# kb

id: andriivka-sheptytskyi-raion-lviv-oblast-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriivka,_Sheptytskyi_Raion,_Lviv_Oblast-0.md
category: reference
title: Andriivka, Sheptytskyi Raion, Lviv Oblast
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriivka,_Sheptytskyi_Raion,_Lviv_Oblast
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:16:54.475772+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: andriivka-sheptytskyi-raion-lviv-oblast-20260505-0
summary:
Andriivka (Ukrainian: Андрі́ївка) is a village in Sheptytskyi Raion, Lviv Oblast, Western Ukraine. It belongs to Radekhiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Andriivka is the site of an ancient mega-settlement dating to 4000–3600 B.C. belonging to the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 80 hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 B.C. and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range 100–300–450 hectares. Until 18 July 2020, Andriivka belonged to Radekhiv Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Radekhiv Raion was merged into Sheptytskyi Raion, which was then known as Chervonohrad Raion. == See also == Cucuteni-Trypillian culture Danube civilization == References ==


id: angamuco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angamuco-0.md
category: reference
title: Angamuco
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angamuco
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:16:55.645287+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: angamuco-20260505-0
summary:
Angamuco is the name given to a major urban settlement of the Purépecha civilization, (Tarascan) now in ruins hidden under vegetation, in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin of Michoacán, Mexico, and discovered in 2007. In 2012, using LiDAR technology, archaeologist Christopher Fisher and team detected more than 40,000 foundations at the site, roughly the same as Manhattan, on a territory of approximately 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) (less than half of Manhattan's 59 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Analyzing architectural data Fisher found 60 distinctive, standardized, and recurrent architectural forms throughout the site, including commoner and elite buildings, altars, pyramids, storage facilities, ball courts, and a hierarchical road system. The most common types of structures are living spaces for both commoners and elites, including small platforms for houses and rectangular and circular walled rooms. The second most common features are structures for public or ritual activities, such as pyramids, plazas, and a ball court. Finally, a small part are structures associated with agriculture activities such as patios or terraces. The diverse range of structures at Angamuco suggests a large, active, and organized population embedded within an extensive human modified landscape. Fisher believes the settlement was founded around 900 CE and


id: the-antiquary-magazine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antiquary_(magazine)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Antiquary (magazine)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antiquary_(magazine)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:16:56.835891+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-antiquary-magazine-20260505-0
summary:
The Antiquary: A Magazine Devoted to the Study of the Past was a monthly antiquarian magazine published from December 1879 to 1915, in London by Elliot Stock and in New York City by J W Bouton. Its editors were: Edward Walford, 1880 (G.B. Leathom), 1881–1889 John Charles Cox, 1890–1895? Thomas Macall Fallow, 1895–1899 George Latimer Apperson, 1899–1915 == References == == External links == Antiquary, a Magazine Devoted to the Study of the Past 1880-1915, Collection at Internet Archive. The Antiquary by Edward Walford, John Charles Cox, George Latimer Apperson at Internet Archive. Volume 6, July-December 1882, at Internet Archive. Volume XLVIII, JANUARY—DECEMBER 1912, at Internet Archive.


id: antiquities-trafficking-and-heritage-anthropology-research-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_Trafficking_and_Heritage_Anthropology_Research_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Antiquities Trafficking and Heritage Anthropology Research Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_Trafficking_and_Heritage_Anthropology_Research_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:16:58.031946+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquities-trafficking-and-heritage-anthropology-research-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Antiquities Trafficking and Heritage Anthropology Research Project (ATHAR) consists of a group of experts that conduct research on the looting and trafficking of antiquities. The Arab Spring and the ensuing wars created opportunities for traffickers in the Middle East to loot archeological sites with impunity. Social media allowed anyone with a smart phone to sell the looted antiquities. Much of the trade takes place on Facebook. == References == == External links == ATHAR Project


id: archaeological-recording-kit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Recording_Kit-0.md
category: reference
title: Archaeological Recording Kit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Recording_Kit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:16:59.288235+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: archaeological-recording-kit-20260505-0
summary:
Archaeological Recording Kit (ARK) is a web-based, open source software package for recording and disseminating archaeological data. ARK is primarily designed for recording excavations, but can also be used for archaeological surveys, palaeoenvironmental research and collections management. ARK is based on the LAMP stack and MapServer, and is free software released under the GNU GPL. It was developed by L-P Archaeology, a British commercial archaeology practice. The Fasti Online project was built using an ARK back-end, and demonstrates its usage beyond normal archaeological recording. == References == == External links == ARK


id: archaeological-site-of-shisr-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site_of_Shisr-0.md
category: reference
title: Archaeological site of Shisr
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site_of_Shisr
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:00.601518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: archaeological-site-of-shisr-20260505-0
summary:
The archaeological site of Shisr is located next to the village of Ash Shiṣr in Dhofar, Oman. The settlement was an inland trading post and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site Land of Frankincense since 2000. It used to be an oasis. Some considered it to be the legendary lost city of Ubar or Iram. This is not always accepted by scholars. There is a probability that it might have been in the land of Ubar which was a historical region rather than a city. The site might have inspired the legend of the lost city of Ubar when the spring dried up and the settlement was abandoned. == References ==


id: archaeological-society-of-alexandria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Society_of_Alexandria-0.md
category: reference
title: Archaeological Society of Alexandria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Society_of_Alexandria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:01.828406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: archaeological-society-of-alexandria-20260505-0
summary:
The Archaeological Society of Alexandria (formerly the Royal Archaeological Society of Alexandria) was established in 7 April 1893 in Alexandria, Egypt to ensure the archaeological monuments and remains of the old city of Alexandria were preserved and to raise awareness through high-quality research of the city's archaeological past. == Founding == Its first president was Ambrose Rally and the first general secretary was Georgios Gousios. Among its members were prominent Greeks like, Sir John Antoniades, Emmanouil Benakis, Michael Salvagos, Eustathios Glymenopoulos, Mikes Synadinos. == Work == In 1938 the Society supervised the second edition of E. M. Forster’s Alexandria: A History and a Guide. The Archaeological Society of Alexandria with funds from the A. G. Leventis foundation and permission and supervision of the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities initiated the Alexandria Necropolis Project (2020–2023) that restored the Hellenistic necropolis at Shatby. == Publications == Bulletin de la Société Royale d'Archéologie d'Alexandrie == See also == Graeco-Roman Museum Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale Egyptian Institute Egypt Exploration Society == References == == External links == Official website The Archaeological Society of Alexandria, documentary on the history of the Archaeological Society of Alexandria, by CEAlex.


id: the-archaeologist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archaeologist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Archaeologist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archaeologist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:03.102449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-archaeologist-20260505-0
summary:
The Archaeologist is a quarterly magazine produced by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists for its members. Non-members can purchase the magazine directly from the institute. It is edited by Alison Taylor. As well as a news round-up the magazine contains a number of articles on a theme or topic such as 'The archaeology of Roman Britain' (Spring of 2003) or 'Archaeological Field Survey' (Spring of 2007). The magazine is based in Reading. The magazine was originally called The Field Archaeologist but the title was changed in 1996 in order to better represent the increasing volume of non-field archaeology related stories. == References ==


id: archaeology-magazine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)-0.md
category: reference
title: Archaeology (magazine)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:04.305606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: archaeology-magazine-20260505-0
summary:
Archaeology is a bimonthly magazine for the general public, published by the Archaeological Institute of America. The institute also publishes the professional American Journal of Archaeology. Its first issue was published in the spring of 1948. The editor-in-chief was Peter Young until 2011 when he was replaced by Claudia Valentino. Jarrett A. Lobell assumed the editorship from Valentino in November 2018. == References == == External links == Official website


id: archaeopress-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopress-0.md
category: reference
title: Archaeopress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:05.466466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: archaeopress-20260505-0
summary:
Archaeopress is an academic publisher specialising in archaeology, based in Bicester, Oxfordshire. The company publishes multiple series of books and academic journals, including Archaeopress Archaeology, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (PSAS), and Antiguo Oriente. == History == In the early 1990s, David Davison and Rajka Makjanic worked at Tempvs Reparatvm, involved with publishing archaeological titles. Archaeopress was founded in 1997, with Davison leading the editing process whilst Makjanic managed production of the books. Archaeopress, with John and Erica Hedges, succeeded Tempvs Reparatvm as the publisher of the British Archaeological Reports series, though in 2015 began concentrating their own range of imprints. In September 2024 Archaeopress relocated its headquarters north of Oxford to Bicester. == References == "About Us". archaeopress.com. Retrieved 9 October 2020. == External links == Official website


id: archaeoseismology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoseismology-0.md
category: reference
title: Archaeoseismology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoseismology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:06.660442+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: archaeoseismology-20260505-0
summary:
Archaeoseismology is the study of ancient earthquakes by analysis of archaeological sites before Robert Mallet's protomodern seismology in the mid-19th century. Such analyses reveal information about seismic events that was not historically recorded before the advent of seismometers in the late 19th century. Such data can also help to document seismic risk in areas subject to brutally destructive earthquakes. In 1991, an international conference in Athens marked the beginning of modern research in the field of archaeoseismology, described as a "study of ancient earthquakes, and their social, cultural, historical and natural effects". == The main idea == Earthquakes in the distant past may provide important information for a regional seismic risk assessment. We have quantitative data concerning past earthquakes only from the beginning of the 20th century (as the seismograph was invented only at the end of the 19th century), but humanity has had to deal with earthquakes throughout its existence. Thus we have extremely limited historical information about seismic risks. A methodology for reconstruction of historical earthquakes was held during the 20th century, but with very limited results, especially for archaic earthquakes. Thus research in archaeological sites is needed to try to identify damage and destruction from ancient earthquakes.


id: archeo-magazine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeo_(magazine)-0.md
category: reference
title: Archeo (magazine)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeo_(magazine)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:07.842400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: archeo-magazine-20260505-0
summary:
Archeo is a monthly archeology magazine based in Rome, Italy. The magazine was first published in March 1985. It features articles on archaeological news. As of 2011, Andreas Steiner was the editor of the magazine. == See also == List of magazines in Italy == References == == External links == Official website


id: arqueolog-a-mexicana-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueología_Mexicana-0.md
category: reference
title: Arqueología Mexicana
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueología_Mexicana
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:09.048326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arqueolog-a-mexicana-20260505-0
summary:
Arqueología Mexicana (Mexican Archaeology) is a bimonthly journal published by Editorial Raíces and the Mexican Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History). The first issue, devoted to Teotihuacán, was published in April–May in 1993. == Content == Arqueología Mexicana contains articles by scholars, a wide selection of photographs on the diverse Mesoamerican cultures, as well as maps and timelines that provide a modern understanding of the Mesoamerican legacy. == References == == External links == Official website (in Spanish) WorldCat record


id: at-tschapar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Tschapar-0.md
category: reference
title: At-Tschapar
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Tschapar
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:10.204691+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: at-tschapar-20260505-0
summary:
At-Tschapar is an archaeological site in the north of Afghanistan. == Description == The At-Tschapar tower was built in the middle of the first millennium BCE. It has a diameter of about 100 metres (330 ft). The interior of the structure is completely undeveloped. One of the outer walls of the tower has an inside corridor and on the outside of it there are a series of semicircular towers that are accessible from the corridor through the doors. Along the exterior facades there are loopholes. From the corridor there are passages that go into a large, undeveloped inside courtyard. During the excavation pottery was found from the Achaemenid period. The function of the tower is unclear. It may have been a fortress or a sanctuary, or the construction may never have been completed. == Literature == Viktor Sarianidi: The Art of Old Afghanistan, Leipzig 1986, pp. 75–78 ISBN 3-527-17561-X == References ==


id: attic-vase-inscriptions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_Vase_Inscriptions-0.md
category: reference
title: Attic Vase Inscriptions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_Vase_Inscriptions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:11.393141+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: attic-vase-inscriptions-20260505-0
summary:
Attic Vase Inscriptions (AVI) is a web-based epigraphic database of ancient Attic vase inscriptions maintained by the AVI project at the University of Basel. It is an extension of Henry R. Immerwahr's CAVI (Corpus of Attic Vase Inscriptions). == References == == External links == CAVI pdf


id: baaz-rockshelter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaz_Rockshelter-0.md
category: reference
title: Baaz Rockshelter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaz_Rockshelter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:12.586275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: baaz-rockshelter-20260505-0
summary:
Baaz Rockshelter is a prehistoric archaeological site in Syria. Located in the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Damascus, the site consists of a small (6 by 10 metres or 20 by 33 feet) rock shelter overlooking the nearby plains and springs. Excavations have revealed that it was intermittently occupied during the Upper Palaeolithic (c. 34,000 to 32,000 years ago and 23,000 to 21,000 years ago), Late Epipalaeolithic (c. 11,200 to 10,200 years ago), and Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic. The site was discovered in 1999 and excavated by a team from the University of Tübingen between 1999 and 2004. == Further reading == "The 1999 Excavation at Baaz Rockshelter," Tubingen-Damascus Excavation and Survey Project, Conrad, Kandel, Dyab, 2006 "The 2000 Excavation at Baaz Rockshelter," Tubingen-Damascus Excavation and Survey Project, Conrad, Kandel, Dyab, 2006 "The 2004 Excavation at Baaz Rockshelter," Tubingen-Damascus Excavation and Survey Project, Conrad, Kandel, Dyab, 2006 == References ==


