# kb

id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-2.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:34.537066+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
We believe that evolution is a foundational scientific truth, one that has stood up to rigorous scrutiny and upon which much of human knowledge and achievement rests. Omitting evolution from science teaching, or treating it dismissively as “only a theory,” miscommunicates its centrality in modern biology and threatens students’ understanding of the very nature of science. Along with our religious allies of other traditions, we ask that science remain science and that religion remain religion. We urge public education authorities to preserve the integrity of the science curriculum by affirming the teaching of evolutionary theory as a core component of human knowledge. == History == The project was organized in 2004 by Michael Zimmerman, then a biology professor and dean of the College of Science and Letters at University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh. He was motivated to create a petition by the actions of the school board in Grantsburg, Wisconsin, which had passed some anti-evolution policies in the summer of 2004. Zimmerman was a veteran of similar disputes in Ohio, when he was a professor at Oberlin College. After Zimmerman watched Christian fundamentalist clergy from Dover, Pennsylvania, on the television program Nightline insisting that decisions about teaching evolution in schools was equivalent


id: clergy-letter-project-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project-3.md
category: reference
title: Clergy Letter Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:34.537066+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clergy-letter-project-20260505-0
summary:
== Reaction from creationists == The creationist Discovery Institute, which arranged its own anti-evolution petition called A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism in 2001 criticized the project. Discovery Institute communications director Rob Crowther asserted that the disputes about evolution was "purely a scientific debate" and that clergy petitions are irrelevant, stating that clergy "don't make any difference," since "We don't think there is anything religious at all to the theory of intelligent design." Zimmerman described this argument as part of the problem, as intelligent design tried to undermine science by changing it from a study of the natural world to include supernatural explanations, and it was important for clergy to defend science against these attacks. Ken Ham and Mark Looy of the creationist organization Answers in Genesis have repeatedly condemned Evolution Sunday/Evolution Weekend activities as a "Darwin praise service" and expressing dismay that "over 10,200 clergy had signed this awful letter." Ham and Looy also criticized Zimmerman's fundraising efforts through the Christian Alliance for Progress. Answers in Genesis published a list of "modern scientists who have accepted the biblical account of creation." The majority are not biologists. The group has also organized "Creation Sunday" in response to Evolution Weekend, and has


id: march-for-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: March for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:39.939284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: march-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
The March for Science (formerly known as the Scientists' March on Washington) was an international series of rallies and marches held on Earth Day. The inaugural march was held on April 22, 2017, in Washington, D.C., and more than 600 other cities across the world. According to organizers, the march was a non-partisan movement to celebrate science and the role it plays in everyday lives. The goals of the marches and rallies were to emphasize that science upholds the common good and to call for evidence-based policy in the public's best interest. The March for Science organizers, estimated global attendance at 1.07 million, with 100,000 participants estimated for the main March in Washington, D.C., 70,000 in Boston, 60,000 in Chicago, 50,000 in Los Angeles, 50,000 in San Francisco, 20,000 in Seattle, 14,000 in Phoenix, and 11,000 in Berlin. A second March for Science was held April 14, 2018. 230 satellite events around the world participated in the 2nd annual event, including New York City, Abuja, Nigeria, and Baraut, India. A third March for Science took place on May 22, 2019, this time with 150 locations around the world participating. The March for Science organizers and supporters said that support for


id: march-for-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: March for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:39.939284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: march-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
During the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the largest scientific organization in the US, scientists held the "Rally to Stand Up for Science" at Copley Square, Boston, on February 19. The same month, the AAAS announced its support for the march. By mid-March, some 100 science organizations endorsed the March for Science, including many scientific societies. Endorsers of the march included the American Geophysical Union, American Association of Geographers, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Society for Neuroscience, Society for Freshwater Science, American Statistical Association, Association for Psychological Science, American Sociological Association, Electrochemical Society, Entomological Society of America, California Academy of Sciences, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium. The University of Delaware Center for Political Communication conducted a survey of 1,040 members of March for Science Facebook groups or pages from March 31 to April 18 to study their motivations for joining the march. Respondents cited the following as reasons for marching: Before April, enthusiasts found existing knitting patterns for a hat shaped like a brain and proposed it as a symbol of solidarity for the march in analogy with the pussyhat project. == Participation == The primary march, organized by Earth Day Network and


id: march-for-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science-2.md
category: reference
title: March for Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:39.939284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: march-for-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Criticism === The march received a torrent of criticism from conservative publications for the perceived left-wing bias and orientation of the event. Donald Trump's science adviser, climate change denier William Happer stated that "there's no reason to assume the president is against science" and dismissed the march as a cult. A number of scientists voiced concerns over the march. Theoretical physicist Sylvester James Gates warned that "such a politically charged event might send a message to the public that scientists are driven by ideology more than by evidence". Writing in The New York Times, Robert S. Young argued that the march will "reinforce the narrative from skeptical conservatives that scientists are an interest group and politicize their data, research and findings for their own ends" and that it would be better for scientists to "march into local civic groups, churches, county fairs and, privately, into the offices of elected officials." Matthew Nisbet, writing for Skeptical Inquirer magazine right after the first march in 2017, states that it is not the least educated but the "best educated and most scientifically literate who are prone to biased reasoning and false beliefs about contentious science issues". In his opinion this will mean


id: project-steve-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Steve-0.md
category: reference
title: Project Steve
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Steve
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:41.273242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: project-steve-20260505-0
summary:
Project Steve is a list of scientists with the given name Stephen or Steven or a variation thereof (e.g., Stephanie, Stefan, Esteban, etc.) who "support evolution". It was originally created by the National Center for Science Education as a "tongue-in-cheek parody" of creationist attempts to collect a list of scientists who "doubt evolution", such as the Answers in Genesis's list of scientists who accept the biblical account of the Genesis creation narrative or the Discovery Institute's A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism. The list pokes fun at such endeavors while making it clear that, "We did not wish to mislead the public into thinking that scientific issues are decided by who has the longer list of scientists!" It also honors Stephen Jay Gould. The level of support for evolution among scientists is very high. A 2009 poll by Pew Research Center found that "[n]early all scientists (97%) say humans and other living things have evolved over time." However, at the same time the project is a genuine collection of scientists. Despite the list's restriction to only scientists with names like "Steve", which it turns out is roughly 1 percent of scientists, Project Steve is longer and contains many more eminent scientists


id: project-steve-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Steve-1.md
category: reference
title: Project Steve
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Steve
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:41.273242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: project-steve-20260505-0
summary:
The original goal was to collect the signatures of 100 Steves, but this goal was reached in about 10 days. Both Nobel Prize-winning Steves in science — Steven Weinberg and Steven Chu (who has since served as Secretary of Energy in Barack Obama's Cabinet) — were among the first 100 Steves. Over 200 Steves responded in the first month. As the news of Project Steve spread by word of mouth, ever-increasing numbers of Steves contacted the NCSE, and the list continued to grow. Project Steve captured the attention of the media. The first media coverage included articles in the Washington Times, Science, the Oakland Tribune and an interview of NCSE director Eugenie Scott by Australian science journalist and radio broadcaster Robyn Williams for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s radio show, The Science Show. The Science Show arranged for Geoff Sirmai and David Fisher of the Australian musical comedy team "Comic Roasts" to write the "Steve Song", a parody of the Monty Python song about Spam, for Project Steve. The song had its debut on The Science Show episode featuring the interview of Scott which aired on Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National on March 8, 2003. Cambridge University Lucasian Professor of Mathematics


id: science-online-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Online-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Online
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Online
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:42.353184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-online-20260505-0
summary:
Science Online was an annual conference held in Durham, North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, that focused on the role of the internet in science and science communication. It was attended primarily by bloggers and science journalists from North America. The conference was held annually, beginning in 2007. Notable attendees included PZ Myers, Jennifer Ouellette, Rebecca Skloot, Carl Zimmer and others. The conferences were covered as local news by publications such as The Charlotte Observer, as well as "new media" like Boing Boing, professional journalist organizations like the Columbia Journalism Review and science-oriented publications like Scientific American. In October 2014, the ScienceOnline foundation, which organized the conferences, announced that it had become insolvent and consequently was shutting down. == References ==


id: the-scientific-activist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientific_Activist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Scientific Activist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientific_Activist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:43.543283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-scientific-activist-20260505-0
summary:
The Scientific Activist was a blog that covered science, politics, and science policy. The Scientific Activist gained international recognition in February 2006 when it published information that led to the immediate resignation of Bush administration NASA appointee George Deutsch. Deutsch — who had been accused of censoring scientific information at NASA — claimed to have graduated from Texas A&M University on his résumé, but the blog discovered that Deutsch had not, in fact, completed his degree there. In July 2006, The Scientific Activist was named one of Nature's "Top five science blogs." == Notes and sources == == External links == The Scientific Activist, current site The Scientific Activist, original site (archives January 11—June 21, 2006)


id: a-scientific-support-for-darwinism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Scientific_Support_for_Darwinism-0.md
category: reference
title: A Scientific Support for Darwinism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Scientific_Support_for_Darwinism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:44.819271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-scientific-support-for-darwinism-20260505-0
summary:
A Scientific Support for Darwinism (And For Public Schools Not To Teach "Intelligent Design" As Science) was a four-day, word-of-mouth petition of scientists in support of evolution. Inspired by Project Steve, it was initiated in 2005 by archaeologist R. Joe Brandon to produce a public response to the Discovery Institute's 2001 petition A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism. The Discovery Institute's petition was publicized in 2005 by media coverage of the Discovery Institute's efforts to introduce intelligent design in science classrooms and the opposition to those efforts in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case. Brandon noticed that only about 80 of those appearing on the Dissent petition had expertise in an area relevant to evolution. Therefore, Brandon decided to create a petition of his own of scientists supporting evolution. The petition was hosted at ShovelBums.org, but has since been removed from the site. A total of 7,733 scientists signed a statement affirming their support for evolution over a four-day period. == Statement == The statement was entitled A Scientific Support for Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach "Intelligent Design" As Science, and read: This petition is in response to the Discovery Institute's petition "A Scientific Dissent From


id: skeptics-in-the-pub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub-0.md
category: reference
title: Skeptics in the Pub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptics_in_the_Pub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:46.084198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: skeptics-in-the-pub-20260505-0
summary:
Skeptics in the Pub (abbreviated SITP) is an informal social event designed to promote fellowship and social networking among skeptics, critical thinkers, freethinkers, rationalists and other like-minded individuals. It provides an opportunity for skeptics to talk, share ideas and have fun in a casual atmosphere, and discuss whatever topical issues come to mind, while promoting skepticism, science, and rationality. == Format == "Skeptics in the Pub" is not a protected term, anyone can set one up. There also is no formal procedure to organising an event; organisers can fill in activities as they see fit. There are, however, some common approaches across the world in hosting such events that make them more successful. The usual format of meetings includes an invited speaker who gives a talk on a specific topic, followed by a question-and-answer session. Other meet-ups are informal socials, with no fixed agenda. The groups usually meet once a month at a public venue, most often a local pub. By 2012 there were more than 100 different "SitP" groups running around the world. == History == === London === The earliest and longest-running event is the award-winning London meeting, established by Australian philosophy professor Scott Campbell in 1999. Campbell


id: stand-up-for-science-2025-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_for_Science_2025-0.md
category: reference
title: Stand Up for Science 2025
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_for_Science_2025
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:47.411205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stand-up-for-science-2025-20260505-0
summary:
Stand Up for Science are a series of protests that first occurred on March 7, 2025, and then again March 7, 2026. It is now also a 501(c)(4) non-profit organization formed in February 2025 as an endeavor to combat policy changes administered in Donald Trump's second term as president. The Stand Up for Science non-profit organized the Bethesda Declaration, the EPA Letter of Dissent and the NASA Voyager Declaration. == Background == Stand Up for Science was founded by JP Flores, Emma Courtney, Sam Goldstein, Leslie Bernsten, and Colette Delawalla in February 2025. Amid the first 47 days of Donald Trump's second term, concerns emerged within scientific and medical communities regarding certain policy changes. The policy changes of concern included: the termination of grants related to transgender research and diversity initiatives at the National Institutes of Health, the review of thousands of National Science Foundation grants containing keywords such as "women" and "diversity", the dismissal of hundreds of probationary employees at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Weather Service, a proposed indirect cost cap at the National Institute of Health, attempted closure of facilities housing the Alaska and Hawaii Volcano Observatories, as well as concerns about the


id: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity-0.md
category: reference
title: World Scientists' Warning to Humanity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:48.834304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-0
summary:
The "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity" was a document written in 1992 by Henry W. Kendall and signed by about 1,700 leading scientists. Twenty-five years later, in November 2017, 15,364 scientists signed "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" written by William J. Ripple and seven co-authors calling for, among other things, human population planning, and drastically diminishing per capita consumption of fossil fuels, meat, and other resources. The second notice has more scientist cosigners and formal supporters than any other journal article ever published. == First publication == In late 1992, the late Henry W. Kendall, a former chair of the board of directors of the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), wrote the first warning, "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity", which begins: "Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course." A majority of the Nobel Prize laureates in the sciences signed the document; about 1,700 of the world's leading scientists appended their signature. It was sometimes offered in opposition to the Heidelberg Appeal—also signed by numerous scientists and Nobel laureates earlier in 1992—which begins by criticizing "an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress, and impedes economic and social development." This document


id: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity-1.md
category: reference
title: World Scientists' Warning to Humanity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:48.834304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-0
summary:
== 2022 warning on population == In October 2022, Eileen Crist, William J. Ripple, Paul R. Ehrlich, William E. Rees, and Christopher Wolf all contributed to the Scientists' warning on population, published by Science of the Total Environment as "part of the ongoing series of scientists' warning publications," to address the negative impacts of population size and growth on the climate and biodiversity, which they posit "continues to be ignored, sidestepped, or denied." It calls for two actions that, if heeded, will stop population growth before the end of this century. Firstly, the authors issue a global appeal to all adults to have no more than one child as part of the transformative changes needed to mitigate both climate change and biodiversity loss. Secondly, the warning urges policy-makers to "implement population policies with two key female empowerment components," primarily improving education for young women and girls and providing high-quality family-planning services to all. It emphasizes that "the combination of institutional support to plan one's child-bearing choices and educational attainment, including enhanced opportunity for higher education for women, yields immediate fertility declines." It also posits that a sustainable human population, which according to environmental analysts is "one enjoying a modest, equitable


id: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity-2.md
category: reference
title: World Scientists' Warning to Humanity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:48.834304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-0
summary:
Foth, Marcus (2025). "A Scientist's Warning on Smart Cities: Rethinking Urban Sustainability for More-than-Human Futures". Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2025.2575522. ISSN 1063-0732. Montefalcone, M.; Morri, C.; Bianchi, C.N. (2025). "Scientists' warning on sustainability: the ecologist point of view, with examples from marine ecosystems". Discover Sustainability. 6: 279. doi:10.1007/s43621-025-01038-7. Samways, M.J.; Córdoba-Aguilar, A.; Deacon, C.; Alves-Martins, F.; Baird, I.R.C.; Barmentlo, S.H. (2025). "Scientists' warning on the need for greater inclusion of dragonflies in global conservation". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 18 (4): 465–484. doi:10.1111/icad.12819. Seralini, G.E.; Jungers, G.; Andersen, A.; Antoniou, M.; Aschner, M.; Bacon, M.H.; Bertrand, M.; Bohn, T.; Bonfleur, M.L.; Bücking, E.; Defarge, N. (2025). "Scientists' warning: we must change paradigm for a revolution in toxicology and world food supply". Environmental Sciences Europe. 37 (1): 182. doi:10.1186/s12302-025-01217-3. Theodoropoulos, A.; Stewart, K.A.; Wielstra, B. (2025). "Scientists' warning on genetic pollution". Discover Conservation. 2 (1). doi:10.1007/s44353-025-00041-3. Vaccaro, C.A.; Courville, K. (2025). "El impacto al medio ambiente de los aparatos electrónicos: La advertencia de los científicos sobre los residuos electrónicos". REA: Revista Científica Especializada en Educación y Ambiente (in Spanish). 4 (1): 137–146. doi:10.48204/rea.v4n1.7301. Wolf, Stacy; Bullard, Robert; Buonocore, Jonathan J.; Donley, Nisha; Farrelly, Travis; Fleming, Jackson; González, Daniel J.; Oreskes, Naomi; Ripple,


id: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity-3.md
category: reference
title: World Scientists' Warning to Humanity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:48.834304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-0
summary:
Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Gregg, Jillian W.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Palomo, Ignacio; Eikelboom, Jasper A. J.; Law, Beverly E.; Huq, Saleemul; Duffy, Philip B.; Rockström, Johan (2021). "World scientists' warning of a climate emergency 2021". BioScience. 71 (9): 894–898. doi:10.1093/biosci/biab079. ISSN 0006-3568. Robinne, François-Nicolas; Hallema, Dennis W.; Bladon, Kevin D.; Flannigan, Michael D.; Boisramé, Gabrielle; Bréthaut, Christophe M.; Doerr, Stefan H.; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano; Gallagher, Lauren A.; Hohner, Alexander K.; Khan, Saeed J. (2021). "Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply". Hydrological Processes. 35 (5) e14086. doi:10.1002/hyp.14086. ISSN 0885-6087. Applequist, Wendy L.; Brinckmann, Josef A.; Cunningham, Anthony B.; Hart, Robbie E.; Heinrich, Michael; Katerere, David R.; van Andel, Tinde (2020). "Scientists' Warning on Climate Change and Medicinal Plants". Planta Medica. 86 (1): 10–18. doi:10.1055/a-1041-3406. ISSN 0032-0943. Cardoso, Pedro; Barton, Philip S.; Birkhofer, Klaus; Chichorro, Filipe; Deacon, Charl; Fartmann, Thomas; Fukushima, Caroline S.; Gaigher, René; Habel, Jan C.; Hallmann, Caspar A.; Hill, Matthew J.; Hochkirch, Axel; Kwak, Mackenzie L.; Mammola, Stefano; Noriega, Jorge A.; Orfinger, Alexander B.; Pedraza, Fernando; Pryke, James S.; Roque, Fabio O.; Settele, Josef; Simaika, John P.; Stork, Nigel E.; Suhling, Frank; Vorster, Carlien; Samways, Michael J. (2020). "Scientists' warning to humanity


id: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity-4.md
category: reference
title: World Scientists' Warning to Humanity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientists'_Warning_to_Humanity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:48.834304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-scientists-warning-to-humanity-20260505-0
summary:
== See also == == References == === Excerpts and notes === === Citations === === Bibliography === Bose, Priyom (July 7, 2022), "Scientists appeal for global population control", News Medical, retrieved November 4, 2022 Carrington, Damian (November 5, 2019), "Climate crisis: 11,000 scientists warn of 'untold suffering'", The Guardian, retrieved November 8, 2019 Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022), "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF), Science of the Total Environment, 845 157166, Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166, PMID 35803428, S2CID 250387801 Kendall, Henry W. (18 November 1992), World Scientists Warning To Humanity (PDF), ucsusa.org, retrieved 2011-08-26 Ripple, William J.; et al. (13 November 2017), "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" (PDF), BioScience, 67 (12): 1026–1028, doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2019, retrieved 12 July 2018 Ripple, William J.; et al. (November 5, 2019), "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency", BioScience, doi:10.1093/biosci/biz088, hdl:1808/30278, retrieved November 8, 2019 Ripple, William J.; et al. (July 28, 2021), "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021", BioScience, 71 (9): 894–898, doi:10.1093/biosci/biab079, hdl:1808/30278, retrieved July 29, 2021 Ripple, William J; et al. (26 October 2022), "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2022",


id: lists-of-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of science and technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:50.538078+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable awards for specific areas of science and technology. Typically these lists give the country of the sponsoring organization, the award name, sponsor name and a description of the award criteria. Some of the awards have broad scope, or cover the intersection of different disciplines, so an award may appear in more than one list. A list of general awards for science and technology is followed by the lists of more specific awards. == General list == List of general science and technology awards == Specific lists == == Research == In July 2020, scientists reported that work honored by Nobel Prizes clusters in only a few scientific fields, with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel Prize of the 114/849 domains that science could be divided into, according to their DC2 and DC3 classification systems. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel Prizes awarded from 1995 to 2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%]). This concentration of awards may be partially due to the fact that major scientific prizes, such as the Nobel Prize, are often awarded


id: list-of-general-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_science_and_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of general science and technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_science_and_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:53.617130+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-general-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of general science and technology awards is an index to articles about notable awards for general contributions to science and technology. These awards typically have broad scope, and may apply to many or all areas of science and/or technology. The list is organized by region and country of the sponsoring organization, but awards are not necessarily limited to people from that country. == International == == Africa == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of years in science == References ==


id: a-c-redfield-lifetime-achievement-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Redfield_Lifetime_Achievement_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Redfield_Lifetime_Achievement_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:58.816898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-c-redfield-lifetime-achievement-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Lifetime Achievement Award was first presented in 1994 to honor major long-term achievements in the fields of limnology and oceanography, including research, education and service to the community and society. In 2004, the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography board renamed the award in honor of Alfred C. Redfield. == Recipients == Notes The information in the table is according to the "A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award" webpage of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography unless otherwise specified by additional citations. == References == == External links == ASLO Awards and Nominations


id: a-g-huntsman-award-for-excellence-in-the-marine-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.G._Huntsman_Award_for_Excellence_in_the_Marine_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.G._Huntsman_Award_for_Excellence_in_the_Marine_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:07:59.939160+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-g-huntsman-award-for-excellence-in-the-marine-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences was established in 1980 by the Canadian marine science community to recognize excellence of research and outstanding contributions to marine sciences. It is presented by the Royal Society of Canada. The award honours marine scientists of any nationality who have had and continue to have a significant influence on the course of marine scientific thought. It is named in honour of Archibald Gowanlock Huntsman (1883–1973), a pioneer Canadian oceanographer and fishery biologist. == A.G. Huntsman Medal == The award consists of a specially designed fine silver medal showing the CSS Hudson. == A.G. Huntsman Foundation == The A.G. Huntsman Award is administered by the A.G. Huntsman Foundation, based at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Nova Scotia. The foundation is organized as an independent, charitable, tax-free foundation. Business of the foundation is conducted by a board of directors and executive officers. The Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia serves as Honorary Patron of the Huntsman Foundation. The award is presented annually by the Royal Society of Canada. The annual process of selection is conducted by a separate selection committee of Canadian marine scientists. The award ceremony takes place in the late fall


id: aaas-award-for-scientific-freedom-and-responsibility-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAS_Award_for_Scientific_Freedom_and_Responsibility-0.md
category: reference
title: AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAS_Award_for_Scientific_Freedom_and_Responsibility
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:01.121152+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aaas-award-for-scientific-freedom-and-responsibility-20260505-0
summary:
The AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility is given by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and honours scientists and engineers whose exemplary actions, often taken at significant personal cost, have served to foster scientific freedom and responsibility and increased scientific awareness throughout the world. According to the AAAS, exemplary actions include "acting to protect the public's health, safety or welfare; focusing public attention on important potential impacts of science and technology on society by their responsible participation in public policy debates." == History == The establishment of this new Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility was announced by AAAS executive officer William D. Carey on 23 October 1980. The award, presented for the first time at the 1982 AAAS Annual Meeting in Washington, DC, consisted of a plaque and a cash prize of $1,000. == Recipients == 1982 - Paul Berg, Maxine Singer, Norton Zinder, Morris H. Baslow 1983 - Anatoly Koryagin, Jose Westerkamp 1985 - Werner A. Baum 1986 - Colegio Medico de Chile, Victor Paschkis 1987 - Stanley L. Weinberg, Norman D. Newell, Francisco J. Ayala 1988 - Richard L. Garwin, Roger M. Boisjoly 1989 - Robert L. Sprague, Natural Resources Defense Council 1990


id: aaas-philip-hauge-abelson-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAS_Philip_Hauge_Abelson_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAS_Philip_Hauge_Abelson_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:02.424569+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aaas-philip-hauge-abelson-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize is awarded by The American Association for the Advancement of Science for public servants, recognized for sustained exceptional contributions to advancing science or scientists, whose career has been distinguished both for scientific achievement and for other notable services to the scientific community. The prize is named after nuclear physicist Philip Abelson.The award consists of an engraved medallion and an honorarium of $5,000. == See also == AAAS Award for Science Diplomacy AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research Newcomb Cleveland Prize == References ==


id: abarca-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarca_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Abarca Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarca_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:03.669172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: abarca-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Doctor Juan Abarca International Award in Medical Sciences, known as the Abarca Prize, is an award that recognises research and innovation through a biomedical finding of global significance. == Background == Created in 2020 by the Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, it is awarded to the scientific or medical career of a person who has made a significant contribution to the protection, improvement or rehabilitation of people's health. The award, endowed with 100,000 euros, is inspired by the Spanish surgeon Juan Abarca Campal, founder of HM Hospitales. The jury, appointed by the Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, is made up of members of the scientific community. == Abarca Prize == === 2021 === The first edition of the award was held in October 2021. The award ceremony was chaired by King Felipe VI. The jury was headed by Alberto Muñoz, professor at the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid (IIBM) and included Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet, Silvia G. Priori, scientific director of the ICS Maugeri Hospital, palaeoanthropologist Juan Luis Arsuaga, and Federico de Montalvo, former president of the Spanish Bioethics Committee. The Abarca Prize was awarded to Professor Jean-Laurent Casanova for his findings in the field of


id: abb-research-award-in-honor-of-hubertus-von-gruenberg-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Research_Award_in_honor_of_Hubertus_von_Gruenberg-0.md
category: reference
title: ABB Research Award in honor of Hubertus von Gruenberg
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Research_Award_in_honor_of_Hubertus_von_Gruenberg
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:04.791799+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: abb-research-award-in-honor-of-hubertus-von-gruenberg-20260505-0
summary:
The ABB Research Award in Honor of Hubertus von Gruenberg is named after Dr. Hubertus von Gruenberg, who was the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the technology company ABB from 2007 to 2015. == Endowment and format == Awarded every three years, the prize is endowed with a research grant of US$300,000. The prize is awarded to a postdoctoral researcher working in the fields of energy, manufacturing, transport, infrastructure, digitalization, or related fields. The grant enables the awardee to continue research on his or her topic for three years. == Purpose == The award was created to sustain high levels of research and encourage the development of future technologies and applications. == Awardees == === 2016 === Dr. Jef Beerten from KU Leuven for his PhD thesis on "Modeling and Control of DC Power Systems" === 2019 === Dr. Ambuj Varshney from Uppsala University/University of California, Berkeley for his PhD thesis on "Enabling Sustainable Networked Embedded Systems" == Jury == === 2016 === The 2016 jury consisted of Prof. Robert Armstrong, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Prof. Ulrike Grossner, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich) Prof. Nina Thornhill, Imperial College London Prof. Zheyao Wang, Tsinghua University,


id: albert-einstein-world-award-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Albert Einstein World Award of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:05.968225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: albert-einstein-world-award-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Albert Einstein World Award for Science is an annual award given by the World Cultural Council "as a means of recognition and encouragement for scientific and technological research and development", with special consideration for researches which "have brought true benefit and wellbeing to mankind". Named for physicist and theoretician Albert Einstein, the award includes a diploma, a commemorative medal, and US$10,000. The recipient of the award is evaluated and elected by an Interdisciplinary Committee, which is composed of world-renowned scientists, among them 25 Nobel laureates. == Award recipients == == See also == Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts José Vasconcelos World Award of Education Albert Einstein Medal Albert Einstein Award Prizes named after people List of things named after Albert Einstein List of physics awards List of general science and technology awards == References == == External links == Official website


id: annual-bci-research-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_BCI_Research_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Annual BCI Research Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_BCI_Research_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:07.218798+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: annual-bci-research-award-20260505-0
summary:
The BCI Research Award is an annual award for innovative research in the field of brain-computer interfaces. It is organized by the BCI Award Foundation. The prize is $3000 for first, $2000 for second, and $1000 for third place. The prizes are provided by g.tec medical engineering, an Austrian company that develops brain-computer interface, neurotechnology and EEG systems used worldwide in neuroscience, clinical applications, and Neuro-AI research. Christoph Guger and Dean Krusienski are the chairmen of the Foundation. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the Annual BCI Award Ceremony has been held online via Zoom. The ceremony takes place in conjunction with the annual IEEE SMC Conference. The award winner is traditionally invited to present their work at the annual BCI & Neurotechnology Spring School. All nominated projects are published as chapters in the BCI State-of-the-Art book series. In addition, winners and nominees are featured in The Neurocareers: Doing The Impossible! Podcast, which highlights career paths, research insights, and developments in the field of brain-computer interfaces. == References ==


id: arrhenius-plaque-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_Plaque-0.md
category: reference
title: Arrhenius Plaque
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_Plaque
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:08.406007+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arrhenius-plaque-20260505-0
summary:
The Arrhenius Plaque (Swedish: Arrhenius-plaketten) is awarded annually by the Swedish Chemical Society in memory of Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish physicist, chemist, and long-time member of the society, "to a person or persons who have distinguished themselves through outstanding research in the field of chemistry or who have performed valuable work for the good of the Swedish Chemical Society". Past recipients include Ragnar Ryhage (1962), Jerker Porath and Per Flodin (1963), Carl-Ivar Brändén (1976), Svante Wold (1984), Gunnar von Heijne (1997), Per Claesson (2008), Jonas Bergquist (2009), Lisbeth Olsson (2018), Berit Olofsson (2021), Belén Martín-Matute (2024) and Karin Schillén (2025). == References ==


id: aryabhata-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Aryabhata Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:09.690742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aryabhata-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Aryabhata Award or Aryabhatta Award is an annual award, presented to individuals with notable lifetime contributions in the field of astronautics and aerospace technology in India. It was instituted by the Astronautical Society of India (ASI) (established 1990), an International Astronautical Federation member since 1958. The award is usually presented by the Minister of State of the Prime Minister's Office, and consists of a citation and ₹1 lakh (₹100,000). == History == The award is named after the fifth century Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, and in commemoration of the first Indian satellite Aryabhata (launched 19 April 1975). == Award winners == == See also == List of astronomy awards List of engineering awards List of physics awards List of space technology awards == References ==


id: avicenna-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Avicenna Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:14.707080+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: avicenna-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science is awarded every two years by UNESCO and rewards individuals and groups in the field of ethics in science. The aim of the award is to promote ethical reflection on issues raised by advances in science and technology, and to raise global awareness of the importance of ethics in science. The prize was named after the 11th century Persian physician and philosopher Avicenna (980-1038). The Prize consists of a gold medal, a certificate, US$10,000, and a one-week academic visit to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since it was founded, the award has been given to five individuals. == Award recipients == 2004 Margaret Somerville, Canada 2005 Abdallah Daar, Canada 2009 Renzong Qiu, China 2015 Zabta Khan Shinwari, Pakistan 2019 Donald A. Brown, US == References == == External links == Official site


id: award-of-merit-association-for-information-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Merit_-_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Award of Merit - Association for Information Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Merit_-_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:15.958918+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: award-of-merit-association-for-information-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Award of Merit is bestowed by the Association for Information Science and Technology. It is an annual prize to an individual for a lifetime of achievement that recognizes sustained contributions to and/or achievements in the field of information science and/or the professions in which it is practiced. The Award of Merit was first given in 1964 to Hans Peter Luhn. == References ==


id: az-zubair-prize-for-innovation-and-scientific-excellence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zubair_Prize_for_Innovation_and_Scientific_Excellence-0.md
category: reference
title: Az-Zubair Prize for Innovation and Scientific Excellence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zubair_Prize_for_Innovation_and_Scientific_Excellence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:17.191080+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: az-zubair-prize-for-innovation-and-scientific-excellence-20260505-0
summary:
Az-Zubair Prize for Innovation and Scientific Excellence (Arabic: جائزة الزبير للإبداع والتميز العلمي) is an annual Sudanese scientific prize awarded by the President of Sudan for scientific innovation and creativity in applied and technological fields. == History == On November 7, 1998, President Omer Al-Bashir passed a bill to establish an annual scientific award for innovation and scientific excellence that commemorate General Az-Zubair Mohammed Salih, former Sudan's vice president who died in an aeroplane crash. The award is governed by the Association for the Promotion of Scientific Innovation (APSI), a specialized organization that was established by General Az-Zubair for sponsoring technological advances and scientific research. == Prize types == The prize is divided onto two major levels: Special Honorary Prize - awarded for individuals who had great distinctive works and great scientific position that majorly contributed to the society. Competitors level is divided onto three sub-categories: Scientific level - open to higher certificate holders and researchers Youth level - open to students and graduates of universities and higher institutions Talented level - open to anyone that presents valuable and empirical invention or creative work that reflects talent and excellence and has a great value for the society == Prize fields


id: baltic-assembly-prize-for-literature-the-arts-and-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Assembly_Prize_for_Literature,_the_Arts_and_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature, the Arts and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Assembly_Prize_for_Literature,_the_Arts_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:18.434496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: baltic-assembly-prize-for-literature-the-arts-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature, the Arts and Science is an award given annually by the Baltic Assembly for achievements in three categories: literature, art and science. The prize is an annual award given to a citizen of Estonia, Latvia or Lithuania "for outstanding achievements" in three categories: literature, art and science. It was awarded for the first time in 1994 and consists of a statuette, a diploma and a sum of money, presently (2016) 5,000 euro. It is awarded during the formal session of the assembly. A joint jury consisting of three persons per prize make the decision on whom to award the prize. The purpose of the award is according to the Baltic Assembly to "demonstrate the common interests of the countries in this region in upholding of their national identity and self-esteem; create an opportunity to learn about the achievements of the neighbouring countries; maintain a continuous interest among the people in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania about developments in the Baltic States; strengthen cooperation among the Baltic States in the fields of literature, the arts and science; encourage more and more people to become interested in the intellectual values and languages of the Baltic nations; and


