. == History == The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences began as "The School of Liberal Arts" in 1919, and was headquartered in Morrill Hall; Frederic E. Lee served as the school's first dean. In the 1920s, it became "The College of Arts and Sciences," with five separate divisions. In 1936, the college moved into the newly completed College of Arts and Sciences Building, which was renamed Francis Scott Key Hall in 1955. In the 1940s, the departments of economics, of geography and of government and politics moved into the College of Business and Public Administration. In 1972, the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Business and Public Administration combined to become the new "Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences", one of five divisions in the university. In 1986, the five divisions split into fourteen colleges, and The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences was formed. The college has been headquartered in Millard E. Tydings Hall since 1993. == Departments == == Faculty == There are two endowed chairs within the


id: world-association-for-public-opinion-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: World Association for Public Opinion Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:19:59.605536+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-association-for-public-opinion-research-20260505-0
summary:
The World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) is an international professional association of researchers in the field of survey research. It is a member organization of the International Science Council. == History == Established in 1947 at the Second International Conference on Public Opinion Research held in Williamstown, Massachusetts as the World Congress on Public Opinion Research, the association acquired its current name in 1948, at the Third International Conference on Public Opinion Research. In 1953, it became the sole nongovernment consultant organization to UNESCO in the field of polling. Its current president is Robert Chung (Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute, in Hong Kong) with Immediate Past President Timothy P. Johnson (University of Illinois Chicago) and a Council of officers Among the former presidents of WAPOR are Juan Linz, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Robert Worcester, Seymour Martin Lipset, and Michael Traugutt. === Membership === Over time, WAPOR's membership has grown and become more international. In 1956, roughly a decade after its founding, the association had 158 members from about 20 countries; by 1962, these figures had risen to approximately 200 and more than 30, respectively. In 1970, WAPOR had more than 300 members from 41 countries. As of 2021, the


id: 314-action-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action-0.md
category: reference
title: 314 Action
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314_Action
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:01.261121+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 314-action-20260505-0
summary:
314 Action is a progressive political action committee (PAC) that seeks to elect science, technology, engineering, and mathematics-educated Democrats to higher office in the United States. The group gets its name from the first three digits of the mathematical constant pi (π). == History == The organization was founded in 2016 by researcher Shaughnessy Naughton. Naughton is a business owner and a chemist who unsuccessfully ran for Congress as a Democrat in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district in 2014 and 2016. She founded the group due to her worry about the election of Donald Trump and Trump's refusal to name any climate change experts to his cabinet, claiming that Trump is "anti-science". 314 Action has stated that the organization was inspired by EMILY's List, a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women to public office. The express goal is to increase the number of STEM-educated Democrats elected to public office. They have stated that they will only support Democrats, and will refuse to work with or contribute to any Republican candidate. Citing the Democratic Party's support of green politics, Naughton stated, "We felt we had to pick a team" arguing that science cannot remain above politics because "politics


id: 500-queer-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: 500 Queer Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Queer_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:02.494762+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 500-queer-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
500 Queer Scientists is a visibility campaign for LGBTQ+ people working in the sciences. Queer scientists submit short descriptions of their lives to the organization; these are manually checked and proof-read before being posted to the group's website. In collating submissions, the organization intends to show queer people currently working in science that there are others like them, to provide role models for future generations of researchers, and to create a database that can be used when planning events to ensure representation. == History == The group was founded in San Francisco on 4 June 2018, by Lauren Esposito, an arachnology professor at the California Academy of Sciences and Sean Vidal Edgerton, a science illustrator and evolutionary virologist at the academy. In the press release announcing its foundation, the organization referenced, as part of its motivation, a 2016 paper in the Journal of Homosexuality that found that, in 2013, more than 40% of respondents to a survey who identified as LGBTQ+ had not revealed that they were to their colleagues. The campaign was inspired by the group 500 Women Scientists; the two groups are separate, but consider themselves to be "informally partnered". At launch, the site contained 50 scientists' stories;


id: 500-women-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: 500 Women Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:03.791480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 500-women-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
500 Women Scientists is a non-profit group dedicated to making science open, inclusive, and accessible. To achieve this mission, they work to increase scientific literacy through public engagement, advocate for science and equity, and provide self-identifying women with the tools and support they need to reach their full potential. The organization began with an open letter in November 2016 and was officially recognized as a 501(c)3 in May 2018. == History == 500 Women Scientists launched with an open letter signed by 500 women scientists after the United States 2016 presidential election. The letter pledged to speak out not only against policies that go against scientific evidence, but also against inequality, sexism, xenophobia, and other forms of discrimination against marginalized communities. Within two months, the pledge received over fifteen thousand signatures from women and allies in 109 countries. In concert with the 2017 Women's March, women scientists and supporters who signed the pledge organized themselves into groups to march together. The local marches became the basis for forming local chapters, or "Pods", where local women scientists meet regularly. Pods function both as a support system and as a vehicle to focus on and organize around issues that resonate in their


id: alltrials-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-0.md
category: reference
title: AllTrials
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:06.191454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alltrials-20260505-0
summary:
AllTrials (sometimes called All Trials or AllTrials.net) is a project advocating that clinical research adopt the principles of open research. The project summarizes itself as "All trials registered, all results reported": that is, all clinical trials should be listed in a clinical trials registry, and their results should always be shared as open data. At the center of the organisation is a petition signed by over 85,000 individuals and 599 organisations (as of August 2015): Thousands of clinical trials have not reported their results; some have not even been registered. Information on what was done and what was found in these trials could be lost forever to doctors and researchers, leading to bad treatment decisions, missed opportunities for good medicine, and trials being repeated. All trials past and present should be registered, and the full methods and the results reported. We call on governments, regulators and research bodies to implement measures to achieve this. Ben Goldacre, author of Bad Science and Bad Pharma, is a founder of the campaign and its most public spokesperson. In 2016, he participated in the launch of the OpenTrials database. AllTrials is an international initiative of Bad Science, BMJ, Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Cochrane Collaboration,


id: alltrials-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials-1.md
category: reference
title: AllTrials
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllTrials
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:06.191454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alltrials-20260505-0
summary:
== Supporters == The campaign is an initiative of Sense about Science, Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, James Lind Alliance, Cochrane Collaboration, BMJ Group, PLOS, and Bad Science. The petition statement of AllTrials has been signed by organizations including Wellcome Trust, British Library, Medical Research Council (UK), British Heart Foundation, Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, BioMed Central, National Physicians Alliance, Royal Society of Medicine, Health Research Authority, American Medical Student Association, GlaxoSmithKline, and others. As of May 2017, The AllTrials petition has been signed by 90,282 people and 721 organisations. In October 2016, AllTrials published a road map detailing steps that various types of organisations can take to get more trials registered and more results reported. 85 investors with >€3.5 trillion (£2.45trn; $3.83trn) of investments have supported AllTrials (as of July 2015), with Peter van der Werf of RobecoSAM saying: "We deem this to be a financially material factor and encourage all companies to gain credibility regarding their approach to clinical trial transparency by signing up to the AllTrials principles.". The Laura and John Arnold Foundation provided early and ongoing financial


id: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Humanist Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
summary:
The American Humanist Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that advances secular humanism. The American Humanist Association was founded in 1941 and currently provides legal assistance to defend the constitutional rights of secular and religious minorities, lobbies Congress on church-state separation and other issues, and maintains a grassroots network of 250 local affiliates and chapters that engage in social activism and community-building events. The AHA has several publications, including The Humanist, Free Mind, a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholastic journal, Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, and TheHumanist.com. The organization states that it has over 34,000 members. == History == In 1927, an organization named the "Humanist Fellowship" was founded during a gathering in Chicago. In 1928, the Fellowship started publishing the New Humanist magazine with H.G. Creel as its first editor. The New Humanist was published from 1928 to 1936. The first Humanist Manifesto was issued by a conference held at the University of Chicago in 1933. Signatories included John Dewey, but the majority were ministers (chiefly Unitarian) and theologians. They identified humanism as an ideology that espouses reason, ethics, and social and economic justice. By 1935, the Humanist Fellowship had become the "Humanist Press Association", the


id: american-humanist-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: American Humanist Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
summary:
=== Disaster Recovery === In 2014, the American Humanist Association (AHA) and Foundation Beyond Belief (FBB) merged their respective charitable programs, Humanist Charities (established in 2005) and Humanist Crisis Response (established in 2011). AHA's Executive Director Roy Speckhardt commented, "This merger is a positive move that will grow the relief efforts of the humanist community. The end result will be more money directed to charitable activities, dispelling the false claim that nonbelievers don't give to charity." Now Foundation Beyond Belief's Disaster Recovery program serves as a focal point for the humanist response to major natural disasters and complex humanitarian crises worldwide. The program coordinates financial support and trains humanist volunteers to help impacted communities. The Disaster Recovery program is sustained through the ongoing partnership between FBB and AHA, and ensures that our community's efforts are centralized and efficient. Between 2014 and 2018, Humanist Disaster Recovery has raised over $250,000 for victims of the Syrian Refugee Crisis, Refugee Children of the U.S. Border, Tropical Cyclone Sam, the Nepal and Ecuadoran Earthquakes, Hurricane Matthew in Haiti, and Hurricanes Irma and Maria. In addition to grants for recovery efforts, volunteers have also helped rebuild homes and schools in the following locations: Columbia, South


id: american-humanist-association-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association-2.md
category: reference
title: American Humanist Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:07.356116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-humanist-association-20260505-0
summary:
== Advertising campaigns == The American Humanist Association has received media attention for its various advertising campaigns; in 2010, the AHA's campaign was said to be more expensive than similar ad campaigns from the American Atheists and Freedom From Religion Foundation. In 2008, it ran ads on buses in Washington, D.C., that proclaimed "Why believe in a god? Just be good for goodness' sake", and since 2009, the organization has paid for billboard advertisements nationwide. One such billboard, which stated "No God... No Problem", was repeatedly vandalized. In 2010, it launched another ad campaign promoting Humanism, which The New York Times said was the "first (atheist campaign) to include spots on television and cable" and was described by CNN as the "largest, most extensive advertising campaign ever by a godless organization". The campaign featured violent or sexist quotes from holy books, contrasted with quotes from humanist thinkers, including physicist Albert Einstein, and was largely underwritten by Todd Stiefel, a retired pharmaceutical company executive. In late 2011 it launched a holiday billboard campaign, placing advertisements in 7 different cities: Kearny, New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; Cranston, Rhode Island; Bastrop, Louisiana; Oregon City, Oregon; College Station, Texas and Rochester Hills, Michigan", cities where


id: brights-movement-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-0.md
category: reference
title: Brights movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brights-movement-20260505-0
summary:
The Brights movement is a social movement whose members, since 2003, refer to themselves as Brights and have a worldview of philosophical naturalism. Most Brights believe that public policies should be based on science (a body of knowledge obtained and tested by use of the scientific method). Brights are likely to oppose the practice of basing public policies on supernatural doctrines. Brights may therefore be described as secularists. == Terminology == The Bright movement has proposed the following terminology: super (noun): someone whose worldview includes supernatural and/or mystical elements bright (noun): someone whose worldview is naturalistic (no supernatural and mystical elements) Bright: a bright who has registered on the Bright website as a member of the movement == History == Paul Geisert, who coined the term bright and co-founded the bright movement is a one-time Chicago biology teacher, professor, entrepreneur and writer of learning materials. In deciding to attend the Godless Americans March on Washington in 2002, Geisert disliked the label "godless" because he thought it would alienate the general public to whom that term was synonymous with "evil". He sought a new, positive word that might be well accepted and improve the image of those who did not believe


id: brights-movement-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement-1.md
category: reference
title: Brights movement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brights_movement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:08.518766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brights-movement-20260505-0
summary:
== Symbol == The Brights' avatar represents a celestial body viewed from space. As there is no up or down or right or left in outer space, the arrangement of planet and darkness and starlight is changeable. Although the symbol is open to the viewer's interpretation, it is generally meant to invoke transition and a sense of gradual illumination. The intentional ambiguity of the avatar is meant to symbolically reflect an important question: Is the future of humankind becoming luminous or more dim? The Brights aspire "to take the promising route, whereby the imagery brings to mind a gradually increasing illumination for this earth of ours, an escalation of enlightenment". This optimistic interpretation of the Brights' symbol is summarized by the motto "Embrightenment Now!". == Name controversy == The movement has been criticised by some (both religious and non-religious) who have objected to the adoption of the title "bright" because they believe it suggests that the individuals with a naturalistic worldview are more intelligent ("brighter") than non-naturalists, such as philosophical skeptics or idealists, believers in the paranormal, philosophical theists, or the religious. For example, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry published an article by Chris Mooney titled "Not Too 'Bright'" in


id: british-science-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
The British Science Association (BSA) is a charity and learned society founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science. Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA). The current Chief Executive is Hannah Russell. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals. The BSA "envisions a society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn." and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building. The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognise and encourage people to be involved in science. These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, For Thought, The Ideas Fund, along with regional and local events. == History == === Foundation === The Association was founded in 1831 and modelled on the German Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. It was founded during post-war reconstruction after the Peninsula war to improve the advancement of science in England. The prime mover (who


id: british-science-association-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-1.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
The natural relation between these units are clearly, that a unit of electromotive force between two points of a conductor separated by a unit of resistance shall produce unit current, and that this current in a unit of time convey a unit quantity of electricity. The unit system was "absolute" since it agreed with previously accepted units of work, or energy: The unit current of electricity, in passing through a conductor of unit resistance, does a unit of work or its equivalent in a unit of time. === Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature === In 1888, at a meeting of the British Association in Bath, the Committee on Mechanical Nomenclature suggested three new units: the kine for velocity, equal to 1 centimeter per second; the bole for momentum, equal to 1 gram times 1 kine; and the barad for pressure, equal to 1 dyne per square centimeter. The London Electrical Review called the new units "an abomination, and wholly unnecessary" and attributed their creation to a "craze" for naming new units. William Henry Preece noted in 1891 that he had only seen one instance of use of the new units. By 1913, the units had fallen entirely out of use. ===


id: british-science-association-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-2.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
Professor Sir George Porter became the president in September 1985. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 along with Manfred Eigen, and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. When asked about the scientific literacy of Britain, he stated that Britain was the least educated country compared to all the other advanced countries. His idea to solve this problem would be to start scientific education for children at the age of 4. He says his reason for such an early age is because that is the age when children are the most curious, and implementing science at that age will help them gain curiosity towards all disciplines of science. When asked why public ignorance to science matters, his response wasIt matters because among those who are scientifically illiterate are some of those who are in power, people who lead us in politics, in civil service, in the media, in the church, often in industry and sometimes even in education. Think, for example, about the enormous influence of scientific knowledge on one's whole philosophy of life, even one's religion. It is no more permissible for the archbishops of today, who advise their flocks on how to interpret the Scriptures, to ignore the findings


id: british-science-association-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association-3.md
category: reference
title: British Science Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Science_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:09.666490+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-science-association-20260505-0
summary:
In addition to the British Science Festival, the British Science Association organises the British Science Week (formerly National Science & Engineering Week), an opportunity for people of all ages to get involved in science, engineering, technology and maths activities, originating as the National Week of Science, Engineering and Technology. The Association also has a young people's programme, the CREST Awards which seeks to involve school students in science beyond the school curriculum, and to encourage them to consider higher education and careers in science. Huxley Summit Named after Thomas Huxley, the Huxley Summit is a leadership event run by the British Science Association, where 250 of the most influential people in the UK are brought together to discuss scientific and social challenges that the UK faces in the 21st century and to develop a link between scientists and non-scientists to ensure that science can be understood by society as a whole. On 8 November 2016, the British Science Association held the very first Huxley Summit at BAFTA, London. The theme of the summit was "Trust in the 21st Century" and how that would affect the future of science, innovation, and business. Media Fellowship Schemes The British Science Association's Media Fellowship


id: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a bi-monthly, nontechnical academic journal, published by an organization of the same name. The organization named "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" is a nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity. It publishes content both at a free-access website and through the journal. The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former Manhattan Project scientists as the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago immediately following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The organization is also the keeper of the symbolic Doomsday Clock, the time of which is announced each January. == Background == One of the driving forces behind the creation of the Bulletin was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy and rapid technological change at the dawn of the Atomic Age. In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the Bulletin to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers of the nuclear arms race they knew was coming and about the destruction that atomic war could bring about. To convey the particular peril posed by nuclear


id: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists-1.md
category: reference
title: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:10.934343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bulletin-of-the-atomic-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the Bulletin. The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result, Bulletin co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist Martyl Langsdorf to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine. Langsdorf, who was married to Manhattan Project physicist Alexander Langsdorf, first considered using the symbol for uranium but then realized that a clock would better convey "a sense of urgency." The resultant Doomsday Clock, which only has bullets labeling the numbers in the upper left hand corner, has been featured on the cover of the Bulletin many times since its creation. The proximity of the minute hand to midnight has been the Bulletin leadership's way of warning the public about manmade threats to humanity; the Clock is a metaphor, not a prediction. That is, the time on the clock is not to be interpreted as actual time. When it began in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight; in 1953, when the Soviet Union continued to test more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight. This proximity to midnight of


id: campaign-for-science-and-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Campaign for Science and Engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:12.161132+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campaign-for-science-and-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) is a non-profit organisation that is the UK's leading independent advocate for science and engineering. It focuses on arguing for more research funding, promoting a high-tech and knowledge-based economy, highlighting the need for top-quality science and maths education at all levels, and scrutinising the mechanisms by which government uses science and evidence. == History == The Campaign for Science and Engineering was founded as Save British Science (SBS) in January 1986. The organisation started out when 1,500 scientists banded together to pay for an advert in The Times. It called on the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher to 'Save British Science'. The organisation changed its name to the Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE) in 2005. == Structure == CaSE is based in London. It receives its funding from over 100 member organisations, which currently include companies such as Astra Zeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Johnson Matthey; universities such as the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge; learned and professional societies such as the Royal Society of Biology, Institute of Physics and Royal Society of Chemistry; and charities including Cancer Research UK. CaSE also has a large number of individual members. CaSE employs a team


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-0.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
The Center for Inquiry (CFI) is a U.S. nonprofit advocacy group that works to mitigate belief in pseudoscience and the paranormal and to fight the influence of religion in government. == History == The Center for Inquiry was established in 1991 by atheist philosopher and author Paul Kurtz. It brought together two organizations: the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (founded by Kurtz in 1976) and the Council for Secular Humanism (founded by Kurtz in 1980). The Center for Inquiry Inc was registered as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization in April 2001. Kurtz, a humanist who founded CFI to offer a positive alternative to religion, led the organization for thirty years. In 2009, Kurtz said he was forced out of CFI after conflict with Ronald A. Lindsay, a corporate lawyer hired to become CEO in 2008. Robyn Blumner succeeded Lindsay as CEO in January 2016 when CFI announced that it was merging with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. == Committee for Skeptical Inquiry == Through the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), and its journal, Skeptical Inquirer magazine, published by the Center for Inquiry, CSI examines evidential claims of the paranormal or supernormal, including psychics,


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-1.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
=== Office of Public Policy === The Office of Public Policy (OPP) is the Washington, D.C., political arm of the Center for Inquiry. The OPP's mandate is to lobby Congress and the Administration on issues related to science and secularism. This includes defending the separation of church and state, promoting science and reason as the basis of public policy, and advancing secular values. The OPP publishes position statements on its subjects of interest. Examples have included acupuncture, climate change, contraception and intelligent design. The Office is an active participant in legal matters, providing experts for Congress testimony and amicus briefs in Supreme Court cases. It publishes a list of bills it considers of interest as they pass through the U.S. legislative process. === "Science and the Public" Master of Education program === In partnership with the Graduate School of Education at the State University of New York at Buffalo, CFI offers an accredited Master of Education program in Science and the Public, available entirely online. Aimed at students preparing for careers in research, science education, public policy, science journalism, or further study in sociology, history, and philosophy of science, science communication, education, or public administration, the program explores the methods