id: beersheba-fragment-with-menorah-depiction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba_fragment_with_menorah_depiction-0.md
category: reference
title: Beersheba fragment with menorah depiction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba_fragment_with_menorah_depiction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:13.741702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beersheba-fragment-with-menorah-depiction-20260505-0
summary:
The 'Oil Lamp Fragment' is an old remnant of a Jewish oil lamp. == Discovery == The fragment of an ancient jewish oil lamp was found unearthed the Beersheba Settlement in the Negev Desert. It was discovered during excavations beneath destroyed buildings that date back to the time of the Judaea Province. The settlement and the oil lamp itself were destroyed during the Jewish-Roman wars. == The fragment == The oil lamp fragment decorated with a nine-branched menorah. According to the Israel Antiquities Authority This is probably one of the earliest artistic depictions of a nine-branched menorah yet discovered. Of the few oil lamps discovered which depict menorahs, none of them have the traditional seven branches. This is because of a ruling in the Babylonian Talmud which stated that only the temple menorah itself could have seven branches. Because of this, lamps used in domestic settings commonly had between eight to eleven branches. == See also == Bar Kokhba Revolt Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage Simon bar Kokhba Judaea Province Archaeology of Israel == References ==


id: beinwil-am-see-gelmoos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinwil_am_See–Ägelmoos-0.md
category: reference
title: Beinwil am See–Ägelmoos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinwil_am_See–Ägelmoos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:14.890611+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beinwil-am-see-gelmoos-20260505-0
summary:
Beinwil am See–Ägelmoos is an archaeological site in Beinwil am See in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is a lakeside settlement (also known as a pile dwelling village or palafitte) that was probably inhabited during the Neolithic, Early Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age, i.e. between 4500 BC and 850 BC. Today (2019), the remains of the settlement lie completely submerged in Lake Hallwil. As a protective measure, they were covered with a layer of geotextile and gravel in 2017. Since 2011, the site has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps. == References == == External links == Media related to Beinwil am See–Ägelmoos at Wikimedia Commons


id: benaiah-inscription-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benaiah_inscription-0.md
category: reference
title: Benaiah inscription
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benaiah_inscription
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:16.055743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: benaiah-inscription-20260505-0
summary:
The Benaiah inscription is an ancient pottery sherd found in Israel that dates back to the 7th century BCE. The artifact is currently in the care of the Israel Antiquities Authority. == The inscription == The sherd bears a Hebrew inscription dating back to the 7th century BCE. It reads "ryhu bn bnh", which resembles the name "Zechariah son of Benaiah", a figure named in 2 Chronicles 10:24. The bowl likely originated between the reigns of Hezekiah and Zedekiah. == References == == See also == List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology


id: boncuklu-h-y-k-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boncuklu_Höyük-0.md
category: reference
title: Boncuklu Höyük
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boncuklu_Höyük
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:17.319633+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: boncuklu-h-y-k-20260505-0
summary:
Boncuklu Höyük is a Neolithic archaeological site in Central Anatolia, Turkey, situated around 9 km from the more famous Çatalhöyük site. The tell is made up of the remains of one of the world's oldest villages, occupied between around 8300 to 7800 BCE. The buildings are small and oval shaped with walls constructed of mudbricks. The remains of burials of human bodies were found below the floors of the buildings. The earliest known ceramics of Anatolia have been discovered there. The site was first recorded by Douglas Baird of the University of Liverpool in 2001. He has directed excavations there since 2006. The site of Boncuklu is characterized by some of the first appearance of agriculture in the Anatolian plateau, through the introduction of small-scale agricultural projects. It is considered as a precussor of the large-scale agricultural developments of Çatalhöyük from 7100 BCE. == See also == Çatalhöyük Aşıklı Höyük Gobekli Tepe == References == == External links == Boncuklu Project website


id: borden-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_System-0.md
category: reference
title: Borden System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:18.515175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: borden-system-20260505-0
summary:
The Borden System is an archaeological numbering system used throughout Canada and by the Canadian Museum System to track archaeological sites and the artefacts that come from them. Canada is one of a few countries that use a national system to identify archaeological sites. It was created by Charles Edward Borden in 1952 at the University of British Columbia. == How it Works == The system divides Canada into a grid of blocks based on latitude and longitude. There are two divisions: major and minor blocks. AaBb-11:1234 A is the Major South-North Locator - Each block represents 2 degrees of Latitude from south to north (A - U) a is the Minor South-North Locator - Each block represents 10 minutes of Latitude from south to north (a - l) B is the Major East-West Locator - Each block represents 4 degrees of Longitude from east to west (A - W) (north of 62 degrees each major block represents 8 degrees of longitude) b is the Minor East-West Locator - Each block represents 10 minutes of Longitude from east to west (a - x) (north of 62 degrees each minor block represents 20 minutes of longitude) Therefore, a full designation: AaBb-16


id: bosing-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosing_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Bosing (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosing_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:19.703729+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bosing-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Bosing is an unsophisticated method for the discovery of buried archaeological features such as pits and ditches dug into a thin substratum of rock, such as limestone or chalk. The technique involves hitting a block of wood laid over the ground surface with a weighty hammer and assessing the sound given out. For example, if the wood gave out a heavy thudding sound, then this would indicate that the underlying bedrock had been disturbed while undisturbed bedrock would emit a thinner and sharper tone. Methodically repeating the process across an area and noting the sound pattern will reveal the extent of the underground features. == References == == Sources ==


id: burnt-layer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_layer-0.md
category: reference
title: Burnt layer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_layer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:20.884330+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: burnt-layer-20260505-0
summary:
A burnt layer or burned layer in archaeology is a stratum of earth that was formed primarily by the burning of objects or buildings. The extent of the layer is irrelevant. It can be the remains of a campfire as well as the remains of a burned down settlement. Burnt layers are recorded in event stratigraphy, a sub-area of stratigraphy. == References ==


id: carinate-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinate-0.md
category: reference
title: Carinate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:38.661895+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: carinate-20260505-0
summary:
Carinate is a shape in pottery, glassware and artistic design usually applied to amphorae or vases. The shape is defined by the joining of a rounded base to the sides of an inward sloping vessel. This design is seen in ancient cultures such as recovered in archaeological digs in such sites as the palace of Knossos in Minoan Crete. An alternative adjectival form of this design is carinated. == See also == Fluting == References == Emmanuel Cooper. 2000. Ten Thousand Years of Pottery, fourth edition, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-3554-1, ISBN 978-0-8122-3554-8, 352 pages C. Michael Hogan. 2007. Knossos fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian, ed. J. Cope == Line notes ==


id: ceipp-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEIPP-0.md
category: reference
title: CEIPP
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEIPP
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:39.800985+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ceipp-20260505-0
summary:
The C.E.I.P.P., or the Centre (formerly Cercle) d'Etudes sur l'île de Pâques et la Polynésie ("Study Centre (formerly "Circle") on Easter Island and Polynesia") is a geographic and anthropological group created by André Valenta and Michel-Alain Jumeau. The CEIPP is notable for its members' publications on Easter Island. These include: Nouveau Regard sur l'île de Pâques, a collective work published by Moana Editions, Saintry-sur-Seine, 1982 Les Mystères Résolus de l'île de Pâques, a collective work published by Editions Step, Évry, 1993. ISBN 2-9508078-0-1 Michel-Alain Jumeau and Yves Pioger's Bibliographie de l'île de Pâques. Publications de la Société des Océanistes, nº46, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, 1997. ISBN 2-85430-004-1. The CEIPP also houses the Thomas Barthel archives of rongorongo, making the data available in digitized format, cross-checking his line drawings of the rongorongo corpus with available photographs and the rubbings he used, and expanding his list of glyphs and his glyph-referencing system. They publish the Bulletin du Centre d'études sur l'île de Pâques et la Polynésie. == External links == CEIPP website


id: chankigarh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chankigarh-0.md
category: reference
title: Chankigarh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chankigarh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:40.994532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chankigarh-20260505-0
summary:
Chankigarh (Maithili: चानकीगढ़) also locally known as Janakigarh is an archeological site in the Mithila region of Bihar in India. It is located at Chanki village of the Narkatiaganj block in the West Champaran district of Bihar. There is a high mound with ruins of a fortress at the site. According to the local legends, the ruins of fortress is believed to be either of King Janaka in Mithila or of the prominent Indian strategist Acharya Chanakya. It is also known as Janki Kot. == References ==


id: charlie-skeleton-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_(skeleton)-0.md
category: reference
title: Charlie (skeleton)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_(skeleton)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:42.179115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charlie-skeleton-20260505-0
summary:
Charlie (c. 3703 BC - c. 3700 BC) is the name given to a Neolithic skeleton of a three-year-old child found near the ancient stone circle of Avebury, Wiltshire, England. Charlie was excavated from Windmill Hill, Avebury in the 1920s and is currently on display at the Alexander Keiller Museum at Avebury. There is controversy surrounding the display of the skeleton. The Council of British Druid Orders (CoBDO) demanded that the skeleton be reburied where it was found, or as near as is practically possible, claiming that putting a skeleton in a museum as an attraction is disrespectful. Some archeologists have opposed reburying the skeleton, claiming that it could set a precedent for the reburying of other human remains in museums. Historians have also argued that Charlie's skeleton should be kept in a museum to be available for research. English Heritage and The National Trust held a public consultation on the future of Charlie; in April 2010 the decision was made to keep the skeleton on public view. == References == == External links == Media related to Charlie the Skeleton at Wikimedia Commons


id: charlie-lake-cave-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Lake_Cave-0.md
category: reference
title: Charlie Lake Cave
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Lake_Cave
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:43.367738+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charlie-lake-cave-20260505-0
summary:
The Charlie Lake Cave (Tse'KWa) is an archaeological site in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Its Borden System designation is HbRf 39. In a waste pit in front of the small cave, artifacts up to 10,500 years old have been found which are considered to be the oldest evidence of ritual acts in Canada. The cave is located a few kilometers north of Fort St. John, near Charlie Lake. No artifacts were found in the cave itself, which measures 45 m × 6 m (148 ft × 20 ft), but in a kind of waste pit in front of the cave entrance. The artifacts go back 11,000 years, including a fluted point, six retouched flakes and a small bone bead. These findings provide evidence of the northward migration of hunters and bison. In addition, two buried ravens were found, which are the oldest traces of rituals in Canada. Knut R. Fladmark examined the archaeological site for the first time in 1974 and returned in 1983. Excavation areas were opened, and paleo-Indian stone tools and animal bones remains were discovered. The excavation layers were found to be intact, and it soon turned out that the oldest layer is representative of


id: chopper-core-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_core-0.md
category: reference
title: Chopper core
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_core
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:44.601302+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chopper-core-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeology a chopper core is a suggested type of stone tool created by using a lithic core as a chopper following the removal of flakes from that core. They may be a very crude form of early handaxe although they are not bifacially-worked and there is debate as to whether chopper cores were ever used as tools or simply discarded after the desired flakes were removed. They are found in the early Mode 1 tool industries of the Oldowan and Clactonian industries during the Lower Palaeolithic. == References == Ashton, NM, McNabb, J, and Parfitt, S, Choppers and the Clactonian, a reinvestigation, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, pp21–28, qtd in Butler, C (2005). Prehistoric Flintwork, Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 0-7524-3340-7.


id: chunlim-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunlimón-0.md
category: reference
title: Chunlimón
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunlimón
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:46.438520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chunlim-n-20260505-0
summary:
Chunlimón is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche. It is located 20 kilometers east from Kankabchen in Hopelchén Municipality. == References ==


id: city-of-hormuz-ardeshir-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hormuz_Ardeshir-0.md
category: reference
title: City of Hormuz Ardeshir
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hormuz_Ardeshir
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:47.598064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: city-of-hormuz-ardeshir-20260505-0
summary:
The City of Hormizd-Ardashir, known as Hormuz-Ardeshir (Persian: شهرستان هرمزد اردشیر), is an archaeological area from the Persian Sassanid time. It's located in the Khuzestan Province and the current Ahvaz in South-Western Persia (current Iran). It is believed that Ezzatollah Negahban first referred to the location as the city of Hormuz Ardashir. He had uncovered many Sassanid pottery artifacts in the region. Hormuz Ardashir is believed to have been originally built by Ardashir I, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty (224-651 CE), upon the ruins of the Achaemenid city of Tareiana. In 2007, the construction was halted due to concerns by local heritage activists that the tunneling would destroy the ancient Sassanid city of Hormuz Ardeshir. == See also == Ardeshir I Persian Empire Sasanian Dynasty == References == == External links == Hormuz-Ardeshir City Photo Gallery (Hamshahri Online)


id: classic-stage-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_stage-0.md
category: reference
title: Classic stage
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_stage
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:48.753908+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: classic-stage-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeological cultures of North America, the classic stage is the theoretical North and Meso-American societies that existed between AD 500 and 1200. This stage is the fourth of five stages posited by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Cultures of the Classic Stage are supposed to possess craft specialization and the beginnings of metallurgy. Social organization is supposed to involve the beginnings of urbanism and large ceremonial centers. Ideologically, Classic cultures should have a developed theocracy. The "Classic Stage" was initially defined as restricted to the complex societies of Mesoamerica and Peru. However, the time period includes other advanced cultures, such as Hopewell, Teotihuacan, and the early Maya. The "Classic Stage" followed the Formative stage (Pre-Classic) and was superseded by the Post-Classic stage. There are alternative classification systems, and this ranking would overlap what others classify as the Woodland period and Mississippian cultures. The Lithic stage The Archaic stage The Formative stage The Classic stage The Post-Classic stage == See also == Archaeology of the Americas Category:Archaeology in the Americas Chachapoyas culture Cultural periods of Peru Mesoamerican chronology Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures == References == == External links == Media related


