# kb

id: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Hell and High Water (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:53.984226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-0
summary:
Hell and High Water: Global Warming – the Solution and the Politics – and What We Should Do is a book by author, scientist, and former U.S. Department of Energy official Joseph J. Romm, published December 26, 2006. The author is "one of the world's leading experts on clean energy, advanced vehicles, energy security, and greenhouse gas mitigation." The book warned of dire consequences to the U.S. and the world if wide-scale environmental changes are not enacted by the U.S. government. It reviewed the evidence that the initial global warming changes would lead to feedbacks and accelerated warming. According to Romm, the oceans, soils, Arctic permafrost, and rainforests could become sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The book claimed that, without serious government action, sea levels would rise high enough to submerge numerous coastal communities and inland areas on both U.S. coasts and around the world by the year 2100. In 2008, Time magazine wrote that "On [Romm's] blog and in his most recent book, Hell and High Water, you can find some of the most cogent, memorable, and deployable arguments for immediate and overwhelming action to confront global warming." Romm was interviewed on Fox News on January 31, 2007, about


id: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Hell and High Water (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:53.984226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-0
summary:
melting ice at the poles that means less reflection of sunlight by white ice and more absorption of the sun's heat by ocean water and dark land; an increasing amount of water vapor in the atmosphere (water vapor is a greenhouse gas); melting permafrost in the Arctic, where more carbon is locked in Arctic permafrost than in all of the Earth's atmosphere and where methane, which is about 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide (CO2) as a greenhouse gas, is being released by permafrost in the Arctic faster than scientists previously thought it would; the death of algae and phytoplankton from heat and acidity in the oceans, reducing the CO2 being absorbed by them; and the reduced ability of tropical forests to absorb CO2 as they are destroyed. Romm proposes an eight-point program, based on existing technologies, to counter and then reverse the trend toward catastrophic global warming: performance-based efficiency programs; energy efficiency gains from industry and power generation through cogeneration of heat and power; building wind farms; capturing carbon dioxide from proposed coal plants; building nuclear plants; greatly improving the fuel economy of our vehicles using PHEVs; increasing production of high-yield energy crops; and stopping tropical deforestation while


id: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Hell and High Water (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:53.984226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-0
summary:
== Challenges and solutions identified by the book == The book claims that U.S. politicians who deny the science and have failed to take genuine action on conservation and alternative energy initiatives are following a disastrous course by delaying serious changes that he says are imminently needed. Romm also criticizes the media for what he says is sloppy reporting and an unwillingness to probe behind political rhetoric, which he says are lulling Americans into accepting continuing delays on implementing emission-cutting technologies. The book argues that there is a limited window of opportunity to head off the most catastrophic effects of global warming, and it calls upon Americans to demand that our government "embrace an aggressive multi-decade, government-led effort to use existing and near-term clean energy technologies." (p. 230) Romm writes that strategies to combat climate change with current technologies can significantly slow global warming and buy more time for the world to develop new technologies and take even stronger action. The book lays out a number of proposed solutions to avoiding a climate catastrophe, including: launching massive energy efficiency programs for homes, office buildings, and heavy industry; increasing the fuel efficiency of cars and light trucks to 60 miles per


id: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)-3.md
category: reference
title: Hell and High Water (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:53.984226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hell-and-high-water-book-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical response == The Toronto Star's January 1, 2007 review of the book says that Romm "convincingly shoots down the arguments of those who claim global warming is a hoax or some kind of natural cycle not associated with human activities." The review laments that the "'Denyers and Delayers' are winning the political battle in the United States, the world's highest emitter of greenhouse gases and a saboteur of Kyoto talks" and that the media's policy of "giving 'equal time' to Denyers gives the public the wrong impression about our understanding and level of certainty around global warming science." The review concludes, "The book itself is a short and easy read, not as intimidating as some other works, and it hits all the main points on the science and politics behind global warming, and the policy and technological solutions to minimize damage to the planet, economy and humanity." A review in the Detroit Free Press's Freep.com stated, "Joseph Romm's Hell and High Water is a great book for people who want to understand the complexities of global warming and, perhaps more important, what we could be doing about it other than wringing our hands or sticking our collective head


id: human-ecology-human-economy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Ecology,_Human_Economy-0.md
category: reference
title: Human Ecology, Human Economy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Ecology,_Human_Economy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:55.169070+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: human-ecology-human-economy-20260505-0
summary:
Human Ecology, Human Economy: Ideas for an Ecologically Sustainable Future is a 1997 book edited by Mark Diesendorf and Clive Hamilton. The authors' intent is to "develop some of the basic ideas, concepts and tools that are needed to create a set of preferred futures for the Earth". According to the editors, the book provides equal measures of human ecology and ecological economics, in order to assist the process of working towards a better future. Human Ecology, Human Economy has been reviewed in Ecological Economics and The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. == See also == List of Australian environmental books Sustainability Ecologically sustainable development == References ==


id: the-improving-state-of-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Improving_State_of_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: The Improving State of the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Improving_State_of_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:56.305170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-improving-state-of-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
The Improving State of the World: Why We're Living Longer, Healthier, More Comfortable Lives On a Cleaner Planet (ISBN 1930865988) is a 2007 book by Indur M. Goklany, published by the Cato Institute. As per the title, it argues that the state of the world and humanity is rapidly improving. == Contents == The book lists many supporting statistics: The average person has never been better fed than today. Between 1961 and 2002, the world average daily food supply per person increased by 24% (38% in developing nations). Chronic undernourishment in developing nations declined from 37 to 17 percent of their population between 1969–71 and 2000–02. Greater agricultural productivity and international trade has caused inflation-adjusted prices of food commodities to decline by 75 percent since 1950. Access to safe water and sanitation has increased. Before industrialization, at least one out of every five children died before reaching his or her first birthday, equivalent to more than 20%. In 2003 the worldwide rate was 5.7% which is approximately the same as the developed nations had in 1950. The progress is illustrated by that many developing nations, such as India, Peru, and Ghana, in 1998 had a lower infant mortality than the


id: an-inconvenient-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Book-0.md
category: reference
title: An Inconvenient Book
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Book
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:57.427791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: an-inconvenient-book-20260505-0
summary:
An Inconvenient Book: Real Solutions to the World's Biggest Problems is a 2007 political narrative written and edited by conservative commentator Glenn Beck. == Explanation of the book's title == The title of An Inconvenient Book is a parody of the title of Al Gore's 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth. One section of the book provides a critical response to Gore's views on global warming. == Issues discussed == Beck discusses his political views on a number of subjects. Issues include Beck’s claims that the free market provides the best way to fight global warming, divorce rates, Beck's perceptions of liberal bias on school campuses, the income gap, perceived anti-Americanism of the United Nations, and illegal immigration. == Reception == Publishers Weekly described An Inconvenient Book as "a good read for conservatives," referring to Beck's often lighthearted tone, "at his best when most absurd, and funniest when he's his own target." On the content, the reviewer says "While often informative, as in his chapter on global warming, Beck is sometimes tedious, particularly when dealing with Islam and education (France is literally teetering on the edge, and our biggest ally, England, is about to be turned inside out as well)." An


id: an-introduction-to-sustainable-development-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Sustainable_Development-0.md
category: reference
title: An Introduction to Sustainable Development
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Sustainable_Development
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:58.610884+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: an-introduction-to-sustainable-development-20260505-0
summary:
An Introduction to Sustainable Development is a 2007 Earthscan book which presents sustainable development as a process that "meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". This textbook examines the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainable development by exploring changing patterns of consumption, production, and distribution of resources. Case studies include coastal wetlands; community-based water supply and sanitation systems; and sustainable energy, forest, and industrial development. Author Peter P. Rogers is a Professor of Environmental Engineering at Harvard University, USA. Co-authors Kazi F. Jalal and John A. Boyd are lecturers at Harvard's Extension School. == References ==


