# kb

id: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-4.md
category: reference
title: List of non-coherent units of measurement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-0
summary:
=== Thirds, fourths === The term "minute" usually means 1⁄60 of an hour, coming from "a minute division of an hour". The term "second" comes from "the second minute division of an hour", as it is 1⁄60 of a minute, or 1⁄60 of 1⁄60 of an hour. While usually sub-second units are represented with SI prefixes on the second (e.g. milliseconds), this system can be extrapolated further, such that a "third" would mean 1⁄60 of a second (16.7 milliseconds), and a "fourth" would mean 1⁄60 of a third (278 microseconds), etc. These units are occasionally used in astronomy to denote angles. === Moment === A moment was a medieval unit of time. The movement of a shadow on a sundial covered 40 moments in a solar hour. An hour in this case meant one twelfth of the period between sunrise and sunset. The length of a solar hour depended on the length of the day, which in turn varied with the season, so the length of a moment in modern seconds was not fixed, but on average, a moment corresponded to 90 seconds. === Sidereal day === The sidereal day is based on the Earth's rotation rate relative to fixed


id: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-5.md
category: reference
title: List of non-coherent units of measurement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-0
summary:
The Furman is a unit of angular measure equal to 1⁄65,536 of a circle, or just under 20 arcseconds. It is named for Alan T. Furman, the American mathematician who adapted the CORDIC algorithm for 16-bit fixed-point arithmetic sometime around 1980. 16 bits give a resolution of 216 = 65,536 distinct angles. A related unit of angular measure equal to 1⁄256 of a circle, represented by 8 bits, has found some use in machinery control where fine precision is not required, most notably crankshaft and camshaft position in internal combustion engine controllers, and in video game programming. There is no consensus as to its name, but it has been called the 8-Bit Furman. These units are convenient because binary integer overflow resembles angular arithmetic: the value of an 8-bit integer overflows from 255 to 0 when a full circle has been traversed. This means binary addition and subtraction work as expected for angular arithmetic. Measures are often made using a Gray code, which is trivially converted into more conventional notation. Its value is equivalent to about 0.0245 radians or 1.41°. === Mils, strecks === Mils and strecks are small units of angle used by various military organizations for range estimation


id: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-6.md
category: reference
title: List of non-coherent units of measurement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-0
summary:
=== Flow: Sverdrup === One sverdrup (Sv) is equal to 1,000,000 cubic metres per second (264,000,000 USgal/s). It is used almost exclusively in oceanography to measure the volumetric rate of transport of ocean currents. === Speed: Bubnoff unit === The Bubnoff unit is defined as 1 micrometre per year (3.169×10−14 m/s), or one millimeter per 1,000 years. It is employed in geology to measure rates of lowering of earth surfaces due to erosion. === Energy intensity === The langley (symbol Ly) is used to measure solar radiation or insolation. It is equal to one thermochemical calorie per square centimetre (4.184×104 J/m2 or ≈3.684 BTU/sq ft) and was named after Samuel Pierpont Langley. Its symbol should not be confused with that for the light-year, ly. === Kinematic viscosity === One of the few CGS units to see wider use, one stokes (symbol S or St) is a unit of kinematic viscosity, defined as 1 cm2/s, i.e., 10−4 m2/s (≈1.08×10−3 sq ft/s). === Angular velocity === A MERU (milli Earth rate unit) is a measure of angular velocity equal to 1⁄1000 of Earth's rotation rate: 1 MERU = 7.292115×10^−8 radians per second or about 0.2625 milliradians/hour. It was introduced by MIT's Instrumentation


id: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-7.md
category: reference
title: List of non-coherent units of measurement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-0
summary:
== Demography and epidemiology == Demography and quantitative epidemiology are statistical fields that deal with counts or proportions of people, or rates of change in these. Counts and proportions are technically dimensionless, and so have no units of measurement, although identifiers such as "people", "births", "infections" and the like are used for clarity. Rates of change are counts per unit of time and strictly have inverse time dimensions (per unit of time). In demography and epidemiology expressions such as "deaths per year" are used to clarify what is being measured. Prevalence, a common measure in epidemiology, is strictly a type of denominator data, a dimensionless ratio or proportion. Prevalence may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage or as the number of cases per 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 in the population of interest. === Micromort === A micromort is a unit of risk measuring a one-in-a-million probability of death (from micro- and mortality). Micromorts can be used to measure riskiness of various day-to-day activities. A microprobability is a one-in-a million chance of some event; thus a micromort is the microprobability of death. For example, smoking 1.4 cigarettes increases one's death risk by one micromort, as does traveling 370 km (230


id: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement-8.md
category: reference
title: List of non-coherent units of measurement
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-coherent_units_of_measurement
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:36.133659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-non-coherent-units-of-measurement-20260505-0
summary:
=== Centimorgan: Genetic linkage === In genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage. It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used to infer distance along a chromosome. One centimorgan corresponds to about 1 million base pairs in humans on average. === Centipawn: Chess position === Chess software frequently uses centipawns internally or externally as a unit measuring how strong each player's situation position is, and hence also by how much one player is beating the other, and how strong a possible move is. 100 centipawns = the value of 1 pawn – more specifically, something like the average value of the pawns at the start of the game, as the actual value of pawns depends on their position. Loss of a pawn will therefore typically lose that player 100 centipawns. The centipawn is often used for comparing possible moves, as in a given position, chess software will often rate the better of two moves within a few centipawns of each other. === Garn: Spacesickness ===


id: index-of-psychology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of psychology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:38.070719+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-psychology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of broad scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience. As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups. Articles related to psychology (excluding psychologists – see list of psychologists) include: == 0–9 == == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == Q == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == Z == == See also == Psychology-related Outline of psychology List of counseling topics Psychology journals List of psychology topic lists List of thinking-related topic lists General reference List


id: outline-of-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:39.294583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to psychology: Psychology refers to the study of subconscious and conscious activities, such as emotions and thoughts. It is a field of study that bridges the scientific and social sciences and has a huge reach. Its goal is to comprehend individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. Psychology is the study of people and the reasons for their behavior. It has grown in popularity in the last few decades and is now an undergraduate course at many universities. There are a variety of psychology branches that people specialize in, as outlined below. == Branches of psychology == === Basic psychological science === Abnormal psychology Applied psychology Asian psychology Behavioral genetics Biological psychology Black psychology Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive psychology Comparative psychology Conservation psychology Criminal psychology Critical psychology Cultural psychology Developmental psychology Differential psychology Evolutionary psychology Experimental psychology Forensic developmental psychology Group psychology Health psychology Indigenous psychology Mathematical psychology Medical psychology Motivation Music psychology Neuropsychology Pediatric psychology Personality psychology Positive psychology Psychopharmacology Quantitative psychology Rehabilitation psychology Social psychology Transpersonal psychology Theoretical psychology === Other areas by topic === Behavioral economics Child psychopathology Feminine psychology Indian


id: outline-of-autism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of autism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-autism-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to autism: Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – a condition characterized by differences or difficulties in social communication and interaction, a need or strong preference for predictability and routine, sensory processing differences, focused interests, or repetitive behaviors. == Descriptions of autism == Autism can be described as all of the following: Disability – may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination of these. Developmental disability – a term used in the United States and Canada to describe certain lifelong disabilities attributable to mental or physical impairments, manifested prior to adulthood. Disorder – Developmental disorder – occur at some stage in a child's development, often slowing the development. Neurodevelopmental disorder – or disorder of neural development, is an impairment of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system. Spectrum disorder A form of neurodiversity == Autistic traits == Signs of autism are highly variable, and different individuals will have a different mix of traits. Some more common traits include: Avoidance of eye contact – preference to avoid eye contact and feelings of fear or being overwhelmed when looking into someone's eyes Developmental


id: outline-of-autism-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of autism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-autism-20260505-0
summary:
=== Pseudoscience and disproven treatments === Autistic enterocolitis – other studies have explicitly refuted its existence. Craniosacral therapy – (also called CST, also spelled Cranial Sacral bodywork or therapy) is an alternative medicine therapy used by physiotherapists, osteopaths, massage therapists, naturopaths, and chiropractors. Chelation therapy – the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Not effective in autism. Facilitated communication – a debunked technique which purports to allow non-verbal autistics to communicate. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy – the medical use of oxygen at a level higher than atmospheric pressure. Secretin – a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. Ineffective in autism. Vaccines and autism – the thoroughly debunked claim that vaccines cause autism. MMR vaccine and autism – was a case of scientific misconduct which triggered a health scare. Thiomersal and vaccines – describing discredited claims that vaccines containing the mercury-based preservative thiomersal contribute to the development of autism and other developmental disorders. == Notable autistic people == Susan Boyle (b. 1961) was first seen on Britain's Got Talent when she sang "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables. She has since become a successful singer and


id: outline-of-autism-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of autism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-autism-20260505-0
summary:
=== Organizations === Aspies For Freedom (AFF) – a solidarity and campaigning group which aims at raising public awareness of the autism rights movement. Autism Awareness Campaign UK – Autism Network International – founded and run by autistic people. Autism Resource Centre (Singapore) – non-profit organization focused on autistic people. Autism Society of America (ASA) – controversial, primarily parent-led advocacy group founded in 1965 by Bernard Rimland, Ruth C. Sullivan and others. Autistic Self Advocacy Network – a nonprofit advocacy organization run by and for autistic people. M.I.N.D. Institute – research and treatment center. National Autistic Society (NAS) – a British charity for autistic people. Sacar (charity) – a charity focusing on autistic people. TreeHouse – a school in the United Kingdom that focuses on educating autistic children. Wrong Planet – an online community designed for autistic and other neurodivergent people. There are forums and discussions to help neurodivergent people with daily life and the struggles that come with it, such as making friends, general socialization and tips for going to overwhelming places. (Sometimes referred to by its URL, WrongPlanet.net) === Events === Autism Sunday – also known as the International Day of Prayer for Autism and Asperger syndrome, is


id: outline-of-autism-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of autism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:40.515086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-autism-20260505-0
summary:
Alexithymia – a term coined by psychotherapist Peter Sifneos in 1973 to describe a state of deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – a condition with three subtypes: hyperactive, inattentive, and combined. Clinical depression – a mental illness involving low mood and fatigue. Coeliac disease – spelled celiac disease in North America and often celiac sprue, is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward. Communication disorder – a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. Deafness – or hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear where the ability would usually be expected. Developmental coordination disorder – a disorder involving motor skill impairments. Dyscalculia – a specific learning disability involving innate difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic. Dysgraphia – a deficiency in the ability to write primarily in terms of handwriting, but also in terms of coherence. Dyslexia – a very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a


id: list-of-psychology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:41.751836+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of psychology awards is an index to articles about notable awards given for work in the fields of psychology, cognitive sciences and psychiatry. == List == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of medicine awards == References ==


id: outline-of-brain-mapping-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of brain mapping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:42.989942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-brain-mapping-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to brain mapping: Brain mapping – set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps. Brain mapping is further defined as the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging (including intra-operative, microscopic, endoscopic and multi-modality imaging), immunohistochemistry, molecular and optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering (material, electrical and biomedical), neurophysiology and nanotechnology. == Broad scope == History of neuroscience History of neurology Brain mapping Human brain Neuroscience Nervous system. === The neuron doctrine === Neuron doctrine – A set of carefully constructed elementary set of observations regarding neurons. For more granularity, more current, and more advanced topics, see the cellular level section Asserts that neurons fall under the broader cell theory, which postulates: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms. All cells come from preexisting, living cells. The Neuron doctrine postulates several elementary aspects of neurons: The brain is made up of individual cells


id: outline-of-brain-mapping-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of brain mapping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:42.989942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-brain-mapping-20260505-0
summary:
=== General === Most imaging work to date on individual neurons has been conducted outside the brain, typically on large neurons, and has been most frequently destructive. New techniques are however rapidly emerging. Search on "Single neuron imaging" and see related topics: Biological neuron model, Single-unit recording, Neural oscillation, Computational neuroscience. dMRI (above) is also promising in non-destructive imaging of single neurons inside the brain. History of neuroimaging (redirects from Brain scanner) Neuroimaging (redirects from Brain function map) Connectomics – mapping technique showing neural connections in a nervous system. === Specific systems === Cortical stimulation mapping Diffusion MRI (dMRI) – includes diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion functional MRI (DfMRI). dMRI is a recent breakthrough in brain mapping allowing the visualization of cross connections between different anatomical parts of the brain. It allows noninvasive imaging of white matter fiber structure and in addition to mapping can be useful in clinical observations of abnormalities, including damage from stroke. Electroencephalography (EEG) – uses electrodes on the scalp and other techniques to detect the electrical flow of currents. Electrocorticography – intracranial EEG, the practice of using electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral


id: outline-of-brain-mapping-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of brain mapping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:42.989942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-brain-mapping-20260505-0
summary:
==== Information technology ==== Determining the number of clusters in a data set – a typical application is in data reduction: as the increase in temporal resolution of fMRI experiments routinely yields fMRI sequences containing several hundreds of images, it is sometimes necessary to invoke feature extraction to reduce the dimensionality of the data space. Fractional anisotropy – a measure often used in diffusion imaging where it is thought to reflect fiber density, axonal diameter, and myelination in white matter. The FA is an extension of the concept of eccentricity of conic sections in three dimensions, normalized to the unit range. Anisotropy is the property of being directionally dependent, as opposed to isotropy, which implies identical properties in all directions. General linear model – a statistical linear model. It may be written as Y=XB +U where Y is a matrix with series of multivariate measurements, X is a matrix that might be a design matrix, B is a matrix containing parameters that are usually to be estimated, and U is a matrix containing errors or noise. It is frequently used in the analysis of multiple brain scans in scientific experiments where Y contains data from brain scanners, X contains experimental


id: list-of-clinical-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinical_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of clinical psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinical_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:44.159064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-clinical-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
This list includes notable clinical psychologists and contributors to clinical psychology, some of whom may not have thought of themselves primarily as clinical psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. == A == Jonathan Abramowitz Alfred W. Adler (inferiority complex) Lauren Alloy Nathan Azrin == B == Richard Bandler, co-founder of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) David H. Barlow, known for his study and treatment of anxiety and related disorders Albert Bandura Deirdre Barrett, researcher on dreams and hypnosis Aaron T. Beck, founder of cognitive therapy Kim Bergman, surrogacy psychologist Eric Berne Larry E. Beutler, systematic treatment selection Wilfred Bion Theodore H. Blau Nathaniel Branden, notable as a clinician for sentence stems technique, style of group therapy, clinical approaches to self-esteem work David D. Burns, cognitive-behavioral therapy/theory == C == James Cantor Robert Cialdini Stephen Connor == D == Lisa Damour Daniel O David Arthur A. Dole == E == Steve Eichel Albert Ellis, founder of rational-emotive therapy (RET) Erik Erikson Hans Eysenck == F == Ronald Fairbairn theorist of object-relations psychoanalysis Edna B Foa Anna Freud Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis == G == Paul Gilbert (psychologist), founder of compassion focused


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
In psychology and cognitive science, cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics. A memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments. Biases have a variety of forms and appear as cognitive ("cold") bias, such as mental noise, or motivational ("hot") bias, such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking. Both effects can be present at the same time. There are also controversies over some of these biases as to whether they count as useless or irrational, or whether they result in useful attitudes or behavior. For example, when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person. However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-1.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Baseline === The anchoring bias, or focalism, is the tendency to rely too heavily—to "anchor"—on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (usually the first piece of information acquired on that subject). Base rate fallacy or base rate neglect, the tendency to ignore general information and focus on information only pertaining to the specific case, even when the general information is more important. Dunning–Kruger effect, the tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability. Gambler's fallacy, the tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged. The fallacy arises from an erroneous conceptualization of the law of large numbers. For example, "I've flipped heads with this coin five times consecutively, so the chance of tails coming out on the sixth flip is much greater than heads." Hard–easy effect, the tendency to overestimate one's ability to accomplish hard tasks, and underestimate one's ability to accomplish easy tasks. Hot-hand fallacy (also known as "hot hand phenomenon" or "hot hand"), the belief that a person who has experienced success with a random event has a greater chance of further success in


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-2.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Association === Ambiguity effect, the tendency to avoid options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown. Authority bias, the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure (unrelated to its content) and be more influenced by that opinion. Automation bias, the tendency to depend excessively on automated systems which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions. Default effect, the tendency to favor the default option when given a choice between several options. Dread aversion, just as losses yield double the emotional impact of gains, dread yields double the emotional impact of savouring. The framing effect is the tendency to draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented. Hyperbolic discounting, where discounting is the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs. Hyperbolic discounting leads to choices that are inconsistent over time—people make choices today that their future selves would prefer not to have made, despite using the same reasoning. Also known as current moment bias or present bias, and related to Dynamic inconsistency. A good example of this is a study showed that when making food


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-3.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Inertia === Doubling-back aversion, the tendency for people to avoid retracing their steps or restarting a task, even when doing so would clearly save time or effort, because it feels like undoing past progress rather than making future gains. Endowment effect, the tendency for people to demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it. Escalation of commitment, irrational escalation, or sunk cost fallacy, where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong. Functional fixedness, a tendency limiting a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. Mere exposure effect or familiarity principle (in social psychology): The tendency to express undue liking for things merely because of familiarity with them. Plan continuation bias, failure to recognize that the original plan of action is no longer appropriate for a changing situation or for a situation that is different from anticipated. Semmelweis reflex, the tendency to reject new evidence that contradicts a paradigm. Shared information bias: The tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-4.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Association === Agent detection bias, the inclination to presume the purposeful intervention of a sentient or intelligent agent. Availability cascade, a self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (or "repeat something long enough and it will become true"). See also availability heuristic. Cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information and the mental toll of it. Common source bias, the tendency to combine or compare research studies from the same source, or from sources that use the same methodologies or data. False priors are initial beliefs and knowledge which interfere with the unbiased evaluation of factual evidence and lead to incorrect conclusions. Fluency heuristic: If one object is processed more fluently, faster, or more smoothly than another, the mind infers that this object has the higher value with respect to the question being considered. In other words, the more skillfully or elegantly an idea is communicated, the more likely it is to be considered seriously, whether or not it is logical Groupthink, the psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-5.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Outcome === Barnum effect or Forer effect, the tendency for individuals to give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. This effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, graphology, and some types of personality tests. Belief bias, an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion. Berkson's paradox, the tendency to misinterpret statistical experiments involving conditional probabilities. Clustering illusion, the tendency to overestimate the importance of small runs, streaks, or clusters in large samples of random data (that is, seeing phantom patterns). Confirmation bias, the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. Congruence bias, the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses. Extension neglect occurs where the quantity of the sample size is not sufficiently taken into consideration when assessing the outcome, relevance or judgement. Gender bias, a widespread set of implicit biases that


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-6.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Outcome === Apophenia: The tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things. Assumed similarity bias: Where an individual assumes that others have more traits in common with them than those others actually do. Context neglect bias, the tendency to neglect the human context of technological challenges. Domain neglect bias, the tendency to neglect relevant domain knowledge while solving interdisciplinary problems. Embodiment bias: Biases in attribution of meaning and perceived properties to objects or events based on the physical capacities and properties of the body, such as sex and temperament Form function attribution bias: In human–robot interaction, the tendency of people to make systematic errors when interacting with a robot. People may base their expectations and perceptions of a robot on its appearance (form) and attribute functions which do not necessarily mirror the true functions of the robot. G. I. Joe fallacy, the tendency to think that knowing about cognitive bias is enough to overcome it. Group attribution error, the biased belief that the characteristics of an individual group member are reflective of the group as a whole or the tendency to assume that group decision outcomes reflect the preferences of group members, even when information is available that clearly


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-7.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Self-perspective === Actor-observer bias, the tendency for explanations of other individuals' behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation (see also Fundamental attribution error), and for explanations of one's own behaviors to do the opposite (that is, to overemphasize the influence of our situation and underemphasize the influence of our own personality). Defensive attribution hypothesis, a tendency to attribute more blame for a mishap to the person or persons involved if they are perceived as dissimilar to the person making that judgment. Egocentric bias: Recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g., remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was. Also the tendency to rely too heavily on one's own perspective and/or have a different perception of oneself relative to others. Experimenter's or expectation bias, the tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment, and to disbelieve, discard, or downgrade the corresponding weightings for data that appear to conflict with those expectations. False uniqueness bias, the tendency of people to see their projects and themselves as more


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-8.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Association === Boundary extension: Remembering the background of an image as being larger or more expansive than the foreground Childhood amnesia: The retention of few memories from before the age of four. Consistency bias: Incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour. Contrast effect, the enhancement or reduction of a certain stimulus's perception when compared with a recently observed, contrasting object. Cryptomnesia, where a memory is mistaken for novel thought or imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory. Cue-dependent forgetting context effect: That cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa). Google effect: The tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines. Duration neglect, the neglect of the duration of an episode in determining its value. Fading affect bias: A bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with pleasant ones. False memory, where imagination is mistaken for a memory. Humor effect: That humorous items are


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-9.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Baseline === Bizarreness effect: Bizarre material is better remembered than common material. Frequency illusion or Baader–Meinhof phenomenon. The frequency illusion is that once something has been noticed then every instance of that thing is noticed, leading to the belief it has a high frequency of occurrence (a form of selection bias). The Baader–Meinhof phenomenon is the illusion where something that has recently come to one's attention suddenly seems to appear with improbable frequency shortly afterwards. It was named after an incidence of frequency illusion in which the Baader–Meinhof Group was mentioned. List-length effect: A smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well. Negativity bias or Negativity effect: The phenomenon of having better recall of unpleasant memories than of pleasant ones. (see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect). Primacy effect: Where an item at the beginning of a list is more easily recalled. A form of serial position effect. See also recency effect and suffix effect. Recency effect: A form of serial position effect where an item at the end of a list is easier to


id: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases-10.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive biases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:45.457283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-biases-20260505-0
summary:
=== Self-perspective === Anthropocentric thinking, the tendency to use human analogies as a basis for reasoning about other, less familiar, biological phenomena. Anthropomorphism is characterization of animals, objects, and abstract concepts as possessing human traits, emotions, or intentions. The opposite bias, of not attributing feelings or thoughts to another person, is dehumanised perception, a type of objectification. Ben Franklin effect, where a person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they would be if they had received a favor from that person. Bias blind spot, the tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people, or to be able to identify more cognitive biases in others than in oneself. Illusion of asymmetric insight, where people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them. Illusory superiority, the tendency to overestimate one's desirable qualities, and underestimate undesirable qualities, relative to other people. (Also known as "Lake Wobegon effect", "better-than-average effect", or "superiority bias".) Impostor Syndrome, a psychological occurrence in which an individual doubts their skills, talents, or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a fraud. Also known as impostor phenomenon.


id: list-of-cognitive-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:46.709392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of academics, both past and present, recognized for their contributions to the field of cognitive psychology.


id: index-of-cognitive-science-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_cognitive_science_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of cognitive science articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_cognitive_science_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:48.119447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-cognitive-science-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Cognitive science is the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every formal introduction to cognitive science stresses that it is a highly interdisciplinary research area in which psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, computer science (in particular artificial intelligence), anthropology, and biology are its principal specialized or applied branches. Therefore, we may distinguish cognitive studies of either human or animal brains, the mind and the brain. == A == Alan Turing - anthropological linguistics - artificial intelligence - artificial life - attention - autism - anesthesia == B == brain–computer interface - behavioral economics == C == cognition - cognitive behaviour therapy - cognitive ergonomics - cognitive neuroscience - cognitive psychology - cognitive science - cognitive science of mathematics - Cognitive Science Society - cognitive therapy - collective intelligence - comparative linguistics - comparative method - comparative method (linguistics) - computational linguistics - computational semiotics - conceptual metaphor - connotation - constructed language - corpus linguistics - Creole language - cryptanalysis - cybernetics == D == decipherment - descriptive linguistics == E == embodied cognition - embodied philosophy - enactivism - ethnologue - etymology - evolutionary linguistics - epistemology - extended mind thesis == F ==


id: list-of-cognitive-behavioral-therapies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive–behavioral_therapies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cognitive–behavioral therapies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive–behavioral_therapies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:49.370151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cognitive-behavioral-therapies-20260505-0
summary:
Cognitive behavioral therapy encompasses many therapeutical approaches, techniques and systems. Acceptance and commitment therapy was developed by Steven C. Hayes and others based in part on relational frame theory and has been called a "third wave" cognitive behavioral therapy. Anxiety management training was developed by Suinn and Richardson (1971) for helping clients control their anxiety by the use of relaxation and other skills. Aversion therapy, developed by Hans Eysenck Behavior therapy Behavioral activation is a behavioral approach to treating depression, developed by Neil Jacobson and others. Cognitive therapy was developed by Aaron Beck. Cognitive analytic therapy Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy Cognitive processing therapy for Post traumatic stress disorder Compassion focused therapy Computerised cognitive behavioral therapy Contingency management Counterconditioning Decoupling Desensitization Dialectical behavior therapy Direct therapeutic exposure Exposure and response prevention Exposure therapy Functional analytic psychotherapy Habit Reversal Training Metacognitive therapy Metacognitive training Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy Multimodal therapy Problem-solving therapy Prolonged exposure therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy, formerly called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, was founded by Albert Ellis. Reality therapy Relapse prevention Schema therapy Self-control therapy Self-instructional training was developed by Donald Meichenbaum, influenced by the developmental psychology of Alexander Luria and Lev


id: list-of-credentials-in-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_credentials_in_psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: List of credentials in psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_credentials_in_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:50.603251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-credentials-in-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
This list is of professional and academic credentials in the field of psychology and allied fields in United States of America, including education, counseling, social work, and family therapy. == Degrees == Although undergraduate (Bachelor's) degrees for psychology and counseling exist, in most jurisdictions the minimum requirement for professional licensure is a graduate degree (master's or doctorate). Associate degrees Associate of Art (AA) or Associate of Science (AS): Associate degrees are usually two-year degrees and are often offered at community colleges. Many choose to start with associate degrees in counseling psychology, clinical psychology, or related fields, before starting work on degrees which require further education. An associate degree is usually not required in order to enroll in a bachelor's degree program. An associate degree does not meet the requirements for clinical practice or licensure. Bachelor's degrees Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BS): Bachelor's degrees usually require four years of study and are required prior to entry into graduate programs where Master's or Doctoral degrees may be earned. Although a person may earn a bachelor's degree in counseling psychology, clinical psychology or related fields in mental health, a person may have had a major concentration in another field of


id: list-of-developmental-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_developmental_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of developmental psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_developmental_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:52.525800+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-developmental-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of academics, both past and present, noted for their contributions to the field of developmental psychology. == A == Edith Ackermann (1946–2016) Lauren Adamson Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999) Martha W. Alibali Louise Bates Ames (1908–1906) Jeffrey Arnett Louise Arseneault == B == Donald M. Baer (1931–2002) Albert Bandura (1925–2021) Renée Baillargeon James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934) Paul Baltes (1939–2006) Simon Baron-Cohen Rachel Barr Nancy Bayley (1899–1994) Diana Baumrind (1927–2018) Jay Belsky (1952–) Rebecca Bigler Sidney W. Bijou (1908–2009) Leann Birch (1946–2019) David F. Bjorklund Lois Bloom Marc H. Bornstein (1947–) John Bowlby (1907–1990) Gene Brody Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (1946–) Christia Spears Brown Jerome Bruner (1915–2016) Charlotte Bühler Erica Burman == C == Deborah M. Capaldi Stephen J. Ceci Dante Cicchetti Edouard Claparède (1873–1940) Mamie Phipps Clark (1917–1983) Ann M. Clarke (1928–2015) K. Alison Clarke-Stewart (1943–2014) Cynthia García Coll Rand Conger Wendy Craig Nicki R. Crick (1958–2012) == D == Brian D'Onofrio Kazimierz Dąbrowski William Damon Kirby Deater-Deckard Andreas Demetriou Martin Deutsch Rheta DeVries Adele Diamond Kenneth A. Dodge Judith Dunn == E == Jacquelynne Eccles Bruce J. Ellis == F == Robert L. Fantz (1925–1981) Shirley Feldman Anne Fernald John H. Flavell (1928–) Robyn Fivush


id: list-of-branches-of-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: List of branches of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:54.367478+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-branches-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
This non-exhaustive list contains many of the sub-fields within the field of psychology: == See also == List of psychology topics


id: list-of-people-with-dyslexia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-0.md
category: reference
title: List of people with dyslexia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:55.746139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-people-with-dyslexia-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of some notable people who have dyslexia. See also the People with dyslexia category for a longer list. == A == Eric Adams (born 1960), American politician and former mayor of New York Maggie Aderin-Pocock (born 1968), British space scientist and science educator Muhammad Ali (1942–2016), American professional boxer Sam Allardyce (born 1954), English footballer and football manager Marc Almond (born 1957), English singer (Soft Cell) Jennifer Aniston (born 1969), American actress == B == Mel B (born 1975), English singer (Spice Girls) Abhishek Bachchan (born 1976), Indian Bollywood actor David Bailey, (born 1938), English photographer Robert Ballard (born 1942), deep sea explorer Ann Bancroft (born 1955), American arctic explorer Geoff Barrow (born 1971), English musician Princess Beatrice (born 1988), member of the British royal family Rob Beckett (born 1986), English comedian, television presenter and actor BENEE (born 2000), New Zealand singer-songwriter Robert Benton (1932–2025), American screenwriter and film director Orlando Bloom (born 1977), English actor Todd Bol (born 1956), Founder of Little Free Library Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003), Chilean novelist and poet Chaz Bono (born 1969), American advocate, writer, musician and actor Charley Boorman (born 1966), British TV presenter, writer and actor Sir Richard Branson


id: list-of-people-with-dyslexia-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-1.md
category: reference
title: List of people with dyslexia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:55.746139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-people-with-dyslexia-20260505-0
summary:
Rebecca Kamen (born 1950), American artist and sculptor Ingvar Kamprad (1926–2018), Swedish industrialist Paul Kanjorski (born 1937), American politician John F. Kennedy (born 1917) 35th President of the United States Mollie King (born 1987), English singer and radio presenter Laura Kirkpatrick (born 1989), American model and fashion designer Tawny Kitaen (1961–2021), American actress and model Keira Knightley (born 1985), English actress Willem Johan Kolff (1911–2009), Dutch physician David Koresh (1959–1993), American cult leader of the Branch Davidians == L == LadBaby (born 1987), English YouTuber, blogger and philanthropist Penny Lancaster (born 1971), English model Eugene Landy (1934–2006), American psychologist J. F. Lawton (born 1960), American writer, producer and director Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015), 1st Prime Minister of Singapore Peter Leitch (born 1944), New Zealand businessman and philanthropist Angie Le Mar (born 1965), British comedian, actress and writer Jay Leno (born 1950), American television presenter and comedian Tom Lewis (born 1991), English golfer Lil Pump (born 2000), American rapper Kenny Logan (born 1972), Scottish rugby union player Harry Lorayne (1926–2023) American magician, memory-training specialist, and author Greg Louganis (born 1960), American diver, author and LGBT rights activist Prince Louis of Luxembourg (born 1986), Prince of Luxembourg Noah Lyles (born 1997), American