id: coobool-creek-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coobool_Creek-0.md
category: reference
title: Coobool Creek
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coobool_Creek
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:49.954958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coobool-creek-20260505-0
summary:
Coolbool Creek is an archaeological site near the Wakool River in New South Wales, Australia. It is about halfway between Swan Hill and Deniliquin. The site is near Doherty's Hut at Coobool Crossing, although the exact spot is unknown. == Human remains == In 1950, G. M. Black found 126 skulls at the site. It has been difficult to give an exact age for the skulls, but one has been dated to 14,300 years ago. Some of the skulls also show artificial cranial deformation. The age, location, and deformities make the site similar to another Pleistocene site at Kow Swamp. Some scientists have said that this shows they were part of the same population, but others have disagreed. Because Coolbool Creek skulls were found on the surface it is difficult to date them, and other scientists have argued that they might be much older. The skulls were kept at the University of Melbourne until 1984. They were then returned to the local Aboriginal communities and reburied. == References ==


id: coroplast-artisan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroplast_(artisan)-0.md
category: reference
title: Coroplast (artisan)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroplast_(artisan)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:51.136446+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coroplast-artisan-20260505-0
summary:
A coroplast (or koroplast) was a modeler of terracotta figurines in Greek antiquity. Coroplastic studies, the study of ancient terracotta figurines, involves the analysis of the types and sources of clays used, the methods of production employed, the chronology, context, distribution and display of the objects, and their social, political, economic, sacred and historical meaning. A Coroplast's Dump was located at an archaeological site on the north slope of the Areopagus. Local koroplast workshops existed also in many other Greek centers. Thus, the excavations in Tauric Chersonesos yielded very rich results for this small colony. == See also == Psi and phi type figurine == References ==


id: cylcon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylcon-0.md
category: reference
title: Cylcon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylcon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:52.326671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cylcon-20260505-0
summary:
Cylcons are among the earliest artefacts of the Aboriginal Australians. A cylcon is a cylindrical stone tapering at one end and marked with incisions. The name is a shortening of the descriptive term "cylindro-conical stone". Matthew Flinders saw two cylcons in 1802 and wrote a description. Archaeologists have sometimes assigned cylcons an original ritual, magical, or religious function that over time was displaced by a more utilitarian one, that of a pestle for use in food production. It is impossible to date most cylcons, but the very heavy weathering of most attests to their great age. The earliest yet found in a dateable archaeological context is about 20,000 years old. They belong, with the earliest Aboriginal rock art, to the Early Stone Age. They are earlier than tjurungas. If they were used to communicate messages, as generally thought, they are the oldest form of recorded communication. Some are even thought to contain maps, which would be the oldest maps in existence. == References == == Further reading == Etheridge, Robert. "The Cylindro-conical and Cornute Stone Implements of Western New South Wales and Their Significance". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Ethnological Series No. 2, 1916:1–41. Black, Lindsay.


id: dabuzi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabuzi-0.md
category: reference
title: Dabuzi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabuzi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:53.732961+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dabuzi-20260505-0
summary:
Dabuzi (Chinese: 大堡子山遗址及墓群) is an archaeological site in Li County, Gansu. Music instruments have been found there. == External links == Wang Kaihao (21 July 2015). "Academics wrestle with history". China Daily.


id: debdieba-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debdieba-0.md
category: reference
title: Debdieba
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debdieba
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:54.985195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: debdieba-20260505-0
summary:
Debdieba (Maltese: Id-Debdieba) is a megalithic temple in Luqa, Malta dating to around 3000–2500 BC. They were first excavated by Sir Themi Zammit in 1914. Although most of the remains were destroyed, the excavation found several fragments of pottery. The majority of the site was buried in the 1960s due to the construction of an extension to the runway of Luqa airport. Concerns whether the site was destroyed were raised in 2007 by Lufthansa Technik while they were building a new hangar. The place was also known as "the place of the echo" by Maltese natives as shouting near the site would produce an echo. This is most probably due to the two hills surrounding the site. == References ==


id: dugi-archeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugi_Archeological_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Dugi Archeological Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugi_Archeological_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:56.125875+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dugi-archeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Dugi Archeological Site is a prehistoric latte stone site on the north side of Rota Island in the Northern Mariana Islands. The site is a rare inland site that survived the intensive sugar cane development introduced by the Japanese during the South Seas Mandate period of the 1920s and 1930s. It consists of sixteen deteriorated latte stone structures on three high terraces. Some of the latte stones have fallen over and others are missing features normally found at these sites. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands == References ==


id: the-discourse-on-the-eighth-and-ninth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:57.272303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-discourse-on-the-eighth-and-ninth-20260505-0
summary:
The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth is an ancient Hermetic treatise. It is one of the three short texts attributed to the legendary Hellenistic figure Hermes Trismegistus that were discovered among the Nag Hammadi findings. Insufficient information has survived from the manuscript to reconstruct the original title, and so the modern title has been taken from an expression in the treatise itself. References to the Egyptian city of Diospolis and to hieroglyphic characters, as well as certain affinities with the Middle Platonist philosopher Albinus (fl. c. 150 CE), point to composition in Roman Egypt somewhere in the second century CE. It only exists in a Coptic translation, the original Greek being lost. == References == == Further reading == Bull, Christian H. (2018). "Heavenly Ascent: The Discourse on the Eighth and the Ninth (NHC VI,6)". The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian Priestly Figure as a Teacher of Hellenized Wisdom. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. Vol. 186. Leiden: Brill. pp. 316–371. doi:10.1163/9789004370845_008. ISBN 978-90-04-37084-5. Mahé, Jean-Pierre (1998). "A Reading of the Discourse on the Ogdoad and the Ennead (Nag Hammadi Codex VI.6)". In Van den Broek, Roelof; Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (eds.). Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times.


id: fafai-beach-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafai_Beach_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Fafai Beach Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafai_Beach_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:58.489250+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fafai-beach-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Fafai Beach Site is a prehistoric archaeological site near the village of Tamuning on the island of Guam. The site is stratified, containing layers representative of both the Latte and Pre-Latte periods of prehistory. The site includes several latte stone house sites, stone mortar sites, and rock overhang areas with cultural deposits. Stone, shell, and charcoal artifacts have been found here, as have several human burials. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: falefa-valley-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falefa_Valley-0.md
category: reference
title: Falefa Valley
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falefa_Valley
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:17:59.721018+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: falefa-valley-20260505-0
summary:
Falefa Valley is situated inland on the east side of Upolu Island in Samoa. The valley forms part of the traditional domain of Falefa with the southern part at Le Mafa pass forming the natural boundary between Falefa and neighbouring Lotofaga. The area has been excavated and studied by archaeologists, in particular a New Zealand team led by Roger Curtis Green and Janet Davidson. Towards the north of the valley is Falefa village. The valley is situated in the political district of Atua. To the north east is the smaller district of Va'a-o-Fonoti which includes an extensive conservation area. A main island highway runs north to south on the east side of the valley connecting the north coast of the island to the east and south coast settlements including the Aleipata Islands and Lotofaga. == See also == Archaeology in Samoa == References ==


id: fauba-archaeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauba_Archaeological_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Fauba Archaeological Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauba_Archaeological_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:00.861297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fauba-archaeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Fauba Archaeological Site is a prehistoric stoneworks on a mountain ridge on Tol Island in Chuuk State of the Federated States of Micronesia. The site was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1978, when the region was part of the US-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. == Description == The site consists of an area enclosed by a stone wall that is roughly triangular in shape. The wall is between 1 and 1.5 metres (3 and 5 ft) in height, and is about 1 metre (3 ft) thick. The enclosed area includes a number of stone platforms, and there is a refuse midden outside the enclosure that is believed to be associated with the site. The exact purpose of the site is a subject of debate: although its siting has obvious military benefits (including commanding views of Chuuk Lagoon and other islands of the atoll, it is not clear that it actually saw military activity. == References ==


id: ficron-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficron-0.md
category: reference
title: Ficron
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficron
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:02.048286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ficron-20260505-0
summary:
A ficron handaxe is the name given to a type of prehistoric stone tool biface with long, curved sides and a pointed, well-made tip. They are found in Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and Acheulean contexts, and are some of the oldest tools ever created by humans. The tool was named by the French archaeologist François Bordes. == Production process == Like other types of handaxes, ficrons are created through a process called flint-knapping or lithic reduction. This involves a process of percussing the stone with a hard hammer such as a stone, a soft hammer such as a bone or antler, and pressure flaking using a punch made of bone or antler. == Distribution == === Africa === Acheulean tools such as ficrons can be found in the rift valley of Kenya, and sites such as Gona and Bouri in Ethiopia, where early humans and others evolved. As these groups found their way out of Africa, the tools went with them. === Great Britain === However, Great Britain has also yielded its share of ficrons, found in gravel pits and fluvial deposits. Swanscombe Heritage Park is famous for its many archaeological discoveries, including ficrons. Because Britain was often covered in


id: fouha-bay-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouha_Bay_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Fouha Bay Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouha_Bay_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:03.241848+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fouha-bay-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Fouha Bay Site is a prehistoric archaeological site near the village of Umatac on the southwestern coast of Guam. First identified in 1977 during a systematic survey by archaeologist Fred Reinman, the site was radiocarbon dated to CE 1200–1400. However, differences in the rate of sediment deposition along stream and river banks make these dates uncertain. Because of a proportionally larger number of archaeological sites in the geologically different parts of eastern Guam, this site is significant in understanding how deposition rates affect site dating methods. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: foundation-deposit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_deposit-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation deposit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_deposit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:04.456299+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-deposit-20260505-0
summary:
Foundation deposits are the archaeological remains of the ritual burial of materials under the foundations of buildings. == Ancient Egypt == In the case of Ancient Egypt, foundation deposits took the form of ritual mudbrick lined pits or holes dug at specific points under temples or tombs, which were filled with ceremonial objects, usually amulets, scarabs, food, or ritual miniature tools, and were supposed to prevent the building from falling into ruin. == Examples == == See also == Builders' rites Cornerstone Cyrus Cylinder == References ==


id: frog-shaped-jade-ornament-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog-shaped_jade_ornament-0.md
category: reference
title: Frog-shaped jade ornament
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog-shaped_jade_ornament
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:05.604753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frog-shaped-jade-ornament-20260505-0
summary:
The Frog-shaped jade ornament is an ancient artifact unearthed in the archaeological site at Yenliao, Hualien, Taiwan in 1994. It can be dated back to 2,800 to 2,300 years ago (B.P.; or 851-351 BC). It is one of the most significant jade ornaments of the Huakangshan Culture during the Neolithic period. It is thought to have been used as a pendant. This ornament, made of nephrite (Taiwanese jade) is 36.4 millimetres (1.43 in) in length and 27 millimetres (1.1 in) in width. The shape is reminiscent of a frog, with a pair of big, round eyes, as well as forking limbs. There is a notch on the head, possibly to allow the ornament to be worn on a string. The ornament is unique and rare for being a complete animal-shaped jade ornament dating from prehistoric Taiwan. It demonstrates the jade production techniques of prehistoric Taiwan, and was therefore designated as a national treasure in 2014. It is now held in the National Museum of Prehistory collections. == References ==


id: gods-graves-and-scholars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods,_Graves_and_Scholars-0.md
category: reference
title: Gods, Graves and Scholars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods,_Graves_and_Scholars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:06.825131+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gods-graves-and-scholars-20260505-0
summary:
Gods, Graves, and Scholars is a book by German writer C. W. Ceram about the history of archaeology. First published in 1949, Ceram's book introduced the general reading public to the origin and development of archaeology. It sold extremely well — over five million copies have been published in 30 languages — and remains in print today. The book covers Greek, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, as well as Mexican, Central American, and South American archaeology. It gives brief biographies of archaeologists like Heinrich Schliemann, Jean-François Champollion, Paul-Émile Botta, and Howard Carter, among others. MGM bought the rights to the book for "protection purposes", as it contained a chapter titled "Robbers in the Valley of the Kings", which might have been seen as having influenced the film's script. They paid a reported $25,000. The book inspired the German children' book author and humorist Hans Traxler to his "fairy-tale archaeological" parody The Truth About Hansel and Gretel, which was initially not recognized as a parody by numerous media and the public, and which depicts how the teacher Georg Ossegg allegedly archaeologically explores the witch's house of Hansel and Gretel. == References ==


id: great-pompeii-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pompeii_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Great Pompeii Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pompeii_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:08.025909+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: great-pompeii-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Great Pompeii Project (Grande Progetto Pompeii) was a 10-year programme of excavation and restoration at the archaeological site of Pompeii which started in 2012. Its discoveries included an inscription which indicated that the eruption which buried the city took place in October rather than August, as previously thought. == References == == External links == Mauro, A. (2019-05-05). "From the Extraordinary Nature of the Great Pompeii Project to Planned Conservation". The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLII-2-W11: 867–871. Bibcode:2019ISPAr4211..867M. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-867-2019. ISSN 1682-1750. "Mary Beard presents new BBC One landmark documentary with unprecedented access to ancient site of Pompeii". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-03-04.