id: balzan-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzan_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Balzan Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzan_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:19.602185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: balzan-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The International Balzan Prize Foundation awards four annual monetary prizes to people or organizations who have made outstanding achievements in the fields of humanities, natural sciences, culture, as well as for endeavours for peace and the brotherhood of man. == History == The assets behind the foundation were established by the Italian Eugenio Balzan (it) (1874–1953), a part-owner of Corriere della Sera who had invested his assets in Switzerland and in 1933 had left Italy in protest against fascism. He left a substantial inheritance to his daughter Angela Lina Balzan (1892–1956), who at the time was suffering an incurable disease. Before her death, she left instructions for the foundation and since then it has two headquarters, the Prize administered from Milan, the Fund from Zurich. The first award was in fact one million Swiss francs to the Nobel Foundation in 1961. After 1962, a gap of 16 years followed when prizes recommenced with an award of half a million Swiss francs to Mother Teresa. Award ceremonies alternate between Bern and the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, and frequently winners have later won a Nobel Prize. == Procedure == All awards are decided by a single committee. The Balzan Prize committee


id: list-of-balzan-prize-recipients-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Balzan Prize recipients
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:20.863214+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-balzan-prize-recipients-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of recipients of the Balzan Prize, one of the world's most prestigious academic awards. The International Balzan Prize Foundation awards four annual monetary prizes to people or organizations who have made outstanding achievements in the humanities, natural sciences, culture, and peace on an international level. The Prizes are awarded in four subject areas: "two in literature, the moral sciences and the arts" and "two in the physical, mathematical and natural sciences and medicine." The special Prize for Humanity, Peace and Fraternity is presented at intervals of every three years or longer. == 1960s–1970s == 1961 Nobel Foundation (Sweden) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1962 Andrey Kolmogorov (Soviet Union) --- Mathematics Karl von Frisch (Austria) --- Biology Paul Hindemith (Germany) --- Music Samuel Eliot Morison (United States) --- History Pope John XXIII (Vatican) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1978 Mother Teresa of Calcutta (India) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1979 Ernest Labrousse (France) and Giuseppe Tucci (Italy) --- History Jean Piaget (Switzerland) --- Social and political sciences Torbjörn Caspersson (Sweden) --- Biology == 1980s == 1980 Enrico Bombieri (Italy) --- Mathematics Hassan Fathy (Egypt) --- Architecture and town planning Jorge Luis


id: list-of-balzan-prize-recipients-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients-1.md
category: reference
title: List of Balzan Prize recipients
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:20.863214+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-balzan-prize-recipients-20260505-0
summary:
== 2000s == 2000 Ilkka Hanski (Finland) --- Ecological sciences Martin Litchfield West (United Kingdom) --- Classical antiquity Michael Stolleis (Germany) --- Legal history since 1500 Michel G.E. Mayor (Switzerland) --- Instrumentation and techniques in astronomy and astrophysics Abdul Sattar Edhi (Pakistan) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 2001 Claude Lorius (France) --- Climatology James Sloss Ackerman (United States) --- History of architecture (including town planning and landscape design) Jean-Pierre Changeux (France) --- Cognitive neurosciences Marc Fumaroli (France) --- Literary history and criticism (post 1500) 2002 Anthony Grafton (United States) --- History of the humanities Dominique Schnapper (France) --- Sociology Walter J. Gehring (Switzerland) --- Developmental biology Xavier Le Pichon (France) --- Geology 2003 Eric Hobsbawm (United Kingdom) --- European history since 1900 Reinhard Genzel (Germany) --- Infrared astronomy Serge Moscovici (France) --- Social psychology Wen-Hsiung Li (Taiwan / United States) --- Genetics and evolution 2004 Andrew Colin Renfrew (United Kingdom) --- Prehistoric Archaeology Michael Marmot (United Kingdom) --- Epidemiology Nikki R. Keddie (United States) --- The Islamic world from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th century Pierre Deligne (Belgium) --- Mathematics Community of Sant'Egidio --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 2005 Lothar


id: list-of-balzan-prize-recipients-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients-2.md
category: reference
title: List of Balzan Prize recipients
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:20.863214+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-balzan-prize-recipients-20260505-0
summary:
== 2020s == 2020 Susan Trumbore (US / Germany) --- Earth System Dynamics Jean-Marie Tarascon (France) --- Environmental Challenges: Materials Science for Renewable Energy Joan Martinez Alier (Spain) --- Environmental Challenges: Responses from the Social Sciences and the Humanities Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil) --- Human Rights 2021 Saul Friedländer (France / US) --- Holocaust and Genocide Studies Jeffrey I. Gordon (US) --- Microbiome in Health and Disease Alessandra Buonanno (Italy / US) and Thibault Damour (France) --- Gravitation: physical and astrophysical aspects Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (Italy / USA) --- Art and Archaeology of the Ancient Far East 2022 Robert Langer (US) --- Biomaterials for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Martha Nussbaum (US) --- Moral Philosophy Dorthe Dahl-Jensen (Denmark) and Hans Oerlemans (Netherlands) --- Glaciation and Ice-Sheet Dynamics Philip Bohlman (US) --- Ethnomusicology 2023 David Damrosch (US) --- World Literature Jean-Jacques Hublin (France) --- Evolution of Humankind: Paleoanthropology Eske Willerslev (Denmark) --- Evolution of Humankind: Ancient DNA and Human Evolution Heino Falcke (Germany) --- High resolution images: from planetary to cosmic objects 2024 John Braithwaite (Australia) --- Restorative Justice Lorraine Daston (US / Germany) --- History of Modern and Contemporary Science Michael N. Hall (US / Switzerland) --- Biological


id: bbva-foundation-frontiers-of-knowledge-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:22.207189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bbva-foundation-frontiers-of-knowledge-award-20260505-0
summary:
The BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards (Spanish: Premios Fundación BBVA Fronteras del Conocimiento) are an international award programme recognizing significant contributions in the areas of scientific research and cultural creation. The categories that make up the Frontiers of Knowledge Awards respond to the knowledge map of the present age. As well as the fundamental knowledge that is at their core, they address developments in information and communication technologies, and interactions between biology and medicine, ecology and conservation biology, climate change, economics, humanities and social sciences, and, finally, contemporary musical creation and performance. Specific categories are reserved for developing knowledge fields of critical relevance to confront central challenges of the 21st century, as in the case of the two environmental awards. The awards were established in 2008, with the first set of winners receiving their prizes in 2009. The BBVA Foundation — belonging to financial group Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria — is partnered in the scheme by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the country's premier public research organization. == Details == There are eight award categories: Basic Science Biology and Biomedicine Climate Change Ecology and Conservation Biology Information and Communications Technologies Economics, Finance and Management Music and Opera Humanities


id: beckman-young-investigators-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckman_Young_Investigators_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Beckman Young Investigators Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckman_Young_Investigators_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:23.565175+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beckman-young-investigators-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Beckman Young Investigators Award was established by Mabel and Arnold Beckman in 1991, and is now administered by the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation. The Beckman Young Investigator (BYI) Program is intended to provide research support to promising young faculty members in the early stages of their academic careers. Awardees receive grants of roughly $600,000 over four years, "contingent on demonstrated progress after the second year". The intent is to foster "innovative departures" and the invention of methods, instruments and materials that will open up new avenues of research in the chemical and life sciences. It has been awarded to the following scientists: == 2021 == Beau Alward Roxanne Beltran Margaret Byron Katherine Davis Robert Gilliard Tania Lupoli Brett McGuire Nicolas Pégard Alison Wendlandt Balyn Zaro Yingjie Zhang == 2020 == John Blazeck Jennifer Bridwell-Rabb Laura Duvall Andrea Giovannucci Stavroula Hatzios Sarah King James McKone Yue Wang == 2019 == Keriann Backus Chenfeng Ke Wesley Legant Frank Leibfarth Jarad Mason Jia Niu Kimberly See Leslie Schoop Kirk Wangensteen Brad Zuchero == 2018 == Dmitriy Aronov Alistair Boettiger Henry La Pierre Chen Li Jean-Hubert Olivier Ian Seiple Michaela TerAvest Ashleigh Theberge Weiwei Xie Xiaoji Xu == 2017 == Victor Acosta


id: marcel-benoist-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Benoist_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Marcel Benoist Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Benoist_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:24.842171+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marcel-benoist-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Marcel Benoist Prize, offered by the Marcel Benoist Foundation, is a monetary prize that has been offered annually since 1920 to a scientist of Swiss nationality or residency who has made the most useful scientific discovery. Emphasis is placed on those discoveries affecting human life. Since 1997, candidates in the humanities have also been eligible for the prize. The Marcel Benoist Foundation was established by the will of the French lawyer Marcel Benoist, a wartime resident of Lausanne, who died in 1918. It is managed by a group of trustees comprising the Swiss interior minister and heads of the main Swiss universities. It has been dubbed the "Swiss Nobel Prize." == History == The first award was given to immunologist Maurice Arthus (1862–1945) at the University of Lausanne. Other winners have included computer scientist Niklaus Wirth, astronomer Michel Mayor, and cardiologist Max Holzmann. As of 2019, eleven Marcel Benoist winners have later also won the Nobel Prize: Paul Karrer, Leopold Ruzicka, Walter R. Hess, Tadeus Reichstein, Vladimir Prelog, Niels Kaj Jerne, Johannes G. Bednorz, Karl. Alexander Müller, Richard R. Ernst, Kurz Wüthrich, and Michel Mayor. In 2009, Françoise Gisou van der Goot (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne) was the


id: berry-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Berry Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:25.981484+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: berry-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Leonard G. Berry Medal is an annual award of the Mineralogical Association of Canada. Established in 1987, it is named after Leonard G. Berry (1914–1982), a Canadian geologist who made notable contributions to mineralogy and who was a founding member of the Association. The award is granted for important contributions to mineral science in Canada or for significant long-term service to the Mineralogical Association of Canada. The medalist is chosen by a committee which includes two past recipients. == List of recipients == 1987: A. Ronald Graham 1988: E.W. (Les) Nuffield 1989: Guy Perreault 1990: Joseph A. Mandarino 1991: Richard A. Alcock 1992: John L. Jambor 1993: Louis J. Cabri 1994: Ann Sabina 1995: Robert Gait 1996: Sol Kaimai 1997: J. Murray Duke 1998: Dorian G.W. Smith 1999: Norman M. Halden 2001: Robert F. Martin 2002: Robert T. Downs 2003: Gina Lecheminant 2004: J. Douglas Scott 2005: Pierrette Tremblay 2005: Rob Raeside 2006: Mati Raudsepp 2008: Iain Samson 2011: Bob and Fran Pinard 2015: Martine M. Savard 2016: Jim Nicholls 2019: Lee A. Groat 2021: Malcolm Back 2025: Andrew M. McDonald == See also == List of geology awards List of earth sciences awards Prizes named after people ==


id: berthold-leibinger-zukunftspreis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Leibinger_Zukunftspreis-0.md
category: reference
title: Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Leibinger_Zukunftspreis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:31.510733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: berthold-leibinger-zukunftspreis-20260505-0
summary:
The Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis (future prize) is an international award for "excellent research on the application or generation of laser light". Since 2006, it is biennially awarded by the German non-profit foundation Berthold Leibinger Stiftung as part of its Laser Prizes, with an amount of 50,000 euros. == Recipients == As of 2023, two Zukunftspreis laureates have also received the Nobel Prize in Physics: Gérard Mourou in 2018, and Anne L'Huillier in 2023. Source: == See also == Berthold Leibinger Innovationspreis (affiliated innovation prize) Berthold Leibinger (founder of issuing foundation) List of physics awards == References == == External links == Website of the Berthold Leibinger Stiftung


id: blaise-pascal-chair-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_Chair-0.md
category: reference
title: Blaise Pascal Chair
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_Chair
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:32.953054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blaise-pascal-chair-20260505-0
summary:
The Blaise Pascal Chairs (Chaires Internationales de Recherche Blaise Pascal), established in 1996 by the Government of the Île-de-France Region for internationally acclaimed foreign scientists in all disciplines. A scientific committee annually selects the most outstanding candidates from all over the world. Since their inception a number of famous scientists have been Blaise Pascal Chair laureates: Gérard Debreu (UC Berkeley, 1983 Nobel Prize in Economics), Ahmed Zewail (Caltech, 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), Igor Mel'čuk (University of Montreal, the world leading researcher in linguistics), George Smoot (LBL, 2006 Nobel Prize in experimental Astrophysics), Robert Langlands (UBC, 1996 Wolf Prize, one of the most influential mathematicians of the 20th century), outstanding theoretical physicists Gabriele Veneziano (CERN/College de France), Alexander Zamolodchikov (Rutgers), and others. == External links == Chaires Internationales de Recherche Blaise Pascal, France == References ==


id: blavatnik-awards-for-young-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:34.281701+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blavatnik-awards-for-young-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists was established in 2007 through a partnership between the Blavatnik Family Foundation, headed by the Soviet/Ukrainian Odessa-born businessman Len Blavatnik chairman of Access Industries, and the New York Academy of Sciences, headed by president Nicholas Dirks. These cash grant awards are given annually to selected faculty and postdoctoral researchers age 42 years and younger who work in the life and physical sciences and engineering at institutions in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. The first Blavatnik Awards were given in New York City on Monday, November 12, 2007. On June 3, 2013, the Blavatnik Family Foundation and the New York Academy of Sciences announced the expansion of the faculty competition to include young scientists from institutions throughout the United States. In April 2017, the Blavatnik Awards program was expanded to the United Kingdom (UK) and Israel. By the end of 2022, the Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists will have awarded prizes totaling US$13.6 million; Blavatnik Award recipients have hailed from 48 countries across six continents. Blavatnik National Awards are for faculty-rank scientists and engineers in Chemistry, Physical Sciences and Engineering, and Life Sciences. Blavatnik Regional Awards are for postdoctoral scientists working in the fields of


id: borlaug-cast-communication-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlaug_CAST_Communication_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Borlaug CAST Communication Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlaug_CAST_Communication_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:35.541825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: borlaug-cast-communication-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Borlaug CAST Communication Award, formerly the Charles A. Black Award, is an annual award presented by the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) to a "scientist, engineer, technologist, or other professional working in the agricultural, environmental, or food sectors for contributing to the advancement of science in the public policy arena". The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) is a non-profit whose primary purpose is to publish science-based reviews and reports on topics related to agriculture and food. As originally named, the award acknowledged the contributions of Charles Allen Black, founding president of CAST. Its current name honors Nobel Prize winner Norman Borlaug, "The Man Who Fed the World". who was the author of the first of CAST's publications, in 1973. == Recipients == As the Charles A. Black Award: 1986: Charles Allen Black 1987: William E. Larson 1989: Stanley E. Curtis 1990: Donald E. Davis 1991: Homer McKay LeBaron 1992: John T. Pesek 1993: F. M. Clydesdale 1994: Frederick John Francis 1995: Dale E. Bauman 1996: Luther G. Tweeten 1997: Neil E. Harl 1998: Per Pinstrup-Andersen 1999: Abner W. Womack 2000: Dennis Keeney 2001: Judith S. Stern 2002: C. O. Qualset 2003: Kong Luen Heong 2004:


id: bpi-dost-science-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPI-DOST_Science_Awards-0.md
category: reference
title: BPI-DOST Science Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPI-DOST_Science_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:36.897072+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bpi-dost-science-awards-20260505-0
summary:
Organized in 1989 by the BPI Foundation, Inc., the corporate social responsibility arm of the Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), the BPI-DOST Science Awards recognizes exceptional science and engineering students from partner universities nationwide. These students are individuals whose efforts made them excel in specialized fields of science such as mathematics, physics, engineering, chemistry, biology, and computer science. The awardees are recognized for their potential contributions to industry and nation-building and selected based on their academic and research performance and nomination from the school. == Selection process == The preparation for the awards is a very long and tedious process. Every year in June, the BPI Foundation selects three entries from the ten partner universities, and by July, all the invitations, materials, and all preparations are complete. Acceptance of formal nominations closes in October. By February, all the arrangements for the awarding ceremonies are made. The foundation gathers the three best entries from the ten partner universities each year. These are Ateneo de Davao University, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, Saint Louis University, Silliman University, University of the Philippines (Diliman and Los Banes), University of San Carlos, University


id: breakthrough-of-the-year-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_of_the_Year-0.md
category: reference
title: Breakthrough of the Year
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_of_the_Year
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:38.062541+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: breakthrough-of-the-year-20260505-0
summary:
The Breakthrough of the Year is an annual award for the most significant development in scientific research made by the AAAS journal Science, an academic journal covering all branches of science. Originating in 1989 as the Molecule of the Year, and inspired by Time's Person of the Year, it was renamed the Breakthrough of the Year in 1996. == Molecule of the Year == 1989 PCR and DNA polymerase 1990 the manufacture of synthetic diamonds 1991 buckminsterfullerene 1992 nitric oxide 1993 p53 1994 DNA repair enzyme == Breakthrough of the Year == 1996: Understanding HIV 1997: Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from adult cells 1998: Accelerating universe 1999: Prospective stem-cell therapies 2000: Full genome sequencing 2001: Nanocircuits or Molecular circuit 2002: RNA interference 2003: Dark energy 2004: Spirit rover landed on Mars 2005: Evolution in action 2006: Proof of the Poincaré conjecture 2007: Human genetic variation 2008: Cellular reprogramming 2009: Ardipithecus ramidus 2010: The first quantum machine 2011: HIV treatment as prevention (HPTN 052) 2012: Discovery of the Higgs boson 2013: Cancer immunotherapy 2014: Rosetta comet mission 2015: CRISPR genome-editing method 2016: First observation of gravitational waves 2017: Neutron star merger (GW170817) 2018: Single-cell sequencing 2019:


id: bridgman-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgman_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Bridgman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:39.294819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bridgman-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Bridgman Award is a prize given every two years by the International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT) for research in the physics, chemistry, or technology of high pressure science. The award is named in honor of Percy Williams Bridgman, Nobel Prize winner and famous pioneer of the physics of high pressure. == Recipients == 1977 Harry George Drickamer 1979 Boris Vodar, France 1981 E. Ulrich Franck (1920–2004), professor for physical chemistry at the University of Karlsruhe 1983 Albert Francis Birch (1903–1992), geophysicist and mineralogist, professor at Harvard University 1985 Nestor Joseph Trappeniers (1922–2004), professor in Amsterdam 1987 Francis P. Bundy (1910–2008), diamond synthesis under high pressure in 1954 at General Electric 1989 Ho-kwang Mao, Carnegie Institution, Washington D.C. 1991 Shigeru Minomura (1923–2000), professor at the Institute for Condensed Matter Research in Tokyo, later in Hokkaido and at Okayama University 1993 Arthur L. Ruoff, professor at Cornell University 1995 Bogdan Baranowski (1927–2014), professor of physical chemistry in Warsaw 1997 William A. Bassett (born 1931), professor of geology at Cornell University 1999 Vladimir Fortov 2001 William J. Nellis 2003 Neil Ashcroft 2005 Sergei Mikhailovich Stishov, professor and direct of the Institute of High Pressure Physics


id: british-inspiration-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Inspiration_Awards-0.md
category: reference
title: British Inspiration Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Inspiration_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:40.632155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-inspiration-awards-20260505-0
summary:
The British Inspiration Awards (BIAs) are a set of industry awards celebrating achievement in the creative industries of the United Kingdom, organised by David Yarnton, the UK managing director for Nintendo. The inaugural awards took place at a ceremony in London on 23 April 2010. The awards, in the shape of a gold statue of Boudica, were presented in a number of categories including art, design, entertainment, fashion and science. All proceeds of the awards are to be donated to various charities. == History == With the UK in a recession in the late 2000s, and with a steadily declining manufacturing industry and little natural resources, the creative sector was believed to be the basis for future growth, and was as of 2010 was estimated to already contribute £110billion to the economy per annum, contribute two million jobs, and number over businesses classed as creative. The BIAs were initiated by David Yarnton, the UK managing director for Nintendo. He was of the opinion that "The UK is the creative capital of the World" and it was "about time that the UK creative sector was recognised for its achievements". He was of the belief that, although a world leader in the


id: competitions-and-prizes-in-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence-0.md
category: reference
title: Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:41.972753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: competitions-and-prizes-in-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
There are a number of competitions and prizes to promote research in artificial intelligence. == General machine intelligence == The David E. Rumelhart Prize is an annual award for making a "significant contemporary contribution to the theoretical foundations of human cognition". The prize is $100,000. The Human-Competitive Award is an annual challenge started in 2004 to reward results "competitive with the work of creative and inventive humans". The prize is $10,000. Entries are required to use evolutionary computing. The Intel AI Global Impact Festival is an international annual competition held by Intel Corporation for school, and college students with prizes upwards of $15,000. It is about artificial intelligence technology. There are two age brackets in this competition, 13-18 Age Group, and 18 and Above Age Group. The IJCAI Award for Research Excellence is a biannual award given at the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) to researchers in artificial intelligence as a recognition of excellence of their career. The 2011 Federal Virtual World Challenge, advertised by The White House and sponsored by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's Simulation and Training Technology Center, held a competition offering a total of US$52,000 in cash prize awards for general artificial intelligence applications,


id: competitions-and-prizes-in-artificial-intelligence-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence-1.md
category: reference
title: Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:41.972753+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: competitions-and-prizes-in-artificial-intelligence-20260505-0
summary:
The Herbrand Award is a prize given by Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE) Inc. to honour persons or groups for important contributions to the field of automated deduction. The prize is $1000. The CADE ATP System Competition (CASC) is a yearly competition of fully automated theorem provers for classical first order logic associated with the Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE) and International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning (IJCAR). The competition was part of the Alan Turing Centenary Conference in 2012, with total prizes of 9000 GBP given by Google. The SUMO prize is an annual prize for the best open source ontology extension of the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), a formal theory of terms and logical definitions describing the world. The prize is $3000. The Hutter Prize for lossless compression of human knowledge is a cash prize which rewards compression improvements on a specific 100 MB English text file. The prize awards 500 euros for each one percent improvement, up to €50,000. The organizers believe that text compression and AI are equivalent problems and 3 prizes have been given, at around € 2k. The Cyc TPTP Challenge is a competition to develop reasoning methods for the Cyc comprehensive ontology


id: conrad-schlumberger-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Schlumberger_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Conrad Schlumberger Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Schlumberger_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:43.068953+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conrad-schlumberger-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Conrad Schlumberger Award is an award given to one of the members of European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers. The award is given each year to one that has made an outstanding contribution over a period of time to the scientific and technical advancement of the geosciences, particularly geophysics. The award is made annually by the EAGE Board. == History == The Conrad Schlumberger Award was created in 1955, as a recognition of Conrad Schlumberger's outstanding contribution to exploration geophysics, by the European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (then named The European Association of Exploration Geophysicists.) == List of recipients == Source: 2020 André Revil 2019 Andrey Bakulin 2018 Johan Robertsson and Phil Christie 2017 José Carcione 2016 Stewart Greenhalgh 2015 Alain Tabbagh 2014 Valentina Socco 2013 Kees Wapenaar 2012 Martin Landrø 2011 Sergey Fomel 2010 Lasse Amundsen 2009 Gerhard Pratt 2008 Clive McCann 2007 Colin Macbeth 2006 Petar Stavrev 2005 Horst Rüter 2004 Eric de Bazelaire 2003 Tariq Alkhalifah 2002 M. Tygel 2001 R. Marschall From June 2001, award dates refer to the year in which the award was presented and not to the year in which the winning poster/paper was presented. 1999 Peter Weidelt 1998 Vlastislav Cerveny


id: elliott-cresson-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Elliott Cresson Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:48.362832+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elliott-cresson-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Elliott Cresson Medal, also known as the Elliott Cresson Gold Medal, was the highest award given by the Franklin Institute. The award was established by Elliott Cresson, life member of the Franklin Institute, with $1,000 granted in 1848. The endowed award was to be "for a discovery in the Arts and Sciences, or for the invention or improvement of some useful machine, or for a new process or combination of materials in manufactures, or for ingenuity skill or perfection in workmanship." The medal was first awarded in 1875, 21 years after Cresson's death. The Franklin Institute continued awarding the medal on an occasional basis until 1998 when they reorganized their endowed awards under one umbrella, The Benjamin Franklin Awards. == List of recipients == A total of 268 Elliott Cresson Medals were given out during the award's lifetime. == See also == List of engineering awards List of physics awards == References ==


id: daiwa-adrian-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_Adrian_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Daiwa Adrian Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_Adrian_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:49.669213+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: daiwa-adrian-prize-20260505-0
summary:
This Daiwa Adrian Prize is an award given by The Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation, a UK charity, to scientists who have made significant achievements in science through Anglo-Japanese collaborative research. Prizes are awarded every third year and applications are handled by the foundation with an assessment conducted by a panel of Fellows of The Royal Society. The prize was initiated 1992 by Lord Adrian (2nd Baron Adrian), a former Trustee of the Foundation. The physiologist Richard Adrian was Master of Pembroke College, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and the only son of the Nobel laureate Edgar Adrian (1st Baron Adrian). == Daiwa Adrian Prizes 2013 == The ceremony was held at the Royal Society on 26 November 2013 and was attended by Trustees of the Foundation including the Chairman, Sir Peter Williams, who is former Vice President of the Royal Society. The Prizes were presented by Lord Adrian's wife Lady Adrian. Chemonostics: Using chemical receptors in the development of simple diagnostic devices for age-related diseases. Institutions: University of Bath, University of Birmingham, Kyushu University, Tokyo Metropolitan University and University of Kitakyushu. UK Team Leader: Professor Tony James, University of Bath Japan Team Leader: Professor Seiji Shinkai, Kyushu University Circadian regulation


id: dannie-heineman-prize-g-ttingen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_(Göttingen)-0.md
category: reference
title: Dannie Heineman Prize (Göttingen)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_(Göttingen)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:50.992748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dannie-heineman-prize-g-ttingen-20260505-0
summary:
The Dannie Heineman Prize of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities has been awarded biennially since 1961 for excellent recently published publications in a new research field of current interest. It is awarded to younger researchers in natural sciences or mathematics. The prize is named after Dannie Heineman, a Belgian–US philanthropist, engineer and businessman with German roots. == Prizewinners == == See also == List of general science and technology awards == References == == External links == Dannie Heineman Preis


id: darpa-prize-competitions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions-0.md
category: reference
title: DARPA Prize Competitions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:52.097603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darpa-prize-competitions-20260505-0
summary:
Over the years, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has conducted numerous prize competitions to spur innovation. A prize competition allows DARPA to establish an ambitious goal, opening the door to novel approaches from the public that might otherwise appear too risky for experts in a particular field to pursue. == Statutory authorities == In 1999, Congress provided prize competition authority to DARPA in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106–65), 10 U.S.C. § 4025, formerly 10 U.S.C. §2374a. DARPA also conducts prize competitions under the America COMPETES Act, 15 U.S.C. § 3719. == Recent prize competitions == DARPA Grand Challenge (2004 and 2005) was a prize competition to spur the development of autonomous vehicle technologies. The $1 million prize went unclaimed as no vehicles could complete the challenging desert route from Barstow, CA, to Primm, NV, on March 13, 2004. A year later, on October 8, 2005, the Stanford Racing Team won the $2 million prize during the second competition of the Grand Challenge in the desert Southwest near the California/Nevada state line. DARPA Urban Challenge (2007) required the competitors to build an autonomous vehicle capable of driving in traffic and performing complex


id: darpa-prize-competitions-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions-1.md
category: reference
title: DARPA Prize Competitions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:52.097603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darpa-prize-competitions-20260505-0
summary:
DARPA Network Challenge (Red Balloon Challenge) (2009) explored the roles that the Internet and social networking play in solving broad-scope, time-critical problems. On December 5, 2009, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology team won $40,000 by locating the ten moored, eight-foot, red weather balloons at ten places in the United States within seven hours. DARPA Digital Manufacturing Analysis, Correlation and Estimation Challenge (DMACE) (2010) was a three-month contest to showcase the potential of digital manufacturing of advanced materials. The University of California at Santa Barbara team won a $50,000 prize for crushing 180 digitally manufactured (DM) titanium mesh spheres with the most accurate predictive model of the components’ properties. DARPA Shredder Challenge (2011) was to identify and assess potential capabilities and vulnerabilities to sensitive information in the national security community. Participating teams must download the images of the documents shredded into more than 10,000 pieces from the Challenge website, reconstruct the documents, and solve the five puzzles. Of almost 9,000 teams, the San Francisco-based All Your Shreds Are Belong to U.S team won the $50,000 prize. DARPA UAVForge Challenge (2011-2012) aimed to build and test a user-intuitive, backpack-portable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that could quietly fly in and out of critical


id: darpa-prize-competitions-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions-2.md
category: reference
title: DARPA Prize Competitions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Prize_Competitions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:52.097603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darpa-prize-competitions-20260505-0
summary:
== See also == DARPA DARPA Grand Challenge Adaptive Vehicle Make DARPA Network Challenge (Red Balloon Challenge) DARPA Shredder Challenge DARPA Spectrum Challenge DARPA Robotics Challenge DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge == References == == External links == Federal Prize Competitions by Congressional Research Service (April 6, 2020) Challenge.Gov, the official hub for prize competitions of the U.S. government and managed by the General Services Administration This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States government.


id: derek-de-solla-price-memorial-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_de_Solla_Price_Memorial_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_de_Solla_Price_Memorial_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:54.678268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: derek-de-solla-price-memorial-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Derek de Solla Price Memorial Award, or Price Medal, was conceived to honor Derek J. de Solla Price for his contributions to information science and for his crucial role in developing the field of scientometrics. The award was launched by Tibor Braun, founder of the international journal Scientometrics, and is periodically awarded by the journal to scientists with outstanding contributions to the fields of quantitative studies of science. The awarding ceremony is part of the annual ISSI conference. The first medal was awarded to Eugene Garfield in 1984. The full list of winners can be found below. == External links == ISSI - Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal == References ==


id: dr-robert-h-goddard-memorial-trophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard_Memorial_Trophy-0.md
category: reference
title: Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard_Memorial_Trophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:55.835248+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dr-robert-h-goddard-memorial-trophy-20260505-0
summary:
The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to an individual or group determined to have made the most impact on space activities over the past year. It is named after Robert Goddard, the father of modern rocketry. It is the primary award of the National Space Club presented during the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C. == List of award winners == == References == == External links == National Space Club


id: eduard-rhein-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rhein_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Eduard Rhein Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rhein_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:57.354296+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eduard-rhein-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Eduard Rhein Foundation was founded in 1976 in Hamburg (Germany) by Eduard Rhein. The goal of the foundation is to promote scientific research, learning, arts, and culture. This is done in particular by granting awards for outstanding achievements in research and/or development in the areas of radio, television and information technology. == Awards and honors == The foundation grants the following awards and honors: Technology Award (30,000 euro) Cultural Award (10,000 euro) Ring of Honor (moonstone set in gold) for outstanding work which has been accomplished over a long period of time, the number of living bearers of rings is limited to ten == Ring of Honor Recipients == 1980 Vladimir K. Zworykin 1981 Walter Bruch 1982 Max Grundig 1983 Karl Holzamer 1984 Herbert von Karajan 1985 Hugh Greene 1986 Masaru Ibuka 1987 Werner Höfer 1988 Ray Dolby 1992 Rudolf Hell 1994 Count Lennart Bernadotte of Wisborg 1998 Heinz Zemanek 1999 Vladimir A. Kotelnikov 2000 Heinrich von Pierer 2001 Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker 2002 Hans-Jürgen Warnecke 2004 Hubert S. Markl 2007 Valentina Tereshkova 2008 Herbert Mataré 2012 Michael Sohlman 2015 Wolfgang Heckl 2020 Gerd Hirzinger === Award winners === 1979 to 2006 award winners are listed in the German article. 2007:


id: albert-einstein-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Albert Einstein Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:58.717573+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: albert-einstein-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Albert Einstein Medal is an award presented by the Albert Einstein Society in Bern. First given in 1979, the award is presented to people for "scientific findings, works, or publications related to Albert Einstein" each year. == Recipients == Source: Einstein Society == See also == Albert Einstein Award, Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund Albert Einstein World Award of Science, World Cultural Council Einstein Prize, American Physical Society List of physics awards UNESCO Albert Einstein medal, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization == References == == External links == Official website


id: faculty-research-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_Research_Awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Faculty Research Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_Research_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:08:59.963336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: faculty-research-awards-20260505-0
summary:
Faculty Research Awards 2018 were awarded to academic researchers across 24 disciplines by the Indian Union Minister of Human Resource Development Prakash Javadekar on 20 March in New Delhi. The awards were hosted by news magazine Careers360. The awards recognize the efforts of those in the field of academic research in India. The award carries a cash prize and a citation. The awardees were chosen on the basis of their academic and research output in Scopus indexed journals, citation index and h-index for the period 2015–17. == References ==


id: fellow-of-the-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:01.446058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fellow-of-the-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Fellowship of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (FAAAS) is an honor accorded by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to distinguished persons who are members of the Association. Fellows are elected annually by the AAAS Council for "efforts on behalf of the advancement of science or its applications [which] are scientifically or socially distinguished". Examples of areas in which nominees may have made significant contributions are research; teaching; technology; services to professional societies; administration in academe, industry, and government; and communicating and interpreting science to the public. The association has awarded fellowships since 1874. AAAS publishes annual update of active Fellows list, which also provides email address to verify status of non-active Fellows. See also Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for more examples. == AAAS Fellows == AAAS Fellows include Nobel Prize winners Michael W. Young and Michael Rosbash, ACM Turing Award winner David Patterson, IEEE Medal of Honor winner Irwin M. Jacobs, American Physical Society Fellow Natalie Roe, cancer researcher Yun Yen, and many more. Maria Elena Zavala, who is a recipient of the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring, is also a Fellow.