id: list-of-people-with-dyslexia-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia-2.md
category: reference
title: List of people with dyslexia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:55.746139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-people-with-dyslexia-20260505-0
summary:
== V == Krystal Versace (born 2001), English drag queen Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden (born 1977), heir apparent to the Swedish throne == W == Lindsay Wagner (born 1949), American actress Camille Walala (born 1975), French artist Butch Walker (born 1969), American singer and record producer Andy Warhol (1928-1987) American artist and filmmaker Ben Watkins (born 1957), English musician Ben Way (born 1980), English entrepreneur Bob Weir (born 1947), American guitarist Cliff Weitzman (born 1995?), Israeli-American entrepreneur Willard Wigan (born 1957), English sculptor Florence Welch (born 1986), British-American singer Mark Wilkinson (1950–2017), English furniture designer Toyah Willcox (born 1958), English singer and actress Robbie Williams (born 1974), English singer-songwriter Robin Williams (1951–2014), American actor and comedian Holly Willoughby (born 1981), English television presenter Justin Wilson (1978–2015), British racing driver Henry Winkler (born 1945), American actor and spokesman for The Dyslexia Foundation Joshua Wong (born 1996), Hong Kong activist Bethan Laura Wood (born 1983), English designer Dominic Wood (born 1978), English radio and television presenter and magician == Y == Hamza Yassin (born 1990), British TV presenter and cameraman William Butler Yeats (1865–1939), Irish poet and playwright Michael Young (born 1966), British designer == Z == Benjamin Zephaniah (1958–2023), British


id: list-of-educational-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of educational psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:56.939540+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-educational-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of academicians, both past and present, who are widely renowned for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of educational psychology. == A == Patricia Alexander John Robert Anderson (born 1947) Richard C. Anderson (born 1934) Chris Argyris (1923–2013) Elliot Aronson Richard C. Atkinson (born 1929) David Ausubel (1918–2008) == B == Albert Bandura (1925–2021) Russell Barkley Carl Bereiter David Berliner Ellen Bialystok John B. Biggs Alfred Binet (1857–1911) Benjamin Bloom (1913–1999) Guy Bond Hilda Borko Ann Brown (1943–1999) Jerome Bruner (1915–2016) == C == Donald T. Campbell (1916–1996) Idit Harel Caperton (born 1958) John Bissell Carroll (1916–2003) Nancy Cole Allan Collins Lee Cronbach (1916–2001) == D == John Dewey (1859–1952) Andrea diSessa Stewart Donaldson == E == Robert L. Ebel (born 1942) Kieran Egan Noel Entwistle Dorothy Espelage (born 1968) == F == Charles Ferster (1922–1981) Reuven Feuerstein (1921–2014) John H. Flavell (born 1928) == G == Nathaniel Gage (1917–2008) Robert M. Gagné (1916–2002) Howard Gardner (born 1943) David C. Geary Robert Glaser Gene V. Glass (born 1940) Anthony Gregorc Loren Grey (1915–2007) == H == G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924) Diane F. Halpern Karen R. Harris Michael Hogg John L. Holland Klaus Holzkamp (1927–1995) Lois


id: list-of-psychological-effects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_effects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychological effects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_effects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:58.165871+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychological-effects-20260505-0
summary:
Psychological effects refer to phenomenons of thinking that are influenced by external factors. They are similar to cognitive biases. This article contains a list of 'effects' that have been noticed in the field of psychology. == See also == List of cognitive biases List of fallacies False memory Uncanny valley


id: emanuel-miller-memorial-lectures-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures-0.md
category: reference
title: Emanuel Miller Memorial Lectures
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Miller_Memorial_Lectures
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:22:59.431962+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emanuel-miller-memorial-lectures-20260505-0
summary:
The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lectures commemorate the British child psychiatrist Emanuel Miller (1892–1970). The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health began them in 1972. == List == 1972 Meyer Fortes, The First-born 1973 Jack Tizard, The Upbringing of Other People's Children: Implications of Research and for Research 1974 Leon Eisenberg, The Ethics of Intervention: Acting amidst Ambiguity 1975 Robert A. Hinde, On Describing Relationships 1976 Eric Midwinter, The Professional-Lay Relationship: A Victorian Legacy 1981 Michael Rutter, Stress, Coping and Development: Some Issues and Some Questions 1982 (9th) Jerome Kagan, The Emergence of Self 1987 P. H. Venables, Childhood markers for adult disorders 1990 Neville Bennett, Cooperative Learning in Classrooms: Processes and Outcomes 1991 Christopher Gillberg, Autism and autistic-like conditions 1992 Peter Fonagy, The theory and practice of resilience 1993 Robert Plomin, Genetic research and identification of environmental influences 1994 M. Kovacs, Depressive disorders in childhood: an impressionistic landscape 1995 J. Dunn, Children's relationships: bridging the divide between cognitive and social development 1996 M. Main, Current Issues in Attachment 1997 M. Sigman, Change and continuity in the development of children with autism. 1998 Michael Rutter, Autism: Two-way interplay between research and clinical work 2000 William Yule, From Pogroms to "Ethnic


id: list-of-psychology-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychology journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:01.724824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychology-journals-20260505-0
summary:
This list presents a selection of journals in the field of psychology and its branches. == A == Acta Psychologica Adaptive Behavior Adultspan Journal Aggressive Behavior Aging and Mental Health American Behavioral Scientist American Journal of Psychology American Psychologist Annual Review of Clinical Psychology Annual Review of Psychology Applied Psychological Measurement Archives of Scientific Psychology Archives of Sexual Behavior Archives of Suicide Research Asian Journal of Social Psychology Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology == B == Basic and Applied Social Psychology Behavior Therapy Behavioral and Brain Functions Behavioral and Brain Sciences Behavioral Science & Policy British Journal of Clinical Psychology British Journal of Developmental Psychology British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology British Journal of Psychology British Journal of Social Psychology == C == Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology Canadian Journal of School Psychology Canadian Psychology Cerebral Cortex Clinical Psychological Science The Coaching Psychologist Cognition Cognitive Development Cognitive Neuropsychology Consciousness and Cognition Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research Couple and Family Psychology Cultic Studies Review Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology Current Directions in Psychological Science Clinical Psychology Review == D == Developmental Psychology Developmental Science == E == Ecopsychology Emotion Emotion


id: list-of-jungian-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jungian_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Jungian psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jungian_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:02.959643+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-jungian-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of clinicians and academics, both past and present, known for their association with analytical psychology. This school of psychology is based on the writings and practices of Carl Jung. == A == Gerhard Adler Michael Anderton == B == Cary Baynes Helton Godwin Baynes Brewster Yale Beach John Beebe Ean Begg Edward Armstrong Bennet Ernst Bernhard Pam Blackwell Jean Shinoda Bolen == C == Irene Claremont de Castillejo Wallace Clift Hugh Crichton-Miller == D == John P. Dourley Avis M. Dry == E == Edward F. Edinger Michael Edwards Clarissa Pinkola Estés == F == Linda Fierz-David Tirzah Firestone Frieda Fordham Michael Fordham Marie-Louise von Franz == G == Wolfgang Giegerich Ingaret Giffard Rosemary Gordon Adolf Guggenbühl-Craig == H == Barbara Hannah Mary Esther Harding Joseph L. Henderson Vera von der Heydt Gustav Heyer James Hillman Beatrice M. Hinkle James Hollis David Holt Judith Hubback == J == Jolande Jacobi Aniela Jaffé Robert A. Johnson Carl Jung Emma Jung == K == Hayao Kawai Tina Keller-Jenny Antoni Kępiński == L == John Layard == M == Kristine Mann Clifford Mayes Kevin F. McCready Carl Alfred Meier Jill Mellick Arnold Mindell Maria Moltzer Robert L. Moore


id: list-of-psychological-laboratories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_laboratories-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychological laboratories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_laboratories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:04.326360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychological-laboratories-20260505-0
summary:
This list presents the establishment of psychological laboratories from 1879 to 1948. The list is primarily based on the list from "Historical and Conceptual Issues in Psychology" (Brysbaert, M. & Rastle, K. (2013)). This current list considered only the establishment of laboratories. Any psychology courses, seminars or lectures were excluded. However, due to inconsistent listings from some of the sources and different definitions of what comprises a laboratory, there is a possibility that a course instead of the establishment of a laboratory is listed. In the case of difference in the year from the sources, the earliest date was taken. == References == Shiraev, E. (2014). A history of psychology: A global perspective. Sage Publications.


id: list-of-language-disorders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_disorders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of language disorders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_disorders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:05.643925+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-language-disorders-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of language disorders. A language disorder is a condition defined as a condition that limits or altogether stops natural speech. A language disorder may be neurological, physical, or psychological in origin. == List of language disorders == == Bibliography == Lahey, Margaret; Bloom, Lois (1988). Language Disorders and Language Development. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-367130-2.


id: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:06.907227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of mental disorders as defined in the DSM-IV, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Published by the American Psychiatry Association (APA), it was released in May 1994, superseding the DSM-III-R (1987). This list also includes updates featured in the text revision of the DSM-IV, the DSM-IV-TR, released in July 2000. Similar to the DSM-III-R, the DSM-IV-TR was created to bridge the gap between the DSM-IV and the next major release, then named DSM-V (eventually titled DSM-5). The DSM-IV-TR contains expanded descriptions of disorders. Wordings were clarified and errors were corrected. The categorizations and the diagnostic criteria were largely unchanged. No new disorders or conditions were introduced, although a small number of subtypes were added and removed. ICD-9-CM codes that were changed since the release of IV were updated. The DSM-IV and the DSM-IV-TR both contain a total of 297 mental disorders. For an alphabetical list, see List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR (alphabetical). == Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence == === Mental retardation === 317 Mild mental retardation 318.0 Moderate mental retardation 318.1 Severe mental retardation 318.2 Profound mental retardation 319 Mental retardation,


id: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-1.md
category: reference
title: List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:06.907227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-20260505-0
summary:
==== Cocaine use disorders ==== 304.20 Cocaine dependence 305.60 Cocaine abuse ==== Cocaine-induced disorders ==== 292.89 Cocaine intoxication 292.0 Cocaine withdrawal 292.81 Cocaine intoxication delirium 292.xx Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder .11 With delusions .12 With hallucinations 292.84 Cocaine-induced mood disorder 292.89 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder 292.89 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder 292.9 Cocaine-related disorder NOS === Hallucinogen-related disorders === ==== Hallucinogen use disorders ==== 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence 305.30 Hallucinogen abuse ==== Hallucinogen-induced disorders ==== 292.89 Hallucinogen intoxication 292.89 Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (Flashbacks) 292.81 Hallucinogen intoxication delirium 292.xx Hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder .11 With delusions .12 With hallucinations 292.84 Hallucinogen-induced mood disorder 292.89 Hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder 292.9 Hallucinogen-related disorder NOS === Inhalant-related disorders === ==== Inhalant use disorders ==== 304.60 Inhalant dependence 305.90 Inhalant abuse ==== Inhalant-induced disorders ==== 292.89 Inhalant intoxication 292.81 Inhalant intoxication delirium 292.82 Inhalant-induced persisting dementia 292.xx Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder .11 With delusions .12 With hallucinations 292.84 Inhalant-induced mood disorder 292.89 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder 292.9 Inhalant-related disorder NOS === Nicotine-related disorders === ==== Nicotine use disorder ==== 305.1 Nicotine dependence (coded 305.10 in the DSM-IV) ==== Nicotine-induced disorder ==== 292.0 Nicotine withdrawal 292.9 Nicotine-related disorder NOS === Opioid-related disorders === ==== Opioid use disorders ==== 304.00 Opioid


id: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR-2.md
category: reference
title: List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:06.907227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-20260505-0
summary:
== Factitious disorders == 300.xx Factitious disorder .19 With combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms .19 With predominantly physical signs and symptoms .16 With predominantly psychological signs and symptoms 300.19 Factitious disorder NOS == Dissociative disorders == 300.12 Dissociative amnesia 300.13 Dissociative fugue 300.14 Dissociative identity disorder 300.6 Depersonalization disorder 300.15 Dissociative disorder NOS == Sexual and gender identity disorders == === Sexual dysfunctions === ==== Sexual desire disorders ==== 302.71 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 302.79 Sexual aversion disorder ==== Sexual arousal disorders ==== 302.72 Female sexual arousal disorder 302.72 Male erectile disorder ==== Orgasmic disorders ==== 302.73 Female orgasmic disorder 302.74 Male orgasmic disorder 302.75 Premature ejaculation ==== Sexual pain disorders ==== 302.76 Dyspareunia (not due to a general medical condition) 306.51 Vaginismus (not due to a general medical condition) ==== Sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition ==== 625.8 Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] 608.89 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] 607.84 Male erectile disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] 625.0 Female dyspareunia due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] 608.89 Male dyspareunia due to ... [indicate


id: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-alphabetical-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR_(alphabetical)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR (alphabetical)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders_in_the_DSM-IV_and_DSM-IV-TR_(alphabetical)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:08.225948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mental-disorders-in-the-dsm-iv-and-dsm-iv-tr-alphabetical-20260505-0
summary:
This is an alphabetically sorted list of all mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR, along with their ICD-9-CM codes, where applicable. The DSM-IV-TR is a text revision of the DSM-IV. While no new disorders were added in this version, 11 subtypes were added and 8 were removed. This list features both the added and removed subtypes. Also, 22 ICD-9-CM codes were updated. The ICD codes stated in the first column are those from the DSM-IV-TR. The ones that were updated are marked yellow – the older ICD codes from the DSM-IV are stated in the third column. == List == == References == == External links == Official website of the DSM-IV-TR, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, via archive.org)


id: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mass panic cases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-0
summary:
In sociology and psychology, mass hysteria is a phenomenon that transmits collective illusions of threats, whether real or imaginary, through a population and society as a result of rumors and fear. In medicine, the term is used to describe the spontaneous manifestation—or production of chemicals in the body—of the same or similar hysterical physical symptoms by more than one person. A common type of mass hysteria occurs when a group of people believes that they have a similar disease or ailment, sometimes referred to as mass sociogenic illness or epidemic hysteria. == Middle Ages == According to an account which was written by an author in 1784, a nun who lived in a German convent in the 15th century began to bite her companions, and the behavior soon spread through other convents in Germany, Holland and Italy. In The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, an 1844 collection of works written by J. F. C. Hecker (and translated by Benjamin Guy Babington), a translator's note by Babington, citing an unnamed medical textbook, recalls the story of a nun who lived in a French convent during an unspecified time (presumably in the Middle Ages) who inexplicably began to meow like a cat,


id: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-1.md
category: reference
title: List of mass panic cases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-0
summary:
== 1800–1950 == Hammersmith Ghost hysteria (1803) – In November 1803, stories of ghost sightings in the Hammersmith neighbourhood of west London began to circulate. Many people assumed the ghost to be that of a recent suicide victim buried in Hammersmith's churchyard, which was in accordance with a popular notion at the time that suicides should not be buried in sacred grounds because their souls would be unable to find rest there. All witnesses reported the ghost as being very tall and clothed entirely in white, with some adding horns and glass eyes to the mix. As more individuals came forward to claim that they had not only seen the Hammersmith ghost, but had also been assaulted by it, alarm rapidly turned to widespread panic, and finally mass hysteria. Fearful residents responded by taking up guns and monitoring the area. This reaction resulted in one member of the public, Francis Smith, shooting and killing bricklayer Thomas Millwood by mistake, thinking he was the ghost. Spring-heeled Jack sightings (1837-1904) – The earliest known sightings of Spring-heeled Jack, a legendary figure in English folklore, are claimed to have occurred in London in 1837, and the final confirmed sighting is said to have


id: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-2.md
category: reference
title: List of mass panic cases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-0
summary:
== 1950−2000 == Seattle windshield pitting epidemic (1954) Tanganyika laughter epidemic (1962) – began on January 30, 1962, at a mission-run boarding school for girls in Kashasha, Tanzania. The laughter started with three girls and spread haphazardly throughout the school, affecting 95 of the 159 pupils, aged 12–18. Symptoms lasted from a few hours to 16 days in those affected. The teaching staff were not affected but reported that students were unable to concentrate on their lessons. The school was forced to close down on March 18, 1962. After the school was closed and the students were sent home, the epidemic spread to Nshamba, a village that was home to several of the girls. In April and May, 217 people had laughing attacks in the village, most of them school children and young adults. The Kashasha school was reopened on May 21, only to be closed again at the end of June. In June, the laughing epidemic spread to Ramashenye girls' middle school, near Bukoba, affecting 48 girls. Another outbreak occurred in Kanyangereka and two nearby boys schools were closed. June bug epidemic (1962) – A mysterious disease broke out in a dressmaking department of an American textile factory. The


id: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-3.md
category: reference
title: List of mass panic cases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-0
summary:
== 2000–present == Monkey-man of Delhi (2001) – Rumors about a hairy monkey-looking monster attacking people in Delhi in India led to the deaths of several panicked people who fell from roofs or stairwells while fleeing what they thought was the monster. North Carolina (2002) – Ten girls developed seizures and other symptoms at a rural North Carolinian high school. Symptoms persisted for five months across various grade levels. Incidents tended to happen outside of class, with half of all incidents estimated to have occurred around lunch hour. Half of the affected were cheerleaders or former cheerleaders. "Strawberries with Sugar virus" (2006) – In May 2006, an outbreak of the so-dubbed Morangos com Açúcar Virus ('Strawberries with Sugar virus') was reported in Portuguese schools, named after the popular teen girl's show Morangos com Açúcar ('Strawberries With Sugar'). At least 300 students at 14 schools reported similar symptoms to those experienced by the characters in a then recent episode where a life-threatening virus affected the school depicted in the show. Symptoms included rashes, difficulty breathing, and dizziness. The belief that there was a medical outbreak forced some schools to temporarily close. The Portuguese National Institute for Medical Emergency eventually dismissed the


id: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-4.md
category: reference
title: List of mass panic cases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-0
summary:
Professor Simon Wessely a former president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, suggested it was a form of 'collective behaviour'. Robert Bartholomew, a medical sociologist, suggested it was due to the stricter implementation of Islamic law in the school. The school responded to the outbreak by cutting down the trees around the school, believing they were home to supernatural spirits. Starehe Girls' Centre, Kenya (October 2019) – 52 students were isolated with an unknown disease, showing symptoms of a high-pitched cough, sneezing and low-grade fever, a number that later rose to 68. As the number rose, the school's administration shut the school down and instructed parents to pick up their daughters. Specimens collected from the affected students showed only two cases of rhinovirus, a virus that is the predominant cause of the common cold. After carrying out psychological assessments on the students, a team of mental health specialists dispatched by Kenya's Ministry of Health to the school concluded that the 'mysterious' disease was a case of mass hysteria. Iranian schoolgirls mass poisoning reports (2022-2023) A series of alleged chemical attacks during which students in dozens of schools in Iran were reportedly poisoned in various and undetermined manners by unidentified perpetrators.


id: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases-5.md
category: reference
title: List of mass panic cases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_panic_cases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:09.459867+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mass-panic-cases-20260505-0
summary:
== Potential cases in non-human animals == Great Sheep Panic (1888) – Several thousand sheep in Oxfordshire, England, begin displaying signs of distress and flee across an area of about 200 square miles (520 km2). They are found the next morning, many still hiding and in distress. A similar event occurred the next year in Berkshire. Explanations are varied and include a chain reaction of individuals responding to other sheep's fear, which stemmed from the thunder that was reported that evening, in addition to claims of mass psychogenic illness. == See also == Body-centred countertransference Conversion disorder Folie à deux (from the French for "a madness shared by two") Hysterical contagion Psychochemical weaponry == References == == Further reading == Bartholomew, Robert E. (2001). Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns and Head-hunting Panics: A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illnesses and Social Delusion. McFarland. Bartholomew, Robert E; Evans, Hilary. (2009). Outbreak! The Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Social Behavior. Anomalist Books. Craft, Amos Norton. (1881). Epidemic Delusions: Containing an Exposé of the Superstitions and Frauds which Underlie Some Ancient and Modern Delusions, Including Especial Reference to Modern Spiritualism. New York: Phillips & Hunt. Fleischer, Jeff. (2011). The Latest Craze: A Short History of Mass


id: list-of-psychiatric-medications-by-condition-treated-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychiatric medications by condition treated
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:10.696775+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychiatric-medications-by-condition-treated-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of psychiatric medications used by psychiatrists and other physicians to treat mental illness or distress. The list is ordered alphabetically according to the condition or conditions, then by the generic name of each medication. The list is not exhaustive and not all drugs are used regularly in all countries. Some medications treat multiple conditions and appear multiple times. == Drug Dependence Therapy == === Used in the treatment of alcoholism and opioid dependence === === Used for smoking cessation === == Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder == === Stimulants === === Non-Stimulant Medications === == Anxiety Disorders == === Benzodiazepines === === Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics === === Antidepressants === == Autism == === Atypical antipsychotics === == Bipolar Disorder == === Mood Stabilizers === === Atypical Antipsychotics === == Depressive Disorders == == Insomnia == === Benzodiazepines === === Z-Drugs === === Melatonergic Agents === === Barbiturates === === Sedating Antidepressants === === Antihistamines === === Others === == Psychotic Disorders == === Typical antipsychotics === ==== Low potency ==== ==== Medium potency ==== ==== High potency ==== === Atypical Antipsychotics === === Adjuncts === == See also == List of psychiatric medications == Notes == == References


id: list-of-psychiatric-medications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychiatric medications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:11.884007+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychiatric-medications-20260505-0
summary:
This is an alphabetical list of psychiatric medications used by psychiatrists and other physicians to treat mental illness or distress. The list is not exhaustive. All mentioned drugs here are generic names. Not all drugs listed are used regularly in all countries. == A == Acamprosate, Alprazolam, Alpidem, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Aripiprazole, Atomoxetine, Azacyclonol == B == Benperidol, Biperiden, Bromazepam, Bupropion, Buprenorphine/naloxone, Buspirone == C == Calcium carbimide, Carbamazepine, Chloralhydrate, Chlordiazepoxide, Clomethiazole, Clorgiline, Chlorpromazine, Citalopram, Clomipramine, Clonazepam, Clonidine, Clorazepate, Clozapine == D == Daridorexant, Desvenlafaxine, Dextroamphetamine, Diazepam, Disulfiram, Divaplon, Doxepin, Duloxetine == E == Escitalopram, Eszopiclone == F == Fasiplon, Fluoxetine, Fluphenazine, Flurazepam, Fluvoxamine == G == Gabapentin, Guanfacine == H == Haloperidol == I == Imipramine, Indalpine, Indiplon, Itopride == L == Lamotrigine, Lemborexant, Levoamphetamine, Levomepromazine, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Lorazepam, Lorediplon, Loxapine, Lumateperone, Lurasidone == M == Maprotiline, Melperone, Meprobamate, Mesoridazine, Methamphetamine, Methaqualone, Methylphenidate, Mianserin, Mirtazapine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Moclobemide, Modafinil == N == Nalmefene, Naltrexone, Necopidem, Nitrazepam, Nortriptyline == O == Ocinaplon, Olanzapine, Oxazepam, Oxcarbazepine == P == Pagoclone, Paliperidone, Panadiplon, Pargyline, Paroxetine, Pazinaclone, Perphenazine, Phenelzine, Phenytoin, Pipamperone, Pimavanserin, Pimozide, Pipotiazine, Pramipexole, Pregabalin, Primidone, Prochlorperazine, Promethazine, Propranolol, Prothipendyl, Protriptyline == Q == Quetiapine == R


id: list-of-mental-disorders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mental disorders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:13.131238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mental-disorders-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of mental disorders as defined at any point by any of the two most prominent systems of classification of mental disorders, namely the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). A mental disorder, also known as a mental illness, mental health condition, or psychiatric disorder, is characterized by a pattern of behavior or mental function that significantly impairs personal functioning or causes considerable distress. The DSM, a classification and diagnostic guide published by the American Psychiatric Association, includes over 450 distinct definitions of mental disorders. Meanwhile, the ICD, published by the World Health Organization, stands as the international standard for categorizing all medical conditions, including sections on mental and behavioral disorders. Revisions and updates are periodically made to the diagnostic criteria and descriptions in the DSM and ICD to reflect current understanding and consensus within the mental health field. The list includes conditions currently recognized as mental disorders according to these systems. There is ongoing debate among mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, about the definitions and criteria used to delineate mental disorders. There is particular concern over whether certain conditions should be classified as "mental illnesses" or


id: list-of-mental-disorders-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders-1.md
category: reference
title: List of mental disorders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_disorders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:13.131238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mental-disorders-20260505-0
summary:
==== Disorders due to use of cocaine ==== Episode of harmful use of cocaine Harmful pattern of use of cocaine Cocaine dependence Cocaine intoxication Cocaine withdrawal Cocaine induced delirium Cocaine induced psychotic disorder Cocaine induced mood disorder Cocaine induced anxiety Cocaine induced OCD Cocaine induced impulse control disorder ==== Disorders due to use of amphetamines ==== Episode of harmful use of amphetamines Harmful pattern of use of amphetamines Amphetamines dependence Amphetamines intoxication Amphetamines withdrawal Amphetamines induced delirium Amphetamines induced psychotic disorder Amphetamines induced mood disorder Amphetamines induced anxiety Amphetamines induced OCD Amphetamines induced impulse control disorder ==== Disorders due to use of synthetic cathinone ==== Episode of harmful use of synthetic cathinone Harmful pattern of use of synthetic cathinone Synthetic cathinone dependence Synthetic cathinone intoxication Synthetic cathinone withdrawal Synthetic cathinone induced delirium Synthetic cathinone-induced psychotic disorder Synthetic cathinone-induced mood disorder Synthetic cathinone induced anxiety Synthetic cathinone induced OCD Synthetic cathinone induced impulse control disorder ==== Disorders due to use of caffeine ==== Episode of harmful use of caffeine Harmful pattern of use of caffeine Caffeine intoxication Caffeine withdrawal Caffeine induced anxiety disorder Caffeine-induced sleep disorder ==== Disorders due to use of hallucinogens ==== Episode of harmful use of hallucinogens Harmful


id: list-of-psychoactive-drugs-used-by-militaries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_drugs_used_by_militaries-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychoactive drugs used by militaries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_drugs_used_by_militaries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:14.300522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychoactive-drugs-used-by-militaries-20260505-0
summary:
Militaries worldwide have used or are using various psychoactive drugs to improve performance of soldiers by suppressing hunger, increasing the ability to sustain effort without food, increasing and lengthening wakefulness and concentration, suppressing fear, reducing empathy, and improving reflexes and memory-recall, amongst other things. == Contemporary == For drugs that recently were or currently are being used by militaries.Administration tends to include strict medical supervision and prior briefing of the medical risks. Caffeine, diet pills, painkillers, nicotine, and alcohol are not included on the list. Non-administrated, illegally used drugs are also not included. == Historic == Alcohol has a long association of military use, and has been called "liquid courage" for its role in preparing troops for battle, anaesthetize injured soldiers, and celebrate military victories. It has also served as a coping mechanism for combat stress reactions and a means of decompression from combat to everyday life. However, this reliance on alcohol can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing the co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder. Benzedrine was claimed to have been administered by Allied forces during WWII, esp. by the US Germany and Japan used methamphetamine. Fenethylline


id: mnemonic-link-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic_link_system-0.md
category: reference
title: Mnemonic link system
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic_link_system
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:15.547046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mnemonic-link-system-20260505-0
summary:
A mnemonic link system, sometimes also known as a chain method, is a method of remembering lists that is based on creating an association between the elements of that list. For example, when memorizing the list (dog, envelope, thirteen, yarn, window), one could create a story about a "dog stuck in an envelope, mailed to an unlucky thirteen black cat playing with yarn by the window". It is argued that the story would be easier to remember than the list itself. Another method is to actually link each element of the list with a mental picture of an image that includes two elements in the list that are next to each other. This would form an open doubly linked list which could be traversed at will, backwards or forwards. For example, in the last list one could imagine their dog inside of a giant envelope, then a black cat eating an envelope. The same logic would be used with the rest of the items. The observation that absurd images are easier to remember is known as the Von Restorff effect, although the success of this effect was refuted by several studies (Hock et al. 1978; Einstein 1987), which found that


id: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mnemonics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of notable mnemonics used to remember various objects, lists, etc. == Astronomy == Order of planets from the Sun: (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) obsolete (per the IAU definition of planet): Most Vegetables Eat More Juice So Usually Never Pee My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Potatoes Many Vicious Elephants Met Just Slightly Under New Pineapples My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets Mark's Very Extravagant Mother Just Sent Us Ninety Parakeets Mother Very Eagerly Made A (Asteroids) Jelly Sandwich Under No Protest Many Volcanoes Erupt Molten Jam Sandwiches Usually Not Palatable Since the IAU change the definition of a planet and relegated Pluto to the status of minor planet, the following has gained popularity My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos Stellar classification sequence: O B A F G K M R N S Oh Be A Fine Girl/Guy, Kiss Me Right Now, Sweetheart! Revised stellar classification sequence: O B A F G K M L T Y Old, Bald, And Fat Generals Kiss More Ladies Than You Signs of the zodiac: == Biology == To remember the order of taxa in biology (Domain, Kingdom,


id: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of mnemonics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-0
summary:
== Geography == Both names of the northern major circles of latitude (the Arctic Circle and Tropic of Cancer) have six letters; both southern ones (the Antarctic Circle and Tropic of Capricorn) have nine. The countries of South America in order of largest to smallest by area: Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Chile, Paraguay, Ecuador, Guyana, Uruguay, Suriname Boring, Average Politics Can Become Very Corrupt. People Everywhere Get Used Sometimes The countries of Central America from North to South: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Big Gorillas Eat Hotdogs, Not Cold Pizza Including Mexico, My Grandma's Bunny Eats Hamburgers, Not Canned Peas The Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea including the eight independent nations and eight larger island territories (and excluding the "ABC" islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao), in order generally from northwest to southeast: BUt Angry SaM's StuBborn KNights ABandon Money to Guard Dominant Marines and SteaL SteVe's Barrels of Green Tobacco (British Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands, Anguilla, St. Martin/Sint Maarten, St. Barthelemy, St. Kitts & Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago) The Great Lakes in order of largest


id: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-2.md
category: reference
title: List of mnemonics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Letters of specific syllables in a word ==== BELIEVE Do not believe a lie. SECRETARY A secretary must keep a secret TEACHER There is an ache in every teacher. MEASUREMENT Be sure of your measurements before you start work. FRIEND Fri the end of your friend SPECIAL The CIA have special agents BEAUTIFUL Big Elephants Are Ugly SEPARATE Always smell a rat when you spell separate There was a farmer named Sep and one day his wife saw a rat. She yelled, "Sep! A rat – E!!!" TOMORROW I will go with Tom or Row. PRINCIPAL The principal is your pal. BEGINNING I will beg at the inn. ==== Distinguishing between similar words ==== Difference between Advice & Advise, Practice & Practise, Licence & License etc. Advice, Practice, Licence etc. (those with c) are nouns and Advise, Practise, License etc. are verbs. One way of remembering this is that the word 'noun' comes before the word 'verb' in the dictionary; likewise 'c' comes before 's', so the nouns are 'practice, licence, advice' and the verbs are 'practise, license, advise'. Here or Hear We hear with our ear. Complement and Compliment complement adds something to make it enough compliment puts