id: the-greatness-that-was-babylon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatness_That_Was_Babylon-0.md
category: reference
title: The Greatness That Was Babylon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatness_That_Was_Babylon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:09.204874+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-greatness-that-was-babylon-20260505-0
summary:
The Greatness That Was Babylon (1962; second edition 1988) is a book about Babylonia by the Assyriologist H. W. F. Saggs. == Summary == Saggs, writing for the "general reader", describes the ancient Babylonians before and during the ancient Assyrian Empire. Topics discussed include cuneiform writing. == Publication history == The Greatness That Was Babylon was first published in 1962 by Sidgwick & Jackson. In 1988, the book was reissued in a revised and updated edition. Excavations in Mesopotamia have revealed a large amount of new information relevant to the study of Babylonian civilization, presented here as a revised and rewritten account of the book first published in 1962. The roots of much of western civilization lie in Babylonia the ancient civilization of south Iraq. Alexander the Great recognized the importance of its heritage and planned to make Babylon his world capital. The splendors and supposed wickedness of Babylon lived on in a tradition transmitted through the Bible and classical writers. The author aims here to reconstruct all aspects of this lost culture, presenting the Babylonians as living people - showing their eating and drinking habits, their worship, their relationships and lifestyle and so present an integrated picture. == Reception


id: greenstone-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Greenstone (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:10.396219+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenstone-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Greenstone is a common generic term for valuable, green-hued minerals and metamorphosed igneous rocks and stones which early cultures used in the fashioning of hardstone carvings such as jewelry, statuettes, ritual tools, and various other artifacts. Greenstone artifacts may be made of greenschist, chlorastrolite, serpentine, omphacite, chrysoprase, olivine, nephrite, chloromelanite among other green-hued minerals. The term also includes jade and jadeite, although these are perhaps more frequently identified by these latter terms. The greenish hue of these rocks generally derives from the presence of minerals such as chlorite, hornblende, or epidote. Greenstone minerals were presumably selected for their color rather than their chemical composition. In archaeology therefore, having a loosely applied general term is at least partially influenced by the observation that ancient cultures often used and considered these various green-hued materials as interchangeable. Greenstone objects are often found very considerable distances from the source of the rock, indicating early travel or trading networks. A polished jadeite axe head in the British Museum (4000–2000 BCE) was found in Canterbury, Kent but uses stone from the Alps of Northern Italy, and objects from other parts of the world had travelled comparable distances to their findspots. Ancient China and Mesoamerica have special


id: hacienda-grande-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda_Grande_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Hacienda Grande culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda_Grande_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:11.591837+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hacienda-grande-culture-20260505-0
summary:
Hacienda Grande is a culture that flourished in Puerto Rico from 250 BC to 300 AD. The main site in which Hacienda Grande culture was studied was in Loíza. == Characteristics == Similar to the Saladoid culture, out of Venezuela, the Hacienda Grande culture was known primarily for its ceramic works. Ceramic techniques include vessel forms, such as zoomorphic effigy vessels, platters, jars and bowls with D-shaped strap handles, and many other types of vessels. These potters decorated their vessels with polychrome designs mainly using white-on-red, black paint, and negative-painted designs. These pottery findings, which are considered some of the best in Puerto Rico, represent the "earliest immigration of pottery-making Indians into the island." Similar 'white-on-red' pottery has been found in the Virgin Islands, the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, and the Orinoco region of Venezuela. Though much of what we know about this culture is based on their ceramics, we do know that a principal part of not only their diet, but their society, was crab. The fact that an abundance of crab remains were discovered along with the pottery, combined with the fact that shell and shell artifacts are so rare, points directly to this site corresponding with what Froelich


id: haputo-beach-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haputo_Beach_Site-0.md
category: reference
title: Haputo Beach Site
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haputo_Beach_Site
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:12.767731+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: haputo-beach-site-20260505-0
summary:
The Haputo Beach Site is a prehistoric village site in northwestern Guam. The site, located on Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Guam land near a sheltered cove, includes standing latte stones, as well as rock shelters and caves with evidence of human occupation. In addition to needing military permission for access to the site, the main trail leads through the Navy's Haputo Ecological Preserve. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: hatihe-u-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatihe'u-0.md
category: reference
title: Hatihe'u
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatihe'u
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:13.918294+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hatihe-u-20260505-0
summary:
Hatihe'u is a village in Nuku Hiva, in the Marquesas Islands. It lies on the bay of the same name and is also the name of an "amphitheater-shaped valley on the northeast side of the island". An ancient village in the area contains petroglyphs. Archaeologists have identified some 400 different features in the Hatihe'u Valley area. == References ==


id: hidden-treasures-of-swat-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Treasures_of_Swat-0.md
category: reference
title: Hidden Treasures of Swat
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Treasures_of_Swat
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:15.113000+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hidden-treasures-of-swat-20260505-0
summary:
Hidden Treasures of Swat (ISBN 978-969-23042-0-7) is a non-fiction book based on the achievements of the Italian Archaeological Mission (IAM) in Pakistan and the Department of Archaeology and Museums (DOAM) Pakistan. Six major discoveries by Italian archaeologists in Swat District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan are discussed in the book. == References == 23042: Code for Hidden Treasures of Swat in National Library of Pakistan. The Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan Domenico Faccenna and Sebastiano Tusa East and West Vol. 36, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 473–511 Published by: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). Book: Travels of Tibetan Pilgrims in the Swat Valley by Giuseppe Tucci


id: hill-slope-enclosure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill-slope_enclosure-0.md
category: reference
title: Hill-slope enclosure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill-slope_enclosure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:16.324905+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hill-slope-enclosure-20260505-0
summary:
The term hill-slope enclosure describes a type of late prehistoric earthwork found across South West England and also in Wales. == Description == Normally formed from a single bank, or ditch and bank, enclosing an area of less than 1 hectare (2.5 acres; 10,000 m2), and not on the summit of a hill. They are often found on a spur of a larger hill or range of hills. == Purpose == The original purpose of the hill-slope enclosure is obscure but it is thought that they were not primarily defensive structures. Surveys and excavations have revealed low densities of postholes and storage pits suggesting they functioned as defensible farmsteads and permanent livestock enclosures. They may also have served different purposes at different times and they may have had symbolic and religious significance which is now impossible to determine. == References ==


id: honeycomb-hill-cave-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_Hill_Cave-0.md
category: reference
title: Honeycomb Hill Cave
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_Hill_Cave
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:17.480469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: honeycomb-hill-cave-20260505-0
summary:
Honeycomb Hill Cave is located in the Oparara Basin, on the northwestern edge of the South Island of New Zealand. The Oparara River flows through a section of the cave. The cave was discovered in 1976 by the Buller Caving Group. Since then, 14 km of passages have been mapped, and several important deposits of moa bones have been discovered in the caves. In 2008 an extra 38 hectares of Kahurangi National Park was included in the Honeycomb Hill Caves Specially Protected Area to protect the cave system. == See also == Caving in New Zealand List of caves in New Zealand == References == == External links == Welcome New Zealand Speleological Society (NZSS) (umbrella organisation of the New Zealand caving clubs)


id: hornfels-in-victorian-archaeological-sites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornfels_in_Victorian_archaeological_sites-0.md
category: reference
title: Hornfels in Victorian archaeological sites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornfels_in_Victorian_archaeological_sites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:18.670483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hornfels-in-victorian-archaeological-sites-20260505-0
summary:
Hornfels is an unusual and relatively rare stone used in making flaked stone tools, and which is found in Aboriginal archaeological sites in Victoria, Australia. A sample of places where it has been found can be seen in the geographic section below. The term has been used for ...a group of compact, fine-grained, metamorphic rocks that form as a result of contact between sedimentary country rocks and a magma intrusion. The mineral composition is variable, but commonly contains mica and pyroxene while porphyroblasts of pyroxene, cordierite or andulusite also develop. Sedimentary structures are rarely evident due to a high degree of recrystallisation. == References ==


id: independence-ii-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_II_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Independence II culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_II_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:19.875236+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: independence-ii-culture-20260505-0
summary:
Independence II was a Paleo-Eskimo culture that flourished in northern and northeastern Greenland from around 700 to 80 BC, north and south of the Independence Fjord. The Independence II culture existed in roughly the same areas of Greenland as the Independence I culture, which became extinct six centuries before the beginning of Independence II. Independence II is attested in northern Greenland by settlements on central Peary Land. There, it is estimated that the Independence II population was of no more than four to six families, and that it must therefore have been in contact with people of Ellesmere island in Canada or with people in north-eastern Greenland. It has been argued that there is virtually no difference in the material cultures of Independence II and the contemporary Dorset culture in southern Greenland, locally known as Dorset I. Those who lump these two entities together refer to them jointly as Greenlandic Dorset. Unlike Independence II, to the south, Dorset I persisted to at least AD 800. Danish explorer Eigil Knuth first recognised the existence of Independence I and II. == References == == Further reading == McGhee, Robert (1981). "The Independence II sites at Port Refuge, High Arctic Canada". Dorset Occupations


id: industry-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Industry (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:21.047101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: industry-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
In the archaeology of the Stone Age, an industry or technocomplex is a typological classification of stone tools. An industry consists of a number of lithic assemblages, typically including a range of different types of tools, that are grouped together on the basis of shared technological or morphological characteristics. For example, the Acheulean industry includes hand-axes, cleavers, scrapers and other tools with different forms, but which were all manufactured by the symmetrical reduction of a bifacial core producing large flakes. Industries are usually named after a type site where these characteristics were first observed (e.g. the Mousterian industry is named after the site of Le Moustier). By contrast, Neolithic axeheads from the Langdale axe industry were recognised as a type well before the centre at Great Langdale was identified by finds of debitage and other remains of the production, and confirmed by petrography (geological analysis). The stone was quarried and rough axe heads were produced there, to be more finely worked and polished elsewhere. As a taxonomic classification of artefacts, industries rank higher than archaeological cultures. Cultures are usually defined from a range of different artefact types and are thought to be related to a distinct cultural tradition. By contrast,


id: institute-for-field-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Field_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Field Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Field_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:22.208852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-field-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Field Research (IFR) is a nonprofit organization established in 2011 by a group of academic archaeologists. It operates as an independent, nonprofit academic organization that offers field research courses (field schools) at various sites around the world. The IFR worked with different universities to provide students with academic credit units. At present, the IFR school of record is Connecticut College. Through this agreement, students receive 8 semester credit units (equivalent to 12 quarter units) for attending any of the field schools offered by the IFR. These units are transferable to student's home institution through official Connecticut College transcripts. Students receive a letter grade for attending a field school. All field schools provide a minimum of 160 direct instructional hours. The IFR has conducted field schools at numerous sites around the world, including Cahokia, Spike Island and Ribchester. The institute has also collaborated with forensic anthropologists from the San Bernardino County Sheriff Department to excavate and identify human remains. == References == == External links == Official website


id: instrumentum-domesticum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentum_domesticum-0.md
category: reference
title: Instrumentum domesticum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentum_domesticum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:23.404566+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: instrumentum-domesticum-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeology, instrumentum domesticum (or simply instrumentum) refers to instruments, tools, and other artifacts intended for ordinary and domestic use (as opposed, for instance, to objects with religious, ceremonial, or monumental purposes). It also includes replicas of such objects made to be deposited in graves. The name is Latin for "domestic instruments", a term originally defined by Roman Law. In epigraphy and paleography, the term refers to inscriptions that were written on such objects at or near the time of their use. In this sense, it also includes inscriptions in oracular objects (like the sortes of the Romans), talismans, and personal spells (like the Roman and Greek curse tablets). It does not however include objects whose function was to carry text, such as writing tablets and books. == Gallery == == References ==


id: insurance-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_archaeology-0.md
category: reference
title: Insurance archaeology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_archaeology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:24.605086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: insurance-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Insurance archaeology is the process of recovering old insurance policies. Organizations that are worth a lot of money, and with a long history of providing a product that have the potential of causing harm, accident, or even death to others must make sure that their liability is mitigated. At times, lawsuits are brought up against organizations for harm caused to someone by a product they provided years ago. When that happens, companies rely on old insurance policies, but keeping record of those policies can be difficult. When no cases arise, there is no need to worry about the old policy, but when lawsuits are brought to the table, documentation of all past insurance policies becomes necessary. == Legal Cases == There are cases where the company has no evidence of the coverage. While insurance archaeologists are able to find the policy documentation from decades long past, sometimes that is not possible, but they are still able to get the insurance company to cover the claims should a case arise using secondary evidence. == References ==


id: japanese-jail-historic-and-archeological-district-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Jail_Historic_and_Archeological_District-0.md
category: reference
title: Japanese Jail Historic and Archeological District
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Jail_Historic_and_Archeological_District
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:25.733071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: japanese-jail-historic-and-archeological-district-20260505-0
summary:
The Japanese Jail Historic and Archeological District in Garapan (Saipan), MP, is a historic district that was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2011. The listing included two contributing structures and 15 contributing sites. It includes ruins of a jail that was built in 1930 and was used until 1944. == See also == Japanese Hospital (Saipan), also NRHP-listed in the Northern Mariana Islands == References ==


id: jhukar-jo-daro-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhukar-jo-Daro-0.md
category: reference
title: Jhukar-jo-Daro
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhukar-jo-Daro
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:26.897900+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jhukar-jo-daro-20260505-0
summary:
The Jhukar-jo-Daro (Sindhi: جهڪر جو دڙو) is the highest mud mound in Larkana, located at a distance of 6 miles (10 kilometers) from Larkana city towards west near to village Mithodero on the left of the Larkana-Mehar Road (N55 National Highway) in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It was explored and excavated by renowned archaeologist N. G. Majumdar in 1928. Jhukar-Jo-Daro is an archaeological site where Jhukar Phase was explored and it has been recorded that Harappan Phase came after or it is followed by Jhukar Culture. Some historians have revealed that Jhukar Phase partly covers or overlaps with the Harapppan Phase but obviously persists much later. The remains of late Harappan culture of Chalcolithic period were discovered here at Jhukar-Jo-Daro. == References ==


id: kent-archaeological-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Archaeological_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Kent Archaeological Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Archaeological_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:28.117620+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kent-archaeological-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Kent Archaeological Society was founded in 1857 to promote the study and publication of archaeology and history, specifically that pertaining to the ancient county of Kent in England. This includes the modern administrative county as well as areas now subsumed by south east London and in the district of Medway. It carries out archaeological surveys and excavations funded through membership subscriptions as well as being involved in the protection and recording of historic buildings and churches. In addition, it organises lectures, excursions and other education projects and can make grants or loans of equipment to archaeological projects. A library in the museum at Maidstone is available for members' use and a field school, the Kent Archaeological Field School, is often run in the summer. The society publishes an annual journal, Archaeologia Cantiana, and a quarterly newsletter. Through its Record Series, it publishes editions of archival texts relating to the county, and it therefore functions as the record society for Kent. It publishes other occasional volumes on specific topics. Recent projects have included assisting in the excavation of the Ringlemere barrow and an edition and translation of the Kent Hundred Rolls. A number of local societies are affiliated to it