id: feltrinelli-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltrinelli_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Feltrinelli Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltrinelli_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:07.274724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: feltrinelli-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Feltrinelli Prize (from the Italian "Premio Feltrinelli", also known as "International Feltrinelli Prize" or "Antonio Feltrinelli Prize") is an award for achievement in the arts, music, literature, history, philosophy, medicine, and physical and mathematical sciences. Administered by the Antonio Feltrinelli Fund, the award comes with a monetary grant ranging between €50,000 and €250,000, a certificate, and a gold medal. The prize is awarded, both nationally and internationally, once every five years in each field by Italy's Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. A further prize is awarded periodically for an exceptional enterprise in moral and humanitarian value. Considered to be Italy's most distinguished scientific society, the organization was founded in 1603 and included Galileo Galilei among its first members. == Award winners == Source: 2024 (Medicine) International Prize H. Franklin Bunn 2024 (Biology) International Prize Paola Arlotta == References == == External links == Official website (in Italian)


id: francqui-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francqui_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Francqui Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francqui_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:08.438872+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: francqui-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Francqui Prize is a prestigious Belgian scholarly and scientific prize named after Émile Francqui. Normally annually since 1933, the Francqui Foundation awards it in recognition of the achievements of a scholar or scientist, who at the start of the year still had to be under 50. It currently represents a sum of 250,000 Euros and is awarded in the following three-year rotation of subjects: exact sciences, social sciences or humanities, and biological or medical sciences. Proposed candidates must be associated with a Belgian academic institution, in the case of a foreigner for at least ten years. The recipient is selected by a jury of eight to 14 members, none of whom may be associated with a Belgian institution. The members of the international jury vote by secret letter, and the laureate they recommend must be supported by two thirds of the assembled directors of the foundation (with a quorum of 12) or no prize would be awarded that year. The prize is meant to encourage the further work of the young laureate, rather than crown the latter's career. Recipients are asked to organise an international colloquium in the appropriate discipline the same year that he is awarded the prize,


id: frank-j-malina-astronautics-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Malina_Astronautics_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Frank J. Malina Astronautics Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Malina_Astronautics_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:09.702780+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frank-j-malina-astronautics-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Frank J. Malina Astronautics Medal is an annual award by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). It was established in 1986 in memory of Frank Malina, an American aeronautical engineer who pioneered rocket propulsion research and helped establish the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The medal is presented annually to an educator who has demonstrated excellence in promoting the study of astronautics and space sciences. Each organization of the IAF may nominate a candidate each year, and candidates are reviewed by a committee during the annual spring meeting in Paris, France. Awards after 1996 have been conferred upon only one person. In total, 42 awards have been given granted to engineers, academics, astronauts, and scientists from 11 countries. == List of recipients == 1984: László Gazdag 1985: None 1986: Christa McAuliffe (posthumous) 1987: Luigi G. Napolitano 1988: André Lebeau 1989: None 1990: None 1991: Gerald M. Gregoreck 1992: Oleg M. Alifanov 1992: Willy Sadeh 1993: Hans H. Von Muldau 1994: Richard A. Seebass 1995: John L. Whitesides 1996: Julius E. Dash 1996: Motocki Hinada 1997: Vladimir V. Prisniakov 1997: Leroy S. Fletcher 1998: Kiran Karnik 1999: John Junkins 2000: Roland Doré 2001: Carlo Buongiorno 2002: Martin Sweeting 2003: William A. Hisock 2004:


id: gay-lussac-humboldt-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac–Humboldt_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Gay-Lussac–Humboldt Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac–Humboldt_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:11.023641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gay-lussac-humboldt-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Gay-Lussac–Humboldt Prize is a German–French science prize. It was created in 1981 by French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt based on the recommendation of the German and French research ministries. The prize money is €60,000. The prize is awarded to researchers that have made outstanding contributions in science, especially in cooperation between the two countries. Four to five German and French scientists from all research disciplines are honored with this award every year. The prize was originally named after Alexander von Humboldt and carries since 1997 the double name Gay-Lussac–Humboldt. The Gay-Lussac–Humboldt Award is granted by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research to German researchers nominated by French researchers. On the other hand, it is awarded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to French researchers nominated by German scientists. == Prize winners == == References == === Sources === Gay-Lussac–Humboldt Prize (PDF, in French) Laureates 1983–2010 (PDF, in French) 2012 Laureates (PDF, in French) 2013 Laureates (in French) 2014 Laureates (in French) 2015 Laureates (in French) 2016 Laureates (in French)


id: gerhard-herzberg-canada-gold-medal-for-science-and-engineering-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg_Canada_Gold_Medal_for_Science_and_Engineering-0.md
category: reference
title: Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg_Canada_Gold_Medal_for_Science_and_Engineering
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:12.328530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gerhard-herzberg-canada-gold-medal-for-science-and-engineering-20260505-0
summary:
The Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering is awarded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada to recognize "research contributions characterized by both excellence and influence." Prior to 2000, NSERC had awarded the Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, before deciding to rename the award to honour Gerhard Herzberg, winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The Herzberg medal is commonly called Canada's top award for science and engineering. It is an individual annual award that recognizes continued excellence and influence in research in either natural sciences or engineering. The award is a gold medal, and the guarantee of $1 million over five years to use for personal research. == About the award == NSERC's Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering was first awarded in 1991 to Raymond Lemieux, a chemist working at University of Alberta. Mathematician James Arthur from the University of Toronto was the 1999 recipient, the last year before the award was renamed in honour of Gerhard Herzberg, the winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. NSERC decided to rename the award after Herzberg because they felt he embodied the two main qualities of the award,


id: german-future-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Future_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: German Future Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Future_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:13.790057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-future-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The German Future Prize award is considered one of the most prestigious conferred for science and innovation within Germany. The award is worth 250,000 euros and is supported by numerous sponsors. This prize has been awarded to various exceptional individuals since 1997. == The award winners and their projects == == References == == External links == Official website


id: global-energy-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Energy Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:15.012763+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-energy-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Global Energy Prize is an international award in the field of energy industry which is given for "outstanding scientific research and scientific-technical developments in the field of energy which promote greater efficiency and environmental security for energy sources on Earth in the interests of all mankind". It was founded in 2002 at the initiative of a Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Zhores Alferov. The headquarters are in Moscow, Russia. The prize is awarded by the President of Russia or "a person authorized by the president". The media and the professional community consider it "a biggest Russian award" and "one of the biggest in the world". Some depictions in the press described it as "a Russian analogue to the Nobel prize". This is confirmed by the IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence which includes the Prize in its "top-99" list of the most recognized global awards. It is the only award from Russia included in this list. The award is managed by The Global Energy Association, which is dedicated to the development of international research and projects in energy industry. Besides award, the Association oversees conferences and informational programmes in this field, programmes for younger scientists and produces an


id: global-energy-prize-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize-1.md
category: reference
title: Global Energy Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Energy_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:15.012763+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-energy-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Rae Kwon Chung (Republic of Korea): Member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, Professor Emeritus at Institute of Convergence, Science and Technology of Incheon National University Adnan Amin (USA): Senior Researcher of Harvard University, Director General Emeritus of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Thomas Albert Blees: (USA): President of the Science Council for Global Initiatives (SCGI) Marta Bonifert (Hungary): Vice President, Institute of Directors Hungary (IoD), Member of the global advisory board of Tokyo University Frederick Bordry (Switzerland): Director for Accelerators and Technology of European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) William Il Young Byun (Singapore/Republic of Korea/USA): Managing Director at Asia Renewables, Head of Greenpower Fuels, and Principal at Conchubar Infrastructure Fund, Independent Director at the International Green Technologies and Investment Projects Center Nikolay Voropay (Russia): Scientific Adviser of Melentiev Energy Systems Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Steven Griffiths (USA/UAE): Senior Vice President, Research and Development Professor of Practice, Khalifa University of Science and Technology Aleksey Kontorovich (Russia): Chief researcher, Laboratory of Theoretical Bases of Oil and Gas Potential of the Forecast of IPGG SB RAS,


id: golden-eurydice-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eurydice_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Golden Eurydice Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eurydice_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:16.200601+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: golden-eurydice-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Golden Eurydice Award is presented for an outstanding contribution, or contributions over a period, in the field of biophilosophy. It is awarded by the International Forum for Biophilosophy which was established in Belgium by royal decree in 1988. Founding members included Herman Van Den Berghe. == The award == The award consists of a sculptured golden statue of Eurydice. Awardees must make a 20-minute presentation of their work at a special Golden Keynote evening event, which usually takes place in November/December each year. Awardees are also granted Honorary membership of the forum. == Award recipients == Recipients include: 2013: Don Ihde, Albert Borgmann 2009: Emile Aarts, Kevin Warwick 2007: Craig Venter, Ananda Chakrabarty 2006: Eric Juengst 2005: Jean-Pierre Changeux == See also == List of biology awards List of philosophy awards == References ==


id: golden-goose-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Goose_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Golden Goose Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Goose_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:17.357278+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: golden-goose-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Golden Goose Award is a United States award in recognition of scientists whose federally funded basic research has led to innovations or inventions with significant impact on humanity or society. Created by Congressman Jim Cooper of Tennessee in 2012, recipients receive the award in a ceremony during the fall each year on Capitol Hill in Washington D.C. == Background == Between 1975 and 1988, William Proxmire, a Democratic United States Senator for Wisconsin awarded the tongue-in-cheek Golden Fleece Awards to public officials for spending public money in ways he considered irresponsible or wasteful. These awards were often given to scientists working on seemingly obscure federally funded scientific studies causing ridicule and scrutiny of the usefulness of such research. The Golden Goose Awards were established over two decades later in order to highlight the value of federally-funded basic research. With the Golden Goose Award, Cooper wanted to reverse the image created by Proxmire's award by highlighting examples of seemingly obscure studies that have led to major breakthroughs and resulted in significant societal impact. The award has bipartisan support in Congress, sponsored by multiple organizations and legislators. == Awardees == == Founding organizations == Some of the twelve founding organizations for


id: harnack-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Harnack Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:18.562694+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: harnack-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The highest award which is presented by the Max Planck Society for services to society is the Harnack Medal, first awarded in 1925. The Harnack Medal is named after the theologian Adolf von Harnack, who was the first president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, the predecessor organization of the MPG, from 1911 to 1930. The medal has only been awarded 33 times since 1924, including 10 times by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1924–1936) and 23 times by the Max Planck Society (1953–2017). Past recipients of the Harnack Medal are: == References == == External links == Official website


id: havenga-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havenga_prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Havenga prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havenga_prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:23.697194+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: havenga-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Havenga Prize (Havengaprys in Afrikaans) is a prize awarded annually by the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (South African Academy for Science and Arts) to a candidate for original research in the Sciences since 1945. Candidates are judged on the quality of research publications and evidence of the promotion of Afrikaans. The Havenga prize can only be awarded to a person once, but can be awarded posthumously. The prize is named after Finance Minister Nicolaas Christiaan Havenga, who donated £50 annually to the academy for the prize from 1946. A bequest of R4 000 was received from Havenga's estate and R14 000 from the estate of his wife, Olive. Since 1979 the prize has been awarded in the form of a gold medal. == Havenga prize winners == 1947 – Dr. T.E.W. Schumann (Mathematics and Physics); Dr. P.J. du Toit (Medicine); Dr. H.O. Mönnig (Medicine) 1948 – Dr. A.I. Malan (Chemistry); Dr. R.J. Ortlepp (Biology); Prof. C.G.S. de Villiers (Biology) 1949 – Prof. Dr. D.L. Scholtz (Geology); Dr. S.J. du Plessis (Agricultural Sciences) 1950 – Dr. M.H. de Kock (Economics); Dr. R. Campbell Begg (Medicine) 1951 – Prof. Meiring Naudé (Mathematics and Physics); Prof. HL de Waal (Chemistry)


id: hawking-fellowship-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_Fellowship-0.md
category: reference
title: Hawking Fellowship
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_Fellowship
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:25.001803+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hawking-fellowship-20260505-0
summary:
The Professor Stephen Hawking Fellowship is a prestigious annual fellowship of the Cambridge Union Society in the University of Cambridge. Awarded to an individual who has made an exceptional contribution to the STEM fields and social discourse, it is unique amongst comparable accolades in that it is conferred by the students of the University (through the Union), rather than the University itself. Established to celebrate Hawking’s achievements and the close relationship between him and the students of Cambridge, Professor Hawking accepted the inaugural fellowship and delivered the lecture in his last public appearance before his passing. Each honouree visits the Union to commence their tenure as fellow, delivering what is known as ‘The Hawking Lecture’. == List of Fellows == == References ==


id: hector-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Hector Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:26.272676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hector-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Hector Medal, formerly known as the Hector Memorial Medal, is a science award given by the Royal Society Te Apārangi in memory of Sir James Hector to researchers working in New Zealand. It is awarded annually in rotation for different sciences – currently there are three: chemical sciences; physical sciences; mathematical and information sciences. It is given to a researcher who "has undertaken work of great scientific or technological merit and has made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of the particular branch of science." It was previously rotated through more fields of science – in 1918 they were: botany, chemistry, ethnology, geology, physics (including mathematics and astronomy), zoology (including animal physiology). For a few years it was awarded biennially – it was not awarded in 2000, 2002 or 2004. In 1991 it was overtaken by the Rutherford Medal as the highest award given by the Royal Society of New Zealand. The obverse of the medal bears the head of James Hector and the reverse a Māori snaring a huia. The last confirmed sighting of a living huia predates the award of the medal by three years. == Recipients == == See also == Category:New Zealand scientists The Shorland


id: heinrich-rohrer-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Heinrich Rohrer Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:27.503055+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: heinrich-rohrer-medal-20260505-0
summary:
Heinrich Rohrer Medals are a series of awards presented to celebrate the late Nobel laureate Heinrich Rohrer for his work in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, and specifically for co-creating the scanning tunneling microscope. Medals are awarded triennially by the Surface Science Society of Japan with IBM Research – Zurich, Swiss Embassy in Japan, and Ms. Rohrer. The Grand Medal is for a single researcher who has made "distinguished achievements in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology based on surface science" but can be awarded to several individuals. The Rising Medal is presented to up to three researchers upwards of 37 years in age each with different topics. The Rising Medal is given for their outstanding efforts with the assumption that they will continue to actively work in their respective fields. Medals are given with a framed certificate and a cash prize of JPY 1,000,000 for the Grand Medal and JPY 300,000 for the Rising Medal. Awards have been presented in 2014 and 2017 and is scheduled to be presented in November 2020 at the 9th International Symposium on Surface Science (ISSS9) in Takamatsu, Japan. The 2020 medals will be presented and laureates are requested to give award lectures


id: hispanic-scientist-of-the-year-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Scientist_of_the_Year_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Hispanic Scientist of the Year Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Scientist_of_the_Year_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:28.739577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hispanic-scientist-of-the-year-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Museum of Science & Industry (Tampa) honors a Hispanic scientist every year since 2001. MOSI awards a Scientist every year to provide role models for the diverse youth of the Tampa Bay area. == 2001 == The 2001 honoree was Dr. Alejandro Acevedo-Gutierrez, a Marine Biologist from Mexico. == 2002 == The 2002 honoree was Fernando "Frank" Caldeiro, a NASA Astronaut from Argentina. == 2003 == The 2003 honoree was Dr. Mario Molina, a Nobel Laureate in Chemistry from Mexico. == 2004 == Dr. Antiona Coello Novello was the 2004 honoree, and she was the U.S. Surgeon General from 1990 to 1993. She is originally from Puerto Rico. == 2005 == Dr. Edmond Yunis was the 2005 honoree, and he is an Immunologist from Colombia. == 2006 == The 2006 honoree was Dr. Ines Cifuentes, a Seismologist from England, Ecuador, and America. == 2007 == Dr. Louis A. Martin-Vega is an Industrial Engineer from America and Puerto Rico, and he was the 2007 honoree. == 2008 == The 2008 honoree was Dr. Lydia Villa-Komaroff, a Molecular Biologist from America and Mexico. == 2009 == Dr. Nils Diaz, the former chair of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, was the 2009


id: ho-am-prize-in-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Am_Prize_in_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Ho-Am Prize in Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Am_Prize_in_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:29.998581+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ho-am-prize-in-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Ho-Am Prize in Science was established in 1990 by Kun-Hee Lee, the Chairman of Samsung, to honour the late Chairman, Lee Byung-chul, the founder of the company. The Ho-Am Prize in Science (previously the Ho-Am Prize in Science & Technology) is one of six prizes awarded annually, covering the five categories of Science, Engineering, Medicine, Arts, and Community Service, plus a Special Prize, which are named after the late Chairman's sobriquet (art-name or pen name), Ho-Am. The Ho-Am Prize in Science is presented each year, together with the other prizes, to individuals of Korean heritage who have furthered the welfare of humanity through distinguished accomplishments in the field of Science. == Prizewinners of Ho-Am Prize for Science == Source: Ho-Am Foundation == See also == List of general science and technology awards Ho-Am Prize in Medicine Ho-Am Prize in the Arts Ho-Am Prize in Engineering Ho-Am Prize in Community Service POSCO TJ Park Prize == References == == External links == Ho-Am Prize winners Laureates 2025


id: honda-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Honda Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:31.344426+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: honda-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Honda Prize is awarded by the Honda Foundation. It is awarded for "the efforts of an individual or group who contribute new ideas which may lead the next generation in the field of ecotechnology". It is sometimes referred to as the "Nobel Prize in Technology" since it has put a spotlight on achievements in a variety of fields based on a wide perspective in the future, including two Turing-awarded artificial intelligence accomplishments. == Prize == The prize consists of a diploma, medal, and a reward of 10 million yen. == List of recipients == == References ==


id: howard-n-potts-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_N._Potts_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Howard N. Potts Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_N._Potts_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:32.643387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: howard-n-potts-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Howard N. Potts Medal was one of The Franklin Institute Awards for science and engineering award presented by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named for Howard N. Potts. The first Howard N. Potts Medal was awarded in 1911 but was merged in 1991, along with other Franklin Institute historical awards, into the Benjamin Franklin Medal. == Laureates == The following people received the Howard N. Potts Medal: 1911 - William Weber Coblentz (Physics) 1912 - William Arthur Bone (Chemistry) 1913 - James A. Bizzell (Earth Science) 1913 - Thomas Lyttleton Lyon (Earth Science) for "Plants and Relation to Nitrate in Soils" 1914 - Ralph Modjeski (Engineering) 1916 - William Jackson Humphreys (Physics) 1916 - William Spencer Murray (Engineering) 1917 - Ulric Dahlgren (Life Science) 1918 - Alexander Gray (Engineering) 1918 - Arthur Edwin Kennelly (Engineering) 1918 - Louis Vessot King (Engineering) 1919 - Reynold Janney (Engineering) 1919 - Clarence P. Landreth (Chemistry) 1919 - Harvey D. Williams (Engineering) 1920 - Wendell Addison Barker (Invention) 1920 - Edward P. Bullard, Jr. (Engineering) 1921 - Elmer Verner McCollum (Life Science) 1921 - Alfred O. Tate (Engineering) 1922 - Ernest George Coker (Physics) 1922 - Charles R. Downs (Chemistry)


id: iet-faraday-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IET_Faraday_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: IET Faraday Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IET_Faraday_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:34.029464+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iet-faraday-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Faraday Medal is a top-tier international medal awarded by the UK Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) (previously known as the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)). As one of the world's foremost awards in engineering and the most prestigious in electrical engineering, it is part of the IET Achievement Medals collection of awards. The medal is named after the British physicist Michael Faraday, the father of electromagnetism. == Background == The Faraday Medal is the IET's highest honour and one of the world's most prestigious awards for engineers and scientists. Winners include ground-breaking pioneers and inventors. First awarded in 1922, it is one of the oldest medals still being awarded today. The top medal is awarded annually to distinguished individuals who either for notable scientific or industrial achievement in engineering or for conspicuous service rendered to the advancement of science, engineering and technology, without restriction as regards nationality, country of residence or membership of the Institution. The award was established in 1922 to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the first Ordinary Meeting of the Society of Telegraph Engineers and is named after Michael Faraday. Each year, the recipient received his/her award at a ceremony held in London that is


id: imagine-cup-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Cup-0.md
category: reference
title: Imagine Cup
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Cup
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:35.350059+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imagine-cup-20260505-0
summary:
Imagine Cup is an annual competition sponsored and hosted by Microsoft Corp. which brings together student developers worldwide to help resolve some of the world's toughest challenges. It is considered as "Olympics of Technology" by computer science and engineering and is considered one of the top competitions and awards related to technology and software design. All Imagine Cup competitors create projects that address the Imagine Cup theme: "Imagine a world where technology helps solve the toughest problems". Started in 2003, it has steadily grown, with more than 2 million competitors representing 150 countries in 2022. The 2023 Imagine Cup World Championship was held in Seattle, United States. == History == The Imagine Cup began in 2003 with approximately 1,000 competitors from 25 countries and regions and has grown to more than 2 million competitors representing 150 countries in 2022. The Imagine Cup World Championship has been held all over the globe. Since 2014, the Imagine Cup World Championship has been held in Seattle, United States. 2003: Barcelona, Spain – Theme: Link between people, information, systems, and devices, using Web services and. NET as the springboard. 2004: São Paulo, Brazil – Theme: Imagine a world where smart technology makes everyday life


id: imagine-cup-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Cup-1.md
category: reference
title: Imagine Cup
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Cup
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:35.350059+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imagine-cup-20260505-0
summary:
Team Graphmasters from Germany. The team members are: Christian Brüggemann, Sebastian Heise and Iulian Nitescu. Team StethoCloud from Australia. The team members are: Hon Weng Chong, Andrew Lin, Mahsa Salehi and Karthik Rajah. Team Vivid from Egypt. The team members are: Noureldien Hussein (Nour El-Dien Hussein), Muhammed Mousa El-Orabi and Fady Fawzy Rafla. Team Cipher256 from Uganda The team members are: Aaron Tushabe, Joshua Okello, Dr. Davis Musinguzi, Josiah Kavuma and Joseph Kaizzi. Team QuadSquad from Ukraine. The team members are: Maxim Osika, Valeriy Yasakov, Anton Stepanov, Anton Posternikov and Dmytro Samoilenko. == Recognition == Imagine Cup participants from around the world who won their regional competitions in 2010 have been recognized by their government leaders. In October 2010, two Imagine Cup 2010 United States finalists (Wilson To from the Mobilifeteam and Christian Hood from BeastWare) were invited to participate in the White House Science Fair. New Zealand's Prime Minister, Hon. John Key sent Team OneBeep from New Zealand a personal letter that congratulated them on their third-place finish. Team Skeek from Thailand, winners of the 2010 Software Design competition, met Dr. Khunying Kalaya Sophonpanich, a member of Parliament and Secretary General of The Rajapruek Institute Foundation. Microsoft Poland and


id: india-science-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Science_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: India Science Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Science_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:40.420388+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: india-science-award-20260505-0
summary:
India Science Award is one of the highest and the most prestigious national recognition by the Government of India for outstanding contribution to science. The primary and essential criterion for the award is demonstrated and widely accepted excellence in science. The award covers all areas of research in science including engineering, medicine and agriculture. The prize money is ₹25 lakhs, and it also carries a citation and a gold medal. The award is announced and presented every year at the Indian Science Congress (ISC). The award was instituted by the 10th Prime Minister of India Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003. The first award, for the year 2004, was given to a renowned chemist Prof CNR Rao, for his works in solid state and material chemistry, by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the inauguration of the 93rd Indian Science Congress on 3 January 2006. == History == India Science Award was launched at the 90th Indian Science Congress on 3 January 2003, held at Bangalore University, by the Prime Minister of India. On 30 June 2003 the Ministry of Science and Technology (India) approved the framework and guidelines of the award. The meeting was attended by 20 eminent scientists, government


id: innovators-under-35-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovators_Under_35-0.md
category: reference
title: Innovators Under 35
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovators_Under_35
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:41.709400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: innovators-under-35-20260505-0
summary:
The Innovators Under 35 is a peer-reviewed annual award and listicle published by MIT Technology Review magazine, naming the world's top 35 innovators under the age of 35. == Background == They have 5 categories of innovators, Visionaries, Pioneers, Inventors, Humanitarians, Entrepreneurs. There are also subcategories, and although they change from year to year, they generally focus on biomedicine, computing, communications, business, energy, materials, and the web. Nominations are sent from around the world and evaluated by a panel of expert judges. In some years, an Innovator of the Year or a Humanitarian of the Year is also named from among the winners. The purpose of the award is to honor "Exceptionally talented young innovators whose work has the greatest potential to transform the world." == History == The award was started in 1999 as the TR100, with 100 winners, but was changed to TR35 (35 winners) starting in 2005. The awards are presented to the winners at the annual Emtech conference on emerging technologies, held in the fall at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where there is an awards ceremony and reception. There are several regional TR35 lists produced by Technology Review also, such as the list of


id: list-of-international-society-for-magnetic-resonance-in-medicine-gold-medal-winners-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine gold medal winners
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:42.948889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-international-society-for-magnetic-resonance-in-medicine-gold-medal-winners-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Society_for_Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine_gold_medal_winners-0.md

summary:
The ISMRM Gold Medal is the highest honor awarded by the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, recognizing individuals who have made major contributions to the development of magnetic resonance techniques in medicine and biology. Recipients are selected by a committee of peers based on the originality and impact of their work in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS). Past awardees include Robert S. Balaban (1994), Peter J. Basser (2008), Zaver M. Bhujwalla (2019), and Peter A. Bandettini (2020). ✰ – 1991 Nobel Prize in Chemistry ★ – 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine == See also == Günther Laukien Prize, presented at the Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference "to recognize recent cutting-edge experimental NMR research with a high probability of enabling beneficial new applications." == References == == External links == Gold Medal, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Society_for_Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine_gold_medal_winners


id: iri-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRI_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: IRI Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRI_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:44.100060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iri-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The IRI Medal, established by the Industrial Research Institute (IRI) in 1946, recognizes and honors leaders of technology for their outstanding accomplishments in technological innovation which contribute broadly to the development of industry and to the benefit of society. One side of the medal depicts a scientist peering into a microscope as a symbol of the never-ending quest for innovation; a pegasus running in the background as a symbol of imagination; and clouds issuing from a retort revealing the practical results of humanity's ability to harness natural forces to meet its needs. The reverse side of the medal is an adaptation of the official seal of the Institute. This award is traditionally presented each spring at the IRI Annual Meeting alongside the IRI Achievement Award. == List of recipients == == See also == Industrial Research Institute IRI Achievement Award Maurice Holland Award == References == == External links == Industrial Research Institute, Inc. (IRI) IRI Medal


id: kamerlingh-onnes-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerlingh_Onnes_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Kamerlingh Onnes Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerlingh_Onnes_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:45.258457+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kamerlingh-onnes-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Kamerlingh Onnes Award is in recognition of special merits of scientists active in the field of refrigeration technology, cryogenics and more generally low-temperature science and technology. It was founded in 1948 by the Royal Dutch Association of Refrigeration (Koninklijke Nederlandse Vereniging voor Koude, KNVvK) The name of the award is intended to keep the memory of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes alive. The award is assigned typically every four years and the winners get a golden medal and a certificate. == List of recipients == 1950 Prof. F. Simon, Oxford, England, Very low temperatures, liquid hydrogen and helium 1955 Prof. R. Plank, Karlsruhe, Germany, Refrigeration technology in a broad sense 1958 Prof. S.C. Collins, M.I.T., USA, Low temperatures, especially with regard to equipment for the production of liquid helium 1958 Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium, Eindhoven, Netherlands, Development of cryogenerator 1963 Dr. F. Kidd and Dr. C. West, Cambridge, England, Research storage conditions of fruit 1968 Prof. P.L. Kapitza, Moscov, Russia, Low temperatures; scientifically and technologically 1973 Ms. Dr. Audrey Smith, Stanmore, England, Introduction of cryoprotectants; cryobiology 1979 Dr. J.E. Kunzler, Bell Labs., USA, Superconductivity 1983 Prof. L. Váhl, Delft, The Netherlands, Refrigeration technology in the broad sense 1988 Ir. T.A. van Hiele,


id: kavli-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Kavli Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:46.537612+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kavli-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Kavli Prize was established in 2005 as a joint venture of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, and the Kavli Foundation. It honors, supports, and recognizes scientists for outstanding work in the fields of astrophysics, nanoscience and neuroscience. Three prizes are awarded every second year. Each of the three Kavli Prizes consists of a gold medal, a scroll, and a cash award of US$1,000,000. The medal has a diameter of 70 millimetres (2.8 in), a thickness of 5 millimetres (0.20 in), and weighs 311 grams (11.0 oz). The first Kavli Prizes were awarded on 9 September 2008 in Oslo, presented by Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway. == Selection committees == The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters appoints three prize committees consisting of leading international scientists after receiving recommendations made from the following organisations: Chinese Academy of Sciences French Academy of Sciences Max Planck Society United States National Academy of Sciences Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Royal Society == Laureates == === Astrophysics === === Nanoscience === === Neuroscience === == See also == List of general science and technology awards List of astronomy awards List of neuroscience awards The


id: k-rber-european-science-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Körber_European_Science_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Körber European Science Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Körber_European_Science_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:47.747721+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: k-rber-european-science-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Körber European Science Prize is a science and technology award, presented annually by the Körber Foundation in Hamburg, honoring outstanding scientists working in Europe for their promising research projects. The prize is endowed with 1 million euro (until 2018: 750,000 euro) and promotes research projects in the life sciences and physical sciences. == History == The prize was initiated by the entrepreneur Kurt A. Körber with the help of Reimar Lüst, the president of the Max Planck Society. The first award was in 1985. At first, European research teams were honored, but since 2005, only individuals qualify. == Selection process == Candidates for the prize need not be from Europe, but they must be living in Europe. Renowned scientists from all over Europe, grouped into two Search Committees, select promising candidates. The awards are annual and alternate between the life and physical sciences. Those who are shortlisted are then asked to submit a detailed proposal for a research project which is then judged in two rounds of assessment by the Search Committee. The work of the Search Committee is supported by international experts. A maximum of five candidates are subsequently recommended to the Trustee Committee which, based on a


id: kyoto-prize-in-basic-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prize_in_Basic_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prize_in_Basic_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:48.996348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyoto-prize-in-basic-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences is awarded once a year by the Inamori Foundation. The Prize is one of three Kyoto Prize categories; the others are the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology and the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy. The first Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences was awarded to Claude Elwood Shannon, the “Establishment of Mathematical Foundation of Information Theory”. The Prize is regarded as a prestigious award available in fields which are traditionally not honored with a Nobel Prize. == Fields == The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences is awarded on a rotating basis to researchers in the following four fields: Mathematical sciences (including pure mathematics) Biological sciences (evolution, behavior, ecology, environment) Earth and planetary sciences, astronomy and astrophysics Cognitive science/Life sciences (molecular biology, cell biology, neurobiology) == Laureates == Source: Kyoto Prize === Biological sciences === === Mathematical sciences === === Earth and planetary sciences, astronomy and astrophysics === === Life sciences === === Cognitive science === == See also == Kyoto Prize Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy List of Kyoto Prize winners List of astronomy awards List of biology awards List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize (German: Förderpreis für deutsche Wissenschaftler im Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz-Programm der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft), or Leibniz Prize, is awarded by the German Research Foundation to "exceptional scientists and academics for their outstanding achievements in the field of research". Since 1986, up to ten prizes have been awarded annually to individuals or research groups working at a research institution in Germany or at a German research institution abroad. It is considered the most important research award in Germany. The prize is named after the German polymath and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). It is one of the highest endowed research prizes in Germany with a maximum of €2.5 million per award. Past prize winners include Stefan Hell (2008), Gerd Faltings (1996), Peter Gruss (1994), Svante Pääbo (1992), Theodor W. Hänsch (1989), Erwin Neher (1987), Bert Sakmann (1987), Jürgen Habermas (1986), Hartmut Michel (1986), and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1986). == Prizewinners == === 2020–2029 === 2026: Klaus Blaum – Experimental Physics, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg Christian Doeller – Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig Christian Hasse – Energy Process Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt Johannes Krause – Archaeogenetics, Max Planck


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-1.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Jens Beckert – Sociology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne Alessandra Buonanno – Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln – Economics, Goethe University Frankfurt Veit Hornung – Immunologie, Gene Center Munich, LMU Munich and Eicke Latz, Immunologie, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn Heike Paul – Amerikanistik, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg Erika L. Pearce – Immunologie, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg/Breisgau Claus Ropers – Experimental Solid-state Physics, University of Göttingen Oliver G. Schmidt – Materials Science, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden and Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Chemnitz University of Technology Bernhard Schölkopf – Machine Learning, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen László Székelyhidi – Applied Mathematics, Leipzig University 2017: Lutz Ackermann – Organic Molecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen Beatrice Gründler – Arabistics, Free University of Berlin Ralph Hertwig – Cognition Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Education Research Karl-Peter Hopfner – Structure Biology, LMU Munich Frank Jülicher – Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems Lutz Mädler – Mechanical Process engineering, University of Bremen Britta Nestler – Material science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Joachim P. Spatz – Biophysics,