id: it-s-a-matter-of-survival-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It's_a_Matter_of_Survival-0.md
category: reference
title: It's a Matter of Survival
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It's_a_Matter_of_Survival
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:39:59.844866+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: it-s-a-matter-of-survival-20260505-0
summary:
It's a Matter of Survival is a 1990 book by Anita Gordon and David Suzuki. Written for the general reader, the book looks ahead 50 years and explores the condition of human society and the environment. Suggestions are given about how to improve the future. The book originated as a radio series aired in 1989 by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. == Overview == In the series and the book, described how the "first global scientific consensus" that the world was "entering an era of unprecedented climate change" had emerged in the June 1988 international Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere chaired by Stephen Lewis, and with 300 scientists from around the world in attendance. On the webpage of the David Suzuki Foundation—a non-profit organization environmental organization headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, that he co-founded in 1991, Suzuki said that the response to the CBC radio show was the catalyst for the establishment of the Foundation. == See also == List of books by David Suzuki == References ==


id: killer-company-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Company-0.md
category: reference
title: Killer Company
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Company
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:00.949596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: killer-company-20260505-0
summary:
Killer Company: James Hardie Exposed is a 2009 Australian book by journalist Matt Peacock. == Overview == The book documents how the use of harmful asbestos fibre in building materials produced by James Hardie Industries "led to the deaths of thousands of workers and customers, who were never informed of the dangers". Working with asbestos products, such as "fibro", resulted in medical abnormalities, such as asbestosis. The book opens with the story of Bernie Banton, former James Hardie employee, who suffered from asbestos-induced fibrosis and later died. According to Peacock, James Hardie Industries circumvented the rules and regulations designed to protect the community from serious health hazards. Peacock states that "Hardie embarked on a cold, calculated strategy to maximise profits, minimise compensation and conceal the culprits". == Awards and legacy == Killer Company was a finalist for the Walkley non-fiction book of the year in 2009. Devil's Dust, a docudrama based on Killer Company, was released in 2012, with Ewen Leslie portraying Peacock. == References ==


id: last-chance-to-see-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Chance_to_See-0.md
category: reference
title: Last Chance to See
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Chance_to_See
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:02.112529+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: last-chance-to-see-20260505-0
summary:
Last Chance to See is a 1989 BBC radio documentary series and its accompanying book, written and presented by Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine. In the series, Adams and Carwardine travel to various locations in the hope of encountering species on the brink of extinction. The book was published in 1990. In 2009, the BBC broadcast a television follow-up series of the same name, with Stephen Fry replacing the late Adams. In 1985, Douglas Adams went to Madagascar in search of the (possibly extinct) lemur the aye-aye. The trip was part of a project by the World Wide Fund for Nature and British Sunday newspaper The Observer, sending well-known authors to remote places to seek endangered species and write articles for The Observer Magazine, to help raise awareness of ecological issues. Adams was met in Madagascar by zoologist Mark Carwardine (who was working for the WWF at the time). The Observer project was successful, and Adams and Carwardine developed a radio series around the same concept for BBC Radio 4. Carwardine later said: "We put a big map of the world on a wall, Douglas stuck a pin in everywhere he fancied going, I stuck a pin in where all


id: last-child-in-the-woods-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Child_in_the_Woods-0.md
category: reference
title: Last Child in the Woods
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Child_in_the_Woods
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:03.271621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: last-child-in-the-woods-20260505-0
summary:
Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder is a 2005 book by author Richard Louv that documents decreased exposure of children to nature in American society and how this "nature-deficit disorder" harms children and society. The author also suggests solutions to the problems he describes. A revised and expanded edition was published in 2008. == Synopsis == In the book, Louv argues that modern children are increasingly separated from nature compared to previous generations and that direct outdoor experience is essential for healthy development. He draws on research suggesting that reduced exposure to natural environments contributes to behavioral and emotional problems in children and that exposure can be therapeutic for children and adults suffering from traumatic stress, depression, obesity and many other disorders. Louv introduces the term "nature-deficit disorder" to describe the growing disconnection and writes that it affects "health, spiritual well-being, and many other areas, including [people's] ability to feel ultimately alive." Louv argues imaginative outdoor play have been displaced by organized activities such as sports, electronic media, and parental fears about safety. He attributes these shifts to cultural anxieties, media sensationalism, and restrictions that limit children's access to natural spaces. Louv notes that these


id: the-legacy-of-luna-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legacy_of_Luna-0.md
category: reference
title: The Legacy of Luna
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legacy_of_Luna
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:04.444711+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-legacy-of-luna-20260505-0
summary:
The Legacy of Luna is a book written by Julia Butterfly Hill about her experiences while treesitting in a tree named Luna in the late 1990s. == Book == The book is based on true events and written like a diary of the two years Julia Butterfly Hill spent squatting in an ancient redwood in order to protect it. The tree had been named Luna by activists. Hill began treesitting in December 1997 and stopped when she made a deal with the Pacific Lumber Company. In a first person narrative, Hill relates how she appealed to the universal spirit and spoke to the tree. All profits went to the Circle of Life Foundation. The book was published by HarperCollins in 2000. == Reception == Publishers Weekly found her book a "a remarkable inspirational document" whilst also disparaging her "mushy New Age ruminations". Other reviews also enjoyed the first person account of events and praised Hill's activism. == Film adaptation == Rachel Weisz was set to star as Hill in a film adaptation of The Legacy of Luna called Luna, directed by Deepa Mehta. She worked to get the project off the ground, but was unable to do so. She said


id: livestock-s-long-shadow-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock's_Long_Shadow-0.md
category: reference
title: Livestock's Long Shadow
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock's_Long_Shadow
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:06.734046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: livestock-s-long-shadow-20260505-0
summary:
Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options is a United Nations report, released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations on 29 November 2006, that "aims to assess the full impact of the livestock sector on environmental problems, along with potential technical and policy approaches to mitigation". It stated that livestock accounts for 18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, a figure which FAO changed to 14.5% in its 2013 study Tackling climate change through livestock. The report was a source of controversy at the time of its publication: both because some scholars thought that the report underestimated the impact of livestock on climate change, while Meat industry stakeholders both publicly critiqued the report and influenced meat producing countries to complain to FAO. == Report == Livestock's Long Shadow is an assessment of research, taking into account direct impacts of livestock production, along with the impacts of feed crop cultivation. The report states that the livestock sector is one of the top two or three most significant contributors to serious environmental problems. The findings of this report suggest that it should be a major policy focus when dealing with problems of land degradation, climate change and air


id: living-in-the-hothouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Hothouse-0.md
category: reference
title: Living in the Hothouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Hothouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:07.884081+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: living-in-the-hothouse-20260505-0
summary:
Living in the Hothouse: How Global Warming Affects Australia is a 2005 book by Professor Ian Lowe which is a sequel to his Living in the Greenhouse (1989). The book presents a detailed analysis of climate change science and the likely impact of climate change in Australia. Living in the Hothouse also offers a critical overview of the Howard government's policy response to climate change in Australia. Ian Lowe, AO, is a scientist, environmental policy analyst, and president of the Australian Conservation Foundation, who has served on many federal, state and local government committees. Other books by Ian Lowe include Reaction Time and A Big Fix. == See also == List of Australian environmental books Climate change in Australia == References ==


id: the-living-soil-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Soil-0.md
category: reference
title: The Living Soil
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Soil
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:08.993698+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-living-soil-20260505-0
summary:
The Living Soil (1943) by Lady Eve Balfour is considered a seminal classic in organic agriculture and the organic movement. The book is based on the initial findings of the first three years of the Haughley Experiment, the first formal, side-by-side farm trial to compare organic and chemical-based farming, started in 1939 by Balfour (with Alice Debenham), on two adjoining farms in Haughley Green, Suffolk, England. The Living Soil was also published as The Living Soil and the Haughley Experiment. == References == == External links == Soil And Health Library - full text repository for The Living Soil


id: the-machine-in-neptune-s-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Machine_in_Neptune's_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: The Machine in Neptune's Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Machine_in_Neptune's_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:10.183636+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-machine-in-neptune-s-garden-20260505-0
summary:
The Machine in Neptune's Garden: Historical Perspectives on Technology and the Marine Environment is a 2004 book edited by Helen M. Rozwadowski and David K. van Keuren. The book takes its name from Leo Marx's influential book The Machine in the Garden. It is a product of the Maury III conference on the history of oceanography held in Monterey, California in 2001. It argues the centrality of technology to the acquisition of knowledge of the oceans and contains ten thematically linked essays on the indispensable role of technology in the history of ocean science. It "demonstrate[s] that historians of science and technology should pay more attention to the history and historiography of oceanography." It is the most prominent work combining the history of technology, environmental history, and history of ocean sciences, and it is considered a foundational work in history of technology of the oceans and in the history of the marine environment. == Contents == The book contains an introduction by Keith R. Benson and editors Helen M. Rozwadowski and David K. van Keuren, and ten chapters by historians of science and technology. The volume is dedicated to historian of science Philip F. Rehbock, who had died in 2002.