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-2.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
CFI Canada (CFIC) is the Canadian branch of CFI Transnational, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Justin Trottier served as National Executive Director from 2007 to 2011. Originally established and supported in part by CFI Transnational, CFI Canada has become an independent Canadian national organization with several provincial branches. CFI Canada has branches in Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatoon, Calgary, Okanagan (Kelowna), and Vancouver. == Affiliate organizations == === List of affiliates === Organizations affiliated with the Center for Inquiry include: Centre for Inquiry Canada Centre for Inquiry UK Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (see below) Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion (CSER) Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health Practice (CSMMH) International Academy of Humanism Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science === Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society === The Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS) is an organization of writers that promotes the ideas of secularism, democracy and human rights within Islamic society. Founded in 1998 by former Muslims, the best known being Ibn Warraq, the group aims to combat theologically driven fanaticism, violence and terrorism. The organization subscribes to the rule of secular law, freedom of


id: center-for-inquiry-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry-3.md
category: reference
title: Center for Inquiry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:13.315459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-inquiry-20260505-0
summary:
=== CSH actions against faith-based initiatives === In 2007, CSH sued the Florida Department of Corrections (DOC) to block the use of state funds in contracts to faith-based programs for released inmates, claiming that this use is prohibited under the "No Aid" provision or Blaine amendment of the Florida constitution. The initial decision found in favor of the DOC but, on appeal, the case was remanded in 2010 on just the issue of the unconstitutionality of appropriating state funds for this purpose. While this case was in progress, after the appellate finding, Republican legislators began an effort to amend the Florida constitution to remove the language of the Blaine amendment, succeeding in 2011 to place the measure on the 2012 ballot as amendment 8. The ballot measure failed. In 2015, CHS (now CFI) and the state (along with its co-defendants) both filed for summary judgement. The court granted the state's motion in January, 2016, allowing the contested contracting practice to continue. After consideration, CFI announced in February, 2016, that it would not appeal. === Heckled at the UN === CFI representative Josephine Macintosh was repeatedly interrupted and heckled by the delegation from Saudi Arabia whilst presenting the center's position on


id: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-0.md
category: reference
title: Center for Science in the Public Interest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-0
summary:
The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a Washington, D.C.–based non-profit watchdog and consumer advocacy group. == History and funding == CSPI is a consumer advocacy organization. Its focus is nutrition and health, food safety, and alcohol policy. CSPI was founded in 1971 by the microbiologist Michael F. Jacobson, along with the meteorologist James Sullivan and the chemist Albert Fritsch, two fellow scientists from Ralph Nader's Center for the Study of Responsive Law. In the early days, CSPI focused on various aspects such as nutrition, environmental issues, and nuclear energy. However, after the 1977 departure of Fritsch and Sullivan, CSPI began to focus largely on nutrition and food safety and began publishing nutritional analyses and critiques. CSPI has 501(c)(3) status. Its chief source of income is its Nutrition Action Healthletter, which has about 900,000 subscribers and does not accept advertising. The organization receives about 5 to 10 percent of its $17 million annual budget from grants by private foundations. CSPI has more than sixty staff members and an annual budget from over $20 million. Jacobson now serves as a Senior Scientist at CSPI, with Peter G. Lurie acting as the organization's current President. == Programs and campaigns


id: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest-1.md
category: reference
title: Center for Science in the Public Interest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:14.554862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-for-science-in-the-public-interest-20260505-0
summary:
=== Food safety === One of CSPI's largest projects is its Food Safety Initiative, directed to reduce food contamination and foodborne illness. In addition to publishing Outbreak Alert!, a compilation of food-borne illnesses and outbreaks, the project advocated for the Food Safety Modernization Act, which was signed into law in 2011. The law refocused government attention on preventing food contamination rather than on identifying problems after they caused outbreaks of illnesses. === Food Day: October 24 === Between 2011 and 2016, CSPI sponsored Food Day, a nationwide celebration of healthy, affordable, and sustainably produced food and a grassroots campaign for better food policies. Food Day's goal was to help people "Eat Real", which the project defined as cutting back on sugar drinks, overly salted packaged foods, and fatty, factory-farmed meats in favor of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and sustainably raised protein. This annual event involved some of the country's most prominent food activists, united by a vision of food that is healthy, affordable, and produced with care for the environment, farm animals, and the people who grow, harvest, and serve it. Across the country, several thousand events took place each year, from community festivals in Denver, Savannah, and New York


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Clergy Letter Project is a project that maintains statements in support of the teaching of evolution and collects signatures in support of letters from American Christian, Jewish, Unitarian Universalist, Buddhist, and Humanist clergy. The letters make reference to points raised by intelligent design proponents. There are five separate letters: A Christian Clergy Letter, a Rabbi Letter, a Unitarian Universalist Clergy Letter, a Buddhist Clergy Letter, and a Humanist Clergy Letter. As of October, 2022, there were 15,679 signatures from Christian clergy, 839 signatures from Jewish rabbis, 688 signatures from Unitarian Universalist clergy, 75 signatures from Buddhist clergy, and 58 signatures from Humanist clergy. This effort was initiated in 2004 by the biologist Michael Zimmerman, past vice president for academic affairs and provost at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. The letter was written by John McFadden, pastor of the First Congregational United Church of Christ in Appleton, Wisconsin. The project also encourages congregations to participate in Religion and Science Weekend by sponsoring events in which clergy and congregations are encouraged to learn about and discuss the positive intersections of religion and science. The weekend chosen is the closest Sunday to Charles Darwin's birthday, February 12. Evolution Sunday events first


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-1.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Clergy Letter - from Unitarian Universalist Clergy – An Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science As Unitarian Universalists, we draw from many sources, including "Wisdom from the world's religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life," and "Humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit." While most Unitarian Universalists believe that many sacred scriptures convey timeless truths about humans and our relationship to the sacred, we stand in solidarity with our Christian and Jewish brothers and sisters who do not read the Bible literally, as they would a science textbook. We believe that religious truth is of a different order from scientific truth. Its purpose is not to convey scientific information but to transform hearts. Fundamentalists of various traditions, who perceive the science of evolution to be in conflict with their personal religious beliefs, are seeking to influence public school boards to authorize the teaching of creationism. We see this as a breach in the separation of church and state. Those who believe in a literal interpretation of the Biblical account of creation are free to teach their perspective


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-2.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
We believe that evolution is a foundational scientific truth, one that has stood up to rigorous scrutiny and upon which much of human knowledge and achievement rests. Omitting evolution from science teaching, or treating it dismissively as “only a theory,” miscommunicates its centrality in modern biology and threatens students’ understanding of the very nature of science. Along with our religious allies of other traditions, we ask that science remain science and that religion remain religion. We urge public education authorities to preserve the integrity of the science curriculum by affirming the teaching of evolutionary theory as a core component of human knowledge. == History == The project was organized in 2004 by Michael Zimmerman, then a biology professor and dean of the College of Science and Letters at University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh. He was motivated to create a petition by the actions of the school board in Grantsburg, Wisconsin, which had passed some anti-evolution policies in the summer of 2004. Zimmerman was a veteran of similar disputes in Ohio, when he was a professor at Oberlin College. After Zimmerman watched Christian fundamentalist clergy from Dover, Pennsylvania, on the television program Nightline insisting that decisions about teaching evolution in schools was equivalent


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-3.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:15.824628+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
== Reaction from creationists == The creationist Discovery Institute, which arranged its own anti-evolution petition called A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism in 2001 criticized the project. Discovery Institute communications director Rob Crowther asserted that the disputes about evolution was "purely a scientific debate" and that clergy petitions are irrelevant, stating that clergy "don't make any difference," since "We don't think there is anything religious at all to the theory of intelligent design." Zimmerman described this argument as part of the problem, as intelligent design tried to undermine science by changing it from a study of the natural world to include supernatural explanations, and it was important for clergy to defend science against these attacks. Ken Ham and Mark Looy of the creationist organization Answers in Genesis have repeatedly condemned Evolution Sunday/Evolution Weekend activities as a "Darwin praise service" and expressing dismay that "over 10,200 clergy had signed this awful letter." Ham and Looy also criticized Zimmerman's fundraising efforts through the Christian Alliance for Progress. Answers in Genesis published a list of "modern scientists who have accepted the biblical account of creation." The majority are not biologists. The group has also organized "Creation Sunday" in response to Evolution Weekend, and has


id: council-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Council for Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:16.992234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: council-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Council for Science and Technology (CST) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government. Its role is to give advice on issues that cut across government departments to the Prime Minister. It was established in 1993 and reconstituted in 2003. It is based in London. == Evolution == From the 1970s, reforms to government science support drew funding back into departments which had new chief scientists and reduced the role of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser (GCSA). In order to direct this, a central committee was formed to set priorities for applied research in parallel to the advisory board for the research councils (ABRC) which advised on basic research. The advisory functions now in the CST were performed by the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD), from 1976 to 1987, and the Advisory Council on Science and Technology (ACOST) from 1987 to 1993 which included defence as well as civil research. The CST was formed in 1993 to advise the prime minister, bringing departmental chief scientists into the council and absorbing the ABRC into government. The aim of the CST was set out in a white paper on science policy which recognised the role


id: dynasty-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Dynasty Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:18.137948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dynasty-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
Dynasty Foundation was Russia's only private funder of scientific research. It was created by VympelCom founder Dmitry Zimin in 2002. After the Russian Ministry of Justice added Dynasty to its list of foreign agents in 2015 due to Zimin's own contributions coming from his foreign bank account, the Foundation decided to shut down. == History == Dynasty Foundation was founded in 2002 by telecommunications businessman and philanthropist Dmitry Zimin. The priority areas of the Foundation's activities were the development of fundamental science and education in Russia, the creation of conditions for the work of scientists in their homeland, the popularization of science and education. Dynasty has supported the research of young biologists, physicists, and mathematicians; science programs for high-school students in academic institutions; and training for science teachers, among other programs. Dynasty also funded the translation of popular science literature, founded a book award for these writers, and supported lectures and festivals that promoted scientific knowledge. The first program of the foundation was launched in 2002 - grants and scholarships for students and young physicists. In 2007, for the first time in Russian history, the foundation was turned over to a board of trustees appointed from members of the public.


id: evidence-for-democracy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy-0.md
category: reference
title: Evidence For Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_For_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:19.372306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evidence-for-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
Evidence for Democracy (E4D) is a non-partisan Canadian non-profit organization which advocates for evidence-based policy-making in the government. It was co-founded by Katie Gibbs (executive director) and Scott Findlay in 2012. == History == In July 2012, prior to forming E4D, Katie Gibbs was one of the organizers for the Death of Evidence protest in Ottawa. Over 2,000 scientists and supporters attended the protest, which was in the form of a mock funeral, to protest then Prime Minister Stephen Harper's government funding cuts to basic science research and in response to Bill C-38. The protest's success prompted Gibbs to co-found E4D. == Organization == E4D advocates for evidence-based policy-making and to build a national culture where science and evidence are valued. E4D primarily launches issue-based campaigns to address current issues which affect science, alongside panels, lectures, workshops and documentary screenings, to provide knowledge and skill-based training to the scientific community, as well as the broader public. == Notable campaigns == On 16 September 2013, E4D collaborated with local organizers to hold Stand Up for Science protests in 17 cities (including Toronto and Vancouver), to voice concerns for the state of science in Canada. Previous science advocacy, coupled with the Stand


id: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Federation of American Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure. FAS was founded in 1945 by a group of scientists, some of whom had previously contributed to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project. The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate the global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. FAS projects are organized in three main programs: nuclear security, government secrecy, and biosecurity. FAS has played a role in the control of atomic energy and weapons, as well as better


id: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-1.md
category: reference
title: Federation of American Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
=== Mission === The mission of FAS is to promote a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. This mission was established early on and was deemed necessary for the federation, as decisions made by the United States during the conception of the FAS were critical in terms of shaping international relations. The FAS wanted the public to become more critical and aware of the government, in order to monitor the decisions that were made to ensure that they matched what the public actually wanted. The FAS would act to inform the public about how destructive the improper use of atomic energy could be and emphasize the need to enforce international control of atomic weapons and energy. === Membership === In 1969, the FAS had a rough annual budget of $7,000 and relied on mostly volunteer staff. In 1970 Jeremy J. Stone was selected as president of the organization and was the only staff member for the next 5 years. Due to Stone being the president and only member of


id: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-2.md
category: reference
title: Federation of American Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:20.597761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
=== Biosecurity Program === A molecular biologist, Dr. Hatch Rosenberg was a founder of the Federation of American Scientists’ Working Group on Biological and Chemical Weapons and a former adviser to the Clinton White House when the anthrax scare startled an America that had recently been wounded by the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. The Biosecurity Program concentrates on researching and advocating policies that balance science and security without compromising national security or scientific progress. This includes preventing the misuse of research and promoting the public understanding of the real threats from biological and chemical weapons. The Federation of American Scientists also concentrates on researching and keeping the public informed on genetic engineering and genetic modification as a subset of their biosecurity program. One of their major concerns is resistance that species can develop to certain modifications from genetic resistance or from the use of antibiotics. The big concerns with biosecurity are accidental biological threats, intentional malicious biological threats, and natural biological threat occurrences. Because of these threats the Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) was set up. The Virtual Biosecurity Center provides and promotes biosecurity information, education, best practices and collaboration. Additionally, VBC offers significant news and events regarding biosecurity, a


id: federation-of-german-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Federation of German Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:21.796446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-german-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Federation of German Scientists - VDW (Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler e. V.) is a German non-governmental organization. == History == Since its founding 1959 by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Otto Hahn, Max Born and further prominent nuclear scientists, known as Göttinger 18, who had previously publicly declared their position against the nuclear armament of the West German Bundeswehr, the Federation has been committed to the ideal of responsible Wissenschaft. The founders were almost identical to the "Göttinger 18" (compare the historical Göttingen Seven). Both the "Göttingen Manifesto" and the formation of the VDW were an expression of the new sense of responsibility felt by Otto Hahn and some scientists after the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The VDW tried to mirror the American Federation of Atomic Scientists. VDW has been identified as West Germany's Pugwash group. Members of VDW feel committed to taking into consideration the possible military, political and economical implications and possibilities of atomic misuse when carrying out their scientific research and teaching. The Federation of German Scientists comprises around 400 scholars of different fields. The Federation of German Scientists addresses both interested members of the public and decision-makers on all levels of politics and


id: foundation-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:22.986925+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation for Science and Technology is a British charity, providing a neutral platform for debate of policy issues that have a science, technology or innovation element. Established in 1977, the Foundation brings together Parliamentarians, civil servants, industrialists, researchers, learned societies, charities and others. It convenes monthly discussion events at the Royal Society, publishes a journal three times a year, hosts a weekly podcast and has recently started to produce a blog on relevant science and technology policy issues. Recent topics of discussion include international research collaboration post- Brexit, facial recognition technologies and their ethics, and digital health data. For the most up to date information regarding events, blogs and podcasts, follow the @FoundSciTech Twitter page. The foundation also organises the Foundation Future Leaders Programme, supporting mid- career professionals from universities, industry and the civil service, meeting regularly to develop links and further their understanding of how science and research are conducted, and how they feed into the policy process. In addition, the Foundation provides guidance on governance issues to Professional and Learned Societies. The Foundation is directed by a council and board of trustees, chaired by The Rt Hon the Lord Willetts FRS. The Chief Executive of the Foundation


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Freedom from Religion Foundation (FFRF) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for atheists, agnostics, and nontheists. Formed in 1976, FFRF promotes the separation of church and state, and challenges the legitimacy of federal and state government support for faith-based programs, such as chaplaincy services. It supports groups such as nonreligious students and clergy who want to leave their faith. == History == The FFRF was co-founded by Anne Nicol Gaylor and her daughter, Annie Laurie Gaylor, in 1976 and was incorporated nationally on April 15, 1978, who split with Madalyn Murray O'Hair's American Atheists, in response to O'Hair's antisemitism. The organization was supported by over 19,000 members in 2012 and operated from an 1855-era building in Madison, Wisconsin, that once served as a church rectory. In March 2011, FFRF, along with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, began The Clergy Project, a confidential on-line community that supports clergy as they leave their faith. In 2012, it gave its first Freedom from Religion Foundation and Clergy Project "Hardship Grant" to Jerry DeWitt, a former pastor who left the ministry to join the atheist movement. FFRF provides financial support to the Secular Student Alliance, an organization that has


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Health care ==== In April 2003, the FFRF, on behalf of Montana residents, sued the Montana Office of Rural Health and its executive director David M. Young along with the Montana State University-Bozeman and the Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. It was alleged that Young favored faith-based nursing parish programs for state funding. In October 2004, the Federal District Court for the District of Montana held that the state's "direct and preferential funding of inherently and pervasively religious parish nursing programs was undertaken for the impermissible purpose, and has the impermissible effect, of favoring and advancing the integration of religion into the provision of secular health care services." According to the court, the state funding of faith-based healthcare violated the First Amendment. In April 2006, the FFRF sued to challenge the pervasive integration of "spirituality" into health care by the Department of Veteran Affairs. Specifically stating that the practice of asking patients about their religion in spiritual assessments, the use of chaplains to treat patients, and drug and alcohol treatment programs that incorporate religion violated the separation of state and church. The case was later dismissed after the Hein decision because of lack of standing. ==== Education ==== In 2001, the


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-2.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== Employment issues ==== In 1995, the FFRF sued the state of Wisconsin for designating Good Friday as a state legal holiday. In 1996, the federal district court ruled that Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday was indeed a First Amendment violation because, in reference to Wisconsin's Good Friday holiday law, the "promotion of Christianity is the primary purpose of the law." ==== Public funding ==== FFRF opposed the city of Versailles, Kentucky helping a church get federal funding to create a local disaster relief center. The FFRF is filing a lawsuit on behalf of four residents against the state of South Carolina to oppose the funding to Christian Learning Centers of Greenville County to build a private religious school, and the FFRF is challenging that it is unconstitutional. ==== Religious displays on public property ==== In December 2007, the FFRF, on behalf of a group of concerned Green Bay residents and invoking the First Amendment rights of all of the city's residents, sued the city because of the placement of a nativity scene at Green Bay's city hall. Before the case was heard, the city removed the nativity scene. The judge then dismissed the suit, citing lack of jurisdiction. Since the