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-2.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Jan Born – Neuroendocrinology / Sleep research (University of Lübeck) Peter Fratzl – Biomaterials (Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam) Roman Inderst – Macroeconomics (Goethe University Frankfurt) Christoph Klein – Pediatrics / Oncology (Hannover Medical School) Ulman Lindenberger – Lifespan psychology (Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin) Frank Neese – Theoretical chemistry (University of Bonn) Jürgen Osterhammel – Recent and modern history (University of Konstanz) Petra Schwille – Biophysics (Dresden University of Technology) Stefan Treue – Cognitive Neurosciences (German Primate Center, Göttingen) Joachim Weickert – Digital image processing (Saarland University) === 2009–2000 === 2009: Antje Boetius – Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen Holger Braunschweig – Inorganic chemistry, University of Würzburg Wolfram Burgard – Computer science, University of Freiburg Heinrich Detering – University of Göttingen Jürgen Eckert – IFW Dresden, and Dresden University of Technology Armin Falk – Economist, University of Bonn Frank Kirchhoff – University of Ulm Jürgen Rödel – Materials scientist, Technische Universität Darmstadt Karl Lenhard Rudolph – University of Ulm Burkhard Wilking – University of Münster Martin R. Zirnbauer – University of Cologne 2008: Susanne Albers – theoretical computer science, University of Freiburg Martin Beneke – theoretical particle physics, RWTH Aachen University Holger


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-3.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Jochen Feldmann – optoelectronical component (LMU Munich) Eduard Christian Hurt – molecular biology (Heidelberg University) Hans Keppler – mineralogy (University of Tübingen) Arthur Konnerth – neurophysiology (LMU Munich) Ulrich Konrad – musicology (University of Würzburg) Martin Krönke – immunology/cell biology (University of Cologne) Joachim Küpper – Romantic literary theory (Free University of Berlin) Christoph Markschies – history of Christianity (Heidelberg University) Wolfgang Marquardt – process systems engineering (RWTH Aachen University) Helge Ritter – informatics (Bielefeld University) Günter Ziegler – mathematics (Technische Universität Berlin) 2000: Klaus Fiedler – cognitive social psychology (Heidelberg University) Peter Greil – materials science (University of Erlangen–Nuremberg) Matthias W. Hentze – molecular biology (European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg) Peter M. Herzig – geochemistry and economic geology (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology) Reinhard Jahn – cellular biology (Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Institute), Göttingen) Aditi Lahiri – general linguistics (University of Konstanz) Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff – public law (Bielefeld University) Dieter Lüst – theoretical physics (Humboldt University of Berlin) Stefan Müller – mathematics (Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig) Manfred Pinkal – computational linguistics (Saarland University) Ilme Schlichting – biophysics (Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund) Friedrich Temps and Hans-Joachim


id: leibniz-prize-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize-4.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:50.164987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-prize-20260505-0
summary:
Georg W. Bornkamm – virology (GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit München) Christopher Deninger, Michael Rapoport, Peter Schneider and Thomas Zink – mathematics (University of Münster, University of Wuppertal, University of Cologne and Bielefeld University) Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit – japanology (Free University of Berlin) Jürgen Kocka – history of sociology (Free University of Berlin) Joachim Menz – mine surveying (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology) Friedhelm Meyer auf der Heide and Burkhard Monien – informatics (Paderborn University) Jürgen Mlynek – experimental physics (University of Konstanz) Svante Pääbo – molecular biology (LMU Munich) Wolfgang Raible – romanistics (University of Freiburg) Hans-Georg Rammensee – immunology (Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen) Jan Veizer – geochemistry of sediments (Ruhr University Bochum) 1991: Gerhard Ertl – physical chemistry (Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Berlin) Dieter Fenske and Michael Veith – inorganic chemistry (University of Karlsruhe and Saarland University) Ernst O. Göbel – solid state physics (Marburg University) Dieter Häussinger – internal medicine (University of Freiburg) Karl-Heinz Hoffmann – applied mathematics (University of Augsburg) Randolf Menzel – zoology/neurobiology (Free University of Berlin) Rolf Müller – biochemistry/molecular biology (Marburg University) Hermann Riedel – material mechanics (Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik Freiburg) Hans-Ulrich Schmincke – mineralogy/vulcanology (Research Center for


id: leonhard-euler-gold-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler_Gold_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Leonhard Euler Gold Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler_Gold_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:51.338795+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leonhard-euler-gold-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Leonhard Euler Gold Medal (Золотая медаль имени Леонарда Эйлера) is a medal named after the Swiss, German, and Russian mathematician Leonhard Euler, awarded by the Отделением математических наук (Branch of Mathematical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for outstanding results in mathematics and physics. The medal was awarded once in 1957 to two scientists and since 1991 has been awarded every five years. == Laureates == 1957 — Igor Kurchatov and Felix Frankl for outstanding results in mathematics and physics 1991 — Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov for fundamental contributions to the development of mathematics 1997 — Yury Osipov for outstanding results in mathematics and physics 2002 — Ludvig Faddeev for outstanding results in mathematics and physics 2007 — Valery Vasilevich Kozlov for a series of papers on nonlinear Hamiltonian systems of differential equations 2012 — Sergei Novikov for his deep contribution to the application of topological methods in quantum physics 2017 — Igor Shafarevich for outstanding contributions to number theory and algebraic geometry 2022 — Sergei Godunov for outstanding results in the field of computational mathematics == References ==


id: list-of-nelson-p-jackson-aerospace-memorial-award-winners-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nelson_P._Jackson_Aerospace_Memorial_Award_winners-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nelson_P._Jackson_Aerospace_Memorial_Award_winners
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:56.644877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-nelson-p-jackson-aerospace-memorial-award-winners-20260505-0
summary:
The Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award was established in 1960 to honor Nelson P. Jackson, a founder and first president of the National Space Club. This award is the club's second most prestigious honor and it recognizes outstanding contributions to advancements in the missile, aircraft, and space fields. Described by NASA as “the space world's equivalent of an Academy Award" it is presented annually by the National Space Club during the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C. Nelson P. Jackson was a highly decorated Air Force colonel, involved in the military atomic energy program, and had served with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also a prominent D.C. attorney and the D.C. manager for GE's Atomic Energy Division. The National Space Club is the premier non-profit organization dedicated to advancing space leadership, technology, and education in the United States. Bringing together industry leaders, government officials, educators, and private individuals, the club fosters collaboration in astronautics and ensures that critical space-related information is shared with the public. == List of Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners == == References ==


id: lloyd-s-nelson-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_S._Nelson_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Lloyd S. Nelson Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_S._Nelson_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:09:57.801699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lloyd-s-nelson-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Lloyd S. Nelson Award is an annual award presented by the editorial review board of the Journal of Quality Technology (JQT), a quarterly peer-reviewed journal published by the American Society for Quality (ASQ). The award recognizes the paper published in the JQT judged to have the "greatest immediate impact to practitioners" in the field of quality control and applied statistics. == History and Namesake == The award is named in honor of Dr. Lloyd S. Nelson (1922–2013), an American statistician and educator who was influential in developing and promoting statistical methods for quality improvement. Nelson was the founding editor of the Journal of Quality Technology, a publication dedicated to making technical statistical tools accessible for industrial application. He established the journal in 1969 by leading the initiative to split ASQ's flagship publication, Industrial Quality Control, into two separate journals: the general interest magazine Quality Progress and the more technical Journal of Quality Technology. Nelson is also known for formalizing the Nelson rules, a set of tests used to detect "special causes" of variation in statistical process control charts. == Criteria and Selection == The winning paper is selected by the JQT editorial review board based on criteria prioritizing real-world


id: m-king-hubbert-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._King_Hubbert_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: M. King Hubbert Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._King_Hubbert_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:00.217095+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: m-king-hubbert-award-20260505-0
summary:
The M. King Hubbert Award is an annual award granted by the National Ground Water Association in the United States. Established in 1973, it is named after Marion King Hubbert, an American geophysicist who made foundational contributions to geology and geophysics. The award is presented to a person who has made a major science or engineering contribution to the groundwater industry through research, technical papers, teaching, and practical applications. As of 2026, fifty-three scientists have received the award. == List of recipients == Starting in 1973, the list of recipients is available from the National Ground Water Association website. 1973: Walter H. F. Smith 1974: Robert Minning 1975: Harry E. LeGrand 1977: Thomas A. Prickett 1979: David M. Miller 1980: Stanley N. Davis 1981: Jack Keeley 1982: Wayne A. Pettyjohn 1983: Otto Helwig 1984: Don L. Warner 1985: John G. Ferris 1986: John D. Hem 1987: John A. Cherry 1988: Shlomo P. Neuman 1989: Leonard F. Konikow 1990: Jacob Bear 1991: John D. Bredehoeft 1992: Mary P. Anderson 1993: Irwin Remson 1994: Donald Nielsen 1995: William Back 1996: R. Allan Freeze 1997: Franklin W. Schwartz 1998: Richard R. Parizek 1999: Thomas C. Winter 2000: Emil A. Friend 2001: David McWhorter


id: magellanic-premium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_Premium-0.md
category: reference
title: Magellanic Premium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_Premium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:01.471355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: magellanic-premium-20260505-0
summary:
The Magellanic Premium, also known as the Magellanic Gold Medal and Magellanic Prize is awarded for major contributions in the field of navigation (whether by sea, air, or in space), astronomy, or natural philosophy. The Premium was established in 1786 through a grant by Jean-Hyacinthe Magellan (Portuguese: João Jacinto de Magalhães). Benjamin Franklin, then President of the American Philosophical Society, accepted it and established the terms of reference under which it would be given. In the 217 years since Magellan offered the Premium, the APS has awarded on only 36 occasions (as of 2021): twelve for navigation, twelve for natural philosophy, and eleven for astronomy. == Recipients of the Magellanic Premium == Source: American Philosophical Society == See also == List of general science and technology awards == References == The Magellanic Premium


id: magnus-hirschfeld-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Magnus Hirschfeld Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:02.678631+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: magnus-hirschfeld-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Magnus Hirschfeld Medal is awarded by the German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research (DGSS) for outstanding service to sexual science, granted in the categories "Sexual Research" and "Sexual Reform". It is named in honour of German sexology pioneer Magnus Hirschfeld (though DGSS diverges from some of Hirschfeld's theories). == Previous winners == === For contributions to sexual research === 1990 Ernest Borneman (Austria) 1992 John Paul De Cecco (USA) 1994 Liu Dalin (China) 1997 Jonathan Ned Katz (USA) 2000 Milton Diamond (USA) 2002 John Money (USA) 2004 Martin S. Weinberg (USA) 2006 Richard Green (USA/UK) 2008 Hu Peicheng (China) 2016 João Décio Ferreira (Portugal) === For contributions to sexual reform === 1990 Herman Musaph (Netherlands) 1992 Imre Aszódi (Hungary) 1994 Ruth Westheimer ("Dr. Ruth"; USA) 1997 Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan (Sweden) 2000 Oswalt Kolle (Netherlands) 2002 Manfred Bruns (Germany) and William Granzig (USA) 2004 Rolf Gindorf (Germany) 2006 Rita Süssmuth (Germany) 2008 Robert T. Francoeur (USA) == References ==


id: mahathir-science-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Science_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Mahathir Science Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Science_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:03.844483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mahathir-science-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Mahathir Science Award is an award for outstanding contributions in science and technology that address issues related to the tropics. The Foundation was established 17 August 2004 in honour of the former Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad. It is presented by the Mahathir Science Award Foundation. == Award-winners == Alimuddin Zumla Hugh Possingham Kerrie Wilson Erik Meijaard Rita R. Colwell Alan Cowman Yuan Longping == References ==


id: mayor-s-award-for-excellence-in-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor's_Award_for_Excellence_in_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor's_Award_for_Excellence_in_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:05.055926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mayor-s-award-for-excellence-in-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology is given annually to recognise important members of the science and engineering communities in New York City. Candidates must live or work in the city. Nominations are submitted in five categories: Biological and Medical Sciences Mathematical, Physical, Engineering Sciences Technology Public Understanding of Science and Technology Young Investigator (for scientists and engineers under the age of 40) The Mayor chooses winners from a list of finalists submitted by the New York Academy of Sciences and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. == References ==


id: meinzer-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinzer_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Meinzer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinzer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:06.372305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meinzer-award-20260505-0
summary:
The O.E. Meinzer Award is the annual award of the Hydrogeology Division of the Geological Society of America. Established in 1965, it is named after Oscar Edward Meinzer who has been called the "father of modern groundwater hydrology". The Meinzer award recognizes the author or authors of a publication or body of publications that have significantly advanced the science of hydrogeology or a closely related field. == List of recipients == Starting in 1973, the list of recipients is available from the National Ground Water Association website. 1965 Tóth, József 1966 McGuinness, C. L. 1967 Stallman, Robert W. 1968 Hantush, Mahdi S. 1969 Cooper, Hilton H., Jr. 1970 Stringfield, Victor T. 1971 Maxey, George B. 1972 Poland, Joseph F. and Davis, George H. 1973 Back, William and Hanshaw, Bruce B. 1974 Freeze, R. Allan 1975 Bredehoeft, John D. and Pinder, George F. 1976 Neuman, Shlomo P. and Witherspoon, Paul A. 1977 Rubin, Jacob and James, Ronald V. 1978 Nelson, William R. 1979 Sharp, John. M., Jr., and Domenico, P. A. 1980 Cooley, Richard. L. 1981 Bennett, Gordon D. 1983 Weeks, Edwin P. 1984 Schwartz, Franklin W. and Smith, Leslie. J. 1985 Cherry, John A. 1986 Narasimhan, T. N. 1987 Gelhar,


id: microsoft-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Microsoft Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:07.665245+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: microsoft-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society and Académie des sciences Microsoft Award was an annual award given by the Royal Society and the Académie des sciences to scientists working in Europe who had made a major contribution to the advancement of science through the use of computational methods. It was sponsored by Microsoft Research. The award was open to any research scientist who had made a significant contribution at the intersection of computing and the sciences covering Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Engineering. The prize recognized the importance of interdisciplinary research at the interface of science and computing for advancing scientific boundaries, as well as the importance of investing in European scientists to give Europe a competitive science base. The recipient was selected by a Committee comprising members of the Académie des sciences and Fellows of the Royal Society. The prize consisted of a trophy and monetary amount of €250,000, of which €7,500 is prize money and the rest earmarked for further research. The first award was made in 2006 and the last in 2009. It has now been replaced by the Royal Society Milner Award. == List of winners == == Microsoft Award today == Today, Microsoft is giving awards for


id: minkowski-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Minkowski Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:08.957702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: minkowski-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Minkowski Prize is given by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in recognition to research which has been carried out by a person normally residing in Europe, as manifested by publications which contribute to the advancement of knowledge concerning diabetes mellitus. The Prize honors the name of Oskar Minkowski (1858–1931), a physician and physiologist who was the discoverer of the role of pancreas in the control of glucose metabolism. It has been awarded annually since 1966, and the winner is invited to pronounce a Minkowski Lecture during the EASD Annual Conference. It is traditionally seen as the most prestigious European prize in the field of diabetes research. Since 1966, the award is sponsored by a pharmaceutical company Sanofi-Aventis. The prize consists of a certificate and 20,000 euros plus travel expenses. The candidate must be less than 45 years of age on 1 January of the year of award. Self-nomination is possible. == Winners == With the city where the prize was awarded (Annual Conference), name and country. 1966 Aarhus – Philip Randle (United Kingdom) 1967 Stockholm – E. R. Froesch (Switzerland) 1968 Louvain – Lars Carlson (Sweden) 1969 Montpellier – Bo Hellman (Sweden) 1970 Warsaw –


id: national-medal-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: National Medal of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:14.243421+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-medal-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the president of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics. The twelve member presidential Committee on the National Medal of Science is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the National Science Foundation (NSF). It is the highest science award in the United States. == History == The National Medal of Science was established on August 25, 1959, by an act of the Congress of the United States under Pub. L. 86–209. The medal was originally to honor scientists in the fields of the "physical, biological, mathematical, or engineering sciences". The Committee on the National Medal of Science was established on August 23, 1961, by executive order 10961 of President John F. Kennedy. On January 7, 1979, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) passed a resolution proposing that the medal be expanded to include the social and behavioral sciences. In response, Senator Ted Kennedy introduced the Science and Technology Equal Opportunities Act into the Senate on March 7, 1979,


id: national-medal-of-technology-and-innovation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation-0.md
category: reference
title: National Medal of Technology and Innovation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:15.451379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-medal-of-technology-and-innovation-20260505-0
summary:
The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the president of the United States to American inventors and innovators who have made significant contributions to the development of new and important technology. The award may be granted to a specific person, to a group of people or to an entire organization or corporation. It is the highest honor the United States can confer to a U.S. citizen for achievements related to technological progress. == History == The National Medal of Technology was created in 1980 by the United States Congress under the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act. It was a bipartisan effort to foster technological innovation and the technological competitiveness of the United States in the international arena. The first National Medals of Technology were issued in 1985 by then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan to 12 individuals and one company. Among the first recipients were Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer. The medal has been awarded annually until 2015. On August 9, 2007, President George Bush signed the America COMPETES (Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science) Act of 2007. The Act amended Section 16


id: national-medals-of-appreciation-and-memorial-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medals_of_Appreciation_and_Memorial-0.md
category: reference
title: National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medals_of_Appreciation_and_Memorial
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:16.684970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-medals-of-appreciation-and-memorial-20260505-0
summary:
The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial is an honor bestowed by the President of Iran to individuals who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in various fields of science or have lost their lives defending the country. The presidential Committee on the National Medals is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the Presidential Office. == History == The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial were established on November 21, 2010, by an act of the Cabinet of Iran. The National Medal of Appreciation is to honor scientists who have shown significant contributions to the development of the country. The National Medal of Memorial is to honor those who lost their lives defending the country. The National Medals of Appreciation and Memorial are classified as Golden and Silver Medals. == National Medal of Appreciation == 2010 Meisam Tabatabaei 2010 Hamed Sani Khanin 2010 Mohammad Rashidian 2015 Esmail Baghaei 2015 Behzad Saberi 2015 Mohammad Amiri 2015 Mohammad Hassan Daryayi The awards ceremony is organized by the Office of President of Iran. It is presided by the sitting President of Iran. == References == == External links == پایگاه اطلاع‌رسانی اعطای نشانهای دولتی


id: national-space-club-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-0.md
category: reference
title: National Space Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-club-20260505-0
summary:
The National Space Club is a non-profit corporation in the US which contains representatives of industry, government, educational institutions and private individuals in order to enhance the exchange of information on astronautics, and to relay this information to the public. It provides scholarships and internships to students, and encourages educational space based activities. The Club promotes space leadership by the United States, the advancement of space technology, and recognizes and honors people who have contributed significantly to the fields of rocketry and astronautics. The Club fulfills these objectives with scholarships, grants, internships, luncheons, the Goddard Memorial Dinner, and newsletters. == Origin == The National Space Club, originally established as the National Rocket Club, was conceived in 1957 by Erik Bergaust in response to the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik, which had sent shockwaves through the western world. Bergaust recognized that the United States needed an organization that could mobilize national efforts and accelerate the country’s involvement in the Space Race. He warned: "Until recently, top-level officials considered space flight a dirty word. These officials refused to listen to the scientists and engineers who predicted years ago that the nation which controlled space would control the world peace. These officials, I


id: national-space-club-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-1.md
category: reference
title: National Space Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-club-20260505-0
summary:
Since its first Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner, the National Space Club has been a key gathering place for the space community, fostering discussions on the future of astronautics. The Club has played a significant role in the U.S. space program, uniting astronauts, engineers, scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders. Distinguished figures such as Robert R. Gilruth, William H. Pickering, James Van Allen, James E. Webb, George P. Miller, and Donald W. Douglas, along with many other pioneers of space exploration, have been frequent speakers at Club events. The Club has also had the privilege of hosting Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan as honored speakers. Throughout its history, the National Space Club has consistently pursued its mission of fostering national pride among Americans by emphasizing that the United States is the true birthplace of rocket technology, through the pioneering work of Dr. Robert H. Goddard. At the time of the Club's formation, the country still believed that rocket technology originated primarily from German research with their V-1 and V-2 rockets during World War II. However, Wernher von Braun and the German rocket scientists had actually been building upon Goddard’s earlier American research


id: national-space-club-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club-2.md
category: reference
title: National Space Club
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Club
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:18.038550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-space-club-20260505-0
summary:
National Space Club Huntsville - established in 1985 in Huntsville, Alabama, home to the Marshall Space Flight Center, where Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket scientists transformed the region into a hub of space technology. Each October, the Club hosts its most significant annual event, the Wernher von Braun Memorial Dinner, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the space industry. During the event, the Club presents several prestigious awards, including the von Braun Space Flight Trophy, the Astronautics Engineering Award, the Distinguished Science Award, the Communications Award, the Community Service Award, the Aerospace Educator Award, the Dr. Wernher von Braun Memorial Scholarship, and the National Space Club scholarships. National Space Club Florida Committee - established in 2002 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Its signature event, the Space Heroes and Legends Award Dinner, takes place each April, honoring individuals and groups for their contributions to the space industry. Awards presented at the event include the Space Heroes and Legends Award, the Forrest S. McCartney National Defense Space Award, the Lifetime Achievement Award, the Rising Star Award, the Harry Kolcum News and Communications Award, and the Space Worker Hall of Fame Award. == Scholarship == The National Space Club


id: newcomb-cleveland-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Newcomb Cleveland Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:19.364625+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: newcomb-cleveland-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is annually awarded to author(s) of outstanding scientific paper published in the Research Articles or Reports sections of Science. Established in 1923, funded by Newcomb Cleveland who remained anonymous until his death in 1951, and for this period it was known as the AAAS Thousand Dollar Prize. "The prize was inspired by Mr. Cleveland's belief that it was the scientist who counted and who needed the encouragement an unexpected monetary award could give." The present rules were instituted in 1975, previously it had gone to the author(s) of noteworthy papers, representing an outstanding contribution to science, presented in a regular session, sectional or societal, during the AAAS Annual Meeting. It is now sponsored by the Fodor Family Trust and includes a prize of $25,000. == Recipients == List of winners === Current rules === === Previous rules === == See also == AAAS Award for Science Diplomacy AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research == References ==


id: novartis-drew-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Novartis-Drew Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis-Drew_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:20.529826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: novartis-drew-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Novartis-Drew Award for Biomedical Research is an award jointly presented by Novartis and Drew University. It comprises a cash award (originally $2000) and a plaque. The award was initially created as the Ciba-Drew Award for Biomedical Research and renamed following the change of company name from Ciba-Geigy to Novartis in 1996. == Incomplete list of winners == Novartis-Drew Award 2003: Elaine Fuchs; Philip A. Sharp; David Botstein 2002: Frank McCormick; Brian J. Druker; Harold Varmus 2001: Sidney Brenner; Eric Lander; Craig Venter 2000: Susan L. Lindquist 1999: Elizabeth Helen Blackburn; Joan Steitz 1998: Tom Maniatis; Alexander Varshavsky 1997: Edward Alan Berger Ciba-Drew Award 1996: H. Robert Horvitz; Stanley J. Korsmeyer 1995: Joseph Schlessinger; Günter Blobel ; Arnold J. Levine 1994: Thomas R. Cech; Albert Eschenmoser; Manfred Eigen 1993: Leroy Hood; Francis S. Collins 1992: Stuart L. Schreiber ; Peter G. Schultz ; Richard Lerner 1991: Sir Michael Berridge 1990: Roger David Kornberg; Nicholas R. Cozzarelli 1989: Robert William Mahley 1988: Samuel Broder; Robert C. Gallo ; Luc Montagnier 1987: Thomas A. Waldmann 1986: Michael H. Wigler 1985: Jean-Pierre Changeux; Solomon Halbert Snyder 1984: Albrecht Fleckenstein; Harald Reuter 1983: Ronald Levy; 1982: 1981: C. Ronald Kahn; Donald F. Steiner ;


id: otto-naegeli-preis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Naegeli-Preis-0.md
category: reference
title: Otto-Naegeli-Preis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Naegeli-Preis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:21.752111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: otto-naegeli-preis-20260505-0
summary:
The Otto-Naegeli-Preis is a Swiss award for medical research that is awarded every two years. It is one of the most prestigious Swiss medical awards and is given with an award sum of 200,000 Swiss Francs. It was established in 1960 and is named after Otto Naegeli, a former professor of internal medicine at the University of Zurich. == Awardees == The Awardees of the prize are the following: == References == == External links == Official Website


id: owsd-elsevier-foundation-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWSD-Elsevier_Foundation_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWSD-Elsevier_Foundation_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:23.096483+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: owsd-elsevier-foundation-award-20260505-0
summary:
The OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World are awarded annually to early-career women scientists in selected developing countries in four regions: Latin America and the Caribbean, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Central and South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD), the Elsevier Foundation, and The World Academy of Sciences have partnered to recognize achievements of early-career women scientists in developing countries since the award was launched in 2011 as the Elsevier Foundation-OWSD Awards for Young Women Scientists from the Developing World. The award program is open to female scientists who live and work in one of 81 developing countries. Nominations are generally submitted within ten years of the nominee earning a PhD. The maximum number of recipients is currently restricted to five per year: one from each of the four OWSD-recognized regions, plus one additional outstanding candidate, and the awards are granted with a rotating theme annually among three general fields: biological sciences (agriculture, biology and medicine), engineering/innovation & technology, and physical sciences (including chemistry, mathematics and physics). There were six awardees in 2022 as two outstanding candidates were recognised. As of 2014, the


id: parlar-foundation-science-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlar_Foundation_Science_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Parlar Foundation Science Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlar_Foundation_Science_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:24.400841+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: parlar-foundation-science-award-20260505-0
summary:
The METU Parlar Foundation Science Award (Turkish: ODTÜ Mustafa Parlar Ödülü) is a science award issued by the Middle East Technical University Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar Foundation established in 1981 in Ankara, Turkey, commemorates Professor Mustafa N. Parlar, who served as the Dean of Engineering at the Middle East Technical University. The Foundation's mission is to promote advancements in science and technology and their applications in industry. Annually, it confers several prestigious awards to recognize significant contributions to science and service. These include the Service to Science and Honour Award, the Science Award, and the Service Award. Notable recipients of the Science Award include İoanna Kuçuradi in philosophy, Cahit Arf, Feza Gürsey and Erol Gelenbe in sciences, as well as Halil İnalcık in history. == Background == The METU Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar Education and Research Foundation was established on January 12, 1981, in memory of Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar, a scientist and early faculty member of Middle East Technical University. The foundation aims to foster relationships between the university and industry, support research and researchers, provide technical hardware and tools, offer scholarships to METU students and financially assist lecturers. Prof. Dr. Mustafa N. Parlar was a


id: passano-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Passano Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passano_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:25.537487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: passano-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Passano Foundation, established in 1945, provides an annual award to a research scientist whose work – done in the United States – is thought to have immediate practical benefits. Many Passano laureates have subsequently won the Nobel Prize. == Selection of award winners == === Passano Laureates === 2024 K. Christopher Garcia 2023 Se-Jin Lee 2022 Duojia Pan 2021 Alfred Goldberg 2020 David Eisenberg 2019 Robert Fettiplace, James Hudspeth 2018 Carl June, Michel Sadelain 2017 Yuan Chang, Patrick S. Moore 2016 Jonathan C. Cohen, Helen Hobbs 2015 James P. Allison (2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2014 Jeffrey I. Gordon 2013 Rudolf Jaenisch 2012 Eric N. Olson 2011 Elaine Fuchs 2010 David Julius (2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2009 Irving Weissman 2008 Thomas Südhof (2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2007 Joan Massagué Solé 2006 Napoleone Ferrara 2005 Jeffrey M. Friedman 2003 Andrew Z. Fire (2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 2002 Alexander Rich 2001 Seymour Benzer 2000 Giuseppe Attardi, Douglas C. Wallace 1999 Elizabeth Blackburn (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Carol W. Greider (2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) 1998 H. Robert Horvitz (2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)


id: percy-l-julian-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_L._Julian_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Percy L. Julian Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_L._Julian_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:30.739303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: percy-l-julian-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Percy L. Julian Award was first given in 1975 by the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE). The award is given every one to two years. It honors black scientists who have made significant contributions to the areas of pure or applied research in science or engineering. The award is named to honor chemist Percy Lavon Julian. In becoming director of research of a division in the Glidden Company of Chicago, Julian was the first African-American to lead a research group in a major corporation. He later founded Julian Laboratories, Julian Associates, Inc. and the Julian Research Institute. == Awardees == == See also == List of general science and technology awards == References ==


id: peter-p-chen-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_P._Chen_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Peter P. Chen Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_P._Chen_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:32.078114+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: peter-p-chen-award-20260505-0
summary:
Peter P. Chen Award is an annually presented award to honor one individual for their contributions to the field of conceptual modeling. Named after the computer scientist Peter Chen, the award was started in 2008 by the publisher Elsevier as a means of celebrating the 25th anniversary of the journal Data & Knowledge Engineering. It is presented at the Entity Relationship (ER) International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. Winners are given a plaque, a cash prize, and are invited to give a keynote speech. There are five criteria for selecting the winner; research, how the nominee has contributed to advance the field of conceptual modeling; service, organizational contributions for related meetings, conferences, and editorial boards; education, mentoring of doctoral students in the field; contribution to practice, contributions to technology transfer, commercialization, and industrial projects; and international reputation. The selection committee is composed of five members: the Steering Committee chair, two Program Committee members appointed by the Steering Committee chair, and the recipients of the last two years. == Laureates == == References ==


id: pfizer-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Pfizer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pfizer-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Pfizer Award is awarded annually by the History of Science Society "in recognition of an outstanding book dealing with the history of science" that was "published in English during a period of three calendar years immediately preceding the year of competition."