id: kfar-hahoresh-archaeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_HaHoresh_(archaeological_site)-0.md
category: reference
title: Kfar HaHoresh (archaeological site)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_HaHoresh_(archaeological_site)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:29.306092+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kfar-hahoresh-archaeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
Kfar HaHoresh is a Neolithic archaeological site near the kibbutz of the same name in the Jezreel Valley, Israel. Excavations by Nigel Goring-Morris of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem were started in the early 1990s. According to Goring-Morris, the site is a "regional funerary and cult centre" dating to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. == References ==


id: klimova-treasure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimova_Treasure-0.md
category: reference
title: Klimova Treasure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimova_Treasure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:30.440734+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: klimova-treasure-20260505-0
summary:
The Klimova Treasure is a hoard of Early Byzantine and Sasanian silver objects that was discovered in 1907 near the village of Klimova in the Perm Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern-day Perm Krai, in central Russia). It is one of several hoards of Byzantine and Sasanian silverware uncovered in that region, which are collectively referred to as the Perm Treasures. == Description == Amongst the Byzantine objects from the Klimova Treasure are a dish containing an image of a goatherd which bears the silver stamps of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) and two 7th-century dishes adorned with crosses. The Sasanian objects from the hoard include a dish depicting King of Kings Shapur III (r. 383–388) slaying a leopard, as well as another which portrays a tigress beneath a tree. Other works associated with the Klimova Treasure also include an 8th or 9th century Iranian dish and a Mawarannahr piece. A bucket was also found. The Klimova Treasure is currently housed in the collections of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. == Sources ==


id: kopagarh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopagarh-0.md
category: reference
title: Kopagarh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopagarh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:31.612531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kopagarh-20260505-0
summary:
Kopagarh (Maithili: कोपगढ) is an archaeological site in the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. It is located in the Keoti block of the Darbhanga district in the state of Bihar in India. There is mound at the site. The size of the mound is smaller than that of Balirajgarh but the antiquity of the site excels. The site seems to be an important urban centre in the ancient period of the region. The neighbouring village of the Kopagarh is Miran Than. == Description == Kopagarh is an ancient site in the state of Bihar in India. It lies off the Rahika - Darbhanga road. It was originally a moat. There is ruins of mud fortification wall. The mound at the site is spread over 70 acres of land. It was originally discovered by the archaeologist Dr S K Jha. The site yields micaceous Black and Red Ware (BRW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP) and later potteries. Presently, the whole area of the site is under cultivation. == References ==


id: kutlug-tepe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlug-Tepe-0.md
category: reference
title: Kutlug-Tepe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlug-Tepe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:32.798691+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kutlug-tepe-20260505-0
summary:
Kutlug-Tepe is an archaeological mine site in the north of Afghanistan, in ancient Bactria. == Description == Kutlug-Tepe is a fortification dating from the first millennium BC, during the time of the Achaemenid Empire in Bactria province. It is about a kilometer away from the remains of a village and entails a hill that is 40 by 40 metres (130 ft × 130 ft) in extent and 4 metres (13 ft) high. The building is round and has three outer walls; the spaces between the walls form two galleries or corridors. The walls have openings to light the galleries and were once vaulted. In the two inner walls there is a passage and on the east side of the outer wall there is a rounded tower. It encloses a round courtyard in which stands a rectangular building. The building is poorly maintained but features an altar that may indicate the whole complex is a temple rather than a fortress. == Literature == Viktor Sarianidi: The Art of Old Afghanistan, Leipzig 1986, pp. 72–75 ISBN 3-527-17561-X == References ==


id: lapa-do-picareiro-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_do_Picareiro-0.md
category: reference
title: Lapa do Picareiro
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_do_Picareiro
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:33.996319+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lapa-do-picareiro-20260505-0
summary:
The Lapa do Picareiro is a natural cave and prehistoric archaeological site located on the northern slopes of the Serra de Aire mountains in the Ribatejo region of Portugal. It contains the oldest human artifacts ever recovered in the western Iberian peninsula, which provide evidence of human occupation of the area dating back at least 38,000 years BP. == Description == The depth of the archeological, geological, and paleoecological deposits in Lapa do Picareiro exceeds 10 meters. Artifacts include pieces made from ceramic and stone (mainly flint, quartzite, and quartz), as well as various ornaments and remains of fauna like rabbit, red deer, ibex, chamois, aurochs, rodents, birds, and marine mollusks. The earliest evidence human occupation of the Lapa do Picareiro dates back to the early Aurignacian period between 38,000 and 41,000 years BP—some 5,000 years earlier than humans were previously believed to have inhabited the western Iberian peninsula. Although it is not known whether anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals interacted in Iberia, evidence from Lapa do Picareiro suggests that their presence there may have overlapped for around 1,000 years. Artifacts found within the Lapa do Picareiro also indicate human occupation during the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Iron Age, including


id: lau-agae-ridge-quarry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau'agae_Ridge_Quarry-0.md
category: reference
title: Lau'agae Ridge Quarry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau'agae_Ridge_Quarry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:35.157402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lau-agae-ridge-quarry-20260505-0
summary:
The Lau'agae Ridge Quarry is a prehistoric stone quarry on the eastern side of the island of Tutuila in the United States territory of American Samoa. It is located on a ridge above another archaeological site, the prehistoric village of Tulauta. The quarry site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. == Description == The site includes a carpet of stone flakes, evidence of rough stonework (creating forms probably finished in Tulauta), signs of habitation, and two tia'ave, oval stone platforms found in abundance on the island. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa == References ==


id: lohum-jo-daro-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohum_Jo_Daro-0.md
category: reference
title: Lohum Jo Daro
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohum_Jo_Daro
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:36.372081+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lohum-jo-daro-20260505-0
summary:
Lohum Jo Daro (Sindhi:لوهم جو دڙو, Urdu:لوہم جو دڑو) is an archaeological site which is situated close to Piaro Goth railway station previous Larkana now Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is near to the bank of Indus River. The site belongs to the late period of Indus Valley Civilization like Jhukar-Jo-Daro, Chanhudaro and others. This site was excavated by N. G. Majumdar during the excavations in Sindh in the 1930s. The terracotta bull figurine was discovered from lohum Jo Daro. The findings were examined at the site proves that the flow of Indus River was closed to Lohum Jo Daro in Chalcolithic period. As of January 2026 there is a settlement located on the archaeological site. == References == == External links == Site Location on Google Maps


id: lost-cities-and-vanished-civilizations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cities_and_Vanished_Civilizations-0.md
category: reference
title: Lost Cities and Vanished Civilizations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cities_and_Vanished_Civilizations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:37.572790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lost-cities-and-vanished-civilizations-20260505-0
summary:
Lost Cities and Vanished Civilizations is a 1962 book by Robert Silverberg that deals with the then-current archaeology studies of six past civilizations. The book is divided into six chapters, and each deals with a particular civilization: Pompeii, Troy, Nicola, Babylon, Chichen Itza, and Angkor Wat. Silverberg also deals with the historical search for the past through the life works of archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann and Henry Rawlinson. == References ==


id: macula-archaeology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_(archaeology)-0.md
category: reference
title: Macula (archaeology)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_(archaeology)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:38.710192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macula-archaeology-20260505-0
summary:
Macula (plural maculae) is a term used by archaeologists to describe small two-dimensional features of ancient human origin visible on an aerial photograph. These appear as points, spots or patches, which may represent features such as burial places, pits, Grubenhäuser (homesteads with sunken floors), constructions marked by postholes, or features above ground level. Maculae are differentiated from other features visible in aerial photographs such as enclosures, linear features and linear systems, which include paths, roads, boundaries or limits. Identification and interpretation of maculae in aerial photographs is difficult and depends upon the experience of the observer, who has to take factors such as shape, size, relative position or proximity to other maculae, ground condition, and knowledge of cultural practices of ancient humans in the region under observation, into account. The term is used in a different context in art on objects where it refers to the mesh of a net (in singular), or its depiction, the plural being maculae. == References ==


id: marine-reservoir-effect-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_reservoir_effect-0.md
category: reference
title: Marine reservoir effect
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_reservoir_effect
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:39.908002+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marine-reservoir-effect-20260505-0
summary:
The marine reservoir effect is a phenomenon affecting radiocarbon dating. Because much of the carbon consumed by organisms in the ocean is older than that consumed by organisms on land, samples from marine life and from organisms that consumed a lot of sea-based foods while alive may appear older when tested than they truly are. It is necessary to account for changes in the Earth's oceans to correct for the marine reservoir effect. The level of the effect on a particular sample varies significantly, depending on the body of water, and more locally on depths, upwelling currents, and freshwater discharges. Typically, affected radiocarbon dates appear c. 400 14C years older than they would if unaffected. But the effect is highly variable in space and time, and can reach 800 to 1200 14C years in Arctic regions. In 2013, archaeologists at the Gottorp Castle Museum tested the effects of fish prepared in a newly made clay vessel on their ability to accurately measure carbon-14 in the clay pottery. After making the clay vessel fish was prepared in the vessel over a fire. The archaeologists made sure some of the fish stuck to the pot. The pot and some of the burnt


id: marra-wonga-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marra_Wonga-0.md
category: reference
title: Marra Wonga
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marra_Wonga
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:41.072412+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marra-wonga-20260505-0
summary:
Marra Wonga (or Turraburra), formerly known as Gracevale, is a major Aboriginal rock art site near Barcaldine in Queensland, Australia. The location of a sandstone escarpment forming a rock shelter over 160 metres in length, it comprises 111 stencils and over 15,000 petroglyphs (carvings), the oldest of which date back more than 5,000 years. The petroglyphs are mostly lines, grooves, drilled holes, and representations of animal tracks, although a cluster of human feet with six toes is carved into the floor of the shelter. Amongst the unique compositions to be found at Marra Wonga are "engraved star-like designs with central engraved pits and large, engraved snake-like designs running across and through other petroglyphs". In 2019, the site was purchased for the custodians of the local Iningai people by the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC) of the Australian Government. It is now managed by the Yambangku Aboriginal Cultural Heritage and Tourism Development Aboriginal Corporation (YACHATDAC) and there are plans to open a multimillion-dollar education centre. == See also == Rock art Indigenous Australian art == References == == External links == YACHATDAC website


id: the-megalithic-european-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megalithic_European-0.md
category: reference
title: The Megalithic European
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megalithic_European
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:42.293014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-megalithic-european-20260505-0
summary:
The Megalithic European: The 21st Century Traveller in Prehistoric Europe (2004) is Julian Cope's second book on historic sites, this time looking at continental Europe and Ireland. Like its predecessor, The Modern Antiquarian, this book is split into a shorter, discursive introduction with the bulk of the text being a gazetteer of sites. As with The Modern Antiquarian, sites are listed alphabetically within their various sections. == See also == Megalith Neolithic Europe Dolmen Stone Circles == References == == External links == The Modern Antiquarian


id: the-megaliths-of-upper-laos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megaliths_of_Upper_Laos-0.md
category: reference
title: The Megaliths of Upper Laos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megaliths_of_Upper_Laos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:43.484259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-megaliths-of-upper-laos-20260505-0
summary:
The Megaliths of Upper Laos (French: Les Megaliths du Haut Laos) is a 1930 work of archaeology by Madeleine Colani, examining and cataloging approximately ten thousand megaliths in Upper Laos. Prior to Colani's work, the megaliths were considered among the more mysterious megaliths. Colani, after reviewing the Plain of Jars for decades, cataloged the megaliths and argued "convincingly" in The Megaliths of Upper Laos that they were urns, used in Bronze Age funerary rites. The Megaliths of Upper Laos, a two-volume, 600-page work that both cataloged and described the artifacts, and presented Colani's theories as to their origin and use, has been described as Colani's "great contribution to archaeological literature". The book brought the megaliths to the broader attention of the Western public and scholarly community. == Notes ==


id: meisterschwanden-erlenh-lzli-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli-0.md
category: reference
title: Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:44.698287+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meisterschwanden-erlenh-lzli-20260505-0
summary:
Meisterschwanden–Erlenhölzli refers to an archaeological site in Meisterschwanden in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is located approximately 80 metres from the shore of Lake Hallwil. It is a lakeside settlement (also known as a pile dwelling village or palafitte) from the Neolithic period (4th to 3rd millennium BC). The site is not designated as a World Heritage Site, but is recognised and protected as an associated site of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps. == References ==


id: melchizedek-text-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek_(text)-0.md
category: reference
title: Melchizedek (text)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek_(text)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:45.979679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: melchizedek-text-20260505-0
summary:
Melchizedek is the first tractate from Codex IX of the Nag Hammadi Library. It is a Gnostic work that features the Biblical figure Melchizedek. The text is fragmentary and highly damaged. The original text was 750 lines; of these, only 19 are complete, and 467 are fragmentary. The remaining 264 lines have been lost from the damage to the text. Like much of Nag Hammadi, the text was likely used by Gnostic Christians in Roman Egypt. It makes reference to Seth, suggesting it may have been used in Sethianism, a school of Gnosticism. The date it was written is unknown; all that can be said is that it was created during the period of early Christianity, presumably at some point during the 3rd century. == Content == The main character and purported author is Melchizedek, who was the king of Salem and priest of El Elyon (the "most high God") in the Hebrew Bible. The text identifies Melchizedek with Jesus Christ; whether this was as a precursor or earlier equivalent, or as exactly the same entity, is disputed by scholars. Melchizedek, as Jesus, lives, preaches, dies, and experiences the resurrection over the Aeons, a Gnostic concept where different emanations of