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-3.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
In October 2008, the FFRF filed suit against the U.S. government over the statute establishing the National Day of Prayer (NDoP). In 2010, Federal judge Barbara Brandriff Crabb ruled it unconstitutional as it is "an inherently religious exercise that serves no secular function". This ruling was appealed by the U.S. government. In April 2011, the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the FFRF's challenge to the NDoP, holding that the FFRF did not have standing to challenge the NDoP statute or proclamations and that only the President was injured enough to challenge the NDoP statute. The FFRF, in January 2013, after receiving a complaint from a resident, asked the city council of Rapid City, South Dakota, to eliminate its practice of beginning each city council meeting with a Christian prayer. After the FFRF sent a second letter in February 2013, the mayor stated at that time that prayers would continue. Joseph Richardson, of Lake County, Florida, delivered a secular invocation on behalf of "non-religious citizens" at a county commission meeting on Tuesday, December 6, 2022. Following the invocation the director of Lake County Public Works Fred Schneider took the microphone and delivered a prayer at the request of the


id: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation-4.md
category: reference
title: Freedom from Religion Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:24.238002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-from-religion-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
At this season of THE WINTER SOLSTICE may reason prevail. There are no gods, no devils, no angels, no heaven or hell. There is only our natural world. Religion is but myth and superstition that hardens hearts and enslaves minds. In 2013, a natural nativity featuring Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein and Mark Twain as the three wise men, the Statue of Liberty and an astronaut as angels and an African American girl baby doll to represent that "humankind was birthed in Africa" was added. === Texas State Capitol === In 2015, the FFRF applied to put a "secular Nativity" scene in the Texas State Capitol. The scene featured the Bill of Rights, three Founding Fathers, and the Statue of Liberty and a sign that wished everyone a "Happy Winter Solstice". The then governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, demanded it be removed. Following a series of legal challenges, in 2018, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that FFRF's rights were violated. The Court also vacated the ruling of the trial court and sent the case back for consideration of FFRF's request for an injunction. === Rhode Island === In 2013, the FFRF was allowed to place


id: international-longevity-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: International Longevity Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:25.380575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-longevity-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The International Longevity Alliance (ILA) is an international nonprofit organization that is a platform for interaction between regional organizations that support anti-aging technologies, usually at the administrative and popularization levels. == Purpose == The declared objectives of the organization are to establish regional organizations' interaction and collaboration, to popularize the idea of the need to combat the aging process as a negative but treatable medical condition of the body, and to provide support for scientific research in all possible ways and at all possible levels around the world (up to cooperation with WHO). == History == ILA began to function in January 2013 as an informal platform for communication between managers and representatives of several organizations. In September 2014, the alliance was formally registered in Paris, France, acquiring the status of an official organization. == Organizations == As of February 2025, ILA includes 70 nonprofit organizations from 37 countries. Some of them are: SENS Research Foundation Healthy Life Extension Society (HEALES) AFT – Technoprog Israeli Longevity Alliance Global Healthspan Policy Institute (GHPI) Council for Public Health and the Problems of Demography (CPHD) I Am Future Foundation Institute of Exponential Sciences Moreover, the ILA's Board of Advisors includes Aubrey de Grey,


id: kansas-citizens-for-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Kansas Citizens for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Citizens_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:26.572386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kansas-citizens-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
Kansas Citizens for Science (KCFS) is a science advocacy organization, incorporated as a not-for-profit 501(c)(3), that "promotes a better understanding of what science is, and does, by: advocating for science education, educating the public about the nature and value of science, and serving as an information resource." KCFS has been active in both local and national evolution-advocacy efforts and served as the prototype for other Citizens for Science organizations. == Formation == By law, Kansas' educational standards require periodic revision. In 1999 a 25 person committee of science educators, businesspeople and other community members was assembled by the state board of education to help perform this revision. Creationists managed to influence the revisions to adopt a more pro-creationism, anti-evolutionary stance for state education standards. A local Lawrence, Kansas group called POSH (Parents for Objective Science and History) began lobbying a local school board for creationist changes to the Lawrence curriculum. When the State Board of Education became deadlocked with a 5-5 split on approving the revisions, the group Creation Science Association of Mid America helped to find the 6th vote and pass the pro-creationism science education standards. Reactions included recruiting those who wrote pro-science letters to newspapers in order to


id: more-than-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: More Than Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:27.824867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: more-than-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
More Than Scientists is a United States-based nonprofit environmental advocacy group. It provides an outreach program for climate scientists to speak publicly about their personal views on climate change. Directed towards the general public, its goal has been to communicate that climate change is real and what it will mean for society. The program presents videos contributed by climate scientists featuring them speaking directly to the viewer. Launched in 2015 with contributions by more than 30 climate scientists, it has grown to more than 80 participating climate scientists and more than 300 videos (as of 2023). Prominent climate scientists who have recorded and contributed videos to More Than Scientists include Kerry Emanuel, John Wallace, Michael Mann, Katharine Hayhoe, Naomi Oreskes, and Kevin Trenberth among others. These scientists represent leading climate science departments including MIT, University of Washington, Harvard, and University of Colorado Boulder. Research centers they work at include the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Western Water Assessment (WWA), the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics


id: national-center-for-science-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: National Center for Science Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:29.030584+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-center-for-science-education-20260505-0
summary:
The National Center for Science Education (NCSE) is a not-for-profit membership advocacy group in the United States whose stated mission is to "promote and defend" science education. The historical focus of the organization has been on educating the press and the public on the scientific and educational aspects of controversies surrounding the teaching of evolution and climate change. The NCSE opposes efforts to incorporate religious and pseudoscientific concepts into public school science education. The NCSE is based in Oakland, California. As of 2012, its membership included more than 4,500 "scientists, teachers, clergy, and citizens of varied religious and political affiliations." The NCSE is a member of the National Coalition Against Censorship and is affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). == History == In 1980 Stanley L. Weinberg, a high school teacher in Iowa, began to organize statewide Committees of Correspondence "committed to the defense of education in evolutionary theory," based upon the committees of correspondence in pre-Revolutionary America. Their purpose was to keep interested parties informed about creationist efforts and to coordinate local political response. This grew into volunteer networks in most states that were coordinated by theCreation/Evolution Newsletter . By 1983, these committees and


id: national-center-for-science-education-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education-1.md
category: reference
title: National Center for Science Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:29.030584+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-center-for-science-education-20260505-0
summary:
== Activities and programs == The NCSE organizes its mission into three main programs: Science Education and Outreach (SEO), Catalyzing Action (CA), and Investigating Science Education (ISE). SEO covers classroom support and includes the Teacher Ambassador program. ISE is responsible for studying and reporting on the state of science education in the United States. The Catalyzing Action (CA) program has taken over the NCSE's historical purpose of coordinating political response to "efforts to undermine the integrity of science education", which can include local policies up to state and national legislation. The NCSE maintains up-to-date listings of current events and information regarding creationist and antievolution advocacy, as well as about evolution education. Historian of science Michael Shermer describes its website as being one of "the two best resources on the Internet on the evolution/creation topic" (the other being TalkOrigins Archive). The NCSE also opposes intelligent design and other "alternatives" to evolution because it says they are misleading euphemisms for creationism. NCSE maintains a policy of religious neutrality and has cooperated with both religious and secular scientific and educational organizations like the National Academy of Sciences, the National Association of Biology Teachers, and the National Science Teachers Association. Its willingness to engage


id: nesta-charity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)-0.md
category: reference
title: Nesta (charity)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:30.190682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nesta-charity-20260505-0
summary:
Nesta (formerly NESTA, National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts) is a British foundation, registered as a charity, which supports innovation. Nesta was originally funded by a £250 million endowment from the UK National Lottery. The endowment is managed through a trust, and Nesta uses the interest from the trust to meet its charitable objects and to fund and support its projects. == History == NESTA was set up in 1998 by an independent endowment established by an Act of Parliament, the National Lottery Act 1998. It had been a Labour Party manifesto promise. Lord Puttnam was the first Chair. In 2002 it was awarded £95 million. In October 2010, the government announced that it would transfer NESTA's status from an executive non-departmental public body to a new charitable body. In April 2012, following the appointment of chief executive Geoff Mulgan, the body became an independent charity, shortening its name to Nesta. With this change, Nesta shifted its focus to innovation for public benefit. In 2016, Nesta received a $300,000 grant from the Global Innovation Fund to carry out research on market failures in aquaculture in Bangladesh and India. Following the arrival of Nesta's new chief executive Ravi Gurumurthy


id: new-mexicans-for-science-and-reason-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-0.md
category: reference
title: New Mexicans for Science and Reason
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:31.351987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-mexicans-for-science-and-reason-20260505-0
summary:
New Mexicans for Science and Reason (also known by the abbreviation NMSR) is a science advocacy organization based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Founded by Skeptical Inquirer editor Kendrick Frazier on May 16, 1990. As of 1998 the President is physicist and mathematician Dave Thomas. Thomas was still the President in spring of 2018 In 1996 creationists on the New Mexico School Board tried to change science standards to water down instruction of evolution. NMSR was instrumental in having that decision reversed. == History == The organization was established in 1990 by Kendrick Frazier, the editor of Skeptical Inquirer. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's (CSI) focus during that time was to start local skeptic groups. Frazier, as a resident of Albuquerque, felt that the area had a good mix of potential members. "We have a lot of bizarre claims," he said, "from UFOs in the south to New Age claims in Santa Fe". At that time New Mexico was tied for second place in Skeptical Inquirer's state rankings of subscribers per capita, behind first-place California and tied with Colorado, Washington, and Massachusetts in second. The idea, according to Frazier was "to encourage critical thinking". Frazier had his eye on John Geohegan


id: new-mexicans-for-science-and-reason-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason-1.md
category: reference
title: New Mexicans for Science and Reason
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicans_for_Science_and_Reason
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:31.351987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-mexicans-for-science-and-reason-20260505-0
summary:
== Onyate man == On April 1, 1999, Stefan, who was studying at the University of Heidelberg, posted to a website about a fossil uncovered at a dig in New Mexico that he and other students were working on. Stefan stated that he was worried the website would not last long once word got out that "We found a fossil of a hominid, being eaten by an allosaurus [sic] dinosaur." He posted photos and included an email address for serious researchers or the media to contact for copies of the photos. The cast and specimens were loaded into a truck and driven away, but not before those present were cautioned to not tell anyone because it would ruin their careers and no one would likely believe them anyway. He ends the website with this notice: "PLEASE TELL YOUR FRIENDS. DON'T LET THE SCIENTISTS KEEP THE TRUTH FROM THE WORLD!" NMSR posted this website on an Art Bell newsgroup alt.fan.art-bell as well as on alt.religion.christian. The group followed the progress of the story over the next few weeks and saw it get picked up by alt.atheism. The website attracted over 2,000 views over the month, and many groups realized that it


id: pride-in-stem-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_STEM-0.md
category: reference
title: Pride in STEM
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_STEM
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:32.540052+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pride-in-stem-20260505-0
summary:
Pride in STEM is a UK-based charity supporting LGBT+ scientists internationally, co-founded in 2016 by Alfredo Carpineti, a senior staff writer and space correspondent at IFLScience, his husband Chris, and Matt Young, a researcher at the University of Nottingham. Its origins, prior to registration as a charitable trust, were as a marching group for the parade at Pride in London. Ben Britton, one of the organisation's trustees, wrote in 2019 that the organisation's "informal mantra is to queer up science spaces and science up queer spaces". "STEM" is an acronym for "science, technology, engineering and maths/medicine". == Events == === Out Thinkers === The organisation organises a series of events called "Out Thinkers", first held in 2016, at which LGBT+ scientists discuss their life and work. Events in the series have been held at the British Science Festival, at Imperial College London, at the Science Museum, London, and at the Cambridge Science Festival. The first international Out Thinkers event was held in 2018. === LGBTSTEM Day === They were responsible, along with two other British Isles-based organisations, for organising the first LGBTSTEM Day, which was held on 5 July 2018, which promotes visibility and awareness of LGBT+ people in the


id: pro-test-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-0.md
category: reference
title: Pro-Test
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:33.827837+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pro-test-20260505-0
summary:
Pro-Test was a British group that promoted and supported animal testing in medical research. It was founded on 29 January 2006 to counter SPEAK, an animal-rights campaign opposing the construction by Oxford University of a biomedical and animal-research facility, which SPEAK believes may include a primate-testing centre. Pro-Test held its first rally on 25 February 2006, attracting hundreds in support of the research facility and opposed by a smaller number of anti-lab demonstrators. The group was founded by Laurie Pycroft from Swindon when he was 16. After forming the group, British newspapers described Pycroft as a "sixth form drop-out", "bedroom blogger", and "campaigning hero." It is now run by a committee of ten: academics (Tipu Aziz, John Stein, and David Priestman), five Oxford graduate and undergraduate students, medical writer Alison Eden, and Pycroft. Pro-Test says that it stands for "science, reasoned debate and, above all, the welfare of mankind. … We support only non-violent protest and we condemn those using violence or intimidation to further their goals. We strongly support animal testing as crucially necessary to further medical science." In February 2011, five years after its first rally, Pro-Test wound up its activities, saying it had "successfully met its goals


id: pro-test-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-1.md
category: reference
title: Pro-Test
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:33.827837+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pro-test-20260505-0
summary:
== Pro-Test in the United States == In Spring 2008, Pro-Test Spokesman, Tom Holder, set up Speaking of Research, a group based in the US with similar goals to that of Pro-Test On 22 April 2009 more than 700 staff, students and Los Angeles residents led by the neuroscientist Professor David Jentsch held a rally to launch the UCLA chapter of Pro-Test, and to stand up to the animal rights extremists who has targeted Prof. Jentsch and other scientists in a campaign of harassment and arson. At the event, Tom Holder announced the launch of The Pro-Test Petition which aims to give people in the US the "opportunity to show [their] support for the scientists and [their] opposition to the use of threats and violence". This petition, to defend animal research, is similar to The People's Petition which gained over 20,000 signatures in the United Kingdom. == Other activities == An unnamed Oxford academic told the BBC that "a war is looming over 'scientific freedom' and the 'future of progress'", and suggests that the Pro-Test campaign is part of a wider reaction against animal-rights activism. Pro-Test have taken the case for animal research to Parliament, participating in a debate at


id: pro-test-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test-2.md
category: reference
title: Pro-Test
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Test
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:33.827837+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pro-test-20260505-0
summary:
== Pro-Test Deutschland == In May 2015, a group of students and scientists in Germany decided to follow the example of their colleagues in the UK and Italy and founded "Pro-Test Deutschland". Pro-Test Deutschland is a non-profit organization that first began as a reaction to the decision made by Nikos Logothetis, director of the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen to discontinue his research with nonhuman primates. Logothetis's decision came after an undercover animal rights activist had filmed in the monkey facility of the Tübingen institute. The film was broadcast on national television in September 2014, leading to protests and hostility against the institute and against animal research in general. After these events there was a lack of response by the scientific community to come out publicly in support of basic animal research like that conducted at the Tübingen institute. Many officials seemed quite unprepared for such a situation. Pro-Test Deutschland therefore decided to promote the education of its members and the public about how to speak and communicate about animal research effectively. Pro-Test Deutschland issued a mission statement in which they point out that scientists do not lack moral fibre but rather a voice to speak about


id: science-for-the-people-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-0.md
category: reference
title: Science for the People
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:35.031381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-for-the-people-20260505-0
summary:
Science for the People (SftP) is a left-wing organization that emerged from the antiwar culture of the United States in the late 1960s. Since 2014 it has experienced a revival focusing primarily on the dual nature of science. The organization advocates for a scientific establishment that is not isolated from society, rather one that uses scientific discoveries to advocate for and advance social justice and critically approach science as a social endeavor. == History == The original group was composed of professors, students, workers, and other concerned citizens who sought to end potential oppression brought on by pseudoscience, or by what it considered the misuse of science. SftP generated much controversy in the 1970s for the radical tactics of some of its members. Over the initial few years there was an emergence of multiple differing opinions about the nature and mission of SftP should be. A faction wanted SftP to pay special attention to scientific issues that support class struggle. Another wanted to develop "a science for the people." The majority, however, wanted to be the scientific community's critical conscience and expose, from within, the dangers of the misuse of science. After a bitter internal struggle and departure of many,


id: science-for-the-people-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-1.md
category: reference
title: Science for the People
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:35.031381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-for-the-people-20260505-0
summary:
=== Position on science education === One of the core tenets of the SftP was that science and particularly biology and medicine cannot remain neutral. The organization not only believed that these disciplines should focus on correcting societal ills they also actively participated in educating people on work place hazards such as asbestos and other chemical and environmental exposures. In the early 1970s a Boston several SftP members known as the Boston Science Teaching Group, published and distributed series of pamphlets on topics such as genetics and ecology. Other members who were professional educators volunteered to teach biology in Boston’s underserved school districts. In 1971 two university professors, Rita Arditti and Tom Strunk, in an attempt to reform college biology curriculum, created a socially conscious first year college course called "Objecting to Objectivity: A Course in Biology". The course covered genetic engineering, physical and social limitations and implications of human gene maps, polygenic inheritance and prenatal diagnosis. It also discussed reproduction, birth control and abortion including the contemporary research and public policies about reproductive health. Other topics included population growth and Malthusian and Marxist theories and ethics of human research. === Positions on race and gender === Advocating for racial


id: science-for-the-people-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People-2.md
category: reference
title: Science for the People
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_for_the_People
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:35.031381+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-for-the-people-20260505-0
summary:
=== International relations === From its inception SftP condemned the use of technology and science to oppress and colonize other countries. The organization gave the examples of both Vietnam and Cuba where, it stated, the US technological and scientific superiority was being used to both militarily and economically repress the smaller nations. In response to the US policy, in 1971, a group of SftP members in Cambridge, Massachusetts collected and shipped large amounts of scientific books and journals to Vietnam and Cuba to aid in science education there. The same year, molecular biologist Dr. Mark Ptashne and zoologist Dr. Bert Pfeiffer went to Hanoi and lectured to Vietnamese scientists and physicians. There were also successful efforts of networking with scientists in China, and, in the 1980s, with the scientific and technological community in Nicaragua. == 2014 revitalization == Since the fall of 2014, an effort to revive and reorganize SftP has been underway. The SftP revitalization efforts emerged from the convention held April 11–13, 2014, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. At the 2014 conference various topics including the history of the SftP, health care, climate change, social justice, science education, gender and racial bias and militarization of science were


id: scientists-and-engineers-for-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_and_Engineers_for_America-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientists and Engineers for America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_and_Engineers_for_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:36.245430+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientists-and-engineers-for-america-20260505-0
summary:
Scientists and Engineers for America (SEA) was an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government, and supporting candidates who understand science and its applications. SEA was formed on September 27, 2006, and describes itself as non-partisan. SEA is organized as a 501(c)(3) organization, and represents a reorganization of Scientists and Engineers for Change, an organization founded in 2004 to support the election of John Kerry. Its current executive director is Tom Price. SEA operates a wiki site called the Science, Health And Related Policies (SHARP) Network, which allows members to track and contribute information on Congressional representatives, candidates, and science policy issues. SEA is associated with a 501(c)(4) organization known as the SEA Action Fund, whose president is geneticist Michael Stebbins. == Political positions == === Bill of Rights for Scientists and Engineers === A bill of rights which outlines the principles of the organization states: # Public policy shall be made using the best available scientific, technical, and engineering knowledge. No government organization shall knowingly distribute false or misleading information. Government funding for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education shall only be used for evidence-based curricula. No one should fear reprisals or intimidation because of the


id: sense-about-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Sense about Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:37.461695+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sense-about-science-20260505-0
summary:
Sense about Science is a United Kingdom charitable organization that promotes the public understanding of science. Sense about Science was founded in 2002 by Lord Taverne, Bridget Ogilvie and others to promote respect for scientific evidence and good science. It was established as a charitable trust in 2003, with 14 trustees, an advisory council and a small office staff. Tracey Brown has been the director since 2002. The organisation works with scientists and journalists to put scientific evidence in public discussions about science, and to correct unscientific misinformation. They encourage and assist scientists to engage in public debates about their area of expertise, to respond to scientifically inaccurate claims in the media, to help people contact scientists with appropriate expertise, and to prepare briefings about the scientific background to issues of public concern. == Projects == Sense about Science publishes guides to different areas of science in partnership with experts. These include: Responsible Handover Framework, Data Science: A Guide for Society, Making Sense of Nuclear, Making Sense of Uncertainty, Making Sense of Allergies, Making Sense of Drug Safety Science, Making Sense of Testing, Making Sense of Crime, Making Sense of Statistics, Making Sense of Screening and Making Sense of GM.