id: pfizer-award-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-1.md
category: reference
title: Pfizer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pfizer-award-20260505-0
summary:
== Recipients == 1959 Marie Boas Hall, Robert Boyle and Seventeenth-Century Chemistry (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958). 1960 Marshall Clagett, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959). 1961 Cyril Stanley Smith, A History of Metallography: The Development of Ideas on the Structure of Metal before 1890 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). 1962 Henry Guerlac, Lavoisier, The Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1961) 1963 Lynn Townsend White Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). 1964 Robert E. Schofield, The Lunar Society of Birmingham: A Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). 1965 Charles Donald O'Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964). 1966 L. Pearce Williams, Michael Faraday: A Biography (New York: Basic Books, 1965). 1967 Howard B. Adelmann, Marcello Malpighi and the Evolution of Embryology (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966). 1968 Edward Rosen, Kepler's Somnium (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967). 1969 Margaret T. May, Galen on the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (Ithaca. N.Y.: Cornell University


id: pfizer-award-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award-2.md
category: reference
title: Pfizer Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:33.371144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pfizer-award-20260505-0
summary:
2022 Tara Nummedal, Anna Zieglerin and the Lion’s Blood: Alchemy and End Times in Reformation Germany 2023 Robyn d'Avignon, Ritual Geology. Gold and Subterranean Knowledge in Savanna West Africa 2024 Projit Mukharji, Brown Skins, White Coats: Race Science in India, 1920–66 == References ==


id: pioneers-of-underwater-acoustics-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Underwater_Acoustics_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Underwater_Acoustics_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:34.555861+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pioneers-of-underwater-acoustics-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal is awarded by the Acoustical Society of America in recognition of "an outstanding contribution to the science of underwater acoustics, as evidenced by publication of research results in professional journals or by other accomplishments in the field". The award was named in honor of H. J. W. Fay, Reginald Fessenden, Harvey Hayes, G. W. Pierce, and Paul Langevin. == Recipients == 1959 - Harvey C. Hayes - For outstanding contributions to the science of underwater acoustics. His far sighted recognition of the challenging technical problems in this branch of acoustics and the potentiality of the application of their solution to the defense needs of the Nation resulted in the first sustained research program in underwater sound. 1961 - Albert B. Wood - For pioneering leadership in underwater sound; the development of the cathode-ray oscillograph and its adaptation to the study of underwater explosions; his invention of the magneto-strictive depth recorder; and his studies of shallow-water sound transmission. 1963 - J. Warren Horton - For his pioneering contributions to the knowledge and practice of underwater acoustics as scientist, and teacher, and administrator; and particularly for his painstaking and thorough organization of the science of underwater


id: pirelli-internetional-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Pirelli Internetional Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Internetional_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:35.739983+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pirelli-internetional-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Pirelli Internetional Award was an international multimedia competition for the communication of science & technology conducted entirely on the internet, which was awarded from 1997 to 2007. Awards were granted to the best multimedia presentations focussing on themes involving the diffusion of science and technology. The multimedia presentations must deal with either physics, chemistry, mathematics, life sciences, or the enabling information and communication technologies that empower multimedia itself. According to Marco Tronchetti Provera, President of the Pirelli Group, the award was established in the belief that the diffusion of social, economic and technological advances are as important as their discovery. == Judging == An international jury of notable people including Nobel Prize laureates reviewed the top entries. With an overall budget prize of 105,000 euro (about US$ 130,000), awards were granted in the following major categories: physics, chemistry, mathematics, life sciences, and information and communications technology. == Award categories == Physics: This category rewarded the best multimedia works coming from the field of physics and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro. Chemistry: This category rewarded the best multimedia works coming from the field of chemistry and amounted to an award of 15,000 euro. Mathematics: This category rewarded the


id: pittcon-editors-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Pittcon Editors' Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:37.033932+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pittcon-editors-awards-20260505-0
summary:
Pittcon Editors’ Awards honoured the best new products on show at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, or Pittcon, for 20 years from 1996 having been established by Dr Gordon Wilkinson, managing editor of Analytical Instrument Industry Report (later Instrumenta). On 8 March 2015, the event returned to the Morial Convention Center in New Orleans and this was the last occasion when the awards were presented. The independent awards, which represented the results of an informal poll of leading editors, had become an important feature of the world's largest trade show for the laboratory equipment industry. Pittcon organisers and media center supported the scheme and provided details and photographs on the exhibition's Press and Media Information page. In 2016 the group of editors and journalists that formed the core of the judging panel reluctantly decided to discontinue the awards program citing gradually dwindling support from ever-busier media representatives. == History and organisation == The awards were started because of the challenge that editors faced of effectively covering the trade show, which in 2015 hosted 925 exhibitors. New exhibitors at the Morial Convention Center totalled 130 companies. Walking past every booth at an event such as this represents


id: premio-presidente-della-repubblica-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Presidente_della_Repubblica_(prize)-0.md
category: reference
title: Premio Presidente della Repubblica (prize)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Presidente_della_Repubblica_(prize)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:38.274812+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: premio-presidente-della-repubblica-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Premio Presidente della Repubblica is an Italian award introduced by the former president and academic Luigi Einaudi. Since 1949 it has been awarded on a regular basis by the Accademia dei Lincei, the Accademia di San Luca, and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. It is among the most distinguished awards of the three prestigious academies. == History == The award was established on 11 October 1948 by Luigi Einaudi with a letter to the president of the Lincei National Academy to continue the tradition of royal awards. The prize was first introduced to the class of physical, mathematical, and natural sciences and the class of moral, historical, and philological sciences. In the same year, Einaudi established a national prize for artists and architects awarded by the academies of San Luca and Santa Cecilia. The prize is given by the President of Italy in charge in an official ceremony. Among the people awarded, there are several winners of other important awards such as the Nobel Prize, the Wolf Prize, and the Academy Award. == Prize recipients == == See also == Accademia dei Lincei Accademia di San Luca Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia President of Italy == References ==


id: presidential-young-investigator-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Young_Investigator_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Presidential Young Investigator Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Young_Investigator_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:39.540671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: presidential-young-investigator-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Presidential Young Investigator Award (PYI) was awarded by the National Science Foundation of the United States Federal Government. The program operated from 1984 to 1991, and was replaced by the NSF Young Investigator (NYI) Awards and Presidential Faculty Fellows (PFF) program. In 1995, the NSF Young Investigator program was subsumed into the NSF CAREER Awards program, and in 1996, the Presidential Faculty Fellows program was replaced by the PECASE program. Applicants could not directly apply for the award, but were nominated by others including their own institutions based on their previous record of scientific achievement. The award, a certificate from the White House signed by the President of the United States, included a minimum grant of $25,000 a year for five years from NSF to be used for any scientific research project the awardee wished to pursue, with the possibility of additional funding up to $100,000 annually if the PYI obtained matching funds from industry. Considered to be one of the highest honors granted by the National Science Foundation, the award program was criticized in 1990 as not being the best use of NSF funds in an era of tight budgets. Frances Arnold, winner of this award in 1989,


id: prince-albert-i-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_I_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Prince Albert I Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_I_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:40.886797+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prince-albert-i-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Prince Albert I Medal was established by Prince Rainier of Monaco in partnership with the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans. The medal was named for Prince Albert I and is given for significant work in the physical and chemical sciences of the oceans. The medal is awarded biannually by IAPSO at its Assemblies. == Past recipients == Source: 2001: Walter Munk 2003: Klaus Wyrtki 2005: Friedrich Schott 2007: Russ Davis 2009: Harry Bryden 2011: Trevor McDougall 2013: Arnold L. Gordon 2015: Toshio Yamagata 2017: Lynne Talley 2019: Corinne Le Quéré 2021: Carl Wunsch 2023: John Alexander Church == References == == External links == Prince Albert I Medal


id: prix-georges-lema-tre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître-0.md
category: reference
title: Prix Georges Lemaître
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Georges_Lemaître
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:42.096687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prix-georges-lema-tre-20260505-0
summary:
The Prix Georges Lemaître is an award created in 1995, in celebration of the centenary of the birth in 1894 of Georges Lemaître. The Association des Anciens et Amis de l'Université catholique de Louvain (Association of the Alumni and Friends of the Université catholique de Louvain) initiated the award, as well as the Fondation Georges Lemaître (Georges Lemaître Foundation). The prize, endowed with 25,000 euros as of 2003, is awarded every two years to a scientist who has made a remarkable contribution to développement et à la diffusion des connaissances dans les domaines de la cosmologie, de l'astronomie, de l'astrophysique, de la géophysique, ou de la recherche spatiale (development and dissemination of knowledge in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, geophysics, or space science). The winner is chosen by an international jury of scientists, chaired by the rector of the Université catholique de Louvain. == List of recipients == 1995 — Philip James Edwin Peebles, astrophysicist and cosmologist 1997 — Jean-Claude Duplessy, geochemist and climatologist 1999 — Jean-Pierre Luminet, astrophysist, and Dominique Lambert, philosopher of science 2001 — Kurt Lambeck, geophysicist 2003 — Alain Hubert, explorer and climatologist 2005 — Édouard Bard, climatologist 2007 — Susan Solomon, atmospheric chemist and


id: pythagoras-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Pythagoras Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:47.309955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pythagoras-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Pythagoras Award, or The Pythagoras Prize, or The Pitagor Prize (named after Pythagoras - a Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist, Bulgarian: Награда Питагор), established in 2008, is an award given annually to Bulgarian nationals by the Ministry of Science and Education of Bulgaria in recognition for outstanding scientific achievements. The Pythagoras Prizes are the most prestigious Scientific awards in Bulgaria, frequently referred as the Bulgarian Nobel Prizes. There are several categories each with its own award. The Pythagoras statuettes symbolize The Third Eye which provides perception beyond ordinary sight. The statuettes are designed by the famous Bulgarian sculptor Georgi Chapkanov. == Categories == 1. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Seminal Contribution to Advancement of Science 2. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Principal Investigator of International Synergy Project 3. Pythagoras Grand Prize for Young Scientist 4. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Natural Science and Engineering 5. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Physiology and Medicine 6. Pythagoras Prize for Distinguished Scientist in Humanities and Social Science 7. Pythagoras Prize for Bulgarian Scientist abroad for Seminal Contribution to Science 8. Pythagoras Prize for Scientific Team with Successful Commercialization of Scientific Results 9. Pythagoras Prize for Scientific Book 10. Pythagoras Prize for Company


id: qiu-shi-science-and-technology-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Shi_Science_and_Technology_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Qiu Shi Science and Technology Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Shi_Science_and_Technology_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:48.502853+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qiu-shi-science-and-technology-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Qiu Shi Prizes (simplified Chinese: 求是奖; traditional Chinese: 求是獎) are awarded on an annual basis in recognition of advances in science and technology. The Qiu Shi Science and Technology Foundation was established by Cha Chi Ming (查濟民) (1914–2007) in 1994 in Hong Kong, with the intention of promoting science and technology research in China, and to encourage and reward successful Chinese scientists and scholars. Prizes are awarded each year Prize categories include Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Mathematics or Information Technology. Qiu Shi (Chinese: 求是; pronounced ch-OO/sh-ER) means "seeking truth". The Qiu Shi Foundation was named after Qiu Shi Academy (Chinese: 求是书院) in Hangzhou, which was subsequently renamed Zhejiang University (浙江大学). Qiu Shi Science and Technology Foundation is not related to the Qiushi journal, the political theory periodical. == Founder/Foundation == Cha Chi-ming, GBM, JP, was born in 1914, in Haining County, Jiaxing, Zhejiang province. He studied textile technology and graduated from Zhejiang University in 1931. Cha built a multinational textile conglomerate. He was the chairman of CDW International Limited, The Mingly Corporation Limited and Hong Kong Resort International Limited. With his family, he donated US$20 million in 1994 to establish the award. == The Qiu Shi Advisory Board


id: ram-n-margalef-award-for-excellence-in-education-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Margalef_Award_for_Excellence_in_Education-0.md
category: reference
title: Ramón Margalef Award for Excellence in Education
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramón_Margalef_Award_for_Excellence_in_Education
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:49.651721+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ram-n-margalef-award-for-excellence-in-education-20260505-0
summary:
The Ramón Margalef Award for Excellence in Education was launched in 2008 by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography to recognize innovations and excellence in teaching and mentoring students in the fields of limnology and oceanography. Criteria for the award requires "adherence to the highest standards of excellence" in pedagogy as well as verification that the teaching techniques have furthered the field of aquatic science. The award is not affiliated with the Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology, often referred to as the Ramon Margalef Award, given by the Generalitat de Catalunya in Barcelona. The award has been presented annually since 2009. == Winners == The winners have included: The information in this table is from the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. == References ==


id: john-william-strutt-lord-rayleigh-medal-and-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_Lord_Rayleigh_Medal_and_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_Lord_Rayleigh_Medal_and_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:50.775156+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: john-william-strutt-lord-rayleigh-medal-and-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize is an award of the UK-based Institute of Physics (IOP) for "distinguished contributions to theoretical (including mathematical and computational) physics". The award, named in honour of Lord Rayleigh, consists of a medal with £1,000 and a certificate. The John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize (established in 2008) should not be confused with the Rayleigh Medal, which was established by the Institute of Acoustics in 1970. == Recipients == == References ==


id: rear-admiral-william-s-parsons-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral_William_S._Parsons_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral_William_S._Parsons_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:52.081604+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rear-admiral-william-s-parsons-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress is awarded each year by the Navy League of the United States to a Navy or Marine Corps officer, enlisted person or civilian, who has made an outstanding contribution in any field of science that has furthered the development and progress of the US Navy or Marine Corps. The award is named for Admiral William Sterling Parsons. The award is presented with a certificate and a watch along with other Professional Excellence Awards (Sea Service Awards) at the National Convention of the Navy League of the United States. The award is described by the Navy League of the United States as: "The Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award is named for Admiral Parsons in recognition of his dedication to all aspects of scientific and technical advances and who was responsible to a marked degree for ensuring that the U.S. Navy remained in operational consonance with the ever-shifting and increasing demands of the changing world. Presented since 1957, this award for scientific and technical progress is awarded to a Navy or Marine Corps officer, enlisted person or civilian who has made an outstanding contribution in any field of science


id: redi-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redi_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Redi Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redi_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:53.424775+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: redi-award-20260505-0
summary:
Redi Award is an international science award given to scientists who have made significant contributions in toxinology, the scientific study of venoms, poisons and toxins. The award is sponsored by the International Society on Toxinology (ISI). == Origin == Osservazioni intorno alle vipere (Observations about the Viper) written by an Italian polymath Francesco Redi in 1664 is regarded as the milestone in the beginning of toxinology research. Redi was the first scientist to elucidate the scientific basis of snakebite and venom of the viper. He showed for the first time that the viper venom comes from the fang, not the gallbladder as it was believed; that it is not poisonous when swallowed, and effective only when it enters the bloodstream. He even demonstrated the possibility of slowing down the venom action in the blood by tight ligature before the wound. This work is heralded as the foundation of toxinology. In honour of the pioneer, the International Society on Toxinology (ISI) instituted the Redi Award in 1967 in recognition of scientists for their significant contributions in toxinology research. == Nature of the award == The IST awards scientists or clinicians who have made outstanding contributions to the field of toxinology. The


id: research-parasite-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Parasite_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Parasite Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Parasite_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:54.762767+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-parasite-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Parasite Award is an honor given annually at the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing to recognize scientists who study previously published data in ways not anticipated by the researchers who first generated it. The tongue-in-cheek name of the award refers to a New England Journal of Medicine editorial that coined the term "research parasite" to disparage such work. The idea was first suggested on Twitter by Iowa State University researcher Iddo Friedberg shortly after the editorial was published, and was then initiated by Casey Greene, a pharmacologist at the University of Pennsylvania. Two Research Parasite Awards are given to recognize scientists who have made outstanding and rigorous contributions to analysis of secondary data in biology. Recipients must reuse data generated by someone else to extend, replicate, or disprove a research study in a reproducible manner. The junior parasite award recognizes an outstanding contribution from an early career scientist such as a postdoctoral, graduate, or undergraduate trainee. The senior parasitism award recognizes an individual who has engaged in exemplary research parasitism for a sustained period of time. Since the launch of the award in 2017, a travel grant to attend the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing has been provided to the


id: r-ssler-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rössler_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Rössler Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rössler_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:56.069681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-ssler-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Rössler Prize, offered by the ETH Zurich Foundation, is a monetary prize that has been awarded annually since 2009 to a promising young tenured professor of the ETH Zurich in the middle of an accelerating career. The prize of 200,000 Swiss Francs is financed by the returns from an endowment made by Max Rössler, an alumnus of the ETH. The prize money has to be used for the research of the laureate. == Laureates == 2009: Nenad Ban, Microbiology 2010: Gerald Haug, Geology of Climate 2011: Andreas Wallraff, Solid State Physics 2012: Nicola Spaldin, Material Science 2013: Olivier Voinnet, RNA Biology 2014: Christian Wolfrum, Health Sciences and Technology 2015: David J. Norris, Mechanical and Process Engineering 2016: Christophe Copéret, Chemistry and Applied Biosciences 2017: Olga Sorkine-Hornung, Computer Science 2018: Philippe Block, Architecture 2019: Maksym Kovalenko, Inorganic chemistry/Nanotechnology 2020: Paola Picotti, Biology 2021: Andreas Krause (computer scientist), Machine Learning 2022: Tanja Stadler, Mathematics and Computational evolutionary biology 2023: Siddhartha Mishra, Mathematics 2024: Marco Hutter, Robotics 2025: Florian Dörfler, Control engineering == See also == Science and technology in Switzerland Prizes named after people == References == == External links == Official website


id: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:57.363685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (Danish: Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, DKNVS) is a Norwegian learned society based in Trondheim. It was founded in 1760 and is Norway's oldest scientific and scholarly institution. The society's Protector is King Harald V of Norway. Its membership consists of no more than 435 members elected for life among the country's most prominent scholars and scientists. The society’s Danish name predates both written standards for Norwegian and has remained unchanged after Norway’s independence from Denmark in 1814 and the spelling reforms of the 20th century. == History == DKNVS was founded in 1760 by the bishop of Nidaros Johan Ernst Gunnerus, headmaster at the Trondheim Cathedral School Gerhard Schøning and Councillor of State Peter Frederik Suhm under the name Det Trondhiemske Selskab (the Trondheim Society). From 1761 it published academic papers in a series titled Skrifter. It was the northernmost learned society in the world, and was established in a time when Norway did not have universities or colleges. It received the royal affirmation of its statutes on 17 July 1767, and was given its present name at a ceremony on 29 January 1788, king Christian VII of Denmark's birthday. In


id: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:57.363685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-norwegian-society-of-sciences-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
1999 Baard Kasa (science) and Kaja Borthen (humanities) 2000 Ørjan Johansen (science) and Toril Aalberg (humanities) 2001 Magne Lygren (science) and Marianne Ryghaug (humanities) 2002 Alexander Øhrn (science) and Tanja Ellingsenand (humanities) 2003 Sigurd Weidemann Løvseth (science) and Cathrine Brun (humanities) 2004 Bård Gunnar Stokke (science) and Anne Beate Maurseth (humanities) 2005 Sigurd Einum (science) and Dag Trygve Truslew Haug (humanities) 2006 Marianne Fyhn (science), Torkel Hafting Fyhn (science) and Halvard Buhaug, (humanities) 2007 Marit Sletmoen (science) 2008 Jill Kristin Lautgeb (science) and Jo Jakobsen (humanities) 2009 Xavier Raynaud (science) and Terje Andreas Eikemo (humanities) 2010 Petter Andreas Bergh (science), Jacob Linder (science) and Jon Hernes Fiva (humanities) 2011 Simen Ådnøy Ellingsen (science) and Thomas Hegghammer (humanities) 2012 Sverre Magnus Selbach (science) and Martin Wåhlberg (humanities) 2013 Yasser Roudi (science) and Theresa M. Olasveengen (science) 2014 Andriy Bondarenko (science) and Terje Lohndal (humanities) 2015 Steffen Oppermann (science) and Ivar Berg (humanities) 2016 Jannike Solsvik (science) and Siv Gøril Brandtzæg (humanities) 2017 David Bassett (science) and Mats Ingulstad (humanities) 2018 Marie Elisabeth Rognes (science) and Trond Nordfjærn (humanities) === The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters scientific annual prize === Source: 1984 Linda R. White and Terje Espevik 1985 Jan


id: russell-varian-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Varian_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Russell Varian Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Varian_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:10:58.537385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: russell-varian-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Russell Varian Prize was an international scientific prize awarded for a single, high-impact and innovative contribution in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), that laid the foundation for the development of new technologies in the field. It honored the memory of Russell Varian, the pioneer behind the creation of the first commercial NMR spectrometer and the co-founder, in 1948, of Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech companies in Silicon Valley. The prize carried a monetary award of €15,000 and it was awarded annually between the years 2002 and 2015 (except for 2003) by a committee of experts in the field. The award ceremony alternated between the European Magnetic Resonance (EUROMAR) Conference and the International Council on Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems (ICMRBS) Conference. Originally, the prize was sponsored by Varian, Inc. and later by Agilent Technologies, after the latter acquired Varian, Inc. in 2010. The prize was discontinued in 2016 after Agilent Technologies closed its NMR division. == Russell Varian Prize Awardees == 2002 Jean Jeener. Contribution: Multi-dimensional Fourier NMR spectroscopy. Jeener, J. (September 1971). Lecture. Ampère International Summer School II. Basko Polje, Yugoslavia. 2004 Erwin L. Hahn. Contribution: Spin echo phenomena and experiments. 2005 Nicolaas Bloembergen.


id: sarah-berliner-research-fellowship-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Berliner_Research_Fellowship-0.md
category: reference
title: Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Berliner_Research_Fellowship
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:03.695850+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sarah-berliner-research-fellowship-20260505-0
summary:
The Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship for Women was established in 1908 by Emile Berliner in honor of his mother, and first awarded in 1909. The fellowship was award biennially and provided $1200 to support a woman studying physics, chemistry, or biology in either America or Europe. The fellowship was open to women holding the degree of doctor of philosophy or otherwise capable of conducting higher research. The first chair of the awarding committee was Christine Ladd-Franklin, who was also instrumental in the establishment of the fellowship. In 1911, an increase in funding meant that the fellowship could be offered every year. == Recipients == 1909: Caroline M. McGill, zoology 1911–1912: Edna Carter 1912: Gertrude Rand, psychology 1913: Elizabeth Laird, physics 1915: Janet Howell Clark, physiology and biophysics 1916?: Ethel Browne Harvey, zoology 1916–17: Carlotta Maury, geology (confirmed by a letter to Christine Ladd Franklin from H. Ries, in box 18 of the Ladd-Franklin Archives at Columbia University) 1926: Hope Hibbard, biology and zoology 1926–27: Helen R. Downes, medicine (confirmed by the minutes of the annual meeting of the Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship Committee, 1926, in box 18 of the Ladd-Franklin Archives at Columbia University) 1928: Sally Hughes-Schrader, zoology 1934: Emma


id: sastra-cnr-rao-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASTRA-CNR_Rao_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: SASTRA-CNR Rao Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASTRA-CNR_Rao_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:04.892654+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sastra-cnr-rao-award-20260505-0
summary:
SASTRA-CNR Rao Award is an award instituted by SASTRA University, a private and deemed university in the town of Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, to honor excellence in chemistry and material science, the two areas in which C N R Rao has made great, important and substantial contributions. The Award was instituted in 2013 and the first award was presented jointly to Suresh Das the then Director of National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram and Sourav Pal, the Director of National Chemical Laboratory, Pune on 28 February 2014. The award carries a cash prize of Rs. 5 lakh and a citation. == Awardees == == See also == SASTRA Ramanujan Prize == References ==


id: satya-n-atluri-icces-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_N._Atluri_ICCES_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Satya N. Atluri ICCES Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_N._Atluri_ICCES_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:06.020664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: satya-n-atluri-icces-medal-20260505-0
summary:
Satya N. Atluri ICCES Medal is a Medal awarded annually by ICCES (International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences) and Tech Science Press to an individual who has had a significant impact on the world of engineering, the sciences, and commerce, and the well-being of the society at large as a result. This Medal is presented at the Awards Banquet of the annual ICCES Conference. The recipient of the Medal is invited to deliver a Plenary Lecture, on a topic of her/his choosing, at the ICCES conference. This Medal honors Professor Satya N. Atluri of UCI, who founded ICCES in 1986, and founded the journals, "CMES: Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences" (2000), "CMC: Computers, Materials, & Continua" (2004), "MCB: Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics" (2004), "SL: Structural Longevity" (2008), and "ACM: Advances in Computational Mechanics" (2008), all of which are published by Tech Science Press. All these journals are in the frontier disciplines of engineering and the sciences, and especially at the interfaces of engineering and the sciences. Previously, Professor Atluri founded, and was Editor-in-Chief of the international journal, "Computational Mechanics", during 1986-2000. The ICCES conferences are held annually: Tokyo (1986); Atlanta (1988); Melbourne, Australia (1991); Hong Kong


id: sidney-edelstein-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Edelstein_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Sidney Edelstein Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Edelstein_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:07.256648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sidney-edelstein-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Sidney Edelstein Prize, previously known as the Dexter Prize, is an award presented by the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) to the author of an outstanding scholarly book in the field of the history of technology. The book must have been published during the preceding three years. The award was established in 1968 through the generosity of Sidney Edelstein, a historian of dyes and the founder of the Dexter Chemical Corporation. It was renamed the Sidney Edelstein Prize to honor his commitment to scholarship in the history of technology and is currently donated by his family. The prize consists of a plaque and a monetary award, which is currently $3,500. == History and design == The award was originally known as the Dexter Prize and was funded by the Dexter Chemical Corporation of New York City. When established, the prize carried a cash award of $1,000. It is awarded annually to outstanding books and monographs in the history of technology. The design of the award plaque was created by the silver sculptor Edward Widstrom. The imagery on the plaque is derived from the Plictho of Gioanventura Rosetti (1548), which is considered the first basic printed book on


id: sir-martin-wood-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Martin_Wood_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Sir Martin Wood Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Martin_Wood_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:08.459712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sir-martin-wood-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Sir Martin Wood Prize is an annually presented condensed matter science prize presented in honor of Sir Martin Wood. Due to Wood's connection with and reputation in Japan, the award is given to a young scientist in Japan under the age of 45 to promote scientific exchange between Japan and Britain. Condensed matter physics, inorganic-organic chemistry, material science and surface-interface physics are eligible fields under condensed matter science. Sponsored by Oxford Instruments, the company Wood co-founded, the award comes with a cash prize of JPY 500,000 and opportunities to give invited lectures at universities in the United Kingdom. == Laureates == == See also == List of physics awards List of awards named after people == References == == External links == Prize winners (English)


id: sofia-kovalevskaya-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Sofia Kovalevskaya Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:09.684938+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sofia-kovalevskaya-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany bestowed the Sofia Kovalevskaya Award from 2002 to 2020. Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891) was the first major Russian female mathematician, who made important contributions to mathematical analysis, differential equations and mechanics, and the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe. This prestigious award named in her honor was given to promising young academics to pursue their line of research in the sciences or arts and humanities. The foundation encouraged applications from all areas of learning so long as the applicant had received a Ph.D. in the previous six years and could be categorized as "top flight" by their publications and experience as commensurate with age. There have been a total 139 awardees since the inception of the Sofia Kovalevskaya Award in 2002 until its closure in 2020. Individual awards totalled up to 1.6 million Euro each. Funds were awarded to build and lead a team of researchers for a five-year period within a German host institution. == Award winners == == References == == External links == Official website


id: stuart-ballantine-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Stuart Ballantine Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:11.057698+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stuart-ballantine-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Stuart Ballantine Medal was a science and engineering award presented by the Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was named after the US inventor Stuart Ballantine. == Laureates == 1947 - George Clark Southworth (Physics) 1948 - Ray Davis Kell (Engineering) 1949 - Sergei A. Schelkunoff (Physics) 1952 - John Bardeen (Physics) 1952 - Walter H. Brattain (Physics) 1953 - David G. C. Luck (Engineering) 1954 - Kenneth Alva Norton (Engineering) 1955 - Claude Elwood Shannon (Computer and Cognitive Science) 1956 - Kenneth Bullington (Physics) 1957 - Robert Morris Page (Engineering) 1957 - Leo Clifford Young (Engineering) 1958 - Harald Trap Friis (Engineering) 1959 - Albert Hoyt Taylor (Engineering) 1959 - Charles H. Townes (Physics) 1960 - Rudolf Kompfner (Engineering) 1960 - Harry Nyquist (Engineering) 1960 - John R. Pierce (Engineering) 1961 - Leo Esaki (Engineering) 1961 - Nicolaas Bloembergen (Physics) 1961 - H. E. Derrick Scovill (Physics) 1962 - Ali Javan (Physics) 1962 - Theodore H. Maiman (Physics) 1962 - Arthur L. Schawlow (Physics) 1962 - Charles H. Townes (Physics) 1963 - Arthur C. Clarke (Engineering) 1965 - Homer Walter Dudley (Engineering) 1965 - Alec Harley Reeves (Engineering) 1966 - Robert N. Noyce (Computer and Cognitive Science)


id: tage-erlander-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage_Erlander_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Tage Erlander Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage_Erlander_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:12.306650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tage-erlander-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Tage Erlander Prize (Tage Erlanders pris) is a prize awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Science "for research in Natural Sciences and Technology" in four fields (Physics, Chemistry, Technology and Biology). The prize is awarded on a rolling schedule: every year the prize is awarded for research in one of these fields. The prize commemorates Tage Erlander, who was the prime minister of Sweden from 1946 to 1969. Its 2024 recipient is mathematician Lilian Matthiesen. == References ==


id: templeton-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Templeton Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:13.607286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: templeton-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Templeton Prize is an annual award granted to a living person, in the estimation of the judges, "whose exemplary achievements advance Sir John Templeton's philanthropic vision: harnessing the power of the sciences to explore the deepest questions of the universe and humankind's place and purpose within it." It was established, funded and administered by John Templeton starting in 1972. It is co-funded by the John Templeton Foundation, Templeton Religion Trust, and Templeton World Charity Foundation, and administered by the John Templeton Foundation. The prize was originally awarded to people working in the field of religion (Mother Teresa was the first winner), but in the 1980s the scope broadened to include people working at the intersection of science and religion. Until 2001, the name of the prize was "Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion", and from 2002 to 2008 it was called the "Templeton Prize for Progress Toward Research or Discoveries about Spiritual Realities". Hindus, Christians, Jews, Buddhists and Muslims have been on the panel of judges and have been recipients of the prize. The monetary value of the prize is adjusted so that it exceeds that of the Nobel Prizes; Templeton felt, according to The Economist, that "spirituality was


id: unesco-science-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Science_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: UNESCO Science Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Science_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:15.174032+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: unesco-science-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The UNESCO Science Prize is a biennial scientific prize awarded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to "a person or group of persons for an outstanding contribution they have made to the technological development of a developing member state or region through the application of scientific and technological research (particularly in the fields of education, engineering and industrial development)." The candidates for the Science Prize are proposed to the Director-General of UNESCO by the governments of member states or by non-governmental organizations. All proposals are judged by a panel of six scientists and engineers. The prize consists of US$ $15,000, an Albert Einstein Silver Medal, and is awarded in odd years to coincide with UNESCO's General Conference. == Past Laureates == 1968: Robert Simpson Silver ( United Kingdom) "for his discovery of a process for the demineralization of sea water." 1970: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre ( Mexico) and International Rice Research Institute ( Philippines) "for their work which made it possible to produce, in the space of a few years, improved strains of cereals." 1972: Viktor Kovda ( Soviet Union) "for his theory on the hydromorphic origin of the soils of the great plains


id: valdemar-poulsen-gold-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen_Gold_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen_Gold_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:20.468780+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: valdemar-poulsen-gold-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal, named after radio pioneer Valdemar Poulsen, was awarded each year for outstanding research in the field of radio techniques and related fields by the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences. The award was presented on November 23, the anniversary of Poulsen's birth. The award was discontinued in 1993. == Recipients == 1939 Valdemar Poulsen 1946 Robert Watson-Watt 1947 Ernst Alexanderson 1948 Edward Victor Appleton 1953 Balthasar van der Pol 1956 Harald T. Friis 1958 Hidetsugu Yagi 1960 Charles P. Ginsburg 1963 John R. Pierce 1969 Jay Wright Forrester 1973 J. B. Gunn 1976 Andrew Bobeck == References ==


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
The Alan T. Waterman Award, named after Alan Tower Waterman, is the United States's highest honorary award for scientists no older than 40, or no more than 10 years past receipt of their Ph.D. It is awarded on a yearly basis by the National Science Foundation. In addition to the medal, the awardee receives a grant of $1,000,000 to be used at the institution of their choice over a period of five years for advanced scientific research. == History of the Award == The United States Congress established the annual award in August 1975 to mark the 25th Anniversary of the National Science Foundation and to honor its first director, Alan T. Waterman. The annual award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in any field of science or engineering supported by the National Science Foundation. == Eligibility and nomination process == Candidates must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Prior to the 2018 competition, candidates must have been 35 years of age or younger or not more than 7 years beyond receipt of the Ph.D. degree by December 31 of the year in which they are nominated. As of the 2018 competition, these requirements were changed to 40 years of age


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-1.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
== List of recipients == 2024 Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell "For pioneering innovations in ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging, particularly coherence-based beamforming, photoacoustic-guided surgery, and deep learning. These innovations cross interdisciplinary boundaries to improve medical image quality in patients, reduce patient deaths during surgery, inspire new surgical designs, and provide more equitable healthcare." Katrina G. Claw "For her contributions to pharmacogenomics and for fostering cultural and bioethical research participation within Indigenous communities." Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio "For creating robots that adapt and evolve to changing conditions." 2023 Natalie S. King "For groundbreaking scholarship in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education that transcends disciplinary boundaries and directly impacts local and global communities, and for demonstrating exceptional research achievements with tremendous impact on the advancement of Black girls in science, the use of research-practice partnerships to drive K-12 instruction, and the increase of STEM teacher diversity." Asegun Henry "For significant contributions in new energy technologies and advanced fundamental understanding of heat transfer addressing a broad range of problems that span from the atomic scale (the physics of heat conduction) to the gigawatt scale (grid-level energy storage)." William Anderegg "For outstanding contributions to climate change science, particularly in advancing the understanding of the sensitivity, vulnerability, and