id: the-machine-in-the-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Machine_in_the_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: The Machine in the Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Machine_in_the_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:11.357187+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-machine-in-the-garden-20260505-0
summary:
The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America is a 1964 work of literary criticism written by Leo Marx and published by Oxford University Press. The title of the book refers to a trope in American literature representing the interruption of pastoral scenery by technology due to the industrialization of America during the 19th and 20th century. For example, the trope notably appears in Henry David Thoreau's Walden (1854) when the whistling sound of a steam locomotive disrupts the natural landscape of Walden Pond. Marx uses this literary metaphor to illustrate the relationship between culture and technology in the United States as depicted in the work of American authors such as Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Mark Twain, Frank Norris, Henry Adams, Henry James, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. == Synopsis == Marx identifies a major theme in literature of the nineteenth century—the dialectical tension between the pastoral ideal in America and the rapid and sweeping transformations wrought by machine technology. This tension is expressed "everywhere" in literature by the recurring image of the machine in the garden—that is, the sudden and shocking intrusion of technology into a pastoral scene. "Within the


id: making-peace-with-the-planet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Peace_with_the_Planet-0.md
category: reference
title: Making Peace with the Planet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Peace_with_the_Planet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:12.522174+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: making-peace-with-the-planet-20260505-0
summary:
Making Peace With the Planet is a 1990 book by Barry Commoner. Commoner argues that, despite billions of dollars spent to save the environment, America is still in a deep environmental crisis. The book argues that environmental pollution can be prevented only through fundamental redesign of the way we produce goods. == References ==


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-0.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
The Malay Archipelago is a book by the English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace which chronicles his scientific exploration, during the eight-year period 1854 to 1862, of the southern portion of the Malay Archipelago including Malaysia, Singapore, the islands of Indonesia, then known as the Dutch East Indies, and the island of New Guinea. It was published in two volumes in 1869, delayed by Wallace's ill health and the work needed to describe the many specimens he brought home. The book went through ten editions in the nineteenth century; it has been reprinted many times since, and has been translated into at least twelve languages. The book describes each island that he visited in turn, giving a detailed account of its physical and human geography, its volcanoes, and the variety of animals and plants that he found and collected. At the same time, he describes his experiences, the difficulties of travel, and the help he received from the different peoples that he met. The preface notes that he travelled over 14,000 miles and collected 125,660 natural history specimens, mostly of insects though also thousands of molluscs, birds, mammals and reptiles. The work was illustrated with engravings, based on Wallace's observations and


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-1.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
The Malay Archipelago was largely written at Treeps, Wallace's wife's family home in Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex. It was first published in Spring 1869 in two volumes by Macmillan (London), with a reprint (also in two volumes) marked 'second edition' the same year. The first US edition year by Harper & Brothers (New York) appeared in 1869 in a single volume. Wallace returned to England in 1862, but explains in the Preface that given the large quantity of specimens and his poor health after his stay in the tropics, it took a long time. He noted that he could at once have printed his notes and journals, but felt that doing that would have been disappointing and unhelpful. Instead, therefore, he waited until he had published papers on his discoveries, and other scientists had described and named as new species some 2,000 of his beetles (Coleoptera), and over 900 Hymenoptera including 200 new species of ant. The book went through 10 editions, with the last published in 1890. It has been translated into at least twelve languages. == Illustrations == The illustrations are, according to the Preface, made from Wallace's own sketches, photographs, or specimens. Wallace thanks Walter and Henry Woodbury


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-2.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
10 Bali And Lombock Wallace is grateful for an involuntary stop in Bali, which he finds one of the most interesting places of his trip, as Hindu customs and religion are still practised, while on Lombok he finds Australian birds such as cockatoos, observing that this is the most westerly point of that family's range. 11 Lombock—Manners And Customs On Lombok, Wallace observes how guns are made, witnessing the boring of gun barrels by two men rotating a pole which is weighted down by a basket of stones. He describes the Sasak people of the island, and the custom of running amok. 12 Lombock—How The Rajah Took The Census The whole chapter is taken up with a legend, which Wallace calls an anecdote, about the rajah (king) of Lombok. It involves taxation, needles and sacred krisses. 13 Timor Wallace describes the island of Timor, its abundance of fan-palms, its people who are like Papuans, and the Portuguese government which he considers extremely poor. On some hills he finds Eucalyptus (gum) trees, a genus from Australia; he finds the vegetation monotonous also. 14 Natural History of the Timor Group He finds the mixture of bird species intermediate between those of Java


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-3.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
24 Batchian He is lent a house by the Sultan, who offers him tea and cakes but asks him to teach him to make maps and to give him a gun and a milking goat, "all of which requests I evaded as skilfully as I was able". His servant Ali shoots a new bird of paradise, Wallace's standardwing, "a great prize" and a "striking novelty". He is a little disappointed in the range of insects and birds, but discovers new species of roller, sunbird and is happy to see the racquet-tailed kingfisher. His house is burgled twice; a blacksmith manages to pick his locks and make him a new set of keys; and he discovers a new species of birdwing butterfly. 25 Ceram, Goram, and the Matabello Islands He travels to Ceram, where he enjoys the company of a multilingual Flemish plantation owner. He finds few birds despite constant searching and wading through rivers; the water and the rough ground destroy both his pairs of shoes, and he returns home on the last day lame from walking "in my stockings very painfully". Sailing in the Matabello Islands, he is blown ten miles off course, his men fearing being swept on


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-4.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
31 The Aru Islands—Journey and Residence in the Interior He is brought a king bird-of-paradise, amusing the islanders with his excitement; it had been one of his goals for travelling to the archipelago. He reflects on how their beauty is wasted in the "dark and gloomy woods, with no intelligent eye to gaze upon their loveliness", but that when "civilized man" reaches the islands he will certainly upset the balance of nature and make the birds extinct. He finds the men the most beautiful of all the peoples he has stayed among, the women less handsome "except in extreme youth". 32 The Aru Islands—Second Residence in Dobbo He sees a cock-fight in the street, but is more interested in a game of football, played with a hollow ball of rattan, and remarks the "excessive cheapness" of all goods including those made in Europe or America, which he believes causes idleness and drunkenness because there is no need to work hard to obtain goods. He admires a crimson-flowered tree surrounded with flocks of blue and orange lories. He is given some birds' nest soup, which he found almost tasteless. 33 The Aru Islands—Physical Geography and Aspects of Nature The islands are


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-5.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
40 The Races of Man in the Malay Archipelago Wallace ends the book by describing his views on the peoples of the archipelago. He finds the Malays, such as the Javanese, the most civilised, though he describes the Dyaks of Borneo and the Bataks of Sumatra, among others, as "the savage Malays". He quotes the traveller Nicolo Conti's 1430 account of them, with other early descriptions. He thinks the Papuan the opposite of the Malay, impulsive and demonstrative where the Malay is impassive and taciturn. He speculates about their origins, and in a note at the end, criticises English society. ==== Appendix ==== On Crania And Languages Wallace mentions Huxley's theory, and Dr. Joseph Barnard Davis's book Thesaurus Craniorum, which supposed that human races could be distinguished by the shape of the cranium, the dome of the skull, of which theory Wallace is sceptical. However he lists measurements he had taken of the crania of "Malays" and "Papuans", noting that within the Malay group there was enormous variation. He had few skulls in the Papuan group and there were no definite differences between the two groups. The language appendix lists 9 words (black, white, fire, water, large, small, nose, tongue,