id: skeptics-in-the-pub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub-0.md
category: reference
title: Skeptics in the Pub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:38.652279+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: skeptics-in-the-pub-20260505-0
summary:
Skeptics in the Pub (abbreviated SITP) is an informal social event designed to promote fellowship and social networking among skeptics, critical thinkers, freethinkers, rationalists and other like-minded individuals. It provides an opportunity for skeptics to talk, share ideas and have fun in a casual atmosphere, and discuss whatever topical issues come to mind, while promoting skepticism, science, and rationality. == Format == "Skeptics in the Pub" is not a protected term, anyone can set one up. There also is no formal procedure to organising an event; organisers can fill in activities as they see fit. There are, however, some common approaches across the world in hosting such events that make them more successful. The usual format of meetings includes an invited speaker who gives a talk on a specific topic, followed by a question-and-answer session. Other meet-ups are informal socials, with no fixed agenda. The groups usually meet once a month at a public venue, most often a local pub. By 2012 there were more than 100 different "SitP" groups running around the world. == History == === London === The earliest and longest-running event is the award-winning London meeting, established by Australian philosophy professor Scott Campbell in 1999. Campbell


id: society-for-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:39.859635+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
Society for Science, formerly known as Science Service and later Society for Science and the Public, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of science, through its science education programs and publications, including Science News magazine and Science News Explores. The organization is headquartered in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded as Science Service in 1921, the Society for Science has been dedicated to expanding scientific literacy, access to STEM education and scientific research for more than 100 years. In pursuit of this goal, it publishes two magazines: Science News and Science News Explores (formerly Science News for Students), and manages student science fair events including the International Science and Engineering Fair, the Regeneron Science Talent Search (previously known as the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, the oldest and longest running science fair competition in the US), and the Thermo Fisher Scientific Junior Innovators Challenge (JIC) competition. == History == === 20th century === Society for Science was founded in 1921 by journalist Edward W. Scripps and zoologist William Emerson Ritter, under the name "Science Service", with the goal of informing the public of the latest scientific discoveries and achievements. The Science Service emerged from a reorganization


id: society-for-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: Society for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:39.859635+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== 21st century === Society for Science is still active today and holds to it core values of education, and one of many ways it does this is through it outreach to younger kids by providing trustworthy resources and tools for educators and parents alike. Science News for Kids and Science News for Students covers a broad range of subjects in science including but not limited to nature, disease, and technology, and measuring tools, as well as provide teachers and parents with online resources. Children tend to be more interested in nature than adults, being fascinated by things like insects, fossils, and birds nest. These things adults tend to be less observant of parts of nature that kids notice, and Society for Science saw this, and wanted to grab on to this interest to cultivate a love for science. Technology in the same light also catches the eyes of children and Science News for Kids released a series of articles online to educate students but also provided kids with additional resources and suggested areas of research. Science News for kids and others like are beneficial because it allows parents and teachers to have sources to turn to that can be


id: speaking-of-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_of_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Speaking of Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_of_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:41.051007+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: speaking-of-research-20260505-0
summary:
Speaking of Research (SR) is an international group which "aims to provide accurate information about the importance of animal research in medical and veterinary science". It was founded in March 2008 by Tom Holder, an "energetic young British activist who played an active role in the Pro-Test movement at the University of Oxford," who moved to the US for the purpose of setting up such a group. Holder had previously been a spokesman for Pro-Test, as well as acting as emcee for their three demonstrations. Speaking of Research state their aims are to "change the tide of the controversial animal rights debate by encouraging students and scientists to speak out in favor of the lifesaving research developed with animals." Their launch came during a period of increased direct action in the US. Since 2007, a number of researchers from the University of California system have had their homes attacked by animal rights activists, including one University of California, Santa Cruz(UCSC) researcher whose residence was invaded by six masked activists on February 24, 2008. According to the journal Science, the group also aims to "[work] with public schools to counter information from groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of


id: corey-tutt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt-0.md
category: reference
title: Corey Tutt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Tutt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:42.234443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: corey-tutt-20260505-0
summary:
Corey Aden Tutt is an Aboriginal Australian STEM professional, author, social entrepreneur and the founder of DeadlyScience, an initiative that provides STEM resources to remote schools throughout Australia. In 2020 he was named the NSW Young Australian of the Year. == Early life == Tutt grew up in the Illawarra, New South Wales, and is of Kamilaroi heritage. He attended Dapto High School, where his favourite subjects were science, agriculture, and history. In 2011, after a close friend committed suicide, Tutt became a travelling alpaca shearer throughout Australia and New Zealand, before eventually rediscovering his love for science. == Career == Tutt began his career as a zookeeper on the NSW South Coast, then spent time as an alpaca shearer travelling throughout Australia and New Zealand. In 2018, Tutt founded DeadlyScience to "provide science books and early reading material to remote schools in Australia". In 2019, he started working as a research assistant at the University of Sydney's Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use. In 2022, Tutt authored the award-winning best seller, The First Scientists: Deadly Inventions and Innovations from Australia's First Peoples, illustrated by Archibald Prize-winning artist Blak Douglas. In 2023 Tutt arranged for seven


id: union-of-concerned-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Union of Concerned Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:43.420663+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: union-of-concerned-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is a nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States. The UCS membership includes many private individuals in addition to professional scientists. Dr. Kim Waddell chairs the UCS Board of Directors as of 2025, having replaced Dr. Anne Kapuscinski. == History == The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded in 1969 by faculty and students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The organization's founding document says it was formed to "initiate a critical and continuing examination of governmental policy in areas where science and technology are of actual or potential significance" and to "devise means for turning research applications away from the present emphasis on military technology toward the solution of pressing environmental and social problems." The organization employs scientists, economists, and engineers engaged in environmental and security issues, as well as executive and support staff. One of the co-founders was physicist and Nobel laureate Henry Kendall, who served for many years as chairman of the board of UCS. In 1992, Kendall presided over the World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, which called for "fundamental change" to address a range of security and environmental issues. The document was signed by 1700 scientists, including a


id: women-in-astronomy-nepal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_In_Astronomy_Nepal-0.md
category: reference
title: Women In Astronomy Nepal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_In_Astronomy_Nepal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:44.701675+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: women-in-astronomy-nepal-20260505-0
summary:
Women In Astronomy Nepal (WIAN) was established on November 1, 2015 A.D. in order to provide a common platform for all the women interested in astronomy and in Nepal. It is a sub unit within Nepal Astronomical Society (NASO). WIAN is primarily concerned with young females pursuing their career in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). == Programs == Women in Outreach Women in Science Award (WiSA) Publication == References == == External links == Women in Astronomy Nepal's Facebook page


id: zimin-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimin_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Zimin Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimin_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:45.883890+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zimin-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
Zimin Foundation is a philanthropic nonprofit organization established by Dr Dmitry Zimin and his son Boris Zimin with the aim of supporting science, education and spread of information. == History == In 2002 Dmitry Zimin started Dynasty Foundation, an organization focusing mainly on Russia. The foundation became the first private Russian nonprofit supporting science and education in the country through programs for gifted schoolchildren and university students, young physicists, mathematicians, biologists, and teachers. In 2015, the Russian Ministry of Justice put Dynasty Foundation on the list of foreign agents, effectively forcing it to wrap up its activities. Since then the Zimin family has continued its philanthropic effort through the Zimin Foundation. No longer limited to Russia, the organization’s activities have extended to other countries. After Zimin’s death on December 22, 2021, his son Boris Zimin took over as the leader of Zimin Foundation’s charitable efforts. On 5 August 2025, the foundation was declared an "undesirable organization" by the Russian Prosecutor General’s Office, accusing it of "financial and informational support to extremists, terrorists and foreign agents" and "intensifying anti-Russian rhetoric" since Russian invasion of Ukraine. == Main projects == === Zimin Institutes === Source: Zimin Institutes are a Zimin Foundation initiative


id: list-of-agricultural-organizations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_organizations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of agricultural organizations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_organizations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:47.399713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-agricultural-organizations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of agricultural organizations. == International == 4-H FAO International Institute of Agriculture (defunct) === Europe === COPA-COGECA Conseil Européen des Jeunes Agriculteurs Union of European Academies for Sciences Applied to Agriculture, Food and Nature - UEAA == Belgium == Boerenbond Fédération wallonne de l'agriculture == Brazil == Instituto Agronômico de Campinas == Ireland == Irish Farmers' Association == Switzerland == Union suisse des paysans (Schweizer Bauernverband / Unione Svizzera dei Contadini) == United Kingdom == National Farmers' Union of England and Wales National Farmers' Union of Scotland Ulster Farmers' Union == United States == American Farm Bureau Federation American Poultry Association National FFA Organization (Future Farmers of America) Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) National Farmers Union == New Zealand == Animal Health Board Federated Farmers Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry == References ==


id: agerskovgruppen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen-0.md
category: reference
title: Agerskovgruppen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerskovgruppen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:48.610652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agerskovgruppen-20260505-0
summary:
Agerskovgruppen (lit. 'The Agerskov Group') is an activist association of farmers in Denmark. It was formed in January 2011 by two Southern Jutland farmers, Jens Peter Aggesen and Thorkild Fink, who were dissatisfied with the regulation of agriculture resulting from water area plans and with Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Government's Green Growth Plan. The association takes its name from the village of Agerskov in Southern Jutland, and the historic Agerskov Inn is the association's base, where it holds some of its meetings. Agerskovgruppen has organized several tractor demonstrations over time and has threatened to block Copenhagen with tractors if the Parliament passes a CO2 tax on agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases. == Organization and Membership == Agerskovgruppen was originally an informal network but was transformed into a formal association in 2020 when the group sued the state over a case concerning after-crop requirements. Except for a brief period in 2017, Jens Peter Aggesen has been the chairman throughout the years. As of 2024, the group has about 200 members. It has organized so-called storm meetings in Agerskov with between 250 and 800 participating farmers. In total, there are about 7,500 farmers in Denmark. == Activism == The association is considered


id: agri-sa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA-0.md
category: reference
title: Agri SA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agri_SA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:49.818006+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agri-sa-20260505-0
summary:
Agri SA (Agri South Africa) is the biggest agricultural organisations in South Africa established in 1904 and consists of provincial affiliates, commodity organisations and corporate members. == References ==


id: american-society-of-plant-biologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists-0.md
category: reference
title: American Society of Plant Biologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Biologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:51.009819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-society-of-plant-biologists-20260505-0
summary:
The American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) is a non-profit professional society for research and education in plant science with over 4,000 members world-wide. It was founded in 1924, as the American Society of Plant Physiologists (ASPP). The name was changed to the American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) as of 2001. Membership in the society is open to any person from any country who deals with physiology, molecular biology, environmental biology, cell biology and plant biophysics or related issues. The society publishes the peer-reviewed journals Plant Physiology (1926-) and The Plant Cell (1989-) as well as ASPB News. The American Society of Plant Biologists also has partnered with the Society for Experimental Biology, and John Wiley & Sons to publish an online-only science journal Plant Direct. In 2000, it published the first edition of the textbook Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. The first President of the Society was Charles Albert Shull (1924–1925), with founder R. B. Harvey as Secretary-Treasurer. Other presidents of the Society include Harry Beevers (1961–1962) and Aubrey Naylor (1960–1961). The first woman to be president of the society was Elisabeth Gantt (1988–1989). == ASPB Awards == The American Society of Plant Biologists confers several awards


id: association-for-vertical-farming-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Vertical Farming
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Vertical_Farming
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:52.162907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-vertical-farming-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Vertical Farming e. V. (AVF) is the global, non-profit organization that enables international exchange and cooperation in order to accelerate the development of the Indoor/Vertical Farming industry. Founded in Munich, Germany on July 18, 2013, it initially focused on mapping global urban farms and creating a glossary to simplify vertical farming methods for newcomers. The AVF hosts summits, workshops, and info days and collaborates with other organizations around the world. == Vision == The AVF acknowledges that vertical farming in its current state can provide access to fresh, safe, and sufficient food, independent of climate and location. In the decades to come, where overpopulation and severe planetary changes challenge our current way of life, vertical farming will become a necessary solution in global food production. == History == == References ==


id: dad-is-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS-0.md
category: reference
title: DAD-IS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAD-IS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:53.391709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dad-is-20260505-0
summary:
DAD-IS is the acronym for the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System, a tool developed and maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a part of its programme for management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. It includes a searchable database of information on animal breeds. == Overview == The FAO began to collect data on animal breeds in 1982. The first version of DAD-IS was launched in 1996 and the software has been updated several times; the fourth version was launched in 2017. DAD-IS includes a searchable database of information about animal breeds, the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources. It contains information on breed characteristics, uses, geographic distribution and demographics; more than 4000 images; and tools for generating user-defined reports; and has a multilingual interface and content. It also provides contact information for the national and regional coordinators for the programme. Data is collected and entered by each country's National Coordinator via web-based data-entry screens available in several languages. The data is used for reporting on the global status and trends of animal genetic resources, including the data for indicators 2.5.1b (number of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in


id: fao-gm-foods-platform-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform-0.md
category: reference
title: FAO GM Foods Platform
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_GM_Foods_Platform
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:54.561474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fao-gm-foods-platform-20260505-0
summary:
The FAO GM Foods Platform is a web platform where participating countries can share information on their assessments of the safety of genetically modified (recombinant-DNA) foods and feeds based on the Codex Alimentarius. It also allows for sharing of assessments of low-level GMO contamination (LLP, low-level presence). The platform was set up by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and was launched at the FAO headquarters in Rome on 1 July 2013. The information uploaded to the platform is freely available to be read. == See also == Agerskovgruppen Global Aquaculture Alliance == References ==


id: global-aquaculture-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Aquaculture_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Aquaculture Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Aquaculture_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:55.701178+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-aquaculture-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) is an international non-profit trade association dedicated to advancing responsible aquaculture. Established in 1997, GAA works with industry, the NGO community, governments, academia and the investment community. GAA has published best management practice for water pollution for aquaculture, a type of standard that has gained widespread application in traditional agriculture. == See also == Agerskovgruppen FAO GM Foods Platform == References == == External links == Official website Archived 2018-01-12 at the Wayback Machine


id: globally-important-agricultural-heritage-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:56.908138+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: globally-important-agricultural-heritage-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) leads the programme Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), which helps identify ways to mitigate threats faced by these systems and their people and enhance the benefits derived from these dynamic systems. Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems recognize remarkable land use systems and landscapes full of life and biodiversity, resilient ecosystems, and valuable cultural heritages managed by farmers, herders, fisherfolk, and forest people. Communities that have preserved and developed complex, diverse, and locally adapted agricultural systems that nowadays provide sustainably many goods and services, food, and livelihood security for millions of people around the world. As of April 2026, the GIAHS Programme has awarded the designation to 104 sites in 29 countries. == List of UN-designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems == == See also == List of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (Japan) == References == == External links == FAO GIAHS Official website List of designated sites Photos of GIAHS sites


id: invivo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InVivo-0.md
category: reference
title: InVivo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InVivo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:58.075469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: invivo-20260505-0
summary:
InVivo is an agricultural and agri-food multinational, originally formed from a union of 167 member agricultural cooperatives. InVivo also owns the garden centers Gamm Vert, Jardiland, and Delbard, as well as the Louise bakeries through the Teract group. == History == In May 2017, InVivo acquires 90 Gamm Vert stores from two of its franchisees, Axéréal and Terrena. In November 2017, InVivo announces the acquisition of Jardiland for an undisclosed amount. In July 2018, ADM announces the acquisition of Neovia, an InVivo subsidiary specializing in animal nutrition, for $1.8 billion. In June 2019, InVivo acquires 29 Gamm Vert stores from its franchisee Maïsadour, out of the 36 it owns; the remaining seven are sold to another company. In July 2020, InVivo entered negotiations to acquire a 57 percent stake in Vinadeis, a winegrowing cooperative in which it already held a 10 percent interest. In January 2021, InVivo announced that it had entered negotiations to acquire the Soufflet Group. The acquisition of the Soufflet Group was completed in December 2021 for an undisclosed amount, estimated at €2.3 billion. In 2025, InVivo was fined €2.7 million for international trafficking of counterfeit glyphosate. == Notes et références == == Voir aussi ==


id: islamic-chamber-of-commerce-industry-and-agriculture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Agriculture-0.md
category: reference
title: Islamic Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:20:59.264134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: islamic-chamber-of-commerce-industry-and-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
The Islamic Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA) is an affiliate of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and represents the private sector of 57 member countries. It is headquartered in Karachi, Pakistan. ICCIA was founded in 1978 and its key objective is to promote the role of the private sector in economic activity. == Overview == The objective of ICCIA is to strengthen close cooperation among member countries in the fields of trade, commerce, information technology, insurance/reinsurance, shipping, banking, promotion of investment opportunities and joint ventures. It has developed a strategic plan to implement its objectives, including holding forums on special topics, setting up new companies in areas that need support, policy-making support and policy-making process involves the involvement of the private sector. The ICCIA is working in line with the OIC-2025 Program of Action, which emphasizes increasing inter-Islamic trade. == Activities == The ICCIA has been actively involved in various initiatives and activities: In February 2022, ICCIA signed an MoU with the Islamic Organization for Food Security (IOFS) on the sidelines of the IOFS Strategic Commodities and Food Safety Forum. In March 2023, Ziauddin University (ZU) and ICCIA have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to launch the


id: ministry-of-agriculture-maharashtra-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Maharashtra)-0.md
category: reference
title: Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Maharashtra)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:00.433012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ministry-of-agriculture-maharashtra-20260505-0
summary:
The Ministry of Agriculture, a ministry of the Government of Maharashtra, is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws related to agriculture in the state of Maharashtra.Adv Manikrao Shivajirao Kokate is the current minister heading this ministry. == List == == History == Department of agriculture was established in 1883 after recommendation of Famine Commission(1881). Varies hybrid varieties of crops were deployed in 1965-66 which laid down the foundation of Green Revolution. == Structure == Agriculture section has three different ministers and divisions. Dadaji Bhuse, Minister of Agriculture Sandipanrao Bhumre, Minister of Horticulture Shankarrao Gadakh, Minister of Soil and Water Conservation == International Partnerships == Ministry signed an MoU with United States Department of Agriculture in June 2021 for better collaboration between United States of America and Government of Maharashtra. == References ==


id: nabahya-food-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabahya_Food_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Nabahya Food Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabahya_Food_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:01.643053+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nabahya-food-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Nabahya Food Institute (NFI) is a non-profit organization based in Uvira, located strategically in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its primary mission is to enhance food security, address environmental challenges, and alleviate poverty through sustainable agricultural practices and renewable energy solutions. As a food research, production, and processing institute, NFI focuses on breaking the cycle of poverty by producing healthy food and providing training to rural farmers in climate-resilient food systems and permaculture techniques. == History == NFI was established on 20 February 2020 by Congolese researcher Guillain Maliyamungu Nabahya, an expert in renewable clean energy and sustainable food systems, to develop robust, sustainable communities that produce nutritious food while combating deforestation, soil biodiversity decline, and detrimental climate change that has led to extreme famine in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. == Mission == Nabahya Food Institute's mission is to advance sustainable agriculture and permaculture practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo through the use of renewable energy technologies and permaculture design techniques. NFI educates farmers on the principles of ecological symbiosis, emphasizing the importance of reusing and recycling natural resources—such as sunlight, air, soil, water, plants, and


id: johnvents-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnvents_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Johnvents Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnvents_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:02.829923+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: johnvents-group-20260505-0
summary:
Johnvents Group is a multinational corporation active in agribusiness and manufacturing. Founded in 2016, the company operates across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. == History == Johnvents Group was established in 2016 by John Alamu to enhance agro-commodity outputs by engaging both smallholder and large-scale farmers. The company expanded its operations through investments in processing, trading, and manufacturing. === Key Milestones === In 2021, Johnvents Group established an 18,000 metric ton (MT) cocoa processing facility, the Johnvents Cocoa Factory, to produce cocoa derivatives for export to Europe and North America. That same year, the company received commendation from the then Governor of Ondo State, Rotimi Akeredolu, during the commissioning of a 15,000 MT cocoa facility. In 2022, Johnvents Industries Limited was awarded Best Cocoa Dairy Company in Nigeria at the BusinessDay Leadership Awards. In 2023, Johnvents partnered with Lagos Rice Company, redeemed a N5.5 billion commercial Paper, and acquired Premium Cocoa Products Ile-Oluji, increasing its cocoa processing capacity to 48,000 MT annually. In October 2023, the African Export-Import Bank signed a term sheet with Johnvents Industries Limited for a US$40 million pre-export facility to support the processing and export of agricultural commodities. By 2024, Johnvents was Nigeria's largest exporter


id: permanent-interstate-committee-for-drought-control-in-the-sahel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Interstate_Committee_for_drought_control_in_the_Sahel-0.md
category: reference
title: Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Interstate_Committee_for_drought_control_in_the_Sahel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:04.057559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: permanent-interstate-committee-for-drought-control-in-the-sahel-20260505-0
summary:
The Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (French: Comité permanent inter-État de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel, abbreviated as CILSS) is an international organization consisting of countries in the Sahel region of Africa. == Overview == According to the official homepage, the organization's mandate is to invest in research for food security and the fight against the effects of drought and desertification for a new ecological balance in the Sahel. The Sahel is a transition area between the very dry North and tropical forests on the coast. It mostly displays bushes, herbs and very small trees and does not offer regular harvests to its inhabitants. Main characteristics include: a very irregular and little predictable rainfall, from 200 mm to 2500 mm predominance of agriculture and husbandry. More than half of the inhabitants are farmers and agriculture contributes more than 40% to the GDP high demographic growth (around 3.1%) and high urban growth (around 7%) The CILSS was created in 1973 during the first great drought in the region with the aim of mobilizing the population in the Sahel and the international community to facilitate urgent need and the organization of works in various domains i.e. rainfed


id: prolinnova-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROLINNOVA-0.md
category: reference
title: PROLINNOVA
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROLINNOVA
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:05.334541+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prolinnova-20260505-0
summary:
Promoting Local innovation in ecologically oriented agriculture and NRM, known as PROLINNOVA, is an NGO-initiated international learning network to promote local innovation in ecologically oriented agriculture and Natural resource management. It is a "Global Partnership Programme" under the umbrella of the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR). The focus of PROLINNOVA is on recognising the dynamics of indigenous knowledge and enhancing capacities of farmers (including forest dwellers, pastoralists and fisherfolk) to adjust to change – to develop their own site-appropriate systems and institutions of resource management so as to gain food security, sustain their livelihoods and safeguard the environment. The essence of sustainability lies in the capacity to adapt. The programme builds on and scales up farmer-based approaches to development that start with discovering how farmers do informal experimentation to develop and test new ideas for better use of natural resources. Understanding the rationale behind local innovation transforms how research and extension agents view local people. This experience stimulates interest on both sides to enter into joint action. Local ideas are further developed in a participatory process that integrates IK and scientific knowledge. Joint action and analysis lead to mutual learning. There are 19 multi-stakeholder country platforms involved in the