id: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-3.md
category: reference
title: List of mnemonics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-0
summary:
To remember the 10 organ systems of the human body: NICER DRUMS (Nervous, Integumentary, Circulatory, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, Reproductive, Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal) Intrinsic muscles of hand 'A OF A OF A' Thenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface): Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Adductor pollicis Hypothenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface): Opponens digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Muscles of mandibular nerve (V3 of trigeminal nerve) : Mylohyoid, Tensor tympani + Tensor veli palatini, Digastric (Anterior) – 4 Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids My Tensors Dig Ants for Mom 2 big ones, 2 small ones, 2 tensors, 2 pterygoids Bones of the wrist:Scaphoid bone, Lunate bone, Triquetral bone, Pisiform bone, Trapezium (bone), Trapezoid bone, Capitate bone & Hamate bone Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb Simply Learn The Positions That The Carpus Has Send Louis To Paris To Tame Carnal Hungers Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hands Differential Diagnosis VINDICATE Cranial nerves == Music == === Bowed strings === Mnemonics are used in remembering string names in violin standard tuning. Good Dogs Always Eat


id: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics-4.md
category: reference
title: List of mnemonics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mnemonics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:16.788943+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mnemonics-20260505-0
summary:
== Theology == TULIP, summarises the core tenets of Calvinism: Total depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the Saints. (Further Memory Peg: The Economic boom that allowed the Tulip mania in the Netherlands was ultimately enabled by the Calvinist Ethic) == Transportation == Marine "Red, Right, Return" reminds the skipper entering ("returning to") an IALA region B port to keep red markers to the starboard of the vessel. Conversely the opposite convention exists in IALA region A ports, where a similar (but significantly different) mnemonic of "Red on the Right Returning To Sea" can be used. The phrase "there's always some red port (wine) left" is used to remember the basics in seafaring. "Red" refers to the color of navigation lights on the port (left) side of a vessel (as opposed to green on the starboard side). "Nuclear Restrictions Constrain Fishing and Sailing, People Say" is used to encode the "order of priority" for which vessels have right of way (earlier in the list has priority over later): Not under command; Restricted; Constrained by draft; Fishing vessel; Sailboat; Powerboat; Seaplane. Aviation uses many mnemonics in addition to written checklists. See also Category: Aviation mnemonics CRAFT -


id: list-of-cases-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cases of factitious disorder imposed on another
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:17.976300+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cases-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-20260505-0
summary:
Factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA), also known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII), medical child abuse and originally named Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) after Munchausen syndrome, is a mental health disorder in which a caregiver creates the appearance of health problems in another person – typically their child, and sometimes (rarely) when an adult falsely simulates an illness or health issues in another adult partner. This may include injuring the proxy or altering test samples. The caregiver then presents the proxy as being sick or injured. Permanent injury or death of the proxy may occur as a result of the disorder. Although the caregiver typically does not benefit from their own behaviour, there are notable cases where the caregiver defrauds charities, insurance companies or local friends and family under the guise of using the resources received for the aid of the proxy. == Origin of name == The name is derived from Munchausen syndrome, which in turn derives from the famous liar in literature, Baron Munchausen; the character was in turn derived from the historical Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr von Münchhausen. == Notable victims == Jennifer Bush: used in a large-scale fraud involving political elites who


id: list-of-cases-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another-1.md
category: reference
title: List of cases of factitious disorder imposed on another
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:17.976300+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cases-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-20260505-0
summary:
== Alleged perpetrators == Dee Dee Blanchard: Dee Dee faked multiple chronic illnesses of her daughter, Gypsy-Rose Blanchard, both for sympathy and charitable benefits. Her abuse of Gypsy-Rose led to the girl eventually aiding a secret boyfriend in the murder of Dee Dee, after which the abuse was finally discovered. Gypsy-Rose's experience has been dramatized in movies and TV shows. == Fictional examples == Boh, an obese infant child in the Japanese 2001 animated feature film Spirited Away, is kept in a padded room by his mother and convinced that he is too sickly to go outside, led by his mother to believe that he will catch germs if he wanders from the room. He later relents and leaves the room, thus meeting new friends and helping to save the life of his mother's gravely injured apprentice. Cheryl, a parent in the 2013 Lifetime movie The Good Mother (played by Helen Slater) poisons her teenage daughter to death with ricin, then moves on to her next daughter, while basking in the constant sympathy she receives as a grieving mother with terminally ill children. She tells people that the unnamed "illness" is a genetic condition of sorts, poisoning the daughters until


id: list-of-neurological-conditions-and-disorders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of neurological conditions and disorders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:19.175230+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-neurological-conditions-and-disorders-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of major and frequently observed neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), symptoms (e.g., back pain), signs (e.g., aphasia) and syndromes (e.g., Aicardi syndrome). There is disagreement over the definitions and criteria used to delineate various disorders and whether some of these conditions should be classified as mental disorders or in other ways. == # == 22q13 deletion syndrome == A == Abulia Achromatopsia Acquired brain injury Acute flaccid myelitis Agraphia Agnosia Aicardi syndrome AIDS – neurological manifestations Akinetopsia Alexander Disease Alien hand syndrome Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome Alternating hemiplegia of childhood Alzheimer's disease Amaurosis fugax Amnesia Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Anencephaly Aneurysm Angelman syndrome Anosognosia Aphasia Aphantasia Apraxia Arachnoiditis Arnold–Chiari malformation Asomatognosia Asperger syndrome Ataxia ATR-16 syndrome Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominately inattentive Auditory processing disorder Autism spectrum disorder == B == Back pain Behçet's disease Bell's palsy Bipolar disorder Blindsight Blindness Blurred vision Brain damage Brachial plexus injury Brain death Brain injury Brain infarction Brain tumor Brody myopathy == C == Canavan disease Capgras delusion Carpal tunnel syndrome Causalgia Central pain syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Centronuclear myopathy Cephalic disorder Cerebral aneurysm Cerebral arteriosclerosis Cerebral atrophy Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy Cerebral


id: outline-of-neuroscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of neuroscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:20.385497+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-neuroscience-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience: Neuroscience is the scientific study of the structure and function of the nervous system. It encompasses the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of neurons and neural circuits. It also encompasses cognition, and human behavior. Neuroscience has multiple concepts that each relate to learning abilities and memory functions. Additionally, the brain is able to transmit signals that cause conscious/unconscious behaviors that are responses verbal or non-verbal. This allows people to communicate with one another. == Branches of neuroscience == === Neurophysiology === Neurophysiology is the study of the function (as opposed to structure) of the nervous system. Brain mapping Electrophysiology Extracellular recording Intracellular recording Brain stimulation Electroencephalography Intermittent rhythmic delta activity Category: Neurophysiology Category: Neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology === Neuroanatomy === Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy of nervous tissue and neural structures of the nervous system. Immunostaining Category: Neuroanatomy === Neuropharmacology === Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. Drug Psychoactive drug Anaesthetic Narcotic === Behavioral neuroscience === Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, is the application of


id: list-of-optical-illusions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of optical illusions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:22.889375+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-optical-illusions-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of visual illusions. == See also == == Notes == == External links == Optical Illusion Examples by Great Optical Illusions Optical Illusions & Visual Phenomena by Michael Bach Optical Illusions Database by Mighty Optical Illusions Optical illusions and perception paradoxes by Archimedes Lab https://web.archive.org/web/20100419004856/http://ilusaodeotica.com/ hundreds of optical illusions Project LITE Atlas of Visual Phenomena Archived 2010-03-29 at the Wayback Machine Akiyoshi's illusion pages Professor Akiyoshi KITAOKA's anomalous motion illusions Spiral Or Not? by Enrique Zeleny, Wolfram Demonstrations Project Magical Optical Illusions by Rangki Hunch Optical Illusions by Hunch Optical Illusions by Ooh, My Brain!


id: list-of-psychology-organizations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychology organizations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:24.134395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychology-organizations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of organizations and societies in psychology. == A == Academy for Eating Disorders Academy of Counseling Psychology Aelation Lifelong Learning Research Council American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry American Association of Community Psychiatrists American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry American Group Psychotherapy Association American Psychiatric Association American Psychiatric Nurses Association American Psychoanalytic Association American Psychological Association Archives of the History of American Psychology ASC Healthcare Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy Association for Behavior Analysis International Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Association for College Psychiatry Association for Contextual Behavioral Science Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness Association for Psychological Science Association for Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy Association for Transpersonal Psychology Association of Black Psychologists Anxiety and Depression Association of America Australian Psychological Society Australian Association of Psychologists Inc Australian Psychology Accreditation Council == B == Beat (formerly Eating Disorders Association) The Behavior Analyst Certification Board Behavior Genetics Association Belgian Psychological Association B. F. Skinner Foundation British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies British Psychoanalytical Society British Psychological Society Buenos Aires Psychoanalytic Association == C


id: list-of-phobias-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias-0.md
category: reference
title: List of phobias
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:25.313112+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-phobias-20260505-0
summary:
The English suffixes -phobia, -phobic, -phobe (from Greek φόβος phobos, 'fear') occur in technical usage in psychiatry to construct words that describe irrational, abnormal, unwarranted, persistent, or disabling fear as a mental disorder (e.g., agoraphobia), in chemistry to describe chemical aversions (e.g., hydrophobic), in biology to describe organisms that dislike certain conditions (e.g., acidophobia), and in medicine to describe hypersensitivity to a stimulus, usually sensory (e.g., photophobia). In common usage, they also form words that describe dislike or hatred of a particular thing or subject (e.g., homophobia). The suffix is antonymic to -phil-. For more information on the psychiatric side, including how psychiatry groups phobias such as agoraphobia, social phobia, or simple phobia, see phobia. The following lists include words ending in -phobia, and include fears that have acquired names. In some cases, the naming of phobias has become a word game, a notable example being a 1998 humorous article published by BBC News. In some cases, a word ending in -phobia may have an antonym with the suffix -phil-, e.g., Germanophobe/Germanophile. Many -phobia lists circulate on the Internet, with words collected from indiscriminate sources, often copying each other. Also, a number of psychiatric websites exist that at the first


id: list-of-psychiatrists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychiatrists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:27.874436+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychiatrists-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable psychiatrists. Additional lists of psychiatrists can be found in the articles Fictional psychiatrists and List of physicians. Medical doctors who are psychiatrists appear in those lists and are also included below. Some psychiatrists also in the list of neurologists and the list of neuroscientists. == See also == Psychiatry American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology American Psychiatric Association Royal College of Psychiatrists Lists List of cognitive scientists List of physicians List of psychologists List of fictional psychiatrists == References == == External links ==


id: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary covers terms found in the psychiatric literature; the word origins are primarily Greek, but there are also Latin, French, German, and English terms. Many of these terms refer to expressions dating from the early days of psychiatry in Europe; some are deprecated, and thus are of historic interest. == A == === abreaction === Abreaction is a process of vividly reliving repressed memories and emotions related to a past event. Sigmund Freud used hypnosis to rid his patients of pathological memories through abreaction. === abulia === Aboulia or Abulia, in neurology, refers to a lack of will or initiative. The individual is unable to act or make decisions independently. The condition may range from subtle to overwhelming in severity. === achromatopsia === Achromatopsia is a term referring to or acquired agnosia for color. This term includes color blindness. Achromatopsia is a condition characterized by a partial or total absence of color vision. People with complete achromatopsia cannot perceive any colors; they see only black, white, and shades of gray. Incomplete achromatopsia is a milder form of the condition that allows some color discrimination. Achromatopsia also involves other problems with vision, including an increased sensitivity to light and glare


id: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
Astasia-abasia is a form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which gait becomes impaired in the absence of any neurological or physical pathology. The person usually walks in a bizarre manner. They stagger and appear as if going to fall, but always manage to catch hold of something in time. Sometimes these people cannot even stand, but on the other hand they are well able to move their legs while lying down or sitting. Often associated with conversion disorder or somatization disorder. === asyndesis === Asyndesis means loosening of association. A milder form of derailment of thought, it is marked by the individual leaping from topic to topic which have only the most tenuous, if any, connection with each other. This is in contrast with § flight of ideas, whereby the individual's successive ideas may be linked and "understandable" to the listener. See also § akataphasia and § entgleisen term introduced by (Cameron). === autism === From aut = "self" and -ism = "state or orientation". Originally, Eugen Bleuler used this term to describe schizophrenia. In general, it refers to any (pathological) tendency to be self-absorbed to such a degree that the feelings, thoughts and desires of a person are governed


id: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
=== clouding of consciousness === Clouding of consciousness, also known as brain fog or mental fog, is a global impairment in higher central nervous functioning. All aspects of cognitive functioning are affected. On mental status examinations it is manifest by disorientation in time, place and person, memory difficulties caused by failure to register and recall, aphasia, and agnosia. Impaired perception functioning leads to illusions and hallucinations often in the visual sensory modality. This then causes agitation and distress and secondary delusions. The term confusion state is sometimes used to mean clouding of consciousness, but is avoided whenever possible because it is ambiguous. === coenestopathic state === Coenestopathic state refers to a situation in which an individual in a coenestopathic state has a localized distortion of body awareness. === confabulation === Confabulation is the confusion of imagination with memory, or the confusion of true memories with false memories. === conversion disorder === Conversion disorder involves the unintentional production of symptoms or deficits affecting motor or sensory function that are not fully explained by a neurological or medical condition. This can manifest as paralysis, for example. It generally involves psychological factors, and symptoms may worsen in the context of situational conflict. ===


id: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
=== flight of ideas === "Flight of ideas" describes excessive speech at a rapid rate that involves causal association between ideas. Links between ideas may involve usage of puns or rhymes. It is typical of mania, classically seen in bipolar disorder. Compare § derailment and Racing thoughts. === folie à deux === Also called "induced psychosis", folie à deux is a delusional disorder shared by two or more people who are closely related emotionally. One has real psychosis while the symptoms of psychosis are induced in the other or others due to close attachment to the one with psychosis. Separation usually results in symptomatic improvement in the one who is not psychotic. Folie communiquée, folie imposée, folie induite, and folie simultanée are the four subtypes of folie à deux. folie communiquée Folie communiquée, or subtype C of folie à deux, occurs when a normal person has a contagion of their ideas after resisting them for a long time. Once they acquire these beliefs they maintain them despite separation. folie imposée Folie imposée, or subtype A of folie à deux, is the most common form in which the dominant person imposes a delusion into a person who was not previously mentally


id: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
Logorrhoea, also known as "volubility", is characterized by fluent and rambling speech using numerous words. Compare § derailment. == M == === mania === Mania is often mirrored as a minor image of depression. Mania is a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level. As mania intensifies, irritability can be more pronounced and result in anxiety or violence. Mania symptoms are elevated mood, flights of ideas, pressure of speech, increased energy, decreased need or desire for sleep, and hyperactivity. === mania a potu === Mania a potu is an alcohol intoxication state with violent and markedly disinhibited behavior. This condition is different from violent behavior in otherwise normal individuals who are intoxicated. === metonymy === Metonymy is a speech disturbance in which patients, commonly with schizophrenia, use inappropriate words or expressions that are related to the proper ones. Examples include: consume a menu, instead of a meal; lose the piece of string of the conversation, not the thread of the conversation. See also § word approximation. === mitgehen === Mitgehen (German: [ˈmɪtˌɡeːən] ) is an extreme form of mitmachen in which very slight pressure leads to movement in any direction, also called the "anglepoise" effect or "anglepoise lamp


id: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
=== pseudologia fantastica === Pseudologia fantastica is a condition in which a person grossly exaggerates their symptoms or even tells a lie about their symptoms in order to get medical attention. Seen in malingering and Munchausen syndrome. === psychological pillow === Where the individual holds their head a few centimetres above the bed. No explanation is offered for this. It is a symptom of catatonia and can last for many hours. === psychopathology === Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress or to the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment. == R == === rabbit syndrome === Rabbit syndrome is characterized by rapid, vertical, rhythmic movements of lips so that it resembles a rabbit chewing. It is a type of extrapyramidal symptom, distinct from tardive dyskinesia as it spares the tongue and involves vertical movements only. === reduplicative hallucination === In reduplicative hallucinations there is the perception of seeing a double. Particular kinds of reduplicative hallucination include autoscopy, heautoscopy and out-of-body experiences. === reduplicative paramnesia === Reduplicative paramnesia is a delusional misidentification syndrome in which one's surroundings are believed to exist in


id: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of psychiatry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:29.284349+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-psychiatry-20260505-0
summary:
=== verbigeration === Verbigeration is a verbal stereotypy (repetition) in which usually one or several sentences or strings of fragmented words are repeated continuously. Sometimes individuals will produce incomprehensible jargon in which stereotypies are embedded. The tone of voice is usually monotonous. This can be produced spontaneously or precipitated by questioning. The term verbigeration was first used in psychiatry by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874, and it referred to a manner of talking which was very fast and incomprehensible. At the time verbigeration was seen as a "disorder of language" and represented a central feature of catatonia. The word is derived from the Latin word verbum (also the source of verbiage), plus the verb gerĕre, to carry on or conduct, from which the Latin verb verbigerāre, to talk or chat, is derived. However, clinically the term verbigeration never achieved popularity and as such has virtually disappeared from psychiatric terminology. Compare Echolalia. === verstimmung === An ill-humored mood state often accompanied by low mood and depressive symptoms. The people surrounding the individual often feel upset by this condition. === vorbeigehen; vorbeireden === In vorbeigehen or vorbeireden, an individual will answer a question in such a way that it is clear the question


id: psychoanalytic-institutes-and-societies-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:30.600165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychoanalytic-institutes-and-societies-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
summary:
Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States are often linked together, though a distinction may be made between the functions of the institutes (mainly training, education, and research) and the societies (other professional activities including advocacy and networking). Some local psychoanalytic organizations have both words in their title while others have only one or the other. Psychoanalytic institutes are organizations that train psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapists, provide continuing education for psychoanalytically oriented mental health professionals, and/or carry out psychoanalytically informed research in mental health or social sciences and humanities. Psychoanalytic societies are local or regional professional associations of psychoanalysts and sometimes other psychoanalytically oriented professionals. Psychoanalytic institutes in the United States may be affiliated with the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA), the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), or The National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis (NAAP). The associations differ slightly in their training guidelines over such things as length and frequency of so-called "control cases" (patients seen for psychoanalysis as part of the training of candidate) or of the candidates themselves. The organizations also historically differed in their rules for allowing different types of professionals to undergo psychoanalytic training (e.g., for many years APsaA only allowed physicians to undergo


id: psychoanalytic-institutes-and-societies-in-the-united-states-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-1.md
category: reference
title: Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:30.600165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychoanalytic-institutes-and-societies-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
summary:
== List == American Institute for Psychoanalysis (AIP) - the second oldest continuously functioning institute in New York City, and third oldest institute in the United States, based on the growth-oriented philosophy Karen Horney pioneered in psychoanalysis. Berkshire Psychoanalytic Institute (BPI) was founded in 2001 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis was founded in 1973. Its main campus is in Brookline, Massachusetts. Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute is the third-oldest psychoanalytic institute in the United States, founded in 1932 by Franz Alexander. It is affiliated with both APsaA and IPA. Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies. The Center holds an absolute charter from the Board of Regents of the New York State Education Department and is recognized by New York State as a licensure-qualifying institute for those seeking license as a psychoanalyst. It is accredited by the American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis and is a member institute of the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. The Institute for Modern Psychoanalysis of Philadelphia (IMPP) (Formerly Philadelphia School of Psychoanalysis (PSP) until it was renamed in 2025), formed in 1971, offers accredited, online, modern psychoanalytic programs. It is accredited by the American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis (ABAP). The


id: psychoanalytic-institutes-and-societies-in-the-united-states-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States-2.md
category: reference
title: Psychoanalytic institutes and societies in the United States
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_institutes_and_societies_in_the_United_States
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:30.600165+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychoanalytic-institutes-and-societies-in-the-united-states-20260505-0
summary:
Founding members were Erich Fromm and Clara Thompson, joined by Harry Stack Sullivan, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, David Rioch and Janet Rioch. The National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis (NAAP), founded in 1972, with the purpose to unite the various schools of psychoanalytic thought and to ensure the independence, advancement, recognition, and sustainability of the profession of psychoanalysis. The American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis (ABAP), established in 1997, in order to achieve autonomy between accreditation and membership society functions. For nearly twenty-five years, ABAP has been independently fostering quality improvement, evaluating, and accrediting a diverse group of psychoanalytic training programs. Those that meet ABAP’s Standards for Accreditation are accredited members of the Assembly of Psychoanalytic Institutes. == See also == List of schools of psychoanalysis == References == == Further reading == == External links == Approved Training Institutes – APsaA


id: list-of-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:31.836242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
This list includes notable psychologists and contributors to psychology, some of whom may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline. Specialized lists of psychologists can be found at the articles on comparative psychology, list of clinical psychologists, list of developmental psychologists, list of educational psychologists, list of evolutionary psychologists, list of social psychologists, and list of cognitive scientists. Many psychologists included in those lists are also listed below: == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == Bärbel Inhelder == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == Albert Nalchajyan Ulric Neisser Erich Neumann Richard Nisbett Donald Norman Kent Norman == O == Charles E. Osgood Joy Osofsky J. Buzz Von Ornsteiner Lise Østergaard == P == == R == == S == == T == == U == Dimitri Uznadze == V == Douglas Vakoch Alfons Vansteenwegen Magdalen Dorothea Vernon Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga Hedwig von Restorff Lev Vygotsky, (cultural-historical psychology) Stuart Vyse == W == == X == Fei Xu, Developmental Psychology and


id: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychologists on postage stamps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of psychologists and contributors to the field of psychology who have been commemorated on worldwide postage stamps. It is adapted from two philatelic listings published by psychologists Dr. Gary Brucato and Dr. John D. Hogan in 1999, and psychology historian Dr. Ludy T. Benjamin in 2003. The following index provides the name of each honoree, a brief description of his or her contributions, and the nation and year in which the stamp was issued: == A == Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Eminent Greek philosopher, often regarded as the father of "pre-science" psychology. His book De Anima (On the Soul) was among the first to address the interplay between psychological and physiological processes, as well as the concept of human intellect. He departed from the philosophical principles of his teacher Plato, emphasizing the importance of empirical observation, and postulating that the body and the mind exist as facets of the same being, with the mind being simply one of the body's functions. Stamps issued: Greece (1956); Greece (1978); Cyprus (1978); Mali (1978); Mexico (1978); Spain (1992); Uruguay (1996); Chad (2000); Gibraltar (2009); Greece (2016); Bosnia and Herzegovina (2018) St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Italian theologian and Roman Catholic


id: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-1.md
category: reference
title: List of psychologists on postage stamps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-0
summary:
== D == Charles Darwin (1809-1882). English naturalist who presented compelling evidence that all living creatures evolved over time from common ancestors through a process he called natural selection. He published three books in which he explored how human mental qualities and emotional states could be understood as the results of evolution; specifically, The Descent of Man in 1871, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872 and Biographical Sketch of an Infant in 1877. Darwin's work had far-reaching impacts on the theory and practice of psychology. Its emphasis on the individual's adaptation to the environment helped to establish the "functional" view of the mind and of human behavior later developed by such thinkers as John Dewey and James Rowland Angell, and influenced the work of George Romanes, the father of comparative psychology. Moreover, the concept of natural selection led to greater interests in variation and individual differences among members of the same species. Stamps issued: Ecuador (1935); Ecuador (1936); East Germany (1958); Czechoslovakia (1959); Poland (1959); Romania (1959: Soviet Union (1959); Turalu (1977); Cocos Islands (1981); St. Helena (1981); Antigua (1982); Australia (1982); Ecuador (1982); Falkland Islands (1982); Great Britain (1982); India (1983); Mauritius (1982); St.


id: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-2.md
category: reference
title: List of psychologists on postage stamps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00
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parent: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-0
summary:
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis, which was a theory of the normal mind and the neuroses as well as both a method for investigating the unconscious and a method of psychotherapeutic treatment. His influence was principally on the fields of personality and clinical psychology but he influenced psychology more broadly as well, for example, recognizing the role of unconscious processes, emphasizing the importance of early experiences in shaping later behaviors, noting that psychological disorders could result from psychic causes as well as somatic ones, positing a number of defense mechanisms that individuals use to cope with anxiety, and emphasizing the importance of sexual behavior. Stamps issued: Grenada (1973), Liberia (1973), Austria (1981), Great Britain (1986), Cuba (1993), Marshall Islands (1997), Guyana (1999), Palau (2000), St. Vincent & Grenadines (2000), Belgium (2001), Congo (2001), Austria (2006), Czech Republic (2006) == G == Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972). Gilbreth's doctoral dissertation was on the psychology of management. In 1904 she married Frank Gilbert. Together they would become pioneers in the Scientific Management movement started by Frederick Winslow Taylor. The Gilbreths were especially well known for their time and motion studies, researching the "one best way" to


id: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-3.md
category: reference
title: List of psychologists on postage stamps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-0
summary:
== K == Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant was a German philosopher, recognized as perhaps the most significant voice of the Age of Enlightenment. His best known work was A Critique of Pure Reason published in 1781. It influenced many scholarly fields, including psychology by its treatment of cognitive processes such as thinking and perception. Stamps issued: Germany (1927), West Germany (1961), (1974) == L == Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). A German mathematician and philosopher, Leibniz is seen, like Immanuel Kant, as a major influence on the psychology of Wilhelm Wundt who founded psychology's first research laboratory in 1879. Leibniz wrote on attention, consciousness, association, memory, and perception, all of which were and are central concepts in scientific psychology, and his writing found fuller expression in Wundt's early books on psychology. Stamps issued: Germany (1926), 1950), (1966), Romania (1966), West Germany (1980), Germany (1996), Chad (2015) == M == Egaz Moniz (1874-1955). Moniz, a Portuguese physician, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949. It is perhaps the only Nobel Prize that the Swedish Academy should take back. Moniz won the prize for his surgical technique which he touted as a cure for certain kinds of mental illness, particularly


id: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-4.md
category: reference
title: List of psychologists on postage stamps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-0
summary:
Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known especially for his stage-theory of children's cognitive development. His doctoral degree was actually in zoology, but his early employment was with a distinguished array of psychologists including Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, and Édouard Claparède. He used methods of investigation that were quite unconventional, including studying his own children. And he emphasized that in-depth questioning of children about their cognitions allowed a fuller understanding of the mental processes involved. His stage theory of cognitive development dominated psychology through much of the 20th century, however more recent work has challenged his views and his research methods. Stamps issued: Switzerland (1996) Philippe Pinel (1745-1826). Pinel was a French physician and social reformer who was in charge of two mental asylums in Paris shortly after the French Revolution, first the Biĉetre and later the Salpêtrière. He was distressed by the treatment of mentally ill patients and argued for more humane measures. He recognized that they were treated more as inmates than patients and that their treatment often involved beatings, isolation for long periods of time, and being kept in chains. As superintendent of these asylums he sought to eliminate such practices and trained his hospital


id: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps-5.md
category: reference
title: List of psychologists on postage stamps
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists_on_postage_stamps
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:33.202383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychologists-on-postage-stamps-20260505-0
summary:
== W == Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). Wallace was a British naturalist who independently arrived at an explanation of evolution by natural selection. Because he knew of Darwin's work on this subject, in 1858 Wallace sent Darwin by mail a brief manuscript of his theory which Darwin recognized as a bare bones statement of his own ideas. Darwin was devastated. He had worked largely in secret on this theory for almost 20 years and now he was about to lose all credit for that work. The full story of this situation is beyond the scope of this entry but many scholarly accounts describe its history and resolution. Wallace would enjoy a career of considerable scientific accomplishment. But he is listed here for his theory of evolution that has greatly impacted psychology as it has so many of the other sciences. Stamps issued: Sao Tome & Principe (2009), Great Britain (2010) Torsten Wiesel (1924 - ). Wiesel is a Swedish neurophysiologist whose collaboration with David Hubel on the cellular structure and function of the visual cortex won them both the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 (see the earlier entry on David Hubel). Stamps issued: Sweden (1984) == See


id: index-of-psychometrics-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychometrics_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of psychometrics articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychometrics_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:34.565067+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-psychometrics-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Articles related to psychometrics (measuring intelligence and cognitive traits) include: Intelligence quotient Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Big Five personality traits Personality tests Enneagram of Personality Scholastic Aptitude Test


id: list-of-psychotherapies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychotherapies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:35.862086+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychotherapies-20260505-0
summary:
This is an alphabetical list of psychotherapies. This list contains some approaches that may not call themselves a psychotherapy but have a similar aim of improving mental health and well-being through talk and other means of communication. In the 20th century, a great number of psychotherapies were created. All of these face continuous change in popularity, methods, and effectiveness. Sometimes they are self-administered, either individually, in pairs, small groups or larger groups. However, a professional practitioner will usually use a combination of therapies and approaches, often in a team treatment process that involves reading/talking/reporting to other professional practitioners. The older established therapies usually have a code of ethics, professional associations, training programs, and so on. The newer and innovative therapies may not yet have established these structures or may not wish to. This list is a mixture of psychotherapy articles that cover topics at various levels of abstraction, such as theoretical frameworks, specific therapy packages, and individual techniques. == A == Abreaction therapy Accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP) Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) Adlerian therapy Adventure therapy Analytical psychology Animal-assisted therapy Art therapy Association splitting Attack therapy Attachment-based psychotherapy Attachment-based therapy (children) Attachment therapy Autogenic training Aversion therapy == B


id: list-of-psychological-research-methods-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychological research methods
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:37.146437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychological-research-methods-20260505-0
summary:
A wide range of research methods are used in psychology. These methods vary by the sources from which information is obtained, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both. Qualitative psychological research findings are not arrived at by statistical or other quantitative procedures. Quantitative psychological research findings result from mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference. The two types of research differ in the methods employed, rather than the topics they focus on. There are three main types of psychological research: Correlational research Descriptive research Experimental research == Common methods == Common research designs and data collection methods include: Archival research Case study uses different research methods (e.g. interview, observation, self-report questionnaire) with a single case or small number of cases. Clustered randomized controlled trial Computer simulation (modeling) Ethnography Event sampling methodology, also referred to as experience sampling methodology, diary study, or ecological momentary assessment Experiment, often with separate treatment and control groups (see scientific control and design of experiments). See Experimental psychology for many details. Field experiment Focus group Interview, can be structured or unstructured. Meta-analysis Neuroimaging


id: list-of-russian-physicians-and-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_physicians_and_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Russian physicians and psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_physicians_and_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:38.399796+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-russian-physicians-and-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
This list of Russian physicians and psychologists includes the famous physicians and psychologists, medical scientists and medical doctors from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia. Physicians of all specialties may be listed here. == Alphabetical list == === A === Nikolai Amosov, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer, best-selling author === B === Aleksandr Bakulev, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, major contributor to reflexology, studied the Bekhterev’s Disease Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex Peter Borovsky, described the causative agent of Oriental sore Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders === C === Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral polio vaccine === D === Livery Darkshevich, neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissure Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology === F === Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy === G === Pyotr Gannushkin, psychiatrist, pioneer researcher of psychopathies known today as personality disorders Oleg Gazenko, founder of space