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-2.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
2004 Kristi Anseth For her research at the interface of biology and engineering, resulting in the design of innovative biomaterials that significantly facilitate tissue engineering and regeneration. 2003 Angelika Amon For her seminal contributions to understanding how cells orchestrate the segregation of their chromosomes during cell division, the key process of life 2002 Erich Jarvis For his use of gene expression as a tool to map brain functional systems and to identify parts of the brain involved in perceiving, learning and producing vocal communication. 2001 Vahid Tarokh For the invention of space-time coding techniques that produce dramatic gains in the spectral efficiency of wireless digital communication systems. 2000 Jennifer A. Doudna For innovative research that led to the development of a technique that facilitates crystallization of large RNA molecules; for determining the crystal structures of catalytic RNA molecules and an RNA molecule that forms the ribonucleo-protein core of the signal recognition particle; and for deciphering structural features of those molecules that permit a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis of RNA function in both catalysis and protein synthesis. 1999 Chaitan Khosla For his outstanding work in elucidating the mechanisms of enzyme biocatalysis of polyketides, thereby opening an exciting potential route


id: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award-3.md
category: reference
title: Alan T. Waterman Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T._Waterman_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:21.610466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alan-t-waterman-award-20260505-0
summary:
1976 Charles Fefferman For his research in Fourier analysis, partial differential equations and several complex variables which have brought fresh insight and renewed vigor to classical areas of mathematics and contributed signally to the advancement of modern mathematical analysis. == References == == External links == Alan T. Waterman Award NSF Page Alan T. Waterman Award 2021 Change of Eligibility Criteria


id: wrigley-trophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Trophy-0.md
category: reference
title: Wrigley Trophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Trophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:22.729521+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wrigley-trophy-20260505-0
summary:
The Wrigley Trophy is an award given for motorboats. It was awarded as early as 1912 with a $1,500 cash prize. In 1912 the award was disputed when James A. Pugh contested the win by J. Stuart Blackton. He argued that Baby Reliance II was allowed a late entry and had already missed two rounds of competition. == Winners == Cassandra (raceboat); George Griffith (1960) Baby Reliance II, J. Stuart Blackton (1912) == References ==


id: abc-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: ABC@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:24.347254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: abc-home-20260505-0
summary:
ABC@Home was an educational and non-profit network computing project finding abc-triples related to the abc conjecture in number theory using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) volunteer computing platform. In March 2011, there were more than 7,300 active participants from 114 countries with a total BOINC credit of more than 2.9 billion, reporting about 10 teraflops (10 trillion operations per second) of processing power. In 2011, the project met its goal of finding all abc-triples of at most 18 digits. By 2015, the project had found 23.8 million triples in total, and ceased operations soon after. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == The Mathematical Institute of Leiden University


id: africa-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Africa@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:25.584781+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: africa-home-20260505-0
summary:
Africa@home is a website that allow users to use their home computers to contribute for humanitarian causes at Africa. This project first went public on 13 July 2006. It partners with Swiss Tropical Institute, the University of Geneva, CERN, and ICVolunteers (ICV). It is sponsored by the Geneva International Academic Network (GIAN). Africa@home together with ICVolunteers, recruited volunteers across Africa to help with the project. The Malaria Control Project (MCP) was the first and the only volunteer computing project run by Africa@home. MCP ran for 10 years and became inactive since 21 June 2016. == See also == Malaria Control Project List of volunteer computing projects Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) Volunteer computing Grid computing Geneva International Academic Network == References ==


id: aqua-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home-0.md
category: reference
title: AQUA@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:26.742917+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aqua-home-20260505-0
summary:
AQUA@home was a volunteer computing project operated by D-Wave Systems that ran on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It ceased functioning in August 2011. Its goal was to predict the performance of superconducting adiabatic quantum computers on a variety of problems arising in fields ranging from materials science to machine learning. It designed and analyzed quantum computing algorithms, using Quantum Monte Carlo techniques. AQUA@home was the first BOINC project to provide multi-threaded applications. It was also the first project to deploy an OpenCL test application under BOINC. == References == == External links == Papers resulting from AQUA@home's computations


id: artificial-intelligence-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System-0.md
category: reference
title: Artificial Intelligence System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:28.011060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: artificial-intelligence-system-20260505-0
summary:
Artificial Intelligence System (AIS) was a volunteer computing project undertaken by Intelligence Realm, Inc. with the long-term goal of simulating the human brain in real time, complete with artificial consciousness and artificial general intelligence. They claimed to have found, in research, the "mechanisms of knowledge representation in the brain which is equivalent to finding artificial intelligence", before moving into the developmental phase. == History == The project's initial goal was recreating the largest brain simulation to date, performed by neuroscientist Eugene M. Izhikevich of The Neurosciences Institute in San Diego, California. Izhikevich simulated 1 second of activity of 100 billion neurons (the estimated number of neurons in the human brain) in 50 days using a cluster of 27 3-gigahertz processors. He extrapolated that a real-time simulation of the brain could not be achieved before 2016. The project aimed to disprove this prediction. Artificial Intelligence System announced on Sep 5, 2007 that they will use the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software to perform intensive calculations. On July 12, 2008, the first phase of the project had been completed by reaching the 100 billion neuron mark. The project then continued to simulate neurons while they completed the development of


id: astropulse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse-0.md
category: reference
title: Astropulse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:29.753725+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: astropulse-20260505-0
summary:
Astropulse is a volunteer computing project to search for primordial black holes, pulsars, and extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). Volunteer resources are harnessed through the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. In 1999, the Space Sciences Laboratory launched SETI@home, which relied on a network of desktop computers around the world to provide massively parallel computation. SETI@home utilizes recorded data from the Arecibo radio telescope and searches for narrow-bandwidth radio signals from space, signifying the presence of extraterrestrial technology. It was soon recognized that this same data might be scoured for other signals of value to the astronomy and physics community. == Development == For about 6 years, Astropulse existed in an experimental beta testing phase not available to the general community. In July 2008, Astropulse was integrated into SETI@home, so that the massive network of SETI participants could also contribute to the search for other astronomical signals of value. Astropulse also makes contributions to the search for ET: first, project proponents believe it may identify a different type of ET signal not identified by the original SETI@Home algorithm; second, proponents believe it may create additional support for SETI by providing a second possible concrete result from the overall search project.


id: astropulse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse-1.md
category: reference
title: Astropulse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropulse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:29.753725+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: astropulse-20260505-0
summary:
== Potential pulse finds == One goal of Astropulse is to detect postulated mini black holes that might be evaporating due to "Hawking radiation". Such mini black holes are postulated to have been created during the Big Bang, unlike currently known black holes. The Astropulse project hopes that this evaporation would produce radio waves that Astropulse can detect. The evaporation wouldn't create radio waves directly. Instead, it would create an expanding fireball of high-energy gamma rays and particles. This fireball would interact with the surrounding magnetic field, pushing it out and generating radio waves. Rotating radio transients (RRATs) are a type of neutron stars discovered in 2006 by a team led by Maura McLaughlin from the Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester in the UK. RRATs are believed to produce radio emissions which are very difficult to locate, because of their transient nature. Early efforts have been able to detect radio emissions (sometimes called RRAT flashes) for less than one second a day, and, like with other single-burst signals, one must take great care to distinguish them from terrestrial radio interference. Distributing computing and the Astropulse algorithm may thus lend itself to further detection of RRATs. Pulses with


id: berkeley-open-infrastructure-for-network-computing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing-0.md
category: reference
title: Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:30.883606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: berkeley-open-infrastructure-for-network-computing-20260505-0
summary:
The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC, pronounced –rhymes with "oink") is an open-source middleware system for volunteer computing (a type of distributed computing). Developed originally to support SETI@home, it became the platform for many other applications in areas as diverse as medicine, molecular biology, mathematics, linguistics, climatology, environmental science, and astrophysics, among others. The purpose of BOINC is to enable researchers to utilize processing resources of personal computers and other devices around the world. BOINC development began with a group based at the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) at the University of California, Berkeley, and led by David P. Anderson, who also led SETI@home. As a high-performance volunteer computing platform, BOINC brings together 34,236 active participants employing 136,341 active computers (hosts) worldwide, processing daily on average 20.164 PetaFLOPS as of 16 November 2021 (it would be the 21st largest processing capability in the world compared with an individual supercomputer). The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds BOINC through awards SCI/0221529, SCI/0438443 and SCI/0721124. Guinness World Records ranks BOINC as the largest computing grid in the world. BOINC code runs on various operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, Linux, and FreeBSD. BOINC is free software released under the terms of


id: big-and-ugly-rendering-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_and_Ugly_Rendering_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Big and Ugly Rendering Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_and_Ugly_Rendering_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:32.009870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: big-and-ugly-rendering-project-20260505-0
summary:
Big and Ugly Rendering Project (BURP) is a non-commercial volunteer computing project using the BOINC framework for the rendering of 3D graphics that has been in hibernation as of 2020. The project website currently shows the status as "extended maintenance" until 2027. BURP utilizes the volunteer and grid computing software BOINC, to distribute computing tasks to volunteer computers. BURP is free software distributed under the GNU General Public License V3. Because BURP is used to refer to both the BOINC project and BURP back-end software, some confusion can arise when talking about other services running the BURP software. == History == The main BURP website went online on 17 June 2004. At that time the only supported renderer was YafaRay (Yet Another Free Raytracer). That August it became clear that YafaRay was not the best choice, and focus was shifted towards Blender, a renderer with more features and a compact file format. By the end of October enough tests had been done to show that not only is the distributed rendering of 3D animations possible, it can achieve performance that rivals many commercial render farms. The current trend of increasing network bandwidth throughout the world will make it even more


id: boinc-client-server-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_client–server_technology-0.md
category: reference
title: BOINC client–server technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_client–server_technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:37.325441+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: boinc-client-server-technology-20260505-0
summary:
BOINC client–server technology refers to the model under which BOINC works. The BOINC framework consists of two layers which operate under the client–server architecture. Once the BOINC software is installed in a machine, the server starts sending tasks to the client. The operations are performed client-side and the results are uploaded to the server-side. == Design and structure of BOINC == BOINC is designed to be a free structure for anyone wishing to start a distributed computing project. BOINC consists of a server system and client software that communicate with each other to distribute, process, and return workunits. == Server structure == A major part of the BOINC system is the backend server. The server can run on one or many machines to allow BOINC to scale easily to projects of any size. BOINC servers run on Linux-based computers and use Apache, PHP, and MySQL for their web and database systems. Scientific computations run on participants' computers. After uploading from the user's client to a science investigator's database, the backend server validates and analyzes the results. The validation process involves running all tasks on multiple contributor PCs and comparing the results. BOINC servers also provide these features: homogeneous redundancy (sending


id: boinc-credit-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_Credit_System-0.md
category: reference
title: BOINC Credit System
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC_Credit_System
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:38.564783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: boinc-credit-system-20260505-0
summary:
Within the BOINC platform for volunteer computing, the BOINC Credit System helps volunteers keep track of how much CPU time they have donated to various projects. This ensures users are returning accurate results for both scientific and statistical reasons. == Purposes for a credit system == Online distributed computing relies heavily, if not entirely, on volunteer computers. For this reason, projects such as SETI@home and other BOINC projects depend on a complicated balance among long-term users and the cycle of new users and retiring users. === Reasons for participation === Efficiency: Using a computer's resources which would otherwise be idle. To contribute to scientific research in general. To advance a specific field. To stress test computers, as with overclocking. For competition's sake (by joining a team). Some individuals and teams run numerous computers, with some dedicated specifically to BOINC in hopes of climbing to the top of the world charts. Some teams are institutional, e.g. universities and research centers. For personal benefit and recognition. Projects such as NASA's PlanetQuest plan on allowing individuals to name those planets discovered using their computers. Projects such as BURP, and Leiden Classical allow users to submit their own operations for use in the system.


id: charity-engine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Engine-0.md
category: reference
title: Charity Engine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Engine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:39.893406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: charity-engine-20260505-0
summary:
Charity Engine is a free PC app based on Berkeley University's BOINC software, run by The Worldwide Computer Company Limited. The project works by selling spare home computing power to universities and corporations, then sharing the profits between eight partner charities and periodic cash prize draws for the users; those running the Charity Engine BOINC software on their home computers. When there are no corporations purchasing the computing power, Charity Engine donates it to existing volunteer computing projects such as Rosetta@home, Einstein@Home, and Malaria Control, and prize draws are funded by donations. The company was founded by former journalist Mark McAndrew, who was writing a science fiction novel featuring a similar organisation. He abandoned the book in favour of creating the idea in real life, with the assistance of professor David Anderson from UC Berkeley who created BOINC. The company was incorporated in 2008, but did not start trading until 2011. The company received €70,000 of EU innovation funding through the Framework Programme 7 (FP7). == Protein folding == In August 2014 the Rosetta@home project reported Charity Engine had contributed over 125,000 new PCs to its grid. In January 2017, Charity Engine was credited as a significant contributor to solving


id: clean-energy-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Clean Energy Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Energy_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:41.061221+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clean-energy-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Clean Energy Project (CEP) was a virtual high-throughput discovery and design effort for the next generation of plastic solar cell materials that has finished. It studies millions of candidate structures to identify suitable compounds for the harvesting of renewable energy from the sun and for other organic electronic applications. It ran on the BOINC platform. == Project purpose == The project searched for the most suitable organic compounds with which to make solar cells, the best polymeric membranes with which to make fuel cells, and how best to assemble the molecules for such devices. == Current project status == On June 24, 2013, the Clean Energy Project released its database to the public and the research community. The release was featured on the White House Blog and by several news organizations including the MIT Technology Review. The database contains 150 million density functional theory calculations on 2.3 million molecules. == Publications == C. Amador-Bedolla, R. Olivares-Amaya, J. Hachmann, A. Aspuru-Guzik, Towards Materials Informatics for Organic Photovoltaics, in Informatics for Materials Science and Engineering, K. Rajan, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam (2013). In press. R. Olivares-Amaya, C. Amador-Bedolla, J. Hachmann, S. Atahan-Evrenk, R.S. Sánchez-Carrera, L. Vogt, A. Aspuru-Guzik, Accelerated Computational Discovery of


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-0.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
climateprediction.net (CPDN) is a volunteer computing project to investigate and reduce uncertainties in climate modelling. It aims to do this by running hundreds of thousands of different models (a large climate ensemble) using the donated idle time of ordinary personal computers, thereby leading to a better understanding of how models are affected by small changes in the many parameters known to influence the global climate. The project relies on the BOINC framework where voluntary participants agree to run some processes of the project at the client-side in their personal computers after receiving tasks from the server-side for treatment. CPDN, which is run primarily by Oxford University in England, has harnessed more computing power and generated more data than any other climate modelling project. It has produced over 100 million model years of data so far. As of June 2016, there are more than 12,000 active participants from 223 countries with a total BOINC credit of more than 27 billion, reporting about 55 teraflops (55 trillion operations per second) of processing power. == Aims == The aim of the climateprediction.net project is to investigate the uncertainties in various parameterizations that have to be made in state-of-the-art climate models. The model is


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-1.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
Classic Slab Model - The original experiment not under BOINC. See #The original model for further details. This model remains in use solely for the OU short course. BOINC Slab Model - The same as the classic Slab Model, but released under BOINC. ThermoHaline Circulation (THC) Model - An investigation of how the climate might change in the event of a decrease in the strength of the ThermoHaline Circulation. This experiment has now been closed to new participants as they have sufficient results. It was a four phase model totaling 60 model years. The first three phases were identical to the above Slab Models. The fourth phase imposed the effects of a 50% slowdown in the Thermohaline circulation by imposing SST changes in the north Atlantic derived from other runs. Sulfur Cycle Model - An investigation of the effect of sulfate aerosols on the climate. The experiment will model sulfur in a number of compound forms including dimethyl sulfide and sulfate aerosols. This experiment started in August 2005 and was a pre-requirement for the Hindcast. It is a 5 phase model totalling 75 model years. Timesteps are around 70% longer, making the model around 2.8 times longer than the initial


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-2.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
=== Explanation === Climate sensitivity is defined as the equilibrium response of global mean temperature to doubling levels of carbon dioxide. As of June 2025, current levels of carbon dioxide are 426 ppm and grew by 3.72ppm in the last year, compared with preindustrial levels of 280 ppm. Climate sensitivities of greater than 5 °C are widely accepted as being catastrophic. The possibility of such high sensitivities being plausible given observations had been reported prior to the climateprediction.net experiment but "this is the first time GCMs have produced such behaviour". Even the models with very high climate sensitivity were found to be "as realistic as other state-of-the-art climate models". The test of realism was done with a root mean square error test. This does not check on realism of seasonal changes and it is possible that more diagnostic measures may place stronger constraints on what is realistic. Improved realism tests are being developed. It is important to the experiment and the goal of obtaining a probability distribution function (pdf) of climate outcomes to get a very wide range of behaviours even if only to rule out some behaviours as unrealistic. Larger sets of simulations have more reliable pdfs. Therefore, models


id: climateprediction-net-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net-3.md
category: reference
title: Climateprediction.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateprediction.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:42.306440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: climateprediction-net-20260505-0
summary:
== Visualisations == Many volunteer computing projects have screensavers to visually indicate the activity of the application, but they do not usually show its results as they are being calculated. By contrast, climateprediction.net not only uses a built-in visualisation to show the climate of the world being modelled, but it is interactive which allows different aspects of climate (temperature, rainfall, etc.) to be displayed. In addition, there are other, more advanced visualisation programs that allow the user to see more of what the model is doing (usually by analysing previously generated results) and to compare different runs and models. The real-time desktop visualisation for the model launched in 2003 was developed by Jeremy Walton at NAG, enabling users to track the progress of their simulation as the cloud cover and temperature changes over the surface of the globe. Other, more advanced visualisation programs in use include CPView and IDL Advanced Visualisation. They have similar functionality. CPView was written by Martin Sykes, a participant in the experiment. The IDL Advanced Visualisation was written by Andy Heaps of the University of Reading (UK), and modified to work with the BOINC version by Tesella Support Services plc. Only CPView allows you to look


id: cosmology-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmology@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:43.586816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmology-home-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmology@Home was a volunteer computing project that used the BOINC platform and was formerly run at the Departments of Astronomy and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The project has moved to the Institut Lagrange de Paris and the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, both of which are located in the Pierre and Marie Curie University. == Goals == The goal of Cosmology@Home is to compare theoretical models of the universe to the data measured to date and search for the model that best matches it. Other goals may include: results from Cosmology@Home can help design future cosmological observations and experiments. results from Cosmology@Home can help prepare for the analysis of future data sets, e.g. from the Planck spacecraft. == Science == The goal of Cosmology@Home is to search for the model that best describes our Universe and to find the range of models that agree with the available astronomical and particle physics data. The models generated by Cosmology@Home can be compared to measurements of the universe's expansion speed from the Hubble Space Telescope as well as fluctuations in the Cosmic microwave background as measured by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. == Method == Cosmology@Home uses an innovative way


id: discovering-dengue-drugs-together-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Dengue_Drugs_–_Together-0.md
category: reference
title: Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovering_Dengue_Drugs_–_Together
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:44.894086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: discovering-dengue-drugs-together-20260505-0
summary:
Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together (DDDT) was a World Community Grid project launched in 2007 sponsored by scientists at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and the University of Chicago. Its goal was to identify new antiviral drugs effective against viruses from the family Flaviviridae. The project closed in 2015. Like all World Community Grid projects, Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together used a computational grid made up of thousands of client computers belonging to independent volunteers, in conjunction with servers that distribute portions of the work to the clients. == Phase 1 == The first phase of the project launched on August 21, 2007 and used AutoDock 2007 (the same software used for FightAIDS@Home) to test how well antiviral drug candidates are predicted to bind to the target virus's proteases. The specific viruses targeted by the project were: Dengue virus Hepatitis C virus West Nile virus Yellow fever virus Compounds predicted to bind strongly (protease inhibitors) were identified as potential antiviral drug candidates. Around 2.2 million compounds were examined in Phase 1, with around 20,000 of the best scoring compounds being passed to the second phase of the project. In 2008, the project was temporarily suspended because of


id: docking-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Docking@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:46.073356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: docking-home-20260505-0
summary:
Docking@Home was a volunteer computing project hosted by the University of Delaware and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It models protein-ligand docking using the CHARMM program. Volunteer computing allows an extensive search of protein-ligand docking conformations and selection of near-native ligand conformations are achieved by using ligand based hierarchical clustering. The ultimate aim was the development of new pharmaceutical drugs. The project was retired on May 23, 2014. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == Further reading == "Computer Idle? Now You Can Donate Its Time to Find a Cure for Major Diseases". Newswise. June 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-27. == External links == Official website Docking@Home screensaver video on YouTube


id: einstein-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
Einstein@Home is a volunteer computing project that searches for signals from spinning neutron stars in data from gravitational-wave detectors, from large radio telescopes, and from a gamma-ray telescope. Neutron stars are detected by their pulsed radio and gamma-ray emission as radio and/or gamma-ray pulsars. They also might be observable as continuous gravitational wave sources if they are rapidly spinning and non-axisymmetrically deformed. The project was officially launched on 19 February 2005 as part of the American Physical Society's contribution to the World Year of Physics 2005 event. Einstein@Home searches data from the LIGO gravitational-wave detectors. The project conducts the most sensitive all-sky searches for continuous gravitational waves. While no such signal has yet been detected, the upper limits set by Einstein@Home analyses provide astrophysical constraints on the galactic population of spinning neutron stars in our Milky Way galaxy. Einstein@Home also searches radio telescope data from the Arecibo Observatory, and has in the past analyzed data from Parkes Observatory. On 12 August 2010, the first discovery by Einstein@Home of a previously undetected radio pulsar J2007+2722, found in data from the Arecibo Observatory, was published in Science. This was the first data-based discovery by a volunteer computing project. As of December 2023,


id: einstein-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-1.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
Einstein@Home has carried out many analysis runs using data from the LIGO instruments. Since its first search run in 2005, the sensitivity of the LIGO detectors has been improved in a series of steps and upgrades. This is continuing with the current Advanced LIGO detectors. At the same time, Einstein@Home search algorithms have also improved. Together these have increased the search sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. Einstein@Home's first analysis used data from the "third science run" (S3) of LIGO. Processing of the S3 data set was conducted between 22 February 2005 and 2 August 2005. This analysis employed 60 segments from the LIGO Hanford 4-km detector, totaling ten hours of data each. Each 10-hour segment was analyzed for CW signals by the volunteers' computers using a matched-filtering technique. When all matched-filtering results were returned, the results from different segments were then combined in a "post-processing step" on Einstein@Home servers via a coincidence scheme to further enhance search sensitivity. Results were published on the Einstein@Home webpages. Work on the S4 data set (LIGO's fourth science run) was started via interlacing with the S3 calculations and finished in July 2006. This analysis used 10 segments of 30 hours each from the


id: einstein-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-2.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
An Einstein@Home study on how to optimally use the limited computing power for directed searches (where prior information on the target object such as the sky position is available) was published on 31 January 2018. It describes the design of searches for continuous gravitational waves over a wide frequency range from three supernova remnants (Vela Jr, Cassiopeia A, and G347.3). The results from the directed Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves from the central objects of the supernova remnants Vela Jr., Cassiopeia A, and G347.3 was published on 29 July 2019. It covered a frequency range from 20 Hertz to 1500 Hertz and used data from LIGO's first observing run O1. No signal was found and the most stringent upper limit at the time of publication were set, improving earlier results by a factor of two for all three targets. A follow-up of the Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves from the central objects of the supernova remnants Vela Jr., Cassiopeia A, and G347.3 was published on 29 June 2020. It investigated the most promising 10,000 candidates from the previous search and followed them up in two stretches of data from LIGO's second observing run (O2). A single candidate associated


id: einstein-home-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-3.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Radio data analysis and results == On 24 March 2009, it was announced that the Einstein@Home project was beginning to analyze data received by the PALFA Consortium at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. On 26 November 2009, a CUDA-optimized application for the Arecibo Binary Pulsar Search was first detailed on official Einstein@Home webpages. This application uses both a regular CPU and an NVIDIA GPU to perform analyses faster (in some cases up to 50% faster). On 12 August 2010, the Einstein@Home project announced the discovery of a new disrupted binary pulsar, PSR J2007+2722; it may be the fastest-spinning such pulsar discovered to date. The computers of Einstein@Home volunteers Chris and Helen Colvin and Daniel Gebhardt observed PSR 2007+2722 with the highest statistical significance. On 1 March 2011, the Einstein@Home project announced their second discovery: a binary pulsar system PSR J1952+2630. The computers of Einstein@Home volunteers from Russia and the UK observed PSR J1952+2630 with the highest statistical significance. By 15 May 2012 a new application for ATI/AMD graphic cards had been released. Using OpenCL, the new application was ten times faster than running on a typical CPU. On 22 July 2013, an Android application version of the radio


id: einstein-home-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-4.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Gamma-ray data analysis and results == On 1 July 2011 the project announced a new application to search for pulsars in data from the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. On 26 November 2013, the discovery of four young gamma-ray pulsars in LAT data by the Einstein@Home project was published. All four pulsars are located in the plane of our Galaxy and have spin frequencies of less than 10 Hertz and characteristic ages between 35,000 and 56,000 years. No radio waves were detected from any of the pulsars. The discovery of the gamma-ray pulsar PSR J1906+0722 was published on 4 August 2015. The discovery confirmed the pulsar nature of the object which had been suspected since 2012 based on the energy distribution of the gamma-ray photons observed by the LAT. The pulsar is young and energetic. In August 2009 it suffered one of the largest glitches observed from a gamma-ray pulsar. No radio pulsations were detected in any follow-up search, making PSR J1906+0722 likely radio-quiet. Advanced methods of timing the arrival times of gamma-ray pulsations were introduced to improve the parameter inference of astrophysical properties. On 16 November 2016 the discovery and timing measurements of


id: einstein-home-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home-5.md
category: reference
title: Einstein@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:47.567076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: einstein-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Scientific Publications == Clark, C. J.; et al. (2016). "The Braking Index of a Radio-quiet Gamma-ray Pulsar". The Astrophysical Journal. 832 (1): L15. arXiv:1611.01292. Bibcode:2016ApJ...832L..15C. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/832/1/L15. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 54531854. Clark, Colin J.; et al. (2016). "The Einstein@Home Gamma-ray Pulsar Survey I: Search Methods, Sensitivity and Discovery of New Young Gamma-ray Pulsars". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (2): 106. arXiv:1611.01015. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834..106C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/106. S2CID 5750104. Lyne, A. G.; Stappers, B. W.; Bogdanov, S.; Freire, P. C. C.; Kaspi, V. M.; et al. (2016). "Timing of 29 Pulsars Discovered in the PALFA Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (2): 137. arXiv:1608.09007. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834..137L. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/137. S2CID 53639204. Papa, M. A.; Eggenstein, H.-B.; Walsh, S.; Di Palma, I.; Allen, B.; et al. (2016). "Hierarchical follow-up of sub-threshold candidates of an all-sky Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves on LIGO sixth science run data". Physical Review D. 94 (12) 122006. arXiv:1608.08928. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..94l2006P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.94.122006. S2CID 4595158. Lazarus, P.; et al. (2016). "Einstein@Home discovery of a Double-Neutron Star Binary in the PALFA Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 150. arXiv:1608.08211. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..150L. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/150. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 20833657. Zhu, Sylvia J.; et al. (2016). "Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves from Cassiopeia A". Physical Review D. 94 (8) 082008. arXiv:1608.07589. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..94h2008Z.


id: eon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOn-0.md
category: reference
title: EOn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:48.742363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eon-20260505-0
summary:
eOn was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, which uses theoretical chemistry techniques to solve problems in condensed matter physics and materials science. It was a project of the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at the University of Texas. Traditional molecular dynamics can accurately model events that occur within a fraction of a millisecond. In order to model events that take place on much longer timescales, Eon combines transition state theory with kinetic Monte Carlo. The result is a combination of classical mechanics and quantum methods like density functional theory. Since the generation of new work units depended on the results of previous units, the project could only give each host a few units at a time. On May 26, 2014, it was announced that eOn would be retiring from BOINC. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References ==


id: evolution-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Evolution@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:54.396386+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evolution-home-20260505-0
summary:
evolution@home was a volunteer computing project for evolutionary biology, launched in 2001. The aim of evolution@home is to improve understanding of evolutionary processes. This is achieved by simulating individual-based models. The Simulator005 module of evolution@home was designed to better predict the behaviour of Muller's ratchet. The project was operated semi-automatically; participants had to manually download tasks from the webpage and submit results by email using this method of operation. yoyo@home used a BOINC wrapper to completely automate this project by automatically distributing tasks and collecting their results. Therefore, the BOINC version was a complete volunteer computing project. yoyo@home has declared its involvement in this project finished. == See also == Artificial life Digital organism Evolutionary computation Folding@home List of volunteer computing projects == References ==


id: fightaids-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FightAIDS@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: FightAIDS@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FightAIDS@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:55.590840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fightaids-home-20260505-0
summary:
FightAIDS@Home is a volunteer computing project operated by the Olson Laboratory at The Scripps Research Institute. It runs on internet-connected home computers, and since July 2013 also runs on Android smartphones and tablets. It aims to use biomedical software simulation techniques to search for ways to cure or prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. == Methods == Olson's target is HIV protease, a key molecular machine of the virus that when blocked stops it from maturing. These blockers, known as "protease inhibitors", are thus a way of avoiding the onset of AIDS and prolonging life. The Olson Laboratory is using computational methods to identify new candidate drugs that have the right shape and chemical characteristics to block HIV protease. This general approach is called structure-based drug design, and according to the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of General Medical Sciences, it has already had a dramatic effect on the lives of people living with AIDS. FightAIDS@Home makes use of the AutoDock VINA software, which tests how well a particular molecule binds to the HIV-1 protease. In October 2015 FightAIDS@Home Phase 2 was launched, using the computationally intensive Binding Energy Distribution Analysis Method (BEDAM) to "more thoroughly evaluate the top candidates


id: fiocruz-genome-comparison-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiocruz_Genome_Comparison_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiocruz_Genome_Comparison_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:56.811012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fiocruz-genome-comparison-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Fiocruz Genome Comparison Project is a collaborative effort involving Brazil's Oswaldo Cruz Institute and IBM's World Community Grid, designed to produce a database comparing the genes from many genomes with each other using SSEARCH. The program SSEARCH performs a rigorous Smith–Waterman alignment between a protein sequence and another protein sequence, a protein database, a DNA or a DNA library. The nature of the computation in the project allows it to easily take advantage of volunteer computing. This, along with the likely humanitarian benefits of the research, has led the World Community Grid (a volunteer computing grid that uses idle computer clock time) to run the Fiocruz project. All products are in the public domain by contract with WCG. == Description == The problem is that a very large information body (structural, functional, cross-references, etc.) is attached to protein database entries. Once entered the information is rarely updated or corrected. This annotation of predicted protein function is often incomplete, uses non-standard nomenclature or can be incorrect when cross referenced from previous sometimes incorrectly annotated sequences. Additionally, many proteins composed of several structural and/or functional domains are overlooked by automated systems. The comparative information today is huge when compared to the


id: freehal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeHAL-0.md
category: reference
title: FreeHAL
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeHAL
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:58.147758+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freehal-20260505-0
summary:
FreeHAL was a volunteer computing project to build a self-learning chatbot. This project is no longer active. Originally, the program was called JEliza referring to the chatbot ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum. The J stood for Java because JEliza has first been programmed in Java. In May 2008, the program has been renamed to FreeHAL because the programming language has changed. The name is related to the computer in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. FreeHAL uses a semantic network and technologies like pattern recognition, stemming, part of speech databases and Hidden Markov Models in order to imitate a human behaviour. FreeHAL learns autonomously. While communicating by keyboard, the program extends its database. Currently, English and German are supported. By using the BOINC platform, new semantic networks for the program are built. FreeHAL@home appears to have terminated operations. == Awards == In 2008, the program won the first prize in the category "Most Popular" at the Chatterbox Challenge, a yearly competition between different similar chatbots. == Publications == There was an article about FreeHAL in the Linux Magazine, Issue 97 from December 2008. In the German magazine com!, the program was on the CD/DVD and in the list of the Top-10-Open-Source


id: gpugrid-net-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPUGRID.net-0.md
category: reference
title: GPUGRID.net
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPUGRID.net
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:11:59.346167+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gpugrid-net-20260505-0
summary:
GPUGRID is a volunteer computing project hosted by Pompeu Fabra University and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It performs full-atom molecular biology simulations that are designed to run on Nvidia's CUDA-compatible graphics processing units. == Former support for PS3s == Support for the PS3's Cell microprocessor and the subsequent PS3GRID project was dropped in 2009 due to updated firmware preventing the installation of required third-party software. This included Linux distributions that are required to run BOINC. The massive throughput of Nvidia GPUs has also made the PS3 client largely redundant. As of September 2009, a mid-range Nvidia GPU ran GPUGRID applications approximately five times faster than the Cell microprocessor. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects Molecular dynamics GPGPU == References == == Further reading == Research topics in GPUGRID website's science sections GPUGRID's about us Archived 2016-11-04 at the Wayback Machine section == External links == Official website Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)


id: gridcoin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridcoin-0.md
category: reference
title: Gridcoin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridcoin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:00.566746+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gridcoin-20260505-0
summary:
Gridcoin (abbreviation: GRC) is a cryptocurrency which rewards volunteer computing performed on the BOINC platform. BOINC was originally developed to support SETI@home, but has also been used for research in other areas. Gridcoin was created on October 16, 2013, by Rob Halförd. Initially using the energy-intensive proof of work, as used by Bitcoin, Gridcoin migrated to a proof of stake protocol in 2014, similar to Peercoin, in an attempt to address the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. An exploit was demonstrated in August 2017 that revealed the email addresses of Gridcoin users and allowed the theft of other users' work. The research team had disclosed the vulnerability to the developers in September 2016, and a patch was released in March 2017 with version 3.5.8.7. However the implementation of the fix introduced other issues. The implementation Gridcoin-Research was created as a fork of Bitcoin and Peercoin and is licensed under the MIT License. It uses Qt 5 for its user interface and prebuilt executables of the wallet are distributed for Windows, macOS, and Debian. == References == == External links == Official website


id: gridrepublic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GridRepublic-0.md
category: reference
title: GridRepublic
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GridRepublic
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:01.716639+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gridrepublic-20260505-0
summary:
GridRepublic is a BOINC Account Manager. It focuses on creating a clean and simple way to join and interact with BOINC. GridRepublic was started with a mission to raise public awareness and participation in volunteer computing with BOINC. GridRepublic was formed in 2004 by Matthew Blumberg as a mechanism to control the multiple projects from one place. The code for the BOINC software had to be redesigned to allow for the Account Manager system to be implemented. GridRepublic's website has won numerous awards including being named finalist at the 2007 SXSW Interactive Festival and the 2008 Stockholm Challenge. GridRepublic has also been the recipients of a Google Grant allowing for advertising through Google. == Projects == GridRepublic supports a wide range of the BOINC projects. The list of supported projects and the development status of projects are periodically updated. Some of its popular projects include: Climateprediction.net Climate change modeling on personal computers Einstein@home Pulsar stars from LIGO and GEO data Rosetta@home Protein folding research SETI@home Searching radio and light data for signs of intelligent life == Software == GridRepublic is a non-profit organisation, an online application, and software. The software is open source and a customized version of BOINC. ==


id: hashclash-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashClash-0.md
category: reference
title: HashClash
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashClash
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:02.985444+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hashclash-20260505-0
summary:
HashClash was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform to find collisions in the MD5 hash algorithm. It was based at Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and Marc Stevens initiated the project as part of his master's degree thesis. The project ended after Stevens defended his M.Sc. thesis in June 2007. However, SHA1 was added later, and the code repository was ported to git in 2017. The project was used to create a rogue certificate authority certificate in 2009. == See also == Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == HashClash HashClash at Stevens' home page Create your own MD5 collisions on AWS, Nat McHugh's blog


id: help-conquer-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Conquer_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: Help Conquer Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Conquer_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:04.139358+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: help-conquer-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
Help Conquer Cancer is a volunteer computing project that runs on the BOINC platform. It is a joint project of the Ontario Cancer Institute and the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute. It is also the first project under World Community Grid to run with a GPU counterpart. == Project Purpose == The goal is to enhance the efficiency of protein X-ray crystallography, which will enable researchers to determine the structure of many cancer-related proteins faster. This will lead to improving the understanding of the function of these proteins, and accelerate the development of new pharmaceutical drugs. == See also == BOINC List of volunteer computing projects World Community Grid == References == == External links == Help Conquer Cancer Archived 2010-01-17 at the Wayback Machine


id: help-cure-muscular-dystrophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Cure_Muscular_Dystrophy-0.md
category: reference
title: Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Cure_Muscular_Dystrophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:05.359382+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: help-cure-muscular-dystrophy-20260505-0
summary:
Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy is a volunteer computing project that runs on the BOINC platform. It is a joint effort of the French muscular dystrophy charity, L'Association française contre les myopathies; and L'Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute). == Project purpose == Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy studies the function of various proteins that are produced by the two hundred genes known to be involved in the production of neuromuscular proteins by modelling the protein-protein interactions of the forty thousand relevant proteins that are listed in the Protein Data Bank. More specifically, it models how a protein would be affected when another protein or a ligand docks with it. == Scientific publications == Decrypting protein surfaces by combining evolution, geometry, and molecular docking. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2019). Hidden partners: Using cross-docking calculations to predict binding sites for proteins with multiple interactions. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2018). Protein social behavior makes a stronger signal for partner identification than surface geometry. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2017). Great interactions: How binding incorrect partners can teach us about protein recognition and function. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2016). Protein-Protein Interactions in a Crowded Environment: An Analysis


id: help-defeat-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Defeat_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: Help Defeat Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Defeat_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:10.670864+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: help-defeat-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
The Help Defeat Cancer project ran on World Community Grid from July 20, 2006, to April 2007. It sought to improve the ability of medical professionals to determine the best treatment options for patients with cancers of the breast, head, or neck. The project worked by identifying visual patterns in large numbers of tissue microarrays taken from archived tissue samples. By correlating the pattern data with information about treatment and patient outcome, the results of this project could help provide better targeted treatment options. == References == == External links == World Community Grid - Research - Help Defeat Cancer


id: human-proteome-folding-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Proteome_Folding_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Human Proteome Folding Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Proteome_Folding_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:11.885664+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-proteome-folding-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) is a collaborative effort between New York University (Bonneau Lab), the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the University of Washington (Baker Lab), using the Rosetta software developed by the Rosetta Commons. The project is managed by the Bonneau lab. HPF Phase 1 applied Rosetta v4.2x software on the human genome and 89 others, starting in November 2004. Phase 1 ended in July 2006. HPF Phase 2 (HPF2) applies the Rosetta v4.8x software in higher resolution, "full atom refinement" mode, concentrating on cancer biomarkers (proteins found at dramatically increased levels in cancer tissues), human secreted proteins and malaria. Phase 1 ran on two volunteer computing grids: on United Devices' grid.org, and on the World Community Grid, an IBM philanthropic initiative. Phase 2 of the project ran exclusively on the World Community Grid; it terminated in 2013 after more than 9 years of IBM involvement. The Institute for Systems Biology will use the results of the computations within its larger research efforts. == Publications == == See also == BOINC Folding@home Foldit Human proteome project List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == HPF page at WCG HPF updates by Dr.