id: regional-data-exchange-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Data_Exchange_System-0.md
category: reference
title: Regional Data Exchange System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Data_Exchange_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:06.607937+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: regional-data-exchange-system-20260505-0
summary:
The Regional Data Exchange System (RDES) was developed under the FAO/Japan project (GCP/RAS/184/JPN) as a web-based platform for the exchange and dissemination of food and agricultural statistics among APCAS (Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics) member countries. It included a web-based platform and database components, supporting data sharing, standardization, and access from March 2003. The system aimed to strengthen national capacity in statistical analysis and to support agricultural policy and planning. It was later enhanced through integration with CountrySTAT technology. == Database == RDES was designed to contribute to member nations' capacity building and policy analysis through the development of the food and agricultural statistical framework in APCAS (Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics) countries. It is especially expected to role-play the database on food and agricultural statistics for users, such as policy-makers, decision-makers, researchers, etc. === Time scale === The calendar year is recommended as time scale of the RDES, due to the difference of the crop year in each country. === Definitions === Definitions of the data should be FAO definitions. The unit of the crop production data are production (metric ton), area harvested (hectare), and yield (kilogram per hectare). === Data items === Most data


id: world-programme-for-the-census-of-agriculture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-0.md
category: reference
title: World Programme for the Census of Agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:07.886690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-programme-for-the-census-of-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
The World Programme for the Census of Agriculture (WCA) is an international programme led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) that supports the implementation of national censuses of agriculture on a 10-year basis through the use of standard concepts, definitions and methodology. The WCA was developed in the years 1929–1930 by the International Institute of Agriculture (IIA). Governments from many countries agreed to promote a coordinated implementation of censuses of agriculture around the world on a basis as uniform as possible. The WCA 1929–1930 constituted the first world census of agriculture round and was implemented in about 60 countries. The subsequent 1940 round could not be completed due to the onset of World War II. Following the dissolution of the IIA in 1946, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) took over the programme and launched in 1948 the WCA 1950 as well as the successive decennial programmes. Seven decennial rounds – in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 – have been promoted by FAO. The current WCA 2020 is the tenth decennial international census of agriculture round and covers the censuses of agriculture to be carried out by


id: world-programme-for-the-census-of-agriculture-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-1.md
category: reference
title: World Programme for the Census of Agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:07.886690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-programme-for-the-census-of-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
== Historical evolution of the WCA == Source: In the first two WCA rounds, 1930 and 1940, the IIA recommended a “standard form” for use by all countries referring to the same census period. At that time, there was a large gap in agricultural information. However, many countries found it difficult to conduct the census using a long questionnaire given the limited human and technological resources. Each subsequent programme was enriched with the experience of previous programmes from both the methodological and operational points of view. The WCA 1950, the first programme developed by FAO, brought forward the idea of collecting data on the structural characteristics of agriculture as the primary purpose of the census. This focus on the structural characteristics of agriculture still holds. The WCA 1950 recommended a short list of essential census items and an extended list with items of secondary importance. The 1950 programme also gave increased attention to the definitions of census items and the tabulation of internationally comparable results. The WCA 1960 accomplished a quantum jump in census methodology as it introduced the use of sampling methods in census, including post-enumeration surveys (PES). The option to use sampling methods increased the number of countries


id: world-programme-for-the-census-of-agriculture-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture-2.md
category: reference
title: World Programme for the Census of Agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:07.886690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-programme-for-the-census-of-agriculture-20260505-0
summary:
== Country participation and documentation by WCA round == A repository of documents and metadata for censuses of agriculture undertaken since the WCA 1980 is available here Archived 2023-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. The repository includes a short country profile of the methodology, coverage and main results, while a global review of agricultural censuses was published in early 2021. For the current decennial census round that ends in 2025, the WCA 2020, preliminary information is available here Archived 2023-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. In early 2020, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) conducted a mid-term review of the plans and progress of national censuses of agriculture in the 2020 round. == Database on agricultural census data == In 2022, FAO endowed FAOSTAT, the world's largest agricultural database, with a new domain that enables much easier comparison and assessment of trends over time of the agricultural structures of countries. == Census of agriculture microdata == Starting with the WCA 2010 round (2005–2015), some countries provided access to anonymized census microdata (e.g. Armenia Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cook Islands, Estonia, France, Indonesia, Italy, Rep. of Korea, Lao DPR, Nepal, Namibia, the Netherlands, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Poland, Portugal,


id: acad-mie-des-sciences-des-arts-des-cultures-d-afrique-et-des-diasporas-africaines-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:09.502495+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: acad-mie-des-sciences-des-arts-des-cultures-d-afrique-et-des-diasporas-africaines-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines-0.md

summary:
The Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines (ASCAD), created on 1 September 2003 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, is an African cultural institution whose objective is to contribute to the development and influence of science, arts, African culture and that of the African diaspora. It is also aimed at economic growth and social progress. Its members include scientists, philosophers, writers, artists and inventors. The ASCAD has assumed the membership of the Fédération des Associations Scientfiiques de Côte d'Ivoire, a predecessor body Associate of International Council for Science (ICSU) since 1992. == Organisation == The ASCAD is divided into several fields, each with a secretary: exact sciences, natural science, social science, legal science and art. It is, administratively, attached to the Ivorian Presidency. == Research Prize and scholarships == Since 2011, ASCAD has been running a contest each year, with the winner receiving the "ASCAD Award of Excellence for Research" with a cash prize. In 2013, the first edition of the ASCAD Research Scholarships was launched. These scholarships are intended for those of scientific, cultural or artistic activities on national strategic interest. == Successive presidents == Harris Memel-Fotê, from August 19, 2004 to May 11, 2008;

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d'Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines


id: international-academy-of-the-history-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: International Academy of the History of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_the_History_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:10.861297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-academy-of-the-history-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The International Academy of the History of Science (French: Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences) is a membership organization for historians of science. The Academy was founded on 17 August 1928 at the Congress of Historical Science by Aldo Mieli, Abel Rey, George Sarton, Henry E. Sigerist, Charles Singer, Karl Sudhoff, and Lynn Thorndike. == Publications == Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, formerly Archivio di storia della scienza and then Archeion, is an international academic journal of the history of science now published by the International Academy of the History of Science. The journal is published twice yearly and its chief editor, since 2018, is Michela Malpangotto. The content is published in six languages: English, French, Italian, German, Russian, and Spanish. Issues are distributed in print and online by Brepols. The journal was founded as Archivio di storia della scienza by Aldo Mieli in 1919, renamed Archeion in 1927, and edited by Mieli from its founding in 1919 until its closure, due to wartime political pressures on Mieli, in 1943. The journal was revived in 1947 as Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences. Its early history was notable for its commitment to political internationalism and for its role in the establishment of


id: african-society-for-bioinformatics-and-computational-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:12.127799+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-society-for-bioinformatics-and-computational-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (ASBCB) is a non-profit professional association dedicated to the advancement of bioinformatics and computational biology in Africa. == Origins == ASBCB was established in February 2004 at a meeting in Cape Town, South Africa. == Activities == The Society serves as an international forum and resource devoted to developing competence and expertise in bioinformatics and computational biology in Africa. It complements its activities with those of other international and national societies, associations and institutions, public and private, that have similar aims. It also promotes the standing of African bioinformatics and computational biology in the global arena through liaison and cooperation with other international bodies. === Affiliation === It is an affiliated regional group of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). === Supporting national activities === The ASBCB supports the development of bioiniformatics and computational biology at a national level across Africa, including in Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe. === International projects === Many of the most important applications of bioininformatics and computational biology in Africa relate to human genetic diversity, which does not match national boundaries. The ASBCB supports international projects with this focus, such as the H3ABioNet network. Although


id: angiosperm-phylogeny-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: angiosperm-phylogeny-group-20260505-0
summary:
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor). APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system. == Angiosperm classification and the APG == In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of systems (see List of systems of plant taxonomy). Different systems and their updates were generally favoured in different countries. Examples are the Engler system in continental Europe, the Bentham & Hooker system in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by Kew), the Takhtajan system in the former Soviet Union and countries within


id: angiosperm-phylogeny-group-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-1.md
category: reference
title: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: angiosperm-phylogeny-group-20260505-0
summary:
The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The paper explained the authors' view that there is a need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above, but that existing classifications were "outdated". The main reason why existing systems were rejected was because they were not phylogenetic, i.e. not based on strictly monophyletic groups (groups which consist of all descendants of a common ancestor). An ordinal classification of flowering plant families was proposed as a "reference tool of broad utility". The broad approach adopted to defining the limits of orders resulted in the recognition of 40 orders, compared to, for example, 232 in Takhtajan's 1997 classification. In 1998 only a handful of families had been adequately studied, but the primary aim was to obtain a consensus on the naming of higher orders. Such a consensus proved relatively easy to achieve but the resultant tree was highly unresolved. That is, while the relationship of orders was established, their composition was not. Other features of the proposed classification included: Formal, scientific names are not used above the level


id: angiosperm-phylogeny-group-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-2.md
category: reference
title: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:13.405150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: angiosperm-phylogeny-group-20260505-0
summary:
In the development of a fourth version there was some controversy over the methodology, and the development of a consensus proved more difficult than in previous iterations. In particular Peter Stevens questioned the validity of discussions regarding family delimitation in the absence of changes of phylogenetic relationships. Further progress was made by the use of large banks of genes, including those of plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal origin, such as that of Douglas Soltis and colleagues (2011). The fourth version was finally published in 2016. It arose from an international conference hosted at the Royal Botanical Gardens in September 2015 and also an online survey of botanists and other users. The broad outline of the system remains unchanged but several new orders are included (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), some new families are recognised (Kewaceae, Macarthuriaceae, Maundiaceae, Mazaceae, Microteaceae, Nyssaceae, Peraceae, Petenaeaceae and Petiveriaceae) and some previously recognised families are lumped (Aristolochiaceae now includes Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Restionaceae now re-includes Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; and Buxaceae now includes Haptanthaceae). Due to nomenclatural issues, the family name Asphodelaceae is used instead of Xanthorrhoeaceae, and Francoaceae is used instead of Melianthaceae (and now also includes Vivianiaceae). This brings the total number of


id: aoac-international-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International-0.md
category: reference
title: AOAC International
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOAC_International
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:14.633210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aoac-international-20260505-0
summary:
AOAC International is a 501(c) non-profit scientific association with headquarters in Rockville, Maryland. It was founded in 1884 as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) and became AOAC International in 1991. It publishes standardized, chemical analysis methods designed to increase confidence in the results of chemical and microbiological analyses. Government agencies and civil organizations often require that laboratories use official AOAC methods. AOAC is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, and has approximately 3,000 members based in over 90 countries. == History == AOAC International, informally AOAC, was founded September 8, 1884, as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), to establish uniform chemical analysis methods for analyzing fertilizers. In 1927, it was moved to the newly formed Food, Drug and Insecticide organization which become the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. From its initial scope of analyzing fertilizer, the organization expanded the contents of its methods book to cover dairy products, pesticides, microbiological contamination and animal feeds, among others. In 1965, due to its increasing area of focus for analytical work, the name was changed to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The name was changed again to the Association of Analytical


id: arab-regional-centre-for-world-heritage-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage-0.md
category: reference
title: Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:15.846334+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arab-regional-centre-for-world-heritage-20260505-0
summary:
The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage (French: centre régional arabe pour le patrimoine mondial; Arabic: المركز الإقليمي العربي للتراث العالمي) is a Category 2 Centre under the auspices of UNESCO. It was founded as an autonomous and independent Bahraini public institution in 2010. The ARC-WH purpose is to reinforce the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region, by enhancing the knowledge of it, promoting the Operational Guidelines and the cooperating among the States Parties of the Arab States region. ARC-WH is meant to respond to the provisions of the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List is also intended to assist the implementation of the Global Training Strategy for World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Helsinki, 2001). ARC-WH has 19 member States: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. The main objective of ARC-WH is to assist States Parties in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Arab States region along three main major axes : information, assistance, logistical & financial. == History == The Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage was


id: asia-pacific-network-of-science-and-technology-centres-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres-0.md
category: reference
title: Asia Pacific Network of Science and Technology Centres
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:17.122125+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: asia-pacific-network-of-science-and-technology-centres-20260505-0
summary:
The Asia Pacific Network of Science & Technology Centres (ASPAC), is a not-for-profit association initiated in 1997. It was formed to facilitate communication and cooperation among Science Centres and Museums and other organisations that use interactive approaches for learning and public understanding of science and technology in the Asia-Pacific region. The network hosts annual conferences where members exchange the latest updates on science exhibitions, educational advancements, and upcoming events. ASPAC has over 50 members from 20 countries (2022). Members include different forms of organisations, like science centres, science museums, children’s museums, exhibit design and fabrication firms. == See also == List of science centers == References == == External links == ASPAC website


id: asia-oceania-top-university-league-on-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Asia-Oceania Top University League on Engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Oceania_Top_University_League_on_Engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:18.345455+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: asia-oceania-top-university-league-on-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The Asia-Oceania Top University League on Engineering (abbreviated AOTULE, pronounced "our tool") is a league consisting of 13 engineering faculties within Asia and Oceania universities. AOTULE's mission is to improve the quality of its member's educational programs and promote research activity among members primarily through exchange of information between deans, faculty members and administration staff at its annual meeting. It also organizes graduate student research exchange programs and conferences where graduate students present their latest research results in an interdisciplinary format. == History == The seeds for forming AOTULE began in 2006 with discussions between senior engineering faculty at Tokyo Institute of Technology and Monash University. to promote graduate engineering student mobility within Asia and Oceania universities similar to the ERASMUS+ program offered by EU universities that is funded by the European commission. AOTULE was subsequently founded in 2007 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, by holding its inaugural meeting where participating Engineering Deans signed a memorandum of understanding. Each Fall since 2007, an AOTULE member has organized and hosted the annual AOTULE student conference, administration staff and Dean's meeting as noted below. == Student research exchanges and overseas visits == To promote student mobility, AOTULE members organize intra-AOTULE student


id: association-for-chemoreception-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Chemoreception Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Chemoreception_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:19.599171+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-chemoreception-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Chemoreception Sciences is an international professional society in the field of chemosensory science. It is a non-profit organization that seeks to promote and advance the interests of the science of senses such as taste and smell. In order to do this, it holds an annual meeting that is a scientific forum for the research community and also provides outreach to the public about olfaction (smell), gustation (taste) and chemesthesis (trigeminal chemosensation). The association was founded in 1978 by Maxwell M. Mozell, a neuroscientist at the State University of New York, with the help of a grant from the National Science Foundation. The first research meeting was held in Sarasota, Florida, in April 1979. Officers elected at the first meeting included Linda Bartoshuk, Rose Marie Pangborn and Gary Beauchamp. A meeting is held in April of each year that is attended by an international cohort of physicians and scientists. This annual meeting consists of presentations on olfaction, gustation, and chemesthesis, as well as workshops sponsored by the National Institute of Health. Commercial exhibitors also attend the event. The organization has enjoyed strong support from the National Institute on Deafness and Communicative Disorders. and its director. In collaboration with


id: international-association-for-engineering-geology-and-the-environment-20260505-0
category: reference
title: International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:21.812841+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-engineering-geology-and-the-environment-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-0.md

summary:
The International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG) (French: Association Internationale de Géologie de I'lngénieur et de l'Environnement), formerly International Association for Engineering Geology, is an international scientific society that was founded in 1964. It is affiliated with the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and has 3,798 members spread across 59 national groups around the world. The association operates with three goals in mind: encourage the advancement of engineering geology; improve teaching and training within the field; and work globally to collect, evaluate, and disseminate the results of geological engineering activities. Together with Springer Science+Business Media, it publishes the Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. The first president of the IAEG was Asher Shadmon, who held the office from 1964 to 1968. The current president is Rafig Azzam from Aachen University of Technology. Every two years, the IAEG awards the Hans Cloos medal to an engineering geologist of outstanding merit. Every four years, the IAEG organizes an international congress, during which a general meeting of the association takes place, and the board for the subsequent four years is elected. The XII IAEG Congress was held in Turin (Italy) in September 2014. The XIII IAEG Congress will


id: international-association-for-engineering-geology-and-the-environment-20260505-1
category: reference
title: International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:21.812841+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-engineering-geology-and-the-environment-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-1.md

summary:
=== The first general assembly === The input from the Czechoslovak engineering geologists had been noticeable in the first years, especially that of Quido Záruba and Jaroslav Pasek. They were together responsible for organizing a section on engineering geology at the XXIII International Geological Congress (IGC) in Prague in 1968, at which they shared the aims of the IAEG. They also organised the first scientific symposium of the IAEG in Brno (Czechoslovakia), from 26 to 27 April 1968 and a second symposium during the IGC on "Engineering geology and land planning". The first general assembly was held on 23 August 1968 in Prague during the XXIII IGC. At the time of the congress, the country was deeply affected by the movement of soviet troops. Nevertheless, the general assembly went ahead, the statutes were ratified and an executive committee was elected for a period of four years to replace the provisional committee. The new committee was composed as follows: Quido Záruba (Czechoslovakia), President; Marcel Arnould (France), Secretary General; G. Champetier de Ribes (France), Treasurer; Asher Shadmon (Israel), Past President; L. Calembert (Belgium), Vice-president for Europe; L. Cluff (USA), Vice-president for North America; M.D. Ruiz (Brazil), Vice-president for South America; L. Oborn


id: international-association-for-engineering-geology-and-the-environment-20260505-2
category: reference
title: International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:21.812841+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-for-engineering-geology-and-the-environment-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment-2.md

summary:
=== European regional conferences === 2004 Liège, 1st European regional conference, "Professional practices and engineering geological methods" 2008 Madrid, 2nd European regional conference, "Cities and their underground environment" 2021 Athens, 3rd European regional conference, "Leading to Innovative Engineering Geology Practices" === Asian regional conferences === 1997 Tokyo, 1st Asian regional conference, "Dam geology" 1999 Bangi, 2nd Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology: Planning for sustainable development" 2001 Yogyakarta, 3rd Asian regional conference, "Natural resources management for regional development in tropical area" 2004 Hong Kong, 4th Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology for sustainable development in mountainous areas" 2005 Kathmandu, 5th Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology, hydrology, and natural disasters" 2007 Seoul, 6th Asian regional conference, "Geohazard in engineering geology" 2009 Chengdu, 7th Asian regional conference, "Geological engineering problems in major construction projects" 2011 Bangalore, 8th Asian regional conference, "Underground space technology" 2013 Beijing, 9th Asian regional conference, "Global view of engineering geology and the environment" 2015 Kyoto, 10th Asian regional conference, "Geohazards and engineering geology" 2017 Kathmandu, 11th Asian regional conference, "Engineering geology for geodisaster management' 2019 Jeju, 12th Asian regional conference === South American regional conferences === 2022 Argentina, 1st South American regional conference 2024 Chile, 2nd South American regional conference


id: association-for-the-scientific-study-of-consciousness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:23.067045+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-the-scientific-study-of-consciousness-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC) is an American nonprofit organization for professional membership that aims to encourage research on consciousness in cognitive science, neuroscience, philosophy, and other relevant disciplines. The association aims to advance research about the nature, function, and underlying mechanisms of consciousness. == History == The organization was created in 1994 in Berkeley. The original aim of the organization was to act as a framework by which the international academic community could generate meetings devoted to the academic study of consciousness. The original founding members included Bernard Baars, William Banks, George Buckner, David Chalmers, Stanley Klein, Bruce Mangan, Thomas Metzinger, David Rosenthal, and Patrick Wilken. Since 1994, the organization has put on eleven meetings and assumed many other activities, including an e-print archive and an online journal Psyche. However, the Psyche journal is no longer active. == Activities == Since 1997, the ASSC has organized annual conferences to promote interaction and spread knowledge of scientific and philosophical advances in the field of consciousness research. In addition to organizing annual meetings, the association promotes the academic study of consciousness in a number of other ways: The official journal of the society is the open-access journal


