# kb

id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-6.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
==== Commission on European Matters ==== This Commission, formed in 2003, is engaged—as its name indicates—into the issues related to European matters and especially the Poland's, and Kraków's, place and role in Europe. Several ongoing works (and mainly open sessions) have been already organised and all of them focused on various aspects of Poland's participation in European Union. The exemplary subjects listed below (lectures or introductions to discussions during the Commission's meetings) are brief but accurate summary of the most important issues: Constitution Treaty of the European Union by Edmund Wittbrodt, Europe Seeking for its Symbols. History and Meaning of the European flag by Krzysztof Kowalski, Being a European – what does it mean? by Zdzisław Mach and Piotr Sztompka, Is it worth dying for Nice? by Wojciech Słomczyński and Karol Życzkowski. The Commission have worked on—and still is planning to do so—education and science matters (i.e. Polish studies on European Matters faculties, role of universities in today's Europe, scientific and educational policies in Poland and Europe, financing of scientific research works, various organisational aspects of scientific activities in a European scale, European scientific associations' undertakings etc.) Altogether with the Commission on the History of Science, the Commission for European


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-7.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== The Academic Library of the PAU and PAN === The Academic Library of the PAU and the PAN has been in the structure of the PAU since 1 January 2000. Its origins go back to the 19th century and to the Kraków Learned Society. Until 1952 it functioned as the Library of the Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1872) and of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1920), and starting from 1953 as an independent unit of the Polish Academy of Sciences. As a result of the agreement between the PAN and the PAU concluded on 20 October 1999, the Library became an institution managed by the PAU. The Library numbers ca. 660,000 volumes and inventory units, including nearly 144,250 volumes and inventory units of special collections, which comprise nearly 13,700 old prints, about 13,000 manuscripts and over 96,000 graphics and drawings. The Library exchanges publications with more than 1,000 institutions in 77 countries, publishes its "Annual" (of a volume of c.a. 50 publisher's sheets), prepares and successively issues catalogues of its collections, and is engaged in gathering and providing information, for instance on didactics in tertiary education institutions in Kraków. The Library has its own


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-8.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== International Cooperation === Since its foundation, the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences has been actively involved in cooperation with foreign institutions and activities on the international forum. Already in the 19th century the Academy initiated archival expeditions to study sources from the history of Poland (among other the so-called Roman Expedition to Vatican Archives connected with its opening in 1881), and sent its representatives to international congresses. In 1898, the Academy of Arts and Sciences became the owner of the Polish Library in Paris and opened a scientific station there. The Academy's library in Kraków carried on a broad exchange of publications from the very beginning. In 1921, the PAU became a founding member of the Union Académique Internationale (UAI). After its activities were resumed, the PAU's membership in the UAI was renewed in 1993, and the PAU began to take part in the research and publication projects of this organization. The publication of the Polish series of the "Corpus vasorum antiquorum" (CVA) was completed with volume 10, devoted to Cypriot pottery from the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw. The Kraków sheet in the "Tabula Imperii Romani" (TIR) was worked out and published, and the material


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-9.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== Prizes === The PAU awards prizes for outstanding research achievements. These include the following: The Nicholas Copernicus Prize, funded by the City of Kraków by a resolution of the City Council passed on 9 July 1993, in conjunction with the foundation act of the Municipal Commune of 18 February 1973. By tradition, the PAU awards this Prize every year in the fields of astronomy, earth sciences, economy, natural philosophy, medicine, military defense sciences, and law. In 1995, for the first time since the revival of the PAU, six Prizes were awarded. The Marian Mięsowicz Prize awarded every two years for outstanding achievements in the field of physics. The Prize, funded by institutes of physics working in Kraków, was awarded for the first time in 1997. The Tadeusz Browicz Prize, awarded annually since 1998 for outstanding achievements in the field of medicine. To date, the prizes have been funded by the Pliva pharmaceutical company in Kraków, Novartis Poland, and the School of Medicine in English at the Jagiellonian University's Collegium Medicum. In June 2003, the Marian Kukieł Prize for outstanding achievements in the field of military history was awarded for the first time. Prof. Leszek Suski, Gen. Marian Kukie's copyright


id: polish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:44.069229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored national academy of sciences and institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars and a network of research institutes. It was established in 1951, during the early period of the Polish People's Republic following World War II. == History == The Polish Academy of Sciences was established by the merger of earlier science societies, including the Polish Academy of Learning (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, abbreviated PAU), with its seat in Kraków, and the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning (Science), which had been founded in the late 18th century. The Polish Academy of Sciences functions as a learned society acting through an elected assembly of leading scholars and research institutions. The Academy has also, operating through its committees, become a major scientific advisory body. Another aspect of the Academy is its coordination and overseeing of numerous (several dozen) research institutes. PAN institutes employ over 2,000 people and are funded by about a third of the Polish government's budget for science. == Leadership == The Polish Academy of Sciences is led


id: lisbon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lisbon Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:45.330025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lisbon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon (Portuguese: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Portugal's most prestigious scientific authorities and the official regulator of the Portuguese language in Portugal, through its Class of Letters. == History == The academy was founded on 24 December 1779 in Lisbon, Portugal, by João Carlos de Bragança, Duke de Lafões, who served as the academy's first President, and José Correia da Serra, who served as its first secretary-general. Domenico Vandelli was among its mentors and early organizers. It inherited several archives from its direct predecessor the Royal Academy of Portuguese History (Academia Real da História Portuguesa), which had been functioning since 1720 and stopped in 1776. This society had been meeting informally since 1717, under the sponsorship of the 4th Count of Ericeira, until its approval by King John V and receiving royal patronage. The academy received royal patronage under Queen Maria I of Portugal in 1783, bestowing the title of Royal Academy of Sciences (Real Academia das Ciências) unto the institution. The seat of the academy in Lisbon


id: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Prussian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer. In the 18th century, when French was the language of science and culture, it was a French-language institution. == Origins == Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, Germany founded the Academy under the name of Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften ("Electoral-Brandenburger Society of Sciences") upon the advice of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was appointed president. Unlike other Academies, the Prussian Academy was not directly funded out of the state treasury. Frederick granted it the monopoly on producing and selling calendars in Brandenburg, a suggestion from Leibniz. As Frederick was crowned "King in Prussia" in 1701, creating the Kingdom of Prussia, the Academy was renamed Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). While other Academies focused on a few topics, the Prussian Academy was the first to teach both sciences and humanities. In 1710, the Academy statute was set, dividing the Academy into two sciences and two humanities classes. This was not changed until 1830, when the physics-mathematics and


id: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Prussian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable members == Christoph Ludwig von Stille 1696–1752, curator Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, founding president 1700 Jacob Paul von Gundling Dimitrie Cantemir, foreign member 1714 Gassen von Stein, Vice President, Doctor and member; 1732 Leonhard Euler 1741–1766 Montesquieu, foreign member 1746 Voltaire, c. 1750 Denis Diderot, foreign member 1751 Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow, Lieutenant General, 30 November 1753 Johann Heinrich Lambert, c. 1763 Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1766–1786 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, foreign member 1769 Immanuel Kant, foreign member 1786 Heinrich Friedrich von Diez, honorary member 1814 Friedrich Schleiermacher, proper member 1810 Hermann von Helmholtz, corresponding member 1857; foreign member 1870; proper member 1871 Heinrich von Wild, corresponding member, 1881. Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, proper member 1893 Max Planck, proper member 1894 William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Friedrich Max Müller, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Josiah Willard Gibbs, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Henry Augustus Rowland, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) William James, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Alexander Stuart Murray, corresponding member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)


id: romanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Romanian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:47.822091+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: romanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Romanian Academy of Sciences was an institution established in Romania by a group of 26 scientists, dissatisfied with the imperfect organization of the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, which was left in the background, with only 12 seats to represent all sciences. == Short history == On March 29, 1935, the institution, which was established de facto on March 11, 1935, received legal personality. According to the statute, the purpose of the Romanian Academy of Sciences was to encourage and guide the scientific creation by: a) facilitating the networking of the researchers in various pure and applied scientific specialties and circulation of their research results through communications, reports, publications, exhibitions, etc. b) stimulating research through awards for valuable works, by subsidizing etc. c) scientific initiation of the staff of the special institutions that depend to the Academy of Sciences. To this end, finally, the Romanian Academy of Sciences set the number of full members to be 120, with up to 12 members of each of the 10 sections: 1.Section of Mathematics and Astronomy; 2.Section of Physics; 3.Section of Chemistry; 4.Section Biology (Zoology, Botany, Physiology); 5.Section of Applied Biology; 6.Section of Geology, Mineralogy and Geography; 7.Section of Military Science


id: royal-national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:49.007975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal National Academy of Medicine (Spanish: Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, RANM) is a Spanish institution dedicated to the study, research and promotion of the medical sciences. It's motto is Ars cum natura ad salutem conspirans, "Art collaborating with nature for health". Since 2020, the president of the RANM is Eduardo Díaz-Rubio García and former president Manuel Díaz-Rubio García acts as honorary president since 2012. == History == The origins of the Royal National Academy of Medicine date back to the summer of 1733, when doctors, surgeons and pharmacists from Madrid met to discuss medical topics. A year later, on September 13, 1734, King Felipe V approved a royal decree formally creating the Academy of Medicine of Madrid and, after receiving royal protection, acquired the title of "royal". In the 19th century, during the Ominous Decade, the government ordered its closure, although it only lasted four years. After the death of King Ferdinand VII, during the reign of his daughter, Isabella II, greater freedom of thought and science was allowed, and in 1861 new statutes renamed it as the "Royal National Academy of Medicine", a name that survives to this day. With the creation of the Institute of Spain


id: royal-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society of Edinburgh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:50.200940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established in 1783. As of 2021, there are around 1,800 Fellows. The Society covers a broader range of fields than the Royal Society of London, including literature and history. The Fellowship includes people from a wide range of disciplines: science and technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business, and public service. == History == At the start of the 18th century, Edinburgh's intellectual climate fostered many clubs and societies (see Scottish Enlightenment). Though there were several that treated the arts, sciences and medicine, the most prestigious was the Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Medical Society of Edinburgh, co-founded by the mathematician Colin Maclaurin in 1731. Maclaurin was unhappy with the specialist nature of the Medical Society, and in 1737 a new, broader society, the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences and particularly Natural Knowledge, was split from the specialist medical organisation, which then went on to become the Royal Medical Society. The cumbersome name was changed


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Latin: Academia Scientiarum et Artium Serbica; Serbian: Српска академија наука и уметности, САНУ, romanized: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, SANU) is a national academy and the most prominent academic institution in Serbia, founded in 1841 as Society of Serbian Letters (Serbian: Друштво србске словесности, ДСС, romanized: Društvo srbske slovesnosti, DSS). The Academy's membership has included Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić, Leopold Ružička, Vladimir Prelog, Glenn T. Seaborg, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and Peter Handke as well as, Josif Pančić, Jovan Cvijić, Branislav Petronijević, Vlaho Bukovac, Mihajlo Pupin, Nikola Tesla, Milutin Milanković, Mihailo Petrović-Alas, Mehmed Meša Selimović, Danilo Kiš, Paja Jovanović, Dmitri Mendeleev, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Jacob Grimm, Antonín Dvořák, Henry Moore and many other scientists, scholars and artists of Serbian and foreign origin. == History == === Predecessors === The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences (Serbian: Српска краљевска академија, СКА, romanized: Srpska kraljevska akademija, SKA) was the successor to the Serbian Learned Society (Serbian: Српско учено друштво, СУД, romanized: Srpsko učeno društvo, SUD) with which it merged in 1892 and accepted its members as its own either regular or honorary members, its tasks and its place in scientific and cultural life. The same


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-1.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
Affirmed architect of domestic architecture Кonstantin Jovanović was hired to make the design in 1900. It was the first project in a row which remained unrealized: starting from the plea to eminent architectures Аndra Stevanović, Nikola Nestorović, Milan Kapetanović and Dragutin Đorđević, to make the preliminary designs, through the unsuccessful announcement of the public competition, until the attempt to form the project resembling the building of Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts from Zagreb and new designs of an architect Konstantin Jovanović. At the same time, with the attempts to obtain the adequate design, the interest of the three institutions for the construction of the common building was not constant. Dealing with the problem of permanent location, in 1908 SRA got to use the space in the building of Sima Igumanović endowment at 15 Brankova Street. After more than two decades of attempting to obtain its own building, the Presidency of SRA, by the end of 1910 decided to entrust the design to Dragutin Đorđević and Andra Stevanović. The cornerstone was laid on 27 March 1914, by the Crown Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević in the presence of the academics and the Ministers of Construction and Education. The construction works were assigned


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-2.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The building was officially and solemnly opened on 24 February 1952, when the Academy finally and permanently moved in into the building. In 1967, Samojlov did the design for the adaptation of the gallery on the corner of Knez Mihailova and Vuka Karadžića streets. Perfectly composed interior left room for additional improvement during the next couple of years, so that until today it has been enriched by our eminent artists. The glass gaps of the final collimation line in the entrance hall were replaced by the stained glass done in 2000, after the drawings by Branko Miljuš, whereas the stained glass windows in the Congress Hall and in the foyer in front of the hall were made after the design of the academic Mladen Srbinović in 2005. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, as the most significant scientific institution in Serbia, gave the biggest contribution to the improvement of the scientific thought, gathering many prominent names of Serbian, Yugoslav and world science and artistic creation. Its building, built at one of the most representative locations of Belgrade urban space, with its architecture makes the inevitable part of the evaluation of, not only local, but also national construction heritage for almost


id: shahmardan-yesenov-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov-0.md
category: reference
title: Shahmardan Yesenov
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:52.830706+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shahmardan-yesenov-20260505-0
summary:
Shakhmardan Yessenov (August 5, 1927, Bala-Bi village, Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region – August 24, 1994, Almaty) was a Kazakhstani scientist and statesman, Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR (1961–1967, 1974–1978), Academician of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967), President of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967–1974), Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy (1970). == Biography == Shakhmardan Yessenov was born in the village of Bala Bi (Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region) on August 5, 1927. He graduated from Qyzylorda Teacher Training College in 1944. In 1949 completed his training as a mining geological engineer at the Kazakh Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (now Satbayev National Technical University). During his 11 years of work in Jezkazgan, rose from a regular geologist to the Chief Geologist and Chief Engineer of Jezkazgan Comprehensive Geological Survey Expedition. Yessenov's talents propelled his career and in 1960 he became Deputy Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR, and Minister the next year at the age of 33, thus becoming the youngest ever Minister in the USSR. When large deposits of oil and gas were discovered in the Mangyshlak Peninsula in 1962, Khrushchev had the idea of handing the region over to Azerbaijan or Turkmenistan, citing republics substantial


id: slovenian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:54.114627+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: slovenian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovene: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti (SAZU)) is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members of the academy. == Cultural significance == Established in 1938, the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts (SAZU) is the supreme national institution for science and the arts. It associates scientists and artists who have been elected as its members for their outstanding achievements in the field of sciences and arts. It cultivates, encourages and promotes sciences and arts and, through its activities, contributes to the development of scientific thought and creativity in the arts, particularly by: addressing basic issues of sciences and arts; participating in establishing the policies of research activities and creativity in arts; giving appraisals, proposals and opinions on the position, development and promotion of sciences and arts and on the organisation of research activities and creativity in the arts; organising research work, also in co-operation with universities and other research institutions, particularly in the fields which are important for the awareness of and gaining insight into the natural and cultural heritage of the Slovene nation and for the development


id: academy-of-science-of-south-africa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Science of South Africa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:55.384949+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-science-of-south-africa-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) is the national science academy in South Africa. It was started in 1996, and encompasses all fields of scientific work. Its legal foundation is the Academy of Science of South Africa Act, Act 67 of 2001, which came into operation in May 2002. The ASSAf was inaugurated in March 1996 by the former President of South Africa and patron of the academy, Nelson Mandela. In 2021, the academy had 632 members. == History == For about one century, the national science 'academy' comprised two separate institutions – the Royal Society (from the UK) and the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (SAAWK). SAAWK had an Afrikaans-language focus and was heavily supported by South African business. Based in Pretoria, it was established in 1909 and was the national academy (the statute was passed in 1950) until democracy in 1994. It was structured in two 'faculties': human and natural sciences, with a journal for each. While it still awards numerous medals and prizes, it is no longer recognised as the national science academy of South Africa. With the dawn of democracy in the early 1990s, it was realised that a new model was required.


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-the-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:56.746554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-the-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국학술원), is the senior national organization of distinguished South Korean scientists and scholars. It was founded to promote learning and research in all areas of sciences by conferring membership and preferential treatment to those who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of sciences and learning. The Academy consists of 150 Fellows who are selected by their peers for their contributions to the sciences and education. == Overview == The National Academy of Sciences was inaugurated on July 17, 1954, and entrusted with the duty of promoting the development of sciences, and of facilitating the development of national culture. Founded on the legal basis of Culture Protection Act promulgated on August 7, 1952, the National Academy of Sciences initially comprised 50 members. On March 25, 1954, fifty members were selected from around the nation : twenty-five from the humanities and social sciences, and twenty-five from the natural sciences. Thirty-four years later, on December 31, 1988, the Culture Protection Act of 1952 was replaced by the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea Act. The ceiling of membership is 150. The present Academy members total 134 as of


id: royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:57.939504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences (Spanish: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales) is an academic institution and learned society that was founded in Madrid in 1847. It is dedicated to the study and research of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and related sciences. == History == The forerunner of the modern Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Mathematics, was created in Madrid in 1582, during the reign of Philip II. It evolved from the environment of cooperation among the cosmographers, architects and civil engineers that served the monarch, and also involved prominent artillery experts and military engineers. The initiative was motivated by an interest that existed in the Spain of the late sixteenth century in promoting the teaching of mathematics with an eye to its practical applications in areas as diverse as mercantile calculation, cosmography, astrology on one hand, and the art of navigation and specific problems relating to military skills and construction techniques on the other. The idea of founding the Academy of Mathematics originated with Juan de Herrera, who was also its first director (1583–1597). It was founded in Lisbon in accordance with documents issued on December 25, 1582, and began functioning


id: royal-swedish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:59.240878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-swedish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Swedish: Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien) is one of the royal academies of Sweden. Founded on 2 June 1739, it is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization that takes special responsibility for promoting natural sciences and mathematics and strengthening their influence in society, whilst endeavouring to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines. The goals of the academy are: To be a forum where researchers meet across subject boundaries, To offer a unique environment for research, To provide support to younger researchers, To reward outstanding research efforts, To communicate internationally among scientists, To advance the case for science within society and to influence research policy priorities To stimulate interest in mathematics and science in school, and To disseminate and popularize scientific information in various forms. Every year, the academy awards the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize, the Sjöberg Prize and several other awards. The academy maintains close relations with foreign academies, learned societies and international scientific organizations and also promotes international scientific cooperation. The Academy of Sciences is located within the Stockholm region's Royal National City Park. == Prizes == ===


id: naturforschende-gesellschaft-in-z-rich-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich-0.md
category: reference
title: Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:00.501233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: naturforschende-gesellschaft-in-z-rich-20260505-0
summary:
The Society of Natural Sciences in Zurich (Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich) is a society founded in 1746 for the promotion of natural sciences. It was founded by Johannes Gessner and other citizens in Zurich as the Physicalische Societät and is one of the oldest scientific societies in both Switzerland and the German-speaking world. As of 2025, there were around 475 members, and the president is Fritz Gassmann. Within the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences, the NGZH is a member organisation of the Natural Sciences Platform. == History == In the Age of Enlightenment, people devoted themselves to the then flourishing natural sciences, i.e., in addition to physics, also mathematics, technology, agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, and especially natural history (which included descriptive natural sciences such as zoology, botany, meteorology, geology, geography, and astronomy). Zurich citizens tended to expand and complete their academic studies at foreign universities. The local university, the Carolinum at the Grossmünster, enjoyed great prestige for philology, philosophy, and theology—and increasingly also for the full professorship (then canon) of physics and mathematics established in 1558. But the academics who returned home lacked "collaborative scientific work, mutual stimulation, and the exchange of ideas." Thus, they came across " to doctor and


id: swiss-academies-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:01.789873+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-academies-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is a Swiss organization that supports and networks the sciences at a regional, national and international level. They are designated by the Federal Act to Promote Research and Innovation to promote research together with the Swiss National Science Foundation. Its current president is Yves Flückiger. The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is an association of four distinct Swiss academies of different kinds: Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences (SCNAT); Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (SAMW); Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAGW); Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW). == Overview == The two Centres for Excellence TA-SWISS and Fondation Science et Cité are also member of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. Forums and platforms allow the academy to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to various topics, and to strengthen the disciplinary national and international network. The academy also coordinates the sciences among the universities in Switzerland, while cooperating with institutions for the promotion of research, such as the Swiss National Science Foundation. At a regional level, too, scientific topics are brought to the attention of a large public. This task has been assumed by the cantonal and regional associations, which organise


id: swiss-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:02.977106+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT) is a Swiss national association founded in 1815. In German, French and Italian (the official languages of Switzerland) the name is Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz, Académie suisse des sciences naturelles, and Accademia svizzera di scienze naturali respectively. The Swiss Academy of Sciences is part of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, and awards the annual Prix Schläfli. In 2015 the SCNAT network included over 35,000 experts in over 130 societies in all cantons. The 2021 president is Philipp Moreillon. == See also == Academy of sciences Life Sciences Switzerland Science and technology in Switzerland == Notes and references == == External links == Official website


id: academia-sinica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-0.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
Academia Sinica (AS; Latin: Academia Sinica, lit. 'Chinese Academy'; Chinese: 中央研究院; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Yánjiùyuàn) is the national academy of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Headquartered in Nangang, Taipei, it conducts research in mathematics, physical sciences, life sciences, humanities, and social sciences. The academy was founded in Nanjing, China, in 1928, and was re-established in Taiwan in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War. As an educational institute, it provides PhD training and scholarship through its English-language Taiwan International Graduate Program in biology, agriculture, chemistry, physics, informatics, and earth and environmental sciences. Membership in Academia Sinica is determined through the election of academicians. An academician of Academia Sinica is the highest academic honor in the country. The current president of the academy since 2016 is James C. Liao, an expert in metabolic engineering, systems biology and synthetic biology. == History == === Founding and early years === Academia Sinica was established in April 1928 in the capital city of Nanking by the National Government of the Republic of China as the country's highest research organization. Its name is a Latin title whose literal meaning is "Chinese Academy". The academy's first president was the philosopher Cai Yuanpei and its first director-general was the


id: academia-sinica-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-1.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
The Convocation of Academia Sinica consists of 281 academicians, including 105 domestic and 176 overseas appointed scientists. Seven academicians of Academia Sinica are Nobel laureates. Academician membership is an honorary lifetime privilege without remuneration. They do not necessarily perform research or reside at the Academia Sinica campus. According to their own expertise, academicians are grouped into three divisions: Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities. A maximum number of ten new members is allocated to each of the three divisions during the biennial convocation. The eligibility of the academicians is not restricted to the residents of Republic of China (Taiwan) citizens. More than half of the academicians are overseas scholars and scientists. At the convocation, the academicians elect new academicians and honorary academicians, and elect members to the Council of Academia Sinica. The convocation can also recommend policies to the government on academic research. The academicians also have responsibilities to carry out research at the government's request, although the government has never requested any task. == Academicians == Academicians are elected every two years, with nominations open in July and ending in October. Outcome of election to academicians are publicly announced in July the following year.


id: academia-sinica-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-2.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
Since 2002, Academia Sinica set up the Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), open to local and international students for PhD programs. All courses at TIGP are conducted in English. Students can choose their advisor among a faculty selected for the program out of outstanding researchers and professors appointed at Academia Sinica or at one of the partner universities (or both). Currently, admittance to the programme guarantees a monthly stipend of 40,000 NTD, roughly $1,200 or €1,150 in their first year and up to 50,000 NTD, roughly $1,500 or €1,400 in their third year. The TIGP offers PhD programs only in selected disciplines agreed upon by Academia Sinica and its national research universities partners. The program offers doctoral degrees in highly interdisciplinary areas in the physical sciences, applied sciences, engineering, biological and agricultural sciences, health and medical sciences, humanities and social sciences. As of March 2017, Academia Sinica administers 13 such programs with degrees issued from partner universities: Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Molecular Science and Technology Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Bioinformatics Molecular and Cell Biology Nano Science and Technology Molecular Medicine Earth System Science Biodiversity Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Social Network and Human-Centered Computing Artificial Intelligence


id: tajik-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Tajik Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:05.442630+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tajik-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan incorporates 20 research institutes and three territorial groupings: the Pamir Branch in the eastern part of the country (with 2 institutes), the Khujand Scientific Center in the north, and the Khatlon Scientific Center in the south-west. The Academy is organized in three thematic divisions: physico-mathematical, chemical, and geological sciences; biological and medical sciences; humanities and social sciences. The incumbent president is Academician M.I. Ilolov, elected in 2005. Originally a part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the Tajik Academy of Sciences was established in 1951 as the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR, designated the highest scientific body in Tajik SSR and since 1991 in the Republic of Tajikistan. == Notes == == External links == Official website (in English, Russian, and Tajik) Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR in Big Soviet Encyclopedia, online edition (in Russian) H. Borjian, Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online


id: technical-sciences-academy-of-romania-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania-0.md
category: reference
title: Technical Sciences Academy of Romania
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:06.646430+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technical-sciences-academy-of-romania-20260505-0
summary:
The Technical Sciences Academy of Romania was created on 17 October 1997, when its 27 founding members decided to revive the former Romanian Academy of Sciences, which had been disestablished in 1948, being merged into the Academy of the Romanian Popular Republic. == Short history == On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. The first bylaws of the Academy were drafted by Radu Voinea, Florin Teodor Tănăsescu, Mihai Mihăiță and Mircea Stelin Petrescu, The Decision of the Romanian Government No. 807/21.06.2006, recognized ASTR as an organization of public utility. In 2008, the Romanian Parliament discussed the functions of the Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, elevating it to national forum of scientific consecration of personalities in the field of engineering, of debates and initiatives for the promotion and development of research, technical creation and engineering education, by an appropriate change in the academy's purpose. The law was discussed and approved by the Chamber of Deputies of the Romanian Parliament on 8 October 2008, and


id: turkish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Turkish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:07.877791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turkish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Turkish Academy of Sciences (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi – TÜBA) is an autonomous scholarly association aimed at promoting scientific activities in Turkey. Although it is attached to the office of the Presidency and is largely funded by the government, it maintains financial and administrative autonomy. The academy is headquartered in Ankara. In addition to conferring awards and fellowships to distinguished scientists, the academy is also responsible with determining scientific priority areas and proposing policies and needed changes in legislation to the government. The implementation and management of actual research programmes is carried out by TÜBİTAK. Traditionally, the academy elected its own members, but beginning in November 2011 one third of the members are assigned by the Council of Ministers and one third are assigned by TÜBİTAK. Rest of the members are elected by the owners of the academy. As a response, 70 of the existing members of the academy resigned and founded another association, the Science Academy Society of Turkey. TÜBA is a member of the International Council for Science. == History == The Turkish Academy of Sciences, was officially established in 1993 as an independent national academy encompassing all fields of science. This culmination was the result of


id: uganda-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Uganda National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:09.173223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uganda-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Uganda National Academy of Sciences is a nonprofit, scientific organization in Uganda, that brings together scientists from the behavioral, biological, physical and social sciences. These scientists work together to promote excellence in sciences by "offering independent, evidence-based advice for the prosperity of Uganda", according to the academy's brochure. == Location == The headquarters of Uganda National Academy of Science are at A4 Lincoln House, Makerere University, in Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The coordinates of the academy headquarters are 0°19'56.0"N, 32°34'11.5"E (Latitude:0.332222; Longitude:32.569861). == Overview == The Uganda National Academy of Science is an autonomous organization of diverse leaders in various fields of science, who aspire to use merit-based science to inform Uganda's development. == History == The academy was founded on 20 October 2000. As of 2018, the organisation had over 120 registered members, of whom 65 were Fellows of the academy. == Fellows == The following are some of the Fellows of the Uganda National Academy of Science: James Ntambi: professor of biochemistry and of nutritional sciences, at the University of Wisconsin, Madison Harriet Mayanja-Kizza: professor of medicine and dean of Makerere University School of Medicine. Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: professor of economics, Makerere University. Chancellor of the International University of