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-6.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
a highly valuable and intensely interesting contribution to our knowledge of a part of the world but little known in Europe or America. But few of our tourists ever visit it, and scarcely any have ever gone to explore it. Mr. Wallace is not an amateur traveler, making a hasty visit, to return and write a hasty and almost useless book. He is an enthusiastic naturalist, a geographer, and geologist, a student of man and nature. The reviewer notes the region is "of terrific grandeur, parts of it being perpetually illuminated by discharging volcanoes, and all of it frequently shaken with earthquakes." The review summarises the book's geographical reach and style in a paragraph. ==== The Popular Science Review ==== The Popular Science Review began by writing that "We never remember to have taken up a book which gave us more pleasure". It was quite unlike the dull journey logs of most travel books; it was "a romance, which is, nevertheless, plain matter of fact". The review especially admires the way that Wallace "has generalised on the facts" rather than just shooting "a multitude of birds" and interminably describing them. The account notes that Wallace was the joint originator of


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-7.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
==== Revue des Deux Mondes ==== The book's fame spread beyond the English-speaking world. R. Radau wrote a lengthy review of Un naturaliste dans l'Archipel Malais in the French Revue des Deux Mondes. Radau notes the many deaths from volcanic eruptions in the archipelago, before explaining the similarity of the fauna of Java and Sumatra with that of central Asia, while that of the Celebes carries the mark of Australia, seeming to be the last representatives of another age. Radau describes Wallace's experiences in Singapore, where goods were far cheaper than in Europe – wire, knives, corkscrews, gunpowder, writing-paper, and he remarks on the spread of the Jesuits into the interior, though the missionaries had to live on just 750 francs a year. Singapore was covered in wooded hills, and the sawn wood and rotten trunks supported innumerable beetles for the naturalist to study. The only disagreeable element was that the tigers that roared in the forest devoured on average one Chinese per day, especially in the ginger plantations. Radau summarises one passage from the book after another: the orang utans of Borneo wrestling open the jaws of a crocodile, or killing a python; the Timorese walking up tall trees,


id: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago-8.md
category: reference
title: The Malay Archipelago
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:13.787700+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-malay-archipelago-20260505-0
summary:
== Influence on other works == The Malay Archipelago influenced many works starting with those of Wallace's contemporaries. The novelist Joseph Conrad used it as source material for some of his novels, including Almayer's Folly, An Outcast of the Islands, and The Rescue. Commentators have suggested it had a particularly profound influence on Lord Jim, crediting it with among other things the inspiration for the character Stein the entomologist. Conrad's assistant Richard Curle wrote that The Malay Archipelago was Conrad's favourite bedside book; Conrad refers directly to what he calls Alfred Wallace's famous book on the Malay Archipelago in The Secret Agent. In his short story, Neil MacAdam, W. Somerset Maugham has the title character read The Malay Archipelago while travelling to Borneo, and its influence can be felt in the story's description of that island. More recently, the book has influenced a number of non-fiction books including The Song of the Dodo by David Quammen (1997), which discussed Wallace's contributions to the field of island biogeography; The Spice Islands Voyage by Tim Severin (1997) that retraced Wallace's travels; and Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia, by Gavan Daws (1999), which compared the environment described by Wallace with the modern state


id: man-and-nature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_Nature-0.md
category: reference
title: Man and Nature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_Nature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:14.993059+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: man-and-nature-20260505-0
summary:
Man and Nature: Or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action, first published in 1864, was written by American polymath scholar and diplomat George Perkins Marsh (1801–1882). Marsh intended his text to show that "whereas [others] think the earth made man, man in fact made the earth." He warned that humans could destroy both themselves and the Earth if they failed to restore and sustain global resources and to raise awareness about their actions. The book is one of the earliest works to document the effects of human action on the environment, and it helped to launch the modern conservation movement. Marsh is remembered by scholars as a profound and observant student of men, books, and nature, with a wide range of interests ranging from history to poetry and literature. His wide array of knowledge and outstanding natural powers of mind gave him the ability to speak and write about every topic of inquiry with the assertive authority of a genuine investigator. He initially got the idea for "Man and Nature" from his observations in his New England home and his foreign travels devoted to similar inquiries. Marsh wrote the book with the view that human life and action are


id: man-eaters-of-kumaon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Eaters_of_Kumaon-0.md
category: reference
title: Man-Eaters of Kumaon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Eaters_of_Kumaon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:16.139383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: man-eaters-of-kumaon-20260505-0
summary:
Man-Eaters of Kumaon is a 1944 book written by hunter-naturalist Jim Corbett. It details the experiences that Corbett had in the Kumaon region of India from the 1900s to the 1930s, while hunting man-eating Bengal tigers and Indian leopards. One tiger, for example, was responsible for over 400 human deaths. Man-Eaters of Kumaon is the best known of Corbett's books, and contains 10 stories of tracking and shooting man-eaters in the Indian Himalayas during the early years of the twentieth century. The text also contains incidental information on flora, fauna and village life. Seven of the stories were first published privately as Jungle Stories. == Book contents == Introduction by Sir Maurice Hallett Preface by Lord Linlithgow Authors Note: Causes of Man-eating in Tigers and Leopards Champawat Man-eater: The story of the first man-eating tiger shot by Corbett in 1907. Reportedly the man-eater claimed 436 human victims in Nepal and India Robin: Stories of Corbett's hunting companion Robin, his faithful spaniel. The Chowgarh tigers: The first of three man-eaters Corbett was to shoot on government request at a 1929 district conference. It turned out to be a pair of two tigers, a mother and its grown cub, which had together


id: maralinga-australia-s-nuclear-waste-cover-up-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maralinga:_Australia's_Nuclear_Waste_Cover-up-0.md
category: reference
title: Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maralinga:_Australia's_Nuclear_Waste_Cover-up
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:17.285997+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maralinga-australia-s-nuclear-waste-cover-up-20260505-0
summary:
Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up is a book by Alan Parkinson about the clean-up of the British atomic bomb test site at Maralinga in South Australia, published in 2007. == Overview == Parkinson, a nuclear engineer and former Government Representative to oversee the Maralinga Rehabilitation Project, explains that the clean-up of Maralinga in the late 1990s was compromised by cost-cutting and simply involved dumping hazardous radioactive debris in shallow holes in the ground. Parkinson states that "What was done at Maralinga was a cheap and nasty solution that wouldn't be adopted on white-fellas land." == Reviews == Australian Book Review Medicine, Conflict and Survival == See also == Britain, Australia and the Bomb Downwinders List of books about nuclear issues Maralinga McClelland Royal Commission Montebello Islands Silent Storm (film) == References == == External links == Maralinga 'clean up' exposed Do atomic test victims deserve compensation?