id: the-might-that-was-assyria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Might_That_Was_Assyria-0.md
category: reference
title: The Might That Was Assyria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Might_That_Was_Assyria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:47.103012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-might-that-was-assyria-20260505-0
summary:
The Might That Was Assyria (1984; ISBN 0-283-98961-0) is a 1984 book by the Assyriologist H. W. F. Saggs, in which the author illustrates the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Saggs spent half of his life studying the ancient Assyrians, before he wrote the book. == See also == The Greatness That Was Babylon == References ==


id: miscellaneous-babylonian-inscriptions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Babylonian_Inscriptions-0.md
category: reference
title: Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Babylonian_Inscriptions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:48.276449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: miscellaneous-babylonian-inscriptions-20260505-0
summary:
Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions is a 1918, Sumerian linguistics and mythology book written by George Aaron Barton. It was first published by Yale University Press in the United States and deals with commentary and translations of twelve cuneiform, Sumerian myths and texts discovered by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology excavations at the temple library at Nippur. Many of the texts are extremely archaic, especially the Barton Cylinder, which Samuel Noah Kramer suggested may date as early as 2500 BC. A more modern dating by Joan Goodnick Westenholz has suggested the cylinder dates to around 2400 BC. == Contents == Some of the myths contained in the book are shown below: == References == == External links == Barton, George Aaron., Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions, Yale University Press, 1918. Online Version


id: mission-de-ph-nicie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_de_Phénicie-0.md
category: reference
title: Mission de Phénicie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_de_Phénicie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:49.477678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mission-de-ph-nicie-20260505-0
summary:
The Mission de Phénicie was the first major archaeological mission to Lebanon and Syria. It took place in 1860-61 by a French team led by Ernest Renan. Renan was entrusted with the mission in October 1860, after French interest had been sparked by the 1855 discovery of the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II. The Phoenician artefacts and inscriptions that discovered by the mission were published in Renan's Mission de Phénicie (1864–74; “Phoenician Expedition”), published by Imprimerie impériale in Paris 1864, and republished by Beyrouth in 1997. == Volumes == Text: [1] and [2] Plates: [3] and [4] Catalogue des objets provenant de la Mission de Phénicie == Bibliography == == References ==


id: morasi-gonday-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morasi_Gonday-0.md
category: reference
title: Morasi Gonday
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morasi_Gonday
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:51.034111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: morasi-gonday-20260505-0
summary:
Morasi Gonday (Hill of Morasi; Pashto: مراسي غونډۍ or دیمراسي غونډۍ) is a Bronze Age archeological site in Kandahar, Afghanistan. It is located about 27 km Kandahar City, and 6.5 km Panjwayi District. == Geography == Morasi is located at 34° 90’ N, 65° 30’ E, near to Morasi village. The bound rises approximately 3.5 meters above the surrounding earth surface. == History == Morasi Gonday was discovered by Louis Dupree in 1951. He found four trenches, but only the largest (2×6 m) was excavated to sterile soil, at a depth of 6.6 m. Radiocarbon dates from this and the site suggest that the place was occupied between 2000/2500 BC. The Morāsī IV layers were disturbed and included pottery from the early South Asian historic period (after 500 B.C.E.) and the Islamic period. When combined with Kushan burials found in the upper levels of occupation III, it shows there was a long period of abandonment after Morāsī III. Present evidences indicate that Morāsī Ḡonday was a small Bronze Age agricultural village, dependent on cultivation of barley and raising of sheep, goats, and cattle. == References ==


id: mortuary-cave-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_cave-0.md
category: reference
title: Mortuary cave
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_cave
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:52.200424+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mortuary-cave-20260505-0
summary:
== Definition == A mortuary cave or a mortuary sinkhole, alternately known as burial cave, burial sinkhole, or crevice interment, is a naturally formed cavity in the earth that is intentionally used for the placement of human remains. Unlike constructed tombs or graves, mortuary caves utilize pre-existing geological formation such as limestone caves, sinkholes and rock fissures. Using archeological evidence, Mortuary Caves demonstrated to be used across multiple continents and time periods, ranging from prehistoric contexts to historic events. These sites are of particular importance in archaeology, due to cave environments often preserving human remains and associated artifacts more effectively compared to open-air burial sites, while also providing strong ties to cultural and ritualistic practice surrounding death. == Archaeological Context and Preservation == Mortuary caves are most commonly found in karst landscapes, where soluble rock such as limestone, tend to form caves and sinkholes. Because these natural cavities are already present in the landscape, not requiring construction for their burial sites. Archaeological are able to distinguish mortuary caves from accidental cave deaths or natural deposition by examining the arrange of skeletal remains, the presence of burial bundles, and associated burial artifacts such as tools, ornaments or textiles. Environmental conditions within


id: native-point-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Point-0.md
category: reference
title: Native Point
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Point
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:53.510651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: native-point-20260505-0
summary:
Native Point (Inuktitut: Tunirmiut or Tuneriut) is a peninsula in the Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located on Southampton Island's Bell Peninsula at the mouth of Native Bay. It is notable for being the location of an abandoned Sadlermiut settlement, currently an archaeological site. == Archaeological site == The Sadlermiut settlement, situated on the west side of the point, was left empty after the last Sadlermiut perished during the winter of 1902–03, due to an epidemic. Now a notable archeological site, it is referred to as "T1" because of the Inuktitut name, "Tuneriut", for Native Point. T1 is the largest Sadlermiut site on the island. The material culture of the Sadlermiut was limited to chipped stone tools and various manufactured organic artifacts. Among the artifacts found in the site were human figurines called aarnguaq, which was probably used for a healing ritual. This indicates that the Sadlermiut were shamanistic. In addition, multiple human remains were found on the site. Merbs and Wilson grouped the burials into three time stages: the "village" graves, which were thought to be the oldest, "peripheral" burials located northeast and southeast of the settlement which were ranked as intermediate in age, and a series of


id: nautical-archaeology-association-of-south-australia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Association_of_South_Australia-0.md
category: reference
title: Nautical Archaeology Association of South Australia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Association_of_South_Australia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:54.662666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nautical-archaeology-association-of-south-australia-20260505-0
summary:
The Nautical Archaeological Association of South Australia (NAASA) was an amateur maritime archaeology organisation which was founded in 1982 by individuals who resigned from the Society for Underwater Historical Research (SUHR) in April 1982 following a dispute. The association is believed to have ceased operation in the early 1990s. == Naming Controversy == The newly formed Association had proposed to be known as the Maritime Archaeology Association of South Australia. However, the SUHR quickly altered its official name to The Society for Underwater Historical Research (Maritime Archaeology Association of South Australia) Incorporated to prevent this action. The reason given by the SUHR for its action was that it ‘has been known interstate as the Maritime Archaeology Association of South Australia for some years.' == HMS Buffalo wreck site discovery == In April 1986, NAASA participated in an expedition led by the South Australian Government's State Heritage Branch to search for and to survey the wreck of HMS Buffalo in Mercury Bay, Whitianga, New Zealand. == References ==


id: neolithic-tomb-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_tomb-0.md
category: reference
title: Neolithic tomb
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_tomb
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:55.818115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: neolithic-tomb-20260505-0
summary:
Neolithic tombs are structures built by humans during the New Stone Age. == Types == === Northwestern Europe === The main types in Northwestern Europe, particularly Ireland, include passage graves, court cairn, and menhir. All these types of tomb were built from large slabs of rock which were uncut or worked only slightly. In each case, there was a "doorway" made from two large stones facing each other. The doorway led to an inner chamber, or a passage and chamber, lined with flat slabs. In all but the portal dolmens, the tomb was then covered in earth and small stones to make a mound. === Asia === The five types of Neolithic tombs found in Korea include dolmen or menhir, cist, cairn, urn, and wooden chamber. == Uses == While some of these stone structures did indeed have human remains contained within them, it is erroneous to suggest that they all were "tombs". It is peculiar to note that after being in use for 3–4,000 years many of these contained no bones whatsoever. Some remains that were carbon dated showed that the interments were inserted hundreds of years after the megaliths were constructed. It would seem that when the original


id: netiv-hagdud-archaeological-site-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiv_HaGdud_(archaeological_site)-0.md
category: reference
title: Netiv HaGdud (archaeological site)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiv_HaGdud_(archaeological_site)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:57.004728+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: netiv-hagdud-archaeological-site-20260505-0
summary:
Netiv HaGdud is a Neolithic archaeological site in the West Bank. It was discovered in the 1970s during the construction of an Israeli settlement and excavated by Ofer Bar-Yosef in the 1980s. == References ==


id: netted-ware-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netted_Ware_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Netted Ware culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netted_Ware_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:58.170658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: netted-ware-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The Netted Ware culture (also called Textile Ceramic culture) was a Bronze Age culture in northeastern Europe that extended from Finland to the upper Volga region in Russia. == Origins == The Netted Ware culture emerged around 1900 BCE with the arrival of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon in the upper Volga region, replacing the earlier Volosovo cultures, and soon expanded to the west to Karelia and eastern and central Finland. The Netted Ware culture did not reach southwestern Finland, the area of the Kiukainen culture and later the Nordic Bronze culture. The subsistence of the Netted Ware culture was based on small-scale swidden agriculture and animal husbandry. == Hypothetical linguistic affiliation == The spread of the Netted Ware culture has been linked to the dispersal of early forms of the Finno-Volgaic languages, especially Finnic languages and Saami languages. == References ==


id: north-sinai-archaeological-sites-zone-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Archaeological_Sites_Zone-0.md
category: reference
title: North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Archaeological_Sites_Zone
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:18:59.372252+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: north-sinai-archaeological-sites-zone-20260505-0
summary:
The North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone is composed of a collection of important ancient sites between the Suez Canal and Gaza along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. == Archaeology == In 2020, a limestone cave decorated with scenes of animals such as donkeys, camels, deer, mule and mountain goats was uncovered in the area of Wadi Al-Zulma by the archaeological mission from the Tourism and Antiquities Ministry. Rock art cave is 15 meters deep and 20 meters high. == World Heritage Status == This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on November 1, 1994, in the Cultural category. == Notes == == References == North Sinai archaeological Sites Zone - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-04.


id: ocomt-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocomtún-0.md
category: reference
title: Ocomtún
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocomtún
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:00.541353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ocomt-n-20260505-0
summary:
Ocomtún, whose original name could have been Maatz', is an ancient Late Classic Maya city located on the Yucatan Peninsula in the Mexican state of Campeche. Archaeologists from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History announced the discovery of the city in June 2023, after finding the ruins of several pyramid structures measuring approximately 15 m (49 ft 2+1⁄2 in) in height in a relatively unexplored area of the state. Analysis of pottery fragments found in the area indicate the area was inhabited by the Maya people between 600 CE and 800 CE, and that the city fell into ruin in around 1000 CE, coinciding with the Classic Maya collapse. Archaeologists named the site Ocomtún after the Mayan word for stone column. == Discovery == The site was discovered during an expedition led by Dr. Ivan Šprajc after he received Lidar images showing significant human cultural structures hidden in the landscape. Šprajc named the site after the many cylindrical columns scattered throughout the settlement. The research was carried out in May and June 2023. == The archaeological site == Ocumtún is located in the Balamkú Ecological Conservation Zone, in a virtually impenetrable place. The lush jungle vegetation creates what has


id: old-cordilleran-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Old Cordilleran culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:01.792350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: old-cordilleran-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The old Cordilleran culture, also known as the Cascade phase, is an ancient culture of Native Americans that settled in the Pacific Northwestern region of North America that existed from 8000 or 9000 BC until about 3500 BC. The Cascade phase may be even older, depending on when human beings first arrived in America. They originated in Alaska, and migrated to occupy a wide area as far as Idaho and the plateaus of California, but they are generally not considered a maritime society. However, their spear points, or points bearing resemblance have been found as far south as Mexico and South America. This was the typical artifact of these people — a simple, bi-facial, leaf-shaped projectile point which average about 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. These tools were used as spears or darts, or also knives, indicating the importance of hunting, although they also fished and gathered for subsistence. However, the main dependence was on land hunting, mostly of deer, bison, and other large mammals. The culture possibly spoke a Macro-Penutian language (a hypothetical macrofamily which may include Penutian, Uto-Aztecan, and some other language families). This culture also created the oldest attested examples of art in the Pacific Northwest.