id: uk-young-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: UK Young Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:10.403914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uk-young-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The UK Young Academy (UKYA) is a national interdisciplinary membership organisation that brings together UK-based early career researchers, professionals and innovators from a wide range of sectors, enabling them to collaborate to make a positive difference in the UK and globally. Its work programmes include member-led activities and initiatives that work to address the challenges the world is facing at a national and international level. == Launch == The Royal Society launched the academy in June 2022, in collaboration with six other academies across the UK and Ireland: British Academy Academy of Medical Sciences Learned Society of Wales Royal Academy of Engineering Royal Irish Academy Royal Society of Edinburgh The Royal Society solicited applications for membership. == Operation == The UK Young Academy is initially operating under the auspices of the Royal Society, and it became the 50th organisation to join the global initiative of Young Academies. Its founding cohort of 67 members started in January 2023. The second cohort of 32 were announced in March 2024. Membership is free, through a competitive selection process, and lasts for five-year terms. An Executive Group, comprising elected representatives of the membership, forms the leadership team and works with members to implement the


id: academy-of-technological-sciences-of-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:11.605713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-technological-sciences-of-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine (ATS of Ukraine, ATSU) is a Ukrainian national academy, a public organization aiming at the consolidation of the intellectual and industrial-technological potential of applied scientists, technologists, and other experts in Ukraine. == History == ATSU was founded in 1991 at the initiative of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The constituent assembly included a group of leading applied scientists and experts on technologies representing the scientific, industrial and military-industrial structure of Ukraine. The founding body included Ajzenberg J., Aleksandrov M. Gassanov L., Gerasimenko S., Gorbulin V., Dovgopoliy A., Kljuchnikov A., Konoplev I., Kornilov I., Krivulko V., Kuchma L., Matveev M., Morozov A., Pavlovskiy M., Parhomenko V., Petrov V., Piljushenko V., Ribinok V., Seminozhenko V., Skljarov V., Solovev Y., Tonkal V., Chujko A., Haber N and Shpak A. == Members == The ATSU has two-tier membership: Acting (Full) Members (Academicians), and Corresponding Members. There is also an additional membership category for Foreign Members. There are currently 130 acting members (academicians), 125 correspondent members, two candidates for membership, and also 19 foreign acting members and seven foreign correspondent members from the US, Canada, Germany, Korea, Turkey, Russian Federation, Israel, Azerbaijan, Sweden,


id: epidemiological-society-of-london-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London-0.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiological Society of London
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:12.820307+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiological-society-of-london-20260505-0
summary:
The Epidemiological Society of London was a British medical society founded in 1850 with the objective of investigating the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic disease. In 1907 it merged with the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London and became a part of the Royal Society of Medicine as the Epidemiological Section and then Epidemiology and Public Health section. == History == Following a severe outbreak of cholera in England in 1831-32 a London physician, J.H.Tucker, proposed in a letter to the Lancet that a society should be formed to specifically study epidemics. The first meeting of the Epidemiological Society of London took place on 6 May 1850 in Hanover Square, London. At a follow-up meeting in July, chaired by Sir Astley Cooper, a constitution was agreed and officers appointed. Benjamin Guy Babington, a Guy's Hospital physician, was elected as the first president of the society, whose agreed objectives were: to institute rigid examination into the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic diseases to institute...original and comprehensive researches into the nature and laws of disease to communicate with government and legislature on matters connected with


id: royal-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Royal Society, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2020, there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 73 new fellows appointed each year from a pool of around 800 candidates. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Up to 24 new foreign members are appointed each year (from the same pool of 800)


id: royal-society-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
On 28 November 1660, which is considered the official foundation date of the Royal Society, a meeting at Gresham College of 12 natural philosophers decided to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning". Amongst those founders were Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, William Brouncker and Robert Moray. At the second meeting, Sir Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings, and a royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the "Royal Society of London", with Lord Brouncker serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge"; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society. The society's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their subject area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The society also published an English translation of Essays of


id: royal-society-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-2.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded; with a small number of scientific "greats" compared to other periods, little of note was done. In the second half, it became customary for His Majesty's Government to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice, something that, despite the non-partisan nature of the society, spilled into politics in 1777 over lightning conductors. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, while Benjamin Wilson invented blunted ones. During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use, opponents of Franklin's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British, and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society's president, Sir John Pringle. During the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues. The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death


id: royal-society-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-3.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions. The same year, Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes, which was deeply critical of the society. The scientific Fellows of the society were spurred into action by this, and eventually James South established a Charters Committee "with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of Fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937. As of 2024, 85 Fellows and 24 Foreign Members are elected each year. This had a number of effects on the society: first, the society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced—between the years 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose


id: royal-society-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-4.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The blazon for the coat of arms of the Royal Society is in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England, and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions: supporters two white hounds gorged with crowns, with the motto of nullius in verba. John Evelyn, interested in the early structure of the society, had sketched out at least six possible designs, but in August 1662 Charles II told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society "now resolv'd that the armes of the Society should be, a field Argent, with a canton of the armes of England; the supporters two talbots Argent; Crest, an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England, viz. 3 lions. The words Nullius in verba". This was approved by Charles, who asked Garter King of Arms to create a diploma for it, and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president, council and fellows of the


id: royal-society-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-5.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
=== Council === The council is a body consisting of 20 to 24 fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, two secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from life sciences—and the foreign secretary), one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows. The council is tasked with directing the society's overall policy, managing all business related to the society, amending, making or repealing the society's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society's possessions and estates. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot, and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year. The council may establish (and is assisted by) a variety of committees, which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists. Under the charter, the president, two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society. The current officers are: President: Sir Paul Nurse Treasurer: Jonathan Keating Biological Secretary: Sir David Baulcombe Physical Secretary: Sheila Rowan Foreign Secretary: Sir Mark Walport and Alison Noble (jointly) === President === The president of the Royal Society is the head of both the society and the council. The details for the presidency were set out in the


id: royal-society-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-6.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (mathematics and the physical sciences) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (biological sciences) Proceedings of the Royal Society A Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biology Letters Open Biology Royal Society Open Science Journal of the Royal Society Interface Interface Focus Notes and Records Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society The society introduced the world's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665, Philosophical Transactions, and in so doing originated the peer review process now widespread in scientific journals. Its founding editor was Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary. It remains the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world. It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and, since 1886, has been divided into two parts; A, which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences, and B, which deals with the biological sciences. Proceedings of the Royal Society consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts. Biology Letters publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005. Journal of the Royal Society Interface publishes cross-disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences, while


id: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), known as the Institute of Medicine until 2015, is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization (though created by and mostly funded by the US government). The National Academy of Medicine is a part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). Operating outside the framework of the United States federal government, it relies on a volunteer workforce of scientists and other experts, operating under a formal peer-review system. As a national academy, the organization annually elects new members with the help of its existing members; the election is based on the person's distinguished and continuing achievements in a relevant field as well as for their willingness to actively participate. == History == The institute was founded in 1970, under the congressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences as the Institute of Medicine. On April 28, 2015, NAS membership voted in favor of reconstituting the membership of the IOM as a new National Academy of Medicine and establishing a new division on health and medicine within the NRC that has the


id: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable members, past and present == Harold Amos, microbiologist and professor Nancy Andrews, Dean of Duke University School of Medicine Andrea Baccarelli, Professor and Chair of Environmental Health Sciences at Columbia University and President of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology. Elizabeth Blackburn, biologist and winner of 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for co-discovery of telomerase Patricia Flatley Brennan, Director of the National Library of Medicine Emery N. Brown, statistician, neuroscientist, and anesthesiologist, Director of the Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology Namandjé Bumpus, pharmacologist and the Chief Scientist of the Food and Drug Administration Atul Butte, pediatrician and scientist at the University of California, San Francisco Robert Califf, cardiologist, FDA Deputy Commissioner Ben Carson, columnist and retired American neurosurgeon, former director of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital Anthony Cerami, pioneering medical researcher Dennis S. Charney, dean of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City Sarah Cleaveland, veterinary epidemiologist Jewel Plummer Cobb, cell biologist and President of California State University, Fullerton, 1981–90 Francis Collins, geneticist, leader in the Human Genome Project and Director of National Institutes of Health Jim Collins, synthetic biology pioneer and MacArthur genius Toby Cosgrove, cardiothoracic surgeon, inventor, and


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field in the United States. Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Congress legislated and President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress (1863) establishing the National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted nongovernmental institution, created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology [and] to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department." This objective gave the academy the purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of the federal government—rather than serving a single branch or


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The act states:[T]he Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States.The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in Civil War as the Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts. However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until the establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century. In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members. In 2013, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the Gettysburg Address in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing NAS in that same year, which had the long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
General Membership of the National Academy of Sciences (including international members) John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research, formerly NAS Award for Initiatives in Research NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing NAS Award for Scientific Discovery Public Welfare Medal Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research National Academies Communication Award, with other national academies Astronomy/Astrophysics Henry Draper Medal J. Lawrence Smith Medal James Craig Watson Medal Behavioral/Social Sciences Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences William and Katherine Estes Award, formerly the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War Troland Research Awards Biology and Medicine Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal Richard Lounsbery Award Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal NAS Award in Molecular Biology NAS Award in the Neurosciences Pradel Research Award Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology Chemistry NAS Award in Chemical Sciences NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society Earth and Environmental Sciences Alexander Agassiz Medal Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal Mary Clark Thompson Medal NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth


id: ussr-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:19.828394+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ussr-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Russian: Акаде́мия медици́нских нау́к СССР) was the highest scientific and medical organization founded in the Soviet Union founded in 1944. Its successor is the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences founded in 1992, and is a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2013. == Presidents of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences == from 1944 to 1946 – Nikolay Burdenko from 1946 to 1953 – Nikolay Anichkov from 1953 to 1960 – Aleksandr Bakulev from 1960 to 1968 and from 1977 to 1987 – Nikolay Blokhin from 1968 to 1977 – Vladimir Timakov from 1987 to 2006 – Valentin Pokrovsky from 2006 to 2011 – Mikhail Davydov from 2011 to 2013 – ru:Дедов, Иван Иванович == Past and current members == Alexander Gavrilenko (2004) Anatoly Pokrovsky Galina Savelyeva Andrei Snezhnevsky Mikhail Chumakov == References ==


id: zimbabwe-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:21.041590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zimbabwe-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences (ZAS) is a national academy of sciences in Zimbabwe, formed in 2004 by the Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ). It addresses subjects such as tropical resources, ecology, and environmental and climate studies. The academy is affiliated with the InterAcademy Partnership and the Network of African Science Academies. == History == ZAS was established in October 2004 after the RCZ conducted a study of global science academies. The RCZ held discussions with existing professional bodies to discuss the need for a national science academy in Zimbabwe. The formation of ZAS was supported by policymakers consulted by the foundation committee. By 2005, ZAS had 10 fellows and 25 members, making a total of 35 scientists. The academy was seeking funding from various sources, including the government, the private sector, and international donors. == Objectives == ZAS's objectives include promoting scientific research in Zimbabwe and the region, providing advice on science-related issues, fostering cooperation among scientists and scientific institutions, recognising contributions to science and society, and disseminating scientific knowledge. == Activities == ZAS conducts activities to achieve its objectives, such as organising scientific events, publishing scientific literature, participating in scientific networks, providing scientific advice, recognising scientists and researchers


id: science-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-0.md
category: reference
title: Science park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-park-20260505-0
summary:
A science park, also referred to as a research park, technology park, technopark, technopolis, technopole, or a science and technology park (STP), is a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms. These parks are affiliated with a university, government, or private research body based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance. The primary objective of this affiliation is to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, promote innovation, transfer technology, and progress research outcomes to viable commercial products. Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development, stimulating the formation of new high-technology firms, attracting foreign investment, and promoting exports. == Background == The world's first university research park, Stanford Research Park was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto. Another early university research park was Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, which was launched in 1959. In 1969, Pierre Laffitte founded the Sophia Antipolis Science Park in France. Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of "cross-fertilisation" where individuals could benefit mutually by the exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture, science and the arts. Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global


id: science-park-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-1.md
category: reference
title: Science park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-park-20260505-0
summary:
== Definitions == The Association of University Research Parks (AURP), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America. It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting the university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region." The International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP), the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions. To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-0.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of science park, technology parks and biomedical parks of the world, organized by continent. == Asia == === China === ==== Mainland China ==== Shanghai Pudong Software Park (Shanghai) Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park (aka Zhangjiang Drug Valley) (Shanghai) Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park (Shenzhen) Suzhou BioBay (Suzhou) Suzhou Industrial Park (Suzhou) Zhongguancun (aka Beijing Zhong-guan-cun Life Science Park) (Beijing) ==== Hong Kong ==== Cyberport Hong Kong Science Park === India === Genome Valley Alexandria Knowledge Park Alexandria Center for Science and Innovation IKP Knowledge Park Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park IITB Aspire, Mumbai Life Science Hub, Mumbai IIT Madras Research Park IIT Bhubaneswar Research & Entrepreneurship Park National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, Trivandrum Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala, Trivandrum KIIT Technology Business Incubator Electropreneur Park Bhubaneswar O Hub Bhubaneswar City Knowledge Innovation Cluster CSRI-IMMT InTEC & CRTDH IIT Hyderabad Research Park and Incubation Park ( Both are different areas ) === Indonesia === Bandung Techno Park Cimahi Techno Park Solo Techno Park === Iran === Isfahan Science and


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-1.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
=== Portugal === Avepark (Caldas das Taipas) Biocantpark (Cantanhede) Brigantia Eco Park (Bragança) Coimbra iParque Feirapark (Porto) Gaia Park (Vila Nova de Gaia) iParque (Coimbra) Instituto Pedro Nunes (Coimbra) Lispólis (Lisbon) Madan Parque de Ciência (Caparica) Madeira Tecnopólo (Funchal) Óbidos Terra Digital (Óbidos) Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade do Porto (Porto) Parque Tecnológico da Mutela (Almada) Polo Tecnológico do Algarve (Faro) Portuspark (Porto) Parkurbis (Covilhã) Régia-Douro Park (Vila Real) Sanjotec (São João da Madeira) Tecmaia (Maia) Tagos Valley (Abrantes) Taguspark (Oeiras) === Russia === ==== Research parks ==== SPbU Research Park (Saint Petersburg) ==== Technological parks ==== High Technology park IT Park Dubna Technopark Khanty-Mansiisk Technopark Novosibirsk Technopark Sarov Technopark IDEA Innovative Technopark in Tatarstan ==== Special economic zones of technical innovation type ==== Dubna SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Saint Petersburg SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Tomsk SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Zelenograd SEZ of Technical Innovation Type ==== Innovation centers ==== Skolkovo Innovation Center === Slovakia === Vedecko-technologicky park Žilina (Žilina) Comenius University Science Park (Bratislava) === Spain === Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya (Bilbao) Parc de Recerca UAB (Barcelona) Barcelona Science Park (Barcelona) Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (Barcelona) Parc Tecnològic del Vallès (Barcelona) Tecnológico de Boecillo


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-2.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
==== Ohio ==== Miami Valley Research Park, Kettering - in the Greater Dayton area Mound Advanced Technology Center Miamisburg, OH Russ Research Center, Beavercreek, Ohio - in the Greater Dayton area Science & Technology Campus Corporation, Columbus, Ohio ==== Oregon ==== Riverfront Research Park, University of Oregon ==== Pennsylvania ==== University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center (U-PARC), Harmarville Pittsburgh Technology Center, Pittsburgh Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, West Mifflin University City Science Center, Philadelphia Innovation Park, State College, Pennsylvania Spring House Innovation Park, Spring House, Pennsylvania in Lower Gwynedd ==== South Carolina ==== Clemson ICAR International Center for Automobile Research, Greenville, South Carolina Clemson University Innovation Campus and Technology Park (CUICAT), Anderson, South Carolina The University of South Carolina's Innovista next to The Vista District in downtown, Columbia, South Carolina. Carolina Research Park, Columbia, SC. ==== South Dakota ==== South Dakota State University Innovation Campus Research Science Technology Park (Brookings) ==== Texas ==== Baylor Research and Innovation Collaborative (Waco) Research Forest (The Woodlands) Rice University-The Ion (Houston) Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio) Texas A&M University Research Park (College Station) Texas Research Park (San Antonio) University of Houston Technology Bridge (Houston) University of North Texas Research Park (Denton) Texas State University Science,


id: bandung-techno-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park-0.md
category: reference
title: Bandung Techno Park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:25.253399+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bandung-techno-park-20260505-0
summary:
The Bandung Techno Park (BTP) is a technology park located in the Bandung Technoplex area, West Java. It was established on January 19, 2010, in collaboration with the quadruple helix model between the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University), the Ministry of Industry, and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. It is one of the oldest techno parks in Indonesia by housed startup companies in the technology sector. == History == In 2007, the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University) established a Technical Implementation Unit of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesian: Unit Pelaksana Teknis Teknologi Informasi Komunikasi) to develop startups in the field of technology. The activities of this unit are supported by the Ministry of Industry and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. IT Telkom was entrusted by the Ministry of Industry to develop the Telecommunications Design Center (Indonesian: Pusat Desain Telekomunikasi or PDT) in 2009, which then formed an advanced part of the business incubator in 2010. It was inaugurated at the Telkom Institute of Technology Learning Center Building on January 12, 2010, which was also groundbreaking for the establishment of the Bandung Techno Park in the IT Telkom campus


id: campus-tec-guatemala-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala-0.md
category: reference
title: Campus TEC Guatemala
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:41.591459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campus-tec-guatemala-20260505-0
summary:
Campus TEC Guatemala is a technology park located in Guatemala City. It is the first technology park in the Central American region. The Park is located in the center of the city in zone 4 in area known as "Cuatro Grados Norte" that is part of the technology corridor the local government is implementing in the city. It currently includes over 100 high-tech local companies that mostly have been doing business overseas mainly in the United States, Europe and other countries in Latin America. Campus TEC is also endorsed by the government by collaborating with the Competitivity agenda for the Guatemalan government. == Incubator and business accelerator == The incubator aims at enterprises interested in an export oriented scheme for undertaking Software Development /Information Technology enabled services including data communication links or in the form of physical exports, services and rendering consultancy services and software development. It also includes an area allocated for companies interested in manufacturing electronic hardware equipment/components or any other activity within the ICT sector. The services offered by Campus TEC include: Project outsourcing Software development System integration, consulting and implementation Software reengineering and maintenance Translation, draw back and implementation of software products Internet product and services


id: tehnopol-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol-0.md
category: reference
title: Tehnopol
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:42.765617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tehnopol-20260505-0
summary:
Tehnopol (also Tallinn Technology Park) is science and business park in Tallinn, Estonia. Tehnopol is the biggest science park in the Baltic states. One of the main goal for Tehnopol is to help startup and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to grow faster. Tehnopol's history began in 1998 when Tallinn University of Technology Innovation Centre Foundation was established. The goal of the foundation was to establish Tallinn Technology Park. In 2001, the park was established. Tehnopol is home for companies like Skype, Cybernetica, Starship Technologies, Ektaco, and SMIT. In total, over 200 companies are located in Tehnopol. == References == == External links == Official website


id: agricultural-and-food-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Agricultural and Food Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:45.391868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agricultural-and-food-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) was a British Research Council responsible for funding and managing scientific and technological developments in farming and horticulture. == History == The AFRC was formed in 1983 from its predecessor, the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). It was replaced by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) as a result of government reorganisation in 1994. At that time, Sir William Henderson who was secretary to the AFRC claimed that "agriculture was a success story" hence the AFRC could be closed and a new vision for research was envisaged in the creation of the BBSRC. With this shift in emphasis, there also followed the closure of several educational and research organisations as for example the internationally renowned Wye College. == References ==


id: ahrc-esrc-religion-and-society-programme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHRC/ESRC_Religion_and_Society_Programme-0.md
category: reference
title: AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHRC/ESRC_Religion_and_Society_Programme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:46.581226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ahrc-esrc-religion-and-society-programme-20260505-0
summary:
The AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme was a five-year strategic research initiative funded by two UK research councils: the Arts and Humanities Research Council and the Economic and Social Research Council, running from 2007 to 2012. It funded 75 projects across UK universities investigating various aspects of the complex relationships between religion and society, both historical and contemporary. == Research == Research supported includes the website "British Religion in Numbers", providing statistics on religion in Britain led by Professor David Voas at Manchester University. Other work includes Professor Kim Knott at Leeds University's restudy of British media coverage of religion and spirituality and an investigation of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh shrine practices across the Punjab led by Dr Tej Purewal, also at Manchester. Phase 2 of the Programme focused on Youth and Religion specifically, supporting projects like Dr Basia Spalek at Birmingham University's research into police partnerships with young Muslims. The Religion and Society Programme is hosted at Lancaster University, and directed by Professor Linda Woodhead helped by Dr Rebecca Catto (Research Associate) and Peta Ainsworth (Administrator). The Programme helps to organize various events such as a day at the British Library asking ‘Where next for religion in the public


id: british-colonial-research-committee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee-0.md
category: reference
title: British Colonial Research Committee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:47.750966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-colonial-research-committee-20260505-0
summary:
The British Colonial Research Committee (or the Colonial Research Council after 1947) was an advisory organisation of the British state which existed between 1942 and 1959. 16 volumes consisting of the archives of this body are kept at The National Archive. It was established under Lord Hailey. The Committee was established in June 1942 to offer advice on how the Secretary of State for the Colonies should spend funds allocated by the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940. Its role was to co-ordinate research of various sub-committees and cover any areas which came to light beyond the purview of these sub-committees. It was also inspired by the Institut Francais de l'Afrique Noire to establish regional research institutes located in colonial countries. After February 1948 This work was taken over by the Colonial Research Council. This in turn was dissolved in 1959 and replaced by the Overseas Research Council, who advised the Committee of the Privy Council on Overseas Research. The Committee established a series of more focused committees: Colonial Social Science Research Council (1944) == References ==


id: centre-for-chronic-disease-control-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Chronic Disease Control
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:48.964293+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-chronic-disease-control-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC) is a non-profit organization recognized by the Government of India, established in 2000, working to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in India and low- and middle-income countries. It is a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for surveillance, capacity building, and translational research in cardio-metabolic diseases and an Indian Council of Medical Research collaborating centre for excellence in recognition of commendable achievements in biomedical research. == Collaborations == CCDC has collaborated with many national and international organizations, some of them are as follows: World Health Organization All India Institutes of Medical Sciences Indian Council for Medical Research Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Imperial College, London Emory University India Health Fund Ashoka University == Work and Impact == CCDC has conducted over 100 research projects, 15 clinical trials, published more than 1000 works, and impacted over 1 million people. It has trained a vast range of specialists over the years. CCDC has been actively identifying and developing innovative solutions to ensure equity in digital healthcare. It is improving the quality and access to specialist healthcare for marginalized populations living in remote areas, employing innovative digital solutions.


id: colonial-social-science-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Colonial Social Science Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:50.220200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: colonial-social-science-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Colonial Social Science Research Council (CSSRC) was an expert panel established in the United Kingdom in 1944 under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940 in order to advise the Secretary of State for the Colonies on research funding in sociology and anthropology relating to colonial development. In 1949 it was chaired by Alexander Carr-Saunders and its members consisted of Frank Debenham, Raymond Firth, Harry Hodson, Margery Perham, Arnold Plant, Margaret Helen Read, Godfrey Thomson, and Ralph Lilley Turner. == References == == Further reading == Mills, David (2002). "British Anthropology at the End of Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Colonial Social Science Research Council, 1944-1962". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines. 6 (1/6): 161–188. doi:10.3917/rhsh.006.0161.


id: council-for-the-central-laboratory-of-the-research-councils-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils-0.md
category: reference
title: Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:52.430192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: council-for-the-central-laboratory-of-the-research-councils-20260505-0
summary:
The Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) was a UK government body that carried out civil research in science and engineering. On 1 April 2007 CCLRC merged with PPARC to form the Science and Technology Facilities Council. == Activities == The CCLRC was created on 1 April 1995 as a non-departmental public body from the laboratories of the previous Science and Engineering Research Council including 1942 staff and an annual turnover of £106 million which had temporarily been controlled by the EPSRC. It operated at three locations: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near Didcot in Oxfordshire, incorporating the ISIS neutron source Daresbury Laboratory. at Daresbury in Cheshire Chilbolton Observatory, near Stockbridge in Hampshire The Diamond Light Source, was developed by the CCLRC at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and established as an independent company. The CCLRC was established: a) to promote high quality scientific and engineering research by providing facilities and technical expertise in support of basic, strategic and applied research programmes; b) to support the advancement of knowledge and technology, thereby contributing to the economic competitiveness of Our United Kingdom and the quality of life; c) to provide advice, disseminate knowledge, and promote public understanding in the fields


id: czech-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Czech Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:53.768574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: czech-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Czech Science Foundation (GACR) was established in 1993 as an independent public organisation supporting basic research in the Czech Republic. On the basis of calls for proposals and a public competition, the Czech Science Foundation provides financial support for both experienced and young and early-stage researchers. It also funds international projects on a bilateral basis in cooperation with several partner agencies as well as projects carried out within international research programmes. It is one of two major government-supported research funding agencies in the Czech Republic, the other being the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TAČR). == GACR goals == To provide financial support for projects in basic research with a high potential for achieving world-class results. To promote and enhance international scientific cooperation in basic research. To help create attractive conditions for the professional development of young and early-stage researchers. To ensure that entrusted funds are used as effectively as possible to the benefit of the Czech and international scientific community. To create, within existing laws, the best possible conditions for the administration of project proposals and awarded projects. == GACR structure == The GACR authorities are the President, Presidium, Scientific Advisory Board and Supervisory Board. The Presidium


id: european-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: European Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:54.992830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The European Research Council (ERC) is a public body for funding of scientific and technological research conducted within the European Union (EU). Established by the European Commission in 2007, the ERC is composed of an independent Scientific Council, its governing body consisting of distinguished researchers, and an Executive Agency, in charge of the implementation. It forms part of the framework programme of the union dedicated to research and innovation, Horizon 2020, preceded by the Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7). The ERC budget is over €13 billion from 2014 – 2020 and comes from the Horizon 2020 programme, a part of the European Union's budget. Under Horizon 2020 it is estimated that around 7,000 ERC grantees will be funded and 42,000 team members supported, including 11,000 doctoral students and almost 16,000 post-doctoral researchers. The ERC awards to individuals are widely considered to be either among the most, or else the most prestigious grant for academics in Europe. Researchers from any field can compete for the grants that support pioneering projects. The ERC competitions are open to top researchers also from outside the union. The average success rate is about 12%. Five ERC grantees have won Nobel Prizes. Grant applications are assessed


id: european-research-council-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-1.md
category: reference
title: European Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:54.992830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Scientific Council is supported operationally by the European Research Council Executive Agency (ERCEA), based in Brussels. The implementing pillar of the ERC, the ERC Executive Agency (ERCEA), is responsible for supporting the peer review process, implementing the ERC strategy as set by the ScC, executing all financial operations and communicating about the ERC. The ERCEA is currently headed by the Director, Laurence MOREAU. It employs some 500 staff of which more than 50 hold PhDs. The fact that most Scientific staff hold a PhD, have done post-docs and/or have been academics reinforces the feeling among panellists and the Scientific Community as a whole that ERC Schemes are implemented by scientists understanding the pitfalls and hurdles of Research and who are constantly working to better their procedures in order to simplify the application as well as the granting processes, hand in hand with their colleagues from financial units. ==== Steering Committee ==== There is also a five-member ERCEA Steering Committee, chaired by the European Commission's Director-General for Research and Innovation, two ScC members, and two Commission officials. === Measures to ensure an integrated institution === To create an integrated institution consisting of the ScC and the ERCEA, two integrative mechanisms


id: inapl-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL-0.md
category: reference
title: INAPL
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:56.171780+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: inapl-20260505-0
summary:
The National Institute of Anthropology and Latin American Thought (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, abbrevriated INAPL) is an Argentine government agency dedicated to preserving national cultural and archeological heritage. It is a part of Secretariat of Culture. The institute has been involved in multiple projects. Among these are the preservation of rock art sites including Cueva de las Manos and the study of HMS Swift, a British ship that sank off the coast of Puerto Deseado in 1770. It also runs the National Museum of Man in Argentina. == Organization == The INAPL is a government agency of Argentina, and is part of the Argentina's secretariat of culture. == Mission and function == The INAPL is dedicated to preserving national cultural and archeological heritage. As such, the primary focus of the institute is the documentation, preservation, and recovery of cultural heritage, be it physical or non-physical. The institute carries out research in the areas of archaeology, anthropology, and folklore. In keeping with their mission, they also give recommendations and alternative proposals on regional economic and socio-cultural development. One of the programs of the INAPL is to preserve rock art sites and save them from deterioration and destruction.