id: memory-lands-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Lands-0.md
category: reference
title: Memory Lands
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Lands
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:18.401128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: memory-lands-20260505-0
summary:
Memory Lands: King Philip's War and the Place of Violence is a 2018 book by Williams College history professor Christine DeLucia. The book was published by Yale University Press's Henry Roe Cloud Series on American Indians and Modernity. It looks at over three hundred years of Indigenous history from King Philip's War to the present day, mostly in the North American Northeast, as well as in Bermuda. The book focuses on the role of place and details the continued presence of Indigenous peoples and memory in Bastoniak (Boston), Narragansett (roughly overlapping with Rhode Island), along the middle of the Kwinitekw (Connecticut River) Valley, and Bermuda. == Reception == Memory Lands has won numerous awards, including the 2019 Berkshire Conference of Women Historians Book Prize, the 2019 Peter J. Gomes Memorial Book Prize from the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the 2020 Lois P. Rudnick Prize from the New England American Studies Association. It also won an honorable mention from the National Council on Public History in 2019. The book has been discussed and reviewed widely, including with DeLucia in conversation with WBUR's Meghna Chakrabarti and by a group of scholars for H-Environment Roundtable Reviews. == References == == Further reading ==


id: natural-capitalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Capitalism-0.md
category: reference
title: Natural Capitalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Capitalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:20.771108+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: natural-capitalism-20260505-0
summary:
Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution is a 1999 book on environmental economics co-authored by Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and Hunter Lovins. It has been translated into a dozen languages and was the subject of a Harvard Business Review summary. == Content == In Natural Capitalism the authors describe the global economy as being dependent on natural resources and ecosystem services that nature provides. Natural Capitalism is a critique of traditional "Industrial Capitalism", saying that the traditional system of capitalism "does not fully conform to its own accounting principles. It liquidates its capital and calls it income. It neglects to assign any value to the largest stocks of capital it employs – the natural resources and living systems, as well as the social and cultural systems that are the basis of human capital." Natural capitalism recognizes the critical interdependency between the production and use of human-made capital and the maintenance and supply of natural capital. The authors argue that only through recognizing this essential relationship with the Earth's valuable resources can businesses, and the people they support, continue to exist. Their fundamental questions concern the theoretical properties of an economy that, among other tenets, organizes around a more realistic


id: a-nature-conservation-review-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nature_Conservation_Review-0.md
category: reference
title: A Nature Conservation Review
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nature_Conservation_Review
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:23.117562+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-nature-conservation-review-20260505-0
summary:
A Nature Conservation Review is a two-volume work by Derek Ratcliffe, published by Cambridge University Press in 1977. It set out to identify the most important places for nature conservation in Great Britain. It is often known by the initials NCR, and sites listed in it are termed "NCR sites". The approach adopted by Ratcliffe was adapted and applied to the selection of sites important for geological conservation in the Geological Conservation Review. A Marine Nature Conservation Review has also been published. Volume 1 set out the rationale and methods used, and gave descriptions of the major habitat types. Volume 2 consisted entirely of a site inventory. Sites were grouped into six major habitat types: Coastal sites - 135 sites Woodlands - 234 sites Lowland grasslands, heaths and scrub - 159 sites Open waters - 99 sites Peatlands - 116 sites Upland grasslands and heaths - 101 sites == See also == List of NCR sites == References ==


id: the-new-green-consumer-guide-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Green_Consumer_Guide-0.md
category: reference
title: The New Green Consumer Guide
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Green_Consumer_Guide
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:24.275573+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-new-green-consumer-guide-20260505-0
summary:
The New Green Consumer Guide is a book written by Julia Hailes on green consumerism. The guide explores how one can consume goods and services in an environmentally friendly manner. Topics discussed include travel, transport, food and drink, home and garden, fashion and cosmetics. The New Green Consumer Guide was published in 2007 as a successor to The Green Consumer Guide, which Hailes co-authored. First published in 1988, The Green Consumer Guide, in its various editions, has sold in excess of one million copies globally. In the first few weeks after it had been published, there were eleven print runs for The Green Consumer Guide. == References == == External links == Can green consumers save the world? – debate with author at The Daily Telegraph


id: nuclear-nebraska-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Nebraska-0.md
category: reference
title: Nuclear Nebraska
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Nebraska
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:25.434525+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nuclear-nebraska-20260505-0
summary:
Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn't Be Bought is a 2007 book by Susan Cragin which follows the controversy about a proposed low level nuclear waste dump, which was planned for Boyd County, Nebraska. In 1989, two multinational corporations and several government agencies proposed a waste dump and offered payment of $3 million per year for 40 years. The residents of the Boyd County farming community resisted the offer and controversy followed for almost two decades. During this time, the community was transformed "from a small group of isolated farmers to a defiant band of environmentalists". The opposition of the community eventually succeeded, and the license to build the dump was denied. Several governors became embroiled in the controversy, as well as legislators, bureaucrats and the community. One central figure went to jail and others were dismissed from their jobs. For many years, there was extensive coverage of the event by the news media. U.S. Senator Ben Nelson wrote the foreword to the book. == See also == List of books about nuclear issues Central Interstate Low Level Radioactive Waste Compact == References == "Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn't


id: nuclear-or-not-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_or_Not-0.md
category: reference
title: Nuclear or Not?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_or_Not?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:26.596618+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nuclear-or-not-20260505-0
summary:
Nuclear or Not? Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Energy Future? is a 2007 book edited by Professor David Elliott. The book offers various views and perspectives on nuclear power. Authors include: Paul Allen from the Centre for Alternative Technology Dr Ian Fairlie, who served on the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE) Stephen Kidd of the World Nuclear Association Professor Elliott calls for continued debate on the nuclear power issue. He has worked with the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority before moving to the Open University where he is Professor of Technology Policy and has developed courses on technological innovation, focusing in particular on renewable energy technology. == See also == List of books about nuclear issues Nuclear Power and the Environment Reaction Time Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power Non-Nuclear Futures == References == == External links == Non-nuclear sustainable energy futures for Germany and the UK


id: nuclear-power-and-the-environment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment-0.md
category: reference
title: Nuclear Power and the Environment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:27.770135+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nuclear-power-and-the-environment-20260505-0
summary:
Nuclear Power and the Environment, sometimes simply called the Flowers Report, was released in September 1976 and is the sixth report of the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, chaired by Sir Brian Flowers. The report was dedicated to "the Queen's most excellent Majesty." "He was appointed "to advise on matters, both national and international, concerning the pollution of the environment; on the adequacy of research in this field; and the future possibilities of danger to the environment." One of the recommendations of the report was that: "There should be no commitment to a large programme of nuclear fission power until it has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that a method exists to ensure the safe containment of longlived, highly radioactive waste for the indefinite future." The "Flowers Report" was prompted by a proposal in 1975 to set up an international nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Windscale. Windscale is a large nuclear facility on the coast of Cumbria in Northwest England that was built after World War II to produce plutonium for England's nuclear weapons program. The facility suffered a leak in 1973, which put it out of commission until the plans for the international nuclear fuel reprocessing plant were


id: nuclear-power-and-the-environment-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment-1.md
category: reference
title: Nuclear Power and the Environment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:27.770135+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nuclear-power-and-the-environment-20260505-0
summary:
== Chapter Four: Major Issues Raised by Nuclear Power == Chapter Four emphasizes on major issues raised by nuclear power. The reason why chapter two and chapter three are so detailed in the effects of radioactivity and the principles of nuclear power along with the nuclear fuel cycle is so that there could be a better understanding on the problems that could cause environmental effects. Concerns about nuclear development, which is considered in detail in other chapters, centers on a few major issues. This chapter focuses on issues as a whole to ensure that they can be seen in the perspective that allows people to understand the underlying social and ethical questions that they raise. It begins with the world energy demand, the problem scale of nuclear development, and nuclear hazards that stem from other technological developments. The advantages must be weighed against the fears and risks attached to nuclear power, which can lead to many people disregarding nuclear power as an acceptable means of energy, also referred to as "the Faustian bargain." Certainly these fears must be taken seriously and can not be disregarded. This chapter concludes with the concerns of the future and the fact that the world


id: the-nutmeg-s-curse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutmeg's_Curse-0.md
category: reference
title: The Nutmeg's Curse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutmeg's_Curse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:28.936683+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-nutmeg-s-curse-20260505-0
summary:
The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis is a 2021 non-fiction book by Amitav Ghosh. It discusses colonialism and environmental issues with particular focus on the Banda Islands. European powers took control of land, people, and natural resources for profit. It uses the history of the nutmeg trade as the main example to learn how this has continued to shape the modern world. It is Ghosh's second non-fiction work to discuss climate change, after The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (2016). == Background == Ghosh had begun writing The Nutmeg's Curse in March 2020. At the time, Ghosh was staying in his Brooklyn home during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. This book builds on his earlier work on climate change, mainly The Great Derangement. The Nutmeg's Curse was inspired by Ghosh's trip to the Banda Islands and his discovery of an online PDF copy of an obscure book that recounted the massacre of the Bandanese. The text was entitled De vestiging van het Nederlandsche gezag over de Banda-eilanden (1599-1621) (English: The Establishment of Dutch Rule Over the Banda Islands), and its author was J.A. van der Chijs. What particularly struck Ghosh was an aspect


id: the-omnivore-s-dilemma-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omnivore's_Dilemma-0.md
category: reference
title: The Omnivore's Dilemma
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omnivore's_Dilemma
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:30.039379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-omnivore-s-dilemma-20260505-0
summary:
The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals is a nonfiction book written by American author Michael Pollan published in 2006. As omnivores, humans have a variety of food choices. In the book, Pollan investigates the environmental and animal welfare effects of various food choices. He suggests that, prior to modern food preservation and transportation technologies, the dilemmas caused by these options were resolved primarily by cultural influences. Technology has made previously seasonal or regional foods available year-round and in all regions. Culture, which once moderated the relationship between food and society, has now created confusion. To teach more about those choices, Pollan describes various food chains that end in human food: industrial food, organic food, and food we forage ourselves, from the source to a final meal, and in the process writes a critique of the American method of eating. == Contents == Michael Pollan informs us about how corn, the U.S.'s main food source, is "taking over the world" due to its pervasiveness in many of the foods we eat, including beverages made with cornstarch and meat and dairy products from animals fed with corn. Pollan hopes that his book will change the diets in the U.S.