id: list-of-schools-of-psychoanalysis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis-0.md
category: reference
title: List of schools of psychoanalysis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:41.159388+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-schools-of-psychoanalysis-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of schools of psychoanalysis. == International schools and organizations == International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies (IFPS) École Européenne de Psychanalyse (EEP) (Europe) International Psychoanalytical Association (founded 1910) La Nueva Escuela Lacaniana (NEL) (Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia and Miami) World Association of Psychoanalysis (founded 1992) School of Psychoanalysis of the Forums of the Lacanian Field (IF-EPFCL) Federation of the European Schools of Psychoanalysis (FESP) International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy == Argentina == Fundación Descartes Escuela de la Orientación Lacaniana Asociación de Psicoanálisis de La Plata (La Plata) Foro Analítico del Río de la Plata (Buenos Aires) == Belgium == New Lacanian School (NLS) (Brussels) == Brazil == Escola Brasileira de Psicanalise (EBP) Escola de Psicanálise dos Fóruns do Campo Lacaniano (EPFCL) Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise Integrativa (SBPI) Associação Brasileira de Psicanálise Insight Sociedade Paulista de Psicanálise Instituto Paulista de Psicanálise Escola Letra Freudiana (ELF) Associação Brasileira de Filosofia e Psicanálise (ABRAFP) Escola Freudiana de Formação em Psicanalítica (EFFP) Escola Lacaniana de Formação Psicanalítica (ELFP) Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise Lacaniana (SBPL) == Canada == Institute for the Advancement of Self Psychology (IASP) Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis (TICP) Toronto Psychoanalytic Society and Institute (TPS) The


id: list-of-psychological-schools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychological schools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:42.474952+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychological-schools-20260505-0
summary:
The psychological schools are the great classical theories of psychology. Each has been highly influential; however, most psychologists hold eclectic viewpoints that combine aspects of each school. == Most influential == The most influential ones and their main founders are:: Behaviorism: John B. Watson Cognitivism: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis Functionalism: William James Humanistic/Gestalt: Max Wertheimer Psychoanalytic school: Sigmund Freud Systems psychology: Gregory Bateson, Felix Guattari == Complete list == The list below includes these, and other, influential schools of thought in psychology: Activity-oriented approach Analytical psychology Anomalistic psychology Anti-psychiatry Associationism Behaviorism (see also radical behaviorism) Behavioural genetics Bioenergetics Biological psychology Biopsychosocial model Cognitivism Constructivism Cultural-historical psychology Depth psychology Descriptive psychology Developmental psychology Ecological psychology Ecological systems theory Ecopsychology Ego psychology Environmental psychology Evolutionary psychology Existential psychology Experimental analysis of behavior - the school descended from B.F. Skinner's work Functionalism Gestalt psychology Gestalt therapy Humanistic psychology Individual psychology Industrial psychology Liberation psychology Logotherapy Organismic psychology Organizational psychology Phenomenological psychology Process psychology Psychoanalysis Psychohistory Psychology of self Radical behaviorism - often considered a school of philosophy, not psychology Social psychology (sociocultural psychology) Strength-based practice Structuralism Systems psychology Transactional analysis Transpersonal psychology == See also == History of psychology


id: list-of-social-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of social psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:43.767652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-social-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of academicians, both past and present, who are widely renowned for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of social psychology. == A == Dominic Abrams Lauren Alloy Icek Ajzen Floyd Allport Gordon Allport Irwin Altman Craig A. Anderson Norman H. Anderson Michael Argyle Elliot Aronson Solomon Asch Berit Ås == B == Anna Costanza Baldry Mahzarin Banaji Albert Bandura - Canadian psychologist known for social learning theory (or social cognitive theory) and self efficacy John Bargh - known for having several priming experiments that failed subsequent attempts at direct replication Robert A. Baron Daniel Batson Martin Bauer Roy Baumeister Howard Becker Daryl Bem - proposed self-perception theory of attitude change, competitor to Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory Ellen S. Berscheid Michael Billig Hart Blanton Marilynn Brewer Roger Brown Brad Bushman == C == John Cacioppo Donald T. Campbell Tijuana L. Canders Merrill Carlsmith Nicholas Christenfeld Robert Cialdini - known for his research on influence processes Ronald L. Cohen Peter T. Coleman Terri Conley Stuart W. Cook Charles Horton Cooley Nora Cortiñas William Crano == D == James M. Dabbs, Jr. John M. Darley Shai Davidai Edward L. Deci - co-founder of Self-Determination Theory Morton Deutsch


id: list-of-social-psychology-theories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychology_theories-0.md
category: reference
title: List of social psychology theories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_psychology_theories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:44.988117+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-social-psychology-theories-20260505-0
summary:
Social psychology utilizes a wide range of specific theories for various kinds of social and cognitive phenomena. Here is a sampling of some of the more influential theories that can be found in this branch of psychology. Attribution theory – is concerned with the ways in which people explain (or attribute) the behaviour of others. The theory divides the way people attribute causes to events into two types. External or "situational" attributions assign causality to an outside factor, such as the weather. Internal or "dispositional" attributions assign causality to factors within the person, such as ability or personality. Cognitive dissonance – was originally based on the concept of cognitive consistency, but is now more related to self-concept theory. When people do something that violates their view of themselves, this causes an uncomfortable state of dissonance that motivates a change in either attitudes or behaviour (Festinger, 1957). Drive theory – posits that the presence of an audience causes arousal which creates dominant or typical responses in the context of the situation. Elaboration likelihood model – maintains that information processing, often in the case of a persuasion attempt can be divided into two separate processes based on the "likelihood of cognitive elaborations,"


id: list-of-psychological-tests-by-gender-difference-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_tests_by_gender_difference-0.md
category: reference
title: List of psychological tests by gender difference
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_tests_by_gender_difference
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:46.227272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psychological-tests-by-gender-difference-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of specific psychological tests by the effect size for gender as reported in the most recent meta-analysis or norm. Only some psychological tests have been the subject of such research. The standard guidelines for interpreting effect size state that 0.2 is a small difference; 0.5 is medium difference, one that would be noticeable to a casual observer; 0.8 is large difference, one that would be obvious to a casual observer. == Self-report scales == == Objective tests == == References ==


id: outline-of-thought-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of thought
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:50.401724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-thought-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking): Thought is the object of a mental process called thinking, in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling. == Nature of thought == Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following: An activity taking place in a: brain – organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind. mind – abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures. Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processes or cognitive functions. computer (see § Machine thought below) – general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a


id: outline-of-thought-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of thought
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:50.401724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-thought-20260505-0
summary:
== Organizations == Associations pertaining to thought Association for Automated Reasoning Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning – Conferences series on automated reasoning, automated deduction, and related fields High IQ societies – Organization for people with a high IQ scorePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Mind Sports Organisation – Association for promoting mind sportss World Mind Sports Games – Multi-sport event Think tank – Organization that performs policy research and advocacy == Media == === Publications === ==== Books ==== Handbook of Automated Reasoning ==== Periodicals ==== Journal of Automated Reasoning Journal of Formalized Reasoning Positive Thinking Magazine === Television programs === Thinkabout (U.S. TV series) == Persons associated with thinking == === People notable for their extraordinary ability to think === Geniuses List of Nobel laureates (see also Nobel Prize) Polymaths Intellectual === Scientists in fields that study thought === List of cognitive scientists === Scholars of thinking === Aaron T. Beck Edward de Bono Tony Buzan Noam Chomsky Albert Ellis Howard Gardner Eliyahu M. Goldratt Douglas Hofstadter Ray Kurzweil Marvin Minsky Richard W. Paul Steven Pinker Bertrand Russell Baruch Spinoza Robert Sternberg == Related concepts == Cognition Knowledge Multiple intelligences


id: timeline-of-coaching-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_coaching_psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of coaching psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_coaching_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:51.734825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-coaching-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
== 1900s == In 1926, American sports psychologist Coleman Griffith published his first book entitled The Psychology of Coaching: A Study of Coaching Methods in the Point of View of Psychology. In 1951, John Lawther of Penn State University published Psychology of Coaching. in 1967 Curtiss Gaylord published a book titled Modern Coaching Psychology, the first book to use "coaching psychology" in its title In 1970, James William Moore published The Psychology of Athletic Coaching. In 1976, Tim Gallwey publishes the book, The Inner Game of Tennis In 1977, James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island, and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues developed the transtheoretical model. In 1981, earliest known mention of S.M.A.R.T. goals In the late 1980s and 1990s, the GROW model was developed in the United Kingdom and was used extensively in corporate coaching. In 1997, Max Landsberg writes up GROW model in The tao of coaching == 21st century == In January 2000, Anthony Grant established the Coaching Psychology Unit at University of Sydney and through his doctoral studies set the stage for further research into coaching as an evidence-based discipline. In 2003, International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education was formed In 2005,


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
This article is a general timeline of psychology. == Ancient history – BCE == c. 1550 BCE – The Ebers Papyrus mentioned depression and thought disorders. c. 600 BCE – Many cities in Greece had temples to Asklepios that provided cures for psychosomatic illnesses. 540–475 Heraclitus c. 500 Alcmaeon – suggested theory of humors as regulating human behavior (similar to Empedocles' elements) 500–428 Anaxagoras 490–430 Empedocles proposed a first natural, non-religious system of factors that create things around, including human characters. In his model he used four elements (water, fire, earth, air) and four seasons to derive diversity of natural systems. 490–421 Protagoras 470–399 Socrates – Socrates has been called the father of western philosophy, if only via his influence on Plato and Aristotle. Socrates made a major contribution to pedagogy via his dialectical method and to epistemology via his definition of true knowledge as true belief buttressed by some rational justification. 470–370 Democritus – Democritus distinguished between insufficient knowledge gained through the senses and legitimate knowledge gained through the intellect—an early stance on epistemology. 460 BC – 370 BCE – Hippocrates introduced principles of scientific medicine based upon naturalistic observation and logic, and denied the influence of spirits and


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-1.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
== 6th–10th century == 625–690 – Paul of Aegina suggested that hysteria should be treated by ligature of the limbs, and mania by tying the patient to a mattress placed inside a wicker basket and suspended from the ceiling. He also recommended baths, wine, special diets, and sedatives for the mentally ill. He described the following mental disorders: phrenitis, delirium, lethargus, melancholia, mania, incubus, lycanthropy, and epilepsy c. 800 – The first bimaristan was built in Baghdad. By the 13th century, bimaristans grew into hospitals with specialized wards, including wards for mentally ill patients. c. 850 – Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wrote a work emphasizing the need for psychotherapy. c. 900 – Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi urged doctors to ensure that they evaluated the state of both their patients' bodies and souls, and highlighted the link between spiritual or mental health and overall health. c. 900 – al-Razi (Rhazes) promoted psychotherapy and an understanding attitude towards those with psychological distress. == 11th–15th century == 1025 – In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna described a number of conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor. c. 1030 – Al-Biruni employed an experimental method in


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-2.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
== 18th century == 1701 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published the Law of Continuity, which he applied to psychology, becoming the first to postulate an unconscious mind; he also introduced the concept of threshold. 1710 – George Berkeley published Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, which claims that the outside world is composed solely of ideas. 1732 – Christian Wolff published Psychologia Empirica, followed in 1734 by Psychologia Rationalis, popularizing the term "psychology". 1739 – David Hume published A Treatise of Human Nature, claiming that all contents of mind are solely built from sense experiences. 1781 – Immanuel Kant published Critique of Pure Reason, rejecting Hume's extreme empiricism and proposing that there is more to knowledge than bare sense experience, distinguishing between "a posteriori" and "a priori" knowledge, the former being derived from perception, hence occurring after perception, and the latter being a property of thought, independent of experience and existing before experience. 1783 – Ferdinand Ueberwasser designated himself Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic at the Old University of Münster; four years later, he published the comprehensive textbook Instructions for the regular study of empirical psychology for candidates of philosophy at the University of Münster which complemented his


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-3.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1880s === 1882 – The Society for Psychical Research was founded in England. 1883 – G. Stanley Hall opened the first American experimental psychology research laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. 1883 – Emil Kraepelin published Compendium der Psychiatrie. 1884 – Ivan Pavlov began studying the digestive secretion of animals. 1884 – Tourette's Syndrome was first described. 1885 – Hermann Ebbinghaus published Über das Gedächtnis (On Memory), a groundbreaking work based on self-experiments, first describing the learning curve, forgetting curve, and spacing effect. 1886 – John Dewey published the first American textbook on psychology, titled Psychology. 1886 – Vladimir Bekhterev established the first laboratory of experimental psychology in Russia at Kazan University. 1886 – Sigmund Freud began private practice in Vienna. 1887 – Georg Elias Müller opened the 2nd German experimental psychology research laboratory in Göttingen. 1887 – George Trumbull Ladd (Yale) published Elements of Physiological Psychology, the first American textbook to include a substantial amount of information on the new experimental form of the discipline. 1887 – James McKeen Cattell founded an experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, the 3rd in the United States. 1887 – G. Stanley Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology with a


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-4.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1900s === 1900 – Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. 1903 – John B. Watson graduated from the University of Chicago; his dissertation on rat behavior has been described as a "classic of developmental psychobiology" by historian of psychology Donald Dewsbury. 1903 – Helen Thompson Woolley published her doctoral dissertation, The Mental Traits of Sex, for which she had conducted the first experimental test of sex differences. 1904 – Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his studies of conditioning. This was the first Prize given for research adopted by psychologists. 1904 – Charles Spearman published the article General Intelligence in the American Journal of Psychology, introducing the g factor theory of intelligence. 1905- Mary Calkins was the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association. 1905 – Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon scale to identify students needing extra help, marking the beginning of standardized psychological testing. 1905 – Edward Thorndike published the law of effect. 1905 – Sigmund Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. 1906 – The Journal of Abnormal Psychology was founded by Morton Prince, for which Boris Sidis was an associate editor and significant contributor. 1908 –


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-5.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1930s === 1930 – Edwin Boring discussed the Boring figure. 1931 – Gordon Allport et al. published the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, which defines six major value types. 1932 – Journal of Personality founded as first personality psychology research periodical originally titled Character and Personality. 1933 – Pyotr Gannushkin published Manifestations of Psychopathies. 1933 – Clark L. Hull published Hypnosis and Suggestibility, proving that hypnosis is not sleep and founding the modern study of hypnosis. 1933 – Wilhelm Reich published Character Analysis and The Mass Psychology of Fascism. 1934 – Lev Vygotsky published Thought and Language (Thinking and Speech). 1934 – Ruth Winifred Howard became the first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology. 1935 – John Ridley Stroop developed a color-word task to demonstrate the interference of attention, the Stroop effect 1935 – Helen Flanders Dunbar published Emotions and Bodily Changes: A Survey of Literature on Psychosomatic Interrelationships; in 1942 she founded the American Psychosomatic Society (American Society for Research in Psychosomatic Problems), and was the first editor of the society's journal Psychosomatic Medicine: Experimental and Clinical Studies, founded in 1939. 1935 – Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan of Harvard University published the Thematic Apperception Test


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-6.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1950s === 1950 – Karen Horney summarized her ideas in her magnum opus Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization. 1950 – Erik Erikson published Childhood and Society, in which he introduced his theory on the stages of psycho-social development and the concept of an identity crisis. 1950 – Rollo May published The Meaning of Anxiety. 1951 – Solomon Asch published the Asch conformity experiments, demonstrating the power of conformity in groups. 1951 – Morton Deutsch published Interracial Housing: A Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment, producing scientific evidence of the bad effects of segregated housing, helping to end it in the U.S. 1951 – Carl Rogers published his magnum opus Client-Centered Therapy. 1951 – Lee Cronbach published his measure of reliability, now known as Cronbach's alpha. 1952 – The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), marking the beginning of modern mental illness classification; it was revised in 1968, 1980–7, 1994, 2000 and 2013. 1952 – Hans Eysenck started a debate on psychotherapy with his critical review, claiming that psychotherapy had no documented effect, and psychoanalysis had negative effects. 1953 – Alfred Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-7.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1960s === 1960 – John L. Fuller and W. Robert Thompson published the seminal text Behavior Genetics. 1960 – Thomas Szasz inaugurated the anti-psychiatry movement with the publication of his book, The Myth of Mental Illness. 1961 – Albert Bandura published the Bobo doll experiment, a study of behavioral patterns of aggression. 1961 – Neal E. Miller proposed the use of biofeedback to control involuntary functions. 1962 – Wilfred Bion presented his unconventional theory of thinking. 1962 – Albert Ellis published Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy, describing the theoretical foundations of his therapeutic system known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. 1962 – George Armitage Miller published Psychology, the Science of Mental Life, rejecting the idea that psychology should study only behavior. 1962 – Abraham Maslow published Toward a Psychology of Being, presenting his ideas of self-actualization and the hierarchy of human needs. 1962 – Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which considers emotion to be a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal; "People search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal." 1962 – Silvan Tomkins published volume one (of two) of Affect Imagery Consciousness, presenting


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-8.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1970s === 1970 – At an APA Town Hall Meeting, with the support of the Association for Women in Psychology, Phyllis Chesler and Nancy Henley prepared a statement on APA's obligations to women and demanded one million dollars in reparation for the damage psychology had perpetrated against women's minds and bodies. 1970 – APA Division 29 gives its first Distinguished Professional Award in Psychology and Psychotherapy to Eugene Gendlin. 1970 – "Critical psychology" became a psychological theoretical field. Klaus Holzkamp, who worked as a professor at the Free University of Berlin, took a central role in defining critical psychology based on the works of Karl Marx and Aleksei N. Leontiev. 1970 – Masters and Johnson published Human Sexual Inadequacy. 1971 – The Stanford prison experiment, conducted by Philip Zimbardo et al. at Stanford University, studied the human response to captivity; the experiment quickly got out of hand and was ended early. 1971 – Martin Shubik performed the dollar auction, illustrating irrational choices. 1971 – In Nov. John O'Keefe and Jonathan O. Dostrovsky announced their discovery of place cells in the hippocampus. 1971 – The Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information at the University of Trier was founded to publish the


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-9.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
1979 – Alice Miller published The Drama of the Gifted Child, the first of a series of books criticizing Freud and Jung for blaming the child for the sexual abuse of the parents, which she calls the "poisonous pedagogies". 1979 – Urie Bronfenbrenner published The Ecology of Human Development, founding ecological systems theory.


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-10.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1980s === 1980 – Transgender people were officially classified by the American Psychiatric Association as having "gender identity disorder." 1980 – DSM-III was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1980 – George Mandler published Recognizing: The Judgment of Previous Occurrence, claiming a dual process basis of recognition, prior occurrence and identification. 1980 – Robert Zajonc published the paper "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences", arguing that affective and cognitive systems are largely independent, and that affect is more powerful and important, reviving the study of emotion and affective processes. 1981 – Alan P. Bell, Martin S. Weinberg, and Sue Kiefer Hammersmith's Sexual Preference is published. The work later becomes one of the most frequently cited retrospective studies relating to sexual orientation. 1982 – Carol Gilligan published In a Different Voice, a work on feminist psychology. 1982 – The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) was recognized as a representative in the APA assembly, speaking directly on matters of special concern to lesbian and gay members. 1983 – Howard Gardner published Frames of Mind, introducing his theory of multiple intelligences. 1983 – The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-11.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1990s === 1990 – On 17 May the World Health Organization (WHO) declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder, launching the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia. 1990 – Leonard Berkowitz published the cognitive neoassociation model of aggressive behavior to cover the cases missed by the frustration-aggression hypothesis. 1991 – Steven Pinker proposed his theory on how children acquire language in Science, later popularized in the book The Language Instinct. 1991 – The first issue of Feminism & Psychology was published. 1991- The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) passed a resolution opposing "public or private discrimination" against homosexuals. It stopped short, however, of agreeing to open its training institutes to these individuals. 1992 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) extended the provisions of its 1991 resolution (see above) to training candidates at its affiliated institutes. 1992 – Jaak Panksepp coined the term affective neuroscience for the name of the field that studies neural mechanisms of emotion, and in 1998 published the book Affective Neuroscience – The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions 1992 – Sandra Scarr published Developmental Theories of the 1990s, proposing that genes control experiences, and search and create environments. 1992 – Joseph LeDoux summarized and published his research


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-12.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2010s === 2010s – As research on the topic accumulates and its usage increases, scientists investigate neuroenhancement – such as nootropics – regarding psychological mechanisms underlying cognitive functions, neuroethics, effects on moral decision-making, public perception, their potential for the treatment of mental diseases, and the potential or ongoing use by professionals or self-administering civilians. 2010s – With the rise of smartphone gaming and a continued large and nearly entirely commercially-driven gaming industry and Big Tech, mobile apps and social media are made intentionally addictive using insights from psychology. Research works such as The Age of Addiction: How Bad Habits Became Big Business propose that the methods of "limbic capitalism" have become substantially more sophisticated. (see also below) 2010s – With increasing legalization of cannabis within the U.S. and worldwide, chronic effects of various types of cannabis consumption on cognition, along with comparisons of legalization impacts, become a more common focus of psychological research. 2010s – As digital content becomes more abundant and more immediately available, attention gains a higher value, with the attention economy, where attention is the capital alongside data on consumers, taking shape as part of "mental capitalism". 2010s – Neuroscience and genetics investigate neurological and heritable


id: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology-13.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:53.107806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
2020s – Researchers investigate the impacts of different forms (types or categories) of digital media uses on cognition and the impacts of digital media use(s) on different types of biological cognitive abilities. 2020s – The pandemic COVID-19 and its mitigation have a substantiall toll on mental health worldwide. With growing awareness and impacts of climate change and other environmental issues, ecopsychology increasingly gathers public attention and becomes a more common topic of research Studies investigate the psychological benefits of urban green spaces (UGS) in detail, with one 2021 study reporting that higher exposure to woodland urban green spaces or urban forest but not grassland is associated with improved cognitive development and risks of mental problems for urban adolescents. August 2020 – A review concludes that "Within a generation, children's lives have largely moved indoors" and that "research indicates that direct experiences of nature in childhood contribute to care for nature across the life span." March 2021 – A study concludes that "eco-anger", termed in the style of the recently coined "eco-anxiety" which is reported to be rising, "predicted better mental health outcomes, as well as greater engagement in pro-climate activism and personal behaviours". Anger may be "powerful in motivating people


id: timeline-of-psychotherapy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-0.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychotherapy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:54.342486+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychotherapy-20260505-0
summary:
This article is a compiled timeline of psychotherapy. A more general description of the development of the subject of psychology can be found in the History of psychology article. For related overviews see the Timeline of psychology and Timeline of psychiatry articles. == Antiquity == c. 1550 BCE – Ancient Egyptians codified their knowledge of psychiatry, medicine, and surgery in the Ebers Papyrus and the Edwin Smith Papyrus. The former mentioned dementia and depression, while the latter gave detailed instructions for various neurosurgical procedures. The power of magic (suggestion) was recognized as complementary to medicine. c. 500 BCE – Siddhartha Gautama (Lumbini, Nepal) founded the psychotherapeutic practices of Buddhism on the principle that the origin of mental suffering is ignorance, that the symptoms of ignorance are attachment and craving, and that attachment and craving can be ended by following the Noble Eightfold Path. c. 400 BCE – Hippocrates (Kos, Greece) taught that melancholia (depression) has a biological cause, namely an excess of black bile, one of the four humours. Ancient Greek therapy for disorders of mood involved adjustment of the humours, to bring them into balance. c. 300 BCE – Composition of the Huangdi Neijing began in China. This medical


id: timeline-of-psychotherapy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-1.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychotherapy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:54.342486+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychotherapy-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1910s === 1910 – Freud proposes Jung as his "eldest son and heir" to his new science. 1910 – Boris Sidis opens the Sidis Psychotherapeutic Institute (a private hospital) at Maplewood Farms in Portsmouth, NH for the treatment of nervous patients using the latest scientific methods. 1911 – Alfred Adler left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of thought, individual psychology, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory on his own childhood. 1912 – Publication of Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido, (subsequently republished as Symbols of Transformation), containing his dissenting view on the libido, it represented largely a "psychoanalytical Jung". 1913 – Carl Jung departed from Freudian views, a final break ensued and he developed his own theories citing Freud's inability to acknowledge religion and spirituality and his restricted view of libido. His "new school of thought" became known as Analytical Psychology. 1913 – Jacob L. Moreno applied group psychotherapy methods in Vienna. His methods, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction, later became known as psychodrama and sociometry. 1914 – Boris Sidis publishes The Foundations of Normal and Abnormal Psychology where he provides the scientific foundation


id: timeline-of-psychotherapy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy-2.md
category: reference
title: Timeline of psychotherapy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychotherapy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:54.342486+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: timeline-of-psychotherapy-20260505-0
summary:
=== 1990s === 1990 – Michael White and David Epston publish Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends, the first major text in what later comes to be known as narrative therapy. 1991 – The American Psychoanalytic Association passed a resolution opposing "public or private discrimination" against homosexuals. It stopped short, however, of agreeing to open its training institutes to these individuals. 1992 – The American Psychoanalytic Association extended the provisions of its 1991 resolution (see above) to training candidates at its affiliated institutes. 1994 – DSM IV (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) published by the American Psychiatric Association. 1997 – The American Psychoanalytic Association became the first national mental health organization to support same-sex marriage. == 21st century == === 2000s === 2000 – The DSM-IV-TR, was published in May 2000 in order to correct several errors in DSM-IV, and to update and change diagnostic codes to reflect the ICD-9-CM coding system. === 2010s === 2013 – The Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released at the American Psychiatric Association's Annual Meeting in May 2013, marking the end of more than a decade's journey in revising the criteria for the diagnosis


id: list-of-women-psychologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_psychologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of women psychologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_psychologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:55.947070+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-women-psychologists-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of women psychologists. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == Q–R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X–Z == == Notes == == References ==


id: lists-of-publications-in-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_publications_in_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of publications in science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_publications_in_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:23:57.699944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-publications-in-science-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of publications in science cover publications in various fields of science that have introduced a major new topic, made a significant advance in knowledge or have significantly influenced the world. List of publications in biology List of publications in chemistry List of publications in data science List of publications in economics List of publications in mathematics List of publications in medicine List of publications in philosophy List of publications in physics List of publications in statistics List of humor research publications Bibliography of sociology


id: bibliography-of-water-clocks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-0.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of water clocks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-water-clocks-20260505-0
summary:
This is a bibliography of water clocks. == Overview of water clocks and other time instruments == Barnett, Jo Ellen (1998). Time's Pendulum: From Sundials to Atomic Clocks, the Fascinating History of Timekeeping and How Our Discoveries Changed the World. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-15-600649-9. Bruton, Eric (1979). The History of Clocks and Watches. Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0261-2. Cowan, Harrison J. (1958). Time and Its Measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age. Ohio: The World Publishing Company. Bibcode:1958tmfs.book.....C. Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15510-2. OCLC 33440282. Higgins, K.; Miner, D.; Smith, C.N.; Sullivan, D.B. (2004). "A Walk Through Time (version 1.2.1)". Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved October 13, 2022. Jespersen, James; Fitz-Randolph, Jane (1999). From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency (Second revised ed.). Courier Corporation. ISBN 0-486-40913-9. King, David A. (July 2004). "Towards a History from Antiquity to the Renaissance of Sundials and Other Instruments for Reckoning Time by the Sun and Stars". Annals of Science. 61 (3): 375–388. doi:10.1080/00033790310001642795.. Landes, D (1983). Revolution in Time. Harvard University Press. McNown, J.S. (1976). "When


id: bibliography-of-water-clocks-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-1.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of water clocks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-water-clocks-20260505-0
summary:
== European water clocks == Bedini, S.A. (1962). "The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra". Technology and Culture. 3 (2): 115–141. doi:10.2307/3101437. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 3101437. S2CID 112844914. Drover, C.B. (1954). "A Medieval Monastic Water Clock". Antiquarian Horology. I (5): 54–58. Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. La Salle, IL: Open Court. ISBN 0-415-15291-7. Hill, D.R (1994). "The Toledo Water-Clocks of c.1075". History of Technology. 16: 62–71. Maddison, Francis; Scott, Byan; Kent, Allan (1962). "An early medieval water-clock". Antiquarian Horology. 3, n. 12: 348–353.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Scattergood, John. (October 2003). "Writing the clock: the reconstruction of time in the late Middle Ages". European Review. 11 (4): 453–474. doi:10.1017/S1062798703000425. S2CID 145056908. == Greek and Alexandrian water clocks == Hill, Donald Routledge, ed. (1976). Archimedes' On the Construction of Water-Clocks. Paris: Turner & Devereux. Lepschy, Antonio M. (February 1992). "Feedback Control in Ancient Water and Mechanical Clocks". IEEE Transactions on Education. 35 (1): 3–10. Bibcode:1992ITEdu..35....3L. doi:10.1109/13.123411. Lewis, Michael (2000). "Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks". In Wikander, Örjan (ed.). Handbook of Ancient Water Technology. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden. pp. 343–369 (356f.). ISBN 90-04-11123-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing


id: bibliography-of-water-clocks-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks-2.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of water clocks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_water_clocks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:00.353692+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-water-clocks-20260505-0
summary:
== Non-English resources == Bilfinger, Gustav (1888). Die babylonische Doppelstunde: Eine chronologische Untersuchung (in German). Stuttgart: Wildt. Borchardt, Ludwig (1920). Die Altägyptische Zeitmessung [Old Egyptian time measurement] (in German). Berlin: Leipzig. Daressy, G. (1915). "Deux clepsydres antiques". BIE (in French). 5 (9): 5–16. Ginzel, Friedrich Karl (1920). "Die Wassermessungen der Babylonier und das Sexagesimalsystem". Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte (in German). 16: 234–241. Hahn, Young-Ho; Nam, Moon-Hyon (1997). "Reconstruction of the Armillary Spheres of Mid-Chosun: The Armillary Clocks of Yi Minchol". Hanguk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji (Journal of the Korean History of Science Society) (in Korean). 19 (1): 3–19. Hahn, Young-Ho (2000). "Astronomical Clocks of Chosun Dynasty: King Sejong's Heumgyonggaknu". Kisulgwa Yoksa (Journal of the Korean Society for the History of Technology and Industry) (in Korean). 1 (1): 99–140. Nam, Moon-Hyon (1995). Korean Water Clocks: Jagyongnu, The Striking Clepsydra and The History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering (in Korean). Seoul: Konkuk University Press. Nam, Moon-Hyon (1998). "On the BORUGAKGI of Kim Don—Principles and Structures of JAYEONGNU". Hanguksa Yeongu (Studies on Korean History) (in Korean). 101: 75–114. Nam, Moon-Hyon (2002). Jang Yeong-Shil and Jagyeongnu – Reconstruction of Time Measuring History of Choseon Period (in Korean). Seoul National University Press. Planchon. "L'Heure Par Les