id: joint-european-disruptive-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Joint European Disruptive Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:57.362450+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joint-european-disruptive-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Joint European Disruptive Initiative (JEDI) is a European funding agency aiming at promoting disruptive technologies. It funds innovation in different "missions" (environment and energy, healthcare, education, digital, space, and oceans), with the goal of bringing "Europe in a leadership position in breakthrough technologies". It organizes scientific competitions focused on disruptive technologies. JEDI also makes policy recommendations to strengthen European technology sovereignty. As of 2024, JEDI was funding the projects of over 6,000 researchers in 29 countries across Europe and the world. It is operated independently from any European governments with funding from foundations, companies, individuals and public institutions. JEDI was inspired by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), the technology research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense. JEDI calls itself a "precursor" to a European advanced research projects agency. == Research on COVID-19 == The Joint European Disruptive Initiative launched its first "Darpa-type GrandChallenge" on COVID-19 on May 5, 2020. The competition consisted in screening "billions of molecules with blocking interactions on SARS-CoV-2" to develop a drug against the coronavirus — with each participant having to use at least three different calculation methods for the simulations. The foundation claims to have had approximately 54 billions


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), also known as the National Academies, is a congressionally chartered organization that serves as the collective scientific national academy of the United States. The name is used interchangeably in two senses: (1) as an umbrella term or parent organization for its three sub-divisions that operate as quasi-independent honorific learned society member organizations known as the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM); and (2) as the brand for studies and reports issued by the unified operating arm of the three academies originally known as the National Research Council (NRC). The National Academies also serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government. The National Research Council, National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Medicine began as activities of the National Academy of Sciences until they were reorganized in 2015 into units of the current National Academies while maintaining the charter status and corporate successorship of the original National Academy of Sciences. Now jointly governed by all three academies, the NRC produces some 200 publications


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Program units == The program units, formerly known as the National Research Council, are collectively the operating arm of the three academies for the purpose of providing objective policy advice. Although separately chartered (see above), it falls legally under the overall charter of the National Academy of Sciences, whose ultimate fiduciary body is the NAS Council. In actual practice, the NAS Council delegates governing authority to a Governing Board of the National Research Council that is chaired jointly by the presidents of the three academies, with additional members chosen by them or specified in the charters of the academies. Under this three-academy umbrella, the program units produce reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine. There are seven major divisions: Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division of Earth and Life Studies, Division of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Health and Medicine Division, Policy and Global Affairs Division, Transportation Research Board, and the Gulf Research Program. === Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (DBASSE) === ==== Units of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education ==== Source: Board on Children, Youth, and Families (BCYF) Board on


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Study process == The National Academies attempt to obtain authoritative, objective, and scientifically balanced answers to difficult questions of national importance. Top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in academies membership) are enlisted to address the scientific and technical aspects of some of society's problems. These experts are volunteers who serve on study committees that are convened to answer specific sets of questions. All committee members serve without pay. NASEM does not perform original research; rather it provides independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized. Study committees gather information from many sources in public meetings but deliberate in private in order to avoid political, special interest, and sponsor influence. All reports go through an extensive external review facilitated by the internal Report Review Committee (also consisting of members from the NAS, NAE, and NAM). Through this study process, the National Academies produce around 200 reports each year. Recent reports


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
... as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. One of the report's main concerns is that a growing percentage of recently published research turns out to be not reproducible due in part to inadequate support of standards of transparency in many fields as well as to various other detrimental research practices. == Other programs == The Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship is an annual program for recent graduate students to spend three months working in the National Academies. The Academies also administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum in downtown Washington until its closing in 2017; the Museum has since been replaced by LabX, a program of online resources and nationwide public events that aim to increase awareness of scientific and evidence-based solutions to community problems. == Revenue == The National Academies do not receive direct appropriations from the federal government; instead their revenue


id: national-research-council-italy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council (Italy)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:59.804443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-italy-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council (Italian: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR) is the largest research council in Italy. As a public organisation, its remit is to support scientific and technological research. Its headquarters are in Rome. == History == The institution was founded in 1923. The first president was Vito Volterra, succeeded by Guglielmo Marconi. The process of improvement of the national scientific research, through the use of specific laws, (see Law 59/1997), affects many research organisations, and amongst them is CNR, whose "primary function is to carry on, through its own organs, advanced basic and applied research, both to develop and maintain its own scientific competitiveness, and to be ready to take part effectively in a timely manner in the strategic fields defined by the national planning system". On 23 December 1987, CNR registered the first Italian internet domain: cnr.it == Reorganisation == With the issuing of the legislative decree of 30 January 1999, n. 19, which defines "The reorganisation of the National Research Council" the central role of CNR in the Italian research system was confirmed. In particular CNR is defined (see Article 1 of the above-mentioned decree 19/1999) as a "national research organisation, with general scientific competence and


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council Canada (NRC; French: Conseil national de recherches Canada) is the primary national agency of the Government of Canada dedicated to science and technology research and development. It is the largest federal research and development organization in Canada. The Minister of Industry is responsible for the NRC. == Mandate == NRC is an agency of the Government of Canada, and its mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act. Under the Act, the NRC is responsible for: Undertaking, assisting or promoting scientific and industrial research in fields of importance to Canada; Providing vital scientific and technological services to the research and industrial communities; Investigating standards and methods of measurement; Standardization and certification of scientific and technical apparatus and materials; Operating and administering Canadian astronomical observatories; Establishing, operating and maintaining a national science library; and Publishing and distributing scientific and technical information. Approximately 4200 people across Canada are employed by the NRC. In addition, the NRC also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations. == History == === Formation during World War I === The National Research Council was established as the Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in June


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-1.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
=== 21st century === From 1994 to 2004, the NRC was led by Arthur Carty whose "energetic leadership and clear vision have made the Council a major player in the development and expansion of new frontiers of scientific exploration." In 2004, Carty was chosen by Prime Minister Paul Martin to serve as the first National Science Advisor of Canada. He was succeeded at NRC by Pierre Coulombe. In April 2010, John McDougal was appointed President of the NRC by the Harper government The tenure of John McDougall was marked by budget cuts and controversies (see "Controversies" below). Under his, and Minister of State (Science and Technology) Gary Goodyear's leadership, the NRC became a "toolbox for industry" with dented basic-research infrastructure, according to a former Clerk of the Privy Council. In 2015, Kirsty Duncan was installed as Minister of Science in the new Trudeau government. The focus of the NRC shifted toward partnerships with private and public-sector technology companies, both nationally and internationally. John McDougall left suddenly in 2016 and Iain Stewart became the new President of the NRC. In August 2020 under Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry Navdeep Bains and President Iain Stewart, the NRC announced it was building


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-2.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
=== Harper government budget cuts and muzzling of scientists === Under the tenure of Prime Minister Stephen Harper from 2006 until 2015, Canadian Government research organizations began to restrict the ability of government scientists to communicate with the public. In 2010, the Minister of State for Science and Technology Gary Goodyear appointed John McDougall, a former President and CEO of the Alberta Research Council petroleum engineer, as President of the NRC. His appointment was followed by several controversies. In 2011, McDougall began to oversee a change in research focus away from basic research and towards industry-relevant research. This included the development of multiple programs which shifted the research budget out of existing projects and into a number of focused programs. In 2012, National Research Council environmental scientists "were barred from discussing their work on snowfall with the media." In 2012, the Harper government introduced the budget implementation bill (C-38) entitled "Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act Bill". Environmental groups argued that science was being gutted and silenced to open the way for development in ecologically sensitive areas in the north. In June 2012, the federal opposition made a motion in parliament, That, in the opinion of the House, Canadian scientific


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-3.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian Science Publishing Canadian Space Agency Communications Security Establishment Defence Research and Development Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council == See also == National Research Council Time Signal List of aerospace flight test centres Science and technology in Canada Herbert Yardley – American cryptologist who help establish the Examination Unit in 1941 William Arthur Steel – headed radio laboratory at the NRC in the 1930s == References == === Citations === === Sources === Alexander, Jane (24 November 2011), Research Council grants help Uxbridge businesses develop new technologies, The Uxbridge Cosmos "House of Commons Debates, 41st Parl, 1st Sess, No 134, 5 June 2012 at 8815", Enviro-Hansard, 5 June 2012, archived from the original on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 "John R. McDougall: Ex-officio Advisor for Genome Canada", Genome Canada, 2014, archived from the original on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 "Transforming the National Research Council", Government of Canada, n.d., archived from the original on 26 May 2013, retrieved 12 January 2013 Hoag, Hannah (21 April 2011), "Canadian research shift makes waves", Nature, 472 (7343): 269, Bibcode:2011Natur.472..269H, doi:10.1038/472269a, PMID 21512543 "Working Together: Innoventures Canada WORKING


id: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council of Sri Lanka (NRC) is a funding agency in Sri Lanka, providing financial assistance to public sector scientists. It was established as a statutory body through an act of parliament in 2016 by the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The NRC aims to foster and facilitate research in the fields of science and technology. The objective of the NRC is to build a strong and dynamic scientific and technological community in Sri Lanka and to support research initiatives in higher education institutions, public sector research institutes, and other government institutes to address national needs. The NRC also seeks to engage the private sector in enhancing research efforts in science and technology. The National Research Council of Sri Lanka is an institute under the Ministry of Technology. == History == The National Research Council of Sri Lanka (NRC) was established by President Chandrika Kumaratunga on April 20, 1999, with Aries Kovoor appointed as the founding chairman. In July 2007, President Mahinda Rajapaksa formalized the NRC's establishment as a Special Agency through a warrant issued under Article 33 of the Constitution by exercising the powers vested in him, with Eric Karunanayake appointed as chairman.


id: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-1.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
== Grants == Source: Target Oriented Multidisciplinary Research Grants (TO Grants) The NRC recognizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing complex problems and advancing the understanding of various fields. In 2013, the NRC, in alignment with the Ministry of Technology & Research, launched a program aimed at promoting such an approach by inviting pre-proposals from public scientific research and development organizations, universities, and other research groups. The Target-Oriented Multi-Disciplinary research grants focus on solving nationally relevant issues related to economic development, social welfare, and environmental sustainability. These projects aim to fill major knowledge gaps and address challenges faced by the nation, with a clear path for translating research outcomes into policy, strategy, product/process development, and uptake. The NRC has identified ten thrust areas of research and has invited proposals from several priority areas associated with the National Research and Development Policy Report. The value of the grant provided to selected research projects is up to Rs. 50 million over a period of five years. Funding is highly competitive and the NRC will select the most appropriate and capable researchers with the ability to work as a team towards tangible outcomes. Once the grant is provided, these multi-center projects


id: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-2.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
== President’s Award for Scientific Research (PASR) == Source: The National Research Council is empowered to develop and implement a recognition and award system for outstanding research and innovation in the fields of science and technology. To maintain the prestigious nature of these awards, the NRC is required to regularly review and update the selection criteria. Awards will be granted to published works, rather than individual scientists. All Sri Lankan co-authors affiliated with a Sri Lankan institution will be recognized as award recipients. The journal ranking system used to determine the best published scientific work will be source-normalized and based on weighted citations to eliminate any biases towards particular scientific disciplines. This information will be made publicly available. To emphasize the importance of research conceptualized and performed primarily in Sri Lanka, recognition will be given to research that has a significant contribution from Sri Lankan scientists working in the country. In addition to awards for published works, awards will also be given for patents based on innovations in science. Awards will be presented two years after the year of publication or patent granting to allow for adequate time for indexing, documentation, and any necessary retractions. Each year, the top 100


id: national-scientific-and-technical-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: National Scientific and Technical Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:03.594034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-scientific-and-technical-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Spanish: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET) is an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in universities and institutes. == History == The National Scientific and Technical Research Council was established on 5 February 1958 by a decree of the national government. Its first director was Nobel Laureate Bernardo A. Houssay. Governed by a board independent from the federal government, it funds scientific research in three basic ways. Firstly, it gives grants for collective work to research teams of well-recognized scientists of every discipline, including social sciences and the humanities. Secondly, it has a payroll of about 6,500 researchers and 2,500 technicians working as employees in different categories, from investigador asistente (assistant researcher) to investigador principal (main researcher). Thirdly, it grants scholarships for doctoral and post-doctoral studies to 8,500 young researchers from Argentina and other countries. == Ranking == In 2025, CONICET was ranked as the best Latin American government research institution by the Scimago Institutions Ranking and the 2nd among all research institutions in the region after the Universidade de São Paulo. CONICET holds the 125th position among the most prestigious


id: particle-physics-and-astronomy-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:04.754377+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: particle-physics-and-astronomy-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) was one of a number of research councils in the United Kingdom. It directed, coordinated and funded research in particle physics and astronomy for the people of the UK. Its head office was at Polaris House in Swindon, Wiltshire, but it also operated three scientific sites: the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) in Edinburgh, the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (ING) in La Palma and the Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC) in Hawaii. It published the Frontiers magazine three times a year, containing news and highlights of the research and outreach programmes it supports. The PPARC was formed in April 1994 when the Science and Engineering Research Council was split into several organizations; other products of the split included the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). In April 2007, it merged with the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) and the nuclear physics portion of the EPSRC to form the new Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). == Frontiers magazine == PPARC previously published a magazine called Frontiers, ISSN 1460-5600. == See also == List of astronomical societies


id: public-policy-institute-for-wales-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales-0.md
category: reference
title: Public Policy Institute for Wales
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:05.940990+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-policy-institute-for-wales-20260505-0
summary:
The Public Policy Institute for Wales (PPIW) was an independent policy research institution based in Cardiff, Wales. It was established in January 2014, and was co-funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Welsh Government. Its administrative base was at Cardiff University, Wales. It was a member of the UK’s What Works Network. The PPIW’s key activities included: Stimulating policy-maker demand for evidence by working directly with Ministers to identify their evidence needs and make connections across policy areas. Improving the supply of evidence by making policy-maker evidence needs know and generating independent authoritative advice and analysis. Supporting interaction between evidence suppliers and policy-makers by developing networks. Facilitating knowledge exchange between Wales, the rest of the UK and beyond. Professor Steve Martin was the Director of the PPIW. The PPIW had an independent Board of Governors, whose role it was to oversee the work of the Institute; safeguarding its independence and ensuring the quality of its work. In June 2017 the PPIW was awarded £6m by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Welsh Government to establish the Wales Centre for Public Policy (WCPP). The WCPP builds on the work of the PPIW, combining it with a


id: research-council-for-complementary-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council for Complementary Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:07.101621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-for-complementary-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council for Complementary Medicine (RCCM) is a charitable organisation (UK Registered Charity Number 1146724) founded in 1983 to develop and promote good quality research into alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) and enhance evidence-based medicine in this area. The RCCM works with the complementary therapy professions and CAM researchers to promote safe and effective integrative and personalised medicine, and to promote the development of high quality research and evidence in the UK into complementary and alternative medicine. As the burden of complex chronic disease increases more people are turning to alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) and need guidance in making their healthcare choices. CAM is used by at least a quarter of the population of the UK. The research evidence base is limited at present. The ever increasing cost of chronic disease will require government and society to make decisions on the cost-effectiveness of the available health care options. Such decisions are best informed by evidence and currently accepted standards of care. A greater evidence base for CAM should facilitate wider availability of access to safe and effective complementary therapies within the National Health Service and across the UK, in order to help in preventing disease and improvinghealth. The


id: research-council-of-norway-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council of Norway
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:08.310124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-of-norway-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council (also the Research Council of Norway; Norwegian: Norges forskningsråd) is a Norwegian government agency that funds research and innovation projects. On behalf of the Government, the Research Council invests NOK 11.7 billion (2022) annually. The Research Council is responsible for promoting basic and applied research and innovation. This is done by managing research funding and by advising the authorities on research policy, among other things through proposals for the research budget in the National Budget. The Research Council works to promote international research and innovation cooperation, and has a number of schemes to mobilise Norwegian applicants for the EU Research and Innovation Programme. Other tasks include creating meeting places for researchers, trade and industry, public administration, public actors and other users of research. The Research Council was established in 1993 through the merging of five different previously created research councils. The Research Council has approximately 360 employees (2023). It has local representatives in nine different regions of Norway. Since 23 June 2014, the Research Council's main office is located just outside of Oslo. == Background == There were five predecessors of the council, each established as independent councils related to their own areas of interest: science and


id: science-and-engineering-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Science and Engineering Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:09.457637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-and-engineering-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) and its predecessor the Science Research Council (SRC) were the UK agencies in charge of publicly funded scientific and engineering research activities, including astronomy, biotechnology and biological sciences, space research and particle physics, between 1965 and 1994. == History == The SERC also had oversight of: the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO) the Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE) the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) the Daresbury Laboratory From its formation in 1965 until 1981 it was known as the Science Research Council (SRC). The SRC had been formed in 1965 as a result of the Trend Committee enquiry into the organisation of civil science in the UK. Previously the Minister for Science had been responsible for various research activities in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) and more loosely with a variety of agencies concerned with the formulation of civil scientific policy. One of the main problems addressed by the enquiry was how to decide the priorities for government funding across all areas of scientific research. Previously this task had been the responsibility of the Treasury without direct scientific advice. The other Research Councils formed in 1965 were: the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)


id: swedish-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Swedish Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:10.751594+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swedish-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Swedish Research Council (Swedish: Vetenskapsrådet) is a Government agency in Sweden established in 2001, with the responsibility to support and develop basic scientific research. Its objective is for Sweden to be a leading nation in scientific research. The agency has three main functions: To distribute government funding for basic research To advise the government on issues related to scientific research To communicate science and scientific research to the general public == See also == Open access in Sweden == References == == External links == Swedish Research Council - Official site


id: transportation-research-board-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board-0.md
category: reference
title: Transportation Research Board
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:11.939785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: transportation-research-board-20260505-0
summary:
The Transportation Research Board (TRB) is a division of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). TRB's mission is to mobilize expertise, experience, and knowledge to anticipate and solve complex transportation-related challenges. Committees, researchers, and staff are focused on advancing resilient infrastructure, exploring transformative technologies, and protecting the public’s health and safety. The board publishes research via four cooperative research programs and through consensus studies, which may be requested by the U.S. Congress. As one of seven major divisions of the NASEM, TRB research is objective and interdisciplinary. TRB hosts nearly 200 standing technical committees that address specific aspects of transportation, and the TRB Annual Meeting attracts thousands of transportation professionals. == History == The Transportation Research Board was established in 1920 as the "National Advisory Board on Highway Research" and changed its name to the "Highway Research Board" from 1925 until 1974, when it was renamed again as the "Transportation Research Board." It has commissioned ad hoc research since 1950, become more involved in multimodal transport in the 1960s, and continues to research across various transportation modes. == Activities and organization == TRB's varied activities annually draw on over 8,000 engineers, planners, scientists, academics, and other


id: agence-nationale-de-la-recherche-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche-0.md
category: reference
title: Agence nationale de la recherche
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:13.514185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agence-nationale-de-la-recherche-20260505-0
summary:
The Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, fr: National Agency for Research) is a French institution tasked with funding scientific research. It was founded on 7 February 2005 as a groupement d'intérêt public, and has acquired the status of établissement public à caractère administratif on 1 August 2006. The ANR funds scientific teams, both public and private, in the form of short-term research contracts. Its budget was 350 million Euros in 2005, rose to 955M€ in 2009 but then fell to 703M€ in 2019. The ANR was supervised by Jacques Stern from 2007 until 2010 and by Eva Pebay-Peyroula since 2010. == Notes and references == == External links == Official site


id: alexander-von-humboldt-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:14.725078+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alexander-von-humboldt-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (German: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung) is a foundation that promotes international academic cooperation between scientists and scholars from Germany and abroad. Established by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, it is funded by the Federal Foreign Office, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and other national and international partners. == Description == Annually, the Foundation grants over 700 competitive research fellowships and awards, primarily to academics in the natural sciences, mathematics and the humanities. These enable scientists and scholars from around the world to conduct research in Germany, collaborating with a host and partner of their choosing. In addition, the Foundation funds German scholars through the Feodor Lynen Fellowships, allowing them to pursue research projects worldwide with a host and partner who must have previously held an Alexander von Humboldt fellowship. The fellowships and awards include significant prizes, such as the Alexander von Humboldt Professorship and Sofia Kovalevskaya Awards. Fellowships and awards from the Foundation are considered among the most prestigious and generous in Germany. Its alumni network, comprising over 26,000 Humboldtians in more than 140 countries, including 57 Nobel laureates, is the foundation's greatest


id: all-species-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: All Species Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:15.901853+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: all-species-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The All Species Foundation (stylized as ALL Species Foundation) was an organization aiming to catalog all species on Earth by 2025 through their All Species Inventory initiative. The project was launched in 2000 by Kevin Kelly, Stewart Brand and Ryan Phelan. Along with other similar efforts, the All Species Foundation was promoted as an important step forward in expanding, modernizing and digitizing the field of taxonomy. The Foundation started with a large grant from the Schlinger Foundation but had difficulty finding continued funding. In 2007 the project ceased activity and "[handed] off [its] mission to the Encyclopedia of Life". The All Species Foundation received some critique for its approach to defining and identifying species. An open letter expressed concern over the species problem, a fundamental issue in taxonomy of what exactly defines a species. The letter argued that failing to acknowledge and account for this fundamental issue could undermine the use of the database for conservation and biodiversity preservation. == See also == Catalogue of Life Encyclopedia of Life Earth BioGenome Project Open Tree of Life Tree of Life Web Project Wikispecies == References ==


id: bertarelli-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Bertarelli Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:17.077206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bertarelli-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Bertarelli Foundation is a private foundation founded by the Bertarelli family; brother and sister Ernesto and Dona Bertarelli, who are co-Chairs of the Foundation, and their mother, Maria Iris Bertarelli. It was established in 1998 in memory of Fabio Bertarelli and is based in Gstaad, Switzerland. For ten years, the Bertarelli Foundation focused on promoting an understanding of infertility, especially multiple gestations. This reflected the work of the family’s business, Ares-Serono, in the field, including its development of influential infertility treatment Pergonal. Following the sale of Serono, the Bertarelli Foundation refocused its activities onto the fields of marine conservation and neuroscience research, as well as projects in their local communities. The Foundation has a sister organisation in Italy, the Fondazione Bertarelli, which promotes cultural activities in Tuscany, where the family’s Collemassari wine estate is located. == Activities == === Marine conservation === The Bertarelli Foundation is active in the creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), both in terms of providing material support and in terms of advocacy. In 2010 it worked with the British Government to provide the financial backing to enable the designation of the Chagos Marine Protected Area in the British Indian Ocean Territory. In 2012, the


id: centre-for-high-north-logistics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for High North Logistics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:18.223720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-high-north-logistics-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for High North Logistics (CHNL, Norwegian: Senter for nordområdelogistikk) is a Norwegian foundation which works to investigate ways to develop logistics solutions in the Arctic region. Among the aims of the centre is that of collecting information to facilitate an opening up of the Northern Sea Route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The administration of the center is located in Kirkenes on the north-eastern Barents Sea coast of Norway. == Organization == The Centre for High North Logistics was founded on 27 May 2009, subsuming its precursor organization which was established in 2008 and administered by Bodø University College. The leadership of the foundation includes Felix Tschudi (Tschudi Shipping Company) as chairman of the board and Tom Tjomsland (Norwegian Shipowners' Association), Frode Mellemvik (Bodø University College) and Jon Rysst (Det Norske Veritas) as board members. Tschudi's board membership is guaranteed by the foundation's establishing charter. The foreign ministry has a permanent seat on the board as observer. These four organizations also constitute the founders of the Centre for High North Logistics. The foundation is organized as a 5-year project scheduled to end by 2013. In January 2011 the status of the foundation was changed from an


id: ciberobn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn-0.md
category: reference
title: Ciberobn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:19.473151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ciberobn-20260505-0
summary:
The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición: CIBERObn) is a public research consortium which was founded on November 28, 2006 financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN). The CIBERObn gathers 31 investigation groups from different Spanish Hospitals, Universities and Research Centres. Its mission is to promote a better knowledge about the mechanisms contributing to obesity development in order to reduce its incidence and prevalence, as well as its complications, in addition to nutrition-related diseases. The CIBERObn is structured into 8 scientific programs intended to increase the collaboration between researchers, to strengthen synergies and to boost new research lines. Programs are as follows: Nutrition: effects of different types of diet and nutrients on human health. Adipobiology: identification of new signals released by the adipose tissue which are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Obesity and Cancer: role of those proteins associated with cell cycle on metabolic control and obesity development. Obesity and Cardiovascular risk: hemodynamic, metabolic and inflammatory factors associated to cardiac and vascular diseases in obesity. Neurocognitive and Environmental Factors: environmental and


id: consejo-nacional-de-humanidades-ciencias-y-tecnolog-as-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_Tecnologías-0.md
category: reference
title: Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_Tecnologías
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:21.781025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: consejo-nacional-de-humanidades-ciencias-y-tecnolog-as-20260505-0
summary:
The Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias, y Tecnologías (Spanish for National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies; abbreviated CONAHCYT) was Mexico's entity in charge for the promotion of science and technology from 1970 to 2024. As a federal agency of Mexico, it was responsible for setting government policies on research and technological development, establishing public research centers, and funding scientific laboratories, research projects and postgraduate studies. In 2025, President Claudia Sheinbaum promoted the agency to the level of secretariat (i.e. ministry or department): the Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación. == Programs == CONAHCYT granted scholarships for graduate studies (masters and doctoral) in Mexico for programs that have been recognized by CONAHCYT in the Registry of Quality Graduate Programs (abbreviated PNPC in Spanish). CONAHCYT also granted scholarships for Mexican nationals to pursue graduate studies in foreign countries. CONAHCYT also provided funding for postdoctoral positions and sabbatical leaves. CONAHCYT also administered the National System of Researchers (abbreviated as SNI, in Spanish), a national network promoting high quality scientific research. Membership to the system and the level assigned (candidate, I, II, III, emeritus) dependents on scientific productivity and is evaluated by peer committees. Members of SNI, both Mexican and foreign, receive


id: crs4-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4-0.md
category: reference
title: CRS4
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:22.962472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crs4-20260505-0
summary:
CRS4, also known as Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (Italian: Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna), is an interdisciplinary research center, founded by the Sardinia Autonomous Region on November 30, 1990. Since 2003, the center is located in the Technology Park of Sardinia, in the Comune of Pula. Several companies and research groups have chosen to establish their activities on this campus, giving rise to a thriving R&D community. CRS4 is a private research center, but its shareholder is a regional agency: Sardegna Ricerche. The center, initially headed by the Nobel Prize in Physics Carlo Rubbia (1990 to 1999), has had the following Presidents: Nicola Cabibbo (2000 to 2003), Carlo Rubbia (2003 to 2006), Paolo Zanella (2006 to 2014), Luigi Filippini (2014 to 2017), Annalisa Bonfiglio (2017 to 2020). Giacomo Cao, Sole Administrator (2020). A young graduate student, Antonio Ticca, during his stage at CRS4 made the first Italian Website (www.crs4.it) in August 1993 (this is the real date, not the one cited in the press article), and with Francesco Ruggiero collaborated to the creation of the first European web newspaper in 1994 (L'Unione Sarda) and to one of the first and largest


id: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Dieter Schwarz Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:24.147115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Dieter Schwarz Stiftung is a non-profit limited liability company (gemeinnützige GmbH) that is financed, through Schwarz Beteiligungs GmbH, from distributions of the two companies Lidl Stiftung and Kaufland Stiftung (both part of the Schwarz Group). The registered office of the companies of the Schwarz Group is in Neckarsulm. The main focus of the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung's activities is in neighboring Heilbronn. The management of the gGmbH consists of the former President of the Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Reinhold R. Geilsdörfer (chairman), Gunther Friedl and Bärbel G. Renner. Chairman of the shareholders’ meeting is the former Rector of the University of Mannheim and former Minister of Science of Baden-Württemberg Peter Frankenberg. == History == In November 1999, Dieter Schwarz founded the foundation named after him, among other things to promote education, science, research and entrepreneurship. On 1 July 2002, the “Akademie für Information und Management Heilbronn-Franken” (aim) was established from the IHK continuing education center under managing director Harald Augenstein, based in Ferdinand-Braun-Straße in Heilbronn. Its goals were to improve young people's ability to train and study and to facilitate and support parents re-entering the workforce after a family phase. From the outset, aim has been supported by the Dieter