id: only-planet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Planet-0.md
category: reference
title: Only Planet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Planet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:31.172561+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: only-planet-20260505-0
summary:
Only Planet is a book by environment entrepreneur Ed Gillespie about his flight-free adventure around the world. Published in June 2014 by Wild Things Publishing, the book embraces environmentally-sustainable slow travel. == Plot summary == Gillespie and his then-girlfriend Fiona set out on a year-long global circumnavigation of the world without flying, eliminating flying-associated carbon emissions while rediscovering the joys of travelling through the world and not just over it in a plane. Their journey covers over 40,000 miles in 31 countries. Throughout his journey, Gillespie gains different perspectives on climate change, globalisation, and society's role in shaping the future, while also gaining first-hand insight into the way our planet is changing. Each chapter explores a different topic relevant to that part of the journey. For example, while in Japan overfishing is focused upon. == Reviews == Only Planet has been well received by reviewers. The Independent described the book as both "witty" and "thought-provoking", with the essence of the book showing how "slow travel allows time for the flaws, degradation and struggles of the world, as well as its breathtaking beauty and indefatigable human spirit, to seep into the soul." TreeHugger recounts the way in which the book's "humorous


id: operating-manual-for-spaceship-earth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth-0.md
category: reference
title: Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:32.398461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: operating-manual-for-spaceship-earth-20260505-0
summary:
Operating Manual For Spaceship Earth is a short book by R. Buckminster Fuller, first published in 1969, following an address with a similar title given to the 50th annual convention of the American Planners Association in the Shoreham Hotel, Washington D.C., on 16 October 1967. The book relates Earth to a spaceship flying through space. Noting the lack of any user manual to help Earthians steward this ship, Fuller offers some reflections, prognostications, and guidance, based on contemporary concepts of linked relationships, that may help in the understanding, management, sustainment, and creation of a plan to preserve spaceship earth for the future of humanity. The spaceship has a finite amount of resources and cannot be resupplied. == Chapters == Comprehensive propensities Origins of specialization Comprehensively commanded automation Spaceship Earth General systems theory Synergy Integral functions The regenerative landscape == Main themes == === History === Fuller describes two epochs within modern and contemporary history. The first epoch was one run by "Great Pirates" or "great outlaws." The source of their power is that they are the only masters of global information in a time where people are focused locally. They were aware that resources weren't evenly distributed around the world,


id: operating-manual-for-spaceship-earth-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth-1.md
category: reference
title: Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:32.398461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: operating-manual-for-spaceship-earth-20260505-0
summary:
==== Life fellowship ==== Since many jobs will be replaced by automation, and the sustainability of human life would no longer be dictated by labor, humans could be free to engage in other pursuits. To realize potential wealth each person who is or becomes unemployed should be provided with a life fellowship in research and development, or just simply have the freedom to experience and experiment. Fuller states that for every 100,000 fellowships given out one person will come up with something so valuable that it will pay for the remaining 99,999 fellowships. === Economics === The economic accounting systems that are most widely in use only measure physical matter, which is only actually one quality of wealth. ==== Access to vital resources ==== Fuller critiques the prevalence of poverty throughout the entire publication. He states that one of the qualities that make humans unique is their inventiveness. Human inventiveness is driven by curiosity, desire to communicate, adaptability, resourcefulness, and intellectual capabilities. Poverty injures all of Earth's population, by limiting a large percentage of the population's ability to realize their potential and engage in the furthering and betterment of the world's population. So far many of the solutions activated have


id: our-angry-earth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Angry_Earth-0.md
category: reference
title: Our Angry Earth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Angry_Earth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:33.566698+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-angry-earth-20260505-0
summary:
Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991) is a non-fiction book and polemic against the effects of humankind on the environment by the science fiction writers Isaac Asimov and Frederik Pohl. In his last non-fiction book, Asimov co-writes with his long-time friend science fiction author Frederik Pohl, and deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer. It suggests monumental disasters are threatening to destroy humankind and argues that "it is too late to save our planet from harm". The book has four sections: "The Background", "The Problems", "The Technocures" and "The Way to Go". The coming of doom is because of deeds that do not seem evil on the face of it. Because we are concerned with the improving of the health of mankind and its security, our population has increased markedly, especially in the last hundred years, to the point where the Earth cannot support us all. Because we have industrialised ourselves in order to lift the curse of physical labour from our backs we have poured the poisons produced by the internal combustion engine into our atmosphere and dirtied it to the point


id: our-common-future-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Common_Future-0.md
category: reference
title: Our Common Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Common_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:34.737719+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-common-future-20260505-0
summary:
Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, was published in October 1987 by the United Nations through the Oxford University Press. This publication was in recognition of Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Norwegian Prime Minister and Chair of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). Its targets were multilateralism and interdependence of nations in the search for a sustainable development path. The report sought to recapture the spirit of the Stockholm Conference of 1972, which had introduced environmental concerns to the formal political development sphere. Our Common Future placed environmental issues firmly on the political agenda: it aimed to discuss the environment and development as one single issue. The document was the culmination of a "900-day" international exercise which catalogued, analysed, and synthesised written submissions and expert testimony from "senior government representatives, scientists and experts, research institutes, industrialists, representatives of non-governmental organizations, and the general public" held at public hearings throughout the world. The report's definition of "sustainable development" is possibly the best-known definition of this concept:Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. == Content == The Brundtland Commission's mandate, officially adopted at its inaugural


id: our-plundered-planet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Plundered_Planet-0.md
category: reference
title: Our Plundered Planet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Plundered_Planet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:35.936199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-plundered-planet-20260505-0
summary:
Our Plundered Planet is a book published in 1948 by American conservationist Fairfield Osborn about environmental destruction by humankind. With a focus on soil, the book is a critique of humankind's poor stewardship of Earth. It typifies the earliest apocalyptic environmental literature, in which human beings are seen as destroyers of the natural world. Our Plundered Planet, along with William Vogt's Road to Survival, also published in 1948, launched a Malthusian revival in the post-WWII era, and would inspire Anne Howland Ehrlich and her colleague and husband Paul R. Ehrlich, authors of The Population Bomb, The Dominant Animal and more than 30 other books on overpopulation and ecology. == Influences == In writing this book, Osborn was influenced by Guy I. Burch and Elmer Pendell's overpopulation tract Population Roads to Peace or War (1945) and Paul Sears' analysis of dust bowls in Deserts on the March (1935). He had also been influenced by various "New Deal" initiatives in the public planning of land use and restoration, such as the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Civilian Conservation Corps and various policies to address the "Dust Bowls" of the time. Osborn, as well as his famous father, Henry Fairfield Osborn,