id: bibliography-of-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
This bibliography of biology is a list of notable works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of biology. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them. == Anatomy == This section contains a list of works in anatomy, the study of the structure of living things. Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (1025). The Canon of Medicine. Vesalius, Andreas (1543). De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books). A landmark publication in anatomy and medicine. It is the 400th birthyear of the beautiful book which graces the lectern in front of me, the most artistic book and one of the most illuminating in the history of medicine. As Osier remarked, 1543 is a starred year in the history of science. In it appeared the two great works which inaugurated modern science, Copernicus' Revolutions of the heavenly bodies, which gave us a rational and abiding explanation


id: bibliography-of-biology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-1.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1749–1788). Histoire Naturelle. Until the publication of this encyclopedia much of the European scientific community thought that all animals were created by God about 6,000 years ago. Not only did this 44-volume encyclopedia contain all descriptive biological knowledge of its time, it offered a new theory. One hundred years before Darwin, Buffon claimed that man and ape might have a common ancestor. His work also had a significant impact on ecology. It is no exaggeration to claim that virtually all the well-known writers of the Enlightenment, and even of later generations, in France as well as in other European countries were Buffonians, either directly or indirectly. Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1809). Philosophie zoologique ou exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Dentu and The Author. English translation: Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet (2001). Zoological philosophy: an exposition with regard to the natural history of animals. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-178-26555-2. Darwin, Charles; Wallace, Alfred Russel (1858). "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 3 (9): 46–50. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x. In September 1838 Charles Darwin conceived his


id: bibliography-of-biology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology-2.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:01.700996+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Mendel, Gregor (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn. Published in English as "Experiments on Plant Hybridization". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 26: 1–30. 1901. (Online version) The result of years spent studying genetic traits in pea plants. Mendel compared seven discrete traits. Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably be dominant to its recessive alternative. This model, later known as Mendelian inheritance or Mendelian genetics, provided an alternative to blending inheritance, which was the prevailing theory at the time. Fisher, Ronald (1918). "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 52 (2): 399–433. doi:10.1017/s0080456800012163. S2CID 181213898. Schrödinger, Erwin (1944). What is life? the physical aspects of the living cell (2001 reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42708-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Based on a series of public lectures delivered at Trinity College, Dublin. Schrödinger's lecture focused on one important question: "how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?" He introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its


id: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of science and technology in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
This is a bibliography on the history of science and technology in Canada mainly compiled in 2011 from the Canadiana : the national bibliography with very few additions since then. == Overviews == G. Bruce Doern; Peter W. B. Phillips; David Castle (2016). Canadian Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: The Innovation Economy and Society Nexus. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4724-7. Edward Jones-Imhotep; Tina Adcock (2018). Made Modern: Science and Technology in Canadian History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3726-2. Council of Canadian Academies (2012). The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012. Council of Canadian Academies. ISBN 978-1-926558-47-9. == Nuclear issues == Atomic Energy Canada Limited (1997), Canada enters the nuclear age, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1601-8 Buckley, Brian (2000). Canada's early nuclear policy: fate, chance and character. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2077-6. Clearwater, John (1998), Canadian nuclear weapons: the untold story of Canada's Cold War arsenal, Dundurn Press Ltd., ISBN 978-1-55002-299-5 Doern, G. Bruce; Robert W. Morrison; Arslan Dorman (2001). Canadian nuclear energy policy: changing ideas, institutions, and interests. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-4788-5. Eggleston, Wilfred, Canada's Nuclear Story *Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1965) Richter, Andrew (2002), Avoiding Armageddon: Canadian military strategy and nuclear weapons, 1950-63, UBC Press, ISBN


id: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-1.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of science and technology in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
== Technological and industrial == Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998. Babaian, Sharon, Radio Communication in Canada: A Historical and Technological Survey, Transformation Series 1, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992. Ball, Norman R., Mind, Heart, and Vision: Professional Engineering in Canada 1887 to 1987, National Museum of Science and Technology/Museums of Canada, Ottawa, 1987. Ball, Norman R. ed., Building Canada: A History of Public Works, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. Barris, Theodore (26 September 2015). Fire Canoe: Prairie Steamboat Days Revisited. Dundurn Press 2015. ISBN 9781459732100. Retrieved 2020-08-22. Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983. Bliss, Michael, Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1987. Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. Brown, J.J., Ideas in Exile, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967. Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937–1947, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1989. Chisholm, Barbara, ed., Castles of the North: Canada's Grand Hotels, Lynx Images Inc., Toronto, 2001. Collins, Robert, A Voice from Afar:


id: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-2.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of science and technology in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
== Natural scientific research == Ainley, Marianne Gosztonyi, ed., Despite All Odds: Essays on Canadian Women and Science, Vehicle Press, Montreal, 1990. Anstey, T.H., One Hundred Harvests: Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1886–1986, Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Historical Series No. 27, 1986. Appley, M.H., Rickwood, Jean, Psychology in Canada, Science Secretariat, Ottawa, 1967. Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998. Babbitt, J.D. ed., Science in Canada: Selections from the Speeches of Dr. E.W.R. Steacie, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1965. Beltzner, Klaus P., Coleman, A. John, Edwards, Gordon G., Mathematical Sciences in Canada, Science Council of Canada, ottawa, 1976. Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983. Berger, Carl, Honour and the Search for Influence: A History of the Royal Society of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1996. Bliss, Michael, Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1987. Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. Bryden, John, Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War, Lester Publishing, Toronto, 1993. Bryden,


id: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada-3.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of science and technology in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_science_and_technology_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:03.000907+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-science-and-technology-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
== Invention == Ainley, Marianne Gosztonyi, ed., Despite All Odds: Essays on Canadian Women and Science, Vehicle Press, Montreal, 1990. Anstey, T.Branch Agriculture Canada, Historical Series No. 27, 1986. Avery, Donald H., The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998. Babaian, Sharon, Radio Communication in Canada: A Historical and Technological Survey, Transformation Series 1, National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa, 1992. Babbitt, J.D. ed., Science in Canada: Selections from the Speeches of Dr. E.W.R. Steacie, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1965. Ball, Norman R., Mind, Heart, and Vision: Professional Engineering in Canada 1887 to 1987, National Museum of Science and Technology/Museums of Canada, Ottawa, 1987. Ball, Norman R. ed., Building Canada: A History of Public Works, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. Barris, Theodore, Fire Canoe: Prairie Steamboat Days Revisited, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1977. Berger, Carl, Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1983. Bothwell, Robert, Nucleus: The History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. Brown, J.J., Ideas in Exile, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1967. Bryden, John, Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937 -


id: list-of-publications-in-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:04.357044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of publications in chemistry, organized by field. Some factors that correlate with publication notability include: Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic. Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly. Influence – A publication that has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of chemistry. == Foundations == === The Sceptical Chymist === Boyle, Robert (1979) [1661]. The Sceptical Chymist. London; New York: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.; E.P. Dutton & Co. OCLC 3165496. Description: Boyle, in the form of a dialogue, argued that chemical theories should be firmly grounded in experiment before their acceptance, and for the foundation of chemistry as a science separate from medicine and alchemy. Importance: Topic Creator, Influence. Boyle, in this book, became the first to argue that experiment should form the basis of all theory, a common practice in chemistry today. He also expounded on a rudimentary atomic theory and the existence of chemical elements beyond the classic earth, fire, air, and water. He is seen as the father of chemistry, and this is his most celebrated book, with continued relevance to the present day. === Traité Élémentaire de Chimie


id: list-of-publications-in-chemistry-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry-1.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:04.357044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chemical Applications of Group Theory === F. Albert Cotton Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 1st Ed. 1963, 3rd Ed. 1990. Description: Explains the use of symmetry groups in describing molecular symmetry and its role in determining molecular properties. Importance: Significant influence by introducing group theory to a much wider group of chemists. === Advanced Inorganic Chemistry === F. Albert Cotton and Geoffrey Wilkinson Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 1st Ed. 1962, 6th Ed. 1999 Description: A classic general textbook for an undergraduate course in inorganic chemistry Importance: This book is not only a good introduction to the subject, it was very different from earlier texts and "led to a fundamental shift in the way in which inorganic chemistry was studied". It seemed to be symbolic of the renaissance in inorganic chemistry starting in the 1950s. Every new text in inorganic chemistry since this text has had to respond to it. === Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry === F. Sherwood Taylor and H. M. N. H. Irving Heinemann, 1st Ed 1931, 10th Ed. 1960 Description: Unique very advanced and comprehensive coverage of every element known at the time by chapter describing all known compounds yet discovered or synthesised. Approaches chemistry as


id: list-of-publications-in-chemistry-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry-2.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:04.357044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
=== Principles of Polymer Chemistry === Flory, Paul J. (1953) Cornell University Press. 1953, ISBN 0-8014-0134-8. Description: Discusses structure and stereochemistry of synthetic polymers, polymerization kinetics, behaviour of polymers in solution, chain dimensions. Importance: First major text on polymer chemistry; presents both organic and physical chemistry aspects. Written by a chemist who made major contributions to the physical chemistry of polymers, for which he won the Nobel prize in 1974. == Environmental chemistry == === Aquatic Chemistry, Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters === Stumm, Werner and James J. Morgan. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1st Edition 1970, 3rd Edition 1996, ISBN 0-471-51185-4. Description. This book covers the full spectrum of the discipline including acid/base equilibria, carbonate chemistry, mass transfer, complexation, sorption phenomenon, oxidation/reduction, colloid chemistry, and flocculation/coagulation. The authors generally present the material using a ground up approach that emphasizes fundamental principles of thermodynamics and kinetics. Importance. The publication is one of the most widely cited texts in environmental chemistry. In 1999, Stumm and Morgan received the Stockholm Water Prize for their contributions in the field. The citation specifically mentioned Aquatic Chemistry where it was described as a "seminal book" that is "used in education all over the


id: list-of-publications-in-data-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-0.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in data science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:05.674243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-data-science-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of publications in data science, generally organized by order of use in a data analysis workflow. See the list of publications in statistics for more research-based and fundamental publications; while this list is more applied, business oriented, and cross-disciplinary. General article inclusion criteria are: Papers from notable practitioners or notable professors, either with a Wikipedia page or reference to their notability Common knowledge all data professionals should know, with references validating this claim Highly cited applied statistics and machine learning publications Discussion-facilitating papers on the field of data science as a whole (for example, the Attention Is All You Need paper is arguably a landmark paper that can be added here, but it is specific to generative artificial intelligence, not for all practitioners of data) Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important: Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of data science. When possible, a reference is used to validate the inclusion of the publication in this list. == History ==


id: list-of-publications-in-data-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science-1.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in data science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_data_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:05.674243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-data-science-20260505-0
summary:
Author: James R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn Publication data: Online version: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2683467 Description: Outlines history and evolution of quantitative graphics in statistics, going through spatial organization (17th and 18th centuries), discrete comparison (18th and 19th centuries), continuous distribution (19th century), and multivariate distribution and correlation (late 19th and 20th centuries). Importance: Helps put into perspective for learning data practitioners the recency of graphics that are used. A later publication "Graphical Methods in Statistics" by Stephen Fienberg in 1979 writes that his publication "owes much to the work of Beniger and Robyn". == Practice == Data Science for Business Author: Foster Provost and Tom Fawcett Publication data: Online version: N/A Description: Broadly outlines principles of data science and data-analytic thinking for businesses. Importance: Cited over 3,000 times, it is "highly recommended for students" but also it is also recommended due to its "relevance to senior management leaders who want to build and lead a team of data scientists and implement data science in solving complex business problems". == Tooling == Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems Author: D. Sculley, Gary Holy, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips, Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-François Crespo, Dan Dennison Publication data:


id: bibliography-of-ecology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology-0.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of ecology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:06.903792+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-ecology-20260505-0
summary:
This is a bibliography of ecology. == Introductory == Beman, J. (2010). "Energy economics in ecosystems". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 22. Bryant, P. J. Biodiversity and Conservation. A Hypertext Book. Archived from the original on 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2013-01-28. Cleland, E. E. (2011). "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability". Nature Education Knowledge. 2 (1): 2. Costanza, R.; Cumberland, J. H.; Daily, H.; Goodland, R.; Norgaard, R. B. (2007). An Introduction to Ecological Economics (e-book). St. Lucie Press and International Society for Ecological Economics. "Ecosystem Services: A Primer". Ecological Society of America. 2000. Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2013-01-28. Farabee, M. J. The Online Biology Book. Avondale, Arizona: Estrella Mountain Community College. Archived from the original on 2017-12-25. Retrieved 2013-01-28. Forseth, I. (2010). "Terrestrial Biomes". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 12. Henkel, T. P. (2010). "Coral reefs". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (11): 5. McCabe, D. J. (2010). "Rivers and streams: Life in flowing water". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (12): 4. Odum, H. (1973). "Energy, ecology, and economics" (PDF). Ambio. 2 (6): 220–227. Stevens, A. (2010). "Predation, herbivory, and parasitism". Nature Education Knowledge. 1 (8): 38. == Advanced == Brand, F. S.; Jax, K. (2007). "Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as


id: list-of-publications-in-economics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in economics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:08.133620+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-economics-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of important publications in economics, organized by field. Some basic reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important: Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of economics. == Political economy and economics == === The Wealth of Nations === Adam Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776. Read it on Wikisource Description: The book is usually considered to be the beginning of modern economics. It begins with a discussion of the Industrial Revolution. Later it critiques the mercantilism and a synthesis of the emerging economic thinking of his time. It is best known for the idea of the invisible hand, although this idea is only mentioned once in the book. Smith was critical of the "vile maxim" of the "masters of mankind", all for themselves and nothing for other people. The Butcher, the Baker, and the Brewer provide goods and services to each other out of self-interest; the unplanned result of this division of labor is


id: list-of-publications-in-economics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in economics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:08.133620+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-economics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing === Granger, Clive William James and Engle, R. F. Econometrica, 55(2), March, pp. 251–276, 1987. Description: Importance: === Handbook of Econometrics === Griliches, Zvi and Intrigilator, M. D. (eds.) Handbook of Econometrics, Five volumes (Amsterdam: North-Holland), 1984. Description: Importance : === Analysis of Panel Data === Hsiao, C. Econometric Society Monograph, 1986. Description: Importance: === Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root === Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 427–431, 1979. Description: Describes the Dickey–Fuller test. Importance: === The Standard Error of Regressions === Deirdre McCloskey and Stephen T. Ziliak Journal of Economic Literature 34: 97–114, 1996. Description: Emphasizes the difference between statistical significance and economic significance, and shows that the understanding is not clear in a review of papers from The American Economic Review. Importance: Raised the caution against "asterisk economics" in econometrics to another level. See McCloskey critique. === Policy Evaluation: A Critique === Lucas, Robert E. Junior in Brunner, K. and Meltzer, A. H. (eds.) The Phillips Curve and Labour Markets, Journal of Monetary Economics (Supplement), 1(xx), xx, pp. 19–46, 1976. Description: Importance: == Labor


id: list-of-publications-in-economics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics-2.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in economics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:08.133620+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-economics-20260505-0
summary:
=== The Economics of Welfare === Arthur Cecil Pigou The Economics of Welfare, 4th ed. 1932 Description: Pigou was one of the most influential economists that dealt with Welfare economics. He developed the idea of Pigovian tax. Importance: Topic creator, breakthrough, influence === Collective Choice and Social Welfare === Amartya Sen Collective Choice and Social Welfare, 1970 Description: Inspired renewed interest in basic welfare issues, mentioned in Sen's Nobel citation Importance: Influence == Health economics == === Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care === Kenneth Arrow American Economic Review 53(5): 941–973, 1963 Description: Explores the "specific differentia of medical care as the object of normative economics", demonstrating that the consideration of uncertainty is key to understanding markets in health care. Importance: Generally considered a seminal work of enduring significance; key to the foundation of health economics as a field of study. === The Economics of Health and Health Care === Folland S., Goodman AC. and Stano M. (4th edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. Description: The standard health economics textbook in most leading universities. It assumes some background knowledge in economics. Importance: Introduction. === Handbook of Health Economics === Culyer AJ. and Newhouse JP. (Eds) Volumes 1A and


id: list-of-humor-research-publications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-0.md
category: reference
title: List of humor research publications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:09.499651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-humor-research-publications-20260505-0
summary:
This article lists publications in humor research, with brief annotations. The list includes books and scholarly journals that regularly cover articles in humor research. This list is not intended for humorous books and joke collections that do not have any scholarly analysis of humor. == Early publications == Henri Bergson: his 1900 book of three essays, Laughter, was written in French; its original title is Le Rire. Essai sur la signification du comique ("Laughter, an essay on the meaning of the comic"). Sigmund Freud: his 1905 book on jokes and unconscious has been translated in many languages, including several translations in English Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, Translated by James Strachey, 1963, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-00145-8 The Joke and Its Relation to the Unconscious, Translated by Joyce Crick 2002, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-118554-6 2003, Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-243744-1 Max Eastman The Sense of Humor, New York: Scribners, 1921 The Enjoyment of Laughter, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936 == Monographs == Dramlitsch, Thomas, The Origin of Humor, 2018, ISBN 978-1720264637 Minchew, Sue S.; Hopper, Peggy F. Clearing House, May/June 2008, Vol. 81 Issue 5, p232-236, 5p; (AN 32193154) Igor Krichtafovitch, Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter.


id: list-of-humor-research-publications-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-1.md
category: reference
title: List of humor research publications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:09.499651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-humor-research-publications-20260505-0
summary:
=== Applications of humor === Ronald A. Berk (2002) Humor as an Instructional Defibrillator: Evidence-Based Techniques in teaching and assessment, Stylus Publishing, LLC, ISBN 1-57922-063-0 (2003) Professors Are from Mars, Students Are from Snickers: How to Write and, Stylus Publishing, LLC, ISBN 1-57922-070-3 Elcha Shain Buckman (1994) The Handbook of Humor: Clinical Applications in Psychotherapy, Krieger Publishing Company, ISBN 0-89464-369-X Rumena Bužarovska (2012) What's Funny: Theories of Humor Applied to the Short Story, Blesok, 2012, ISBN 978-9989-59-377-2 Louis R. Franzina (2002) Kids Who Laugh: How to Develop Your Child's Sense of Humor, Square One Publishers, ISBN 0-7570-0008-8 Amelia J. Klein (2003) Humor in Children's Lives: A Guidebook for Practitioners, Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-89789-892-3 Karen J. Kolberg, Diana Loomans (2002) The Laughing Classroom: Everyone's Guide to Teaching with Humor and Play, H J Kramer, ISBN 0-915811-99-5 Herbert M. Lefcourt (2001) Humor: The Psychology of Living Buoyantly, Springer, ISBN 0-306-46407-1 Lefcourt, H. M., & Martin, R. A. (1986). Humor and life stress: Antidote to adversity. New York: Springer/Verlag. Paul E. McGhee (1989) Humor and Children's Development: A Guide to Practical Applications, Haworth Press, ISBN 0-86656-681-3 C. W. Metcalf, Roma Felible (1999) Lighten Up: Survival Skills for People Under Pressure, Basic Books, ISBN 0-201-62239-4


id: list-of-humor-research-publications-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications-2.md
category: reference
title: List of humor research publications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humor_research_publications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:09.499651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-humor-research-publications-20260505-0
summary:
== Collections of scientific works on humor == J.H. Goldstein and P.E. McGhee (Eds), The Psychology of Humor: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Issues, New York: Academic Press, 1972 A.J. Chapman and H.C. Foot, (Eds.), Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research and Applications, London: John Wiley and Sons, 1976 Transaction Publishers. 1996. It's a Funny Thing, Humour Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1977 J. Bremmer and H. Roodenburg, (Eds.), A Cultural History of Humor, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1997 McGhee, P.E., and Goldstein, J.H. (Eds), Handbook of Humor Research, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983 "Humor and Society: Explorations in the Sociology of Humor." Houston. 1988. John Parkin (Ed.)(1999) French Humour: Papers Based on a Colloquium Held in the French Department of the University of Bristol, November 30, 1996, Rodopi, ISBN 90-420-0586-6 Paton, G.E.C., Powell, C., Wagg, S. (Eds) The Social Faces of Humour: Practices and Issues, Aldershot, England: Arena Raskin, Victor. (Ed.) 2008. The Primer of Humor Research. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Loizou, E. & Recchia, S.(Eds.) (2019). Research on Young Children's Humor: Theoretical and Practical Implications for Early Childhood Education. Switzerland: Springer == Journals and book series == Comedy Studies (journal) European Journal of Humour Research Humor (alias Humor: International Journal


id: list-of-publications-in-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:12.091496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
This list of publications in medicine, is organized by field. Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important: Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of medicine. The definitive bibliographic source of books and articles demonstrating the history of medicine and identifying the first publications in the field is "Garrison and Morton". (Morton, Leslie T. (Leslie Thomas), Morton's medical bibliography : an annotated check-list of texts illustrating the history of medicine (Garrison and Morton). -- 5th ed. / edited by Jeremy M. Norman. -- Aldershot, Hants, England ; Brookfield, Vt., USA : Scolar Press, Gower, c1991. xxiv, 1243 p. ISBN 978-0-85967-897-1.) It is also available electronically, for a fee. == Foundations == De Materia Medica Author: Pedanius Dioscorides Publication data: De Materia Medica, 50–70 Online version: Online version of first volume Description: This five-volume work was a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias. In fact, it remained in use until the 16th century, though with some additional commentary and additions from Arabian and Indian sources. Importance: Topic


id: phage-monographs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-0.md
category: reference
title: Phage monographs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phage-monographs-20260505-0
summary:
Bacteriophage (phage) are viruses of bacteria and arguably are the most numerous "organisms" on Earth. The history of phage study is captured, in part, in the books published on the topic. This is a list of over 100 monographs on or related to phages. == List of phage monographs (descending date order) == === Books published in the 2010s === Hyman, P., Abedon, S. T. 2018. Viruses of Microorganisms. ISBN 978-1-910190-86-9 Abedon, S. T., García, P., Mullany, P., Aminov, R. 2017. Phage therapy: past, present and future. ISBN 978-2-88945-251-4 Jassim, S.A.A., Limoges, R.G. 2017. Bacteriophages: Practical Applications for Nature's Biocontrol. ISBN 978-3-319-54050-4 Dobretsov, N. T., 2018. Bacteriophages: The Enemies of Our Enemies as published as a special issue in Science First Hand consisting of nine articles. Rakonjac, J., Das, B. Derda, R. 2017. Filamentous Bacteriophage in Bio/Nano/Technology, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Ecology. ISBN 9782889450954 Nicastro, J., Wong, S., Khazaei, Z., Lam, P., Blay, J., Slavcev, R.A. 2016. Bacteriophage Applications - Historical Perspective and Future Potential. ISBN 978-3-319-45791-8 Allen, H. K., Abedon, S. T. 2015. Viral Ecology and Disturbances: Impact of Environmental Disruption on the Viruses of Microorganisms. ISBN 978-2-88919-448-3 Wei, H. 2015. Phages and Therapy as published as a special issue


id: phage-monographs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-1.md
category: reference
title: Phage monographs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phage-monographs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Books published in the 2000s === Adams, H. T., 2009. Contemporary Trends in Bacteriophage Research. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 978-1-60692-181-4 Chanishvili, N., Sharp, R. 2009. A Literature Review of the Practical Application of Bacteriophage Research. Copyright: Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia. Clokie M. R. J., Kropinski, A. M., eds. 2009. Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols.Volume 1: Isolation, Characterization, and Interactions. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. This monographs is described also as Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 501. ISBN 978-1-61737-715-0 Clokie M. R. J., Kropinski, A. M., eds. 2009. Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols.Volume 2: Molecular and Applied Aspects. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. This monographs is described also as Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 502. ISBN 978-1-60327-565-1 Abedon, S. T., ed. 2008. Bacteriophage Ecology: Population Growth, Evolution, and Impact of Bacterial Viruses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. This monograph is described also as Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology, volume 15. ISBN 0-521-85845-3 Mc Grath, S. and van Sinderen, D., eds. 2007. Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK. ISBN 1-904455-14-X Cairns, J., G. Stent, and J. D. Watson, eds. 2007. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (40th anniversary edition). Cold Spring


id: phage-monographs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-2.md
category: reference
title: Phage monographs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phage-monographs-20260505-0
summary:
Anonymous. 1991. Practical Phage Control. International Dairy Federation, Brussels. van Helvoort, T. 1993. Research Styles in Virus Studies in the Twentieth Century: Controversies and the Formation of Consensus. Doctoral Thesis, University of Limburg. (note that though this is a thesis, it is of sufficient general interest toward addressing issues in the history of bacteriophagy as to warrant inclusion in this list) === Books published in the 1980s === Birge, E. A. 1988. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics: An Introduction. Springer-Verlag, New York. OCLC 17838673, ISBN 0-387-96696-X Hobom, G., and R. Rott, eds. 1988. The Molecular Biology of Bacterial Virus Systems. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Volume 136. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. OCLC 18590320, ISBN 0-387-18513-5 Jacob, F. 1988. The Statue Within: An Autobiography. Basic Books, New York. OCLC 17353378, ISBN 0-465-08222-X Jacob, F. La Statue intérieure [French: The Statue Within]. Editions Odile Jacob, Paris Fischer, E. P., and C. Lipson. 1988. Thinking About Science: Max Delbrück and the Origins of Molecular Biology. W.W. Norton & Co., New York. OCLC 16277429, ISBN 0-393-02508-X Calendar, R. 1988. The Bacteriophages. Volume I Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 18686137 Calendar, R. 1988. The Bacteriophages. Volume II Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 17675040 Goyal, S. M., C.


id: phage-monographs-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-3.md
category: reference
title: Phage monographs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phage-monographs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Books published in the 1970s === Ratner, V. A., ed. 1979. Matematicheskie Modeli Molekuliyarno-Geneticheskikh Sistem Upravleniya. [Russian; Mathematical Models of Molecular Genetic Regulatory Systems]. Ed. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Novosibirsk, Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov, Moscow. OCLC 7733759 Stahl, F. W. 1979. Genetic Recombination: Thinking About it in Phage and Fungi. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. OCLC 4956846, ISBN 0-7167-1037-4 Pulverer, G., P. B. Heczko, and G. Peters. 1979. Phage-Typing of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference, Cologne, September 16–18, 1977. G. Fischer, Stuttgart. OCLC 5105577 Denhardt, D. T., D. Dressler, and D. S. Ray. 1978. The Single-Stranded DNA Phages. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 4491528, ISBN 0-87969-122-0 Fraenkel-Conrat, H., and R. R. Wagner. 1977. Comprehensive Virology: Reproduction of Bacterial DNA Viruses. Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 2331482, ISBN 0-306-35147-1 Primrose, S. B. 1976. Bacterial Transduction. Meadowfield Press Ltd., Durham, England. OCLC 3857517, ISBN 0-904095-23-1 Winkler, U., W. Rüger, and W. Wackernagel. 1976. Bacterial, Phage and Molecular Genetics. An Experimental Course, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin. OCLC 2121428, ISBN 0-387-07602-6 Douglas, J. 1975. Bacteriophages. p. 77-133. Chapman and Hall, London. OCLC 1176725 Zinder, N. D. 1975. RNA Phages. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 1582488,


id: phage-monographs-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-4.md
category: reference
title: Phage monographs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phage-monographs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Books published in the 1950s === Adams, M. H. 1959. Bacteriophages. Interscience, New York. OCLC 326505 Ho, N. B., Z. T. Si, and M. X. Yu. 1959. Bacteriophages from China. An Electron Microscopical Atlas. Science Press, Beijing. OCLC ??? Hercik, F. 1959. Biophysik der Bakteriophagen. VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin. [German; Biophysics of Bacteriophages] OCLC 15258981 Burnet, F. M., and W. M. Stanley. 1959. The Viruses: Biochemical, Biological and Biophysical Properties: Plant and Bacterial Viruses. Academic Press, New York. OCLC 326764 Raettig, H. 1958. Bakteriophagie, 1917 bis 1956; Zugleich en Vorschlag zur Dokumentation Wissenschaftlicher Literatur. G. Fischer, Stuttgart. [German; Bacteriophagy 1917 to 1956; At the Same Time a suggestion on the Documentation of Scientific Literature] OCLC 4309311 Terada, M. 1956. Studies on Bacterial Viruses. Naya Publishing Co., Tokyo. OCLC 1064505 Jacob, F. 1954. Les bactéries lysogènes et la notion de provirus. Masson, Paris. [French; The Lysogenic Bacteria and the Concept of the Provirus] OCLC 5780525 International Union of Biological Sciences. 1953. Le Bactériophage: Premier Colloque International. Institut Pasteur, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage: First International Conference] OCLC 11662838 Evans, E. A. 1952. Biochemical Studies of Bacterial Viruses. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. OCLC 3195879 Hedén, C.-G. 1951. Studies of


id: phage-monographs-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs-5.md
category: reference
title: Phage monographs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:13.348830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phage-monographs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Books published in the 1920s === d'Hérelle, F. 1929. Études sur le Choléra. Impr. A. Serafini, Alexandrie. [French; Studies on Asiatic Cholera] OCLC 15864352 Schuurman, C. J. 1927. Der Bakteriophage, eine Ultramikrobe; das D'Herellesche Phänomen. Rohrmoser, Bonn. [German; The Bacteriophage, an Ultramicrobe: the D'Hérelle phenomenon] OCLC 14743783 d'Hérelle, F. 1926. Le Bactériophage et son Comportement. Masson et Cie, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage and its Behavior] OCLC 11981307 d'Hérelle, F., and G. H. Smith. 1926. The Bacteriophage and Its Behavior. The Williams &Wilkins Co., Baltimore. OCLC 2394374 Hauduroy, P. 1925. Le Bactériophage de d'Hérelle. Librairie Le François, Paris. [French; The Bacteriophage of d'Hérelle] OCLC 17294190 d'Hérelle, F. 1924. Drie Voordrachten over het Verschijnsel der Bacteriophagie. J.B. Wolters, Groningen. [Dutch; Three presentations concerning the phenomenon of the bacteriophage] OCLC 17864544 d'Hérelle, F., and G. H. Smith. 1924. Immunity in Natural Infectious Disease. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. OCLC 586303 d'Hérelle, F. 1922. Der Bakteriophage und seine Bedeutung für die Immunität; nach einem erweiterten und verbesserten. F. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig. [German; The Bacteriophage and its Meaning for Immunity: toward an extended and improved text of the author's translation] OCLC 36920828 d'Hérelle, F. 1922. The Bacteriophage: Its Role in Immunity. Williams and


id: list-of-books-about-the-politics-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_politics_of_science-0.md
category: reference
title: List of books about the politics of science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_politics_of_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:15.962480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-books-about-the-politics-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable books about the politics of science that have their own articles on Wikipedia. == Environment == Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (2010) by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway == Health == Liberation by Oppression (2002) by Thomas Szasz Mad in America (2002) by Robert Whitaker Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies Control Illness (2006) by Jacky Law Medical Apartheid (2007) by Harriet A. Washington Side Effects (2008) by Alison Bass Bad Science (2008) by Ben Goldacre Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health (2008) by David Michaels (epidemiologist) Anatomy of an Epidemic (2010) by Robert Whitaker Bad Pharma: How drug companies mislead doctors and harm patients (2012) by Ben Goldacre == Miscellaneous == Bending Science (2008) Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science (1983) Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in Physics Shook the Scientific World (2009) Science, Money, and Politics: Political Triumph and Ethical Erosion (2001) Science Under Siege: The Politicians' War on Nature and Truth (1998) The Great Betrayal: Fraud In Science (2004) The New