id: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Dieter Schwarz Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:24.147115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Former === Dieter Schwarz Endowed Chair for General Business Administration, E-Business and E-Government – University of Mannheim Endowed Visiting Professorship Dieter Schwarz Foundation Visiting professor of International Retail Management – University of Mannheim Endowed Professorship for Distribution Logistics and Merchandise Management – Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Mosbach Endowed Professorship for Retail and Leadership – Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Mosbach Endowed Chair for Design Engineering – Heilbronn University Endowed Professorship for International Trade and E-Commerce – Reutlingen University Chair of Business Informatics of E-Business – Leipzig Graduate School of Management Chair of Business Ethics – Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg International University in Germany, Bruchsal (university closed due to insolvency) German Graduate School of Management and Law == Criticism == The foundation's engagement in higher education has also been viewed critically with regard to possible influence on higher education policy in the state of Baden-Württemberg. The planned establishment of a branch campus of the Bavarian TU Munich in Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, was also the subject of political discussions in the Baden-Württemberg state parliament. The managing director Reinhold Geilsdörfer has also been controversial: while serving as acting president of DHBW, he was already active for the organization. In connection with the establishment of


id: fondazione-sigma-tau-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau-0.md
category: reference
title: Fondazione Sigma-Tau
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:25.307384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fondazione-sigma-tau-20260505-0
summary:
Fondazione Sigma-Tau is an institution that aims to promote and share scientific knowledge and interdisciplinary dialogue between branches of learning. It was created as a charitable organization and is recognized by law with Presidential Decree No. 648 of 4 August 1986. Chaired by Silvia Cavazza, Sigma-Tau acts as a national and international point of reference for research development and cultural debate. The foundation also promotes the since the progress of science by introducing the concepts of globality and complexity of the human science. Fondazione Sigma-Tau fosters outreach and development activities, such as seminars, conferences, lectures, round tables and events, in collaboration with universities, research institutes, and the world of culture and science. == Projects == Since 1989, Fondazione Sigma-Tau has launched important projects and many conferences and meetings from which a vast number of publications have arisen, such as the volumes published by Bari based Editore Laterza, from the Lezioni Italiane (Italian Lessons) cycle, and the proceedings from SpoletoScienza in particular. Founded in 1989 by Claudio Cavazza, SpoletoScienza is the scientific section of the Festival dei Due Mondi. == References ==


id: foundation-for-polish-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Polish Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:26.462280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-polish-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation For Polish Science (Polish: Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP) is an independent, non-profit organisation which aims to improve research opportunities in Poland, and to provide assistance and support to the scientific community there. It was established in 1990 and registered in 1991. The FNP supports research groups as well as individual scientists by awarding grants, and scholarships, and prizes such as the Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science. The FNP's efforts are widely regarded as crucial in transforming Polish science after 1989. == Programs == The FNP offers scholarships and grants for outstanding researchers in various career stages, regardless of citizenship. These programs include the following: The Prize of the Foundation, also known as The Polish Nobel Prize – the most important scientific prize in Poland, which is awarded in four fields: Life sciences, Chemistry and material science, Mathematics, physics and engineering, as well as humanities and social sciences. Each recipient gets 200,000 zł (about $65,000). The Polish-American Scientific Award – a common undertaking between the Foundation for Polish Science and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Polish-German scientific award Copernicus - offered jointly by FNP and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Mistrz Homing Plus -


id: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:28.506702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS) is a nonprofit scientific research institute in Zurich, Switzerland, established in 1999. IT'IS has links to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich) and the global wireless communications industry (e.g., the Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF) and GSMA), and has received research support from Swiss, European, and U.S. funding agencies. IT'IS participates in working groups of international standards organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA), contributes to the formulation of safety standards for wireless industries, and advises regulatory agencies regarding the biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) energy. Researchers at the IT'IS Foundation use computational life sciences to study applications of EM energy in wireless information technologies and medicine. IT'IS develops tools and methods used by medical-technical industries and manufacturers of wireless devices to assess the absorption of EM fields by living tissue. IT'IS employs 52 people and shares facilities in Zurich with other members of the Zurich43 (Z43) alliance, which includes the commercial R&D units Schmidt & Partner Engineering AG (SPEAG), Zurich MedTech AG (ZMT), and TI Solutions AG. == History ==


id: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-1.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:28.506702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2010−2019 === In 2010, the IT'IS Foundation was featured in Technoscope, the "technical magazine for youth and the youthful" of The Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW), an independent organization for the promotion of the engineering sciences. A 2010 IT'IS publication on human exposure to EM fields from energy saving light bulbs was part of a report on the safety of fluorescent bulbs aired by the Canadian investigative newsmagazine television program 16:9 The Bigger Picture. The IT'IS Foundation added a group of child anatomical computational phantoms, called the Virtual Classroom, to the Virtual Family in 2010. The library of computational phantoms was extended by the addition of Glenn (an elderly male model) and Fats (an obese male model) and was renamed the Virtual Population (ViP). The FDA and IT'IS developed a multimodal imaging-based detailed anatomical (MIDA) model of the human head and neck, which includes representations of eyes, ears, and deep brain structures, as well as several muscles, bones and skull layers, arteries and veins, cranial nerves, and salivary glands. The models are freely available for use in non-commercial projects by research groups around the world. IT'IS uses computational physics in precision medicine applications, and was funded in 2010


id: foundation-for-the-study-of-cycles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for the Study of Cycles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:29.674011+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-the-study-of-cycles-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation for the Study of Cycles (FSC) is an international nonprofit organization that fosters, promotes, and conducts scientific research in respect to rhythmic and periodic fluctuations in any branch of science. It was incorporated on January 10, 1941 by Edward R. Dewey. It is currently under the directorship of Dr. Richard Smith. FSC published the Cycles Magazine from 1950 until 1997. In 2020, FSC relaunched the magazine as a quarterly publication. All FSC members are provided access to Cycles App, which according to the foundation, is "a tool that can decode cycles and apply cyclic analysis to detect dominant cycles in any dataset." The FSC has been backed over the years by notable investors, like W. Clement Stone, Fidelity Investments, Coleman Co., and Paul Tudor Jones. == See also == == Footnotes == == References == Huntington, Ellsworth (1943). "The Foundation for the Study of Cycles". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 36 (2): 335–336. doi:10.1093/aesa/36.2.335. Sollberger, Arne (1978). "In memoriam Edward Russell Dewey (1895–1978)". Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research. 9 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1080/09291017809359618 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Tromp, Solco W. (1978). "In memoriam Professor Edward R. Dewey 1895–1978". International Journal of Biometeorology. 22 (3): 161–162.


id: fyssen-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Fyssen Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:30.866355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fyssen-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Fyssen Foundation (French: Fondation Fyssen) is a French charitable organization that was established in 1979 by Héraclios Fyssen, a wealthy industrialist who endowed his whole fortune to it. The aim of the foundation is to stimulate research into the processes underlying and leading to cognition, including work in such disciplines as ethology, paleontology, archaeology, anthropology, psychology, logic, and neuroscience. To this end, the foundation offers postdoctoral stipends to French scientists wanting to do research abroad and foreign scientists wishing to work in a French laboratory. Reports on this research are published in the foundation's journal, the Annales de la Fondation Fyssen. It also offers research grants. In addition, the foundation regularly organizes symposia and supports the publication in book form of the proceedings thereof. Finally, the foundation yearly awards an International Scientific Prize of €100,000. The topics of this prize rotate among the different fields of interest to the foundation. As of 2023, the foundation has supported over 1300 scientists with either a stipend or a research grant, awarded 43 International Scientific Prizes, and supported the publication of 45 books. == List of International Scientific Prize awardees == The following persons have received the International Scientific Prize: == References


id: hasselblad-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Hasselblad Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:32.130440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hasselblad-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Hasselblad Foundation was established in 1979 at the will of Victor Hasselblad, as a fully independent, not-for-profit foundation based at Götaplatsen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The main aim of the foundation is to promote research and academic teaching in the natural sciences and photography. == History == After the death of Victor Hasselblad in August 1978 it was announced by the Swedish government that he had bequeathed part of his fortune "to establish awards similar to Nobel Prizes," with the Erna and Victor Hasselblad Foundation "awarding prizes of around three million Swedish crowns ($700,000) once a year, or twice this sum every two years, to scientists in the natural sciences." At the time the sum corresponded to the annual Nobel prize awards for science and literature. The first grant, 500,000 Swedish Kronor in that instance, went to Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology's Department of Photography, then the country's only scientific research and teaching institution in the field of photography. === Erna and Victor Hasselblad Photography Center === In accord with its origin in the manufacture of innovative cameras, the Foundation also conducts its own research into photography at its Hasselblad Center, which opened in 1989, with Rune Hassner as the


id: institute-for-structural-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Structural Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:33.584810+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-structural-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Structural Research (Instytut Badań Strukturalnych or IBS) is an independent scientific foundation based in Warsaw, established in 2006. The main aim of this organization is to organize and support the research increasing innovation and competitiveness of economy. The foundation inspires and carries out scientific works in the fields of: Economics Mathematics Informatics and quantitative methods Social Sciences == Management of the Institute for Structural Research (IBS) == Piotr Lewandowski – President of the Board Iga Magda – Vice President of the Board Julian Zawistowski – Chairman of the Council Paweł Kowal – Member of the Council == References == == External links == Official website


id: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Iran National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) (Persian: صندوق حمایت از پژوهشگران کشور) is an Iranian government agency that supports fundamental research and education in the fields of science, engineering, and medical science. The current director of INSF is Eaman Eftekhari (as 2019). The first director was Mohammad Farhadi, who served from 2002 to Feb 2011, followed by Nosratoallh Zargham. == Introduction == The fast development in science and technology and role of a knowledge-based economy in global changes caused some to predict that the chief rulers of the world in the future would be nations and governments which have had the greatest contribution in planning, supporting, and financing science, technology and research. As a result of the request of a group of scholars and thinkers of the university and Hozeh (religious academies) on Oct. 7th, 2003, the Supreme Leader of Iran ordered the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution to prepare the grounds for backing production of scientific software, and also to institutionalize scientific space in the country. The Council of Scientific Researches of Iran ratified the charter of the INSF on its 522nd session, 18 Feb 2003, in order to fulfill the 4th paragraph of the 3rd article of


id: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Iran National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
arranging opportunities for the appreciation and reverence of selected researchers in accordance with other institutes responsible in this field, having active connection with relevant organizations to improve researchers' position in the society, using legal devices and strategies for propagating the culture and spirit of research entrepreneurship. === Intellectual Property === Intellectual property of the plans supported by the foundation, and their resulting achievements and reports will be defined according to the foundation's supports and the type and subject of plans. In return for financial and spiritual supports, the foundation can hold a portion or the whole intellectual property of the plan's achievements. In this regard, the foundation's general principles are: contact with internal or foreign authentic and legal centers in order to cover service needs for patenting of inventions and their intellectual property, researchers share probable material profits of their idea, as far as possible, there must be a system for patenting the ideas of those researchers who present their innovative plans to the foundation as well as for protection of their rights, if ever execution of the plans needs cooperation of several researchers, a necessary network must be established among them, preserving each one's rights. === Supportive Priorities of


id: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-2.md
category: reference
title: Iran National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
One of the duties for the scientific committee of the foundation is to prepare strategies to facilitate patenting the inventions and discoveries relevant to those plans which have passed their research and executive stages under support of the foundation, inside and outside the country. Since 2007 until 2018, 1075 Iranians have applied through INSF to file a patent application in USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office). Of this number of applications, 327 cases (30.4%) were approved, 240 were filed and 67 were patented and 139 inventions were obtained. See also: Intellectual property in Iran D) Supplying the research equipment needed for the research === Non-financial supports === These supports include the following: A) Introducing the researcher to research and service centers According to mutual relations between INSF and other research, higher education centers such as universities, and their agreement to use their facilities and equipment, INSF introduces the researchers to the above centers in order to use the mentioned facilities. B) Granting rewards On various occasions, some rewards will be granted to the researchers and those who have presented selected proposals. C) Scientific confirmation of the researchers D) Other administrative supports == Research Chair == In order to implement


id: israel-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Israel Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:35.932801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: israel-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Israel Science Foundation (ISF) is a nonprofit organization that provides monetary grants for scientific research in Israel. It is the Israeli analogue of scientific funding bodies in other countries such as the US National Science Foundation, the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council or the Iran National Science Foundation. It is administered by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The foundation was created in 1972 as the Branch for Basic Research and assumed its present name in 1991. The foundation is administered by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The foundation's activities span all fields: exact sciences and technology, life sciences and medicine, and humanities and social sciences. From 2002 to 2009, the foundation was headed by Joseph Klafter. The annual budget of the science foundation is 142 million USD. The majority of ISF funding comes from the Government of Israel. The Foundation’s research grants are awarded on a competitive basis, based on indicators of scientific excellence, in various areas, and according to need. The Foundation uses a unique evaluation system to determine grant recipients. Israeli researchers from universities, research institutes, other higher education institutions, and hospitals are eligible to apply for grants.Grants are awarded for


id: microgravity-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Microgravity Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:37.193033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: microgravity-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Microgravity Centre (Centro de Microgravidade), colloquially known as the "MicroG", at PUCRS university, Porto Alegre, Brazil, was initially created as a laboratory in 1999 by Thais Russomano, as the first academic and research establishment dedicated to Space Life Sciences in Latin America. It evolved into a fully multidisciplinary centre in 2006, expanding its areas of research beyond aerospace medicine and engineering, to include pharmaceuticals, biomechanics and physiotherapy, among others. The MicroG is now an internationally recognised and leading research centre in diverse fields of knowledge, producing numerous relevant studies. Russomano remained as Coordinator of the research centre until July 2017. == Structure == The centre is a multi-disciplinary unit that brings together researchers, professors and students from many different faculties within PUCRS, including medicine, engineering, aeronautical sciences, pharmacy, biosciences, physics, informatics, sports science, odontology, physiotherapy, nursing and nutrition. The centre comprises eight research laboratories: John Ernsting Aerospace Physiology Lab Joan Vernikos Aerospace Pharmacy Lab Aerospace Engineering Lab Aerospace Biomechanics Lab Aerospace Physiotherapy Lab Aviation Research Lab eHealth Lab Imaging Lab == Projects == Each laboratory conceives and develops its own research projects in each field of interest. While most of the studies are coordinated and executed by biomedical researchers,


id: mitsubishi-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Mitsubishi Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:38.330975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mitsubishi-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Mitsubishi Foundation (財団法人三菱財団; Zaidan Hōjin Mitsubishi Zaidan) is a Japanese organization providing grants for academic research. == History == In 1970, the Mitsubishi Group established the Mitsubishi Foundation to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the founding of the first Mitsubishi company. That foundation donates large sums of money annually to support scientific research and public-interest activities. == External links == Foundation website (in Japanese) Foundation website (in English) == References ==


id: national-research-and-development-agency-chile-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research and Development Agency (Chile)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:39.498341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-and-development-agency-chile-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research and Development Agency (ANID, Spanish: Agencia National de Investigación y Desarrollo) is a scientific funding agency of the government of Chile, founded on January 1, 2020. It is a part of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation. == CONICYT == CONICYT was founded in 1967 as the Chilean government agency responsible for coordinating, promoting and aiding scientific research in the country. The name is an acronym of Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica meaning "National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research". CONICYT was part of the Ministry of Education. In 2020, it became ANID. == Grant programs == ANID (or formerly as CONICYT) provides grants through several programs: FONDECYT (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development) FONDEF (Fund for the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Development) FONDAP (Financing Fund Research Centres in Priority Areas) National Fund for Research and Development in Health Regional Fund for Scientific and Technological Development Explore program == See also == Science and technology in Chile == References ==


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The United States National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about $9.9 billion (fiscal year 2023), the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing. NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the National Science Board (NSB) do not require U.S. Senate confirmation. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. == History == === Founding === The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 1940–1949 ==== Amidst growing awareness that US military capability depended on strength in science and engineering, Congress considered several proposals to support research in these fields. Separately, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sponsored creation of organizations to coordinate federal funding of science for war, including the National Defense Research Committee and the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) both from 1941 to 1947. Despite broad agreement over the principle of federal support for science, working out a consensus on how to organize and manage it required five years. The five-year political debate over the creation of a national scientific agency has been a topic for academic study, understood from a variety of perspectives. Themes include disagreements over administrative structure, patents and inclusion of social sciences, a populist-versus-scientist dispute, as well as the roles of political parties, Congress, and President Harry S. Truman. Commonly, this debate is characterized by the conflict between New Deal senator Harley M. Kilgore and OSRD head Vannevar Bush. Narratives about the National Science Foundation prior to the 1970s typically concentrated on Vannevar Bush and his 1945 publication Science—The Endless Frontier. In this report, Vannevar Bush, then head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-2.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 1950–1959 ==== In 1950 Harry S. Truman signed Public Law 507, or 42 U.S.C. 16 creating the National Science Foundation. which provided for a National Science Board of twenty-four part-time members. In 1951 Truman nominated Alan T. Waterman, chief scientist at the Office of Naval Research, to become the first Director. With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million, far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded. After the 1957 Soviet Union orbited Sputnik 1, the first ever human-made satellite, national self-appraisal questioned American education, scientific, technical and industrial strength and Congress increased the NSF appropriation for 1958 to $40 million. In 1958 the NSF selected Kitt Peak, near Tucson, Arizona, as the site of the first national observatory, that would give any astronomer unprecedented access to state-of-the-art telescopes; previously major research telescopes were privately funded, available only to astronomers who taught at the universities that ran them. The idea expanded to encompass the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, the


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-3.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 1990–1999 ==== In 1990 the NSF's appropriation passed $2 billion for the first time. NSF funded the development of several curricula based on the NCTM standards, devised by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. These standards were widely adopted by school districts during the subsequent decade. However, in what newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal called the "math wars", organizations such as Mathematically Correct complained that some elementary texts based on the standards, including Mathland, had almost entirely abandoned any instruction of traditional arithmetic in favor of cutting, coloring, pasting, and writing. During that debate, NSF was both lauded and criticized for favoring the standards. In 1991 the NSFNET acceptable use policy was altered to allow commercial traffic. By 1995, with private, commercial market thriving, NSF decommissioned the NSFNET, allowing for public use of the Internet. In 1993 students and staff at the NSF-supported National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, developed Mosaic, the first freely available browser to allow World Wide Web pages that include both graphics and text. Within 18 months, NCSA Mosaic becomes the Web browser of choice for more than a million users, and sets off an exponential


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-4.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive, limited-term grants in response to specific proposals from the research community and establishing cooperative agreements with research organizations. It does not operate its own laboratories, unlike other federal research agencies, notable examples being NASA and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NSF uses four main mechanisms to communicate funding opportunities and generate proposals: dear colleague letters, program descriptions, program announcements, and program solicitations. The NSF receives over 50,000 such proposals each year, and funds about 10,000 of them. Those funded are typically projects that are ranked highest in a 'merit review' process, the current version of which was introduced in 1997. Reviews are carried out by ad hoc reviewers and panels of independent scientists, engineers, and educators who are experts in the relevant fields of study, and who are selected by the NSF with particular attention to avoiding conflicts of interest. For example, reviewers cannot work at the NSF itself, nor for the institution that employs the proposing researchers. All proposal evaluations are confidential: the proposing researchers may see them, but they do not see the names of the reviewers. The first merit review criterion is 'intellectual merit',


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-5.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
Brussels for Europe, formerly based in Paris (established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015) Tokyo for East Asia, except China (established 1960) Beijing for China (established 2006) All three overseas offices were shut down in October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research and explore collaborations with the institution. === Crosscutting programs === In addition to the research it funds in specific disciplines, the NSF has launched a number of projects that coordinate the efforts of experts in many disciplines, which often involve collaborations with other U.S. federal agencies. Examples include initiatives in: Nanotechnology The science of learning Digital libraries The ecology of infectious diseases Insect farming === National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics === NSF's National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) gathers data from surveys and partnerships with other agencies to offer official data on the American science and engineering workforce, graduates of advanced U.S. science and engineering programs, and R&D expenditures by U.S. industry. NCSES is one of the principal U.S. statistical agencies. It


id: new-york-stem-cell-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: New York Stem Cell Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:41.917439+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-york-stem-cell-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The New York Stem Cell Foundation, or NYSCF, is an American non-profit research institute focused on stem cell research, technology development, and funding researchers. Headquartered on the far west side of Manhattan, New York, NYSCF employs 114 scientists, technicians, engineers, and administrative and other staff, in addition to funding early career investigators and postdoctoral fellows. Since its inception, NYSCF has raised and invested more than $400 million for stem cell research. It was acquired by The Jackson Laboratory in October 2026. == Organization == === History === NYSCF was founded in New York City by Susan L. Solomon, a lawyer and entrepreneur, and Mary Elizabeth Bunzel, a former journalist, in 2005 to accelerate stem cell-based approaches to researching and treating type 1 diabetes and in response to the refusal of the administration of President George W. Bush to make a major investment in stem cell research. In 2006, NYSCF opened the NYSCF Research Institute – a 500 square foot, one-room independent laboratory located adjacent to Columbia University – as a safe-haven to conduct somatic cell nuclear transfer research through a collaboration with Columbia University and Harvard University. In 2015, NYSCF signed a 20-year lease to move its headquarters and NYSCF


id: oli-health-magazine-organization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization-0.md
category: reference
title: Oli Health Magazine Organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:43.045764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oli-health-magazine-organization-20260505-0
summary:
Oli Health Magazine Organization (OHMO) is a non-profit scientific research organization founded in 2018. The organization focuses on promoting health education and supporting early-career researchers through training, research initiatives, and international collaboration. OHMO operates across multiple regions, including Africa, Europe, and Asia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, OHMO worked with students from Harvard Medical School to translate and disseminate public health information on COVID-19 in 26 languages. == History == OHMO was founded in 2018 by Olivier Uwishema while he was a medical student in Turkey. OHMO was formed as a non-profit organization with the aim of engaging young people in professional health education and scientific research worldwide. According to Forbes, he established the organization using savings from his monthly scholarship stipend, motivated by a lack of research mentorship opportunities for young people in low- and middle-income countries. Early in its development, the initiative faced skepticism from some academics regarding the ability of medical students to contribute to scientific research. == Activities == === COVID-19 === During the COVID-19 crisis, OHMO, in collaboration with Harvard Medical students, translated and distributed vital COVID-19 information in 26 international languages, such as English, Turkish, French, Arabic, Mandarin, Russian and Spanish among others. The collaboration


id: pearcey-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Pearcey Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:44.218327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pearcey-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Pearcey Foundation is an Australian organisation dedicated to raising the profile of the Australian information technology and telecommunications industry. == History == The Pearcey Foundation was formed in 1998. It is named after Trevor Pearcey (1919–1998), an Australian engineer who led the team that created CSIRAC, Australia's first and one of the world's earliest digital computers. == Pearcy Awards == As part of its work, the Pearcey Foundation presents the Pearcey Awards each year. The Foundation awards the Pearcey Medal to the Australian who has made the most outstanding lifetime contribution to the Australian ICT industry, and each state committee makes an annual award to the ICT professional in that state who has made the most outstanding professional, innovative or business achievement in the field of ICT. Exceptional individuals are inducted into the Pearcey Hall of Fame. === Pearcey Medal === Winners of the Pearcey Medal include: 2023: David and Aidan Tudehope, founders of Macquarie Technology Group 2024: Svetha Venkatesh === Pearcey Hall of Fame === Inductees into the Pearcey Hall of Fame: 2023: David and Aidan Tudehope 2023: Jean Armstrong 2023: Richard White 2024: Svetha Venkatesh 2024: Andrew Dzurak 2024: Jan Kornweibel == References == == External links


id: skolkovo-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Skolkovo Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:46.601738+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: skolkovo-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Skolkovo Foundation is the principal agency, as a part of VEB.RF group (ex-Vnesheconombank), responsible for the Russian Skolkovo Innovation Center, a scientific and technological center for the development and commercialization of advanced technologies. It is a non-profit organization founded in 2010 and charged by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev with creating a new science and technology development center in the Moscow suburb of Skolkovo. The Skolkovo innovation system comprises the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) established in partnership with MIT, corporate R&D centers, business incubators, private seed and venture funds, and start-up companies, as well as residential space and social infrastructure. It is a city with over 30,000 residents and employees. Skolkovo gave a grant of $780,000 to a company called Workle, which is a service that people can use to start their own Internet-based careers, in 2012. As a result, Workle increased its remote workforce by over 500 percent, according to Yekaterinburg News. The Skolkovo Foundation has offices in the United States, and U.S. allegations have been raised concerning the true intent behind their activities there. In April 2014, FBI Assistant Special Agent Lucia Ziobro wrote an unusual article in The Boston Business Journal which stated that


id: the-spaceguard-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: The Spaceguard Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:47.851377+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-spaceguard-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Spaceguard Foundation (SGF) is a private organization based in Frascati, Italy, whose purpose is to study, discover and observe near-Earth objects (NEO) and protect the Earth from the possible threat of their collision. The foundation is non-partisan, non-political and non-profit, and acts as the international organization grouping together the spaceguard organizations in various countries, as well as individual astronomers and organizations interested in the foundation's activities. The foundation was established in Rome in 1996. Since then, it has moved into the ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN) at Frascati. As of 2007, Italian astronomer Andrea Carusi heads the foundation. == The Spaceguard System == The Spaceguard System is a collection of observatories engaging in near-Earth objects (NEO) observations. The Spaceguard Central Node—the website of the foundation—manages the collection and provides the observatories with services which would optimize the international coordination of NEO followups. The individual observatories in the system participate in these services on a volunteer basis. As of 2007, all the observatories in the system are ground-based. == Related organizations == Spaceguard Croatia (Croatia) Spaceguard Foundation e.V. (Germany) Japan Spaceguard Association (Japan) Spaceguard UK (United Kingdom) == See also == B612 Foundation Chelyabinsk meteor Tunguska event == References


id: stiftung-benedictus-gotthelf-teubner-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner-0.md
category: reference
title: Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:49.074054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stiftung-benedictus-gotthelf-teubner-20260505-0
summary:
The Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner Leipzig / Dresden / Berlin / Stuttgart, in short: Teubner-Stiftung (English: Teubner Foundation), was founded on 21 February 2003 in the Haus des Buches (English: House of the Book) at Gutenbergplatz, Leipzig. == Purpose == The Teubner foundation aims to keep the memory of the work of the Saxon company founder, publisher, bookseller, book printer, typographer and Leipzig city councilor Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner alive in the public. The purpose of the foundation is to promote science and research in the sense of B.G. Teubner. == Awards == Since 2004, the foundation has been awarding the Benedictus-Gotthelf-Teubner-Förderpreis. The winners so far are: 2004: Albrecht Beutelspacher (Mathematics Gießen) 2005: Leipziger Schülergesellschaft für Mathematik (LSGM) (English: Leipzig Student Society for Mathematics) 2009: Mathematische Schülergesellschaft (MSG) (English: Mathematical Student Society) "Leonhard Euler" at the Humboldt University Berlin 2010: Erlebnisland Mathematik (English: Adventureland Mathematics) (joined project of the Department of Mathematics / TU Dresden with the Technische Sammlungen Dresden) 2011: Adam-Ries-Bund Annaberg-Buchholz 2012: Mathematical journal Die Wurzel in Jena 2015: Urania Berlin e.V. 2018: Gauss-Gesellschaft e.V. Göttingen On the 200th anniversary of the founding date of the company by BG Teubner in Leipzig on 21 February 1811, the Benedictus Gotthelf