id: association-of-applied-geochemists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Applied Geochemists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Applied_Geochemists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:24.342292+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-applied-geochemists-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Applied Geochemists (AAG) is an international society that seeks to advance the study and application of geochemistry and represents scientists working in that field. == History == The society was founded in 1970 as the Association of Exploration Geochemists. == Membership == Members of the society are required to have worked in geochemistry for at least two years at the time of application; student members are admitted if they are enrolled in courses recognised by the Association. To become a voting member, or fellow, members must satisfy the society that they have adequate training and experience in the field. Membership in the society has been used to measure total numbers of working geochemists. == Activities == === Symposia === The Association organizes a series of biennial International Applied Geochemistry Symposia (titled the International Geochemical Exploration Symposium until 2005), held recently in Oviedo, Spain, and Perth, Australia. === Publications === Shortly after its inauguration the society began publishing the Journal of Exploration Geochemistry in 1972. Today the society's flagship journal is Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, co-published with the Geological Society of London. The journal covers fields relating to the application of geochemistry to the exploration and study of


id: international-association-of-cryospheric-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Cryospheric_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Association of Cryospheric Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Cryospheric_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:25.604707+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-association-of-cryospheric-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) is the eighth association of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). It was launched by the IUGG Council on 4 July 2007, developing from the International Commission of Snow and Ice of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) via the transitional Union Commission for the Cryospheric Sciences (UCCS). Formation of this new Association is recognition of the importance of the cryospheric sciences in the study of Earth System Science, and particularly at a time of significant global change. IACS has historic connections going back to the establishment of the Commission Internationale des Glaciers (International Glacier Commission) in 1894. The broad objectives of IACS are: to promote studies of the cryosphere; to encourage research on cryospheric sciences through collaboration; to foster discussion and publication of results of cryospheric research; to promote education about the cryosphere; to facilitate standardisation of cryospheric measurements; and to promote the science of Permanent Services under IACS responsibility (at present IACS has responsibility within the International Council of Science for the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS)). IACS is structured around a number of disciplinary Divisions. Currently these are: Snow and Avalanches; Glaciers; Ice Sheets; Sea Ice, Lake


id: association-of-european-operational-research-societies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of European Operational Research Societies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Operational_Research_Societies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:26.832563+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-european-operational-research-societies-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) is a regional grouping within the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) whose aim is to promote Operational Research throughout Europe. It was established in 1975. The First European Conference on Operational Research (EURO I), was opened on the morning of 27 January 1975 at the Sheraton Hotel in Brussels. == Overview == EURO is a nonprofit organization domiciled in Switzerland and is a member of Union of International Associations. EURO aims at the advancement of knowledge, interest and education in Operational Research by appropriate means, particularly by the exchange of information, the holding of meetings and conferences, the publication of books, papers, and journals, the awarding of prizes, and the promotion of early stage talents. The members of EURO are national Operational Research Societies which are full members of International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS). Its affairs are regulated by a Council consisting of representatives of all its members and an executive committee which constitutes its board of directors. The EURO statutes were first signed on 18th June 1976. The current EURO member societies are: == Activities == EURO publishes scholarly journals and books about operational research, and organizes


id: association-of-international-research-and-development-centers-for-agriculture-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:28.120178+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-international-research-and-development-centers-for-agriculture-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture-0.md

summary:
The Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA) is an international, non-profit alliance focused on increasing food security by supporting smallholder agriculture and rural enterprise within healthy, sustainable and climate-smart landscapes. == Overview and focus == AIRCA unites six international agricultural research and development centers which focus on a diverse mix of commodities, crops and issues including tropical agriculture, vegetable production, bamboo and rattan, insect pests, fertilizer use, underutilized crops, biosaline agriculture and sustainable development in mountains. The members of AIRCA address sustainable agriculture and the environment at the landscape level. The centers create solutions that take into account the diversity of interactions among people and the environment, agricultural and non-agricultural systems, the crossing of national boundaries and other factors that represent the entire context of agriculture. AIRCA members serve more than 60 countries comprising over 70% of the world’s population from across the Americas, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. The broad alliance has collective access to a wide variety of crops and ecosystems. The combined resources of AIRCA can be used to achieve 10 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015. == Relationship to CGIAR and FAO == AIRCA

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Research_and_Development_Centers_for_Agriculture


id: association-of-polar-early-career-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Polar Early Career Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:29.470612+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-polar-early-career-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) is a worldwide association of early career scientists (undergraduate and graduate students, postdocs, and early career faculty) interested in the polar regions and the cryosphere generally. Its mission is to raise the profile of polar scientists by providing a continuum of leadership that is both internationally and interdisciplinarily focused, and to stimulate collaborative projects. Several countries (Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) have their own APECS chapters that focus on the needs and ideas of scholars country-wise. The APECS website serves as the main contact point for APECS members and provides forums for sharing news, connecting with other polar researchers, finding jobs, and announcing events relevant to polar research. APECS is an endorsed International Polar Year (IPY) project and is considered one of the major legacies of IPY. == History and motivation == A crucial event in the formation of APECS was a meeting in Sånga Säby, Sweden, in September 2007. This meeting saw founders and members representatives of two key initiatives combine together under the name of APECS: the International Polar Year Youth


id: association-of-polar-early-career-scientists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists-1.md
category: reference
title: Association of Polar Early Career Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:29.470612+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-polar-early-career-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2008-Present === The Executive Committee and Director were charged with establishing APECS as an organization over the next 6–12 months. A report of activities in this period was made at the online APECS Council Meeting, 21 May 2008. Key progress included forming an international Advisory Committee of senior researchers and science administrators to provide guidance and support. A website was developed by in kind support from Iceland-based Arctic Portal through the generous support of director Halldór Jóhannsson. The website was established as a virtual home of APECS and amongst other features, includes study and job opportunities, meetings, news updates, and a discussion forum. The executive committee met in March 2008 in Akureyri, Iceland to address strategic planning for APECS and draft the documents that will help sustain this organization for year to come: the Terms of Reference and the Rules of Procedure. This meeting was coordinated by Halldór Jóhannsson and supported by the University of Akureyri, Northern Research Forum and the Arctic Portal. The ROP and TOR included a revision from the interim APECS structure to an open Council who elect an Executive Committee. The Council controls issues related to APECS governance and structure, and is expected to act


id: association-of-science-and-technology-centers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Science_and_Technology_Centers-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Science and Technology Centers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Science_and_Technology_Centers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:49.759735+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-science-and-technology-centers-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Science and Technology Centers (ASTC) is a non-profit, global organization based in Washington, D.C., in the United States, that provides professional support for science centers, museums, and related institutions. ASTC's goal is to increase awareness of the contributions its members make to their communities and the field of informal STEM learning. Founded in 1973, ASTC represents nearly 700 members in almost 50 countries, including not only science centers and museums, but also nature centers, aquariums, planetariums, zoos, botanical gardens, and natural history and children's museums, as well as companies, consultants, and other organizations that share an interest in informal science education. == Member programs == === Passport Program === ASTC member institutions can participate in ASTC's Passport Program, allowing members of participating institutions to visit other participating institutions for free, provided the member is visiting an institution more than 90 miles from their home institution. More than 300 institutions in over a dozen countries participate in the Passport Program. === Annual conference === Each year, nearly 2,000 individuals representing science centers and museums from across the world, informal science educators, and companies collaborating with the museum field gather for ASTC's annual conference. === Professional development === ASTC


id: association-of-systematics-collections-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Systematics_Collections-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Systematics Collections
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Systematics_Collections
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:51.045373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-systematics-collections-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Systematics Collections (ASC) was "an international, non-profit organization of institutions that maintain biological collections." Founded in 1972, it was eventually subsumed by the Natural Science Collections Alliance. While active, this society held annual meetings, published a bimonthly newsletter, and published numerous reports on natural history collections and database management. == References ==


id: astronet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronet-0.md
category: reference
title: Astronet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:52.390997+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: astronet-20260505-0
summary:
Astronet is a consortium of European funding agencies and research organizations established to coordinate long-term strategic planning for the advancement of astronomy in Europe. The consortium was launched in 2005 to align infrastructure and policy development across Europe through a shared science vision and roadmap. Initially funded as a European Research Area Network (ERA-NET) supported by the European Commission, Astronet became a self-sustaining collaboration after 2015. It includes major organisations such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Southern Observatory (ESO), and the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO). Its first Science Vision was published in 2007. This was followed by an Infrastructure Roadmap in 2008. These documents helped inform major projects like the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). A more recent roadmap, published in 2022, sets strategic goals for European astronomy through 2035, highlighting projects such as the Einstein Telescope and the European Solar Telescope. == History == In 2005, European funding agencies, along with ESA and ESO, launched the Astronet programme to coordinate astronomy development across Europe. Funded by an ERA-NET contract from the European Commission, its goal was to create a 20-year strategic plan, modeled on the U.S. decadal surveys, through a


id: australian-national-commission-for-unesco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Commission_for_UNESCO-0.md
category: reference
title: Australian National Commission for UNESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Commission_for_UNESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:53.841667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-national-commission-for-unesco-20260505-0
summary:
The Australian National Commission for UNESCO was established under Section 7 of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Act, 1947 (Cwlth) and is the Australian government organisation responsible for advising on the implementation of UNESCO policies and programmes in Australia and for advising on Australia's involvement with UNESCO. The Commission comprises a Secretariat and a total of seven (7) commissioners, along with two parliamentary representatives and a number of ex officio members. It is chaired by Kylie Walker, who is also CEO of Science & Technology Australia. It operates under the Charter of the Australian National Commission for UNESCO, a statutory instrument pursuant to Section 7 the above legislation. As peace education is fundamental to the mission of UNESCO, so too advising on the promotion and advancement of peace education in Australia is central to the role of the Australian National Commission for UNESCO. == Further reading == James Page. 2002. 'The Australian National Commission for Unesco: Some Proposals for Reform'. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 61(3): 106-112; available on-line at http://eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00003578/ (Abstract) and http://eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00003578/01/3578.pdf (Article). == External links == Australian National Commission for UNESCO website Australian National Commission for UNESCO page at DFAT website List of Australian


id: behavior-genetics-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_Genetics_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Behavior Genetics Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_Genetics_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:55.226553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: behavior-genetics-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Behavior Genetics Association (BGA) is a learned society established in 1970 that promotes research into the connections between heredity and behavior, both human and animal. Its members support education and training in behavior genetics and publish Behavior Genetics, a journal on the topic. == Aims == According to the association, its goals are "to promote scientific study of the interrelationship of genetic mechanisms and behavior, both human and animal; to encourage and aid the education and training of research workers in the field of behavior genetics; and to aid in the dissemination and interpretation to the general public of knowledge concerning the interrelationship of genetics and behavior, and its implications for health and human development and education." To further these goals, the society organizes an annual meeting and publishes the scientific journal Behavior Genetics. The annual meeting is held in a different location every year. == Membership == The society has three classes of members: Regular consisting of persons who teach or perform research related to behavioral genetics, Associate Members – students in good standing at a recognized college or university and retired members. Members receive a complimentary subscription to the society's journal as well as discounted registration rates


id: campbell-collaboration-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Collaboration-0.md
category: reference
title: Campbell Collaboration
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Collaboration
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:56.584681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campbell-collaboration-20260505-0
summary:
The Campbell Collaboration is a non-profit organisation that promotes evidence-based decisions and policy through the production of systematic reviews and other types of evidence synthesis. Campbell is composed of coordinating groups that coordinate the production of systematic reviews and evidence gap maps in the following areas: Ageing, Business & Management, Children & Young Persons Wellbeing, Climate Solutions, Crime & Justice, Disability, Education, Sustainable Development, Knowledge Translation & Implementation, Methods and Social Welfare. It is a sister initiative of Cochrane. The CEO is Will Moy, who was formerly Chief Executive of Full Fact. The current president of the board of directors is David Myers, former CEO of the American Institutes for Research. Campbell reviews are published in Campbell Systematic Reviews, an open access journal committed to publishing systematic reviews as well as methods research papers, and evidence and gap maps. The Editor-In-Chief is Vivian Welch from the University of Ottawa. == History == The Campbell Collaboration was created as a result of a perceived need for an organization that would produce reviews of the evidence on the effectiveness of social interventions. An exploratory meeting in London in 1999 led to the establishment of the Campbell Collaboration in 2000 and an inaugural


id: chemists-without-borders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemists_Without_Borders-0.md
category: reference
title: Chemists Without Borders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemists_Without_Borders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:57.821320+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chemists-without-borders-20260505-0
summary:
Chemists Without Borders is a non-governmental organization involved in international development work designed to solve humanitarian problems through chemistry and related activities. As a public benefit, non-profit organization, the primary goals of Chemists Without Borders include: providing affordable medicines and vaccines to those who need them most providing clean water through water purification technologies supporting sustainable energy technologies encouraging open access to scholarly chemistry research articles throughout the world advocating a better understanding of chemistry through education Chemists Without Borders was founded in 2004 by Bego Gerber and Steve Chambreau as a result of a letter that Gerber sent to the editor of Chemical and Engineering News in September 2004. == See also == Appropriate technology == External links == Official website


id: cipa-heritage-documentation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIPA_Heritage_Documentation-0.md
category: reference
title: CIPA Heritage Documentation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIPA_Heritage_Documentation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:21:59.106353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cipa-heritage-documentation-20260505-0
summary:
CIPA is an International Scientific Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites. Founded in 1968, it is one of the oldest. The CIPA was established jointly with the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing to facilitate the transfer of technology from the measurement sciences into the heritage documentation and recording disciplines. The acronym originally stood for the Comité International de Photogrammétrie Architecturale (English: International Committee on Architectural Photogrammetry), but was changed to CIPA Heritage Documentation in recognition of the full scope of its activities. CIPA Heritage Documentation is now an organization that endeavours to transfer technology from the measurement and visualisation sciences to the disciplines of cultural heritage recording, conservation and documentation. It acts as a bridge between the producers of heritage documentation, and the users of this information. Its mission is to encourage the development of principles and practices for the recording, documentation and information management for all aspects of cultural heritage; and to support and encourage the development of specialized tools and techniques in support of these activities. == Specialisations of CIPA == The activities of the Working Groups and Task Groups are only part of the CIPA contribution to ICOMOS and ISPRS. Many of


id: coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Disaster_Resilient_Infrastructure-0.md
category: reference
title: Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Disaster_Resilient_Infrastructure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:00.412407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure-20260505-0
summary:
The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) is an international coalition of countries, United Nations (UN) agencies, multilateral development banks, the private sector, and academic institutions, that aims to promote disaster-resilient infrastructure. Its objective is to promote research and knowledge sharing in the fields of infrastructure risk management, standards, financing, and recovery mechanisms. It was launched by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit in September 2019. CDRI's initial focus is on developing disaster-resilience in ecological, social, and economic infrastructure. It aims to achieve substantial changes in Member Countries' policy frameworks and future infrastructure investments, along with a major reduction in the economic losses suffered due to disasters. As of 2025, the CDRI has 60 Members, including 50 Member Countries and ten Member Organizations. == History == CDRI was first proposed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the 2016 Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi. Prime Minister Modi's "experience in dealing with the aftermath of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake" as the State's Chief Minister led him to the idea. CDRI was later conceptualised at the first and second editions of the International Workshop on Disaster Resilient


id: cochrane-organisation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)-0.md
category: reference
title: Cochrane (organisation)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:01.798839+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cochrane-organisation-20260505-0
summary:
Cochrane is a British international charitable organisation formed to synthesize medical research findings to facilitate evidence-based choices about health interventions involving health professionals, patients and policy makers. It includes 53 review groups that are based at research institutions worldwide. Cochrane has over 37,000 volunteer experts from around the world. The group conducts systematic reviews of healthcare interventions and diagnostic tests and publishes them in the Cochrane Library. While Cochrane reviews typically focus on randomized controlled trials, some reviews, particularly in areas such as public and occupational health, also incorporate other study designs. These may include non-randomised observational studies as well as controlled before–after (CBA) studies and interrupted time-series studies. According to the Library, articles are available via one-click access, though some may require registration or a subscription. == Structure == The Cochrane Collaboration is a charity registered in the UK. The trustees for the charity are the members of its Governing Board, elected by members. David Sackett was the organisation's first chair. That position is currently held by Susan Phillips. == History == Cochrane, previously known as the Cochrane Collaboration, was founded in 1993 under the leadership of Iain Chalmers. It was developed in response to Archie Cochrane's call for


id: cochrane-organisation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)-1.md
category: reference
title: Cochrane (organisation)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:01.798839+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cochrane-organisation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Funding partners === Cochrane receives funding from governments, supranational organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, hospitals, and foundations, while avoiding funding from corporate interests. Primary government donors include the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), the Danish Health Authority, the Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Academic funders include McMaster University, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Kazan Federal University, and University of Copenhagen, among others. Funding from foundations includes the National Research Foundation (South Africa) and the Gerber Foundation. == Public involvement == Cochrane involves patients and the public via community curation, to produce systematic reviews and other outputs. Tasks can be organised as 'entry level' or higher. Tasks include: Joining a collaborative volunteer effort to help categorise and summarise healthcare evidence Data extraction and risk of bias assessment Translation of reviews into other languages A recent systematic review of how people were involved in systematic reviews aimed to document the evidence-base relating to stakeholder involvement in systematic reviews and to use this evidence to describe how stakeholders have been involved in systematic reviews. Thirty per cent involved patients and/or carers. While there has been some criticism of how Cochrane prioritises


id: collaborative-group-on-hormonal-factors-in-breast-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_Group_on_Hormonal_Factors_in_Breast_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_Group_on_Hormonal_Factors_in_Breast_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:03.030459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaborative-group-on-hormonal-factors-in-breast-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (CGHFBC) is a group of scientific researchers who conduct meta-analyses of the worldwide epidemiological evidence on risk factors for breast cancer in women. It formed in 1992. Their earliest publications were a 1996 meta-analysis of 54 studies on hormonal birth control and breast cancer risk and a 1997 meta-analysis of 51 studies on menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk. One of their recent publications was a 2019 meta-analysis of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk based on type and timing of therapy. In 2012, the group concluded in a meta-analysis of 117 studies that the incidence of breast cancer was increased by each year younger at menarche and each year older at menopause. == References ==


id: commission-on-isotopic-abundances-and-atomic-weights-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights-0.md
category: reference
title: Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:04.346373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: commission-on-isotopic-abundances-and-atomic-weights-20260505-0
summary:
The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) is an international scientific committee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) under its Division of Inorganic Chemistry. Since 1899, it is entrusted with periodic critical evaluation of atomic weights of chemical elements and other cognate data, such as the isotopic composition of elements. The biennial CIAAW Standard Atomic Weights are accepted as the authoritative source in science and appear worldwide on the periodic table wall charts. The use of CIAAW Standard Atomic Weights is also required legally, for example, in calculation of calorific value of natural gas (ISO 6976:1995), or in gravimetric preparation of primary reference standards in gas analysis (ISO 6142:2006). In addition, until 2019 the definition of the Kelvin, the SI unit for thermodynamic temperature, made direct reference to the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen as recommended by CIAAW. The latest CIAAW report was published in May 2022. == Establishment == Although the atomic weight had taken on the concept of a constant of nature like the speed of light, the lack of agreement on accepted values created difficulties in trade. Quantities measured by chemical analysis were not being translated into weights in the


id: commission-on-isotopic-abundances-and-atomic-weights-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights-1.md
category: reference
title: Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:04.346373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: commission-on-isotopic-abundances-and-atomic-weights-20260505-0
summary:
=== Uncertainty of the atomic weights === In the early 20th century, measurements of the atomic weight of lead showed significant variations depending on the origin of the sample. These differences were considered to be an exception attributed to lead isotopes being products of the natural radioactive decay chains of uranium. In 1930s, however, Malcolm Dole reported that the atomic weight of oxygen in air was slightly different from that in water. Soon thereafter, Alfred Nier reported natural variation in the isotopic composition of carbon. It was becoming clear that atomic weights are not constants of nature. At the Commission’s meeting in 1951, it was recognized that the isotopic-abundance variation of sulfur had a significant effect on the internationally accepted value of an atomic weight. In order to indicate the span of atomic-weight values that may apply to sulfur from different natural sources, the uncertainty ±0.003 was attached to the atomic weight of sulfur. By 1969, the Commission had assigned uncertainties to all atomic-weight values. === Interval notation === At its meeting in 2009 in Vienna, the Commission decided to express the standard atomic weight of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and other elements in a manner that clearly indicates that the


id: committee-for-international-cooperation-in-national-research-in-demography-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:05.658910+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: committee-for-international-cooperation-in-national-research-in-demography-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_International_Cooperation_in_National_Research_in_Demography-0.md

summary:
The Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography, commonly known as CICRED, is a non-governmental organization accredited with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. Founded in 1972, it aims at developing cooperation amongst national population research centres, and encouraging new research. It serves as a platform for interaction between research centres and international organizations, such as United Nations Population Division, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). CICRED was run from its creation up to 1990 by Jean Bourgeois-Pichat, followed by Léon Tabah and then Philippe Collomb. Christophe Z Guilmoto became the new director in 2005. CICRED elected Francis Gendreau as its first Council Chair in 1993 and Gavin Jones in 2001. CICRED today is an association of more than 700 research organizations dealing with population issues, from national statistical bureaux to research departments in demography. Its office is located in Paris in the premises of INED. The CICRED General Assembly consisting of the representatives of the member centres meets every four years during the IUSSP International Population Conference. The CICRED Council consists of seven members elected for four years by the members, three ex officio members