id: orote-historical-complex-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orote_Historical_Complex-0.md
category: reference
title: Orote Historical Complex
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orote_Historical_Complex
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:02.979169+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orote-historical-complex-20260505-0
summary:
The Orote Historical Complex is a series of prehistoric and historic features at the northern tip of the Orote Peninsula on the island of Guam. This area is on the grounds of Naval Base Guam and requires military permission to see. Major features include Fort Santiago, built by Spanish colonial authorities in the early 18th century to secure Apra Harbor, the so-called "Spanish Steps", which provide access from the fortifications to a well at the base of the cliff, which may actually be of early 20th-century American origin, and a series of rock shelters and caves exhibiting evidence of human occupation to the Pre-Latte Period (c. 3500 BCE). The area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. == See also == National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam == References ==


id: the-oxford-encyclopedia-of-archaeology-in-the-near-east-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Archaeology_in_the_Near_East-0.md
category: reference
title: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Archaeology_in_the_Near_East
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:04.137649+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-oxford-encyclopedia-of-archaeology-in-the-near-east-20260505-0
summary:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East is an encyclopedia of the archaeology of the Near East edited by Eric M. Meyers and published by Oxford University Press. It was welcomed by Douglas R. Givens as "one of the most important compendiums of information comprising the history of Near Eastern Archaeology in recent time". and by Walter E. Aufrecht as "the epitome of what Near East architecture has been and what it is now". Robert D. Biggs also welcomed the encyclopedia but regretted the number of typographical errors in the text. == References == == Further reading ==


id: parchments-of-avroman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchments_of_Avroman-0.md
category: reference
title: Parchments of Avroman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchments_of_Avroman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:05.329938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: parchments-of-avroman-20260505-0
summary:
The Parchments of Avroman (or Awraman) are three parchment documents, found in 1909 in a cave in the Hawraman region of Iranian Kurdistan. They were found in Tang-i Var, Kuh-e Salan Mountain, near the village of Shahr Hawraman. The documents were found in a sealed jar by a villager, and then sent to London in October 1913. The documents date from 88/87 BC to 33 AD, with two written in Greek and one in Parthian. They document the sale of a vineyard and other land, and include the names of Pātaspak, son of Tīrēn and Awīl, son of Baænīn. They were translated by philologist Ellis H. Minns and published in the Journal of Hellenic Studies. == References ==


id: pech-de-l-az-caves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pech-de-l'Azé_caves-0.md
category: reference
title: Pech-de-l'Azé caves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pech-de-l'Azé_caves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:06.502903+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pech-de-l-az-caves-20260505-0
summary:
The Pech-de-l'Azé caves are a prehistoric site located in the French commune of Carsac-Aillac, in the Dordogne department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France. Pech-de-l'Azé I is a reference site for the regional Middle Palaeolithic. == Description == The caves contain occupational debris from many millennia of intermittent Neanderthal occupation of the cave. This sequence of cave deposits begins about 80,000 to 90,000 years ago, and ends about 35,000 years ago. There are four caves at the site labelled, Pech I to Pech IV. Pech I , was the first of the caves to be discovered sometime early in the 19th century. Most of its archaeological record was then destroyed by treasure hunters. It is however notable for being the place of discovery of the skull of a Neanderthal child in 1909. Pech II was discovered by the archaeologist François Bordes, in 1948. Part of the site had been demolished by the construction of a railway line in the 19th century. An occupational sequence from the so-called Meridional Acheulian, followed by a variety of Mousterian industries was discernable. Pech III was discovered in 1951. It is a very small empty cave that is thought once contained a sequence corresponding to


id: personenlexikon-zur-christlichen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personenlexikon_zur_Christlichen_Archäologie-0.md
category: reference
title: Personenlexikon zur Christlichen Archäologie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personenlexikon_zur_Christlichen_Archäologie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:07.666968+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: personenlexikon-zur-christlichen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
summary:
The Personenlexikon zur Christlichen Archäologie: Forscher und Persönlichkeiten vom 16. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert is a German biographical dictionary of figures in biblical archaeology from the 16th century to the present day. It includes entries on individuals from thirty countries in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. == Bibliography == (in German) Stefan Heid, Martin Dennert (ed.): Personenlexikon zur Christlichen Archäologie. Forscher und Persönlichkeiten vom 16. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert. 2 Bände. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7954-2620-0. (in German) Stefan Heid: Zum Projekt einer Prosopographie zur Christlichen Archäologie. In: Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte. Bd. 102 (2007), S. 215–224.


id: el-per-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Perú_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: El Perú (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Perú_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:08.861575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: el-per-book-20260505-0
summary:
El Perú: Itinerarios de Viajes is an expansive written work covering a variety of topics in the natural history of Peru, written by the prominent Italian-born Peruvian geographer and scientist Antonio Raimondi in the latter half of the 19th century. The work was compiled from extensive and detailed notes Raimondi took while criss-crossing the country, studying the nation's geography, geology, meteorology, botany, zoology, ethnography, and archaeology; El Perú focuses to some extent on each of these topics and others. The first volume was published in 1874; several more volumes were published both before Raimondi's death and posthumously from his notes, the last being released in 1913, making a five volume set. The volumes are a classic example of exploration scholarship, and form one of the earliest and broadest scientific reviews of Peru's natural and cultural heritage. == References == Raimondi, Antonio. El Perú : itinerarios de viajes (literal transcription from published 1929 copy). Published online by the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes from a 1929 edition. Spanish language. Wiard, Brenda. "2neat books: For Sale: Peruvian Publications". Retrieved September 23, 2005. == External links == El Perú : itinerarios de viajes (versión literal de libretas originales) Original text, tables, and drawings


id: petroglyph-provincial-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Provincial_Park-0.md
category: reference
title: Petroglyph Provincial Park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph_Provincial_Park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:10.052905+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: petroglyph-provincial-park-20260505-0
summary:
Petroglyph Provincial Park is a Canadian provincial park located at the south end of the city of Nanaimo, British Columbia. The park was established on August 24, 1948, to protect a collection of petroglyphs found near the estuary of the Nanaimo River. == Cultural history == The park hosts a remarkably high concentration of petroglyphs that date to at least the 10th century CE. These carvings depict mythological sea creatures, human figures, and animals that are symbolic of the spiritual and cultural history of the Coast Salish and Snuneymuxw First Nations. The locations of these carvings were almost always made where forces of nature were believed to be especially strong. These areas are usually marked by a natural feature such as a waterfall or rock formation. == Facilities == No facilities are provided at this park. == References == == External links == "Petroglyph Park". BC Geographical Names. Petroglyph Provincial Park


id: pherme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherme-0.md
category: reference
title: Pherme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:11.235863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pherme-20260505-0
summary:
Pherme was the location of a community of ascetic monks in the Nile Delta in Egypt which grew after the 4th century CE as a satellite community of the better known community of Kellia ('the cells'). The site of the monastic remains at Pherme, located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of central Kellia, escaped some of the water damage suffered by the lower Kellia site because of its higher elevation. Today the site contains some 115 monastic hermitages, only ten of which were excavated by Swiss archaeologists during digs from 1987 to 1989. Pherme is mentioned in the Apophthegmata Patrum (Sayings of the Desert Fathers) as the dwelling of several Desert Fathers, including Abba Theodore of Pherme and Abba Lucius. == References ==


id: pindai-caves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindai_Caves-0.md
category: reference
title: Pindai Caves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindai_Caves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:12.353742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pindai-caves-20260505-0
summary:
The Pindai Caves of New Caledonia are an archaeological and palaeontological site important for the study of prehistoric human settlement as well as of the Holocene fauna of the island. The Pindai area has been occupied by humans for varying periods over the last 2,800 years. == Description == The site comprises six caves, in coral limestone upraised about 5 m (16 ft), at the seaward tip of the Népoui Peninsula on the north-west coast of Grande Terre, about 240 km (149.1 mi) north-west of Noumea. Two of the caves have easy walk-in access; they contain the richest cultural material and the fewest fossils. The other four caves are sinkholes capable of trapping animals, especially ground-dwelling and flightless birds, and contain the most fossils. All the caves broaden from their entrances into large underground chambers. Numerous subfossils of extinct fauna have been found in the caves, including the endemic terrestrial crocodile Mekosuchus, the giant horned turtle Meiolania, and numerous bird taxa, with remains of the giant flightless Sylviornis being especially common. == References ==


id: philip-piper-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Piper-0.md
category: reference
title: Philip Piper
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Piper
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:13.552233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: philip-piper-20260505-0
summary:
Philip John Piper (born Devon, England, 1966) is a Professor of Archaeology in the School of Archaeology & Anthropology at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra. His research is instrumental in expanding research in Zooarchaeology and Paleoecology, particularly in Southeast Asia, and more recently in Vietnam. He is currently the Secretary-General of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2025. == References ==


id: pittsfield-phylactery-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield_phylactery-0.md
category: reference
title: Pittsfield phylactery
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield_phylactery
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:14.776012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pittsfield-phylactery-20260505-0
summary:
The Pittsfield phylactery is a missing phylactery with a black leather strap. It was discovered in Pittsfield, Massachusetts on the property of Joseph Merrick in 1815. It contained Hebrew writing and was later lost. "In June 1815, a boy employed by Merrick 'to clear the yard between the house and the wood house' found a black leather strap among the debris left by plowing. According to Josiah Priest, who took the account from the Reverend Mr. Ethan Smith, author of "View of the Hebrews," Merrick tossed the object in a box and forgot about it for several days until his curiosity got the better of him. When Merrick cut the strap open, he found that the box contained several tightly scrolled pieces of parchment inscribed with Hebrew characters." Historian William H. Goetzmann wrote that "the Pittsfield phylactery caught the attention of nearly every major nineteenth-century proponent of the Lost Tribes theory before it mysteriously disappeared. A local Congregational minister, William Allen, was asked by Presbyterian minister Sylvester Larned to interpret the 4 pieces, interpreting them as being Hebrew version of parts of Deuteronomy and Exodus. At first accepting the suggestion it was old and backed the lost tribes argument, he


id: profile-gauge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_gauge-0.md
category: reference
title: Profile gauge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_gauge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:16.002333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: profile-gauge-20260505-0
summary:
A profile gauge or contour gauge is a tool for recording the cross-sectional shape of a surface. Contour gauges consist of a set of steel or plastic pins that are set tightly against one another in a frame which keeps them in the same plane and parallel while allowing them to move independently, perpendicularly to the frame. When pressed against an object, the pins conform to the object. The gauge can then be used to draw the profile or to copy it on to another surface. == Applications == Profile gauges are used widely in metalworking and woodworking. In architectural conservation, they are used to document the profiles of decorative moldings. In archaeological illustration, they are typically used to record the profile of pots, and are thus named pottery gauges; but in ceramics, a pottery gauge is a template used in making pots. == References ==


id: prostration-formula-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_formula-0.md
category: reference
title: Prostration formula
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_formula
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:17.151773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prostration-formula-20260505-0
summary:
In the 1350 BC correspondence of 382 letters, called the Amarna letters, the prostration formula is usually the opening subservient remarks to the addressee, the Egyptian pharaoh. The formula is based on prostration, namely reverence and submissiveness. Often the letters are from vassal rulers or vassal city-states, especially in Canaan but also in other localities. The formula is often repetitive, or multi-part, with parts seeming to repeat and can go forward in a typical standard format. However, the prostration formula may also be duplicated in a similar format at the end of a letter, or a foreshortened part of the formula may be entered, for effect, in the middle of a letter. == Some example letters with the Prostration formula == The letters EA 242 and 246 are from Biridiya of Magidda-(Megiddo), (EA for 'el Amarna'). === Biridiya letter 242, no. 1 of 7: title: "Request granted" === Say to the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord and my Sun: Message-('um–ma') of Biridiya, the ruler of Magidda, the loyal servant of the king. I prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord and my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. I herewith give what the king, my lord, requested: 30


id: puna-pau-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_Pau-0.md
category: reference
title: Puna Pau
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_Pau
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:18.360375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: puna-pau-20260505-0
summary:
Maunga Puna Pau is a small crater or cinder cone and prehistoric quarry on the outskirts of Hanga Roa in the south west of Easter Island (a Chilean island in the Pacific Ocean). Puna Pau gives its name to one of the seven regions of the Rapa Nui National Park. Puna Pau was the sole source of the red scoria that the prehistoric Rapanui used to carve the pukao (topknots) that they put on the heads of some of their iconic moai statues. The stone from Puna Pau was also used for ahu facia blocks and a non-standard moai found in front of one of the ahu at Vinapu. It was not used to fashion the crouching moai Tukuturi at Rano Raraku, which is of Rano Raraku tuff. Archaeological excavations were carried out at Puna Pau between 2009 and 2013 by members of the UK Rapa Nui Landscapes of Construction Project team. The photo shown here is of the re-erected moai on Ahu Kote Riku, part of the Tahai ceremonial complex, not Ahu Tahai, and the topknot is not the original of Puna Pau red scoria, which is now in Hanga Roa cemetery, but a replacement made of red scoria


id: punta-sur-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Sur-0.md
category: reference
title: Punta Sur
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Sur
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:19.568984+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: punta-sur-20260505-0
summary:
Punta Sur marks the southern point of Cozumel and is part of the Parque Punta Sur, a 247-acre (1.00 km2) ecological park that covers the reefs, beaches, lagoons, and low forest of the surrounding area. The reef system is also part of the Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park. The Celarain lighthouse (Faro de Celarain) sits on the Punta Sur promontory (Punta Celarain) and is part of a nautical museum. Just northeast of it is the Caracol (Tumba del Caracol), a Maya building erected during the post-classic period. There is a persistent myth, often repeated by tour guides, that the building functioned as a weather alarm, producing a whistle that would precede the arrival of a hurricane, but that is only a legend. The idea that the building somehow functioned as a lighthouse or beacon used to send signals to the mainland is another legend, but also incorrect; it was a temple and nothing more. Some of the sandy beaches are protected to allow hatching for sea turtles. Observation towers have been erected at the Columbia lagoon to watch wildlife. Off Punta Sur is the Devil's Throat scuba diving area, while in the closer reef visitors can snorkel. The dirt road


id: qiance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiance-0.md
category: reference
title: Qiance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:20.776905+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qiance-20260505-0
summary:
Qiance, i.e., qiǎncè (Chinese traditional: 遣冊; Chinese simplified: 遣册), is a term for funerary-furnishing inventory list documents excavated from Chinese archaeological sites. == Description == Qiance were usually written on bamboo and wooden slips. According to Professor Qiu Xigui of Fudan University, most of the bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from ancient tombs and frontier fortress sites in China are ancient books and qiance. According to archaeological discoveries and ancient textual evidence, scholars believe that shorter funerary inventory lists, usually with less than one hundred item names, were written on fengfang, a wooden tablet, instead. == Purpose == It has been argued that qiance, together with the other tomb objects, were meant to guarantee the tomb owner's social status in the world beyond. == References ==