id: united-states-israel-binational-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:50.381026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: united-states-israel-binational-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) is a grant-awarding institution that promotes collaborative research in a wide range of basic and applied scientific disciplines, established in 1972 by an agreement between the governments of the United States and Israel. Numerous scientists participating in BSF programs have won prestigious awards such as the Nobel, Lasker and Wolf prizes. The Foundation grant recipients include 43 Nobel Prize laureates, 19 winners of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, and 38 recipients of the Wolf Prize. == Funding and structure == The BSF's income is derived from interest on an endowment of $100 million which was established in equal parts by the United States and Israeli governments. The organization is governed by a Board of Governors consisting of five American and five Israeli members, appointed by their respective governments. The BSF's base of operations is in Jerusalem. == Grants == Grants are awarded on a competitive, peer-reviewed basis, a process juried by scientists from the United States, Israel and around the world. To be eligible for consideration, grant requests must be of outstanding scientific quality and demonstrate substantive collaboration between American and Israeli principal investigators. They must be for peaceful purposes and conducted


id: volkswagen-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Volkswagen Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:51.501671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: volkswagen-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Volkswagen Foundation (German: VolkswagenStiftung) is the largest German private nonprofit organization involved in the promotion and support of academic research. It is not affiliated to the present company, the Volkswagen Group. It was established in 1961 as Stiftung Volkswagenwerk with a portion of the confiscated assets of the Volkswagenwerk GmbH. With a capital of 2.9 billion euros, as of 2016 it is the largest German scientific foundation. Since its founding, it has distributed 4.2 billion Euros in grants for over 30,000 projects, and now funds new projects at the rate of 100 million euros per year. == References == == External links == Official website


id: zambia-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Zambia Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:52.714914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zambia-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Zambia Academy of Sciences (ZaAS) is a non-profit organisation that provides perspectives on scientific matters and contributes to the nation's scientific education. It includes 42 members and fellows from various scientific disciplines, including academia, public and private sectors. The academy has a draft constitution and is subject to an Act of Parliament. == History == The Zambia Academy of Sciences was established at the National Science and Technology Council offices in 2005. An interim governing council was formed and a draft constitution was prepared. The academy was registered as a Society in the same year and joined the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) in 2006. From January 2016, the academy implemented policy documents for nominating and electing members and fellows. == Membership == As of 2021, ZaAS had 42 members and fellows from fields such as agricultural and animal sciences, biological sciences, chemistry, engineering, food science, medical sciences, mineral sciences, and veterinary science. The membership includes scientists from academia, public and private sectors. The academy conducted its first induction ceremony in September 2017. The academy is in the process of being legislated by an Act of Parliament and aims to provide opinions on scientific matters and contribute to


id: asia-pacific-network-for-global-change-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:56.557126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: asia-pacific-network-for-global-change-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) is an intergovernmental network that promotes policy-oriented research and capacity-building activities related to global change in the region. APN receives financial contribution from the governments of the United States, Japan, Republic of Korea and New Zealand, with in-kind contribution from all it 22 member countries. The APN Secretariat is based in Kobe, Japan, hosted by the Hyogo Prefectural Government. == History == The history of APN dates back to the 1990 White House Conference on Science and Economics Research Related to Global Change, 17–18 April 1990, at which then US President George Bush invited countries of the world to join the United States in creating regional networks for north–south scientific cooperation at the intergovernmental level to deal with global environmental change research. Later in 1992, President Bush and then Prime Minister of Japan Kiichi Miyazawa signed the 1992 US-Japan Global Partnership Agreement, which, among other things, reaffirmed and strengthened Japan-US commitment to global change research. Discussions along these lines ultimately resulted in the establishment of three global change research networks: ENRICH for Europe and Africa, APN for Asia and the Pacific, and IAI for the Americas. APN was formally launched in 1996


id: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Research into Crimes against Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:57.789272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA) is a non-governmental civil society organisation (CSO) that conducts scholarly research and training in the field of combating cultural property crime. Established in 2009, ARCA was created to address gaps in the international legal framework related to art and antiquities crimes. It was founded by Noah Charney, an art historian, art crime expert, and published author. Internationally recognized for its work in the specialized field of art crime research, ARCA's affiliate researchers are frequently interviewed by the press and invited to provide commentary on criminal incidents impacting the art market. They also offer insights on cases where art crimes intersect with other forms of criminality, such as money laundering, organized crime, and terrorist financing. The Association's work has been recognized by both governmental and non-governmental institutions as a valuable resource for understanding and interpreting art crimes. To support this mission, ARCA maintains collaborative relationships with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations through cooperation agreements with international bodies, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), and the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Observatory of Illicit Traffic. == History and activities ==


id: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-1.md
category: reference
title: Association for Research into Crimes against Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:57.789272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-0
summary:
=== Sponsorship and outreach === When funding allows, ARCA has sponsored the documentation and exploration of new methodologies, approaches, and interactions focused on art and antiquities crime, as well as efforts toward its mitigation. In 2012, the Association awarded its Writer's Residency to Dr. Laurie Rush, a U.S.-based archaeologist and Cultural Resource Manager at Fort Drum. Dr. Rush advocates for Cultural Property Protection as a force multiplier in stability operations within the military. During her summer residency with ARCA, she was introduced to officers from Italy's Carabinieri art crime police unit, who, in turn, authorized the first English-language book highlighting the work of the Italian military's Carabinieri Command for the Protection of Cultural Property. Since 2010, the Association has hosted its eponymous international art crime conference in Amelia, Italy. This event is designed for academic researchers, provenance researchers, law enforcement officials, museum professionals, legal experts, and public prosecutors who are addressing the ethical and legal complexities of art and antiquities crime and cultural property protection. In 2016, a weekend-long conference forum focused on the concept of Cultural Rights and Value Education. In 2018, the event emphasized art crimes committed during incidents of asymmetrical warfare in the Middle East and featured


id: blitzortung-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md
category: reference
title: Blitzortung
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:59.041227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blitzortung-20260505-0
summary:
Blitzortung (German for "lightning direction-finding", German pronunciation: [ˈblɪtsˌɔʁtʊŋ]) is an informal, non-commercial group of citizen scientists supported by professional scientists. Active since 2005, station operators manage a worldwide network of ~1800 active VLF radio wave receiver stations in 83 countries. When lightning strikes, it generates electromagnetic waves called whistlers, which the receiver/detector stations use to determine the location of lightning strikes based on time-of-flight detector measurements. The only compensation that station operators receive is free access to the raw data of all stations. The data is processed by various websites using geoinformatics methods and made available on the Internet as a map display. == Targets == The goal of Blitzortung.org is worldwide lightning detection with many inexpensive receiving stations. According to the website, such a station costs a maximum of $355 to build yourself. According to its own presentation, the interest group is "primarily aimed at private individuals with an interest in meteorology and expertise in the field of electrical and computer technology." There is no formal organisation behind it, there are no contracts and no fees or contributions are charged. The work is for personal edification only and is purely a hobby. == Structure of the measuring stations ==


id: emerge85-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85-0.md
category: reference
title: Emerge85
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:00.208254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emerge85-20260505-0
summary:
Emerge85, originally known as The Johns Hopkins SAIS-Delma Institute Partnership on Geo-Economic Multiplicity, is a research partnership between the Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and the UAE-based Delma Institute. The partnership is co-located in Washington, D.C., and Abu Dhabi. Its stated purpose is to explore change and the rising importance of emerging markets, with emphasis on stories that challenge the economic status quo and reshape the global landscape. Recurring themes include urbanization, increased connectivity, and the global middle class. The partnership derives its name from the 85% of the world's population living in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. == History == emerge85 was founded in April 2016 and launched to the public at an event hosted by Vali Nasr, the dean of SAIS, on October 4, 2016. A year later in October 2017, emerge85 was an official partner at the fourth ALN Annual International Conference in Dubai, which explored economic opportunities between Africa and the Persian Gulf region. It also partnered with The Milken Institute for its 2018 MENA Summit in Abu Dhabi in February 2018, where Al Gergawi moderated a panel discussion on food security in the Middle East,


id: equality-labs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs-0.md
category: reference
title: Equality Labs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:01.397516+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: equality-labs-20260505-0
summary:
Equality Labs is a South-Asian Ambedkarite organisation co-founded by Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Aruna Sanghapali and Valli Karunakaran in 2015. The organisation focuses on addressing caste discrimination within the South Asian diaspora and has conducted significant research on the issue. They released a groundbreaking report in 2016, presenting the first-ever survey on caste and caste discrimination in the US. Equality Labs has actively advocated for marginalized communities, shedding light on pervasive caste discrimination experienced by Dalits and other marginalized groups, including on college campuses. Additionally, they have conducted research on hate speech and disinformation on platforms like Facebook India, calling for stronger content moderation policies to address targeted hate speech against marginalized communities. == Background == In 2016, Equality Labs conducted the first survey on caste discrimination in the United States, exposing the extent to which the South Asian diaspora in America is affected by this issue. According to the report, a considerable number of Dalits (those who are deemed "untouchable" in the caste system) face prejudice and violence as a result of their caste, both at employment and in K-12 school. In partnership with Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal's office, Equality Labs and its partners arranged the first congressional briefing on caste discrimination


id: eurocris-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS-0.md
category: reference
title: EuroCRIS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:02.608384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eurocris-20260505-0
summary:
euroCRIS is an international not-for-profit association founded in 2002 in order to bring together experts on research information management and research information management systems (CRIS). The euroCRIS Office is located in Nijmegen (Netherlands). euroCRIS maintains the CERIF standard (for Common European Research Information Format) to enable CRIS system interoperability. CERIF is endorsed by the European Commission and is developed and maintained by the CERIF Task Group of euroCRIS. The mission of euroCRIS is to foster cooperation and knowledge-sharing across the worldwide research information community and to promote interoperability of research information through the CERIF standard. Additional areas of activity also include – among others – the uptake of CRIS systems by various stakeholders, research information infrastructures on an institutional, regional, national and international level, best practices in system interoperability and the use and implementation of standards in CRIS such as identifiers, formats, semantics, (controlled) vocabularies, etc. A key instrument for the community-driven information exchange are the international events regularly organised by euroCRIS. These include the biennial CRIS Conferences and the biannual Membership Meetings. The outputs arising from all these events are systematically archived in the euroCRIS open access repository based on a DSpace-CRIS software platform. In 2020 the organization took


id: european-association-for-research-on-learning-and-instruction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction-0.md
category: reference
title: European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:03.912849+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-association-for-research-on-learning-and-instruction-20260505-0
summary:
The European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI) was founded at Leuven University (Belgium) in 1985 to support research in the field of learning and instruction. The association's main activities include a Biennial, international Conference, support of research groups such as SIGs, E-CER and EFGs and journal outlets for educational researchers in Europe. This non-profit membership association has about 2,500 members from over 60 countries, both European and beyond. The five best represented countries within EARLI's membership are Germany, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States and Finland. Researchers can join the association through annual membership. On top of their general membership, EARLI supports several Special Interest Groups (SIG). These SIGs allow a smaller group of EARLI members to discuss specific educational themes. The main goal of the SIGs is to improve communication between researchers active in a similar field. Each SIG is governed by two coordinators who are assisted by a Junior Coordinator. Since the foundation of EARLI in 1985, 27 SIGs have been formed, covering a wide range of educational topics. EARLI's sister organisation EAPRIL was formally founded in 2009 to "make practice and research in lifelong learning interact, collaborate and benefit from each other's strength." ==


id: freedom-house-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-0.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
Freedom House is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights. Freedom House was founded in October 1941, with Wendell Willkie and Eleanor Roosevelt serving as its first honorary chairpersons. Most of the organization's funding comes from the U.S. State Department and other government grants. It also receives funds from various semi-public and private foundations, as well as individual contributions. The organization's annual Freedom in the World report assesses each country's degree of political freedoms and civil liberties. Another key annual report, Freedom on the Net, is Freedom House's annual survey and analysis of internet freedom around the world. While often cited by political scientists, journalists, and policymakers, the organization's democracy indices have received criticism. Between the 1970s and 2000s, critics predominately alleged that the organization was biased towards American interests due to government funding; others criticized the organization's reliance on democratic indices created near-exclusively by Raymond Gastil. In 2018, the rankings were criticized by National Review, a conservative magazine, for its perceptions of the NGO being "anti-conservative". == History == Freedom House was incorporated October 31, 1941. Among its founders were Eleanor Roosevelt, Wendell


id: freedom-house-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-1.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
== Organization == Freedom House is a nonprofit organization with approximately 300 staff members worldwide. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., it has field offices in about a dozen countries, including Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Jordan, Mexico, and also countries in Central Asia. Freedom House states that its board of trustees is composed of "business and labor leaders, former senior government officials, scholars, writers, and journalists". All board members are current residents of the United States. Past members of the organization's board of directors include Kenneth Adelman, Farooq Kathwari, Azar Nafisi, Mark Palmer, P. J. O'Rourke and Lawrence Lessig, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Samuel Huntington, Mara Liasson, Otto Reich, Donald Rumsfeld, Whitney North Seymour, Paul Wolfowitz, Steve Forbes and Bayard Rustin. === Funding === According to their 2022 financial statement and independent auditors' report, Freedom House reported $93,705,255 of total revenue: Federal grants – $79,606,961 International public agencies – $1,055,339 ($3,826,812 with donor restrictions) Corporations and foundations – $1,873,651 ($5,849,073 with donor restrictions) Individual contributions – $1,487,190 Net assets released from restrictions – $2,901,964 Freedom House's total expenses in 2022 were $85,530,680. == Reports == === Freedom in the World === Since 1973, Freedom House publishes an annual report, Freedom in the World,


id: freedom-house-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-2.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
=== Academic commentary === According to one study, Freedom House's rankings "overemphasize the more formal aspects of democracy while failing to capture the informal but real power relations and pathways of influence ... and frequently lead to de facto deviations from democracy." States can therefore "look formally liberal-democratic but might be rather illiberal in their actual workings" Academic Wenfang Tang observes that Freedom House reports use criteria developed by Western elites. A study comparing Freedom House rankings with the World Values Survey data measuring respondent's perceptions of freedom in their countries found no statistically significant correlation between the Freedom House measures of freedom and subjective feelings of freedom. According to Tang, Freedom House rankings exaggerate the differences between liberal and non-liberal countries, observing for example that Freedom House scores China near zero, but Chinese survey respondents report a higher level of freedom than do survey respondents in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Tang also observes that Freedom House's rating of China as a near zero for human rights conflicts with the seventh wave (2017-2022) World Values survey data indicating that 72% of Chinese are satisfied with the state of human rights in their country. === Cuban, Sudanese, and Chinese


id: freedom-house-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-3.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
=== Alleged partiality toward Uzbekistan === Craig Murray, the British ambassador to Uzbekistan from 2002 to 2004, wrote that the executive director of Freedom House told him in 2003 that the group decided to back off from its efforts to spotlight human rights abuses in Uzbekistan, because some Republican board members (in Murray's words) "expressed concern that Freedom House was failing to keep in sight the need to promote freedom in the widest sense, by giving full support to U.S. and coalition forces". Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan at the time included the killing of prisoners by "immersion in boiling liquid", and by strapping on a gas mask and blocking the filters, Murray reported. Jennifer Windsor, the executive director of Freedom House in 2003, replied that Murray's "characterization of our conversation is an inexplicable misrepresentation not only of what was said at that meeting, but of Freedom House's record in Uzbekistan ... Freedom House has been a consistent and harsh critic of the human rights situation in Uzbekistan, as clearly demonstrated in press releases and in our annual assessments of that country". === Criticism from American conservatives === In the 2010s, a number of American conservative institutions have accused Freedom


id: galicia-biological-mission-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission-0.md
category: reference
title: Galicia Biological Mission
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:06.312335+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: galicia-biological-mission-20260505-0
summary:
The Biological Mission of Galicia is a centre of the Higher Council for Scientific Research located in the civil parish of Salcedo in the municipality of Pontevedra in Spain. It is the oldest research institute of the Higher Council for Scientific Research in Galicia and the oldest agricultural research institute in Spain. == History == The Biological Mission of Galicia was created by the Council for the Extension of Scientific Studies and Research in April 1921. Its first headquarters was the Veterinary School of Santiago de Compostela, directed by Cruz Gallástegui. The mission remained in Santiago de Compostela until 1926, when the veterinary school disappeared. In 1927, the Provincial Council of Pontevedra offered a new location to the Biological Mission, which moved in 1928 first to the La Tablada estate in Campolongo and later to the palace that belonged to Archbishop Malvar in Salcedo, the Pazo de Gandarón, where it has remained to this day. From 1930 onwards, the institution's activities focused on the genetic improvement of maize, the variety of chestnut trees resistant to dyeing and the promotion in Spain of the English Large White pig breed. Between 1940 and 1950, the Mission consolidated its first lines of research


id: google-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Google Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:07.576269+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: google-research-20260505-0
summary:
Google Research (also known as Research at Google) is the research division of Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.. According to its official website, Google Research publishes findings, releases open-source software, and applies research results within Google products and services as well as within the wider scientific community. == Notable contributions == The 2017 landmark paper Attention Is All You Need, which introduced the Transformer architecture, which has subsequently been used to build modern large language models. Advances in neural machine translation powering Google Translate. Time series forecasting. Development of scalable learning systems and infrastructure for large-model training. Flood forecasting. Research into computational discovery via Google Accelerated Science including demonstrating the first below-threshold quantum calculations. == See also == Google AI Google Brain Google DeepMind == References == == External links == Official website Google AI portal


id: guild-of-european-research-intensive-universities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities-0.md
category: reference
title: Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:08.734808+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: guild-of-european-research-intensive-universities-20260505-0
summary:
The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities (also called The Guild) is a university network founded in 2016. It currently comprises 23 of Europe's research-intensive universities in 17 countries. The Guild released a series of position papers as part of the European Commission's consultation for Horizon 2020, Horizon Europe and the next Framework Programme (FP10). Its current Chair is Anders Hagfeldt, Vice-Chancellor Uppsala University, in Sweden. == Members == Since 2025, the group is made up of the following universities: == See also == List of higher education associations and alliances == References ==


id: institute-of-bioinformatics-bengaluru-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:09.927834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-bioinformatics-bengaluru-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Bioinformatics, often referred to as IOB, is an Indian not-for-profit academic research organization based in Bangalore, India. It is involved in research in the fields of bioinformatics, multi-omics, systems biology and neurological disorders. In 2002, the institute was set up by The Genomics Research Trust and the Johns Hopkins University of Baltimore, Maryland. This organization is recognized as a 'Scientific and Industrial Research Organization' (SIRO) of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India. Renowned Proteomicist Akhilesh Pandey, Professor at Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine of Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, USA is the Founding and current Director of IOB, and eminent Proteomicist Ravi Sirdeshmukh, Founder President of the 'Proteomic Society of India' is the current Associate Director of IOB. == Databases developed by IOB == Human Protein Reference Database (in collaboration with the Pandey Lab, Johns Hopkins University) Human Proteinpedia NetPath India Cancer Research Database Human Proteome Map Plasma Proteome Database Pancreatic Cancer Database Resource of Asian Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases == Funding Agencies == IOB receives grants and fundings from various national and international funding agencies. === National funding agencies === Council of Scientific and Industrial Research University Grants


id: international-society-for-cultural-and-activity-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Cultural and Activity Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:11.110763+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-cultural-and-activity-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Cultural and Activity Research (ISCAR) was founded in 2002 by the merging of the International Society for Cultural Research and Activity Theory and the Conference for Sociocultural Research. It is focused on sociocultural theory, and its application to practice. == External links == Official Website


id: list-of-r-d-laboratories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories-0.md
category: reference
title: List of R&D laboratories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:12.304480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-r-d-laboratories-20260505-0
summary:
== Private research laboratories == == University research laboratories == == Public research laboratories == == See also == United States Department of Energy National Laboratories List of United States federal research and development agencies Federally funded research and development centers Apple Advanced Technology Group – discontinued in 1997 Intel Architecture Labs – discontinued in the 2000s NASA facilities Intel Research Lablets Engineering Research Centers Networking and Information Technology Research and Development National Nanotechnology Initiative National Research and Development Agency (Japan) List of research stations in the Arctic List of university artificial intelligence research centers List of software developed at universities Research stations in Antarctica UK Research and Innovation CERN openlab List of robotics companies List of United States college laboratories conducting basic defense research == References ==


id: mandat-international-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International-0.md
category: reference
title: Mandat International
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:13.524482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mandat-international-20260505-0
summary:
Mandat International, also known as the International Cooperation Foundation, is an international non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland with consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the UNDPI, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Mandat International is established as an independent foundation that aims at promoting international cooperation with a focus on research, international law, and sustainable development. It develops its own projects, while ensuring its complete independence from any religious or political influence. It also supports academic freedom. == History == Mandat International was established as an organisation in 1995 and developed diverse projects and conferences in relation with the UN. Since then, it has been actively supporting international cooperation and conferences, and has participated in several international research projects. == Description == Mandat International is a member of the Internet of Things International Forum and supports international conferences such as the IoT Week, Digital Around the World, and the Privacy Symposium. == References == [1] == External links == Official website International Declaration on the Internet of Things for Sustainable Development, approved June 9, 2017


id: midwestern-prevention-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Midwestern Prevention Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:14.748703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: midwestern-prevention-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Midwestern Prevention Project was a research project funded in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, and the Lilly Endowment. It evaluated a community-wide effort at preventing alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among adolescents. The program included school, community/policy, parent, and mass media components. == References ==


id: provincial-research-organization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization-0.md
category: reference
title: Provincial research organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:16.034559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: provincial-research-organization-20260505-0
summary:
Provincial research organizations (PROs) are Canadian provincial government initiatives to promote research and development and adoption of technology in their respective provinces. The first PRO in Canada was the Alberta Research Council. Statistics Canada reports on the activities of PROs. PROs focus on applied research and technical services and generally specialize in industry sectors that are native to their provinces. Because they play an important role in growing and sustaining industry, they are considered a key component of provincial economic development strategies. PROs are also consulted by the government for innovation and economic development policy input. PROs are sustained through the combination of provincial grants and fees for services. PROs have been established in Canada as follows: Alberta Research Council (1921) Ontario Research Foundation (1928) British Columbia Research Council (1944) and now the BC Innovation Council Nova Scotia Research Foundation (1946) Saskatchewan Research Council (1947) New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council (1962) Manitoba Research Council (1963) Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec (1969) In 2009, Newfoundland and Labrador formed the Newfoundland and Labrador Research and Development Council. == References == == External links == Alberta Research Council BC Innovation Council Saskatchewan Research Council New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council Centre


id: quatuor-coronati-lodge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge-0.md
category: reference
title: Quatuor Coronati Lodge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:17.741755+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quatuor-coronati-lodge-20260505-0
summary:
Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076 is an UGLE-chartered lodge that meets at Freemasons' Hall, London. Its purpose since its founding in 1886 has been to replace the speculative and romantic histories of Freemasonry with a new standard of evidence-based, academic inquiry. The lodge publishes an annual journal, ARS Quatuor Coronatorum, and has a global membership group, the Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle (QCCC). == Name and symbolism == The name Quatuor Coronati is Latin for the "Four Crowned Ones" and refers to the Four Crowned Martyrs (Santi Quattro Coronati). The legend, which exists in several versions, concerns a group of Christian stonemasons during the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian. When commanded to carve a statue of the pagan god Asclepius, they refused on the grounds that their faith forbade the creation of idols. For this act of defiance, they were martyred. Their story is recorded in the Regius Poem (c. 1390), one of the oldest Masonic documents, and they became the traditional patron saints of stonemasons' guilds in medieval Europe. == History == === The imaginative school === The impetus for the lodge's formation arose from a deep dissatisfaction with the state of Masonic historiography in the 19th century. The prevailing


id: research-council-on-structural-connections-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council on Structural Connections
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:18.921205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-on-structural-connections-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) is a research organization focused on bolted structural connections. Their technical standard on this subject is cited in the US steel design code. Prior to 1980, the organization was known as the Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints (RCRBSJ). It was formed in 1947 to develop specifications for connections with high-strength bolts. At that time, high-strength structural steel rivets were common in buildings and bridges, but bolts were expected to be safer, quicker, and more economical if technical equivalence could be demonstrated. The council's first Specification identified ASTM A325 bolts as one-to-one replacements for ASTM A141 rivets. == References ==


id: research-data-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Data Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:20.105333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-data-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Data Alliance (RDA) is a global research community-driven organization started in 2013 by the European Commission, the US National Science Foundation and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Australian Department of Innovation. Its mission is to build the social and technical bridges to enable open sharing and re-use of data. The RDA vision is researchers and innovators openly sharing and resuing data across technologies, disciplines, and countries to address the grand challenges of society. In its initial years, the RDA was major recipient of support in the form of grants from its constituent members' governments. Since 2017, the RDA is sustained by its Organisational and Regional members. As of March 2025, the RDA has over 15,000 individual members from over 150 countries. == Structure == The RDA's main vehicle for outputs are 18-month long working groups that generate recommendations aimed at the RDA community. In addition to working groups, interest groups with no fixed lifetime can produce either informal or "supported" outputs which carry some degree of RDA endorsement. == Meetings == The RDA organises two major plenary conferences a year that are often co-located within other international data sharing initiatives such as the 12th RDA


id: research-organization-registry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Organization Registry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:36.384179+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-organization-registry-20260505-0
summary:
Research Organization Registry (ROR) is a community-led dataset that aims to provide a persistent identifier for every research organization in the world. It complements other commonly used identifiers such as ORCID for researchers and DOI for research output. Initially, the registry was seeded by the data from Global Research Identifier Database (GRID). In 2021 it was announced that ROR will take over the role of the leading open organization identifier from GRID. ROR's first release after separating from GRID was published in March 2022. The data can be accessed via the official website, an open API, or as a downloadable data dump. All ROR IDs and metadata are provided under the CC0 license. == References == == External links == Official website


id: research-university-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university-0.md
category: reference
title: Research university
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:37.577726+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-university-20260505-0
summary:
A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of knowledge production", along with "intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of doctoral degrees, and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be public or private, and often have well-known brand names. Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than vocational and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental life skills such as critical thinking. Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly public institutions, while some countries like the United States and Japan also have well-known private research institutions. Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as liberal arts colleges, instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, whereas research university faculty members, in contrast, are under more pressure to publish or perish. == History == === 19th century === The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where


id: research-university-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university-1.md
category: reference
title: Research university
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:37.577726+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-university-20260505-0
summary:
Being large and comprehensive – Clark Kerr's "multiversity" Emphasizing the undergraduate residential experience (flagged specifically as distinguishing American research universities from those in continental Europe) Integrating graduate education with research Having faculty engaged in research and scholarship Conducting research at high levels Having enlightened and bold leadership Global university rankings use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties (QS World University Rankings), or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1,000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (Times Higher Education World University Rankings). The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education in the United States designates institutions that spend on average at least $2.5 million on research and development annually as 'research universities and colleges', with further designations of 'research 2: high spending and doctorate production' and 'research 1: very high spending and doctorate production' for institutions spending over $5 million and awarding 20 or more doctorates per year and institutions spending over $50 million and awarding


id: researchers-alliance-for-development-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researchers_Alliance_for_Development-0.md
category: reference
title: Researchers Alliance for Development
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researchers_Alliance_for_Development
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:38.751681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: researchers-alliance-for-development-20260505-0
summary:
Researchers Alliance for Development (RAD) is a World Bank supported action-oriented and multidisciplinary network of researchers. Recognizing the engagement of academia in the global intellectual debate on development cooperation, the RAD aims to strengthen the interaction between the World Bank and the research community worldwide. It is headed by a steering committee of academics and many major universities over the world are its members. RAD objectives include: 1. Facilitating interaction between the academic community and the World Bank; 2. Mobilizing the academic and student community on development issues and curricula, facilitating mutual flow of knowledge. Towards these ends, it runs a number of activities including a student essay prize, a post/doctoral workshop on international organisations and development as well as working groups on an ad hoc basis. == See also == Global Development Network Development studies United Nations Research Institute For Social Development == External links == RAD's World Bank website Deprecated link archived 2007-06-07 at archive.today == References == Diane Stone and Christopher Wright (eds) The World Bank and Governance: A Decade of Reform and Reaction, Routledge, 2006


id: thuso-resources-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuso_Resources-0.md
category: reference
title: Thuso Resources
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuso_Resources
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:39.961748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thuso-resources-20260505-0
summary:
Thuso Resources was launched on 18 May 2023 by Universities South Africa as an information hub for early career academics, so who wish to advance their research careers The state-sponsored cadre of emerging scholars could not identify mentors, lacked networks and self-confidenceand so the Advancing Early Career Researchers and Scholars (AECRS) programme was launched by the Department of Science, Technology and Innovation to address these stated needs and provide a national toolbox of help resources. == Overview == The materials on the platform are informed by a Community of Practice for Postgraduate Education and Scholarship. This community have recognised the need to openly share their experiences, resources, and skills with peers. Thuso Resources is intended for early-career researchers and scholars who may be overwhelmed by the multiple tasks in academia. Early-career academics have found themselves teaching large numbers of undergraduate students and performing too many responsibilities without adequate guidance. Most of the resources fall under open access. The few Open Education Resources on Thuso Resources allow emerging scholars to "contribute to the creation, sharing and evaluation of knowledge... through research, learning and teaching." The above quote is sourced from Education White Paper 3, written in 1997, where transformation was imagined


id: universities-research-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_Research_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: Universities Research Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_Research_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:41.154402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: universities-research-association-20260505-0
summary:
The Universities Research Association (URA) is a non-profit association of more than 90 research universities, primarily but not exclusively in the United States. It has members also in Japan, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1965 at the behest of the President's Science Advisory Committee and the National Academy of Sciences to build and operate Fermilab, a National Accelerator Laboratory. == History == The President's Science Advisory Committee and a sister group of the United States Atomic Energy Commission joined forces in 1962 to "assess the future needs in high-energy accelerator physics." The panel's recommendations, issued in 1963, included the need to immediately commence design and construction on 200 GeV proton accelerators. An additional recommendation called for a new administrative construct. On January 17, 1965, the National Academy of Sciences addressed the last recommendation by sponsoring a meeting of presidents from 25 research universities to discuss the management of the accelerator facility that would later become the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). The meeting eventually resulted in the decision to form the Universities Research Association, with 34 original members, to build and manage the new accelerator facility. URA filed its articles of incorporation on June 21, 1965.