id: the-outlaw-ocean-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaw_Ocean-0.md
category: reference
title: The Outlaw Ocean
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaw_Ocean
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:37.115586+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-outlaw-ocean-20260505-0
summary:
The Outlaw Ocean: Journeys Across the Last Untamed Frontier (also published as The Outlaw Ocean: Crime and Survival in the Last Untamed Frontier) is a 2019 book by Ian Urbina about crime and extralegal activity in international waters. The book was based on an investigate journalism series Urbina wrote for The New York Times. Topics covered include illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, modern slavery and violent crime committed at sea, as well of the work of organisations, governments and companies in international waters. The book was critically acclaimed. == Synopsis == The Outlaw Ocean is structured as a series of essays about lawlessness at sea with each chapter covering a different aspect and case studies. Urbina describes his experiences of their reporting. These include: The Thunder, an illegal fishing vessel that was part of the Bandit 6, and its pursuit by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Maritime law enforcement against illegal fishing in Palau and Indonesia The Principality of Sealand, an unrecognised micronation and former pirate radio station off the coast of Suffolk Women on Waves, an NGO that provides abortions in international waters for women in countries where they are illegal Stowaways in international shipping A Greenpeace and academic


id: the-oyster-question-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oyster_Question-0.md
category: reference
title: The Oyster Question
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oyster_Question
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:39.539569+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-oyster-question-20260505-0
summary:
The Oyster Question: Scientists, Watermen, and the Maryland Chesapeake Bay since 1880 is a 2009 book by Christine Keiner. It examines the conflict between oystermen and scientists in the Chesapeake Bay from the end of the nineteenth century to the present, which includes the period of the so-called "Oyster Wars" and the precipitous decline of the oyster industry at the end of the twentieth century. The book engages the myth of the "Tragedy of the Commons" by examining the often fraught relationship between local politics and conservation science, arguing that for most of the period Maryland's state political system gave rural oystermen more political clout than politicians and the scientists they appointed and allowing oystermen to effectively manage the oyster bed commons. Only towards the end of the twentieth century did reapportionment bring suburban and urban interests more political power, by which time they had latched on to oystermen as elements of the area's heritage and incorporated them and the oysters into broader conservation efforts. An important theme is the "intersection[] of scientific knowledge with experiential knowledge in the context of use," in that Keiner "treats the knowledge of the Chesapeake Bay’s oystermen alongside that of biologists." "Through her analysis,


id: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves-0.md
category: reference
title: Palmetto Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:40.760325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
Palmetto Leaves is a memoir and travel guide written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about her winters in the town of Mandarin, Florida, published in 1873. Already famous for having written Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), Stowe came to Florida after the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865). She purchased a plantation near Jacksonville as a place for her son to recover from the injuries he had received as a Union soldier and to make a new start in life. After visiting him, she became so enamored with the region she purchased a cottage and orange grove for herself and wintered there until 1884, even though the plantation failed within its first year. Parts of Palmetto Leaves appeared in a newspaper published by Stowe's brother, as a series of letters and essays about life in northeast Florida. Scion of New England clergy, Stowe keenly felt a sense of Christian responsibility that was expressed in her letters. She considered it her duty to help improve the lives of newly emancipated blacks and detailed her efforts to establish a school and church in Mandarin toward these ends. Parts of the book relate the lives of local African-Americans and the customs of their society. Stowe described the


id: palmetto-leaves-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves-1.md
category: reference
title: Palmetto Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:40.760325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
=== Transformation and failure === In the late winter of 1867, Stowe followed her son to Florida, finding that the warmer weather allowed her to spend more time on two novels she was writing. Her first weeks in Orange Park utterly transformed her and she became enchanted with Florida at once, writing that she felt she had sprouted wings and become "young & frisky". She accompanied her son one day to collect the mail, which was deposited in Mandarin, about 3 miles (4.8 km) across the St. Johns River. They rowed to the eastern shore and Stowe fell in love with a cottage in Mandarin, attached to an orange grove. Stowe's transformation in Florida was rooted in her identification and familiarity with Puritan New England: industry and thrift in a climate where cold sharpened one's senses and values. The laid-back attitude of the people and warmth of the Southern climate were seductive. She at first attempted to persuade her brother Charles to purchase the land in Mandarin, writing to him and asking "How do you think New England theology would have fared had been landed here instead of Plymouth Rock?" She wrote about the land and climate intoxicating her and


id: palmetto-leaves-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves-2.md
category: reference
title: Palmetto Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:40.760325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
Palmetto Leaves was not Stowe's first travel memoir. In 1854 she published Sunny Memoirs of Foreign Lands about her first trip to Europe, a book unique as an American woman's view of Europe. She followed this with Agnes of Sorrento that appeared as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly from 1861 to 1862. Source material for Agnes of Sorrento was culled from her observations of and experiences in Italy, collected during her third trip to Europe, which she took with her family. Olav Thulesius, author of Harriet Beecher Stowe in Florida, recognizes Stowe's tendency to spin everything she saw into something selectively positive. Stowe addressed this in the foreword to Sunny Memoirs of Foreign Lands, writing: If the criticism be made that every thing is given couleur de rose, the answer is, Why not? If there be characters and scenes that seem drawn with too bright a pencil, the reader will consider that, after all, there are many worse sins than disposition to think and speak well of one's neighbors. The object of publishing these letters is, therefore, to give to those who are true-hearted and honest the same agreeable picture of life and manners which met the writer's own


id: palmetto-leaves-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves-3.md
category: reference
title: Palmetto Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:40.760325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
From her first sight of Florida, Stowe was greatly impressed. In Palmetto Leaves, she sings the praises of Florida in January as a beautiful land capable of producing superior citrus and flowers. In several letters Stowe describes the abundant plant life in the area, dedicating a chapter to yellow jessamines (Gelsemium sempervirens) and another to magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) flowers. She details watching sugarcane pressed into sugar crystals, going visiting with her elderly and obstinate mule named Fly, and discovering the myriad things to find in the woods and what can be made of them. She also keeps a cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) in a cage and four cats, but sadly reports later in the year that all four cats have died, to the relief and joy of Phœbus the cardinal. Stowe attempts to disabuse readers of the notion that the region is perfect. She writes, "In New England Nature is an up-and-down smart, decisive, housemother that has her times and seasons and brings up her ends of life with a positive jerk" and contrasts that characterization with Nature in Florida, an "indulgent old grandmother, who has no particular time for any thing and does every thing when she happens to feel


id: palmetto-leaves-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves-4.md
category: reference
title: Palmetto Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:40.760325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
The final two letters in Palmetto Leaves address the newly freed slaves in Florida. Two strong women who are less docile than Stowe is accustomed are included. One, a field hand turned domestic named Minnah, whom Stowe has tried in vain to teach how to do household chores, is so forthright in her speech that Stowe writes, "Democracy never assumes a more rampant form than in some of these old negresses, who would say their screed to the king on his throne if they died for it the next minute. Accordingly, Minnah's back was marked and scored with the tyrant's answers to free speech." Minnah eventually returns happily to the fields. Another, Judy, is complacent and enjoys taking mornings and afternoons off to see to her husband. Stowe attributes their work ethic to poor training and "the negligent habits inducted by slavery"; the truly talented and hard-working black laborers had moved on from homesteads to industry, able to demand their own price for their labors. Although Stowe describes Minnah and Judy with some tempered exasperation, she praises a riverboat stewardess named Commodore Rose. Once a slave owned by the captain, Rose had since been freed for saving his life during


id: palmetto-leaves-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves-5.md
category: reference
title: Palmetto Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:40.760325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
Stowe was among several authors who wrote about Florida following the Civil War. By far, the majority were men who concentrated on hunting prospects, but the women who wrote about the region often used an adolescent narrator who was usually male as a device to describe their encounters with the novelty of what they saw. Stowe wrote simply as herself, something that may have been allowed because of her celebrity. Gene Burnett, author of Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State writes: Harriet was probably never fully aware of how great had been her influence in advertising Florida to the country, turning it from an obscure down under tip on the map into a beckoning, lush, tropical paradise, to which tens of thousands would flock to help build a state over the following decades. She herself would doubtless have viewed it as a fitting Christian act to help restore a prostrate, defeated brotherland to its feet; Florida's first promoter was merely a Good Samaritan. Uncle Tom's Cabin was clearly Stowe's magnum opus (although she considered Old Town Folks, which was written while she was in Mandarin, to have that designation), as Stowe family history recalls that Abraham Lincoln