id: ibercivis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis-0.md
category: reference
title: Ibercivis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:13.078637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibercivis-20260505-0
summary:
Ibercivis was a volunteer computing platform which allows internet users to participate in scientific research by donating unused computer cycles to run scientific simulations and other tasks. The original project, which became operational in 2008, was a scientific collaboration between the Portuguese and Spanish governments, but it is open to the general public and scientific community, both within and beyond the Iberian Peninsula. The project's name is a portmanteau of Iberia and the Latin word civis, meaning 'citizen'. In April 2020, the volunteer computing platform was restarted by the Ibercivis Foundation and the Spanish National Research Council in order to screen existing drugs for antiviral activity against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. == History == Ibercivis was developed in Spain with the cooperation of the Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems at the University of Zaragoza, CIEMAT, CETA-CIEMAT, the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and RedIris. The project tasks are issued by different scientific and technological centers in Spain with the aim of creating a functional platform for volunteer-based scientific computing. The project is a European counterpart to the successful United States-based SETI@home and Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing


id: ibercivis-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis-1.md
category: reference
title: Ibercivis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibercivis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:13.078637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibercivis-20260505-0
summary:
Fusion: a star on your screen: this application helped scientists at the Research Center for Energy Environment and Technology (CIEMAT) and at the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) perform simulations of the plasmas that will be produced in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The ITER project, which will begin operation in 2018, seeks to make nuclear fusion power a reality, replicating on Earth conditions typically found inside stars. Docking: looking for anti-cancer drugs: the Docking application assisted the search for new medicines through the simulation of protein docking. The Bioinformatics Unit of the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM) developed a platform to allow the automatic simulation of interactions of proteins and small molecules. Its purpose was to find effective drugs to treat serious illnesses, such as cancer. Materials: simulation of magnetic systems: the Materials application aided physicists from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad de Extremadura and the Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems in discovering how non-magnetic impurities in magnetic materials modify the properties of their transition from a magnetic state to a non-magnetic one. The knowledge of these transitions is important not only from a theoretical point of view


id: the-lattice-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lattice_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: The Lattice Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lattice_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:14.866115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-lattice-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Lattice Project was a volunteer computing project that combined computing resources, Grid middleware, specialized scientific application software and web services into a comprehensive Grid computing system for scientific analysis. It ran the Genetic Algorithm for Rapid Likelihood Inference (GARLI) software to determine the relationships between different genetic samples. A major aspect of the project makes use of the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. The Lattice Project maintained a separate BOINC web site, but the site is dead as of this writing, causing this project to shut down because BOINC depends on this website to get setup information to set this project up on its clients. == References == == External links == The Lattice Project website archive


id: leiden-classical-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_Classical-0.md
category: reference
title: Leiden Classical
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_Classical
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:16.191176+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leiden-classical-20260505-0
summary:
Leiden Classical was a volunteer computing project run by the Theoretical Chemistry Department of the Leiden Institute of Chemistry at Leiden University. Leiden Classical used the BOINC system, and enabled scientists or science students to submit their own test simulations of various molecules and atoms in a classical mechanics environment. ClassicalDynamics is a program (and with it a library) completely written in C++. The library is covered by the LGPL license and the main program is covered by the GPL. The project shut down on June 5, 2018. == Joining the project == Participation was possible via the BOINC manager. Using this software one was once able to create an account in the project. Then someone can make a model of a dynamic system and simulation participating run. There are several models possible, to interactions between molecules or planets. == User Submitted Calculations == To create a personal calculation, a user's model had to have six defined variables: Colors of the molecules Box in which the model is run Number of particles in the simulation Interaction between the particles Gravity Coulomb force Lennard-Jones interaction Morse interaction Rydberg interaction Harmonic spirit Harmonic bending Recurrent torsion interactions Distance conditions Confirmation parameter(s) ==


id: lhc-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHC@home-0.md
category: reference
title: LHC@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHC@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:17.415206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lhc-home-20260505-0
summary:
LHC@home is a volunteer computing project researching particle physics that uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. The project's computing power is utilized by physicists at CERN in support of the Large Hadron Collider and other experimental particle accelerators. The project is run with the help of over 1,260 active volunteer users contributing more than 3,000 computers processing at a combined 52 teraFLOPS as of September 2024. The project is cross-platform, and runs on a variety of computer hardware configurations. == Applications == The LHC@home project currently runs four applications—Atlas, CMS, SixTrack, and Test4Theory—which deal with different aspects of research conducted in LHC such as calculating particle beam stability and simulating proton collisions. Atlas, CMS, and Test4Theory use VirtualBox, an x86 virtualization software package. === Atlas === Atlas uses volunteer computing power to run simulations of the ATLAS experiment. It can be run in VirtualBox or natively on Linux. === Beauty === Beauty (LHCb) compared the decay of bottom quarks (b) and bottom antiquarks (b), which also known as beauty quarks. The participation of volunteers in the application was suspended indefinitely on 19 November 2018. === CMS === The CMS application (formerly a standalone project called CMS@Home)


id: malaria-control-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_Control_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Malaria Control Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_Control_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:18.608257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malaria-control-project-20260505-0
summary:
malariacontrol.net was a volunteer computing project to simulate the transmission dynamics and health effects of malaria. It was part of the Africa@home project. The project was terminated on 21 June 2016. == History == The malariacontrol.net domain name was first registered on 19 May 2005 under Swiss Tropical Institute. This project was under Africa@home where the latter was conceived and developed by European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). malariacontrol.net was the first to use volunteer computing to model diseases. The model simulates malaria infection in 50,000 to 100,000 people. Each work unit lasted for an hour in average personal computers and the results were returned to University of Geneva for evaluation by researchers. malariacontrol.net ran all the simulations by using stochastic simulation model. Since 4 November 2010, using the financial support from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Malariacontrol.net developed an open-source software named "Open Malaria" which can be used to simulate outcomes in various types of malaria transmission settings. On 21 June 2016, malariacontrol.net announced that the project has been terminated due to financial constraints in upgrading their servers for further volunteer computing operations. == Impact == Over 10 years, malariacontrol.net has produced 30 peer-reviewed articles. In 2008, among the


id: milkyway-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home-0.md
category: reference
title: MilkyWay@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:19.924258+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: milkyway-home-20260505-0
summary:
MilkyWay@home is a volunteer computing project in the astrophysics category, running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. Using spare computing power from over 38,000 computers run by over 27,000 active volunteers as of November 2011, the MilkyWay@home project aims to generate accurate three-dimensional dynamic models of stellar streams in the immediate vicinity of the Milky Way. With SETI@home and Einstein@home, it is the third computing project of this type that has the investigation of phenomena in interstellar space as its primary purpose. Its secondary objective is to develop and optimize algorithms for volunteer computing. == Purpose and design == MilkyWay@home is a collaboration between the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's departments of Computer Science and Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy and is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation. It is operated by a team that includes astrophysicist Heidi Jo Newberg and computer scientists Malik Magdon-Ismail, Bolesław Szymański and Carlos A. Varela. By mid-2009 the project's main astrophysical interest is in the Sagittarius Stream, an immense stellar stream emanating from the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy that wraps around the Milky Way. Mapping such interstellar streams and their dynamics with high accuracy may provide crucial clues for understanding the


id: milkyway-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home-1.md
category: reference
title: MilkyWay@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:19.924258+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: milkyway-home-20260505-0
summary:
Mendelsohn, Eric J.; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Shelton, Siddhartha; Widrow, Lawrence M.; Thompson, Jeffery M.; Grillmair, Carl J. (1 February 2022). "Estimate of the Mass and Radial Profile of the Orphan–Chenab Stream's Dwarf-galaxy Progenitor Using MilkyWay@home". The Astrophysical Journal. 926 (2): 106. arXiv:2201.03637. Bibcode:2022ApJ...926..106M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac498a. S2CID 245853837. Donlon, T.; Newberg, H.; Weiss, J.; Guffey, A.; Thompson, J. (2021-06-01). "A Trifurcated Sagittarius Stream in the South". AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting. 53 (5): 403.03. Bibcode:2021DDA....5240303D. Mendelsohn, E. J.; Newberg, H. J.; Shelton, S.; Widrow, L.; Thompson, J.; Grillmair, C. (2021-06-01). "Estimate of the Mass and Radial Profile of the Orphan Stream's Dwarf Galaxy Progenitor Using MilkyWay@home". AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting. 53 (5): 403.01. Bibcode:2021DDA....5240301M. Mendelsohn, E. J.; Newberg, H. J.; Donlon, T.; Thompson, J. M. (2020-08-01). "N-Body Simulations with MilkyWay@home". AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting. 52 (4): 200.01. Bibcode:2020DDA....5120001M. Donlon, Thomas; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Sanderson, Robyn; Widrow, Lawrence M. (2020-10-01). "The Milky Way's Shell Structure Reveals the Time of a Radial Collision". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (2): 119. arXiv:2006.08764. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902..119D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb5f6. S2CID 219708644. Shelton, Siddhartha; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Weiss, Jake; Bauer, Jacob S.; Arsenault, Matthew; Widrow, Larry; Rayment, Clayton; Desell, Travis; Judd, Roland; Magdon-Ismail, Malik; Mendelsohn, Eric; Newby, Matthew; Rice, Colin;


id: milkyway-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home-2.md
category: reference
title: MilkyWay@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilkyWay@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:19.924258+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: milkyway-home-20260505-0
summary:
Desell, Travis; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos (2008). "An asynchronous hybrid genetic-simplex search for modeling the Milky Way galaxy using volunteer computing". Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation. pp. 921–928. doi:10.1145/1389095.1389273. ISBN 9781605581309. S2CID 10952453. Cole, Nathan; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Magdon-Ismail, Malik; Desell, Travis; Dawsey, Kristopher; Hayashi, Warren; Liu, Xinyang Fred; Purnell, Jonathan; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos; Willett, Benjamin; Wisniewski, James (20 August 2008). "Maximum Likelihood Fitting of Tidal Streams with Application to the Sagittarius Dwarf Tidal Tails". The Astrophysical Journal. 683 (2): 750–766. arXiv:0805.2121. Bibcode:2008ApJ...683..750C. doi:10.1086/589681. S2CID 1660060. Desell, Travis; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos (2008). "Asynchronous genetic search for scientific modeling on large-scale heterogeneous environments". 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1109/IPDPS.2008.4536169. ISBN 978-1-4244-1693-6. S2CID 1107218. Szymanski, Boleslaw K.; Desell, Travis; Varela, Carlos (2008). "The Effects of Heterogeneity on Asynchronous Panmictic Genetic Search". Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4967. pp. 457–468. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.78.2043. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68111-3_48. ISBN 978-3-540-68105-2. Desell, Travis; Cole, Nathan; Magdon-Ismail, Malik; Newberg, Heidi; Szymanski, Boleslaw; Varela, Carlos (2007). "Distributed and Generic Maximum Likelihood Evaluation". Third IEEE International Conference on e-Science and Grid Computing (E-Science 2007). pp. 337–344. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.65.4065. doi:10.1109/E-SCIENCE.2007.30. ISBN 978-0-7695-3064-2. S2CID


id: mindmodeling-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindModeling@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: MindModeling@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindModeling@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:21.237454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mindmodeling-home-20260505-0
summary:
MindModeling@Home is an inactive non-profit, volunteer computing research project for the advancement of cognitive science. MindModeling@Home is hosted by Wright State University and the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio. In BOINC, it is in the area of Cognitive Science and category called Cognitive science and artificial intelligence. It can only operate on a 64-bit operating system, preferably on a computer with multiple cores, running a Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux operating system. This project is not compatible with mobile devices, unlike other projects on BOINC. == Research focus == N-2 Repetition: understanding how people have a harder time returning to a task from another one Observing how people read through their eye movement for the purpose of helping people reduce eye strain and processing what they read better and faster. Modeling decision-making: resolving around decisions made from visual processing (focus and filtering) Integrated Learning Models (ILM) to create algorithms based on how people learn and make decisions How the brain performs tasks sequentially and simultaneously by measuring its blood flow == Problems == Its status is inactive. However, it is "not down or closed," as its servers are still running. The projects are long; prolonged amounts of


id: oproject-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OProject@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: OProject@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OProject@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:22.393403+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oproject-home-20260505-0
summary:
OProject@Home was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) and was based on a dedicated library OLib. The project was directed by Lukasz Swierczewski, an IT student at the College of Computer Science and Business Administration in Łomża, Computer Science and Automation Institute. As of 2016 it seems to have been abandoned. == Subprojects == Shor's Algorithm Shor's Algorithm DP GSCE-SV ALX Weird Engine Shor's Algorithm and Shor's Algorithm DP were the main subprojects of OProject@Home. The objective was to test quantum algorithms (e.g. Shor's algorithm) of quantum computing. GSCE-SV verifies the correctness of Goldbach's conjecture, while ALX is a Non-CPU-intensive (nci) subproject capable of running on ARM-based CPUs running Android or Linux. It is used to research and develop artificial intelligence and computer networks. The project supports the PlayStation 3. The Weird Engine subproject calculates the weird numbers (sequence A006037 in the OEIS). Numbers are available in the project database. According to the OEIS it is the largest publicly available database of such numbers. These ongoing work on the application analyzing status of water on Earth. OProject@Home uses data from NASA and NOAA satellites. Analyzed data are taken from devices AVHRR and


id: orbit-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Orbit@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:27.936678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orbit-home-20260505-0
summary:
orbit@home was a BOINC-based volunteer computing project of the Planetary Science Institute. It uses the "Orbit Reconstruction, Simulation and Analysis" framework to optimize the search strategies that are used to find near-Earth objects. On March 4, 2008, orbit@home completed the installation of its new server and officially opened to new members. On April 11, orbit@home launched a Windows version of their client. On February 16, 2013, the project was halted due to lack of grant funding. However, on July 23, 2013, the Orbit@home project was selected for funding by NASA's Near Earth Object Observation program. It was announced that orbit@home is to resume operations sometime in 2014 or 2015. As of July 13, 2018, orbit@home is offline according to its website, and the upgrade announcement has been removed. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == Official website


id: poem-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POEM@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: POEM@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POEM@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:29.166076+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: poem-home-20260505-0
summary:
POEM@Home was a volunteer computing project hosted by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It modeled protein folding using Anfinsen's dogma. POEM@Home was started in 2007 and, due to advances using GPUs that rendered the BOINC program redundant, concluded in October 2016. The POEM@home applications were proprietary. == Scientific objectives == The project studied how protein structure determined protein function, predict a protein's structure from its amino acid sequence, investigated how proteins interact with each other, and understand how malfunctioning proteins can cause functional disorders. The resulting knowledge could then be used in the development of medical treatments. == See also == List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == POEM@Home website Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)


id: predictor-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictor@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Predictor@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictor@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:30.492666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predictor-home-20260505-0
summary:
Predictor@home was a volunteer computing project that used BOINC software to predict protein structure from protein sequence in the context of the 6th biannual CASP, or Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction. A major goal of the project was the testing and evaluating of new algorithms to predict both known and unknown protein structures. Predictor@home was complementary to Folding@home. Whereas the latter aims to study the dynamics of protein folding, Predictor@home aimed to specify what the final tertiary structure will be. Also, the two projects differ significantly in the infrastructure they use. The project used BOINC software, whereas Folding@home maintains its own software completely outside of BOINC. However, for a time, Predictor@home competed with other BOINC protein structure prediction projects, such as Rosetta@home. Each uses different methods of rapidly and reliably predicting the final tertiary structure. Predictor@home is currently inactive. == History == Predictor@home holds the distinction of being the first independent BOINC project to be launched. The project was set up and run by Michela Taufer at The Scripps Research Institute. On September 6, 2006, Predictor@home was temporarily taken off line, with no new work units being sent out. In May, 2008, the project reverted to Alpha


id: primegrid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid-0.md
category: reference
title: PrimeGrid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:31.751416+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: primegrid-20260505-0
summary:
PrimeGrid is a volunteer computing project that searches for very large (up to world-record size) prime numbers whilst also aiming to solve long-standing mathematical conjectures. It uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. PrimeGrid offers a number of subprojects for prime-number sieving and discovery. Some of these are available through the BOINC client, others through the PRPNet client. Some of the work is manual, i.e. it requires manually starting work units and uploading results. Different subprojects may run on different operating systems, and may have executables for CPUs, GPUs, or both; while running the Lucas–Lehmer–Riesel test, CPUs with Advanced Vector Extensions and Fused Multiply-Add instruction sets will yield the fastest results for non-GPU accelerated workloads. PrimeGrid awards badges to users in recognition of achieving certain defined levels of credit for work done. The badges have no intrinsic value but are valued by many as a sign of achievement. The issuing of badges should also benefit PrimeGrid by evening out the participation in the less popular sub projects. The easiest of the badges can often be obtained in less than a day by a single computer, whereas the most challenging badges will require far more time and computing


id: primegrid-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid-1.md
category: reference
title: PrimeGrid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeGrid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:31.751416+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: primegrid-20260505-0
summary:
=== Riesel Problem === As of 13 December 2022, PrimeGrid has eliminated 18 values of k from the Riesel problem and is continuing the search to eliminate the 43 remaining numbers. 3 values of k are found by independent searchers. === Twin prime search === Primegrid worked with the Twin Prime Search to search for a record-sized twin prime at approximately 58,700 digits. The new world's largest known twin prime 2003663613 × 2195000 ± 1 was eventually discovered on January 15, 2007 (sieved by Twin Prime Search and tested by PrimeGrid). The search continued for another record twin prime at just above 100,000 digits. It was completed in August 2009 when PrimeGrid found 65516468355 × 2333333 ± 1. Continued testing for twin primes in conjunction with the search for a Sophie Germain prime yielded a new record twin prime in September 2016 upon finding the number 2996863034895 × 21290000 ± 1 composed of 388,342 digits. === Woodall prime search === As of 22 April 2018, the project has discovered the four largest Woodall primes known to date. The largest of these is 17016602 × 217016602 − 1 and was found on 21 March 2018. The search continues for an even


id: proteins-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Proteins@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:32.988383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: proteins-home-20260505-0
summary:
proteins@home was a volunteer computing project that used the BOINC architecture. The project was run by the Department of Biology at École Polytechnique. The project began on December 28, 2006, and ended in June 2008. == Purpose == proteins@home was a large-scale non-profit protein structure prediction project utilizing volunteer computing to perform intensive computations in a small amount of time. From their website: The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its three-dimensional structure, or 'fold'. Conversely, the three-dimensional structure is compatible with a large, but limited set of amino acid sequences. Enumerating the allowed sequences for a given fold is known as the 'inverse protein folding problem'. We are working to solve this problem for a large number of known protein folds (a representative subset: about 1500 folds). The most expensive step is to build a database of energy functions that describe all these structures. For each structure, we consider all possible sequences of amino acids. Surprisingly, this is computationally tractable, because our energy functions are sums over pairs of interactions. Once this is done, we can explore the space of amino acid sequences in a fast and efficient way, and retain the most favorable sequences. This large-scale mapping


id: qmc-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMC@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: QMC@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMC@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:34.229458+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: qmc-home-20260505-0
summary:
QMC@Home was a volunteer computing project for the BOINC client aimed at further developing and testing Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) for use in quantum chemistry. It is hosted by the University of Münster with participation by the Cavendish Laboratory. QMC@Home allows volunteers from around the world to donate idle computer cycles to help calculate molecular geometry using Diffusion Monte Carlo. The project is developing a new application using density functional theory. The project began its Beta testing on 23 May 2006. As of February 2010, QMC@Home has about 7,500 active participants from 102 countries, contributing about 5 teraFLOPS of computation power. == Workunits == In order to get results from home computers the work is split into "workunits". The time it takes to complete a workunit depends on the size of the calculated system and the speed of the user's computer. The target time is between 4 and 48 hours on a 2.4 GHz system. This is a list of molecules recently tested: 1a Ammonia; 1 Ammonia dimer; 2a Water; 2 Water dimer; 3a Formic acid; 3 Formic acid dimer; 4a Formamide; 4 Formamide dimer; 5a Uracil; 5 Uracil dimer; 6a 2-pyridoxine; 6b 2-aminopyridine; 6 2-pyridoxine/2-aminopyridine; 7a Adenine; 7b Thymine;


id: quake-catcher-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake-Catcher_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: Quake-Catcher Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake-Catcher_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:35.546652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quake-catcher-network-20260505-0
summary:
The Quake-Catcher Network was an initiative run by the University of Southern California that aimed to use computer-based accelerometers to detect earthquakes. It used the BOINC volunteer computing platform (a form of distributed computing, similar to SETI@home). It supported mobile devices (smartphones and some tablets/laptops) that have a built-in accelerometer. It also supported three external USB devices - the codemercs.com JoyWarrior 24F8, the ONavi sensor, and the MotionNode Accel. In 2011, project scientist Elizabeth Cochran was awarded a Presidential Early Career Award from US President Barack Obama in large part due to her founding of the Quake-Catcher Network project. The Quake Catcher Network project started at Stanford University in 2008, then moved to Caltech, and joined the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) in 2016. The Quake-Catcher Network was discontinued on June 1st 2023 == References == == External links == Interactive world map, showing recent earthquakes (day/week/month) Archived 2018-01-07 at the Wayback Machine – result of QCN


id: rosetta-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-0.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
Rosetta@home is a volunteer computing project researching protein structure prediction on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, run by the Baker lab. Rosetta@home aims to predict protein–protein docking and design new proteins with the help of about fifty-five thousand active volunteered computers processing at over 487,946 gigaFLOPS on average as of September 19, 2020. Foldit, a Rosetta@home videogame, aims to reach these goals with a crowdsourcing approach. Though much of the project is oriented toward basic research to improve the accuracy and robustness of proteomics methods, Rosetta@home also does applied research on malaria, Alzheimer's disease, and other pathologies. Like all BOINC projects, Rosetta@home uses idle computer processing resources from volunteers' computers to perform calculations on individual workunits. Completed results are sent to a central project server where they are validated and assimilated into project databases. The project is cross-platform, and runs on a wide variety of hardware configurations. Users can view the progress of their individual protein structure prediction on the Rosetta@home screensaver. In addition to disease-related research, the Rosetta@home network serves as a testing framework for new methods in structural bioinformatics. Such methods are then used in other Rosetta-based applications, like RosettaDock or the Human Proteome


id: rosetta-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-1.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
A primary feature of the Rosetta@home graphical user interface (GUI) is a screensaver which shows a current workunit's progress during the simulated protein folding process. In the upper-left of the current screensaver, the target protein is shown adopting different shapes (conformations) in its search for the lowest energy structure. Depicted immediately to the right is the structure of the most recently accepted. On the upper right the lowest energy conformation of the current decoy is shown; below that is the true, or native, structure of the protein if it has already been determined. Three graphs are included in the screensaver. Near the middle, a graph for the accepted model's thermodynamic free energy is displayed, which fluctuates as the accepted model changes. A graph of the accepted model's root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), which measures how structurally similar the accepted model is to the native model, is shown far right. On the right of the accepted energy graph and below the RMSD graph, the results from these two functions are used to produce an energy vs. RMSD plot as the model is progressively refined. Like all BOINC projects, Rosetta@home runs in the background of the user's computer, using idle computer power, either at


id: rosetta-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-2.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Disease-related research == In addition to basic research in predicting protein structure, docking and design, Rosetta@home is also used in immediate disease-related research. Numerous minor research projects are described in David Baker's Rosetta@home journal. As of February 2014, information on recent publications and a short description of the work are being updated on the forum. The forum thread is no longer used since 2016, and news on the research can be found on the general news section of the project. === Alzheimer's disease === A component of the Rosetta software suite, RosettaDesign, was used to accurately predict which regions of amyloidogenic proteins were most likely to make amyloid-like fibrils. By taking hexapeptides (six amino acid-long fragments) of a protein of interest and selecting the lowest energy match to a structure similar to that of a known fibril forming hexapeptide, RosettaDesign was able to identify peptides twice as likely to form fibrils as are random proteins. Rosetta@home was used in the same study to predict structures for amyloid beta, a fibril-forming protein that has been postulated to cause Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary but as yet unpublished results have been produced on Rosetta-designed proteins that may prevent fibrils from forming, although it


id: rosetta-home-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-3.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Rosetta software == Rosetta is the software responsible for performing structure prediction in Rosetta@home. Besides a BOINC cluster, Rosetta can run on a single local computer, or on a local supercomputer. Similar to other bioinformatic programs, there are online public servers offering to run Rosetta from a web interface. The software is freely licensed to the academic community and available to pharmaceutical companies for a fee. Originally introduced by the Baker laboratory at the University of Washington in 1998 as an ab initio approach to structure prediction, Rosetta has since branched into several development streams and distinct services, providing features such as macromolecular docking and protein design. Many of the graduate students and other researchers involved in Rosetta's initial development have since moved to other universities and research institutions, and subsequently enhanced different parts of the Rosetta project. The Rosetta platform derives its name from the Rosetta Stone, as it attempts to decipher the structural "meaning" of proteins' amino acid sequences. Development of the Rosetta code is done by Rosetta Commons. Rosetta participates in CASP and CAPRI. Rosetta was rewritten in C++ to allow easier development than that allowed by its original version, which was written in Fortran. This


id: rosetta-home-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-4.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
=== Robetta === The Robetta (Rosetta Beta) server is an automated protein structure prediction service offered by the Baker laboratory for non-commercial ab initio and comparative modeling. It has participated as an automated prediction server in the biannual CASP experiments since CASP5 in 2002, performing among the best in the automated server prediction category. Robetta has since competed in CASP6 and 7, where it did better than average among both automated server and human predictor groups. It also participates in the CAMEO3D continuous evaluation. Robetta tasks run on Baker lab servers, Janelia Research Campus machines, and Rosetta@home participant computers. In modeling protein structure as of CASP6, Robetta first searches for structural homologs using BLAST, PSI-BLAST, and 3D-Jury, then parses the target sequence into its individual domains, or independently folding units of proteins, by matching the sequence to structural families in the Pfam database. Domains with structural homologs then follow a "template-based model" (i.e., homology modeling) protocol. Here, the Baker laboratory's in-house alignment program, K*sync, produces a group of sequence homologs, and each of these is modeled by the Rosetta de novo method to produce a decoy (possible structure). The final structure prediction is selected by taking the lowest energy model


id: rosetta-home-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home-5.md
category: reference
title: Rosetta@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:36.815821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rosetta-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Volunteer contributions == Rosetta@home depends on computing power donated by individual project members for its research. As of March 28, 2020, about 53,000 users from 150 countries were active members of Rosetta@home, together contributing idle processor time from about 54,800 computers for a combined average performance of over 1.7 PetaFLOPS. Users are granted BOINC credits as a measure of their contribution. The credit granted for each workunit is the number of decoys produced for that workunit multiplied by the average claimed credit for the decoys submitted by all computer hosts for that workunit. This custom system was designed to address significant differences between credit granted to users with the standard BOINC client and an optimized BOINC client, and credit differences between users running Rosetta@home on Windows and Linux operating systems. The amount of credit granted per second of CPU work is lower for Rosetta@home than most other BOINC projects. Rosetta@home is thirteenth out of over 40 BOINC projects in terms of total credit. Rosetta@home users who predict protein structures submitted for the CASP experiment are acknowledged in scientific publications regarding their results. Users who predict the lowest energy structure for a given workunit are featured on the Rosetta@home homepage


id: seasonal-attribution-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Seasonal Attribution Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Attribution_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:39.136696+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seasonal-attribution-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Seasonal Attribution Project is a climate'prediction.net sub-project, with support from the WWF. It runs a high resolution model in order to try to determine the extent to which extreme weather events are attributable to human-induced global warming. The project did cease giving out more work, however there has been a project extension to try a fourth sea surface temperature pattern. Current work will still be accepted and used for collaborations and possibly revisions of papers during the review process. A further extension will start soon. == The experiments == United Kingdom floods of Autumn 2000 – Current project. Mountain snowpack decline in western North America Developed in collaboration with the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington. Heatwave occurrence in South Africa and India The latter two will use the same models. Information has been uploaded but analysis of information generated has not yet started. == See also == Effects of global warming == References == == External links == Seasonal Attribution Website Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine


id: seti-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-0.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
SETI@home ("SETI at home") is a project of the Berkeley SETI Research Center to analyze radio signals with the aim of searching for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. Until March 2020, it was run as an Internet-based public volunteer computing project that employed the BOINC software platform. It is hosted by the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, and is one of many activities undertaken as part of the worldwide SETI effort. SETI@home software was released to the public on May 17, 1999, making it the third large-scale use of volunteer computing over the Internet for research purposes, after Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) was launched in 1996 and distributed.net in 1997. Along with MilkyWay@home and Einstein@home, it has the investigation of phenomena in interstellar space as its primary purpose. In March 2020, the project stopped sending out new work to SETI@home users, bringing the crowdsourced computing aspect of the project to a stop. At the time, the team intended to shift focus onto the analysis and interpretation of the 20 years' worth of accumulated data. However, the team left open the possibility of eventually resuming volunteer computing using data from other radio telescopes, such as MeerKAT


id: seti-home-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-1.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Technology == Anybody with an at least intermittently Internet-connected computer was able to participate in SETI@home by running a free program that downloaded and analyzed radio telescope data. Observational data were recorded on 2-terabyte SATA hard disk drives fed from the Arecibo Telescope in Puerto Rico, each holding about 2.5 days of observations, which were then sent to Berkeley. Arecibo does not have a broadband Internet connection, so data must go by postal mail to Berkeley. Once there, it is divided in both time and frequency domains work units of 107 seconds of data, or approximately 0.35 megabytes (350 kilobytes or 350,000 bytes), which overlap in time but not in frequency. These work units are then sent from the SETI@home server over the Internet to personal computers around the world to analyze. Data was merged into a database using SETI@home computers in Berkeley. Interference was rejected, and various pattern-detection algorithms were applied to search for the most interesting signals. The project used CUDA for GPU processing starting in 2015. In 2016 SETI@home began processing data from the Breakthrough Listen project. === Software === The SETI@home volunteer computing software ran either as a screensaver or continuously while a user worked,