id: battelle-memorial-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Battelle Memorial Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:42.684923+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: battelle-memorial-institute-20260505-0
summary:
Battelle Memorial Institute (or simply Battelle) is an American private nonprofit applied science and technology development company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. == History == The institute was founded in 1929 by Gordon Battelle. Originally focusing on contract research and development work in the areas of metals and material science, Battelle is now an international science and technology enterprise that explores emerging areas of science, develops and commercializes technology, and manages laboratories for customers. It has 3,200 employees, and manages another 29,500 in ten United States Department of Energy National Laboratories. From 1969 to 1975, the institute was involved in a lawsuit over whether it was "neglecting its philanthropic promises" as a nonprofit organization. It reached an $80 million settlement in 1975 (equivalent to $479 million in 2025), used to demolish Union Station, build Battelle Hall at the Columbus Convention Center, refurbish the Ohio Theatre and create Battelle-Darby Creek Metro Park. The institute lost its nonprofit status in the 1990s, though regained it by 2001. == Operations == === Contract research business === Battelle serves the following: Agribusiness: cannabis research, encapsulation, formulation, environmental fate, spray drift and droplet characterization Ecology and environment: scientific data packages for researchers, air, water and soil


id: center-on-privacy-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Privacy_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Center on Privacy and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Privacy_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:43.913629+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-on-privacy-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Georgetown Center on Privacy and Technology is a think tank at Georgetown University in Washington, DC dedicated to the study of privacy and technology. Established in 2014, it is housed within the Georgetown University Law Center. The goal of the Center is to conduct research and empower legal and legislative advocacy around issues of privacy and surveillance, with a focus on how such issues affect groups of different social class and race. In May 2022, the Center's founding director Alvaro Bedoya was confirmed as a commissioner of the United States Federal Trade Commission. == Activities == === Surveillance === The Center hosts an annual conference titled "The Color of Surveillance" which explored how government and technological surveillance affected different marginalized populations, including Black Americans, immigrants to the United States, religious minorities, and poor and working people. In May 2022, the Center on Privacy and Technology published American Dragnet: Data-Driven Deportation in the 21st Century, a report detailing how U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has built a far-reaching surveillance system by accessing driver’s license databases, utility records, and purchasing data from commercial brokers, often without judicial oversight. The report found that ICE's surveillance practices affect the majority of adults


id: council-for-scientific-and-industrial-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:45.098787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: council-for-scientific-and-industrial-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a South African scientific research and development (R&D) organisation. It was established by an act of parliament in 1945 and is situated on its campus in Pretoria. It is Africa's largest research and development organisation and accounts for about 10% of the entire African R&D budget. It has a staff of approximately 3,000 technical and scientific researchers. == Overview == The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a leading scientific and technology research organisation that researches and develops transformative technologies to accelerate socioeconomic prosperity in South Africa. The organisation’s work contributes to industrial development and supports a capable state. The CSIR is an entity of the Department of Science and Innovation. The organisation plays a key role in supporting the public and private sectors through directed research that is aligned with the country’s priorities, the organisation’s mandate and its science, engineering and technology competences. The nine high-impact sectors identified by the CSIR to achieve its aims are: Industry advancement clusters Advanced Agriculture and Food NextGen Health Future Production: Chemicals Future Production: Mining Future Production: Manufacturing Defence and Security Industry and society enabling clusters Smart Places Smart Mobility NextGen Enterprises


id: debunk-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunk.org-0.md
category: reference
title: Debunk.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunk.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:46.272877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: debunk-org-20260505-0
summary:
Debunk.org is an independent technology think tank and non-governmental organisation based in Vilnius, Lithuania. Founded in 2018, the organisation was developed to counter online disinformation and state-sponsored internet propaganda. It researches and analyses disinformation within the Baltic states, Poland, Georgia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and the United States. It also aims to improve societal resilience to disinformation through educational courses and media literacy campaigns. Its current director is Viktoras Daukšas. == History == Debunk.org was founded by Viktoras Daukšas in 2018 and has its origins in the Demaskuok project. Demaskuok, meaning "debunk" in Lithuanian, was established by Delfi and had Daukšas as its director. It represented a collaboration between media outlets, technology experts, strategic communication departments within government institutions, and an army of volunteers known as "elves." The project sought to analyse thousands of articles per day, searching for pro-Kremlin disinformation targeting the Baltic states. Debunk.org and Demaskuok became parallel organisations, with the former seeking to expand its reach to new languages and regions. The two initiatives cooperated with each other until 2020. == Research == Debunk.org's research and analysis publications are the product of an analytical team and a consulting group of researchers who collaborate with the organisation's core team.


id: edge-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge.org-0.md
category: reference
title: Edge.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:47.480904+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: edge-org-20260505-0
summary:
Edge.org is an online magazine exploring scientific and intellectual ideas. Its chief editor is the publisher John Brockman. The website was created in 1997 as an online re-branding of The Reality Club. It is legally established as Edge Foundation, Inc. In 2019, BuzzFeed News reviewed Edge's IRS filings and reported that Jeffrey Epstein was "by far its largest financial donor", that "his association with Edge gave him access to leading scientists and figures in the tech industry", that he attended at least two Edge dinners in 2011 (two years after he had gone to prison for procuring a minor for prostitution), and that he was not listed by Edge among the attendees of those events. == The Third Culture == Echo markets The Third Culture as a movement towards reintegration of literary and scientific thinking. The name is a nod toward scientist C. P. Snow's concept of the two cultures of science and the humanities. John Brockman published a book of the same name whose themes are continued at the Edge website. Scientists and others are invited to contribute their thoughts in a manner accessible to non-specialist readers. == Edge Question == Edge poses its members an annual question: 1998:


id: eudoxa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxa-0.md
category: reference
title: Eudoxa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:48.702978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eudoxa-20260505-0
summary:
Eudoxa was a Swedish think tank based in Stockholm that was active during the 2000s and early 2010s. Its work focused on science and technology policy, with an emphasis on the societal implications of emerging technologies. The organization engaged in policy analysis, report publication, and the organization of seminars and conferences. Its activities addressed issues related to biotechnology, health care, intellectual property, digital technologies, and other areas connected to technological innovation. Eudoxa participated in public debate through publications and events and collaborated with external organizations in Sweden and internationally. As part of its work, it published the book *More Choices, Better Health* in 2008 by Bartley J. Madden, which discusses market-oriented approaches to pharmaceutical development and regulation. In the 2014 *Global Go To Think Tank Index Report*, published by the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania, Eudoxa was listed among the world’s science and technology think tanks. The organization ceased operations in 2016. == References == == External links == Eudoxa (archived website)


id: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: Federation of American Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:49.944530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure. FAS was founded in 1945 by a group of scientists, some of whom had previously contributed to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project. The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate the global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. FAS projects are organized in three main programs: nuclear security, government secrecy, and biosecurity. FAS has played a role in the control of atomic energy and weapons, as well as better


id: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-1.md
category: reference
title: Federation of American Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:49.944530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
=== Mission === The mission of FAS is to promote a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. This mission was established early on and was deemed necessary for the federation, as decisions made by the United States during the conception of the FAS were critical in terms of shaping international relations. The FAS wanted the public to become more critical and aware of the government, in order to monitor the decisions that were made to ensure that they matched what the public actually wanted. The FAS would act to inform the public about how destructive the improper use of atomic energy could be and emphasize the need to enforce international control of atomic weapons and energy. === Membership === In 1969, the FAS had a rough annual budget of $7,000 and relied on mostly volunteer staff. In 1970 Jeremy J. Stone was selected as president of the organization and was the only staff member for the next 5 years. Due to Stone being the president and only member of


id: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists-2.md
category: reference
title: Federation of American Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:49.944530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-american-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
=== Biosecurity Program === A molecular biologist, Dr. Hatch Rosenberg was a founder of the Federation of American Scientists’ Working Group on Biological and Chemical Weapons and a former adviser to the Clinton White House when the anthrax scare startled an America that had recently been wounded by the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. The Biosecurity Program concentrates on researching and advocating policies that balance science and security without compromising national security or scientific progress. This includes preventing the misuse of research and promoting the public understanding of the real threats from biological and chemical weapons. The Federation of American Scientists also concentrates on researching and keeping the public informed on genetic engineering and genetic modification as a subset of their biosecurity program. One of their major concerns is resistance that species can develop to certain modifications from genetic resistance or from the use of antibiotics. The big concerns with biosecurity are accidental biological threats, intentional malicious biological threats, and natural biological threat occurrences. Because of these threats the Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) was set up. The Virtual Biosecurity Center provides and promotes biosecurity information, education, best practices and collaboration. Additionally, VBC offers significant news and events regarding biosecurity, a


id: free-software-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Free Software Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:51.176766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: free-software-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded by Richard Stallman on October 4, 1985. The organization supports the free software movement, with its preference for software being distributed under copyleft ("share alike") terms, such as with its own GNU General Public License. The FSF was incorporated in Boston where it is also based. From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project and its employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community. Consistent with its goals, the FSF aims to use only free software on its own computers. The FSF holds the copyrights on many pieces of the GNU system, such as GNU Compiler Collection. As the holder of these copyrights, it has authority to enforce the copyleft requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL) when copyright infringement occurs. The FSF is also the steward of several free software licenses, meaning it publishes them and has the ability to make revisions as needed. == History == The Free Software Foundation was founded in 1985 as a non-profit corporation


id: free-software-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Free Software Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:51.176766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: free-software-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
"Outstanding new Free Software contributor", "Award for the Advancement of Free Software" and "Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit" === LibrePlanet wiki === The LibrePlanet wiki organizes FSF members into regional groups in order to promote free software activism against digital restrictions management and other issues promoted by the FSF. == High priority projects == The FSF maintains a list of "high-priority projects" to which the Foundation claims that "there is a vital need to draw the free software community's attention". The FSF considers these projects "important because computer users are continually being seduced into using non-free software, because there is no adequate free replacement." As of 2021, high-priority tasks include reverse engineering proprietary firmware, reversible debugging in GNU Debugger; developing automatic transcription and video editing software, Coreboot, drivers for network routers, a free smartphone operating system and creating replacements for Skype and Siri. Previous projects highlighted as needing work included the Free Java implementations, GNU Classpath, and GNU Compiler for Java, which ensure compatibility for the Java part of OpenOffice.org, and the GNOME desktop environment (see Java: Licensing). The effort has been criticized by Michael Larabel for either not instigating active development or for being slow at


id: free-software-foundation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation-2.md
category: reference
title: Free Software Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:51.176766+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: free-software-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Financial === Most of the FSF funding comes from patrons and members. Revenue streams also come from free-software-related compliance labs, job postings, published works, and a web store. FSF offers speakers and seminars for pay, and all FSF projects accept donations. Revenues fund free-software programs and campaigns, while cash is invested conservatively in socially responsible investing. The financial strategy is designed to maintain the Foundation's long-term future through economic stability. The FSF is a tax-exempt organization and posts annual IRS Form 990 filings online. === Postal address and headquarters === Through the years the FSF has had its postal address, and until August 31, 2024, when going all remote its physical headquarters, at different locations in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, as indicated in the table below. As the GNU GPL v2 included the FSF's postal address in one of the first lines of the introduction and the source code license notice template every change of address also caused updates to the license itself. == Criticism == === Position on DRM === Linus Torvalds has criticized FSF for using GPLv3 as a weapon in the fight against DRM. Torvalds argues that the issue of DRM and that of a software license


id: globalsecurity-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org-0.md
category: reference
title: GlobalSecurity.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:52.369336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: globalsecurity-org-20260505-0
summary:
GlobalSecurity.org is an American independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that serves as a think tank, and research and consultancy group. == Focus == The site is focused on national and international security issues; military analysis, systems, and strategies; intelligence matters; and space policy. == History == It was founded in December 2000 by John Pike, who had worked since 1983 with the Federation of American Scientists, where he directed the space policy, cyberstrategy, military analysis, nuclear resource, and intelligence resource projects. GlobalSecurity.org is headquartered in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in Alexandria, Virginia, and Pike remains as its director. The website's target audience includes journalists, policy-makers, scholars, political scientists, military and defense personnel, and the public. It supplies background information and developing news stories, providing online analysis and articles that analyze what are sometimes little-discussed topics in categories that include WMDs, military and defense, security and cybersecurity, intelligence, and space technology. It also disseminates primary documentation and other original materials, provides detailed, high-resolution satellite images and video footage from war zones, and provides definitions of widely used terms for the public. The organization also serves as a defense, military, foreign policy, and national-security watchdog group. In part it seeks to find


id: gtri-office-of-policy-analysis-and-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTRI_Office_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: GTRI Office of Policy Analysis and Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTRI_Office_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:53.541202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gtri-office-of-policy-analysis-and-research-20260505-0
summary:
The GTRI Office of Policy Analysis and Research is a division of the Georgia Tech Research Institute that focuses on policy analysis, particularly in fields where GTRI has science and technology experience. OPAR assists the Georgia General Assembly and publishes briefs on relevant issues, including how other states treat various issues. In particular, OPAR hosts an annual "Legislative Roundtable" that brings together interested state representatives, prominent members of Georgia industry, and Georgia Tech students and faculty. == References == == External links == Official website


id: information-technology-and-innovation-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_and_Innovation_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_and_Innovation_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:54.780860+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: information-technology-and-innovation-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) is a U.S. nonprofit public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., focused on public policy surrounding industry and technology. As of 2019, the University of Pennsylvania ranks ITIF as the most authoritative science and technology policy think tank in the world. In its role in developing industrial and technological policies, ITIF has attracted controversy for its affiliations with various technology companies. == Mission == ITIF's stated mission is to promote new ways of thinking about technology-driven productivity, competitiveness and globalization. The newspaper Roll Call described ITIF as trying to "navigate the ideological waters to promote government support for innovation in many forms and with a broad range of ideals." Ars Technica has described ITIF as "one of the leading, and most prolific, tech policy think tanks." ITIF has called for the United States government to implement a national manufacturing strategy to combat job losses and the trade deficit which they attribute to declining international competitiveness. They have argued that the U.S. government's gross domestic product (GDP) statistics suffer from statistical bias and thus overstate U.S. manufacturing output and productivity growth. They have also criticized the Chinese government for behaviors they label "innovation


id: institute-for-science-and-international-security-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Science and International Security
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:55.945777+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-science-and-international-security-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) is a nonprofit, non-governmental institution to inform the public about "science and policy issues affecting international security". Founded in 1993, the group is led by founder and former United Nations IAEA nuclear inspector David Albright, and has been described as specializing "in analyzing the findings" of the IAEA. ISIS focuses primarily on nuclear weapons. == Board and funding == ISIS's board consists of the following members: David Albright - Chairman/President Michael Rietz - Treasurer, Lawyer, private practice Houston Wood - University of Virginia ISIS has been funded by: Ploughshares Fund, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Colombe Foundation, New-Land Foundation, The Prospect Hill Foundation, United States Institute of Peace, The International Atomic Energy Agency, Ford Foundation, The Scherman Foundation, Smith Richardson Foundation, Compton Foundation, The Stanley Foundation, The John Merck Fund, The Rockefeller Foundation, The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, W. Alton Jones Foundation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, United States Department of Energy == Staff == ISIS's staff consists of the following people: David Albright, President and Founder of ISIS Sarah Burkhard, Research Associate Spencer Faragasso, Research Fellow Houston Wood, Technical Consultant Frank V. Pabian,


id: institute-for-science-and-international-security-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security-1.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Science and International Security
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:55.945777+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-science-and-international-security-20260505-0
summary:
=== Myanmar === In a January 28, 2010 report, ISIS found: "There remain sound reasons to suspect that the military regime in Burma might be pursuing a long-term strategy to make nuclear weapons. Despite the public reports to the contrary, the military junta does not appear to be close to establishing a significant nuclear capability. Information suggesting the construction of major nuclear facilities appears unreliable or inconclusive." During an ASEAN meeting in Thailand in July 2009, US secretary of state Hillary Clinton highlighted concerns of the North Korean link. "We know there are also growing concerns about military cooperation between North Korea and Burma which we take very seriously", Clinton said. == Reception == In a 2004 National Journal profile, Gregg Sangillo and Mark Kukis called Albright a "go-to guy for media people seeking independent analysis on Iraq’s [weapons of mass destruction] programs". In 2006, David Albright received the Joseph A. Burton Forum Award from the American Physical Society, a professional society of American physicists. He was cited for "his tireless and productive efforts to slow the transfer of nuclear weapons technology. He brings a unique combination of deep understanding, objectivity, and effectiveness to this vexed area." == See also


id: keck-institute-for-space-studies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck_Institute_for_Space_Studies-0.md
category: reference
title: Keck Institute for Space Studies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck_Institute_for_Space_Studies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:57.154494+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: keck-institute-for-space-studies-20260505-0
summary:
The Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) is a joint institute of the California Institute of Technology and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory established in January 2008 with a $24 million grant from the W. M. Keck Foundation. It is a privately funded think tank focused on space mission concepts and technology. The 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports annual ranking from the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania have listed KISS in the "Top Science and Technology Policy Think Tanks". == History == Founded in 2008 with funding from the W. M. Keck Foundation and support from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) is housed at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The institute was created to develop new concepts and technology for future space missions, fostering collaboration between researchers at Caltech and JPL. Unlike traditional research centers with fixed memberships, KISS functions as a combination of a think tank and a practical research facility. KISS's operational model involves two key phases: generating ideas (the "think" phase) and funding promising ideas for further development (the "do" phase). This model, as described by Tom Prince, the director of


id: kestrel-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Kestrel Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:58.364215+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kestrel-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Kestrel Institute is a nonprofit computer science research center located in Stanford Research Park in Palo Alto, California, United States. It was founded by Cordell Green in 1981, who served as its Director and Chief Scientist. Its mission is to make it easier to write good, high-quality software and employs computer scientists like Lambert Meertens. In the 1980s, Kestrel described its research focus as "knowledge-based software environments" to make it easier to write software ("normalize and mechanize the programming process"). In addition, a 2002 MIT Technology Review article described one of Kestrel's projects as a way to "almost force coders to write reliable programs". A 2005 Newsweek article discussed one Kestrel technology that developed software to help the U.S. military schedule cargo deployment by "translating a description of a problem into guidelines a computer can understand". Nearly all of Kestrel's funding comes from government grants, from organizations such as the U.S. Department of Defense, DARPA, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), AFOSR, Office of Naval Research (ONR), NASA, and the National Science Foundation (NSF). In 2015, it received $4.9 million in grants and contributions, down from the previous year's $6.6 million. == References ==


id: malaysian-industry-government-group-for-high-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Industry-Government_Group_for_High_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Industry-Government_Group_for_High_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:59.560268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malaysian-industry-government-group-for-high-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Malaysian Industry Group High Technology (MIGHT) is a non-profit technology think tank under the purview of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia). It was established in 1993 to support the Science Advisor to the Prime Minister and leverage multi-disciplinary and inter-ministerial synergies from both industry and government. MIGHT was tasked to help drive the advancement of high technology competency and capacity in Malaysia. A public-private partnership organization in nature, it provides a consensus building platform for collaboration in developing policies and providing strategic advice to the government. Through its platform and works, MIGHT gave birth to notable and strategic national initiatives such Malaysian Formula 1 Grand Prix, Kulim High-Tech Park, Malaysian Automotive Institute, Technology Depository Agency and many others. == History == Malaysia's emphasis on development of science and technology is nothing new. The government has long initiated active measures to promote and develop techno-business opportunities by harnessing science and technology. In 1984, under then Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, a Science Advisor's post was created in the Prime Minister's Department to create a conducive ecosystem where science and technology and its uptake could flourish. The move is seen as complementary as well as to provide a


id: malaysian-industry-government-group-for-high-technology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Industry-Government_Group_for_High_Technology-1.md
category: reference
title: Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Industry-Government_Group_for_High_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:59.560268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malaysian-industry-government-group-for-high-technology-20260505-0
summary:
==== Malaysia - Korea Technology Center (myKOR) ==== myKOR or Malaysia Korea Technology Center was launched by Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi on 20 October 2008. The center purpose is to serve as a gateway for Malaysian organizations and businesses to capitalize and gain access to the pool of Korean IPs and technologies, for the purpose of enhancing and increasing the value of Malaysian made products and services. === Enhancing future talents === Recognizing that technology and industry development will require the necessary human capital to support them, MIGHT has been involved in various human capital development programs. This is done through partnership with selected educational institutions as well as industry collaborators. These include programs that aims to promote the uptake of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) amongst students as well as industry bridging programs. ==== Kuala Lumpur Engineering Science Fair (KLESF) ==== KLESF is an annual program jointly organized by MIGHT, Akademi Sains Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA and Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. The program objectives is to promote STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) to students, parents, teachers and public alike. ==== Fame Lab Malaysia ==== Fame Lab is a science communication competition co-organized by MIGHT and British


id: pakistan-council-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Council_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Council for Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Council_for_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:00.821587+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-council-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
Pakistan Council for Science and Technology (PCST) is a government-owned advisory council responsible for policy making, planning, implementation and carrying out policy studies of science and technology. It is also mandated to advise the federal government on development of fields of science and technology in Pakistan. PCST also acts as the secretariat of National Commission of Science and Technology (NCST), chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Its constitution was approved by National Assembly of Pakistan in an act called, The Pakistan Council for Science and Technology Act, 2016. == Structure == Pakistan Council for Science and Technology usually comprises the following members. === President === Minister for Science and Technology === Vice President === Secreretary, Science and Technology Division === Members === Secretary, Planning and Development Division or his nominee Secretary, Finance Division or his nominee Executive Director Higher Educatron Commission Secretary of the Division controlling subject matter of education and training (or his nominee) President, Pakistan Academy of Sciences (or his nominee) Chairman. Pakistan Engineering Council Chairman, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Chairman, Pakistan Science Foundation Representatives of provincial governments Five eminent scientists from academia, one each from four provinces and federal capital Two eminent industrialists


id: pakistan-council-of-scientific-industrial-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Council_of_Scientific_&_Industrial_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Council_of_Scientific_&_Industrial_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:02.053060+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-council-of-scientific-industrial-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR) is an independent federal agency under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) whose mission is to promote Pakistan's innovation, economic uplift, promotion of science, and the industrial competitiveness. The PCSIR is organized into biological and physical sciences laboratories program that includes research in polymer science, engineering, metallurgy, chemicals, food, petroleum, leather, environmental, and ocean sciences. == History == After the partition of the British India by the United Kingdom in 1947, the Indian government refused the transfer of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research laboratories to Pakistan as many were well established in India. Furthermore, there was a strong lack of education (with widespread illiteracy in the nation), lack of vision about the education, myopic bureaucracy, and the lack scientific awareness during the formative years of Pakistan and its turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced and felt the scientific development of Pakistan at the highest government level. Realizing this prompt reality in 1948, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to write a letter of request to his Indian counterpart, Jawaharlal Nehru, to at least allow the immigration of Indian Muslims scientists to Pakistan. Among them was Salimuzzaman Siddiqui,


id: piratbyr-n-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratbyrån-0.md
category: reference
title: Piratbyrån
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratbyrån
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:03.257597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: piratbyr-n-20260505-0
summary:
Piratbyrån (Swedish: [pɪˈrɑ̂ːtbʏˌroːn] "The Pirate Bureau") was a Swedish think tank established to support the free sharing of information, culture, and intellectual property. Piratbyrån provided a counterpoint to lobby groups such as the Swedish Anti-Piracy Bureau. In 2005 Piratbyrån released an anthology entitled Copy Me, containing selected texts previously available from its website. Members of Piratbyrån participated in debates on Swedish Radio and Swedish Television and also gave several lectures in other European countries, such as at the 2005 22nd Chaos Communication Congress in Berlin. Piratbyrån's activities might have changed over the years, partly as a result of the addition of the Pirate Party to the Swedish political scene. During Walpurgis Night 2007, Piratbyrån burned all of their remaining copies of Copy Me in a ritual-like performance, declaring: The file-sharing debate is hereby buried. When we talk about file-sharing from now on it's as one of many ways to copy. We talk about better and worse ways of indexing, archiving and copying—not whether copying is right or wrong. Winter is pouring down the hillside. Make way for spring! Jonas Andersson, a Swedish researcher specialized in the politics of file-sharing, gave this brief definition in October 2009: Piratbyrån is entirely separate


id: piratbyr-n-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratbyrån-1.md
category: reference
title: Piratbyrån
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratbyrån
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:03.257597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: piratbyr-n-20260505-0
summary:
== Activities in 2007 == In Piratbyrån – The Bureau of Piracy Activities 2007, published in 2008, Piratbyrån list its activities for the year 2007. Activities by Piratbyrån members include lectures at universities and conferences, the publication of reports, participation in art projects and research projects, an interview with Vanity Fair in February 2007, participation in the planning of The Oil of the 21st Century conference in Berlin, presentations at a Norwegian computer party (The Gathering), interviews to the media regarding the raid on The Pirate Bay, opening of a webshop to sell Kopimi Klothing, participation in the organisation of protests to mark the one-year anniversary of the police raid on The Pirate Bay, attendance of the BELEF07 festival in Belgrade (Serbia), and participation in the organisation of a one-day art event in Stockholm titled "Who Makes And Owns Your Work". In March 2007 Piratbyrån members were invited to a meeting with the executive group for the Swedish Film Institute, to share their views about film and copying. According to Piratbyrån "The leadership listens with interest — only to some months later launch new anti-piracy initiatives...". In the same month Piratbyrån collaborates with the Norwegian group Piratgruppen, launching the counter-campaign


id: rand-corporation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation-0.md
category: reference
title: RAND Corporation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:04.413895+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rand-corporation-20260505-0
summary:
The RAND Corporation, doing business as RAND, is an American nonprofit global policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND engages in research and development (R&D) in several fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the Cold War space race, the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, the U.S.–Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care. RAND originated as "Project RAND" (from the phrase "research and development") in the post-war period immediately after World War II. The U.S. Army Air Forces established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons. The Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare. Project RAND later evolved into RAND, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs. It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a "think tank". RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the U.S. government, private endowments, corporations, universities, charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, international organizations, and to a small extent, foreign


id: rand-corporation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation-1.md
category: reference
title: RAND Corporation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:04.413895+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rand-corporation-20260505-0
summary:
=== RAND === By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas. On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to RAND. Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.–Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. In the 1970s, New York City used RAND's computer models to determine which fire stations to close. Most of the closed stations were in relatively poor areas, such as South Bronx or Lower East Side. RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD),