id: list-of-scholarly-publishing-stings-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scholarly_publishing_stings-0.md
category: reference
title: List of scholarly publishing stings
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scholarly_publishing_stings
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:18.817224+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-scholarly-publishing-stings-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of scholarly publishing "sting operations" such as the Sokal affair. These are nonsense papers that were accepted by an academic journal or academic conference; the list does not include cases of scientific misconduct. The intent of such publications is typically to expose shortcomings in a journal's peer review process or to criticize the standards of pay-to-publish journals. The ethics of academic stings are disputed, with some arguing that it is morally equivalent to other forms of fraud. == Notable examples == == Financial stings == The definition of a 'sting' can also include a researcher failing to pay publication fees. == See also == List of animals with fraudulent diplomas List of hoaxes List of religious hoaxes List of scientific misconduct incidents Predatory open-access publishing Parody science == References ==


id: list-of-scientific-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of scientific journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:20.146790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-scientific-journals-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a partial list of scientific journals. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past. The list given here is far from exhaustive, only containing some of the most influential, currently publishing journals in each field. As a rule of thumb, each field should be represented by fewer than ten positions, chosen by their impact factors and other ratings. Note: there are many science magazines that are not scientific journals, including Scientific American, New Scientist, Australasian Science and others. They are not listed here. For periodicals in the social sciences and humanities, see list of social science journals. == General and multidisciplinary science == == Basic and physical sciences == === Archaeology === === Astronomy and astrophysics === === Chemistry === === Earth and atmospheric sciences === === Materials science === === Mechanics === Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis === Physics === == Life sciences == === Biology in general === === Agriculture === === Bioinformatics === See List of bioinformatics journals === Biophysics and biochemistry === === Botany === === Chronobiology === Chronobiology International === Development === === Ecology


id: bibliography-of-sociology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-0.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of sociology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-sociology-20260505-0
summary:
This bibliography of sociology is a list of works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of sociology. Some of the works are selected from general anthologies of sociology, while other works are selected because they are notable enough to be mentioned in a general history of sociology or one of its subdisciplines. Sociology studies society using various methods of empirical investigation to understand human social activity, from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure. == Foundations == Comte, Auguste. 1865. Discours sur l'ensemble du positivisme [A General View of Positivism]. Marx, Karl. 1867. Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie Capital [Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]. Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. 1846. Die deutsche Ideologie [The German Ideology]. Weber, Max. 1904. Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus [The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]. Putting forward a thesis that Puritan ethic and ideas had influenced the development of capitalism, Weber observes religious devotion to usually be accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit. Weber addresses the paradox of why this was not the case within Protestantism. Du Bois, W. E. B. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro:


id: bibliography-of-sociology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-1.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of sociology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-sociology-20260505-0
summary:
Castells, Manuel 1972. The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach. Delany, Samuel R. 1999. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. Gottdiener, Mark, and Ray Hutchison. 2000. The New Urban Sociology. Hutter, Mark. 2007. Experiencing Cities: A Global Approach. Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. "[This book] became perhaps the most influential single work in the history of town planning, and simultaneously helped to kill off the modern movement in architecture." Molotch, Harvey, and John R. Logan. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political economy of Place. Turned mainstream sociological opinion against the Chicago school of Human Ecology by foregrounding the influence of institutions and political settings in the growth of cities. Park, Robert E., and Ernest W. Burgess. 1925. The City. Foundational text in American sociology, Chicago school, Urban sociology, and Human ecology. Simmel, Georg. 1903. The Metropolis and Mental Life. == Gender and Intersectionality == Bem, Sandra Lipsitz. 1994. Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. Chodorow, Nancy. 1978. The Reproduction of Mothering. Collins, Patricia Hill. 2005. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. — 2006. From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism. Connell, Raewyn W. 1987. Gender and


id: bibliography-of-sociology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology-2.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of sociology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:21.458700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-sociology-20260505-0
summary:
Bánáthy, Béla H. 1996. Designing Social Systems in a Changing World. Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. — (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Bateson, Gregory, and M. C. Bateson. 1988. Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred. László, Ervin. 1984. The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences. von Bertalanffy, Ludwig. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. Wiener, Norbert. 1948. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. === Structural Functionalism === Structural functionalism is a broad perspective that interprets society as a structure with interrelated parts. Durkheim, Emile. 1897. Le Suicide: étude de sociologie [Suicide: A Study in Sociology]. Parsons, Talcott. 1937. The Structure of Social Action. — 1951. The Social System. Parsons, Talcott, and Edward A. Shils. 1951. Toward a General Theory of Action: Theoretical Foundations for the Social Sciences. === Symbolic Interactionism === Symbolic interactionism argues that human behavior is guided by the meanings people construct together in social interaction. Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Cooley, Charles Horton. 1902. Human Nature and the Social Order. Mead, George Herbert.


id: bibliography-of-sustainability-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability-0.md
category: reference
title: Bibliography of sustainability
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sustainability
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:24.102868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bibliography-of-sustainability-20260505-0
summary:
This is a bibliography of sustainability publications. == Bibliography == Atkinson, G., Dietz, S. & Neumayer, E. (2007). Handbook of Sustainable Development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84376-577-6. Bartlett, A. (1998). Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment—Revisited Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine revised version (January 1998) paper first published in Population & Environment 16(1): 5–35. Retrieved on: 2009-03-12. Braungart, M., and W. McDonough (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press. Benyus, J. (1997). Biomimicry: Innovations Inspired by Nature. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-053322-6. Blackburn, W.R. (2007). The Sustainability Handbook. London: Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-495-2. Costanza, R., Graumlich, L.J. & Steffen, W. (eds), (2007). Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03366-4. Edwards, A.R., and B. McKibben (2010). Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society, New Society Publishers. Encyclopedia of Earth Formica, P. (2020). Nature's Voice: Health and Humanities Chicago: bioGraph. ISBN 1951946103. Komiyama, Hiroshi; Kraines, Steven Benjamin (2008). Vision 2050: Roadmap for a Sustainable Earth. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-4-431-09430-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the


id: list-of-research-stations-in-the-arctic-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic-0.md
category: reference
title: List of research stations in the Arctic
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:25.954162+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-stations-in-the-arctic-20260505-0
summary:
A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in the Arctic. Also known as Arctic bases, polar stations or ice stations, these bases are widely distributed across the northern polar region of Earth. Historically few research stations have been permanent. Most of them were temporary, being abandoned after the completion of the project or owing to lack of funding to continue the research. Some of these were military or listening posts created as a result of the proximity of the U.S. and Soviet Union to each other's landmass across the polar region. Ice stations are constructed on land or on ice that rests on land, while others are drifting ice stations built on the sea ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. == Research stations == === Drifting ice stations === == In fiction == Ice Station Zebra (novel), by Alistair MacLean Ice Station Zebra (1968 film) Ice Station Zebra a song by Jack White on Boarding House Reach Ice Station, by Matthew Reilly Ice Station -- Impossible!, an episode of The Venture Bros. Ice Station Santa, an episode of Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space == Gallery == == See also == List of Arctic research


id: outline-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:27.186902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to clinical research: Clinical research is the aspect of biomedical research that addresses the assessment of new pharmaceutical and biological drugs, medical devices and vaccines in humans. == General topics == Clinical significance – a conclusion that an intervention has an effect that is of practical meaning to patients Drug discovery – the identification of candidates, synthesis, characterization, screening, and assays for therapeutic efficacy Drug development – the process of taking a new chemical through the stages necessary to allow testing in clinical trials Biotechnology – the technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use Biopharmaceutical – a drug produced using biotechnology Clinical trial – an experiment with human subjects to assess safety and efficacy of drugs Academic clinical trials – clinical trials run at academic centers (e.g., medical schools, academic hospitals, and universities) Clinical trials unit – biomedical research units dedicated to conducting clinical trials Epidemiology – the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations Epidemiological methods – statistical techniques used in epidemiology Evidence-based medicine – the assessment of the quality of evidence relevant


id: outline-of-clinical-research-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of clinical research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:27.186902+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-clinical-research-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable clinical studies == British Doctors Study – in 1956 provided convincing statistical proof that tobacco smoking increased the risk of lung cancer. Framingham Heart Study – a cardiovascular study based in Framingham, Massachusetts, which began in 1948 with 5,209, and is now on its third generation of participants. Heart Protection Study – the largest study to investigate the use of statins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. International Studies of Infarct Survival – four randomized controlled trials of several drugs for treating suspected acute myocardial infarction. Intersalt study – a landmark observational study that showed a strong association between dietary salt and risk of cardiovascular disease. JUPITER trial – the first clinical trial to demonstrate that statin therapy may provide benefit to patients with low-to-normal LDL levels and no known cardiovascular disease. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study – a study of over 6,000 men infected with HIV that has been ongoing for over 25 years Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study – a controlled study of the effects of malaria on the inmates of Stateville Penitentiary near Joliet, Illinois. Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male – a clinical study, conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama studied


id: list-of-muisca-research-institutes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Muisca research institutes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:28.520598+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-muisca-research-institutes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of institutes providing research into the Muisca. The three most important universities in Bogotá have a department of anthropology to study the indigenous cultures of Colombia. While international research compared to the Inca, Aztec and Maya is quite limited, various other universities have provided knowledge about the Muisca and their culture. == List Muisca research institutes == == See also == List of Muisca museum collections, Muisca scholars, Muisca sites List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca Muisca Confederation Muysccubun == References ==


id: index-of-soil-related-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of soil-related articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:30.191705+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-soil-related-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an index of articles relating to soil. == A == Acid sulfate soil - Acrisol - Active layer - Agricultural soil science - Akadama - Albeluvisols - Alfisols - Alkali soil - Andisols - Angle of repose - Antigo (soil) - Anthrosol - Aridisols - Atriplex - Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated - == B == Baer's law - Bama (soil) - Barren vegetation - Base-richness - Bay mud - Bearing capacity - Bentonite - Berkshire (soil) - Bevameter - Biochar - Biogeology - Blandford (soil) - Blue goo - Bog - Brickearth - Brown earth - Brown podzolic == C == Calcareous grassland - Calcareous - Calciorthid - Calcisols - Cambisols - Canada Land Inventory - Capacitance probe - Carbon cycle re-balancing - Casa Grande (soil) - Cation-exchange capacity - Cellular confinement - Cecil (soil) - Characterisation of pore space in soil - Charlottetown (soil series) - Chernozem - Clay - Claypan - Cob (material) - Cohesion (geology) - Compressed earth block - Consolidation (soil) - Contour ploughing - Critical state soil mechanics == D == Darcy (unit) - Darcy's law - Darcy–Weisbach equation - Dark earth - Dispersion (geology) - Downer (soil) - Downhill creep


id: nasa-clean-air-study-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study-0.md
category: reference
title: NASA Clean Air Study
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:31.452890+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nasa-clean-air-study-20260505-0
summary:
The NASA Clean Air Study was a project led by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in association with the Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) in 1989, to research ways to clean the air in sealed environments such as space stations. Its results suggested that, in addition to absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis, certain common indoor plants may also provide a natural way of removing volatile organic pollutants (benzene, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene were tested). These results are not applicable to typical buildings, where outdoor-to-indoor air exchange already removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a rate that could only be matched by the placement of 10–1000 plants/m2 of a building's floor space. The results also failed to replicate in future studies, with a 2014 review stating that: While the plant's ability to take up VOCs is well documented in laboratory studies, the effect of plants on indoor air in complex environments like offices requires further investigations to clarify the full capacity of plants in real-life settings. == List of plants studied == The following plants were tested during the initial 1989 study: Variegated snake plant / mother-in-law's tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata laurentii) English ivy (Hedera helix) Peace


id: list-of-soil-scientists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of soil scientists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:32.769451+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-soil-scientists-20260505-0
summary:
A soil scientist is a contributor to soil science. Soil scientists include agronomists, pedologists and soil classifiers. The following is a list of notable soil scientists.


id: soil-texture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-0.md
category: reference
title: Soil texture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soil-texture-20260505-0
summary:
Soil texture is the identifying quality of the upper layer of earth, which is composed of sand, silt and clay.Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law. Soil texture has agricultural applications such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the soil to environmental and management conditions such as drought or calcium (lime) requirements. Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. The USDA soil taxonomy and WRB soil classification systems use 12 textural classes whereas the UK-ADAS system uses 11. These classifications are based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. == History == The first classification, the international system, was first proposed by Albert Atterberg in 1905 and was based on his studies in southern Sweden. Atterberg chose 20 μm for the upper limit of silt fraction because particles smaller than that size were not visible to the naked eye, the suspension could be coagulated by salts, capillary rise within 24 hours was most rapid in this fraction, and the pores between


id: soil-texture-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-1.md
category: reference
title: Soil texture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soil-texture-20260505-0
summary:
Hand analysis is a simple and effective means to rapidly assess and classify a soil's physical condition. Correctly executed, the procedure allows for rapid and frequent assessment of soil characteristics with little or no equipment. It is thus a useful tool for identifying spatial variation both within and between fields as well as identifying progressive changes and boundaries between soil map units (soil series). Texture by feel is a qualitative method, as it does not provide exact values of sand, silt, and clay. Although qualitative, the texture by feel flowchart can be an accurate way for a scientist or interested individual to analyze the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay. The texture by feel method involves taking a small sample of soil and making a ribbon. A ribbon can be made by taking a ball of soil and pushing the soil between the thumb and forefinger and squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking from its own weight. Measuring the length of the ribbon can help determine the amount of clay in the sample. After making a ribbon, excessively wet a small pinch of soil in the palm of


id: soil-texture-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-2.md
category: reference
title: Soil texture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soil-texture-20260505-0
summary:
=== Hydrometer method === Sedimentation analysis (e.g. pipette method, hydrometer) is commonly used in the soil industry or in geology to classify sediments.The hydrometer method was developed in 1927 and is still widely used today. The hydrometer method of determining soil texture is a quantitative measurement providing estimates of the percent sand, clay, and silt in the soil based on Stokes' law, which expresses the relationship between the settling velocity and particle size. According to this law the particles settle down because of the weight and gravity action. However, there are two additional forces acting in the opposite direction of particles's motion which determines the equilibrium condition at which the particle falls at a constant velocity called terminal velocity. The hydrometer method requires the use of sodium hexametaphosphate, which acts as a dispersing agent to separate soil aggregates. The soil is mixed with the sodium hexametaphosphate solution on an orbital shaker overnight. The solution is transferred to one liter graduated cylinders and filled with water. The soil solution is mixed with a metal plunger to disperse the soil particles. The soil particles separate based on size and sink to the bottom. Sand particles sink to the bottom of the cylinder


id: soil-texture-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture-3.md
category: reference
title: Soil texture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:34.101752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soil-texture-20260505-0
summary:
=== Laser Diffraction === Laser diffraction is a measurement technique for determining the particle size distribution of samples, either dispersed in a liquid or as a dry powder. The technique is based on light waves getting bent when encountering particles in a sample. The measured equivalent spherical diameter is the diameter of a sphere having on the cross-sectional area the same diffraction pattern as the investigated particle. The angle of diffraction depends on the particle size, hence the pattern of diffraction depends on the relative amounts of different particle sizes present in that sample. This diffraction pattern is then detected and analyzed by means of Mie and Fraunhofer diffraction models. The outcome of the measurement is a particle size distribution (PSD). By means of laser diffraction not only the particle size distribution and the corresponding volume weighted D-values can be determined but also the percentage of particles in the main size classes used for the soil classification. Compared to other techniques laser diffraction is a fast and cost-effective method to measure particle size and quickly analyze soil samples. A big advantage is the built-in dispersion (e.g. dispersion by air pressure or ultrasound dispersion) unit of laser diffraction instruments. Therefore, dry


id: list-of-state-soil-science-associations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_associations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of state soil science associations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_associations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:35.374032+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-state-soil-science-associations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a comprehensive list of state-level professional soil science associations in the United States. There is a US Consortium of Soil Science Associations that strives to increase work, communication and corporation between these associations and other soil scientist associations.lun == Associations == === A === Alabama - Professional Soil Classifiers Association of Alabama Alaska/Yukon Society of Professional Soil Scientists Arizona Arkansas Association of Professional Soil Classifiers === C === California - Professional Soil Scientists Association of California Colorado Connecticut - Society of Soil Scientists of Southern New England === D === Delaware === F === Florida Association of Environmental Soil Scientists === G === Georgia - Soil Science Society of Georgia === H === Hawaii === I === Idaho Soil Scientists Association Illinois Soil Classifiers Association Indiana Association of Professional Soil Classifiers Iowa Association of Professional Soil Classifiers === K === Kansas Association of Professional Soil Classifiers Kentucky Association of Soil Classifiers === L === Louisiana === M === Maine Maine Association of Professional Soil Scientists Maryland Maryland Association of Professional Soil Scientists Massachusetts - Society of Soil Scientists of Southern New England Michigan - Soil Classifiers Association of Michigan Minnesota Association of Professional Soil Scientists Mississippi - Professional


id: list-of-state-soil-science-licensing-boards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_licensing_boards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of state soil science licensing boards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_soil_science_licensing_boards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:36.639134+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-state-soil-science-licensing-boards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a complete list of soil science licensing boards in the United States. State licensing in this context refers to any state regulatory program which limits the professional practice of soil science within state jurisdiction to individuals qualified by the state. Registration and certification of professional soil scientists required by law is treated as licensure in the context of this list even when the term licensing is not utilized provided that the state uses that registration or certification to restrict professional practice of soil science. == State Licensing Programs == Alabama Board of Registration for Professional Soil Classifiers Arkansas Board of Registration for Professional Soil Classifiers Delaware Georgia Licensing Board for Professional Soil Scientists Indiana Indiana Registry of Soil Scientists Maine Board Of Certification For Geologists and Soil Scientists Minnesota Board of AELSLAGID Mississippi Bureau of Plant Industry Performs functions similar to a state licensing board. New Hampshire Board of Certification for Natural Scientists North Carolina Board for Licensing Soil Scientists North Dakota Board of Registration for Professional Soil Scientists South Carolina Soil Classifiers Advisory Council Performs functions similar to a state licensing board. Tennessee Texas Board of Professional Geoscientists Virginia Board for Professional Soil Scientists and Wetland Professionals


id: list-of-u-s-state-soils-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils-0.md
category: reference
title: List of U.S. state soils
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:37.962223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-u-s-state-soils-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of U.S. state soils. A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established. These official state soils share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds. Also, representative soils have been selected for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. == Table == == See also == List of state soil science associations List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia Soil in the United States == References == == External links == Official State Soils United States Dept. of Agriculture: State Soils


id: v-v-dokuchaev-central-museum-of-soil-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.V._Dokuchaev_Central_Museum_of_Soil-0.md
category: reference
title: V.V. Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.V._Dokuchaev_Central_Museum_of_Soil
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:39.272465+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: v-v-dokuchaev-central-museum-of-soil-20260505-0
summary:
V.V. Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil was founded in 1902 at Saint Petersburg by Vasilli Vasil'evich Dokuchaev (1846–1903). Commonly regarded as the father of Soil science, Dokuchaev started his extensive collection of soil samples in 1880. The first museum of soil sciences in the world, V.V. Dokuchaev Central Pedological Museum, opened in 1904, a year after his death. Some of the samples were collected as early as in 1902. Also, the soil monoliths for this collection were brought from around the world, from the Arctic to New Zealand. There are about 330 soil monoliths representing the global diversity of soils, with scientists' embarking on various expeditions to bring new monoliths every year. == References == == External links == Media related to V.V. Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil at Wikimedia Commons


id: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-0.md
category: reference
title: List of vineyard soil types
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:40.626247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-0
summary:
The soil composition of vineyards is one of the most important viticultural considerations when planting grape vines. The soil supports the root structure of the vine and influences the drainage levels and amount of minerals and nutrients that the vine is exposed to. The ideal soil condition for a vine is a layer of thin topsoil and subsoil that sufficiently retains water but also has good drainage so that the roots do not become overly saturated. The ability of the soil to retain heat and/or reflect it back up to the vine is also an important consideration that affects the ripening of the grapes. There are several minerals that are vital to the health of vines that all good vineyard soils have. These include calcium which helps to neutralize the soil pH levels, iron which is essential for photosynthesis, magnesium which is an important component of chlorophyll, nitrogen which is assimilated in the form of nitrates, phosphates which encourages root development, and potassium which improves the vine metabolisms and increases its health for next year's crop. == List of soil terms == Unless otherwise noted the primary reference for this list is Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 2005 === A–C === Albariza


id: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types-1.md
category: reference
title: List of vineyard soil types
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:40.626247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-vineyard-soil-types-20260505-0
summary:
=== I–Q === Keuper – Soil type consisting of marl and limestone common in Alsace, dating to the Upper Triassic period. Kimmeridgian soil – A gray-colored limestone-based soil originally identified in Kimmeridge, England. Kimmeridgian clay is calcareous clay containing Kimmeridgian limestone. This is the principal soil type of the Loire Valley, Champagne and Burgundy regions. Lignite – Soil type used as fertilizer in Germany and Champagne. It is a brown-colored carbonaceous soil that is intermediate between peat and coal. Limestone – Sediment-based soil consisting of carbonates. The most common colored limestone found in wine-producing area is buff-gray in color (with the exception of white chalk). The water-retention abilities vary by composition, but limestone is consistently alkaline and is generally planted with grapes of high acidity levels. This is the main soil type in the Zinnkoepflé region of Alsace. Llicorella – A soil type found in the Priorat appellation of Spain. The soil is a mix of slate and quartz that dates to the Paleozoic era. The soil is very porous and drains well. Syrah, Grenache and Carignan have done well in this soil type. Loam – Warm, soft, fertile soil composed of roughly equal amounts of silt, sand and clay.


id: list-of-technical-standard-organizations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-0.md
category: reference
title: List of technical standard organizations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:42.596402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-technical-standard-organizations-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of technical standardization organizations. == International standards organizations == 3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP2 – 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 ABYC – The American Boat & Yacht Council (ABYC is an international organization, despite its name) Accellera – Accellera Organization A4L – Access for Learning Community (formerly known as the Schools Interoperability Framework) AES – Audio Engineering Society AHRI – Air-conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute ASAM – Association for Automation and Measuring Systems ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE is an international organization, despite its name) ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM International – American Society for Testing and Materials ATIS – Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions AUTOSAR – AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture BIPM, CGPM, and CIPM – Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the related organizations established under the Metre Convention of 1875 CableLabs – Cable Television Laboratories CCC – Car Connectivity Consortium CCSDS – Consultative Committee for Space Data Sciences CIE – International Commission on Illumination CISPR – International Special Committee on Radio Interference CFA – Compact flash association DCMI – Dublin Core Metadata Initiative DDEX – Digital Data Exchange DMSC – Digital Metrology


id: list-of-technical-standard-organizations-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations-1.md
category: reference
title: List of technical standard organizations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organizations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:42.596402+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-technical-standard-organizations-20260505-0
summary:
Afghanistan – ANSA – Afghan National Standard Authority Algeria – IANOR – Institut algérien de normalisation Argentina – IRAM – Instituto Argentino de Normalización Armenia – SARM – National Institute of Standards and Quality Australia – SA – Standards Australia Austria – ASI – Austrian Standards International Bahrain – BSMD Bangladesh – BSTI – Bangladesh Standards and Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Barbados – BNSI – Barbados National Standards Institution Belarus – BELST – Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus Belgium – NBN – Bureau voor Normalisatie/Bureau de Normalisation (formerly: IBN/BIN) Belgium – BEC / CEB – The Belgian Electrotechnical Committee – Belgisch Elektrotechnisch Comité – Comité Electrotechnique Belge Bolivia – IBNORCA – Instituto Boliviano de Normalización y Calidad Botswana – BOBS – Botswana Bureau of Standards Bosnia and Herzegovina – BASMP – Institute for Standards, Metrology and Intellectual Property of Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil – ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas Brunei Darussalam – CPRU – Construction Planning and Research Unit, Ministry of Development Bulgaria – BDS – Bulgarian Institute for Standardization Canada SCC – Standards Council of Canada CSA – Canadian Standards Association Centre for Study of Insurance Operations Chile – INN – Instituto Nacional


id: list-of-atsc-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of ATSC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:43.860534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-atsc-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Below are the published ATSC standards for ATSC digital television service, issued by the Advanced Television Systems Committee. A/49: Ghost Canceling Reference Signal for NTSC (for adjacent-channel interference or co-channel interference with analog NTSC stations nearby) A/52B: audio data compression (Dolby AC-3 and E-AC-3) A/53E: "ATSC Digital Television Standard" (the primary document governing the standard) A/55: "Program Guide for Digital Television" (now deprecated in favor of A/65 PSIP) A/56: "System Information for Digital Television" (now deprecated in favor of A/65 PSIP) A/57A: "Content Identification and Labeling for ATSC Transport" (for assigning a unique digital number to each episode of each TV show, to assist DVRs) A/63: "Standard for Coding 25/50 Hz Video" (for use with PAL and SECAM-originated programming) A/64A "Transmission Measurement and Compliance for Digital Television" A/65C: "Program and System Information Protocol for Terrestrial Broadcast and Cable" (PSIP includes virtual channels, electronic program guides, and content ratings) A/68: "PSIP Standard for Taiwan" (defines use of Chinese characters via Unicode 3.0) A/69: recommended practices for implementing PSIP at a TV station A/70A: "Conditional Access System for Terrestrial Broadcast" A/71: "ATSC Parameterized Services Standard" A/72: "Video System Characteristics of AVC in the ATSC Digital Television System" (implementing H.264/MPEG-4 as well as


id: list-of-atsc-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: List of ATSC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATSC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:43.860534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-atsc-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Structure/ATSC 3.0 System Layers Bootstrap: System Discovery and Signalling Physical Layer: Transmission (OFDM) Link Layer Protocols: IP, MMT Presentation: Audio and Video standards (to be determined), Ultra HD with High Definition and standard-definition multicast, Immersive Audio Applications: Screen is a web page Finalized Standards A/200: Regional Service Availability (finalized on July 8, 2020) A/300: ATSC 3.0 A/321: System Discovery and Signalling A/322: Physical Layer Download A/323: Dedicated Return Channel for ATSC 3.0 (Physical Layer Upload/Download (Uplink/Downlink)) (accepted on 2 November 2017, finalized on December 7, 2018) A/324: Schedule and Studio-to-Transmitter Link (finalized on 5 January 2018) A/325: Recommended Practice: TG3/S32 Lab Performance Test Plan A/326: Field Test Plan (Recommended Practice) A/330: Link Layer Protocol A/331: Signaling, Delivery, Synchronization, and Error Protection (finalized on 6 December 2017) A/332: Service Announcement A/333: Service Usage Reporting A/334: Audio Watermark Emission A/335: Video Watermark Emission A/336: Content Recovery in Redistribution Scenarios A/337: Application Signaling (finalized on January 2, 2018) A/338: Companion Device A/339:2017, “ATSC Recommended Practice: Audio Watermark Modification and Erasure” A/341: Video Standard (H.265, Scalable HEVC with HDR) A/341:2018, “Video – HEVC, With Amendments No. 1 and No. 2″ (Approved January 24, 2018. Amendment No. 1 approved March 9, 2018. Amendment No. 2


id: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of body armor performance standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Body armor performance standards are lists generated by national authorities, of requirements for armor to perform reliably, clearly indicating what the armor may and may not defeat. Different countries have different standards, which may include threats that are not present in other countries. == VPAM armor standard (International) == The VPAM scale as of 2009 runs from 1 to 14, with 1-5 being soft armor, and 6-14 being hard armor. Tested armor must withstand three hits, spaced 120 mm (4.7 inches) apart, of the designated test threat with no more than 25 mm (0.98 inches) of back-face deformation in order to pass. Of note is the inclusion of special regional threats such as Swiss P AP from RUAG and .357 DAG. According to VPAM's website, it is apparently used in France and Britain. The VPAM scale is as follows: == TR armor standard (Germany) == The Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten is a regulation guide in Germany for body armor. It is mainly issued for body armor used by the German police, but also for the German armed forces and civilian available body armor. Producers have to meet the criteria of the TR, if they want to participate in open


id: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: List of body armor performance standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-0
summary:
=== Conditioned armor === Some armor tested under NIJ Standard-0101.07 is conditioned before testing, meaning it has been subjected to stress factors such as submersion, vibration, or impacts. These stress factors have been shown in some cases to degrade the performance of some armor material. The test-round velocity for conditioned armor is the same as that for unconditioned armor during testing, whereas in the previous standard the velocities would have varied. For example, under NIJ Standard-0101.06, conditioned Level IIIA would have been shot with a .44 Magnum round at 408 m/s (1,340 ft/s), while unconditioned Level IIIA would have been shot at 436 m/s (1,430 ft/s). Under NIJ Standard-0101.07, the velocity used for testing conditioned and unconditioned armor is the same. Armor conditioning procedures are outlined in ASTM E3078 Standard Practice for Conditioning of Hard Armor Test Items. Generally, textile armor material temporarily degrades when wet. As a result of this, the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor. Mechanisms for this loss of performance are not known. Neutral water at room temp has not been shown in testing to negatively affect the performance of para-aramid or UHMWPE but acidic, basic and some other solutions can permanently


id: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-2.md
category: reference
title: List of body armor performance standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== Ballistic testing V50 and V0 == Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the kinetic energy of a bullet at impact (Ek = 1⁄2 mv2). Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity, velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing. For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor. Measuring this zero penetration velocity (v0) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability. Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few. Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0. If for example, the v0 of an armor design is measured to be 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots, the test is only an estimate of the real v0 of this armor. The problem is variability. If the v0 is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design, the result will not be identical. Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is


id: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards-3.md
category: reference
title: List of body armor performance standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:45.156234+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-body-armor-performance-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== BR1 - BR7 (EN 1063, or CEN 1063) == EN 1063, or CEN 1063, is a security glazing standard created by the European Committee for Standardization for measuring the protective strength of bullet-resistant glass. It is commonly used in conjunction with EN 1522 (Euronorm standard for Bullet Resistance in Windows, Doors, Shutters and Blinds) to form a ballistic classification system by which armored vehicles and structures are tested and rated. A similar classification system primarily used in the United States is NIJ Standard 0108, the U.S. National Institute of Justice's Standard for Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials which includes glass and armor plate. == Backing materials for testing == === Ballistic === One of the critical requirements in soft ballistic testing is measurement of "back side signature" (i.e. energy delivered to tissue by a non-penetrating projectile) in a deformable backing material placed behind the targeted vest. The majority of military and law enforcement standards have settled on an oil/clay mixture for the backing material, known as Roma Plastilena. Although harder and less deformable than human tissue, Roma represents a "worst case" backing material when plastic deformations in the oil/clay are low (less than 20 mm (0.79 in)). (Armor placed over


id: list-of-british-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of British Standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-british-standards-20260505-0
summary:
British Standards are the standards produced by BSI Group which is incorporated under a Royal Charter (and which is formally designated as the National Standards Body (NSB) for the UK). The BSI Group produces British Standards under the authority of the Charter, which lays down as one of the BSI's objectives to: Set up standards of quality for goods and services, and prepare and promote the general adoption of British Standards and schedules in connection therewith and from time to time to revise, alter and amend such standards and schedules as experience and circumstances require == Standards ==


id: list-of-british-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-1.md
category: reference
title: List of British Standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-british-standards-20260505-0
summary:
BS 0 A standard for standards specifies Development, Structure and Drafting of British Standards themselves. BS 1 Lists of Rolled Sections for Structural Purposes BS 2 Specification and Sections of Tramway Rails and Fishplates BS 3 Report on Influence of Gauge Length and Section of Test Bar on the Percentage of Elongation BS 4 Specification for Structural Steel Sections BS 5 Report on Locomotives for Indian Railways BS 6 Properties of Rolled Sections for Structural Purposes BS 7 Dimensions of Copper Conductors Insulated Annealed, for Electric Power and Light BS 8 Specification for Tubular Tramway Poles BS 9 Specification and Sections of Bull Head Railway Rails BS 10 Tables of Pipe Flanges BS 11 Specifications and Sections of Flat Bottom Railway Rails BS 12 Specification for Portland Cement BS 13 Specification for Structural Steel for Shipbuilding BS 14 Specification for Structural Steel for Marine Boilers BS 15 Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges, etc., and General Building Construction BS 16 Specification for telegraph material (insulators, pole fittings, etc.) BS 17 Interim Report on Electrical Machinery BS 18 Forms of Tensile Test Pieces BS 19 Report on Temperature Experiments on Field Coils of Electrical Machines BS 20 Report on BS Screw


id: list-of-british-standards-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-2.md
category: reference
title: List of British Standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-british-standards-20260505-0
summary:
BS 317 for Hand-Shield and Side Entry Pattern Three-Pin Wall Plugs and Sockets (Two Pin and Earth Type) BS 336 for fire hose couplings and ancillary equipment BS 372 for Side-entry wall plugs and sockets for domestic purposes (Part 1 superseded BS 73 and Part 2 superseded BS 317) BS 381 for colours used in identification, coding and other special purposes BS 476 for fire resistance of building materials / elements BS 499 Welding terms and symbols. BS 546 for Two-pole and earthing-pin plugs, socket-outlets and socket-outlet adaptors for AC (50–60 Hz) circuits up to 250V BS 857 for safety glass for land transport BS 970 Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes BS 984 Method for Determination of net mass of retail packages of knitting and rug yarns BS 987C Camouflage Colours BS 1088 for marine plywood BS 1192 for Construction Drawing Practice. Part 5 (BS1192-5:1998) concerns Guide for structuring and exchange of CAD data. BS 1361 for cartridge fuses for a.c. circuits in domestic and similar premises BS 1362 for cartridge fuses for BS 1363 power plugs BS 1363 for mains power plugs and sockets BS 1377 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering.