id: seti-home-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-2.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
== Competitive aspect == SETI@home users quickly started to compete with one another to process the maximum number of work units. Teams were formed to combine the efforts of individual users. The competition continued and grew larger with the introduction of BOINC. As with any competition, attempts have been made to "cheat" the system and claim credit for work that has not been performed. To combat cheats, the SETI@home system sends every work unit to multiple computers, a value known as "initial replication" (currently 2). Credit is only granted for each returned work unit once a minimum number of results have been returned and the results agree, a value known as "minimum quorum" (currently 2). If, due to computation errors or cheating by submitting false data, not enough results agree, more identical work units are sent out until the minimum quorum can be reached. The final credit granted to all machines which returned the correct result is the same and is the lowest of the values claimed by each machine. Some users have installed and run SETI@home on computers at their workplaces; an act known as "Borging", after the assimilation-driven Borg of Star Trek. In some cases, SETI@home users have


id: seti-home-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home-3.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:40.390913+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-20260505-0
summary:
SETI@home is a test bed for further development not only of BOINC but of other hardware and software (database) technology. Under SETI@home processing loads, these experimental technologies can be more challenging than expected, as SETI databases do not have typical accounting and business data or relational structures. The non-traditional database uses often do incur greater processing overheads and risk of database corruption and outright database failure. Hardware, software and database failures can (and do) cause dips in project participation. The project has had to shut down several times to change over to new databases capable of handling more massive datasets. Hardware failure has proven to be a substantial source of project shutdowns, as hardware failure is often coupled with database corruption. == See also == == References == == Further reading == Carrigan, Richard A. Jr. (2003). "The Ultimate Hacker: SETI Signals May Need to Be Decontaminated". Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars. 213. Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 519. Bibcode:2004IAUS..213..519C. Sample, Ian (November 25, 2005). "Scientists be on guard..." The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 25, 2005. Scoles, Sarah (May 23, 2017). "A Brief History of SETI@Home". The Atlantic. == External links == Official website SETI@home screensaver video on YouTube


id: seti-home-beta-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta-0.md
category: reference
title: SETI@home beta
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETI@home_beta
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:45.401648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seti-home-beta-20260505-0
summary:
SETI@home beta, is a hibernating volunteer computing project using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, as a test environment for future SETI@home projects: AstroPulse is a volunteer computing project searching for primordial black holes, pulsars, and ETI. AstroPulse clients have been tested by this project for nearly 6 years. It is already running on SETI@home, testing new GPU/CPU optimized apps and performing other tasks. SETI Southern Hemisphere Search, which is another SETI@home project that was due to join BOINC. It was expected that this project would use a slightly modified version of the SETI enhanced client, as the Parkes Observatory has a feedhorn with more beams than the Arecibo Observatory. == Applications Testing == 11 Dec 2008, CUDA applications test 3 Jun 2013, SETI@home v7 test 01 Dec 2015 SETI@home v8 test == External links == Official website SETI@home beta screensaver video on YouTube == References ==


id: similarity-matrix-of-proteins-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins-0.md
category: reference
title: Similarity Matrix of Proteins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_Matrix_of_Proteins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:46.582906+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: similarity-matrix-of-proteins-20260505-0
summary:
Similarity Matrix of Proteins (SIMAP) is a database of protein similarities created using volunteer computing. It is freely accessible for scientific purposes. SIMAP uses the FASTA algorithm to precalculate protein similarity, while another application uses hidden Markov models to search for protein domains. SIMAP is a joint project of the Technical University of Munich, the Helmholtz Zentrum München, and the University of Vienna. == Project == The project usually got new work units at the beginning of each month. More recently, (2010), inclusion of environmental sequences into the database has required longer periods of activity, several months of continuous work for example. Typically, these updates occurred twice each year. In the fourth quarter of 2010, the project relocated to the University of Vienna due to the failing electrical infrastructure at the Technical University of Munich. Part of this exercise involved the creation of a project specific URL requiring existing volunteers and users to detach/reattach to the project. On May 30, 2014, it was announced by project administrators that after a 10-year history, SIMAP would be leaving BOINC by the end of 2014. SIMAP research, however, will go forward with the use of local hardware consisting of "ordinary multi-core CPUs (some


id: slinca-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: SLinCA@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLinCA@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:47.866145+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: slinca-home-20260505-0
summary:
SLinCA@Home (Scaling Laws in Cluster Aggregation) was a research project that uses Internet-connected computers to do research in fields such as physics and materials science. == Introduction == SLinCA@Home was based at the G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics (IMP) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) in Kyiv, Ukraine's capital city. It ran on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform, the SZTAKI Desktop Grid platform, and the Distributed Computing API (DC-API) by SZTAKI. SLinCA@Home hosts several scientific applications dedicated to research into scale-invariant dependencies in experimental data in physics and materials science. Statistics at the BOINCstats site (as of 16 March 2011), show over 2,000 volunteers in 39 countries have participated in the project; it is the second most popular BOINC project in Ukraine (after the Magnetism@Home project, which is now inactive). About 700 active users contribute about 0.5–1.5 teraFLOPS of computational power, which would rank SLinCA@Home among the top 20 on the TOP500 list of supercomputers in June 2005. == History == The SLinCA@Home project was previously launched in January 2009 as part of the EGEE project in the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for the funding of research and


id: spinhenge-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: Spinhenge@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:49.045702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spinhenge-home-20260505-0
summary:
Spinhenge@home was a volunteer computing project on the BOINC platform, which performs extensive numerical simulations concerning the physical characteristics of magnetic molecules. It is a project of the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, in cooperation with the University of Osnabrück and Ames Laboratory. The project began beta testing on September 1, 2006, and used the Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm to calculate and simulate spin dynamics in nanoscale molecular magnets. On September 28, 2011, a hiatus was announced while the project team reviewed results and upgraded hardware. As of July 10, 2022 the hiatus continues and it is likely that the project has been closed down permanently. == See also == Spintronics BOINC List of volunteer computing projects == References == == External links == Project Website Spinhenge@home screensaver video on YouTube More Information about Spinhenge@Home Project Statistics at BOINCStats


id: theskynet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheSkyNet-0.md
category: reference
title: TheSkyNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheSkyNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:50.270759+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: theskynet-20260505-0
summary:
theSkyNet was a research project that used volunteer Internet-connected computers to carry out research in astronomy. It was an initiative of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), a joint venture of Curtin University and the University of Western Australia. theSkyNet had two projects, Sourcefinder and POGS. Both projects have been completed. theSkyNet Sourcefinder aimed to test and refine automatic radio sourcefinding algorithms in preparation for radio galaxy surveys using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder and the Square Kilometre Array. theSkyNet POGS used Spectral Energy Distribution fitting to calculate characteristics of many galaxies using images taken by the Pan-STARRS PS1 optical telescope in Hawaii. == History == theSkyNet Sourcefinder project was introduced publicly on 13 September 2011, operating on a Java-based user platform, processing data using new distributed computing software called Nereus. One year later, theSkyNet celebrated its first birthday and at the same time theSkyNet POGS project became the first public Australian based project to participate in the well established volunteer computing platform BOINC. The acronym POGS is a reference to a game played with discs that originated on Maui, Hawaii, in the 1920s, and the fact that the Pan-STARRS PS1 telescope, is situated on Mount Haleakala,


id: world-community-grid-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-0.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
World Community Grid (WCG) is an effort to create the world's largest volunteer computing platform to perform scientific research that benefits humanity. Launched on November 16, 2004, with proprietary Grid MP client from United Devices and adding support for Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) in 2005, World Community Grid eventually discontinued the Grid MP client and consolidated on the BOINC platform in 2008. In September 2021, it was announced that IBM transferred ownership to the Krembil Research Institute of University Health Network in Toronto, Ontario. World Community Grid uses unused processing power of consumer devices (PCs, Laptops, Android Smartphones, etc.) to analyse data created by the research groups that participate in the grid. WCG projects have analysed data related to the human genome, the human microbiome, HIV, dengue, muscular dystrophy, cancer, influenza, Ebola, Zika virus, virtual screening, rice crop yields, clean energy, water purification and COVID-19, among other research areas. There are currently four active projects and 28 completed projects. Several of these projects have published peer-reviewed papers based on the analysis of the data generated by WCG. These include an OpenZika project paper on the discovery of a compound (FAM 3) that inhibits the NS3 Helicase protein


id: world-community-grid-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-1.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
== Statistics and competition == The contributions of each user are recorded and user contribution statistics are publicly available. Due to the fact that the processing time of each workunit varies from computer to computer, depending on the difficulty of the workunit, the speed of the computer, and the amount of idle resources available, contributions are usually measured in terms of points. Points are awarded for each workunit depending on the effort required to process it. Upon completing a workunit, the BOINC client will request the number of points it thinks it deserves based on software benchmarks (see BOINC Credit System#Cobblestones). Since multiple computers process the same workunit to ensure accuracy, the World Community Grid servers can look at the points claimed by each of those computers. The WCG servers disregard statistical outliers, average the remaining values and award the resulting number of points to each computer. Within the grid, users may join teams that have been created by organizations, groups, or individuals. Teams allow for a heightened sense of community identity and can also inspire competition. As teams compete against each other, more work is done for the grid overall. == Outreach == World Community Grid recognizes companies and


id: world-community-grid-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-2.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
In February 2014, the Help Fight Childhood Cancer project scientists announced the discovery of 7 compounds that destroy neuroblastoma cancer cells without any apparent side effects. This discovery, made with the support of the WCG volunteers, is a positive step towards a new treatment. The project has announced that it is seeking a collaboration with a pharmaceutical company in order to develop the compounds into treatments. Given the success of the project, the scientists have stated that they are already planning a follow-up project which will focus on other pediatric cancers, possibly in collaboration with a newly formed Pan-Asian oncology group, of which they are a founding member. As of July 2012, the Human Proteome Folding Project has published several papers using data from WCG. These include a paper on validation methods and a new database of protein structure and function predictions; a paper on the identification of proteins that regulate human processes; a paper on the analysis of the genomes from five plant families and their proteomes, for which WCG was used in the creation of over 29,000 protein structures; a paper on the proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The GO Fight Against Malaria project reported the discovery of several


id: world-community-grid-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-3.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
=== OpenPandemics - COVID-19 === On April 1, 2020, IBM announced OpenPandemics - COVID-19. The project aims to identify possible treatments for the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. WCG will partner with Scripps Research, with whom it has partnered in the past, notably in FightAIDS@Home projects. The project runs on CPUs and GPUs and will also serve to create a "fast-response, open source tool that will help all scientists quickly search for treatments for future pandemics." The project launched on May 14, 2020. === Mapping Cancer Markers === Mapping Cancer Markers (launched November 8, 2013). The project aims to identify the markers associated with various types of cancer, and is analyzing millions of data points collected from thousands of healthy and cancerous patient tissue samples. These include tissues with lung, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic and breast cancers. By comparing these different data points, researchers aim to identify patterns of markers for different cancers and correlate them with different outcomes, including responsiveness to various treatment options. The project is focusing on 4 types of cancer, with the first focus being on lung cancer, and will move on to ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and


id: world-community-grid-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-4.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
=== AfricanClimate@Home === The mission of AfricanClimate@Home was to develop more accurate climate models of specific regions in Africa. It was intended to serve as a basis for understanding how the climate will change in the future so that measures designed to alleviate the adverse effects of climate change could be implemented. World Community Grid's tremendous computing power was used to understand and reduce the uncertainty with which climate processes were simulated over Africa. Phase 1 of African Climate@Home launched on September 3, 2007, and ended in July 2008. === Help Conquer Cancer === Help Conquer Cancer project (launched November 1, 2007) is sponsored by the Ontario Cancer Institute (OCI), Princess Margaret Hospital and University Health Network of Toronto, Canada. The project involves X-ray crystallography. The mission of Help Conquer Cancer is to improve the results of protein X-ray crystallography, which helps researchers not only annotate unknown parts of the human proteome, but importantly improves their understanding of cancer initiation, progression and treatment. The HCC project was the first WCG project benefiting from graphics processing units (GPU)s which helped finish it a lot earlier than initially projected due to the massive power of GPUs. In the April 2013 status report


id: world-community-grid-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-5.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
World Community Grid and researchers supported by Decrypthon, a partnership between AFM (French Muscular Dystrophy Association), CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, and IBM were investigating protein–protein interactions for more than 2,200 proteins whose structures are known, with particular focus on those proteins that play a role in neuromuscular diseases. Phase 2 was launched on May 12, 2009, and completed on September 26, 2012. The database of information produced will help researchers design molecules to inhibit or enhance binding of particular macromolecules, hopefully leading to better treatments for muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular diseases. Phase 2 of the Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy project began once the results from the first phase had been analyzed. Phase 2 ran on the BOINC platform. === Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together – Phase 2 === Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together – Phase 2 (launched February 17, 2010) is sponsored by The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Texas, United States and the University of Chicago in Illinois, USA. The mission is to identify promising drug candidates to combat the Dengue, Hepatitis C, West Nile, Yellow Fever, and other related viruses. The extensive computing power of World


id: world-community-grid-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid-6.md
category: reference
title: World Community Grid
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Community_Grid
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:51.468676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-community-grid-20260505-0
summary:
FightAIDS@Home (launched November 19, 2005) was World Community Grid's second project and its first to target a single disease. Each individual computer processes one potential drug molecule and tests how well it would dock with HIV protease, acting as a protease inhibitor. Scripps Research Institute published its first peer-reviewed scientific paper about the results of FightAIDS@Home on April 21, 2007. This paper explains that the results up to that point will primarily be used to improve the efficiency of future FightAIDS@Home calculations. === FightAIDS@Home Phase 2 === FightAIDS@Home Phase 2 (launched September 30, 2015) is looking more closely at the results of Phase 1. The project has two goals in the early experiments; the simulation architecture is functioning correctly and giving reliable results, and using BEDAM and AutoDock together provides better results than using just BEDAM or AutoDock. === Microbiome Immunity Project === Microbiome Immunity Project (launched August 2017) is a study of proteins in bacteria located in and on the human body; the human microbiome, which comprises around 3 million separate bacterial genes. By studying bacterial genes, researchers can determine their individual shapes, which in turn dictate the function of the bacteria. Collaborative institutions includes the University of California


id: ufluids-home-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFluids@Home-0.md
category: reference
title: UFluids@Home
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFluids@Home
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:52.648318+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ufluids-home-20260505-0
summary:
μFluids@Home is a computer simulation of two-phase flow behavior in microgravity and microfluidics problems at Purdue University, using the Surface Evolver program. == About == The project's purpose is to develop better methods for the management of liquid rocket propellants in microgravity, and to investigate two-phase flow in microelectromechanical systems, taking into account factors like surface tension. Systems using electrowetting, channel geometry, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings to allow the smooth passage of fluids can then be designed. Such systems include compact medical devices, biosensors, and fuel cells. == Computing platform == μFluids@Home uses the BOINC volunteer computing platform. Application notes There is no screensaver. Work unit CPU times are generally less than 20 hours. Work units average in size around 500 kB. You must run many work units to get levels of credit comparable to SETI@home or climateprediction.net BOINC projects. == References == == External links == Website archive


id: siarhei-besarab-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab-0.md
category: reference
title: Siarhei Besarab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:54.675118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siarhei-besarab-20260505-0
summary:
Siarhei Besarab (Belarusian pronunciation: [ˈsʲargej bʲesɐˈrab] ) is a Belarusian chemist, civil activist, and science communicator known for his contributions to popularizing science in the fields of radioactivity, nuclear safety, and environmental protection. A specialist in surface science, he formerly worked as a researcher at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Following the 2020 Belarusian protests, Besarab was dismissed from his academic position. He subsequently became a prominent critic of the safety protocols at the Astravets Nuclear Power Plant and published analyses regarding the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. In June 2023, citing political persecution and facing charges from the Belarusian KGB, he left the country for the European Union == Early life and education == Siarhei Besarab was born in 1984 in the city of Novogrudok in the Grodno Region of western Belarus. He graduated with honors from Secondary School No. 3 in Novogrudok, where he won several awards at regional and national chemistry olympiads during his school years. In recognition of his academic performance in chemistry, Besarab received a local student distinction which included the ceremonial wearing of the academic gown belonging to Boris Kit, a rocket scientist originally from the region. Besarab received


id: siarhei-besarab-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab-1.md
category: reference
title: Siarhei Besarab
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarhei_Besarab
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:54.675118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siarhei-besarab-20260505-0
summary:
In 2020, he issued a scientific rebuttal to accusations against civil activist Stsiapan Latypau, debunking claims of a plot to poison law enforcement with agricultural chemicals. He also contributed to an appeal by Belarusian scientists condemning state violence following the contested presidential election, actions that led to his dismissal from the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry and a professional ban. His inclusion in the list of repressed Belarusian scientists prompted the scientific community to publish The Scientists’ Open Letter Against Repressions, signed by over 800 academics. In response to ongoing repression, Besarab co-founded the Belarusian Scientific Solidarity Fund to support persecuted scholars. He further opposed the Russian invasion of Ukraine by publishing an open letter on behalf of the Belarusian scientific community, despite backlash from the NASB. As part of the Until All Are Free campaign, he became an advocate for political prisoner Artsiom Bayarski, a chemistry student targeted for his involvement in post-election protests. As a public defender of academic freedom Besarab has consistently highlighted issues in Belarusian science, such as censorship, lack of academic freedom, and opaque funding practices. His data-driven initiatives include mapping the repression of Belarusian citizens and scientists, producing analyses like the "map of


id: chemophobia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia-0.md
category: reference
title: Chemophobia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:56.012554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chemophobia-20260505-0
summary:
Chemophobia (or chemphobia or chemonoia) is an aversion to or prejudice against chemicals or chemistry. The phenomenon has been ascribed both to a reasonable concern over the potential adverse effects of synthetic chemicals, and to an irrational fear of these substances because of misconceptions about their potential for harm, particularly the possibility of certain exposures to some synthetic chemicals elevating an individual's risk of cancer. Consumer products with labels such as "natural" and "chemical free" (the latter being impossible if taken literally, since all consumer products consist of chemical substances) appeal to chemophobic sentiments by offering consumers what appears to be a safer alternative (see appeal to nature). == Definition and uses == There are differing opinions on the proper usage of the word chemophobia. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines chemophobia as an "irrational fear of chemicals". According to the American Council on Science and Health, chemophobia is a fear of synthetic substances arising from "scare stories" and exaggerated claims about their dangers prevalent in the media. Despite containing the suffix -phobia, the majority of written work focusing on addressing chemophobia describes it as a non-clinical aversion or prejudice, and not as a phobia in


id: chemophobia-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia-1.md
category: reference
title: Chemophobia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemophobia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:56.012554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chemophobia-20260505-0
summary:
== Causes and effects == According to chemistry professor Pierre Laszlo, chemists have experienced chemophobia from the population at large, and asserts that it is rooted both in irrational notions and in genuine concerns (such as those over chemical warfare and industrial disasters). Gordon Gribble has written that the start of chemophobia could arguably be attributed to Silent Spring (1962), and that subsequent events such as the contamination of Times Beach (1983) and the Bhopal disaster (1984) only exacerbated the situation. These events have led to association between the word "chemical" and notions of things that unnatural or artificial and also dangerous, and the opposite has occurred, where goods are marketed as "chemical free" or "natural", to avoid this association, which in turn reinforces the misconception that "chemicals" are unnatural and dangerous. The chemical industry has moved to make chemicals used as flavoring or aromas using biotechnology instead of synthetic chemistry, as the products can be marketed as "natural". According to the industry advocacy group American Council on Science and Health, chemophobia is a growing phenomenon among the American public and has reached "epidemic" proportions among the general public. In a book published by the Council, Jon Entine writes that


id: citizen-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science is research conducted with the participation of the general public, amateur or nonprofessional researchers, or participants from the fields of science, social science, and many other disciplines. The exact definition of "citizen science" varies, with different individuals and organizations having their own specific interpretations of its scope. Citizen science is employed in a wide range of areas of study, including ecology, biology, conservation, health and medical research, astronomy, media and communications, and information science. The applications and functions of citizen science in research projects are multifaceted. Citizen science can be used as a methodology in which public volunteers help in data collection and classification, thereby improving the scientific community's capacity. Citizen science can also involve more direct involvement from the public, with communities initiating projects researching environment and health hazards within their own communities. Participation in citizen science projects also educates the public about the scientific process and increases awareness about different topics. Some schools incorporate citizen science projects as part of their teaching curricula for this very purpose. == Background == The first use of the term "citizen science" appeared in a January 1989 issue of the MIT Technology Review, which featured three community-based labs studying environmental


id: citizen-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-1.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
A Green Paper on Citizen Science was published in 2013 by the European Commission's Digital Science Unit and Socientize.eu, which included a definition for citizen science, referring to "the general public engagement in scientific research activities when citizens actively contribute to science either with their intellectual effort or surrounding knowledge or with their tools and resources. Participants provide experimental data and facilities for researchers, raise new questions and co-create a new scientific culture." Citizen science may be performed by individuals, teams, or networks of volunteers. Citizen scientists often partner with professional scientists to achieve common goals. Large volunteer networks often allow scientists to accomplish tasks that would be too expensive or time-consuming to accomplish through other means. Many citizen-science projects serve education and outreach goals. These projects may be designed for a formal classroom environment or an informal education environment such as museums. Citizen science has evolved over the past four decades. Recent projects place more emphasis on scientifically sound practices and measurable goals for public education. Modern citizen science differs from its historical forms primarily in the access for, and subsequent scale of, public participation; technology is credited as one of the main drivers of the recent explosion of


id: citizen-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-2.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Related fields === In a Smart City era, Citizen Science relies on various web-based tools, such as WebGIS, and becomes Cyber Citizen Science. Some projects, such as SETI@home, use the Internet to take advantage of distributed computing. These projects are generally passive. Computation tasks are performed by volunteers' computers and require little involvement beyond initial setup. There is disagreement as to whether these projects should be classified as citizen science. The astrophysicist and Galaxy Zoo co-founder Kevin Schawinski stated: "We prefer to call this [Galaxy Zoo] citizen science because it's a better description of what you're doing; you're a regular citizen but you're doing science. Crowd sourcing sounds a bit like, well, you're just a member of the crowd and you're not; you're our collaborator. You're pro-actively involved in the process of science by participating." Compared to SETI@home, "Galaxy Zoo volunteers do real work. They're not just passively running something on their computer and hoping that they'll be the first person to find aliens. They have a stake in science that comes out of it, which means that they are now interested in what we do with it, and what we find." Citizen policy may be another result of


id: citizen-science-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-3.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
They conclude that as citizen science continues to grow and mature, a key metric of project success they expect to see will be a growing awareness of data quality. They also conclude that citizen science will emerge as a general tool helping "to collect otherwise unobtainable high-quality data in support of policy and resource management, conservation monitoring, and basic science." A study of Canadian lepidoptera datasets published in 2018 compared the use of a professionally curated dataset of butterfly specimen records with four years of data from a citizen science program, eButterfly. The eButterfly dataset was used as it was determined to be of high quality because of the expert vetting process used on site, and there already existed a dataset covering the same geographic area consisting of specimen data, much of it institutional. The authors note that, in this case, citizen science data provides both novel and complementary information to the specimen data. Five new species were reported from the citizen science data, and geographic distribution information was improved for over 80% of species in the combined dataset when citizen science data was included. Several recent studies have begun to explore the accuracy of citizen science projects and how


id: citizen-science-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-4.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Data governance, privacy and sovereignty === As citizen science becomes increasingly influenced by digital platforms and sensors, governance questions go beyond research ethics to include data protection law and community control over reuse. Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), participatory projects that involve personal data can complicate the usual separation between professional researchers ("controllers") and participants ("data subjects"): citizen scientists may be considered joint controllers when they share or shape project purposes, which could expose volunteers to compliance responsibilities and create risks for both participant protections and project legitimacy. Practical guidance for citizen science therefore increasingly requires early planning for lawful data handling, clear allocation of responsibilities, and transparency about data flows across collection, storage, and sharing. A second governance challenge concerns power asymmetries in open data. Because volunteers often produce data while institutions handle and publish it, decisions about openness, attribution, and access restrictions can include unequal priorities and certain vulnerabilities. Ethical open-data practice in citizen science is therefore frequently framed as a matter of data governance, not only technical quality. These concerns also extend to environmental monitoring where data may be politically sensitive (e.g., pollution exposure, land use, biodiversity decline). Finally, monitoring initiatives have highlighted data


id: citizen-science-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-5.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
== Relations with education and academia == There have been studies published which examine the place of citizen science within education.(e.g.) Teaching aids can include books and activity or lesson plans.(e.g.). Some examples of studies are: From the Second International Handbook of Science Education, a chapter entitled: "Citizen Science, Ecojustice, and Science Education: Rethinking an Education from Nowhere", by Mueller and Tippins (2011), acknowledges in the abstract that: "There is an emerging emphasis in science education on engaging youth in citizen science." The authors also ask: "whether citizen science goes further with respect to citizen development." The abstract ends by stating that the "chapter takes account of the ways educators will collaborate with members of the community to effectively guide decisions, which offers promise for sharing a responsibility for democratizing science with others." From the journal Democracy and Education, an article entitled: "Lessons Learned from Citizen Science in the Classroom" by authors Gray, Nicosia and Jordan (GNJ; 2012) gives a response to a study by Mueller, Tippins and Bryan (MTB) called "The Future of Citizen Science". GNJ begins by stating in the abstract that "The Future of Citizen Science": "provides an important theoretical perspective about the future of democratized science


id: citizen-science-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-6.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
== History == While citizen science developed at the end of the 20th century, characteristics of citizen science are not new. Prior to the 20th century, science was often the pursuit of gentleman scientists, amateur or self-funded researchers such as Sir Isaac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, and Charles Darwin. Women citizen scientists from before the 20th century include Florence Nightingale who "perhaps better embodies the radical spirit of citizen science". Before the professionalization of science by the end of the 19th century, most pursued scientific projects as an activity rather than a profession itself, an example being amateur naturalists in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the British colonization of North America, American Colonists recorded the weather, offering much of the information now used to estimate climate data and climate change during this time period. These people included John Campanius Holm, who recorded storms in the mid-1600s, as well as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin who tracked weather patterns during America's founding. Their work focused on identifying patterns by amassing their data and that of their peers and predecessors, rather than specific professional knowledge in scientific fields. Some consider these individuals as the progenitors of the citizen scientist concept,


id: citizen-science-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-7.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science projects have become increasingly focused on providing benefits to scientific research. The North American Bird Phenology Program (historically called the Bird Migration and Distribution records) may have been the earliest collective effort of citizens collecting ornithological information in the U.S. The program, dating back to 1883, was started by Wells Woodbridge Cooke. Cooke established a network of observers around North America to collect bird migration records. The Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count, which began in 1900, is another example of a long-standing tradition of citizen science which has persisted to the present day, now containing a collection of six million handwritten migration observer cards that date back to the 19th century. Participants input this data into an online database for analysis. Citizen scientists help gather data that will be analyzed by professional researchers, and can be used to produce bird population and biodiversity indicators. Raptor migration research relies on the data collected by the hawkwatching community. This mostly volunteer group counts migrating accipiters, buteos, falcons, harriers, kites, eagles, osprey, vultures and other raptors at hawk sites throughout North America during the spring and fall seasons. The daily data is uploaded to hawkcount.org where it can be viewed by


id: citizen-science-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-8.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Rocky reefs === Reef Life Survey is a marine life monitoring programme based in Hobart, Tasmania. The project uses recreational divers that have been trained to make fish and invertebrate counts, using an approximate 50 m constant depth transect of tropical and temperate reefs, which might include coral reefs. Reef Life Survey is international in its scope, but the data collectors are predominantly from Australia. The database is available to marine ecology researchers, and is used by several marine protected area managements in Australia, New Zealand, American Samoa and the eastern Pacific. Its results have also been included in the Australian Ocean DATA Network. === Agriculture === Farmer participation in experiments has a long tradition in agricultural science. There are many opportunities for citizen engagement in different parts of food systems. Citizen science is actively used for crop variety selection for climate adaptation, involving thousands of farmers. Citizen science has also played a role in furthering sustainable agriculture. === Art history === Citizen science has a long tradition in natural science. Today, citizen science projects can also be found in various fields of science like art history. For example, the Zooniverse project AnnoTate is a transcription tool developed to


id: citizen-science-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-9.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Video technology is much used in scientific research. The Citizen Science Center in the Nature Research Center wing of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences has exhibits on how to get involved in scientific research and become a citizen scientist. For example, visitors can observe birdfeeders at the Prairie Ridge Ecostation satellite facility via live video feed and record which species they see. Since 2005, the Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of "citizen scientist". Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the crowd to discover new details of human population history. This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of personal DNA testing. Like amateur astronomy, citizen scientists encouraged by volunteer organizations like the International Society of Genetic Genealogy have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community. With unmanned aerial vehicles, further citizen science is enabled. One example is the ESA's AstroDrone smartphone app for gathering robotic data with the Parrot AR.Drone. Citizens in Space (CIS), a project


id: citizen-science-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-10.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Not counting iNaturalist and eBird, the Zooniverse is home to the internet's largest, most popular and most successful citizen science projects. The Zooniverse and the suite of projects it contains is produced, maintained and developed by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA). The member institutions of the CSA work with many academic and other partners around the world to produce projects that use the efforts and ability of volunteers to help scientists and researchers deal with the flood of data that confronts them. On 29 June 2015, the Zooniverse released a new software version with a project-building tool allowing any registered user to create a project. Project owners may optionally complete an approval process to have their projects listed on the Zooniverse site and promoted to the Zooniverse community. A NASA/JPL picture to the right gives an example from one of Zooniverse's projects The Milky Way Project. The website CosmoQuest has as its goal "To create a community of people bent on together advancing our understanding of the universe; a community of people who are participating in doing science, who can explain why what they do matters, and what questions they are helping to answer." CrowdCrafting enables its participants to create


id: citizen-science-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-11.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen science includes projects that help monitor plastics and their associated pollution. These include The Ocean Cleanup, #OneLess, The Big Microplastic Survey, EXXpedition and Alliance to End Plastic Waste. Ellipsis seeks to map the distribution of litter using aerial data mapping by unmanned aerial vehicles and machine learning software. A Zooniverse project called The Plastic Tide (now finished) helped train an algorithm used by Ellipsis. Examples of relevant articles (by date): Citizen Science Promotes Environmental Engagement: (quote) "Citizen science projects are rapidly gaining popularity among the public, in which volunteers help gather data on species that can be used by scientists in research. And it's not just adults who are involved in these projects – even kids have collected high-quality data in the US." Tackling Microplastics on Our Own: (quote) "Plastics, ranging from the circles of soda can rings to microbeads the size of pinheads, are starting to replace images of sewage for a leading cause of pollution – especially in the ocean". Further, "With recent backing from the Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science Act, citizen science is increasingly embraced as a tool by US Federal agencies." Citizen Scientists Are Tracking Plastic Pollution Worldwide: (quote) "Scientists who are monitoring the spread


id: citizen-science-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-12.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
Citizen Sense (2013–2018): (quote) "Practices of monitoring and sensing environments have migrated to everyday participatory applications, where users of smart phones and networked devices are able to engage with modes of environmental observation and data collection." Breathe Project: (quote) "We use the best available science and technology to better understand the quality of the air we breathe and provide opportunities for citizens to engage and take action." The Bristol Approach to Citizen Sensing: (quote) "Citizen Sensing is about empowering people and places to understand and use smart tech and data from sensors to tackle the issues they care about, connect with other people who can help, and take positive, practical action." Luftdaten.info: (quote) "You and thousands of others around the world install self-built sensors on the outside their home. Luftdaten.info generates a continuously updated particular matter map from the transmitted data." CitiSense: (quote) "CitiSense aims to co-develop a participatory risk management system (PRMS) with citizens, local authorities and organizations which enables them to contribute to advanced climate services and enhanced urban climate resilience as well as receive recommendations that support their security." A group of citizen scientists in a community-led project targeting toxic smoke from wood burners in Bristol, has


id: citizen-science-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science-13.md
category: reference
title: Citizen science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T04:12:57.708518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: citizen-science-20260505-0
summary:
The distributed computing project Folding@home launched a program in March 2020 to assist researchers around the world who were working on finding a cure and learning more about the coronavirus pandemic. The initial wave of projects were meant to simulate potentially druggable protein targets from SARS-CoV-2 (and also its predecessor and close relation SARS-CoV, about which there is significantly more data available). In 2024, the project has been extended to look at other health issues including Alzheimer's and cancer. The project asks volunteers to download the app and donate computing power for simulations. The distributed computing project Rosetta@home also joined the effort in March 2020. The project uses computers of volunteers to model SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins to discover possible drug targets or create new proteins to neutralize the virus. Researchers revealed that with the help of Rosetta@home, they had been able to "accurately predict the atomic-scale structure of an important coronavirus protein weeks before it could be measured in the lab." In 2022, the parent Boinc company thanked contributors for donating their computer power and helping work on the de novo protein design including vaccine development. The OpenPandemics – COVID-19 project is a partnership between Scripps Research and IBM's World