id: rand-corporation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation-2.md
category: reference
title: RAND Corporation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:04.413895+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rand-corporation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Emerging technologies and innovation === RAND has examined the implications of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity threats, and autonomous systems. It was accused of working too closely with Open Philanthropy in its work on AI, at the risk of losing its independence. RAND employees have expressed concerns to Politico about the organization's objectivity after it was revealed that RAND helped draft the Executive Order on AI, following over $15 million in funding from a Facebook founder-backed Open Philanthropy. In December 2023, the House Science Committee sent a bipartisan letter to the National Institute of Standards and Technology raising concerns over RAND's "research that has failed to go through robust review processes, such as academic peer review." On September 13, 2024, the ranking member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation sent a letter to RAND to better understand its "involvement in the AI Executive Order and the administration's other actions related to online speech." === Other research areas === Auto insurance City government Cold War and potential nuclear conflict Iraq War National health insurance Vietnam War Transparency in government == Notable participants == Henry H. "Hap" Arnold: General of the Air Force, United States


id: rand-corporation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation-3.md
category: reference
title: RAND Corporation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:04.413895+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rand-corporation-20260505-0
summary:
== See also == A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates (published by RAND) Truth Decay (also published by RAND) Federally funded research and development centers == References == == Further reading == === Books === Alex Abella. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt hardcover; ISBN 0-15-101081-1 / 2009, Mariner Books paperback reprint edition; ISBN 0-15-603344-5). S.M. Amadae. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003, University of Chicago Press paperback; ISBN 0-226-01654-4 / hardcover; ISBN 0-226-01653-6). Martin J. Collins. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State, 1945–1950 (2002, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series; ISBN 1-58834-086-4) Joe Flood. The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2010, Riverhead Books, ISBN 1-59448-898-3, 9781594488986—summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32. Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005, Harvard University Press; ISBN 978-0-674-01714-6)


id: regional-center-for-renewable-energy-and-energy-efficiency-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Center_for_Renewable_Energy_and_Energy_Efficiency-0.md
category: reference
title: Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Center_for_Renewable_Energy_and_Energy_Efficiency
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:05.633438+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: regional-center-for-renewable-energy-and-energy-efficiency-20260505-0
summary:
The Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE) is an intergovernmental organization with diplomatic status that aims to enable and increase the adoption of renewable energy and energy efficiency practices in the Arab region. RCREEE teams with regional governments and global organizations to initiate and lead clean energy policy dialogues, strategies, technologies and capacity development in order to increase Arab states' share of tomorrow's energy. Through its solid alliance with the League of Arab States, RCREEE is committed to tackle each country's specific needs and objectives through collaborating with Arab policy makers, businesses, international organizations and academic communities in key work areas: capacity development and learning, policies and regulations, research and statistics, and technical assistance. The center is also involved in various local and regional projects and initiatives that are tailored to specific objectives. Having today 17 Arab countries among its members (Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania Morocco, Palestine, Somalia Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen), RCREEE strives to lead renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives and expertise in all Arab states based on five core strategic impact areas: facts and figures, policies, people, institutions, and finance. RCREEE is financed through its member state


id: richard-dawkins-foundation-for-reason-and-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:06.922576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: richard-dawkins-foundation-for-reason-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS or RDF) is a division of Center for Inquiry (CFI) founded by British biologist Richard Dawkins in 2006 to promote scientific literacy and secularism. Originally a non-profit based in Washington, D.C., the organization merged with CFI in 2016. == History == After Richard Dawkins' success with the book The God Delusion, he created the foundation with its headquarters in the United States to work toward a world in which religion no longer interferes with the advance of science and in which people use their critical thinking skills to evaluate theist claims about the nature of reality. Dawkins complained of the difficulty he faced in gaining tax-free status, which he attributes to the secular nature of the organization. In contrast to the presumption by officials that religious organizations benefit humanity without evidence (for instance Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption), he points to a letter he received from the British Charity Commission requesting evidence for the claim that the advancement of science is connected to the public good. Theist author Marion Ledwig suggests that the foundation may have been set up as an atheist counterpart to the John Templeton Foundation, an organization which


id: swecha-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swecha-0.md
category: reference
title: Swecha
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swecha
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:08.083570+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swecha-20260505-0
summary:
Swecha is a non-profit organization formerly called Free Software Foundation Andhra Pradesh (FSF-AP). It is a Telugu operating system released in the year 2005, and is a part of Free Software Movement of India (FSMI). The organization is a social movement working towards educating the masses with the essence of Free Software and to provide knowledge to the commoners. Swecha organizes workshops and seminars in the Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Presently Swecha is active GLUG (GNU/Linux User Group) in many engineering colleges like International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, St. Martin's Engineering College, Sridevi Women's Engineering College, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, SCIENT Institute of Technology, CMR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Jyothishmathi College of Engineering and Technology, MVGR College of Engineering, K L University and Ace Engineering College. == Objectives == The main objectives of the organization are as follows: To take forward free software and its ideological implications to all corners of India from the developed domains to the underprivileged. To create awareness among computer users in the use of free software. To work towards usage of free software in all streams of sciences and research.


id: swecha-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swecha-1.md
category: reference
title: Swecha
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swecha
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:08.083570+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swecha-20260505-0
summary:
== Projects == Swecha is a free software project aimed at coming out with a localised version of Linux operating system in Telugu and providing global software solutions to the local people with the Free Software development model by working together with the community of developers and users all over. The prime objective of Swecha OS is to provide a complete computing solution to a population that speaks and understands only Telugu. The target users of the Distro being the entire community that is a prey of the digital divide. This project helps in coming out with a solution for the digital divide and allows the possibility of digital unite becoming a reality. The project aims at bridging the gap between the computer technology that exists predominantly in English and the Telugu-speaking community of India. The project also aims at providing a framework for development and maintenance of Free Software projects taken up by the community. Bala Swecha is a free software project, initiated by the Swecha for tiny tots, It is a school distro with many of the useful interactive applications for the school goers. Its stack is filled with educational suites for all the standards right from elementary


id: technology-policy-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Policy_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Technology Policy Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Policy_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:09.306030+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technology-policy-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The Technology Policy Institute is an independent think tank in Washington, DC dedicated to the study of technology policy. Established in 2010, its mission is "to advance knowledge and inform policymakers by producing independent, rigorous research and by sponsoring educational programs and conferences on major issues affecting information technology and communications policy." As of 2019, the University of Pennsylvania ranked Technology Policy Institute among most authoritative science and technology policy think tanks in the world. == Overview == The Technology Policy Institute conducts research and publishes peer-reviewed papers, issues policy briefs, delivers congressional testimony, publishes commentary, hosts events and produces a podcast on a variety of topics related to technology policy. The institute's research has been cited in The Atlantic, Reuters, The Hill and others. === Screen time === In 2013, Scott Wallsten of the Technology Policy Institute published a study that researched screen time, specifically attempting to quantify how much less time people spend working, sleeping, and socializing at the expense of increased screen time. The study's scope was limited to "online leisure" activity (i.e. non-working screen time) and found that increased time online did equate to less time spent sleeping, studying, and socializing, among other activities. === Big


id: wau-holland-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau_Holland_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Wau Holland Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau_Holland_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:10.476118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wau-holland-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Wau Holland Foundation (German: Wau Holland Stiftung; WHS) is a nonprofit foundation based in Hamburg, Germany. It was established in 2003 in memory of Wau Holland, co-founder of the Chaos Computer Club (CCC). Loosely connected with the Chaos Computer Club, the foundation aims to preserve and further Holland's ideas in fields such as technology assessment, the history of technology and freedom of information. Specifically, it promotes the use of electronic media for educational purposes. The Vice President of the Wau Holland Foundation is Andy Müller-Maguhn, a friend of Julian Assange. The Foundation organises its charitable activities into multiple project areas, reflecting issues relevant to Holland's ideas and their mission. As of 2025, project areas include "Campaign against voting computers", "Anonymity networks", "Decentralized communication networks", "Enduring freedom of information", "Alpha-BIT-isation" (media and technology education), "Informational Self-Determination", "Moral courage", and "Free software." Supported projects include the "Archive of Contemporary History of Technology (Hacker archive)", which documents the history of the hacker scene. == Campaign against voting computers == In cooperation with the Chaos Computer Club, the foundation initiated an investigation and public campaign against the use of electronic voting machines, in response to the ES3B voting computers from the Dutch company


id: wau-holland-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau_Holland_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Wau Holland Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau_Holland_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:10.476118+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wau-holland-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Relationship to WikiLeaks === The foundation processes donations in Europe to support the WikiLeaks organization and (from his arrest in April 2019 until his release in 2024) Julian Assange's defense, including funds raised through the AssangeDAO in 2022. Between October 2009 when it began accepting donations on WikiLeaks' behalf and December 2010, the foundation collected over $1.9 million USD. On 4 December 2010, PayPal turned off donations in response to the foundation's connection to WikiLeaks, alleging that the account was being used for "activities that encourage, promote, facilitate or instruct others to engage in illegal activity." On 8 December 2010 the foundation released a press statement, saying it has filed legal action against PayPal for blocking its account and for libel due to PayPal's allegations of "illegal activity." In October 2022, the foundation sponsored a multi-week exhibition in Berlin, titled "NoisyLeaks! The Art of Exposing Secrets." With international contributions from artists, technologists, journalists, researchers, filmmakers and activists, including Ai Weiwei and !Mediengruppe Bitnik, the event featured a variety of artistic creations, films, presentations, and workshops related to "the historical and cultural heritage of WikiLeaks," as a retrospective on the impact of their releases. == Finance == As of December


id: dipterists-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterists_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Dipterists Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterists_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:11.987872+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dipterists-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Dipterists Society, formerly known as the North American Dipterists Society, is an international society for dipterists, who study flies. The society was informally established in the late 1980s, but incorporated itself in California in 2019, and registered as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. The society took its current name in 2023. The society is currently directed by Stephen D. Gaimari, Martin Hauser, Christopher J. Borkent, and Jessica Gillung. == Publications == === Fly Times === The society publishes the Fly Times and Fly Times Supplement newsletters. === Myia === Myia an is irregular book series established in 1979 by Paul H. Arnaud Jr. The first six volumes were produced and distributed by Arnaud, and was sponsored by the California Academy of Sciences. Volumes 7 and 8 are incomplete. From volume 9 onwards, the journal became affiliated with the Dipterist Society. === The Tachinid Times === The Tachinid Times is hosted on the 'Tachinidae Resources' web pages of the former website of the North American Dipterists Society (NADS). == Meetings == The society conducts its annual meetings during the Entomological Society of America annual meetings. It also conducts field meetings every two years. == References == == Further reading == Stephen


id: hellenic-translation-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Translation_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Hellenic Translation Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Translation_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:13.172368+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hellenic-translation-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Hellenic Society for Translation Studies (Greek: Ελληνική Εταιρεία Μεταφρασεολογίας) is a non-profit organization that promotes research on translation, interpreting, and localization. == History and objectives == The Hellenic Society for Translation Studies was founded in 2011 by 21 leading academics, during the 2nd Meeting of Greek-speaking Translation Scholars held at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The Society's official language is Greek. The aim of the Society is to serve as a forum for the exchange of views and reflections for trainers, researchers, and professionals in the fields of translation, interpreting, and localization in the Greek-speaking world. It also aspires to promote the importance, usefulness, and complexity of translation and its crucial role in contemporary societies. More particularly, the Society aims at promoting scientific research in the fields of translation, interpreting, and localization, facilitating the interaction between professional and academic bodies in the above-mentioned fields, providing consultancy services in matters of translation and interpreting teaching and training, providing information and promoting collaborations at a national and international level on issues relating to translation, interpreting and localization research, as well as the research outputs and applications. == Activities == To achieve the above goals, the Society monitors the work of Greek-speaking


id: iaqvec-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAQVEC-0.md
category: reference
title: IAQVEC
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAQVEC
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:14.354165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iaqvec-20260505-0
summary:
The IAQVEC (Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings) is an international scientific organisation whose mission is to provide technical support, guidance and technical publications to industry and research organizations for the optimization of indoor air quality, ventilation technology and energy conservation through annual conferences and workshops. The conferences cover a wide range of key research areas with the goal of simultaneously improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy efficiency enhancing wellbeing and sustainability. The association was established in 1992. == History == Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings (IAQVEC) was founded by Fariborz Haghighat and Francis Allard in 1992. The first IAQVEC conference was held October 7–9, 1992 at the 5th International Jacques Cartier Conference in Montreal, and an annual meeting has been held since 1992. Past and future IAQVEC conferences include: == Objectives == The objectives of the association are: To promote scientific, technological and technical advances related to IAQVEC fields at the international level To develop and disseminate knowledge and information related to IAQVEC To promote and organize IAQVEC conferences every three years. == See also == Air infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC) American Society of Heating, Refirigeration, Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) International


id: international-core-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Core_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities-0.md
category: reference
title: International Core Academy of Sciences and Humanities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Core_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:15.539239+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-core-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
summary:
The International Core Academy of Sciences and Humanities known as CORE Academy, headquartered in Hong Kong, is an interdisciplinary, non-governmental, non-profit scientific organization. The organization is committed to recognizing outstanding academic achievements, promoting global academic cooperation, and advancing knowledge for the benefit of humanity. == Fellowship and Nomination == The International Core Academy of Sciences and Humanities follows a merit-based process for the election of Fellows. Nominations may be made by current Fellows or recommended by members of the Academic Committee, and require the support of existing Fellows. Candidates' academic records undergo a preliminary review, followed by evaluation from two Fellows who assess the quality and impact of the work. The Academic Committee then considers the overall scholarly contribution before the final decision is approved by the Board. Election to the Academy's Fellowship is regarded as an internationally recognized academic honor, reflecting distinction in research, education, or leadership across the sciences and humanities. The process is conducted under confidentiality to ensure impartiality, fairness, and integrity. == Operations == The Academy operates as an independent non-profit organization. Its management and decision-making are guided by principles of academic autonomy and are not associated with private interests or political positions. Financial support is


id: international-society-for-transgenic-technologies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Transgenic_Technologies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Transgenic Technologies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Transgenic_Technologies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:16.730050+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-transgenic-technologies-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Transgenic Technologies (ISTT) is an organization dedicated to advancing research, communication, and technology exchange regarding transgenic technologies. == Purpose == Support for scientific research and education in the field of generating genetically modified model organisms in adherence with the 3Rs principles. Promotion of science and technology used in the generation and analysis of genetically modified organisms for biomedical research and biotechnological application. Providing the organizational framework for a scientific community that includes academic and industrial scientists, students and technical assistants, and in general, any individuals with an interest in the generation of and the analysis of genetically modified organisms. Providing a communication and knowledge sharing platform that brings together scientists from academic research and industry, as well as research technology experts. Organization of a regular international scientific conference entitled "Transgenic Technology Meeting". Publication of specialist information in the form of books, protocols, and other specialist texts in the field of transgenic technologies. Organization and promotion of courses, seminars, and other educational activities for training in transgenic technologies. Cooperation with other national and international societies with similar aims (e.g., IMGS, AALAS, AAALAC, FELASA). Providing information to the public about the benefits associated with using and applying transgenic


id: leibniz-society-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Society_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Society of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Society_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:17.932991+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-society-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin is a German-speaking association of scientists founded in Berlin in 1993 in the legal form of a registered association. It is dedicated to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary exchange and the discussion of fundamental problems in science and society. In its self-image, it is ‘an association of outstanding natural scientists, scholars in the humanities, social scientists and technicians working according to the classical principle of the European academies’ The association continues the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR with personnel continuity. == History of origin == The Leibniz-Sozietät was constituted in its current legal form on April 15, 1993, as a registered non-profit association. The Leibniz-Sozietät bears its name in memory of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz as the initiator and first president of the Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences founded in 1700, who developed the learned society in close cooperation with Daniel Ernst Jablonski as vice-president (later president; namesake of a medal of the Leibniz-Sozietät). This society gave rise to the Academy of Sciences in Berlin, which had various names. The best-known include Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres (from 1746), Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (up to 1945), Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin


id: leibniz-society-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Society_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Leibniz Society of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Society_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:17.932991+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: leibniz-society-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The members of the Leibniz-Sozietät gather monthly for public meetings, at which scientific lectures are held and discussed, and they organise the yearly “Leibniz Day” close to the birthday of G. W. Leibniz on 1 July, which had already been established in the academy's statute of 1812 and which also serves as a public accountability event. The meetings of the Sozietät take place as interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary events in the two classes “Natural and Technical Sciences”, which also includes mathematics and life sciences/medicine, as well as “Social Sciences and Humanities” and in the “Plenum”. In addition, scientific colloquia, conferences and other scientific events with international participation are held. In ten working groups, the members, together with other specialist colleagues and young scientists, deal with central issues of science and society. The working groups are particularly active in the following areas: History of Science and Academia, Pedagogy, Social Analysis and Classes, Earth, Mining and Environmental, Space and Astro Sciences, Principle of Simplicity, Vormärz and 1848 Revolution Research, Tolerance, Time and Evolution, General Technology and Emergent Systems, Information and Society. The results achieved, together with their public discussion, also provide suggestions for future scientific strategy and for shaping policy and society. In


id: society-for-clinical-trials-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Clinical_Trials-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Clinical Trials
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Clinical_Trials
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:19.123835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-clinical-trials-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Clinical Trials (SCT) is an American professional organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania dedicated to advancing the science and practice of clinical trials. Established in 1978, SCT is an international organization with a membership of hundreds of individuals from academia, industry, government, and non-profit organizations. The society promotes the development and dissemination of knowledge related to the design, conduct, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of clinical trials. The leadership structure of the Society for Clinical Trials comprises a president who holds office for a one-year term. Currently, Dixie Ecklund is serving as the president for the term of 2023-24. == History == The Society for Clinical Trials was formally established in September 1978 with the objective of advancing and facilitating the development and exchange of knowledge pertaining to the design and execution of clinical trials and research utilizing comparable methodologies. Commemorating its 40th anniversary, the society marked this significant milestone during its annual meeting held in New Orleans from May 19 to May 22, 2019. == David Sackett Trial of the Year Award == This award is given out each year to the randomized clinical trial that was published in the previous year and most effectively meets the following criteria:


id: society-for-experimental-biology-and-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Experimental_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Experimental_Biology_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:20.259493+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-experimental-biology-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (abbreviated SEBM) is a nonprofit scientific society dedicated to promoting research in the biomedical sciences. == Founding == The SEBM was founded in 1903, after Samuel J. Meltzer proposed founding a society dedicated to experimental biology and medicine. Meltzer then teamed up with Graham Lusk to invite eight New York scientists to a conference at Lusk's home, where they discussed the possibility of founding a biomedical society. At the conference, the attendees uniformly agreed to appoint a committee for a permanent society. == Journal == The SEBM's official journal is Experimental Biology and Medicine (EBM), published by Frontiers Media. It was founded in 1904 as the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, and obtained its current name in 2001. == References == == External links == Official website


id: society-for-the-neuroscience-of-creativity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Neuroscience_of_Creativity-0.md
category: reference
title: Society for the Neuroscience of Creativity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Neuroscience_of_Creativity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:21.478847+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: society-for-the-neuroscience-of-creativity-20260505-0
summary:
Society for the Neuroscience of Creativity (SfNC) is an international scientific society devoted to advancing research on the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying creativity. Established in 2015, the society promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among neuroscientists, psychologists, educators, artists, and practitioners working in fields related to creative cognition and creative practice. SfNC supports research dissemination through conferences, publications, and community initiatives, and is supported in part by the National Science Foundation. == History == SfNC was founded in 2015 by cognitive neuroscientists Adam Green, David Beversdorf, and Rex Jung. Since its founding, SfNC has expanded to include members from more than 30 countries. The society’s leadership has included several prominent scholars in creativity and neuroscience. Past presidents include David Beversdorf, Adam Green, and Evangelia Chrysikou. As of 2025, the president is Indre Viskontas, with Roger Beaty serving as president-elect. == Activities == SfNC organizes an annual conference that brings together researchers to present and discuss empirical work on the neuroscience of creativity. The meetings typically include keynote lectures, symposia, poster sessions, and opportunities for collaboration among scholars from diverse disciplines. The Society also sponsors special issues, symposia, and publications through its official journal, the Creativity Research Journal, which publishes peer-reviewed research on


id: american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: American Association for the Advancement of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:23.166264+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is a United States–based international nonprofit with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity. AAAS was the first permanent organization established to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields. It is the world's largest general scientific society, with over 120,000 members, and is the publisher of the well-known scientific journal Science. == History == === Creation === The American Association for the Advancement of Science was created on September 20, 1848, at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was a reformation of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists with the broadened mission to be the first permanent organization to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields The society chose William Charles Redfield as their first president because he had proposed the most comprehensive plans for the organization. According to the first constitution which was agreed to at the September 20 meeting, the goal of the


id: american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: American Association for the Advancement of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:23.166264+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Advocacy === Alan I. Leshner, AAAS CEO from 2001 until 2015, published many op-ed articles discussing how many people integrate science and religion in their lives. He has opposed the insertion of non-scientific content, such as creationism or intelligent design, into the scientific curriculum of schools. In December 2006, the AAAS adopted an official statement on climate change, in which they stated, "The scientific evidence is clear: global climate change caused by human activities is occurring now, and it is a growing threat to society....The pace of change and the evidence of harm have increased markedly over the last five years. The time to control greenhouse gas emissions is now." In February 2007, the AAAS used satellite images to document human rights abuses in Burma. The next year, AAAS launched the Center for Science Diplomacy to advance both science and the broader relationships among partner countries, by promoting science diplomacy and international scientific cooperation. In 2012, AAAS published op-eds, held events on Capitol Hill and released analyses of the U.S. federal research-and-development budget, to warn that a budget sequestration would have severe consequences for scientific progress. == Sciences == AAAS covers various areas of sciences and engineering. It has


id: american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science-2.md
category: reference
title: American Association for the Advancement of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:23.166264+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Board of directors === The board of directors is composed of a chairperson, the president, and the president-elect along with eight elected directors, the executive officer of the association and up to two additional directors appointed by elected officers. Members serve a four-year term except for directors appointed by elected officers, who serve three-year terms. The current chairman is Gerald Fink, Margaret and Herman Sokol Professor at Whitehead Institute, MIT. Fink will serve in the post until the end of the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting, 15 February 2016. (The chairperson is always the immediate past-president of AAAS.) The board of directors has a variety of powers and responsibilities. It is charged with the administration of all association funds, publication of a budget, appointment of administrators, proposition of amendments, and determining the time and place of meetings of the national association. The board may also speak publicly on behalf of the association. The board must also regularly correspond with the council to discuss their actions. == AAAS Fellows == The AAAS council elects every year, its members who are distinguished scientifically, to the grade of fellow (FAAAS). Election to AAAS is an honor bestowed by their peers and elected fellows


id: american-geosciences-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geosciences_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: American Geosciences Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geosciences_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:24.297571+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-geosciences-institute-20260505-0
summary:
The American Geosciences Institute (AGI) is a nonprofit federation of about 50 geoscientific and professional organizations that represents geologists, geophysicists, and other earth scientists. The organization was founded in 1948. The organization's offices are in Alexandria, Virginia. The name of the organization was changed from the American Geological Institute on October 1, 2011. == History == Since 1966, AGI has produced GeoRef, a literature database for those studying the earth sciences. AGI operates the Center for Geosciences and Society. AGI's monthly magazine Geotimes became EARTH Magazine on September 1, 2008, with an increased focus on public communication of geoscience research. In April 2019, EARTH Magazine suspended publication and was folded into Nautilus Quarterly. == Activities == The stated mission of AGI is to "represent and serve the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people". GeoRef offers a variety of specialized databases for researchers, educators, and students in specific areas of geoscience. AGI offers lessons and curricula designed for teachers of Earth sciences in schools (K-12). These educational resources are created in partnership with geological organizations whose work is related to Earth science concepts. Every year in the second full week of October, AGI


id: american-institute-of-biological-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Biological_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: American Institute of Biological Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Biological_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:25.518471+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-institute-of-biological-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) is a nonprofit scientific public charitable organization. The organization's mission is to promote the use of science to inform decision-making and advance biology for the benefit of science and society. == Overview == AIBS serves as a society of societies. It has 98 member organizations and is headquartered in Herndon, VA. Its staff work to achieve its mission by publishing the peer-reviewed journal BioScience, providing peer review and advisory support services for funding organizations, providing professional development for scientists and students, advocating for science policy and educating the public about biology. AIBS works with like-minded organizations, funding agencies, and nonprofit and for-profit entities to promote the use of science to inform decision-making. AIBS is governed by an esteemed Board of Directors and a Council of representatives of its member organizations. == Background and history == AIBS was established in 1947 as a part of the National Academy of Sciences. The overarching goal was to unify the individuals and organizations that collectively represent the biological sciences, so that the community could address matters of common concern. In the 1950s, AIBS became an independent, member-governed, nonprofit 501(c)3 public charity scientific organization. In 1962, the National


id: american-institute-of-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: American Institute of Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:26.768179+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-institute-of-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The American Institute of Physics (AIP) promotes science and the profession of physics, publishes physics journals, and produces publications for scientific and engineering societies. The AIP is made up of various member societies. Its corporate headquarters are at the American Center for Physics in College Park, Maryland, but the institute also has offices in Melville, New York, and Beijing. == Historical overview == The AIP was founded in 1931 as a response to lack of funding for the sciences during the Great Depression. The AIP was founded in 1931 at a joint meeting between four physics societies: the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, the Acoustical Society of America, and the Society of Rheology. These were soon joined by the American Association of Physics Teachers, for a total of five societies. It formally incorporated in 1932 consisting of five original "member societies", and a total of four thousand members. As soon as the AIP was established it began publishing scientific journals. By 1943, the AIP published eight journals: Physical Review, Reviews of Modern Physics, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, American Journal of Physics, Review of Scientific Instruments, Journal of


id: federation-of-european-microbiological-societies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_European_Microbiological_Societies-0.md
category: reference
title: Federation of European Microbiological Societies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_European_Microbiological_Societies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:27.954884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: federation-of-european-microbiological-societies-20260505-0
summary:
Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) is an international European scientific organization, formed by the union of a number of national organizations; there are now 57 members from 41 European countries, regular and provisional. Members can apply for fellowships, grants and/or support when organising a meeting. FEMS facilitates exchange of scientific knowledge to all microbiologists in Europe and worldwide by publishing seven microbiology journals and organising a biennial congress for microbiologists around the world. It also initiates campaigns such as the European Academy of Microbiology (EAM). Since 1977, it has been the sponsor of FEMS Microbiology Letters, a single journal. Now, FEMS publishes seven journals: FEMS Microbiology Ecology FEMS Microbiology Reviews FEMS Microbiology Letters FEMS Yeast Research Pathogens and Disease a journal preceded by FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology FEMS Microbes FEMS microLife Originally published for the Society by Elsevier, then by Wiley-Blackwell, they are now published by Oxford University Press. == References == == External links == Federation website European Academy of Microbiology website


id: global-initiative-on-psychiatry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Initiative on Psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:29.098799+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-initiative-on-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
Global Initiative on Psychiatry (GIP) is an international foundation for mental health reform which took part in the campaign against the political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR. The organization is of NGO type. Headquartered in Hilversum, GIP has regional centers in Tbilisi, Sofia, and Vilnius, and a country office in Dushanbe. GIP is a main contributor to improving psychiatric care in countries of the former Soviet Union as well as Central and Eastern Europe. It has expanded its focus and as of 2010 is including projects in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. GIP also focuses on the political abuse of psychiatry throughout the world and human rights monitoring. == History == 20 December 1980 saw the formation in Paris of the International Association on the Political Use of Psychiatry (IAPUP) whose first secretary was Dr Gérard Bles of France. Since the Congress in Honolulu in 1978, he has inspired the movement against the use of psychiatry for political ends. The organization campaigned against the political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union by leading efforts within national and international psychiatric organizations to eradicate this systematic abuse. The IAPUP had no connection with any political group nor with antipsychiatry. The


id: international-social-science-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: International Social Science Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:30.353095+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-social-science-council-20260505-0
summary:
The International Social Science Council (ISSC) was an international non-governmental organization promoting the social sciences, including the economic and behavioural sciences. Founded in 1952, the organization was based out of UNESCO headquarters in Paris, France. == History == The ISSC was established in October 1952 under the auspices of UNESCO following a resolution adopted at the 6th UNESCO General Conference in 1951. It was adopted on 19 September 1972, completed and revised on 14 November 1979, and underwent multiple revisions on 17 December 1985, 3 December 1992, 27 November 1998, 8 November 2006, and finally 10 December 2010. ISSC was registered in accordance with French Law. In July 2018, the ISSC merged with the International Council for Science (ICSU) to form the International Science Council (ISC). == Mission == The mission of the ISSC was to advance the social sciences – their quality, novelty, and utility – in all parts of the world: To advance social science research across national and regional boundaries; To support social science capacity building, particularly in countries and regions where it is currently not well developed; To provide a central clearinghouse for the collection, interpretation, analysis, and dissemination of data on social science resources, their