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_International_Cooperation_in_National_Research_in_Demography


id: committee-on-earth-observation-satellites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites-0.md
category: reference
title: Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:06.998729+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: committee-on-earth-observation-satellites-20260505-0
summary:
The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) is an international coordination body established in 1984 to facilitate cooperation among space agencies operating Earth observation satellite systems. CEOS consists of 35 member organisations (operating or planning Earth observation satellites) alongside 32 associate organisations. Membership across both categories spans over 35 countries, as well as numerous intergovernmental organisations. While membership is restricted to national or international organisations; non-members may participate in thematic and technical activities. Commercial, academic and non-governmental organisations participate in Working Groups and Virtual Constellations. == Background == CEOS was established in September 1984 in response to a recommendation from a Panel of Experts on Remote Sensing from Space and set up under the aegis of the G7 Economic Summit of Industrial Nations Working Group on Growth, Technology, and Employment. This Panel recognized the multidisciplinary nature of space-based Earth observations and the value of coordinating international Earth observation efforts to benefit society. == Mission == The stated mission of CEOS is to coordinate civil space-based Earth observation programmes internationally and to promote the exchange of data in support of societal and environmental decision-making. In October 2024, during its 40th anniversary plenary in Montreal, CEOS adopted the Montreal Statement, reaffirming organisational


id: committee-on-space-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Committee on Space Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:08.342879+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: committee-on-space-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established on October 3, 1958 by the International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU) and its first chair was Hildegard Korf Kallmann-Bijl. Among COSPAR's objectives are the promotion of scientific research in space on an international level, with emphasis on the free exchange of results, information, and opinions, and providing a forum, open to all scientists, for the discussion of problems that may affect space research. These objectives are achieved through the organization of symposia, publication, and other means. COSPAR has created a number of research programmes on different topics, a few in cooperation with other scientific Unions. The long-term project COSPAR international reference atmosphere started in 1960; since then it has produced several editions of the high-atmosphere code CIRA. The code "IRI" of the URSI-COSPAR working group on the International Reference Ionosphere was first edited in 1978 and is updated annually. == General Assembly == From 1958 to 1979, the COSPAR called for the General Assembly (also called the Scientific Assembly) annually. Starting in 1980, the General Assembly is held every two years. These are conferences currently gathering around 3,000 participating space researchers from all over the world, such as Algeria, Argentina, Australia,


id: committee-on-space-research-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research-1.md
category: reference
title: Committee on Space Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:08.342879+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: committee-on-space-research-20260505-0
summary:
== Planetary Protection Policy == Responding to concerns raised in the scientific community that spaceflight missions to the Moon and other celestial bodies might compromise their future scientific exploration, in 1958 the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) established an ad-hoc Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration (CETEX) to provide advice on these issues. A year later, the mandate was transferred to the newly founded Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), which as an interdisciplinary scientific committee of the ICSU (now the International Science Council - ISC) was considered to be the appropriate place to continue the work of CETEX. Since that time, COSPAR has provided an international forum to discuss such matters under the terms “planetary quarantine” and later “planetary protection”, and has formulated a COSPAR planetary protection policy with associated implementation requirements as an international standard to protect against interplanetary biological and organic contamination, and after 1967 as a guide to compliance with Article IX of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty in that area. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy, and its associated requirements, is not legally binding under international law, but it is an internationally agreed standard with implementation guidelines for compliance with Article IX of the Outer


id: community-surface-dynamics-modeling-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Surface_Dynamics_Modeling_System-0.md
category: reference
title: Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Surface_Dynamics_Modeling_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:09.693113+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: community-surface-dynamics-modeling-system-20260505-0
summary:
The Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System (CSDMS) deals with the Earth's surface and the observable and projected changes constantly taking place – the ever-changing dynamic interface between lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere. CSDMS supports the development, integration, dissemination and archiving of community open-source software, that reflects and predicts earth-surface processes over a broad range of temporal and spatial scales. Over 500 research institutions from more than 65 countries comprise the community effort. CSDMS distributes hundreds of open-source models and modeling tools, provides access to high performance computing clusters in support of developing and running earth surface models, and offers a suite of products for education and knowledge transfer. The CSDMS architecture employs frameworks and services that convert stand-alone models into flexible "plug-and-play" components to be assembled into larger applications. CSDMS focuses on the movement of fluids and the sediment and solutes they transport through landscapes, seascapes and sedimentary basins. Began in 2007 under the leadership of Jaia Syvitski, formerly the director of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, CO, CSDMS operates under continuing funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to coordinate this national effort related to surface dynamic modeling. == References == Syvitski, J.P.M.; Paola, R.;


id: international-society-for-computational-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Computational Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:11.088825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-computational-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) is a scholarly society for researchers in computational biology and bioinformatics. The society was founded in 1997 to provide a stable financial home for the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference and has grown into a larger society that aims to advance understanding of living systems through computation and to communicate scientific advances worldwide. In addition to ISMB, the society also organizes a growing number of smaller, more regionally or topically focused conferences and presents multiple annual scientific achievement awards, including the Overton Prize and the ISCB Senior Scientist Awards. == Overview == ISCB organizes the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference every year, a growing number of smaller, more regionally or topically focused annual and bi-annual conferences, and has three official journals: ISCB Community Journal, PLOS Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. The society awards three scientific achievement awards annually: the Overton Prize, the ISCB Innovator Award, and the ISCB Senior Scientist Awards. The society annually elects ISCB Fellows to honor members that have distinguished themselves through outstanding contributions to the fields of computational biology, and bioinformatics. The ISCB also awards the ISCB Outstanding Contributions Award to recognize members of the community


id: international-society-for-computational-biology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology-1.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Computational Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:11.088825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-computational-biology-20260505-0
summary:
== Leadership and Structure == A president, an executive committee, and a board of directors comprise ISCB's scientific leadership, drawing on distinguished, internationally renowned researchers who are elected for their term by the general society membership. The executive director leads the ISCB staff and supports a diverse set of committees dedicated to specific issues that are important to the computational biology and bioinformatics community, including education, policy, and publications. === Presidents === As of 2025, Predrag Radivojac is President of the ISCB; his term started in 2024 and will expire in 2027. === Board of directors === As of 2018, notable members of the board of directors include: Alex Bateman, Bonnie Berger, Terry Gaasterland, Janet Kelso, Thomas Lengauer, Yves Moreau, Christine Orengo, Burkhard Rost, Alfonso Valencia, and Martin Vingron. === Fellows === The ISCB has elected Fellows since 2009. These distinctions are awarded in honour of outstanding contributions to the fields of computational biology and bioinformatics. The inaugural Class was given to previous recipients of the ISCB Accomplishment by a Senior Scientist Award; in the following years, the ISCB has sought nominations for Fellows from its members. Fellows are traditionally introduced at the ISCB's flagship Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology


id: comstech-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSTECH-0.md
category: reference
title: COMSTECH
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSTECH
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:12.451426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: comstech-20260505-0
summary:
Standing Committee for Scientific and Technological Cooperation (COMSTECH) is one of four standing committees of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation dedicated to the promotion and cooperation of science and technology activities among the OIC member states. == Foundation == COMSTECH was established by the OIC's Islamic Summit in Mecca on 1981 and comprises the OIC member states for the sake of building on indigenous capabilities in science and technology, promotion and cooperation in relevant areas, and establishment of institutional structure for planning and development at Ummah level. == Objectives == Their stated objectives are: Assessment of the human and material resources of OIC member states and determination of science and technology needs and requirements. Building up the indigenous capability of member states in the fields of science and technology through cooperation and mutual assistance. Promotion of cooperation and coordination amongst the member states in science and technology. Creation of an effective institutional structure of planning, research and development and monitoring of science and technology activities in high technology areas. == Inter-Library Resource Network == The Inter-Library Resource Network Service is a programme that networks libraries of the OIC member states, requiring all member institutions to provide free access to the


id: consortia-advancing-standards-in-research-administration-information-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortia_Advancing_Standards_in_Research_Administration_Information
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:14.016203+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: consortia-advancing-standards-in-research-administration-information-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortia_Advancing_Standards_in_Research_Administration_Information-0.md

summary:
The Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information (CASRAI), also known as CASRAI, is an active international non-profit organization that focuses on reducing administrative burdens and improving reporting outcomes in research through standardization of information management. The organization is currently operated by a committee of The Health Initiative, a 501(c)(3) organization, with administrative operations coordinated through Hospital.org.uk and Pango.Network. Its members include universities, colleges, teaching hospitals, and other research institutions worldwide. While maintaining its presence in Fairfax, Virginia, United States, the organization has expanded its operations internationally with partial sponsorship from the University of Oxford and University of Edinburgh. == Overview == CASRAI develops and maintains standard information agreements, which define the necessary data elements for key business processes in the research lifecycle and provide definitions for related terms. These standardized infrastructures developed by CASRAI can be integrated into local software systems and processes to facilitate consistent and comparable sharing of research information across the lifecycle. The standards are available in an online dictionary, facilitating the exchange of information in consistent formats, such as CERIF-XML. As of 2025, CASRAI hosts over 200 million DOIs and provides researchers with the capability to claim their contributions using the Credit taxonomy system. These


id: coordination-group-for-meteorological-satellites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_Group_for_Meteorological_Satellites-0.md
category: reference
title: Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_Group_for_Meteorological_Satellites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:15.427156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coordination-group-for-meteorological-satellites-20260505-0
summary:
The Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) is an international organization created in 1972 to coordinate the satellite systems that support global operational meteorology. == Description == CGMS came into being on 19 September 1972, when representatives of the European Space Research Organisation (since 1975 the European Space Agency), Japan, the United States of America, and observers from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the Joint Planning Staff for the Global Atmospheric Research Programme, met in Washington to discuss questions of compatibility among geostationary meteorological satellites. Since the formation the mandate of CGMS has been extended to include Low Earth Orbit meteorological satellites and to cover other areas of operational space-based environmental monitoring as well as space weather observations from satellites. The objectives of CGMS are formally laid down in its charter As of 2021 CGMS has as members 14 national and intergovernmental space agencies, as well as the World Meteorological Organisation and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission: == CGMS activities == CGMS coordinates the operational satellite systems of its members in an end-to-end fashion as required to facilitate and develop shared access to and use of satellite data and products in various application area, including operational meteorology. The activities cover:


id: earth-system-governance-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Earth System Governance Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:16.868105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: earth-system-governance-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Earth System Governance Project (ESG Project) is a global research network that "aims to advance knowledge at the interface between global environmental change and governance. The network connects and mobilizes scholars from the social sciences and humanities researching at local and global scales". The ESG Project has its origins in an international program called the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. In its current form, the ESG Project began in January 2009. Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty, senior research fellows and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental change. The Climate Change Leadership Unit at Uppsala University in Sweden is currently hosting the ESG Project secretariat, called the International Project Office (IPO). The ESG Project IPO has previously been hosted at the United Nations University in Bonn, Germany (2009–2012), Lund University in Sweden (2012–2018), and Utrecht University in the Netherlands (2019–2024). == Aims == The ESG Project aims to "Expand the global mobilization of earth system governance researchers; stimulate and facilitate research collaborations; Inform and advise at the science-policy


id: earth-system-governance-project-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-1.md
category: reference
title: Earth System Governance Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:16.868105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: earth-system-governance-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Earth System Governance Journal was launched in 2019 (an open access publication with Elsevier). There are 25 volumes as of August 2025. The journal is open access and designed to integrate discourses from local to global in governance research, with a focus on earth-system processes. According to the journal's publisher, the CiteScore of this journal is currently 10.2 and its Impact Factor is 4.6. The journal's h-index is 23. The book series on earth system governance by the MIT Press is designed to publish key research findings from members of the Earth System Governance Project and others, with a preference for cutting-edge monographs. Books in this series offer perspectives from a variety of disciplines, levels of governance and methods with the common aim to analyze current systems of earth system governance with a view to increased understanding and possible improvements and reform. The Cambridge Elements series on Earth System Governance focuses on current governance research relevant for practitioners and scientists. The series is aimed at providing ideas for policy improvements and analyses of socio-ecological systems by interdisciplinary and influential scholars. To mark the 10-year anniversity of the ESG Project, the Project collaborated with Cambridge University Press to summarize research


id: earth-system-governance-project-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project-2.md
category: reference
title: Earth System Governance Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:16.868105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: earth-system-governance-project-20260505-0
summary:
== Impacts == The ESG Project does not take policy positions as a network. However, its lead scientists have initiated many activities to support political decision-making and inform policy makers. For example, in 2011, the lead faculty of the ESG Project launched a global assessment on international environmental governance. This publication drew on ongoing research on the institutional framework for sustainable development in the period leading up to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro. The outcome was an article in Science in 2012, written by 33 leading scholars from the ESG Project as a blueprint for reform of strengthening earth system governance. In 2011, more than twenty Nobel Prize laureates, several leading policy-makers and renowned thinkers on global sustainability met for the Third Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. The Nobel Laureate Symposium concluded with the Stockholm Memorandum. This document mentioned earth system governance prominently and called for "strengthening of earth system governance as a priority for coherent global action". It was submitted to the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability appointed by the UN Secretary General and fed into the preparations for the 2012 UN


id: earth-system-science-partnership-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Science_Partnership-0.md
category: reference
title: Earth System Science Partnership
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Science_Partnership
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:18.238561+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: earth-system-science-partnership-20260505-0
summary:
Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) was an international interdisciplinary partnership established to promote integrated study of the Earth system and the interactions between environmental and human processes. The partnership brought together four major global change programmes: DIVERSITAS, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP). == Purpose and scope == ESSP aimed to transcend disciplinary boundaries by integrating natural sciences and social sciences to improve understanding and prediction of global and regional environmental change, and to inform sustainable responses. Its strategy emphasised systems-level observations, interdisciplinary modelling, regional studies, and engagement with stakeholders and policy communities. == Joint projects and activities == ESSP coordinated a small set of interdisciplinary “Joint Projects” addressing societally relevant themes: carbon (through the Global Carbon Project), food systems (GECAFS), water systems (GWSP), and global environmental change and human health (GEC&HH). These projects combined existing scientific networks, regional studies (for example the Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study, MAIRS), and capacity-building activities to link local-regional research with global synthesis. == Governance and review == ESSP operated as a partnership among the sponsoring programmes with coordination provided through a scientific committee and Secretariat functions, and it was periodically reviewed


id: essential-biodiversity-variables-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_Biodiversity_Variables-0.md
category: reference
title: Essential Biodiversity Variables
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_Biodiversity_Variables
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:19.651474+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: essential-biodiversity-variables-20260505-0
summary:
Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) is a putative set of parameters intended to be the minimum set of broadly agreed upon necessary and sufficient biodiversity variables for at least national to global monitoring, researching, and forecasting of biodiversity. They are being developed by an interdisciplinary group of governmental and academic research partners. The initiative aims for a harmonised global biodiversity monitoring system. EBVs would be used to inform biodiversity change indicators, such as the CBD Biodiversity Indicators for the Aichi Targets. The concept is partly based on the earlier Essential Climate Variables. It can be generalised as the minimum set of variables for describing and predicting a system's state and dynamics. Areas with more developed EV lists include climate, ocean, and biodiversity. == EBV Classes / Categories == The current candidate EBVs occupy six classes of Essential Biodiversity Variable: genetic composition, species populations, species traits, community composition, ecosystem structure, and ecosystem function. Within each class are a few to several variables. == Associated projects and organisations == As of 2017, participants in the project consist of the GlobDiversity project (funded by the European Space Agency) under GEO BON (Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network; a cooperative project of international universities),


id: european-biological-rhythms-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Biological_Rhythms_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: European Biological Rhythms Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Biological_Rhythms_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:20.996237+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-biological-rhythms-society-20260505-0
summary:
The European Biological Rhythms Society (EBRS) is a scientific organization dedicated to the study of biological rhythms, including circadian, seasonal, and other time-based physiological processes in living organisms. Founded in 2005, the society serves as a hub for chronobiologists, or scientists who study biological rhythms and their effects on living organisms, across Europe and more broadly across the world. It hosts international congresses biennially to present advancements in chronobiology and continues a tradition of organized biological rhythms research in Europe that dates back to the 1970s, with roots in the earlier European Pineal Study Group. EBRS is also known for awarding prominent lectureships and honors to recognize outstanding contributions to the field. It is a unique society that has developed overtime as the field of biological rhythms has evolved. EBRS functions to connect scientists and enthusiasts within the field, as well as other societies, contributing to the future of chronobiological sciences. == History == === Founding === The EBRS was established in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on September 4, 2005. EBRS traces its origins to earlier organizations, including the European Pineal Study Group (founded in Amsterdam in 1976), the European Pineal Society (1990), and the European Pineal and Biological Rhythms


id: european-biological-rhythms-society-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Biological_Rhythms_Society-1.md
category: reference
title: European Biological Rhythms Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Biological_Rhythms_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:20.996237+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-biological-rhythms-society-20260505-0
summary:
=== Kappers Medal === The Johannes Ariens Kappers Medal is the highest prize of the ERBS. It is to be awarded to a scientist who has made outstanding scientific achievements and who has been instrumental in the development of chronobiology. The medal shows the profile of Professor Ariens Kapper on one side and his diagram of the sympathetic innervation of the mammalian pineal organ on the other side. === Axelrod Lecture === In Frankfurt in 2005, the ERBS established "The Julius Axelrod Lecture", which is to be delivered by a distinguished scientist of chronobiology at the EBRS Congress. === Gwinner Lecture === In Frankfurt in 2005, the ERBS established "The Eberhard Gwinner Lecture", which is to be delivered by a distinguished scientist of chronobiology at the EBRS Congress. === Kappers Lecture === In Frankfurt in 2005, the ERBS established "The Johannes Ariens Kappers Lecture", which is to be delivered by a distinguished scientist of chronobiology at the EBRS Congress. === Stockgrand Lecture === In 2005, the Board of Directors of Stockgrand Ltd established the "Stockgrand Lecture", in which Stockgrand would propose and sponsor a distinguished scientist of chronobiology to deliver a lecture at each EBRS Congress. === Aschoff's Ruler ===


id: european-network-of-science-centres-and-museums-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Science_Centres_and_Museums-0.md
category: reference
title: European Network of Science Centres and Museums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Science_Centres_and_Museums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:22.457650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-network-of-science-centres-and-museums-20260505-0
summary:
The European Network of Science Centres and Museums (ECSITE), is a not-for-profit organisation initiated in 1989. In 1991, it was formed under Belgian jurisdiction to facilitate communication and cooperation among Science Centres and Museums in Europe. ECSITE is linking science engagement professionals of over 400 institutions in 50 countries for projects, activities and to facilitates the exchange of ideas and best practice on current science issues. While many countries have national networks consistent of science centres, international networks like Ecsite, provide through their annual network conference science centre personnel to gather, share expertise, and discuss key issues. Sister networks focusing similarly on science engagement in different regional context and gather science engagement professionals are: Association of Science and Technology Centers (ASTC) Asia Pacific Network of Science and Technology Centres (ASPAC) Network for the Popularization of Science and Technology in Latin America and The Caribbean (RedPOP) North Africa and Middle East science centres (NAMES) Southern African Association of Science and Technology Centres (SAASTEC) == Projects == Ecsite coordinates and participates in collaborative projects with its member organisations with the goal of influencing the development of science engagement. These projects can be funded by the European Commission or run as initiatives organised