id: list-of-british-standards-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards-3.md
category: reference
title: List of British Standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:46.417226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-british-standards-20260505-0
summary:
BS 8647 Respiratory equipment - Full-face snorkel masks - Specification BS 8888 for engineering drawing and technical product specification BS 8900-1 Managing sustainable development of organizations. BS 8900-2 Managing sustainable development of organizations. Framework for assessment against BS 8900-1 BS 9997 Fire risk management systems. BS 9999 Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Code of practice BS 15000 for IT Service Management (ITIL), now ISO/IEC 20000 BS 3G 101 for general requirements for mechanical and electromechanical aircraft indicators BS 10008 best practice for the implementation and operation of electronic information management systems === BS EN standards === BS EN 12195 Load restraining on road vehicles. BS EN 15331:2011 Criteria for design, management and control of maintenance services for buildings BS EN ISO 41012 Facility management – Guidance on strategic sourcing and the development of agreements BS EN 60204 Safety of machinery BS EN 61184:2017 Bayonet lampholders, fourth edition. BS EN ISO 4210 – Cycles. Safety Requirements for Bicycles == References ==


id: cad-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: CAD standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:47.704786+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cad-standards-20260505-0
summary:
CAD standards are a set of guidelines for the appearance of computer-aided design (CAD) drawings and for how CAD data is organized, most prominently in architecture and engineering. The standards are intended to improve productivity and to facilitate the interchange of information between different organizations and computer platforms. In education, CAD standards may refer to skill requirements to be met for an individual's certification in CAD. == Background == Computer-aided design (CAD) made its first appearance in the mid-1960s and brought rapid technological change to the drafting and design professions. CAD systems evolved alongside developments in computer hardware and software, resulting in a wide range of CAD products by the 1980s. Multiple, overlapping CAD standards resulted from the need to address different issues in organization, appearance, and sharing of CAD files. In the United States, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) introduced its popular CAD Layer Guidelines in 1990. The National CAD Standard (NCS) was released in 1999, developed by the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) for 2D CAD organization. This brought together independent standards of the AIA, the Construction Specifications Institute, and the US Department of Defense Tri-Services CAD plotting standards. In data standardization, the International Alliance for


id: cad-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: CAD standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:47.704786+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cad-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== Product data quality == Product data quality (PDQ) is a field of product lifecycle management (PLM) relating to the quality of product data, particularly the geometrical and organizational quality of CAD data. Checkers, software that analyze CAD data formats, are often employed before and after data translation. The checkers can check the organization and quality of the data against internal company standards and international or industry standards. These checkers can be built into specific CAD packages or work on a number of CAD file formats. In 2006–07 Part 59 of STEP ISO 10303-59 Product data representation and exchange: Integrated generic resource: Quality of product shape data is under development. It defines how to represent quality criteria together with measurement requirements and representation of inspection results. == See also == Model based definition Construction Project Information Committee Uniclass ISO Standards Handbook – Technical drawings, a broad collection of all basic ISO drawing standards Vol.1 Technical drawings in general, ISBN 92-67-10370-9 Vol.2 Mechanical engineering drawings, construction drawings, drawing equipment, ISBN 92-67-10371-7 ISO 128 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation ISO 13567 Technical product documentation – Organization and naming of layers for CAD ISO 16792 Technical product documentation – Digital product definition data


id: coding-independent-code-points-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points-0.md
category: reference
title: Coding-independent code points
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding-independent_code_points
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:48.939133+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: coding-independent-code-points-20260505-0
summary:
Coding-independent code points (CICP) is a way to signal the properties of a video or audio stream. It can describe the color profile of videos (and still images) in a simpler way than the use of ICC profiles. It is defined in both ITU-T H.273 and ISO/IEC 23091-2. It is used by multiple codecs including AVC, HEVC, VVC, and AVIF. == Standardization == ITU-T H.273, for video. ISO/IEC 23001-8:2016, part of MPEG-B (system technologies). Later split into three parts: ISO/IEC 23091-1:2018, for systems. ISO/IEC 23091-2:2019, for video. (Revised by ISO/IEC 23091-2:2021). ISO/IEC 23091-3:2018, for audio. == Common CICP values == Common combinations of H.273 parameters are summarized in ITU-T Series H Supplement 19. == References ==


id: comparison-of-mobile-phone-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: Comparison of mobile phone standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:50.209254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: comparison-of-mobile-phone-standards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a comparison of standards of wireless networking technologies for devices such as mobile phones. A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s. == Issues == Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM, around 80–85% market share) and IS-95 (around 10–15% market share) were the two most prevalent 2G mobile communication technologies in 2007. In 3G, the most prevalent technology was UMTS with CDMA-2000 in close contention. All radio access technologies have to solve the same problems: to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users as efficiently as possible. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA for user and cell separation. UMTS, IS-95 and CDMA-2000 use CDMA. WiMAX and LTE use OFDM. Time-division multiple access (TDMA) provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is actually using the channel at a specific moment. This is analogous to time-sharing on a large computer server. Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) provides multiuser access by separating the used frequencies. This is used in GSM to separate cells, which


id: comparison-of-mobile-phone-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: Comparison of mobile phone standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:50.209254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: comparison-of-mobile-phone-standards-20260505-0
summary:
=== Disadvantages of IS-95 === Most technologies are patented and must be licensed from Qualcomm. Breathing of base stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. As the number of subscribers using a particular site goes up, the range of that site goes down. Because IS-95 towers interfere with each other, they are normally installed on much shorter towers. Because of this, IS-95 may not perform well in hilly terrain. USSD, PTT, concatenated/E-sms are not supported by IS-95/CDMA IS-95 covers a smaller portion of the world, and IS-95 phones are generally unable to roam internationally. Manufacturers are often hesitant to release IS-95 devices due to the smaller market, so features are sometimes late in coming to IS-95 devices. Even barring subsidy locks, CDMA phones are linked by ESN to a specific network, thus phones are typically not portable across providers. == Development of the market share of mobile standards == This graphic compares the market shares of the different mobile standards. In a fast-growing market, GSM/3GSM (red) grows faster than the market and is gaining market share, the CDMA family (blue) grows at about the same rate as the market, while other technologies (grey) are being phased out == Comparison of


id: list-of-wireless-network-protocols-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-0.md
category: reference
title: List of wireless network protocols
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:51.604989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-wireless-network-protocols-20260505-0
summary:
A wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, some in direct competition with one another, others designed for specific applications. Wireless technologies can be evaluated by a variety of different metrics of which some are described in this entry. Standards can be grouped as follows in increasing range order: Personal area network (PAN) systems are intended for short range communication between devices typically controlled by a single person. Some examples include wireless headsets for mobile phones or wireless heart rate sensors communicating with a wrist watch. Some of these technologies include standards such as ANT UWB, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Wireless USB. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN / WSAN) are, generically, networks of low-power, low-cost devices that interconnect wirelessly to collect, exchange, and sometimes act-on data collected from their physical environments - "sensor networks". Nodes typically connect in a star or mesh topology. While most individual nodes in a WSAN are expected to have limited range (Bluetooth, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, etc.), particular nodes may be capable of more expansive communications (Wi-Fi, Cellular networks, etc.) and any individual WSAN can span a wide geographical range. An example of a WSAN would be a collection of sensors arranged throughout an agricultural facility to monitor


id: list-of-wireless-network-protocols-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols-1.md
category: reference
title: List of wireless network protocols
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_protocols
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:51.604989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-wireless-network-protocols-20260505-0
summary:
== Peak bit rate and throughput == When discussing throughput, there is often a distinction between the peak data rate of the physical layer, the theoretical maximum data throughput and typical throughput. The peak bit rate of the standard is the net bit rate provided by the physical layer in the fastest transmission mode (using the fastest modulation scheme and error code), excluding forward error correction coding and other physical layer overhead. The theoretical maximum throughput for end user is clearly lower than the peak data rate due to higher layer overheads. Even this is never possible to achieve unless the test is done under perfect laboratory conditions. The typical throughput is what users have experienced most of the time when well within the usable range to the base station. The typical throughput is hard to measure, and depends on many protocol issues such as transmission schemes (slower schemes are used at longer distance from the access point due to better redundancy), packet retransmissions and packet size. The typical throughput is often even lower because of other traffic sharing the same network or cell, interference or even the fixed line capacity from the base station onwards being limited. Note that


id: list-of-computer-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:52.928274+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Computer hardware and software standards are technical standards instituted for compatibility and interoperability between software, systems, platforms and devices. == Hardware == == Software == == See also == List of RFCs List of device bandwidths Comparison of wireless data standards == References ==


id: list-of-din-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of DIN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DIN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:54.235719+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-din-standards-20260505-0
summary:
This is an incomplete list of DIN standards. The "STATUS" column gives the latest known status of the standard. If a standard has been withdrawn and no replacement specification is listed, either the specification was withdrawn without replacement or a replacement specification could not be identified. DIN stands for "Deutsches Institut für Normung", meaning "German institute for standardization". DIN standards that begin with "DIN V" ("Vornorm", meaning "pre-standard") are the result of standardization work, but because of certain reservations on the content or because of the divergence compared to a standard installation procedure of DIN, they are not yet published standards. == DIN 1 to DIN 999 == === DIN 1 to DIN 99 === === DIN 100 to DIN 199 === === DIN 200 to DIN 299 === === DIN 300 to DIN 399 === === DIN 400 to DIN 499 === === DIN 500 to DIN 599 === === DIN 600 to DIN 699 === === DIN 700 to DIN 799 === === DIN 800 to DIN 899 === === DIN 900 to DIN 999 === == DIN 1000 to DIN 9999 == === DIN 1000 to DIN 1999 === === DIN 2000 to DIN 2999 === ===


id: list-of-common-display-resolutions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_display_resolutions-0.md
category: reference
title: List of common display resolutions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_display_resolutions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:55.533997+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-common-display-resolutions-20260505-0
summary:
This article lists computer monitor, television, digital film, and other graphics display resolutions that are in common use. Most of them use certain preferred numbers. == Computer graphics == Pixel aspect ratio (PAR) The horizontal to vertical ratio of each pixel. Storage aspect ratio (SAR) The horizontal to vertical ratio of solely the number of pixels in each direction. Display aspect ratio (DAR) The combination (which occurs by multiplication) of both the pixel aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio giving the aspect ratio as experienced by the viewer. == Television and media == For television, the display aspect ratio (DAR) is shown, not the storage aspect ratio (SAR); analog television does not have well-defined pixels, while several digital television standards have non-square pixels. === Analog systems === === Digital standards === Many of these resolutions are also used for video files that are not broadcast. These may also use other aspect ratios by cropping otherwise black bars at the top and bottom which result from cinema aspect ratios greater than 16∶9, such as 1.85 or 2.35 through 2.40 (dubbed "Cinemascope", "21∶9" etc.), while the standard horizontal resolution, e.g. 1920 pixels, is usually kept. The vertical resolution is usually a multiple


id: drinking-water-quality-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: Drinking water quality standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:56.822367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: drinking-water-quality-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water. Water may contain many harmful constituents, yet there are no universally recognised and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where standards do exist, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may vary by up to ten times from one set of standards to another. Many countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes the European Drinking Water Directive and in the United States, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are the European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards. In Europe, this


id: drinking-water-quality-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: Drinking water quality standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:56.822367+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: drinking-water-quality-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Arsenic 10 μg/L Barium 10 μg/L Boron 2400 μg/L Chromium 50 μg/L Fluoride 1500 μg/L Selenium 40 μg/L Uranium 30 μg/L Organic species: Benzene 10 μg/L Carbon tetrachloride 4 μg/L 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000 μg/L 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300 μg/L 1,1-Dichloroethane 30 μg/L 1,2-Dichloroethene 50 μg/L Dichloromethane 20 μg/L Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 μg/L 1,4-Dioxane 50 μg/L Edetic acid 600 μg/L Ethylbenzene 300 μg/L Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 μg/L Nitrilotriacetic acid 200 μg/L Pentachlorophenol 9 μg/L Styrene 20 μg/L Tetrachloroethene 40 μg/L Toluene 700 μg/L Trichloroethene 20 μg/L Xylene 500 μg/L == Comparison of parametric values == The following table provides a comparison of a selection of parameters for concentrations listed by WHO, the European Union, EPA, and Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. Notes " indicates that no standard has been identified by editors of this article and ns indicates that no standard exists. μg/L = micrograms per litre, or 0.001 ppm; mg/L = 1 ppm, or 1000 μg/L. * means action level; not a concentration standard. A public water system exceeding the action level must implement "treatment techniques" which are enforceable procedures. ** TT (treatment technique). The public water system must certify that the combination of dose and monomer level does not exceed: acrylamide = 0.05%


id: list-of-ecma-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Ecma standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:58.196189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ecma-standards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of standards published by Ecma International, formerly the European Computer Manufacturers Association. == ECMA-1 – ECMA-99 == == ECMA-100 – ECMA-199 == == ECMA-200 – ECMA-299 == ECMA-205 – Commercially Oriented Functionality Class for Security Evaluation (COFC) ECMA-206 – Association Context Management including Security Context Management ECMA-208 – System-Independent Data Format - SIDF (same as ISO/IEC 14863) ECMA-209 ECMA-219 – Authentication and Privilege Attribute Security Application with related Key Distribution Functions - Part 1, 2 and 3 ECMA-231 ECMA-234 – Application Programming Interface for Windows ECMA-235 – The Ecma GSS-API Mechanism ECMA-246 – Specification of AIT-1 ECMA-258 ECMA-259 ECMA-262 – ECMAScript (ISO/IEC 16262) (standardised JavaScript) ECMA-286 ECMA-291 – Specification of AIT-1 with MIC Format ECMA-292 – Specification of AIT-2 with MIC Format == ECMA-300 – ECMA-399 == ECMA-307 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Generic Functional Protocol for the Support of Supplementary Services ECMA-308 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Transfer Supplementary Services ECMA-309 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Diversion Supplementary Services ECMA-316 – VXA ECMA-319 – Ultrium-1 ECMA-320 – Super DLT ECMA-326 – Corporate


id: list-of-eia-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EIA standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:24:59.473303+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-eia-standards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of American Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Standards. The EIA ceased operations on February 11, 2011, but the former sectors continue to serve the constituencies of EIA. EIA designated ECA to continue to develop standards for interconnect, passive and electro-mechanical (IP&E) electronic components under the ANSI-designation of EIA standards. All other electronic components standards are managed by their respective sectors. ECA is expected to merge with the National Electronic Distributors Association (NEDA) to form the Electronic Components Industry Association (ECIA). However, the EIA standards brand will continue for IP&E standards within ECIA. As currently authorized, any ANSI standard designated at ANSI EIA-xxx is developed and/or managed by ECA (and, in the future, ECIA). == 1–199 == TIA/EIA-41 Cellular Radiocommunications Intersystem Operations. EIA/TIA/IS-55 Recommended Minimum Performance Standards of 800 MHz Dual Mode Mobile Stations EIA/TIA/IS-66 Sectional Specification for Nonpressurized Fiber Optic Splice Closures EIA-96 TIA/EIA-136-310-A-1 TDMA Third Generation Wireless - Radio Link Protocol –1 JEP-143C Solid-State Reliability Assessment and Qualification Methodologies EIA-170/RS-170 Electrical Performance Standards-Monochrome Television Studio Facilities 01 November 1957. Note: EIA-170 only appears on the cover page of the document, internal pages are labeled RS-170 in the upper right corner. EIA-170/RS-170 applies only to monochrome (black


id: electrical-safety-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: Electrical safety standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_safety_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:00.915548+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: electrical-safety-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity. == History == The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility. In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace. Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association. == Lightning and earthing protection == Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent. === Earthing protection systems === TT system TN system IT system === Lightning protection systems === lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering


id: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of common EMC test standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-0
summary:
The following list outlines a number of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards which are known at the time of writing to be either available or have been made available for public comment. These standards attempt to standardize product EMC performance, with respect to conducted or radiated radio interference from electrical or electronic equipment, imposition of other types of disturbance on the mains supply by such equipment, and the sensitivity of such equipment to received interference. The legal status of these standards varies according to the jurisdiction. Standards called up by the European Union's EMC Directive effectively have the force of law in the EU. == IEC standards == The IEC standards on Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are mostly part of the IEC 61000 family. Below are some examples. IEC/TR EN 61000-1-1, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 1: General - Section 1: Application and interpretation of fundamental definitions and terms IEC/TR EN 61000-2-1, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section 1: Description of the environment - Electromagnetic environment for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public power supply systems IEC/TR EN 61000-2-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section 3: Description of the environment - Radiated and non-network-frequency-related conducted


id: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: List of common EMC test standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== CISPR standards == CISPR [1] is the acronym of Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radio, or the International Special Committee for Radio Protection of IEC. CISPR Standards aim to the protection of radio reception in the range 9 kHz to 400 GHz from interference caused by operation of electrical or electronic appliances and systems in the electromagnetic environment. CISPR standards cover product emission and immunity requirements as well as defining test methods and equipment. CISPR standards are divided into the following categories: [2] Basic Standards They give the general and fundamental conditions or rules for the assessment of EMC and related performance of all products, systems or installations, and serve as reference documents for CISPR Generic and Product (Family) Standards. Basic Standards are general and hence are not dedicated to specific product families or products; they relate to general information, to the disturbing phenomena and to the measurement or testing techniques. They do not contain any prescribed limits or any product/system related performance specifications. However, methods and guidance on how to generate appropriate limits for the protection of radio reception are given. The following are CISPR Basic EMC Standards: CISPR 16-1-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus


id: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-2.md
category: reference
title: List of common EMC test standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-0
summary:
CISPR 25, Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engine driven devices - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-board receivers. CISPR 32, Electromagnetic Compatibility of multimedia equipment – Emission requirements. CISPR 35, Electromagnetic Compatibility of multimedia equipment – Immunity requirements. CISPR 36, Electric and hybrid electric road vehicles - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers below 30 MHz. In the CISPR Guide, March 2021 there is a non-exhaustive selection list of products and the appropriate CISPR standards to be applied. == ISO standards == The following are ISO standards on automotive EMC issues. ISO 7637, Road vehicles - Electrical disturbances from conduction and coupling ISO 11452-1, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 1: General and definitions ISO 11452-2, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation source ISO 11452-3, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 3: On-board transmitter simulation ISO 11452-4, Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic


id: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards-3.md
category: reference
title: List of common EMC test standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_EMC_test_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:02.201472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-common-emc-test-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== European standards concerning immunity to electrical emissions == EN 50 082 part1 European immunity standard, part1: Domestic, commercial and light industry environment, replaced by EN61000-6-1 EN 50 082 part2 European immunity standard, part2: industrial environment, replaced by EN61000-6-2 EN 50 093 European, immunity to short dips in the power supply (brownouts) EN 55 020 European, immunity from radio interference of broadcast receivers EN 55 024 European immunity requirements for information technology equipment EN 55 101 older draft of immunity requirements for information technology equipment, replaced by EN 55 024 EN 50 081 part1 European Generic emission standard, part1: Domestic, commercial and light industry environment, replaced by EN61000-6-3 EN 50 081 part2 European immunity requirements for information technology equipment, replaced by EN61000-6-4 == American standards == FCC Part 15 regulates unlicensed radio-frequency transmissions, both intentional and unintentional. FCC Part 15 Subpart A contains a general provision that "devices may not cause interference and must accept interference from other sources." FCC Part 15 Subpart B US limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance, measuring radio waves accidentally emitted from devices not specifically designed to emit radio waves ("unintentional"), both directly ("radiated") and indirectly ("conducted") The rest of FCC Part 15


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
European Standards (abbreviated EN, from the German name Europäische Norm ("European standard")) are technical standards drafted and maintained by CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute).


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== EN 1–999 == EN 1: Flued oil stoves with vaporizing burners EN 2: Classification of fires EN 3: Portable fire extinguishers EN 14: Dimensions of bed blankets EN 19: Industrial valves – Marking of metallic valves EN 20: Wood preservatives. EN 26: Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for the production of domestic hot water EN 40: Lighting columns EN 40-1: Part 1: Definitions and terms EN 40-2: Part 2: General requirements and dimensions EN 40-3-1: Part 3-1: Design and verification - Specification for characteristic loads EN 40-3-2: Part 3-2: Design and verification - Verification by testing EN 40-3-3: Part 3-3: Design and verification - Verification by calculation EN 40-4: Part 4: Requirements for reinforced and prestressed concrete lighting columns EN 40-5: Part 5: Requirements for steel lighting columns EN 40-6: Part 6: Requirements for aluminium lighting columns EN 40-7: Part 7: Requirements for fibre reinforced polymer composite lighting columns EN 54: Fire detection and fire alarm systems EN 71: Safety of toys EN 81: Safety of lifts and escalators EN 115: Safety of escalators & Moving walks EN 131: Ladders EN 136: Respiratory protective devices – Full-face masks – Requirements, testing and marking EN 137: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Permissible deviations EN 391: Glued laminated timber - Delamination tests of glue lines EN 392: Glued laminated timber - Shear test of glue lines EN 397: Industrial safety helmets EN 402: Respiratory protective devices – Lung governed demand self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full face mask or mouthpiece assembly for escape – Requirements, testing, marking EN 403: Respiratory protective devices for self-rescue – Filtering devices with hood for escape from fire – Requirements, testing, marking EN 404: Respiratory protective devices for self-rescue – Filter self-rescuer from carbon monoxide with mouthpiece assembly EN 405: Respiratory protective devices – Valved filtering half masks to protect against gases or gases and particles – Requirements, testing, marking EN 407: Protective gloves against thermal risks (heat and/or fire) EN 408: Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some physical and mechanical properties EN 417: Non-refillable metallic cartridges for liquefied petroleum gases EN 420: Protective gloves – General requirements and test methods EN 421: Protective gloves against ionizing radiation and radioactive contamination EN 438: Decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL) sheets based on thermosetting resins. EN 440: "Welding consumables wire electrodes and deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== EN 1000–1989 == EN 1010-1: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Common requirements EN 1010-2: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Printing and varnishing machines including pre-press machinery EN 1010-3: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Cutting machines EN 1010-4: Safety of machinery. Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Bookbinding, paper converting and finishing machines EN 1010-5: Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for the design and construction of printing and paper converting machines. Machines for the production of corrugated board EN 1069: Water slides of 2 m height and more EN 1073-1: Protective clothing against solid airborne particles including radioactive contamination – Part 1: Requirements and test methods for compressed air line ventilated protective clothing, protecting the body and the respiratory tract EN 1073-2: Protective clothing against radioactive contamination – Part 2: Requirements and test methods for non-ventilated protective clothing against particulate radioactive contamination EN 1077: Helmets for alpine skiers and snowboarders EN 1078: Helmets for pedal cyclists and for users


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
EN 10002: Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing EN 10002-1: Method of Test at Ambient Temperature EN 10002-5: Method of testing at elevated temperatures EN 10024: Hot rolled taper flange I sections. Tolerances on shape and dimensions EN 10025: Hot rolled products of structural steels EN 10025-1: Part 1: General technical delivery conditions EN 10025-2: Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels EN 10025-3: Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels EN 10025-4: Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels EN 10025-5: Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance EN 10025-6:Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition EN 10027: Designation systems for steel. EN 10088-1 Stainless steels - Part 1: List of stainless steels EN 10088-2 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes EN 10088-3 Stainless steels - Part 3: Stainless steels - Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes EN 10088-4 Stainless


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-5.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== EN 11000–19999 == EN ISO 11393: Protective clothing for users of hand-held chainsaws EN ISO 11393-2: Part 2: Performance requirements and test methods for leg protectors (ISO 11393-2:2018) EN ISO 11393-4: Part 4: Performance requirements and test methods for protective gloves (ISO 11393-4:2018) EN ISO 11393-5: Part 5: Performance requirements and test methods for protective gaiters (ISO 11393-5:2018) EN ISO 11393-6: Part 6: Performance requirements and test methods for upper body protectors (ISO 11393-6:2018) EN 12021: Respiratory equipment – Compressed gases for breathing apparatus EN 12083: Respiratory protective devices – Filters with breathing hoses, (Non-mask mounted filters) – Particle filters, gas filters, and combined filters – Requirements, testing, marking EN 12102: Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages, heat pumps and dehumidifiers with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Measurement of airborne noise - Determination of the sound power level EN 12103: Resilient floor coverings - Agglomerated cork underlays - specification EN 12104: Resilient floor coverings - Cork floor tiles - Specification EN 12105: Resilient floor coverings - Determination of moisture content of agglomerated composition cork EN 12199: Resilient floor coverings. Specifications for homogeneous and heterogeneous relief rubber floor coverings EN 12221: Changing units for domestic use EN


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-6.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Safety and performance requirements EN 13231: Railway applications - Track - Acceptance of works EN 13231-1: Part 1: Works on ballasted track - Plain line, switches and crossings EN 13231-2: Part 2: Acceptance of reprofiling rails in plain line, switches, crossings, and expansion devices EN 13231-3: withdrawn, replaced by EN 13231-2 EN 13231-4: withdrawn, replaced by EN 13231-2 EN 13231-5: Part 5: Procedures for rail reprofiling in plain line, switches, crossings, and expansion devices EN 13260: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Wheelsets — Product requirements EN 13261: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Axles — Product requirements EN 13262: Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Wheels — Product requirements EN 13277: Protective equipment for martial arts EN 13277-1: Part 1: General requirements and test methods EN 13277-2: Part 2: Additional requirements and test methods for instep protectors, shin protectors and forearm protectors EN 13277-3: Part 3: Additional requirements and test methods for trunk protectors EN 13277-4: Part 4: Additional requirements and test methods for head protectors EN 13277-5: Part 5: Additional requirements and test methods for genital protectors and abdominal protectors EN 13277-6: Part 6: Additional requirements and test methods for breast protectors for females EN


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-7.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
EN 14120: Protective clothing – Wrist, palm, knee and elbow protectors for users of roller sports equipment – Requirements and test methods EN 14126: Protective clothing – Performance requirements and tests methods for protective clothing against infective agents EN 14143: Respiratory equipment – Self-contained re-breathing diving apparatus EN 14214: The pure biodiesel standard EN 14225: Diving suits EN 14225-1: Part 1: Wet suits – Requirements and test methods EN 14225-2: Part 2: Dry suits – Requirements and test methods EN 14225-3: Part 3: Actively heated or cooled suit systems and components – Requirements and test methods EN 14328: Protective clothing – Gloves and armguards protecting against cuts by powered knives – Requirements and test methods EN 14363: Railway applications — Testing and Simulation for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles — Running Behaviour and stationary tests EN 14387: Respiratory protective devices — Gas filter(s) and combined filter(s) — Requirements, testing, marking EN 14435: Respiratory protective devices – Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with half mask designed to be used with positive pressure only – Requirements, testing, marking EN 14450: Secure storage units — Requirements, classification and methods of test for resistance to burglary - Secure safe cabinets


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-8.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Fire resisting and/or smoke control characteristics EN 16114: Management consultancy services EN 16207: Railway applications — Braking — Functional and performance criteria of Magnetic Track Brake systems for use in railway rolling stock EN 16228: Drilling and foundation equipment – Safety EN 16228-1: Common requirements EN 16228-2: Mobile drill rigs for civil and geotechnical engineering, quarrying and mining EN 16228-3: Horizontal directional drilling equipment (HDD) EN 16228-4: Foundation equipment EN 16228-5: Diaphragm walling equipment EN 16228-6: Jetting, grouting and injection equipment EN 16228-7: Interchangeable auxiliary equipment EN 16247: Energy audits EN ISO 16321: Eye and face protection for occupational use EN ISO 16321-1: Part 1: General requirements (ISO 16321-1:2021) EN ISO 16321-2: Part 2: Additional requirements for protectors used during welding and related techniques (ISO 16321-2:2021) EN ISO 16321-3: Part 3: Additional requirements for mesh protectors (ISO 16321-3:2021) EN 16350: Protective gloves – Electrostatic properties EN 16404: Railway applications — Re-railing and recovery requirements for railway vehicles EN 16473: Firefighters helmets – Helmets for technical rescue EN 16716: Mountaineering equipment – Avalanche airbag systems – Safety requirements and test methods EN 16725: Railway applications — Track — Restoration and repair of manganese crossings EN 16729: Railway applications – Infrastructure –