id: international-social-science-council-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council-1.md
category: reference
title: International Social Science Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_Science_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:30.353095+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-social-science-council-20260505-0
summary:
=== Prizes === The ISSC was awarded two prestigious international prizes: the Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research and the Foundation Mattei Dogan Prize for Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research. Nominations for the prize were made by ISSC members or other professional associations in various disciplines, as well as by universities and academic institutions. The selection of a winner is made by an international jury of scholars. === World Social Science Fellows === From 2012 to 2015, the ISSC led the World Social Science Fellows programme, an international scientific programme to support early-career researchers in the social sciences. ISSC aimed to foster a new generation of globally networked research leaders who will collaborate in addressing global problems with particular relevance for low and middle-income countries. == Member organizations == Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia Arab Council for the Social Sciences Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais (ANPOCS) Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) British Academy Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) European


id: international-society-for-plant-pathology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Plant_Pathology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Plant Pathology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Plant_Pathology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:31.582626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-plant-pathology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Plant Pathology is a global nonprofit institution dedicated to “promoting world-wide plant health and food security.” It was founded in 1968 and the first President of the society was the pioneer British plant pathologist, Ronald Karslake Starr Wood. The International Society for Plant Pathology is a member of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS), in liaison with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). == History == The aim of its founders in 1968 was to disseminate knowledge about plant development and plant diseases and their management. The ISPP also organises the International Congress of Plant Pathology every half-decade which is sponsored by its executive committee. The constituent bodies of the ISPP include a general assembly that convenes every five years during the congress, a council, an executive committee, a secretariat and subject matter committees. At a meeting in Lancaster, UK, in 1994, it was decided to establish the "Glenn Anderson Lecture" at the congress to cover global topics like agriculture and sustainability in the developing world. The society also maintains the World Directory of Plant Pathologists, an initiative of Fran Fisher (University of Florida). Directories were published


id: international-union-of-biochemistry-and-molecular-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:32.774400+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-biochemistry-and-molecular-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology. Formed in 1955 as the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), the union has presently 79 member countries and regions (as of 2020). The Union is devoted to promoting research and education in biochemistry and molecular biology throughout the world, and gives particular attention to localities where the subject is still in its early development. == History == The first Congress of Biochemistry was held in 1949 in Cambridge, UK, organized by the Biochemical Society, and was inspired by German-born British biochemist Sir Hans Adolf Krebs as a means of bringing together biochemists who had been separated by World War II. At the time, biochemistry was blossoming as a discipline and was seeking its own recognition as a union within the International Council for Science (ICSU). The congress was a first step to recognize biochemistry as a separate discipline and entity. At the final session of this congress, the International Committee of Biochemistry was set up with 20 members from fourteen countries with the goal obtaining from the ICSU 'recognition as the international body representative of biochemistry, with a view to


id: international-union-of-biological-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Biological_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Biological Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Biological_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:33.974612+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-biological-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Biological Sciences ( IUBS ) is a non-profit organization and non-governmental organization founded in 1919 that promotes biological sciences internationally. As a scientific umbrella organization, it was a founding member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). == History == The Union was founded in 1919 following the work of the Conference of Allied Academies of Sciences held in Brussels. Originally, the 'S' was not for 'Science' but for 'Societies'. After defining its constitution and organization in 1925, the IUBS adheres to the International Research Council (International Council for Science), which is now known as the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). From 1925 to 1939, the IUBS worked on two main themes: information science and environment. This second project resulted in the creation of the World Conservation Union. == Networking and cooperation == The Union was a founding member of the ICSU Scientific Committee and works closely with UNESCO. It also maintains relations with the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It cooperates with the European Commission and numerous other organizations, agencies, and foundations. == Organisation == The Union currently consists of: 44 national


id: international-union-of-microbiological-societies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Microbiological_Societies-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Microbiological Societies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Microbiological_Societies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:35.207492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-microbiological-societies-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS), founded in 1927 as the International Society of Microbiology, is one of 40 member unions and associations of the International Science Council (ISC), and was formerly under ISC's predecessor, the International Council for Science. The union's objectives are to promote the study of microbiological sciences internationally: initiate, facilitate and coordinate research and other scientific activities which involve international cooperation; ensure the discussion and dissemination of the results of international conferences, symposia and meetings and assist in the publication of their reports; represent microbiological sciences in ISC and maintain contact with other international organizations. IUMS activities include the classification and nomenclature of bacteria, fungi and viruses, food microbiology, medical microbiology and diagnostics, culture collections, education, and biological standardization. The president-elect of IUMS is Professor Eliora Ron of Tel Aviv University. == Organization == The IUMS has three divisions: Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology (BAM) Mycology Virology These divisions each have their own set of officers and objectives. Each division is responsible for the organization of their own International Congresses. They work together toward the goal of furthering microbiology research and communication globally. The IUMS conducts scientific activities through 6 specialist international committees, 9 international commissions,


id: international-union-of-nutritional-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Nutritional_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: International Union of Nutritional Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Nutritional_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:36.377843+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-union-of-nutritional-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1946 devoted to the advancement of nutrition. Its mission and objectives are: To promote advancement in nutrition science, research, and development through international cooperation at the global level. To encourage communication and collaboration among nutrition scientists as well as to disseminate information in nutritional science through modern communication technology. Since its 1946 foundation, the membership has grown to include 85 national adhering bodies and 17 affiliations. == IUNS International Congresses == == Governing Council == The Council consists of five Officers, the President, President-Elect, Vice-President, Secretary-General, Treasurer, Immediate Past-President, and six Council members. IUNS's current council consists of the following: President: Hyun-Sook Kim Korea; Vice President: Francis Zotor Ghana; President Elect: Jacques Delarue France; Secretary General: Edith Feskens Netherlands; Treasurer: Welma Stonehouse Australia; Member: Amos Laar Ghana; Member: Hardinsyah Indonesia; Member: Zhaoping Li United States; Member: Gladys Morales Chile; Member: Ngozi Nnam Nigeria; Member: Philip Calder UK; Immediate Past-President: Lynnette M. Neufeld Canada. == Headquarters == IUNS is registered in London, United Kingdom. == Secretariat == IUNS; The Nutrition Society; Boyd Orr House, 10 Cambridge Court; 210 Shepherds Bush Road; London; UK; W6 7NJ == See


id: world-heart-federation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heart_Federation-0.md
category: reference
title: World Heart Federation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heart_Federation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:37.593422+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-heart-federation-20260505-0
summary:
The World Heart Federation (WHF) is a non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, formed in 1978. WHF is recognized by the World Health Organization as its leading NGO partner in cardiovascular disease prevention. == History == The World Heart Federation was formed in 1978 by a merger of the International Society of Cardiology and the International Cardiology Federation, under the name of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. In 1998, this body changed its name to the World Heart Federation. The World Heart Federation represents more than 200 organizations around the world. It works to promote cardiovascular health, and provide information on access to relevant information, care, and treatment. The World Heart Federation is the cardiovascular disease (CVD) organization in official relations with the World Health Organization. == Congresses and events == The World Heart Federation hosts the World Congress of Cardiology. The first World Congress of Cardiology was convened in Paris in September 1950 under the aegis of the International Society of Cardiology, which had itself been founded four years previously. In 2000, World Heart Day was founded to inform people that CVD is the world's leading cause of death. World Heart Day is the world's biggest awareness-raising


id: world-medical-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Medical_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: World Medical Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Medical_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:38.832449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-medical-association-20260505-0
summary:
The World Medical Association (WMA) is an international and independent confederation of free professional medical associations representing physicians worldwide. WMA was formally established on September 17, 1947 and has grown to 115 national medical associations, as of 2025, with 2494 Associate Members, including Junior Doctors and medical students. and more than 10 million physicians. WMA is in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO) and seeks close collaboration with the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to physical and mental health. == History == The WMA was founded on 17 September 1947, when physicians from 27 countries met at the First General Assembly of the WMA in Paris. This organization was built from an idea born in the House of the British Medical Association in 1945, within a meeting organized in London to initiate plans for an international medical organization to replace l'Association Professionnelle Internationale des Médecins", which had suspended its activities because of World War II. In order to facilitate financial support from its member associations, in 1948, the executive board, known as the Council, established the Secretariat of the WMA in New York City in order to provide close liaison with the United Nations and its various


id: world-psychiatric-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: World Psychiatric Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:39.988623+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: world-psychiatric-association-20260505-0
summary:
The World Psychiatric Association (WPA) is a nongovernmental organization in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO). It brings together 135 national psychiatric societies from 177 countries, representing more than 200,000 psychiatrists worldwide, and convenes the World Congress of Psychiatry. == History == === Origin and founding === The World Psychiatric Association traces its origins to the Association for the Organization of World Congresses of Psychiatry, which held its first world congress in Paris in 1950, followed by subsequent congresses in Zurich, Montreal, Madrid, Mexico City, Hawaii, Vienna, Athens, Rio de Janeiro and Hamburg. Jean Delay was the first president of the Association for the Organization of World Congresses of Psychiatry when it was started in 1950. Donald Ewen Cameron became president of the World Psychiatric Association at its formal founding in 1961. === WPA and psychiatric ethics === In February 1983, the Soviet All-Union Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists resigned from the World Psychiatric Association. This resignation occurred as a preemptive action amid a movement to expel the Soviet body from the global organization due to political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. The Soviet body was conditionally readmitted into the World Psychiatric Association in 1989, following


id: 500-women-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: 500 Women Scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Women_Scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:41.545949+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 500-women-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
500 Women Scientists is a non-profit group dedicated to making science open, inclusive, and accessible. To achieve this mission, they work to increase scientific literacy through public engagement, advocate for science and equity, and provide self-identifying women with the tools and support they need to reach their full potential. The organization began with an open letter in November 2016 and was officially recognized as a 501(c)3 in May 2018. == History == 500 Women Scientists launched with an open letter signed by 500 women scientists after the United States 2016 presidential election. The letter pledged to speak out not only against policies that go against scientific evidence, but also against inequality, sexism, xenophobia, and other forms of discrimination against marginalized communities. Within two months, the pledge received over fifteen thousand signatures from women and allies in 109 countries. In concert with the 2017 Women's March, women scientists and supporters who signed the pledge organized themselves into groups to march together. The local marches became the basis for forming local chapters, or "Pods", where local women scientists meet regularly. Pods function both as a support system and as a vehicle to focus on and organize around issues that resonate in their


id: ada-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Ada Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:42.669087+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ada-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Ada Initiative was a non-profit organization that sought to increase women's participation in the free culture movement, open-source technology and open culture. The organization was founded in 2011 by Linux kernel developer and open source advocate Valerie Aurora and open source developer and advocate Mary Gardiner (the founder of AussieChix, the largest organization for women in open source in Australia). It was named after Ada Lovelace, one of the world's first computer programmers, as is the Ada programming language. In August 2015, the Ada Initiative board announced that the organization would shut down in October 2015. According to the announcement, the Initiative's executive leadership decided to step down, and the organization was unable to find acceptable replacement leaders. == History == Valerie Aurora, already an activist for women in open source, joined Mary Gardiner and members of Geek Feminism to develop anti-harassment policies for conferences after Noirin Shirley was sexually assaulted at ApacheCon 2010. Together with Gardiner, she founded the Ada Initiative in February 2011. In 2014, Valerie Aurora announced her intent to step down as executive director of the Ada Initiative, and an executive search committee was formed to find her replacement. Mary Gardiner, deputy executive director, chose


id: african-summit-on-women-and-girls-in-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Summit_on_Women_and_Girls_in_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Summit_on_Women_and_Girls_in_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:43.875745+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-summit-on-women-and-girls-in-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology is an international summit organized by the World Wide Web Foundation and the Alliance for Affordable Internet in collaboration with other international organizations and ministries. It is a gathering of digital equality advocates who are mostly women and the main focus of discussion is bridging the digital gender gap. == Agenda == The summit focuses on exploring how technology policies could further the rights and interest of women in Africa and how these policies could work to help bridge the digital gender gap. === Topics === Affordable Broadband Women’s rights online Digital education and skills Digital Entrepreneurship == 2016 - First African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology == The First Edition of the African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology was held on the 13 to the 14 of September 2016 in Accra, with about 150 digital equality advocates in attendance. It was a collaboration between Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI), the World Wide Web Foundation, UN Women, the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Center of Excellence in ICT (AITI-KACE), and the African Development Bank. == 2018 - Second African Summit on Women and Girls in Technology == The second


id: african-women-in-mathematics-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Women_in_Mathematics_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: African Women in Mathematics Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Women_in_Mathematics_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:45.081500+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-women-in-mathematics-association-20260505-0
summary:
The African Women in Mathematics Association (AWMA) is a professional society whose mission is to promote mathematics to African women and girls, to support women's careers in mathematics, to create equal opportunity and equal treatment in the African mathematical community, and to create a meeting place for mathematical African women. The AWMA was founded in 2013. AWMA has approximately 300 members from over 30 countries and from all regions of Africa. It hosts events to encourage African girls' participation in mathematics. == History == In 1986, the African Mathematical Union founded the commission on women and mathematics (AMUCWMA). At the AMUCWMA's 2012 conference in Ouagadougou, which drew over 70 attendees, a panel on the state on women in mathematics in Africa was held. The panel's primary recommendation was to create an association for African female mathematicians. The AWUCWMA held another conference soon after in July 2013 in Cape Town. One of the primary objectives of the conference was to form an association for African women in mathematics. On July 19, 2013 at the conference, the African Women in Mathematics Association was officially formed. The primary objective was "the promotion of female mathematicians in Africa and the promotion of mathematics among


id: american-association-for-women-in-radiology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Women_in_Radiology-0.md
category: reference
title: American Association for Women in Radiology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Women_in_Radiology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:46.221280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-for-women-in-radiology-20260505-0
summary:
The American Association for Women in Radiology (or AAWR) is a professional association founded in 1981 as a resource for "professional socialization" for women in a male-dominated field of radiology. AAWR's role model is Marie Curie. The main goals of the association were to provide a forum for issues unique to women in radiology, radiation oncology and related professions, to sponsor programs that promote opportunities for women, and to facilitate networking among women radiologists. == References ==


id: american-association-of-university-women-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women-0.md
category: reference
title: American Association of University Women
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:47.445152+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-of-university-women-20260505-0
summary:
The American Association of University Women (AAUW) is an American non-profit organization that advances equity for women and girls through advocacy, education, and research. The organization has a nationwide network of 170,000 members and supporters, 1,000 local branches, and 800 college and university partners. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C. AAUW's CEO is Gloria L. Blackwell. == History == === 19th century === In 1881, Emily Fairbanks Talbot, Marion Talbot and Ellen Swallow Richards invited 15 alumnae from 8 colleges to a meeting in Boston, Massachusetts. The purpose of this meeting was to create an organization of women college graduates that would assist women in finding greater opportunities to use their education, as well as promoting and assisting other women's college attendance. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae or ACA (AAUW's predecessor organization) was officially founded on January 14, 1882. The ACA also worked to improve standards of education for women so that men and women's higher education was more equal in scope and difficulty. At the beginning of 1884, the ACA had been meeting only in Boston. However, as more women across the country became interested in its work, the Association saw that expansion into branches was necessary to carry


id: american-association-of-university-women-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women-1.md
category: reference
title: American Association of University Women
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:47.445152+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-association-of-university-women-20260505-0
summary:
== Activities == AAUW is one of the world's largest sources of funding exclusively for women who have graduated from college. In 2025-26, AAUW will award $5.3 million in fellowships, grants, and awards for women and for community action projects. The Foundation also funds pioneering research on women, girls, and education. The organization funds studies germane to the education of women. The AAUW Legal Advocacy Fund (LAF), a program of the Foundation, is the United States' largest legal fund focused solely on sex discrimination against women in higher education. LAF provides funds and a support system for women seeking judicial redress for sex discrimination in higher education. Since 1981, LAF has helped female students, faculty, and administrators challenge sex discrimination, including sexual harassment, pay inequity, denial of tenure and promotion, and inequality in women's athletics programs. AAUW sponsors grassroots and advocacy efforts, research, and Campus Action Projects and other educational programs in conjunction with its ongoing programmatic theme, Education as the Gateway to Women's Economic Security. Along with three other organizations, it founded the CTM Madison Family Theatre in 1965. AAUW joined forces with other women's organizations in August 2011 to launch HERVotes to mobilize women voters in 2012 on


id: american-medical-women-s-association-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Women's_Association-0.md
category: reference
title: American Medical Women's Association
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Women's_Association
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:48.639615+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: american-medical-women-s-association-20260505-0
summary:
The American Medical Women's Association (AMWA) is a professional advocacy and educational organization of women physicians and medical students. == History == The Woman's Medical Journal began publication in the 1893. As World War I broke out, medical women, though already 6% of the medical profession, faced severe discrimination, as they were barred from the American Medical Association and from the Army Medical Reserve Corps, effectively barring them from military participation as equals to medical men. In response, the Medical Women’s National Association was founded in 1915 by Bertha Van Hoosen, MD, with the established journal as its official organ. In 1917, the association formed the War Service Committee, later renamed the American Women’s Hospitals Service (AWHS). It was later renamed the American Medical Women's Association. The AMWA works to advance women in medicine and to serve as a voice for women's health. The association used to publish the Journal of the American Medical Women's Association; the Journal of Women's Health is now the official journal of the AMWA. == Honors == The AMWA honors women physicians each year with four awards. The Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, named for Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman awarded an M.D. from an American medical


id: anitab-org-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnitaB.org-0.md
category: reference
title: AnitaB.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnitaB.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:49.818453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anitab-org-20260505-0
summary:
AnitaB.org (formerly Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology (ABI), and Institute for Women in Technology) is a global, technical nonprofit organization based in Sacramento, California. Founded by computer scientists Anita Borg and Telle Whitney for technical women, the institute's primary aim is to recruit, retain, and advance women in technology. The institute's most prominent program is the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference, the world's largest gathering of women in computing. From 2002 to 2017, AnitaB.org was led by Telle Whitney, who co-founded the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing with Anita Borg. AnitaB.org is currently led by Brenda Darden Wilkerson, the former Director of Computer Science and IT Education for Chicago Public Schools (CPS) and founder of the original “Computer Science for All” initiative. == History == AnitaB.org was founded in 1997 by computer scientists Anita Borg and Telle Whitney as the Institute for Women in Technology. The institute was preceded by two of its current programs: Systers and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Conference. Systers, the first online community for women in computing, was founded in 1987 by Anita Borg. In 1994, Borg and Whitney organized the first Grace Hopper Celebration


id: anitab-org-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnitaB.org-1.md
category: reference
title: AnitaB.org
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnitaB.org
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:49.818453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anitab-org-20260505-0
summary:
=== Anita Borg Top Company for Technical Women Workshop === The Anita Borg Top Company for Technical Women Workshop provides coverage of best practices for recruiting, retaining, and advancing technical women. Representatives from different companies learn from each other and share practices. Companies participating in the 2011 workshop included CA Technologies, Cisco, Google, IBM, Intel, Intuit, Microsoft Research, SAP, and Symantec. === TechWomen === TechWomen is a professional mentorship and exchange program funded by the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. The program brings 38 technical women, aged 25–42, from the Middle East and North Africa to the United States for a five-week mentoring program at technology companies in Silicon Valley. The initiative is administered by the Institute of International Education, in partnership with AnitaB.org. === Online communities === The AnitaB.org runs several email lists and online groups that connect technical women. Systers is the largest email community of technical women in computing in the world and predates AnitaB.org, having been founded in 1987 by Anita Borg. Systers provides a private and gender exclusive space for women in computing to ask personal and technical questions. === Local communities === The AnitaB.org local Communities usually referred to


id: acm-w-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM-W-0.md
category: reference
title: ACM-W
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM-W
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:50.946338+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: acm-w-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Computing Machinery's Council on Women in Computing (ACM-W) supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in all aspects of the computing field, providing a wide range of programs and services to ACM members and working in the larger community to advance the contributions of technical women. ACM-W is an active organization with over 36,000 members. == Celebrations of Women in Computing == ACM-W sponsors annual celebrations focused on women in computing. ACM-W provides up to $3,000 seed funding for each celebration, and also raises and disburses corporate sponsorship. Each celebration organizing committee is responsible for additional fundraising within their conference area. ACM-W supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in all aspects of the computing field, providing a wide range of programs and services to Association for Computing Machinery members and working in the larger community to advance the contributions of technical women. ACM-W Celebrations are regional conferences with global participants from industry, academia, and government. Celebration participation is growing and these events represent some of the largest gatherings of women in technology. The original Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing was recognized by the US White House


id: association-for-women-in-computing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Computing-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Women in Computing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Computing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:53.305379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-women-in-computing-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Women in Computing (AWC) is a professional organization for women in computing. It was founded in 1978 in Washington, D.C., and is a member of the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals (ICCP). == Purpose == The purpose of AWC is to provide opportunities for professional growth for women in computing through networking, continuing education and mentoring. To accomplish this they promote awareness of issues affecting women in the computing industry, further the professional development and advancement of women in computing, and encourage women to pursue careers in computer science. The AWC is a national, nonprofit, professional organization for women and men with an interest in information technology. It grants the Ada Lovelace Award to individuals who have excelled in either of two areas: outstanding scientific technical achievement and/or extraordinary service to the computing community through accomplishments and contributions on behalf of women in computing. == History == AWC was founded in 1978 as a non-profit organization, originally under the name National Association for Women in Computing. The Puget Sound Chapter was founded in the winter of 1979 by Donnafaye Carroll Finger and Diane Haelsig. These two women read an article about a new association for women


id: association-for-women-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Women in Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:54.455965+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-women-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) is a professional society whose mission is to encourage women and girls to study and to have active careers in the mathematical sciences, and to promote equal opportunity for and the equal treatment of women and girls in the mathematical sciences. The AWM was founded in 1971 and incorporated in the state of Massachusetts. AWM has approximately 5200 members, including over 250 institutional members, such as colleges, universities, institutes, and mathematical societies. It offers numerous programs and workshops to mentor women and girls in the mathematical sciences. Much of AWM's work is supported through federal grants. == History == The Association was founded in 1971 as the Association of Women Mathematicians, but the name was changed almost immediately. As reported in "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Mathematics: The Presidents' Perspectives", by Lenore Blum: As Judy Green remembers (and Chandler Davis, early AWM friend, concurs): The formal idea of women getting together and forming a caucus was first made publicly at a MAG [Mathematics Action Group] meeting in 1971 ... in Atlantic City. Joanne Darken, then an instructor at Temple University and now at the Community College of Philadelphia, stood


id: association-for-women-in-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Women in Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:55.637064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-women-in-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Women in Science (AWIS) was founded in 1971 at the annual Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) meeting. The organization aims to combat job discrimination, lower pay, and professional isolation. The main issue areas that the modern Association addresses are fair compensation, work-life integration, attrition, and professional development. == History == AWIS was founded in 1971 at the annual meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), after a series of champagne brunches organized by an informal women's caucus. After establishing an executive director and an office in Washington, DC, chapters were organized across the country for individual members. Its founding co-presidents were Neena Schwartz and Judith Pool. Along with other women in science associations, an early AWIS action involved initiating a class action lawsuit against the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in response to poor representation on NIH grant review committees. The lawsuit was dropped after representatives of the groups, including Schwartz, met with Robert Marsten, then head of the NIH, who solicited recommendations and committed to appointing more women. Early projects include the creation of the AWIS Educational Foundation (now known as the Educational Awards) to receive donations and award


id: association-of-women-surgeons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Women_Surgeons-0.md
category: reference
title: Association of Women Surgeons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Women_Surgeons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:56.782387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-of-women-surgeons-20260505-0
summary:
The Association of Women Surgeons (AWS) is a non-profit educational and professional organization founded in 1981. Now with more than 4,000 members in more than 50 countries, AWS is one of the largest international organizations dedicated to supporting, enhancing the interaction, and facilitating the exchange of information between women surgeons at various stages in their careers, including students and trainees. The organization's mission statement reads: "To inspire, encourage, and enable women surgeons to achieve their personal and professional goals". == History == The AWS was founded in 1981 when Dr. Patricia Numann posted a sign inviting any woman surgeon to a breakfast at the October meeting of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in the San Francisco Hilton Hotel. The breakfast has continued for more than 40 years and grew into the Association of Women Surgeons (AWS). The AWS was incorporated in 1986 and continues to support women surgeons and ensure diversity in the house of surgery. == Key collaborations and partnerships == American College of Surgeons – In addition to having a Governor from the AWS to the ACS Board of Governors, the AWS has a liaison to the ACS Advisory Council on General Surgery, the ACS Women in


id: bcswomen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCSWomen-0.md
category: reference
title: BCSWomen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCSWomen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:58.000092+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bcswomen-20260505-0
summary:
BCSWomen is a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society, The Chartered Institute for IT, that provides networking opportunities for all BCS professional women working in IT around the world, as well as mentoring and encouraging girls and women to enter or return to IT as a career. The current Chair of BCSWomen is Andrea Palmer. == Background == Founded by Sue Black, BCSWomen has the aim of supporting women working in and considering a career in Information Technology. The group was founded in 2001. It has more than a thousand members and an active mailing list. Activities include meetings, networking, and mentoring. They also organise the Lovelace Colloquium. Many BCSWomen also participate in the annual London Hopper Colloquium, which showcases exciting work of women in computing research and enables new PhD researchers to meet with each other as well as with senior women computer scientists. Grace Hopper was a pioneering American computer scientist. BCSWomen organise other events for women in computing both technical and social, such as day trips to computer-related sites such as Bletchley Park. == Lovelace Colloquium == The Lovelace Colloquium for undergraduate and post-graduate women and non-binary individuals in digital and computing, is a two-day conference


id: black-girls-code-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Girls_Code-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Girls Code
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Girls_Code
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:32:59.190360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-girls-code-20260505-0
summary:
Black Girls Code (BGC) is a nonprofit organization that focuses on engaging African-American girls and other youth of color with computer programming education to nurture their careers in tech. The organization offers computer programming and coding, as well as website, robot, and mobile application-building, with the goal of placing one million girls in tech by 2040. Kimberly Bryant, an electrical engineer who had worked in biotech for over 20 years, founded Black Girls Code in 2011 to rectify the underrepresentation of African-American girls and women in tech careers. In October 2023, Cristina Jones became CEO; she was previously an executive at Salesforce. == Programs == Headquartered in Oakland, California, the organization grew to 2,000 participants by August 2013 within the seven established institutions, operating in seven States across the US, as well as in Johannesburg, South Africa. As of December 2019, BGC had 15 chapters. BGC depends on a volunteer network to design and conduct workshop classes. These IT professionals teach participants skills in web, app, and game development; AI; art and music coding; coding languages (i.e., HTML/CSS, JavaScript, Python); block-based coding; and integrated development environments (i.e., Scratch, p5.js, MIT App Inventor, Repl.it, EarSketch). In 2023, BGC, in partnership with


id: blogher-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlogHer-0.md
category: reference
title: BlogHer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlogHer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:33:00.376526+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blogher-20260505-0
summary:
BlogHer is an American media company founded by Elisa Camahort Page, Jory des Jardins, and Lisa Stone in 2005. It is an online blogger community and holds a yearly conference for women bloggers. BlogHer is owned by SHE Media which is a division of Penske Media Corporation. == History == BlogHer began as a conference in 2005 in San Jose, California, founded by Elisa Camahort Page, Jory des Jardins, and Lisa Stone. It was originally planned to be a blog, but grew to a 300-person conference on women and blogging once announced. In 2006, BlogHer started a group blog featuring over 60 women blogging on a variety of topics. The second BlogHer conference was held in San Jose and was much larger than the first, with at least 750 attendees. In 2007, the company expanded to include BlogHers Act, a political blogging network by and for women. Dan Gillmor quoted the site's community guideline "We embrace the spirit of civil disagreement" as an ideal. On July 16, 2008, iVillage, a network of online media outlets owned by NBC Universal, announced that it had reached a partnership with the BlogHer network to provide content for sites across the iVillage network. The