id: eurosci-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROSCI_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: EUROSCI Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROSCI_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:23.912651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eurosci-network-20260505-0
summary:
The EUROSCI Network is an international academic network that promotes university co-operation through educational technology. Following a series of seminars co-funded by Erasmus+ at the University of A Coruña in Spain starting in 2011, the network was formally established on 1 September 2016. It brings together individual academics and educational institutions such as universities and business schools. The major focus is on international co-operation, teacher training, online presence management, sponsorship brokerage, and quality assurance. Eurosci has organised conferences, teacher training courses, language courses, and several editions of an EU-funded open online course of European integration. It has also promoted outreach activities at other educational levels, such as secondary school. == Institutional partners == The Network is underpinned by institutional partners distributed across different countries of Europe, Africa and South America: == References ==


id: earth-science-information-partners-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Science_Information_Partners-0.md
category: reference
title: Earth Science Information Partners
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Science_Information_Partners
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:25.401362+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: earth-science-information-partners-20260505-0
summary:
Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) is a community of data and information technology practitioners that come together to coordinate Earth science interoperability efforts. Participation in ESIP allows members to enhance their data management capabilities. ESIP arranges collaboration through in-person meetings and virtually through collaboration space on the Web. Partners use these forums for knowledge exchange and collaboration. Created by NASA in 1998, ESIP was formed in response to a National Research Council recommendation calling for the involvement of community stakeholders in the development of NASA’s EOSDIS as a critical element of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (http://www.gcrio.org/USGCRP/LaJolla/cover.html). ESIP is currently sponsored by NASA, NOAA and the USGS, and includes more than 120 member organizations. ESIP membership includes federal data centers, government research laboratories, research universities, education resource providers, technology developers, and nonprofit and commercial enterprises. == History == ESIP is a community drawn from agencies and individuals who provide handling for Earth and environmental science data and information. ESIP was founded in 1998 by NASA in response to a National Research Council (NRC) review of the Earth Observation System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). The NRC called on NASA to develop a new, distributed structure that would be operated


id: federative-international-programme-on-anatomical-terminology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federative_International_Programme_on_Anatomical_Terminology-0.md
category: reference
title: Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federative_International_Programme_on_Anatomical_Terminology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:26.756096+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federative-international-programme-on-anatomical-terminology-20260505-0
summary:
The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) is a group of experts who review, analyze, and discuss the terms of the morphological structures of the human body. It was created by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and was previously known as the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT). == Origins and history == This committee was created in 1989, at the XIII International Congress of Anatomists, held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). It followed the old International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (IANC). The professionals involved are renowned professors and researchers with knowledge of medical terminology. They hold periodic meetings in different countries on a rotating basis, where they study morphological terminology: anatomical, histological and embryology of the human being. The results of this committee were published in 1998 in the anatomical area and in 2008 in the histological area. It is currently working in the embryologist area. == Objectives and scope == The main objective is to study the problem of morphological terms and its possible solutions. The aim is to achieve a common scientific language that allows international integration, facilitating scientific exchange and progress in the various


id: fged-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGED_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: FGED Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGED_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:28.062105+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fged-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Functional GEnomics Data Society (FGED) (formerly known as the MGED Society) was a non-profit, volunteer-run international organization of biologists, computer scientists, and data analysts that aims to facilitate biological and biomedical discovery through data integration. The approach of FGED was to promote the sharing of basic research data generated primarily via high-throughput technologies that generate large data sets within the domain of functional genomics. Members of the FGED Society worked with other organizations to support the effective sharing and reproducibility of functional genomics data; facilitate the creation of standards and software tools that leverage the standards; and promote the sharing of high quality, well annotated data within the life sciences and biomedical communities. Founded in 1999 as the "Microarray Gene Expression Data (MGED) Society", this organization changed its name to the "Functional Genomics Data Society" in 2010 to reflect the fact that it has broadened its focus beyond the application of DNA microarrays for gene expression analysis to include technologies such as high-throughput sequencing. The scope of the FGED Society includes data generated using any functional genomics technology when applied to genome-scale studies of gene expression, binding, modification and other related applications. In September 2021, the FGED Society ceased


id: genome-reference-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Reference_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: Genome Reference Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Reference_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:29.694167+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: genome-reference-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Genome Reference Consortium (GRC) is an international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genome mapping, sequencing, and informatics, formed to improve the representation of reference genomes. At the time the human reference was initially described, it was clear that some regions were recalcitrant to analysis with existing technology, leaving gaps in the known sequence. The main reason for improving the reference assemblies are that they are the cornerstones upon which all whole genome studies are based (e.g. the 1000 Genomes Project). The GRC is a collaborative effort which interacts with various groups in the scientific community. The primary member institutes are: The Wellcome Sanger Institute The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University The European Bioinformatics Institute The National Center for Biotechnology Information Zebrafish Model Organism Database Rat Genome Database The goal of the Consortium is to correct the small number of regions in the reference that are currently misrepresented, to close as many remaining gaps as possible and to produce alternative assemblies of structurally variant loci when necessary. Initially the focus was on the human and mouse reference genomes, but in expansions new organisms were added to the consortium. In October 2010 full maintenance and improvement


id: genomic-standards-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_Standards_Consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: Genomic Standards Consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_Standards_Consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:33.676832+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: genomic-standards-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) is an initiative working towards richer descriptions of our collection of genomes, metagenomes and marker genes. Established in September 2005, this international community includes representatives from a range of major sequencing and bioinformatics centres (including NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, JCVI, JGI, EBI, Sanger, FIG) and research institutions. The goal of the GSC is to promote mechanisms for standardizing the description of (meta)genomes, including the exchange and integration of (meta)genomic data. The number and pace of genomic and metagenomic sequencing projects will only increase as the use of ultra-high-throughput methods becomes common place and standards are vital to scientific progress and data sharing. == Mission == Community-driven standards have the best chance of success if developed within the auspices of international working groups. Participants in the GSC include biologists, computer scientists, those building genomic databases and conducting large-scale comparative genomic analyses, and those with experience of building community-based standards. The mission of the GSC is to work with the wider community towards: the implementation of a new genomic standards methods of capturing and exchanging metadata harmonization of metadata collection and analysis efforts across the wider genomics community Fulfilling this mission by holding face-to-face meetings, forming working groups,


id: geoscience-education-training-and-technology-transfer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Education,_Training_and_Technology_Transfer-0.md
category: reference
title: Geoscience Education, Training and Technology Transfer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Education,_Training_and_Technology_Transfer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:34.892712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geoscience-education-training-and-technology-transfer-20260505-0
summary:
The Commission for Geoscience Education, Training, and Technology Transfer, which since 2004 has been officially referred to as the 'Commission on Geoscience Education (COGE)', is a global organization operating under the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It aims to contribute to global efforts towards the advancement of geoscience education and the promotion of global knowledge and technology transfer in this field. == Description == COGE was initially established in 1990 as the Commission on Geoscience Education, Training, and Technology Transfer. 2004 with the mission to enhance the quality of geoscience education worldwide through collaboration with global organisations, including the International Geoscience Education Organization (IGEO) and the European Geosciences Union (EGU), to promote geoscience education and training initiatives around the globe. It was restructured and rebranded as COGE in 2004 to reflect a focused commitment to Earth science education and professional development. COGE aims to support both developed and developing countries in strengthening geoscience education through capacity building, outreach, and curriculum development. Among its most impactful initiatives is the Geoscience Education Field Officers (GEFO) Programme, which trains educators globally to promote geosciences at the secondary and tertiary levels. The commission collaborates with international organisations, including the European Geosciences Union (EGU)


id: giant-consortium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIANT_consortium-0.md
category: reference
title: GIANT consortium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIANT_consortium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:36.064087+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: giant-consortium-20260505-0
summary:
The Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits or GIANT consortium is an international collaboration of human genetics researchers dedicated to studying the genetic architecture of anthropometric traits such as human height and body mass index. The consortium is led by Joel Hirschhorn. == References == == External links == Official website


id: gisaid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID-0.md
category: reference
title: GISAID
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:38.945234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gisaid-20260505-0
summary:
GISAID (), the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, previously the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of influenza viruses. The database was expanded to include the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other pathogens. The database has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences". GISAID facilitates genomic epidemiology and real-time surveillance to monitor the emergence of new COVID-19 viral strains across the planet. Since its establishment as an alternative to sharing avian influenza data via conventional public-domain archives, GISAID has facilitated the exchange of outbreak genome data during the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, the H7N9 epidemic in 2013, the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak. == History == === Origin === Since 1952, influenza strains had been collected by National Influenza Centers (NICs) and distributed through the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). Countries provided samples to the WHO but the data was then shared with them for free with pharmaceutical companies who could patent vaccines produced from the samples. Beginning in January 2006, Italian researcher Ilaria Capua refused to upload her data to


id: gisaid-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID-1.md
category: reference
title: GISAID
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:38.945234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gisaid-20260505-0
summary:
=== Database for SARS-CoV-2 genomes === GISAID maintains what has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences", and "by far the world's largest database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences". By mid-April 2021, GISAID's SARS-CoV-2 database reached over 1,200,000 submissions, a testament to the hard work of researchers in over 170 different countries. Only three months later, the number of uploaded SARS-CoV-2 sequences had doubled again, to over 2.4 million. By late 2021, the database contained over 5 million genome sequences; as of December 2021, over 6 million sequences had been submitted; by April 2022, there were 10 million sequences accumulated; and in January 2023 the number had reached 14.4 million. In January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence data was shared through GISAID. Throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences that were generated and shared globally were submitted through GISAID. When the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was detected in South Africa, by quickly uploading the sequence to GISAID, the National Institute for Communicable Diseases there was able to learn that Botswana and Hong Kong had also reported cases possessing the same gene sequence. In March 2023, GISAID temporarily suspended database access for some scientists,


id: gisaid-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID-2.md
category: reference
title: GISAID
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:38.945234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gisaid-20260505-0
summary:
== Access and intellectual property == The creation of the GISAID database was motivated in part by concerns raised by researchers from developing countries, with Scientific American noting in 2009 that "a previous data-sharing system run by WHO forced them to give up intellectual property rights to their virus samples when they sent them to WHO. The virus samples would then be used by private pharmaceutical companies to make vaccines that are awarded patents and sold at a profit at prices many poor nations cannot afford". In a 2022 piece in The Lancet, it was further noted that scientists in North America and Europe sought unrestricted access, with "scientists from Africa requiring sufficient protections for those who generate and share data as per the GISAID terms and conditions". Unlike public-domain databases such as GenBank and EMBL, users of GISAID must have their identity confirmed and agree to a Database Access Agreement that governs the way GISAID data can be used. These Terms of Use are "weighted in favour of the data provider and gives them enduring control over the genetic data they upload". They prevent users from sharing any data with other users who have not agreed to them, and


id: global-species-list-working-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Species_List_Working_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Species List Working Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Species_List_Working_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:40.287756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-species-list-working-group-20260505-0
summary:
The Global Species List Working Group (GSLWG) is a non-profit organization and non-governmental organization, founded in 2020, developed under the umbrella of the IUBS with the aim of creating a governance system that imbues global taxon lists with a legitimacy and authority respected by both taxonomists and the users of taxonomy. The organization was developed in response to several publications that demonstrated the need for stability in the names of species. The founding meeting was held in Charles Darwin University in Darwin, Australia in January 2020. The initial impetus for the group arose from an opinion piece published in the journal Nature by Stephen Garnett and Les Christidis. This piece aroused backlash within the taxonomic community with fears of unnecessary governance being proposed on the science of taxonomy. In a response with 184 authors led by Scott Thomson and Richard Pyle discussion followed. Efforts to reconcile the differences of opinion was made and four authors of these two pieces came to a consensus in the formulation of a new approach to the stabilization of species nomenclature. == Objectives == The primary objective of the GSLWG is to create a governance system that gives global taxon lists a legitimacy and authority


id: global-young-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Young_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Young Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Young_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:41.639995+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-young-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Global Young Academy (GYA) is an international society of young scientists, aiming to give a voice to young scientists across the globe. Membership strength is capped at 200, and the membership tenure is 5 years. == Organization and membership == The Global Young Academy aims to be the "Voice for Young Scientists" and encourages international, intergenerational, and interdisciplinary collaboration and dialogue. The GYA has working groups on science education, science and society, early career development, and interdisciplinary issues. The typical age of members is approximately 35 years old; members are expected to be several years past their doctoral studies. The number of members is capped at 200, and each scientist is limited to a five-year term of membership. Memberships are offered based on scientific excellence, after a process of nominations from senior scientists, national societies, and self-nominations, together with peer review by members. The GYA reached its full capacity of 200 members in 2014. As of 2023, members and alumni of the GYA hail from 101 countries. The office of the GYA is hosted at the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle (Saale), Germany. == History == The Global Young Academy was founded in 2010 in Berlin,


id: gravitational-wave-international-committee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_International_Committee-0.md
category: reference
title: Gravitational Wave International Committee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_International_Committee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:42.942029+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gravitational-wave-international-committee-20260505-0
summary:
The Gravitational Wave International Committee (or GWIC) is a panel of gravitational wave detection Laboratory or Observatory directors that promotes cooperation and collaboration between the gravitational wave detector projects and provides direction and advice on the future development of the field. Barry Barish founded the GWIC in 1997 and served as the chair from 1997-2003. == Mission == The mission of GWIC is to facilitate international collaboration and cooperation in the construction, operation and use of the major gravitational wave detection facilities worldwide: Promote international cooperation in all phases of construction and scientific exploitation of gravitational-wave detectors; Coordinate and support long-range planning for new instrument proposals, or proposals for instrument upgrades; Promote the development of gravitational-wave detection as an astronomical tool, exploiting especially the potential for multi-messenger astrophysics; Organize regular, world-inclusive meetings and workshops for the study of problems related to the development and exploitation of new or enhanced gravitational-wave detectors, and foster research and development of new technology; Represent the gravitational-wave detection community internationally, acting as its advocate; Provide a forum for project leaders to regularly meet, discuss, and jointly plan the operations and direction of their detectors and experimental gravitational-wave physics generally. == Relationship to other Organizations ==


id: group-on-earth-observations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations-0.md
category: reference
title: Group on Earth Observations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:44.319156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: group-on-earth-observations-20260505-0
summary:
The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) coordinates international efforts to build a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). It links existing and planned Earth observation systems and supports the development of new ones in cases of perceived gaps in the supply of environment-related information. It aims to construct a global public infrastructure for Earth observations consisting of a flexible and distributed network of systems and content providers. == Concept == Common Earth observation instruments include ocean buoys, meteorological stations and balloons, seismic and Global Positioning System (GPS) stations, remote-sensing satellites, computerized forecasting models and early warning systems. These instruments are used to measure and monitor specific aspects of Earth’s physical, chemical and biological systems. To be useful, the raw data collected must be processed, archived, interpreted, and made available via easy-to-use channels in the form of information comprehensible not only by remote sensing experts. Earth observations are vital for policymaking and assessment in many fields. GEO focuses on facilitating access to Earth observation data for nine priority areas: natural and human-induced disasters, environmental sources of health hazards, energy management, climate change and its impacts, freshwater resources, weather forecasting, ecosystem management, sustainable agriculture, and biodiversity conservation. == History and structure


id: international-humic-substances-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Humic Substances Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:45.635436+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-humic-substances-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Humic Substances Society is a scientific society with a focus on research into natural organic matter (NOM) in soil and water. == History == The International Humic Substances Society was founded in Denver, Colorado, USA, on September 11, 1981 by scientists who saw a need for a society to bring together scientists in the coal, soil, and water with interest in humic substances, and to provide opportunities for them to exchange ideas . As of 2023, the society has about 450 members in 24 country and regional chapters. == Standard and reference sample collection == The International Humic Substances Society maintains a collection of standard and reference samples of humic and fulvic acids extracted and fractionated from leonardite, river water, a mineral soil, and peat, plus natural organic matter isolated from river water by reverse osmosis, without fractionation. These standards, which represent an important fraction of soil and water are sold to scientists around the world for use as standards in environmental and agricultural research, and have been used by scientists in approximately 40 countries for a wide variety studies. == Support of humic sciences == The International Humic Substances Society convenes multidisciplinary biennial international conferences, which bring


id: ice-sheet-mass-balance-inter-comparison-exercise-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Sheet_Mass_Balance_Inter-comparison_Exercise-0.md
category: reference
title: Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Sheet_Mass_Balance_Inter-comparison_Exercise
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:46.925761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ice-sheet-mass-balance-inter-comparison-exercise-20260505-0
summary:
The Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE) is an international scientific collaboration attempting to improve estimates of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet contribution to sea level rise and to publish data and analyses concerning these subjects. IMBIE was founded in 2011 and is a collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, and contributes to assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). IMBIE has led to improved confidence in the measurement of ice sheet mass balance and the associated global sea-level contribution. The improvements were achieved through combination of ice sheet imbalance estimates developed from the independent satellite techniques of altimetry, gravimetry and the input-output method. Going forwards, IMBIE provides a framework for assessing ice sheet mass balance, and has an explicit aim to widen participation to enable the entire scientific community to become involved. == Results == === IMBIE 2012 === The IMBIE project produced its first estimate of ice sheet mass balance in 2012 as a direct contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IMBIE 2012 included an international team of 47 scientists based in 26


id: icesco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICESCO-0.md
category: reference
title: ICESCO
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICESCO
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:48.226798+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: icesco-20260505-0
summary:
The Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICESCO, formerly ISESCO) is a specialized organization that operates under the aegis of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and is concerned with fields of education, science, culture and communication in Islamic countries in order to support and strengthen relations among Member States. The Organization's headquarters is located in Rabat, Morocco, and its director general is Dr. Salim M. Almalik. ICESCO was founded by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in May 1979. With 53 member states, the working languages of ICESCO are Arabic, English and French. == Overview == On 30 January 2020, the 40th session of the Executive Council of the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, held in Abu Dhabi, State of the United Arab Emirates, adopted the modification of the name of the Organization into "Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization" (ICESCO). In this regard, Dr. Salim M. Almalik, ICESCO Director General, stated that the modification of the name of the organization aims to clarify the nature of its missions, and open wide prospects for its presence at the international level. The Director General also highlighted that the new name accurately reflects the nature of the civilizational


id: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:49.562709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-0
summary:
ICRA, the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics is an international research institute for relativistic astrophysics and related areas. Its members are seven Universities and four organizations. The center is located in Rome, Italy. The International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA) was founded in 1985 by Remo Ruffini (University of Rome "La Sapienza") together with Riccardo Giacconi (Nobel Prize for Physics 2002), Abdus Salam (Nobel Prize for Physics 1979), Paul Boyton (University of Washington), George Coyne (former director of the Vatican observatory), Francis Everitt (Stanford University), Fang Li-Zhi (University of Science and Technology of China). It became a legal entity in 1991 with the Ministerial Decree 22/11/1991 from the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research.In 1978 Fang was assigned to host Ruffini, a guest of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. They gave joint university lectures and developed a profound friendship. In 1981 in China they published a small book introducing relativistic astrophysics that became revered among astrophysics students. In 1982 Fang and Ruffini organized the first international conference on astrophysics in China—the third Marcel Grossmann Meeting—and thereafter remained organizers of the Grossmann meetings. Together with Abdus Salam, Riccardo Giacconi, George Coyne, and Francis Everitt, they founded the International Center for Relativistic


id: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics-1.md
category: reference
title: International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:22:49.562709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-center-for-relativistic-astrophysics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Meetings initiated by ICRA === Marcel Grossmann meetings It is believed that in honor of Marcel Grossman's work and collaboration with Einstein, Remo Ruffini and Abdus Salam established in 1975 the Marcel Grossmann meetings (MG) on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, and Relativistic Field Theories which take place every three years in different countries. MG1 and MG2 were held in 1975 and in 1979 in Trieste; MG3 in 1982 in Shanghai; MG4 in 1985 in Rome; MG5 in 1988 in Perth; MG6 in 1991 in Kyoto; MG7 in 1994 at Stanford; MG8 in 1997 in Jerusalem; MG9 in 2000 in Rome; MG10 in 2003 in Rio de Janeiro; MG11 in 2006 in Berlin; MG12 in 2009 in Paris; MG13 in 2012 in Stockholm; MG14 in 2015 in Rome. Italian-Korean Meetings on Relativistic Astrophysics The Italian-Korean Symposia on Relativistic Astrophysics is a series of biannual meetings organized alternatively in Italy and in Korea since 1987. It has been focused on exchange of information and collaborations between Italian and Korean astrophysicists on new issues in the field of Relativistic Astrophysics. The symposia cover topics in astrophysics and cosmology, such as gamma ray bursts and compact stars, high