id: qumran-physiognomies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies-0.md
category: reference
title: Qumran Physiognomies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:21.976621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qumran-physiognomies-20260505-0
summary:
The Qumran Physiognomies was one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a large collection of scrolls and fragments found near the Qumran community. The document labeled 4Q186, was known as "Astrological Physiognomies" or "Horoscopes". == Astrological characteristics == Although 4Q186 is not a horoscope in the Greek sense, it has horoscopic characteristics. Vermes' translation of 4Q186 describes different parts of its subject "him" as in light and in darkness, which determines some characteristics of physiognomy, based on the astrology during an individual's birth (in this case relating to Taurus). This light and darkness could be explained by the location of Taurus above or below the horizon at the moment of birth. == Parts == The zodiac nature of the horoscope can only be inferred through "in the foot of the bull" in the text and then applying zodiacal thought from other sources. This phrase can then be understood through possible Greek zodiacal sources, such as Teukros. This form of interpreting the text does not use the typical locations of the sun, moon and planets as in modern horoscopes. Rather, Qumran physiognomies utilizes the location, as mentioned before, of different "parts" of Taurus (see Teukros) on or above the horizon. Therefore, a


id: rastroj-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrojón-0.md
category: reference
title: Rastrojón
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrojón
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:23.163124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rastroj-n-20260505-0
summary:
Rastrojón is a Maya archaeological site in western Honduras. It appears to be associated with the major Classical period city of Copán―the capital of a Maya kingdom that existed from 5th to 9th centuries CE―situated just two kilometres away. == History == El Rastrojón site was built under the concept of a residential area for the elite as retirement homes. The rubble shows the enormity of the palaces in the area, showing that the owners were part of the Mayan nobility and high society. The site was abandoned following the collapse of the Copán kingdom in 822; the site was constructed on top of a geological fault that made building difficult, so it may be that the inhabitants judged the location not worth the effort after the fall of the nearby royal centre. Rastrojón was discovered in 1979, during a survey of the area around Copán. From 2007 to 2013, the Rastrojón Archaeological Project (Spanish: El Proyecto Arqueológico Rastrojón Copán, PARACOPAN), sponsored by Harvard University and the Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History undertook a programme of rescue archaeology and conservation at the site. The project was led by archaeologists William Fash and Jorge Ramos, and conservator Antonia Martínez, and


id: reallexikon-der-assyriologie-und-vorderasiatischen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Archäologie-0.md
category: reference
title: Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Archäologie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:24.327971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reallexikon-der-assyriologie-und-vorderasiatischen-arch-ologie-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology (German: Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie; formerly Reallexikon der Assyriologie, RlA for short) is a multi-language (English, German, and French) encyclopedia on the Ancient Near East. It was founded by Bruno Meissner in 1922, reformed in 1966 by editor Ruth Opificius and publisher Wolfram von Soden. The lead editor was Dietz Otto Edzard from 1972 to 2004, with Michael P. Streck taking over in 2005. A team of 585 different authors from many countries have been involved in the project, producing 15 volumes, the latest of which was published in 2018. Not to be confused with the Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (AHw). == Publication History == The idea for the RlA came to the Berlin Assyriologist Bruno Meissner in 1922. He recognized that Assyriology lacked a reference work comparable to Pauly's Encyclopedias and the Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte ('Encyclopedia of Prehistory'). Meissner found interested collaborators in his Berlin colleague Erich Ebeling and in the publishing house Walter de Gruyter, which already published the Zeitschrift für Assyriologie. It took another six years before the first fascicle was published. Initially, the editors planned to publish two volumes totaling 1600 pages, but the rapidly growing body of


id: reclaiming-the-dead-sea-scrolls-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaiming_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls-0.md
category: reference
title: Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaiming_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:25.488805+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reclaiming-the-dead-sea-scrolls-20260505-0
summary:
Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls is a book was written by Lawrence Schiffman, published in 1994 by Doubleday, as part of the Anchor Research Library. The book's aim was to explain the true meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls for Judaism and Christianity. Previous to the publication of the book, many exaggerated and irresponsible claims about the scrolls were published. Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls, according to itself, “sets before the public the real Dead Sea Scrolls.” The book sets forth the author's theory that the Dead Sea Scrolls were gathered at Qumran by a sect which left Jerusalem in the aftermath of the Maccabean Revolt. When the Hasmonean rulers accepted the rulings of the Pharisees, these Sadducees took up residence in the Judean desert. == Contents == I. Discovery and Disclosure: Liberating the Scrolls II. The Community at Qumran III. Closing the Canon: Biblical Texts and Interpretations IV. To Live as a Jew V. Mysticism, Messianism, and the End of Days VI. Sectarianism, Nationalism and Consensus == References ==


id: rena-hoard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_hoard-0.md
category: reference
title: Rena hoard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_hoard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:26.658875+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rena-hoard-20260505-0
summary:
The Rena hoard is a hoard of Viking-era coins discovered in April 2026 near Rena, Norway. == Discovery == Two metal detectorists discovered 19 silver coins in a farm near Rena, in the Østerdalen region, on 10 April 2026. As of April 2026, the hoard remains under archaeological investigation. == Contents == Since the initial discovery, 3,150 coins have been found. The hoard itself (i.e., when the coins were deposited) dates to approximately 1047. Most of the coins were made the areas now called England and Germany, not in Norway itself (during the Viking Age). Some did originate in Norway or Denmark. The coins were likely minted during the respective reigns of Cnut and Æthelred the Unready, of England; Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor; and Harald Hardrada of Norway. The hoard also contained fragments of silver fibulae (hacksilver). == Further reading == "Fant historisk myntskatt fra vikingtiden" (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. 29 April 2026. == References ==


id: ritual-and-domestic-life-in-prehistoric-europe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_and_Domestic_Life_in_Prehistoric_Europe-0.md
category: reference
title: Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_and_Domestic_Life_in_Prehistoric_Europe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:27.824972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ritual-and-domestic-life-in-prehistoric-europe-20260505-0
summary:
Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe is a book by the English archaeologist Richard Bradley of the University of Reading. It was first published by Routledge in 2005. Bradley questions whether a distinction can be drawn between ritual and non-ritual behavior in prehistoric Europe, citing ethnographic comparisons and archaeological examples to suggest that ritualised activities were a part of domestic life and agriculture. == Synopsis == Part One, "The Importance of Ordinary Things", opens with chapter one, "Death and the Harvest", in which Bradley looks at the manner in which archaeologists have differentiated between ritual and domestic life. Discussing the Galician hórreos, or raised storehouses, he uses them as an example to highlight that both ritual and domestic features can be found in the same structure. Moving on to other archaeological examples, he discusses Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, England, and then the viereckschanzen of southern Germany and Bohemia. He then rounds off the chapter with a discussion of what ritual is, citing the work of social anthropologists and ritual studies scholars like Jack Goody, Maurice Bloch and Catherine Bell, emphasising that ritual is a form of action. Chapter two, "The consecration of the house" explores ritual elements in the


id: ritual-landscape-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_landscape-0.md
category: reference
title: Ritual landscape
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_landscape
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:29.000265+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ritual-landscape-20260505-0
summary:
Ritual landscapes or ceremonial landscapes are large archaeological areas that were seemingly dedicated to ceremonial purposes in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Most are dated to around 3500–1800 BC, though a mustatil in Arabia has been dated to between 5300 and 5000 BC. The term emerged in the early 1980s in British archaeology and was contrasted with more conventional studies of monument sites concerned with dating, classification, and political divisions. Ritual landscapes are often associated with origin myths, ancestors, homes of spiritual essences, or locales where mythical or historical events occurred while the landscape features include social memory and the preservation of the myths, histories, trusts, and the belongings of a people. Aside from a place of origin and mythology, ritual landscapes were also considered places of protection and renewal. == Features == === In Britain and Ireland === In Britain, many ritual landscapes were gradually built around the two earliest classes of Neolithic communal monuments: long barrows and causewayed enclosures. For instance, the Avebury ritual site featured a giant, flat-topped barrow called Silbury Hill, which is considered the largest artificial mound in prehistoric Europe. The evidence of contemporary settlement within these landscapes is often sparse or absent altogether; conversely,


id: rock-art-and-the-prehistory-of-atlantic-europe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_and_the_Prehistory_of_Atlantic_Europe-0.md
category: reference
title: Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_and_the_Prehistory_of_Atlantic_Europe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:30.165069+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rock-art-and-the-prehistory-of-atlantic-europe-20260505-0
summary:
Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe: Signing the Land is an archaeological book authored by the English academic Richard Bradley of the University of Reading. It was first published by Routledge in 1997. Taking Atlantic Europe as its area of focus, Bradley's book deals with Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles and in Galicia. == Synopsis == Bradley's first chapter provides a brief introduction to the topic. Chapter two introduces the prehistory of Atlantic Europe, exploring ideas regarding societal connections between Galicia and various parts of the British Isles where rock art is found. The third chapter goes into greater depth into Atlantic rock art, discussing various scholars' views on the connection between the petroglyphs of different regions. == Reviews == Caroline Malone of Queen's University, Belfast reviewed Bradley's tome for Antiquity alongside his later publication, The Significance of Monuments. == See also == List of Stone Age art == References == === Footnotes === === Bibliography === Bradley, Richard (1997). Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16536-5.


id: sacrificial-calendar-of-athens-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_calendar_of_Athens-0.md
category: reference
title: Sacrificial calendar of Athens
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_calendar_of_Athens
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:31.365071+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sacrificial-calendar-of-athens-20260505-0
summary:
The sacrificial calendar of Athens is an Ancient Greek religious document inscribed on stone as part of the Athenian law revisions from 410/9–405/4 and 403/2–400/399 BC. It provides a detailed record of sacrificial practices, listing festivals, types of offerings (both animal and non-animal), and payments to priests and officials. The fragments are preserved in the Agora and Epigraphical Museum in Athens. It was described as "one of the most important documents of ancient Greek religion". == See also == Ancient Greek calendars == References == == Further reading == Dow, Sterling (1968). "Six Athenian sacrificial Calendars". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. 92 (1): 170–186. doi:10.3406/bch.1968.2206. JSTOR 30073193. Retrieved 4 November 2024. Gawlinski, Laura (1 January 2007). "The Athenian Calendar of Sacrifices: A New Fragment from the Athenian Agora" (PDF). Hesperia. 76: 37–55. doi:10.2972/hesp.76.1.37. "AIO 1189 Sacrificial Calendar of Athens (later phase)". www.atticinscriptions.com. Retrieved 4 November 2024.


id: safonfok-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safonfok-0.md
category: reference
title: Safonfok
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safonfok
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:32.557987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: safonfok-20260505-0
summary:
Safonfok is a prehistoric archaeological site near Walung, on the island of Kosrae in the Federated States of Micronesia. At the time of its discovery in 1999, it was one of the largest prehistoric industrial complex found in the islands of the Pacific. The site, whose extent has not been fully determined, was excavated in 1999-2000, revealing a major complex where an estimated hundreds of workers manufactured coral fish hooks and other tools. The site was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 2002. == References ==


id: sapapali-i-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapapaliʻi-0.md
category: reference
title: Sapapaliʻi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapapaliʻi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:33.709377+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sapapali-i-20260505-0
summary:
Sapapaliʻi is a village near the southeast coast of Savaiʻi island in Samoa. It is the village where John Williams, the first missionary to bring Christianity to Samoa, landed in 1830. Sapapali'i is in the Fa'asaleleaga political district and has a population of 896. Sapapaliʻi became the second Malietoa base in the district in 1750 when Malietoa Tiʻa married a woman from the village. Their son Malietoa Fitisemanu was the father of Malietoa Vaiinupo who received Williams in 1830. Sapapaliʻi is 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Salelologa ferry terminal and township. == Archaeology == In the 1970s, Gregory Jackmond carried out archaeological surveys inland from Sapapali'i. Jackmond, a Peace Corps in Samoa, surveyed a 20 hectare area with extensive pre-historic settlements. Jackmond later carried out field work at Palauli on the south east coast where the Pulemelei Mound is situated. == References ==


id: schroda-south-africa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroda,_South_Africa-0.md
category: reference
title: Schroda, South Africa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroda,_South_Africa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:34.910227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schroda-south-africa-20260505-0
summary:
Schroda is an archaeological site located on the Limpopo River in northern South Africa. Starting in approximately 900 CE it was settled by the Zhizo people and like became the regional capital. The Zhizo made elaborate pottery with diverse styles, for which they were named after. Figurines were used as props in school lessons. They traded ivory, gold, rhino skins, leopard skins, and iron to coastal cities such as Chibuene in exchange for glass beads, cotton and silk cloths, and glazed ceramics. == Finds == Schroda is well known for its abundant finds of anthropomorphic figurines. == See also == Thomas Huffman == References == == External Sites == Schroda Figurines


id: seengen-riesi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seengen–Riesi-0.md
category: reference
title: Seengen–Riesi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seengen–Riesi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:36.114393+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seengen-riesi-20260505-0
summary:
Seengen–Riesi refers to an archaeological site in Seengen in the Swiss canton of Aargau, in the Riesi (also known as Risle or Rieslen) moorland reserve on Lake Hallwil, in the area where the Aabach stream flows into the lake. It is a lakeside settlement (also known as a pile dwelling village or palafitte) from the Late Bronze Age (11th–9th century BC). Since 2011, the site has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps. == References ==


id: sikligarh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikligarh-0.md
category: reference
title: Sikligarh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikligarh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T11:19:37.320646+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sikligarh-20260505-0
summary:
Sikligarh (Maithili: सिकलीगढ़) or Sikligadh is an ancient archeological site in the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. It is located in the Banmankhi block of the Purnia district in the state of Bihar in India. It is spread over 200 acres of land surrounded by mud rampart. It is an important archeological site in Bihar which has yielded NBP ware. == References ==