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-9.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== EN 20000–49999 == EN ISO 20320: Protective clothing for use in Snowboarding – Wrist Protectors – Requirements and test methods (ISO 20320:2020) EN ISO 20345: Personal protective equipment – Safety footwear (ISO 20345:2021) EN ISO 20346: Personal protective equipment – Protective footwear (ISO 20346:2021) EN ISO 20347: Personal protective equipment – Occupational footwear (ISO 20347:2021) EN ISO 20349: Personal protective equipment – Footwear protecting against risks in foundries and welding EN ISO 20349-1: Part 1: Requirements and test methods for protection against risks in foundries (ISO 20349-1:2017) EN ISO 20349-2: Part 2: Requirements and test methods for protection against risks in welding and allied processes (ISO 20349-2:2017) EN ISO 20471: High visibility clothing – Test methods and requirements (ISO 20471:2013, Corrected version 2013-06-01) EN ISO 27065: Protective clothing – Performance requirements for protective clothing worn by operators applying pesticides and for re-entry workers (ISO 27065:2017) EN 28601: Data elements and interchange formats; information interchange; representation of dates and times EN 45011: General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems, replaced in 2012 by ISO/IEC 17065 Conformity assessment: Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services. EN 45502-1: Active implantable medical devices - Part 1: General requirements for safety, marking


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-10.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== EN 50000–59999 (CENELEC specific, non-IEC electrical standards) == EN 50022: 35 mm snap-on top-hat mounting rails for low-voltage switchgear (DIN rail) EN 50075: Europlug EN 50090: Home and Building Electronic Systems (KNX/EIB) EN 50102: Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts EN 50119: Railway applications - Fixed installations: Electric traction overhead contact lines for railways EN 50121: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility EN 50121-1: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility Part 1: General EN 50121-2: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 2 : emission of the whole railway system to the outside world EN 50121-3-1: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 3-1 : rolling stock - Train and complete vehicle EN 50121-3-2: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 3-2 : rolling stock - Apparatus EN 50121-4: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 4 : emission and immunity of the signaling and telecommunications apparatus EN 50121-5: Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 5: Emission and immunity of fixed power supply installations and apparatus EN 50122: Railway applications - Fixed installations EN 50122-1: Railway applications - Fixed installations - Electrical safety, earthing and the return circuit - Part 1: Protective provisions


id: list-of-en-standards-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards-11.md
category: reference
title: List of EN standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EN_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:03.512057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-en-standards-20260505-0
summary:
EN 60065: Audio, Video and similar electronics apparatus - Safety requirements. EN 60077: Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock EN 60950-1: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part1: General requirements EN 60950-21: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part21: Remote power feeding EN 60950-22: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part22: Equipment installed outdoors EN 60950-23: Information technology equipment - Safety - Part23: Large data storage equipment EN 61000-1-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Methodology for the achievement of functional safety of electrical and electronic systems including equipment with regard to electromagnetic phenomena EN 61000-1-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. The effects of high-altitude EMP (HEMP) on civil equipment and systems EN 61000-1-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz EN 61000-1-5: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. High power electromagnetic (HPEM) effects on civil systems EN 61000-1-6: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). General. Guide to the assessment of measurement uncertainty EN 61000-2-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public low-voltage power supply systems EN 61000-2-4: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances


id: list-of-fibre-channel-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Fibre Channel standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:04.865972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-fibre-channel-standards-20260505-0
summary:
== Fibre Channel == 2005 FC-SATA (under development) FC-PI-2 INCITS 404 2004 FC-SP ANSI INCITS 1570-D FC-GS-4 (Fibre Channel Generic Services)ANSI INCITS 387. Includes the following standards: FC-GS-2 ANSI INCITS 288 (1999) FC-GS-3 ANSI INCITS 348 (2001) FC-SW-3 INCITS 384. Includes the following standards: FC-SW INCITS 321 (1998) FC-SW-2 INCITS 355 (2001) FC-DA INCITS TR-36. Includes the following standards: FC-FLA INCITS TR-20 (1998) FC-PLDA INCITS TR-19 (1998) 2003 FC-FS INCITS 373. Includes the following standards: FC-PH ANSI X3.230 (1994) FC-PH-2 ANSI X3.297 (1997) FC-PH-3 ANSI X3.303 (1998) FC-BB-2 INCITS 372 FC-SB-3 INCITS 374. Replaces: FC-SB ANSI X3.271 (1996) FC-SB-2 INCITS 374 (2001) 2002 FC-VI INCITS 357 FC-MI INCITS/TR-30 FC-PI INCITS 352 2001 FC-SB-2 INCITS 374. Replaced by: FC-SB-3 INCITS 374 (2003) FC-SW-2 INCITS 355. Replaced by: FC-SW-3 INCITS 384 (2004) FC-GS-3 ANSI INCITS 348. Replaced by: FC-GS-4 ANSI INCITS 387 (2004) 1999 FC-AL-2 INCITS 332 FC-TAPE INCITS TR-24 FC-GS-2 ANSI INCITS 288 (1999). Replaced by: FC-GS-4 ANSI INCITS 387 (2004) 1998 FC-PH-3 ANSI X3.303. Replaced by: FC-FS INCITS 373 (2003) FC-FLA INCITS TR-20. Replaced by: FC-DA INCITS TR-36 (2004) FC-PLDA INCITS TR-19. Replaced by: FC-DA INCITS TR-36 (2004) FC-SW INCITS 321. Replaced by: FC-SW-3 INCITS 384 (2004) 1997 FC-PH-2 ANSI


id: list-of-gost-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of GOST standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:06.115437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-gost-standards-20260505-0
summary:
GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) refers to a set of international technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). GOST standards were originally developed by the government of the Soviet Union as part of its national standardization strategy. The word GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) is an acronym for gosudarstvennyy standart (Russian: государственный стандарт), which means state standard or governmental standard. == GOST Standards == GOST 2.109-73: Unified system for design documentation. Basic requirements for drawing GOST 2.123-93: Unified system for design documentation. Sets of design documents for printing plates under automated design GOST 7.67-94: System of standards on information librarianship and publishing. Codes of names of countries GOST 7.79-2000: Standard for transliteration from Cyrillic to Latin script for use on the internet, for speakers of languages that are normally written in Cyrillic script but who do not have access to a Cyrillic keyboard. GOST 2187-79: Diving weights. Specifications GOST 2817-45: Transparent sublayer photographic materials. Method of general sensitometric test GOST 2583-70: Manganese-zinc dry galvanic cells. Technical specifications. GOST 3303-82: Rubber hot-water bottles GOST 4805-49: Rubber boots GOST 5284-84: Canned meat "stewed beef" GOST


id: interactive-television-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: Interactive television standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:07.444979+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: interactive-television-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Interactive television standards are standards for television broadcasting that are designed to add modes of interaction and feedback mechanisms, thereby extending the traditional television experience. == History == Interactive television was first standardized in the 1980s with Teletext, used in analog television. This standard, which simply added data to invisible scan lines, allowed limited interaction with television sets to visualize extra textual and numerical information, such as show schedules and weather data, as well as optional subtitles. Today, the technology has developed to a point that allows for a more complex, bidirectional communication. Early private broadcasters, such as Canal+, were the first to adopt this new form and have continued to develop it over the years. As the analog format became obsolete, the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) project was developed, which digitalized public television, in competition with private broadcasters. Among its new features was interactive menus, which (as in private broadcasting) gave information to the user and allowed them to adapt the product for their own needs. This interaction is possible due to Set-top-Boxes (STBs), television decoders that are able to receive a digital signal, decode it, and display it through an analogue television set. This device allows analog users


id: interactive-television-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: Interactive television standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:07.444979+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: interactive-television-standards-20260505-0
summary:
1. Interactive Broadcast: incorporates bidirectional communications via a backward IP channel towards the STB, allowing the download of applications. 2. Enhanced Broadcast Profile: interactive applications are downloaded via broadcasting. This does not incorporate a backward channel into the STB. 3. Internet Access: The STB itself processes internet content, without broadcasting. There exist two versions that cover the mentioned profiles: MHP 1.0 covers the first two profiles. This version is used most by modern receivers, and the majority implement the Interactive Broadcast profile. Many countries such as Spain, Italy and Finland have adopted it into their DTV's interactive services. MHP 1.1 covers all three profiles, but it is not found in most commercial receivers because there are limited compatible protocols. === OCAP === The American company CableLabs collaborated with DVB for the creation of a new open standard, which led to the acceptance of MHP as a base for OCAP standard (OpenCable Application Platform), in January 2002. With MHP as its center, OCAP provides a common specification for the middleware layer in the cable systems within the United States. Since DVB standards are not used in the United States, OCAP is based on parts that are not DVB-specific, replacing DVB-specific parts


id: list-of-international-common-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of international common standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:08.846255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-international-common-standards-20260505-0
summary:
A list of international common and basic technical standards, which have been established worldwide and are related by their frequent and widespread use. These standards are conventionally accepted as best practice and used globally by industry and organizations. In circumstances and situations there are certain methods and systems that are used as benchmarks, guidelines or protocols for communication, measurement, orientation, reference for information, science, symbols and time. These standards are employed to universally convey meaning, classification and to relate details of information. The standards listed may be formal or informal and some might not be recognised by all governments or organizations. == Communication == Braille International Code of Signals International Maritime Signal Flags International Phonetic Alphabet In radio communications Radiotelephony procedure Procedure word International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet Aeronautical Code signals Maritime Mobile Service Q Codes Standard Marine Communication Phrases Brevity code Q code Call sign In electronics Unicode == Agriculture & Manufacturing == ISO 216 or A4 paper Codex Alimentarius == Measurement == International System of Units Standard mathematical notation Metric system == Reference for information == Barcode International Standard Book Number QR code Uniform resource locator vCard In geographical location Cartography Geotagging Geographic coordinate system == Science == Medical


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC; French: Commission électrotechnique internationale) is an international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies within electrotechnology. The numbers of older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000; for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027. IEC standards often have multiple sub-part documents; only the main title for the standard is listed here.


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-1.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
IEC 60027 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology IEC 60028 International standard of resistance for copper IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machines IEC 60038 IEC Standard Voltages IEC 60041 Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines IEC 60044 Instrument transformers IEC 60045 Steam turbines IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary IEC 60051 Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and their accessories IEC 60052 Voltage measurement by means of standard air gaps IEC 60055 Paper-insulated metal-sheathed cables for rated voltages up to 18/30 kV (with copper or aluminium conductors and excluding gas-pressure and oil-filled cables) IEC 60059 IEC standard current ratings IEC 60060 High-voltage test techniques IEC 60061 Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the control of interchangeability and safety IEC 60062 Marking codes for resistors and capacitors IEC 60063 Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors IEC 60064 Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes – Performance requirements IEC 60065 Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements IEC 60067 Dimensions of electronic tubes and valves IEC 60068 Environmental testing IEC 60071 Insulation co-ordination IEC 60072 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines IEC


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-2.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
resistivity IEC 60250 Recommended methods for the determination of the permittivity and dielectric dissipation factor of electrical insulating materials at power, audio and radio frequencies including metre wavelengths IEC 60252 AC motor capacitors IEC 60254 Lead-acid traction batteries IEC 60255 Measuring relays and protection equipment IEC 60258 Direct acting recording electrical measuring instruments and their accessories IEC 60261 Sealing test for pressurized waveguide tubing and assemblies IEC 60263 Scales and sizes for plotting frequency characteristics and polar diagrams IEC 60264 Packaging of winding wires IEC 60268 Sound system equipment IEC 60269 Low-voltage fuses IEC 60270 High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements IEC 60273 Characteristic of indoor and outdoor post insulators for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1000 V IEC 60276 Definitions and nomenclature for carbon brushes, brush-holders, commutators and slip-rings IEC 60282 High-voltage fuses IEC 60286 Packaging of components for automatic handling IEC 60287 Electric cables – Calculation of the current rating IEC 60294 Measurement of the dimensions of a cylindrical component with axial terminations IEC 60296 Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear IEC 60297 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Dimensions of mechanical structures of the 482,6 mm (19 in)


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-3.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
systems – Characteristics of insulator units of the long rod type IEC 60434 Aircraft electrical filament lamps IEC 60436 Electric dishwashers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance IEC 60437 Radio interference test on high-voltage insulators IEC 60439 Low voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies (withdrawn) IEC 60440 Method of measurement of non-linearity in resistors IEC 60441 Photometric and colorimetric methods of measurement of the light emitted by a cathode-ray tube screen IEC 60442 Electric toasters for household and similar purposes – Methods for measuring the performance IEC 60444 Measurement of quartz crystal unit parameters by zero phase technique in a pi-network IEC 60445 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification – Identification of equipment terminals, conductor terminations and conductors IEC 60446 Wiring colours (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 60445:2010) IEC 60447 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification – Actuating principles IEC 60450 Measurement of the average viscometric degree of polymerization of new and aged cellulosic electrically insulating materials IEC 60454 Specifications for pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes for electrical purposes IEC 60455 Resin based reactive compounds used for electrical insulation IEC 60456 Clothes washing machines for household use – Methods for measuring the


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-4.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
bridges for measuring resistance IEC 60565 Underwater acoustics – Hydrophones – Calibration in the frequency range 0,01 Hz to 1 MHz IEC 60567 Oil-filled electrical equipment – Sampling of gases and analysis of free and dissolved gases – Guidance IEC 60568 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – In-core instrumentation for neutron fluence rate (flux) measurements in power reactors IEC 60570 Electrical supply track systems for luminaires IEC 60571 Railway applications – Electronic equipment used on rolling stock IEC 60574 Audio-visual, video and television equipment and systems (withdrawn) IEC TR 60575 Thermal-mechanical performance test and mechanical performance test on string insulator units IEC 60580 Medical electrical equipment – Dose area product meters IEC 60581 High fidelity audio equipment and systems: Minimum performance requirements IEC 60584 Thermocouples IEC 60587 Electrical insulating materials used under severe ambient conditions – Test methods for evaluating resistance to tracking and erosion IEC 60588 Askarels for transformers and capacitors IEC 60589 Methods of test for the determination of ionic impurities in electrical insulating materials by extraction with liquids IEC 60590 Determination of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of new mineral insulating oils IEC 60598 Luminaires IEC 60599 Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment in service – Guidance


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-5.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
electrical quantities to analogue or digital signals IEC 60689 Measurement and test methods for tuning fork quartz crystal units in the range from 10 kHz to 200 kHz and standard values IEC 60691 Thermal-links – Requirements and application guide IEC 60692 Nuclear instrumentation – Density gauges utilizing ionizing radiation – Definitions and test methods IEC 60694 Common Specifications For High-Voltage Switchgear and Control gear Standards (Withdrawn, replaced by IEC 62271-1:2007) IEC 60695 Fire hazard testing IEC 60700 Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission IEC 60702 Mineral insulated cables and their terminations with a rated voltage not exceeding 750 V IEC 60703 Test methods for electroheating installations with electron guns IEC 60704 Household and similar electrical appliances – Test code for the determination of airborne acoustical noise IEC 60705 Household microwave ovens – Methods for measuring performance IEC 60706 Maintainability of equipment IEC 60708 Low-frequency cables with polyolefin insulation and moisture barrier polyolefin sheath IEC 60709 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Separation IEC 60712 Helical-scan video-tape cassette system using 19 mm (3/4 in) magnetic tape, known as U-format IEC 60713 Subroutines for CAMAC IEC 60715 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-6.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
systems having a rated voltage up to and including 1 000 V IEC 60832 Live working – Insulating sticks and attachable devices IEC 60834 Tele-protection equipment of power systems – Performance and testing IEC 60835 Methods of measurement for equipment used in digital microwave radio transmission systems IEC 60836 Specifications for unused silicone insulating liquids for electrotechnical purposes IEC 60838 Miscellaneous lampholders IEC 60839 Alarm and electronic security systems IEC 60840 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) up to 150 kV (Um = 170 kV) – Test methods and requirements IEC 60841 Audio recording – PCM encoder/decoder system IEC 60843 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 8 mm magnetic tape – 8 mm video IEC 60846 Radiation protection instrumentation – Ambient and/or directional dose equivalent (rate) meters and/or monitors for beta, X and gamma radiation IEC 60848 GRAFCET specification language for sequential function charts IEC 60849 Sound Systems for Emergency Purposes (withdrawn) IEC 60850 Railway applications – Supply voltages of traction systems IEC 60851 Methods of test for winding wires IEC 60852 Outline dimensions of transformers and inductors for use in telecommunication and electronic equipment IEC 60853 Calculation


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-7.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
systems having a rated voltage up to and including 1000 V IEC 60933 Audio, video and audiovisual systems – Interconnections and matching values IEC 60934 Circuit-breakers for equipment (CBE) IEC 60935 Nuclear instrumentation – Modular high speed data acquisition system – FASTBUS IEC 60938 Fixed inductors for electromagnetic interference suppression IEC 60939 Passive filter units for electromagnetic interference suppression IEC 60940 Guidance information on the application of capacitors, resistors, inductors and complete filter units for electromagnetic interference suppression IEC 60942 Electroacoustics – Sound calibrators IEC TR 60943 Guidance concerning the permissible temperature rise for parts of electrical equipment, in particular for terminals IEC 60944 Guide for the maintenance of silicone transformer liquids IEC 60945 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – General requirements – Methods of testing and required test results IEC 60946 Binary direct voltage signals for process measurement and control systems IEC 60947 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear IEC 60948 Numeric keyboard for home electronic systems (HES) IEC 60949 Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents, taking into account non-adiabatic heating effects IEC 60950 Information technology equipment – Safety IEC 60951 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation important to safety – Radiation monitoring for accident and post-accident conditions IEC


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-8.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
Standard routines for use with FASTBUS data acquisition system IEC 61053 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape on type Beta format – FM audio recording IEC TR 61055 Measurement techniques and operational adjustments of broadcast VTRs IEC 61056 General purpose lead-acid batteries (valve-regulated types) IEC 61058 Switches for appliances IEC 61061 Non-impregnated densified laminated wood for electrical purposes IEC 61063 Acoustics – Measurement of airborne noise emitted by steam turbines and driven machinery IEC 61064 Acceptance tests for steam turbine speed control systems IEC 61065 Method for evaluating the low temperature flow properties of mineral insulating oils after ageing IEC 61067 Specification for glass and glass polyester fibre woven tapes IEC 61068 Specification for polyester fibre woven tapes IEC 61069 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation – Evaluation of system properties for the purpose of system assessment IEC 61070 Compliance test procedures for steady-state availability IEC 61071 Capacitors for power electronics IEC 61073 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Mechanical splices and fusion splice protectors for optical fibres and cables IEC 61076 Connectors for electronic equipment – Product requirements IEC 61077 Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12.65 mm (0.5 in) magnetic tape


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-9.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
coaxial connectors IEC 61143 Electrical measuring instruments – X-t recorders IEC 61144 Test method for the determination of oxygen index of insulating liquids IEC 61145 Calibration and usage of ionization chamber systems for assay of radionuclides IEC 61146 Video cameras (PAL/SECAM/NTSC) – Methods of measurement IEC 61148 Terminal markings for valve device stacks and assemblies and for power conversion equipment IEC TS 61149 Guide for safe handling and operation of mobile radio equipment IEC 61152 Dimensions of metal-sheathed thermometer elements IEC 61156 Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digital communications IEC 61157 Standard means for the reporting of the acoustic output of medical diagnostic ultrasonic equipment IEC 61158 Industrial communication networks – Fieldbus specifications IEC 61160 Design review IEC 61161 Ultrasonics – Power measurement – Radiation force balances and performance requirements IEC 61162 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – Digital interfaces IEC 61163 Reliability stress screening IEC 61164 Reliability growth – Statistical test and estimation methods IEC 61165 Application of Markov techniques IEC 61167 Metal halide lamps – Performance specification IEC 61168 Radiotherapy simulators – Functional performance characteristics IEC 61169 Radio frequency connectors IEC TS 61170 Radiotherapy simulators – Guidelines for functional performance characteristics IEC 61171 Radiation protection


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-10.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
systems IEC 61247 PM-cores made of magnetic oxides and associated parts – Dimensions IEC 61248 Transformers and inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment IEC 61249 Materials for printed boards and other interconnecting structures IEC 61250 Nuclear reactors – Instrumentation and control systems important for safety – Detection of leakage in coolant systems IEC 61251 Electrical insulating materials and systems – AC voltage endurance evaluation IEC 61252 Electroacoustics – Specifications for personal sound exposure meters IEC 61253 Piezoelectric ceramic resonators – A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) IEC 61254 Electric shavers for household use – Methods for measuring the performance IEC 61256 Radiation protection instrumentation – Installed monitors for the detection of radioactive contamination of laundry IEC TR 61258 Guidelines for the development and use of medical electrical equipment educational materials IEC 61260 Electroacoustics – Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters IEC 61261 Piezoelectric ceramic filters for use in electronic equipment – A specification in the IEC quality assessment system for electronic components (IECQ) IEC 61262 Medical electrical equipment – Characteristics of electro-optical X-ray image intensifiers IEC 61265 Electroacoustics – Instruments for measurement of aircraft noise – Performance requirements for systems to measure one-third-octave-band sound


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-11.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
systems – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria IEC 61326 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – EMC requirements IEC 61327 Helical-scan digital composite video cassette recording system using 12,65 mm (0,5 in) magnetic tape – Format D-3 IEC 61328 Live working – Guidelines for the installation of transmission and distribution line conductors and earth wires – Stringing equipment and accessory items IEC 61329 Sound system equipment – Methods of measuring and specifying the performance of sounders (electroacoustic transducers for tone production) IEC 61331 Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation IEC 61332 Soft ferrite material classification IEC 61333 Marking on U and E ferrite cores IEC 61334 Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems – a standard for low-speed reliable power line communications by electricity meters, water meters and SCADA IEC 61335 Nuclear instrumentation – Bore-hole apparatus for X-ray fluorescence analysis IEC 61336 Nuclear instrumentation – Thickness measurement systems utilizing ionizing radiation – Definitions and test methods IEC 61337 Filters using waveguide type dielectric resonators IEC 61338 Waveguide type dielectric resonators IEC 61340 Electrostatics IEC 61341 Method of measurement of centre beam intensity and beam angle(s) of reflector lamps IEC 61343 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Boiling light water


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-12.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
systems in the voltage range 72,5 kV to 800 kV – A method of calculation IEC 61477 Live working – Minimum requirements for the utilization of tools, devices and equipment IEC 61478 Live working – Ladders of insulating material IEC 61479 Live working – Flexible conductor covers (line hoses) of insulating material IEC 61481 Live working – Phase comparators IEC 61482 Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc IEC 61496 Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment IEC 61497 Nuclear power plants – Electrical interlocks for functions important to safety – Recommendations for design and implementation IEC 61499 Function blocks IEC 61500 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety – Data communication in systems performing category A functions IEC 61501 Nuclear reactor instrumentation – Wide range neutron fluence rate meter – Mean square voltage method IEC 61502 Nuclear power plants – Pressurized water reactors – Vibration monitoring of internal structures IEC 61504 Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control systems important to safety – Plant-wide radiation monitoring IEC 61506 Industrial-process measurement and control – Documentation of application software IEC 61508 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems IEC 61511 Functional safety


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-13.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
auxiliary installations in power plants and substations IEC 61666 Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – Identification of terminals within a system IEC 61669 Electroacoustics – Measurement of real-ear acoustical performance characteristics of hearing aids IEC 61671 Automatic Test Markup Language (ATML) for Exchanging Automatic Test Equipment and Test Information via XML IEC 61672 Electroacoustics – Sound level meters IEC 61674 Medical electrical equipment – Dosimeters with ionization chambers and/or semiconductor detectors as used in X-ray diagnostic imaging IEC 61675 Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions IEC 61676 Medical electrical equipment – Dosimetric instruments used for non-invasive measurement of X-ray tube voltage in diagnostic radiology IEC 61683 Photovoltaic systems – Power conditioners – Procedure for measuring efficiency IEC 61685 Ultrasonics – Flow measurement systems – Flow test object IEC 61689 Ultrasonics – Physiotherapy systems – Field specifications and methods of measurement in the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 5 MHz IEC 61690 Electronic design interchange format (EDIF) IEC 61691 Behavioural languages IEC 61701 Salt mist corrosion testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules IEC 61703 Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms IEC 61709 Electric components – Reliability – Reference conditions for failure rates and


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-14.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
IEC 61937 Digital audio – Interface for non-linear PCM encoded audio bitstreams applying IEC 60958 IEC 61938 Multimedia systems – Guide to the recommended characteristics of analogue interfaces to achieve interoperability IEC 61943 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval application guideline IEC TS 61944 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval – Demonstration vehicles IEC TS 61945 Integrated circuits – Manufacturing line approval – Methodology for technology and failure analysis IEC TR 61946 Mineral insulating oils – Characterization of paraffinic/naphthenic nature – Low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test method IEC 61947 Electronic projection – Measurement and documentation of key performance criteria IEC TR 61948 Nuclear medicine instrumentation – Routine tests IEC TS 61949 Ultrasonics – Field characterization – In situ exposure estimation in finite-amplitude ultrasonic beams IEC 61950 Cable management systems – Specifications for conduit fittings and accessories for cable installations for extra heavy duty electrical steel conduit IEC 61951 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Portable sealed rechargeable single cells IEC 61952 Insulators for overhead lines – Composite line post insulators for A.C.


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-15.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
systems with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria IEC 61954 Static var compensators (SVC) – Testing of thyristor valves IEC TS 61956 Methods of test for the evaluation of water treeing in insulating materials IEC 61959 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Mechanical tests for sealed portable secondary cells and batteries IEC 61960 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications IEC 61964 Integrated circuits – Memory devices pin configurations IEC 61965 Mechanical safety of cathode ray tubes IEC 61966 Multimedia systems and equipment – Colour measurement and management IEC 61967 Integrated circuits – Measurement of electromagnetic emissions, 150 kHz to 1 GHz IEC 61968 Application integration at electric utilities – System interfaces for distribution management IEC 61969 Mechanical structures for electronic equipment – Outdoor enclosures IEC 61970 Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) IEC TS 61973 High voltage direct current (HVDC) substation audible noise IEC 61975 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) installations – System tests IEC 61976 Nuclear instrumentation – Spectrometry – Characterization of the spectrum background in HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry IEC 61977 Fibre


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-16.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
power systems – General basic information IEC 62067 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 150 kV (Um = 170 kV) up to 500 kV (Um = 550 kV) – Test methods and requirements IEC 62068 Electrical insulating materials and systems – General method of evaluation of electrical endurance under repetitive voltage impulses IEC 62070 Broadcast digital video tape recorders – Identification method for recording and/or reproduction error status IEC 62071 Helical-scan compressed digital video cassette system using 6,35 mm magnetic tape – Format D-7 IEC TS 62073 Guidance on the measurement of hydrophobicity of insulator surfaces IEC 62074 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic WDM devices IEC 62075 Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment – Environmentally conscious design IEC 62076 Industrial electroheating installations – Test methods for induction channel and induction crucible furnaces IEC 62077 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Fibre optic circulators – Generic specification IEC 62080 Sound signalling devices for household and similar purposes IEC 62083 Medical electrical equipment – Requirements for the safety of radiotherapy treatment planning systems IEC 62087 Audio, video, and related equipment – Determination of power consumption IEC 62088 Nuclear instrumentation


id: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards-17.md
category: reference
title: List of IEC standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:11.290667+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iec-standards-20260505-0
summary:
switchgear IEC 62507 Identification systems enabling unambiguous information interchange – Requirements IEC 62531 Property Specification Language (PSL) IEC TS 62556 Ultrasonics – Field characterization – Specification and measurement of field parameters for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems IEC 62560 Self-ballasted LED-lamps for general lighting services by voltage > 50 V – Safety specifications IEC 62561 Lightning protection system components (LPSC) IEC 62600 Marine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters. IEC 62605 Multimedia systems and equipment – Multimedia e-publishing and e-books – Interchange format for e-dictionaries IEC 62606 General requirements for arc fault detection devices IEC 62612 Self-ballasted LED lamps for general lighting services with supply voltages > 50 V – Performance requirements IEC 62680 Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces for data and power IEC 62682 Management of alarm systems for the process industries IEC 62684 Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile telephones IEC/TR 62685 Industrial communication networks – Profiles – Assessment guideline for safety devices using IEC 61784-3 functional safety communication profiles (FSCPs) IEC 62693 Industrial electroheating installations – Test methods for infrared electroheating installations IEC 62700 DC Power supply for notebook computer IEC 62703 Expression of


id: list-of-iso-standards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of ISO standards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:22.036512+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iso-standards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of published standards and other deliverables of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available. == ISO 1 – ISO 19999 == ISO 1 – ISO 1999 ISO 2000 – ISO 2999 ISO 3000 – ISO 4999 ISO 5000 – ISO 7999 ISO 8000 – ISO 9999 ISO 10000 – ISO 11999 ISO 12000 – ISO 13999 ISO 14000 – ISO 15999 ISO 16000 – ISO 17999 ISO 18000 – ISO 19999 == ISO 20000 – ISO 99999 == ISO 20000 – ISO 21999 ISO 22000 – ISO 23999 ISO 24000 – ISO 25999 ISO 26000 – ISO 27999 ISO 28000 – ISO 29999 ISO 30000 – ISO 99999 == See also == International Classification for Standards List of DIN standards List of EN standards List of IEC standards List of ISO technical committees == Notes == == References == == External links == International Organization


id: list-of-iso-standards-1-1999-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-0.md
category: reference
title: List of ISO standards 1–1999
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iso-standards-1-1999-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. The standards are protected by copyright and most of them must be purchased. However, about 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) have been made freely and publicly available.


id: list-of-iso-standards-1-1999-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999-1.md
category: reference
title: List of ISO standards 1–1999
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_1–1999
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:25:24.511161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-iso-standards-1-1999-20260505-0
summary:
== ISO 1 – ISO 199 == ISO 1:2016 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Standard reference temperature for the specification of geometrical and dimensional properties ISO GUIDE 1:1972 Presentation of International Standards and technical reports [Withdrawn without replacement] IWA 1:2005 Quality management systems — Guidelines for process improvements in health service organizations [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 2:1973 Textiles — Designation of the direction of twist in yarns and related products ISO/IEC GUIDE 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary IWA 2:2007 Quality management systems — Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2000 in education [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 3:1973 Preferred numbers — Series of preferred numbers IWA 3:2005 Image safety — Reducing the incidence of undesirable biomedical effects caused by visual image sequences [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO/IEC GUIDE 3:1981 Identification of national standards that are equivalent to International Standards [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC GUIDE 21:1999, now ISO/IEC GUIDE 21-1:2005 and ISO/IEC GUIDE 21-2:2005] ISO 4:1997 Information and documentation — Rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications ISO GUIDE 4:1975 Preparation of standard methods of measuring performance of consumer goods (SMMP) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC GUIDE 36:1982, now Withdrawn without replacement] IWA 4:2009 Quality management systems