id: palmetto-leaves-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves-6.md
category: reference
title: Palmetto Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:40.760325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmetto-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
A frost in 1886 killed much of the orange industry in Mandarin and the town saw an economic decline. In 1916, an ornate stained glass window constructed by Louis Comfort Tiffany was installed in the Church of Our Saviour, depicting a large oak tree overlooking the river. The church and Mandarin residents offered no more than $500 for the window; for three years ten cent subscriptions were raised around Mandarin, and notices were placed in New York magazines to solicit finances for it. Although scholars have stated that Stowe's efforts to educate local blacks were ultimately unsuccessful, the woman who spearheaded the fundraising effort for the memorial window noted that the project was enthusiastically supported by local black churches and residents, who gave what they could out of affection for Stowe, remembering that she taught some of them to read. The window probably cost Tiffany $850 ($18,206 in 2009), and though there is no record of exactly how much Tiffany was paid, he took the project on because he liked the design: the tree, the moss, the Southern motif, and because it was to memorialize the Stowes. He probably made no profit from it. Beneath it read "In that hour,


id: the-path-to-degrowth-in-overdeveloped-countries-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Path_to_Degrowth_in_Overdeveloped_Countries-0.md
category: reference
title: The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Path_to_Degrowth_in_Overdeveloped_Countries
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:41.930710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-path-to-degrowth-in-overdeveloped-countries-20260505-0
summary:
"The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries", written by Erik Assadourian, is the second chapter of the Worldwatch Institute's State of the World (2012), available for free online. In his chapter of the report, Assadourian defines degrowth as an "essential and urgent" economic strategy to pursue in countries entrenched in overdevelopment (such as the United States) in order for those countries to be truly sustainable and adapt to "The rapidly warming Earth and the collapse of ecosystem services." Furthermore, he hopes to dispel "the myth that perpetual pursuit of growth is good for economies or the societies of which they are a part" for the well-being of the planet, of underdeveloped populations, and of the sick, stressed, and overweight populations of overdeveloped countries. Assadourian argues via the principle of plenitude that degrowth will inevitably occur whether we want it to or not because—on a planet of finite resources—economies and populations cannot grow infinitely, and overdeveloped countries are still pursuing more economic growth and overconsuming resources. Assadourian outlines four policies overdeveloped nations could employ to sufficiently facilitate a planned and controlled contraction of the economy so as to get back in line with planetary boundaries. Each of these, in unison, will


id: the-pesticide-question-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pesticide_Question-0.md
category: reference
title: The Pesticide Question
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pesticide_Question
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:43.062712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-pesticide-question-20260505-0
summary:
The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics and Ethics is a 1993 book edited by David Pimentel and Hugh Lehman. Use of pesticides has improved agricultural productivity, but there are also concerns about safety, health and the environment. This book is the result of research by leading scientists and policy experts into the non-technical and social issues of pesticides. In examining the social policies related to pesticides use, they consider the costs as well as the benefits. The book says that Intensive farming cannot completely do without synthetic chemicals, but that it is technologically possible to reduce the amount of pesticides used in the United States by 35-50 per cent without reducing crop yields. The researchers show that to regain public trust, those who regulate and use pesticides must examine fair ethical questions and take appropriate action to protect public welfare, health, and the environment. Anyone concerned with reducing our reliance on chemical pesticides and how human activities can remain both productive and environmentally sound will find this volume a stimulating contribution to a troubling debate. The Pesticide Question builds on the 1962 best seller book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. Carson did not reject the use of pesticides, but argued that


id: the-petroleum-papers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Petroleum_Papers-0.md
category: reference
title: The Petroleum Papers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Petroleum_Papers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:44.226707+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-petroleum-papers-20260505-0
summary:
The Petroleum Papers is a 2022 non-fiction book by journalist Geoff Dembicki on climate change and the fossil fuel industry. The book documents that specific oil companies had an early awareness of the relationship between climate change and fossil fuels but then deliberately made efforts to discredit the climate science and prevent government regulation. Heather Mallick described the book as "the biggest true crime story ever told." The book was one of The Washington Post's 10 best books of 2022 and was shortlisted for the Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction the same year. == Publication == The 256 page book was published in 2022 by Greystone Books. It was written by Canadian investigative journalist Geoff Dembicki. == Synopsis == The Petroleum Papers documents the history of the oil and gas industry in Canada. The books documents the warning given to political leaders and oil company executives in 1959 by Edward Teller. It reports on the climate science undertaken by Exxon in the 1970's, when the company measured ocean carbon dioxide levels. Dembicki states that Exxon's scientist James Black warned Exxon's leadership of the dangers to humans posed by fossil fuel and recommended quick action. The author also notes


id: planet-on-fire-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_on_Fire-0.md
category: reference
title: Planet on Fire
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_on_Fire
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:45.375670+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planet-on-fire-20260505-0
summary:
Planet on Fire: A Manifesto for the Age of Environmental Breakdown is a book authored by Mathew Lawrence and Laurie Laybourn-Langton. It was published in 2021 by Verso Books and focuses on the climate crisis and the economy, advocating in favor of ecosocialism. == Background == At the time of the book's publication, both authors worked for think tanks, with Mathew Lawrence at Common Wealth and Laurie Laybourn-Langton at the Institute for Public Policy Research. == Summary == Planet on Fire advocates for environmentalist movements to move toward ecosocialist politics. A self-described "radical manifesto for how to deal with environmental breakdown," Planet on Fire offers challenges to the political status quo in the face of the "devastating and inequitably distributed consequences of the climate emergency." It offers a roadmap for a "democratic and sustainable future." Laurie Laybourn-Langton and Mathew Lawrence argue that it is necessary to restructure the economy to create a way of life that can produces a healthy and flourishing environment for all. == Reception == Writing in the New Statesman, senior online editor George Eaton described Planet on Fire as offering "an urgent alternative" to the "broken model" driving a rapid rise in carbon emissions. A review


id: plows-plagues-and-petroleum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plows,_Plagues_and_Petroleum-0.md
category: reference
title: Plows, Plagues and Petroleum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plows,_Plagues_and_Petroleum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:46.518591+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: plows-plagues-and-petroleum-20260505-0
summary:
Plows, Plagues and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate is a 2005 book published by Princeton University Press and written by William Ruddiman, a paleoclimatologist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Virginia. He has authored and co-authored several books and academic papers on the subject of climate change. Scientists often refer to this period as the "Anthropocene" and define it as the era in which humans first began to alter the Earth's climate and ecosystems. Ruddiman contends that human induced climate change began as a result of the advent of agriculture thousands of years ago and resulted in warmer temperatures that could have possibly averted another ice age; this is the early anthropocene hypothesis. == Synopsis == Ruddiman begins the book with a brief introduction to the science of climate change and the various individuals who have been key in influencing the field over the years. He also notes that the Earth's climate has been drifting toward cooler temperatures for the last 55 million years. The dominant hypothesis for this trend is that large volcanic eruptions have subsided while increasing amounts of carbon dioxide have been absorbed out of the atmosphere due to interactions between monsoon rains and


id: plows-plagues-and-petroleum-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plows,_Plagues_and_Petroleum-1.md
category: reference
title: Plows, Plagues and Petroleum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plows,_Plagues_and_Petroleum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:46.518591+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: plows-plagues-and-petroleum-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical assessment == Gavin Schmidt, a climate scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, described Ruddiman's ideas as intriguing, but the conclusions largely depended on a comparison of methane changes in the current warm period with those in the Vostok ice core which correlated with orbital changes, and more recent research indicated that these might not be applicable to present changes. The newer EPICA core showed only a small increase in methane during the last 5,000 years, which was generally attributed to the development of the boreal wetlands and major river deltas after the ice from the previous ice age melted and caused the sea level to rise to its current location. It was very uncertain that the relatively small human populations and cultivated areas could have made a significant difference. More research was needed to quantify relevant factors. == See also == Milankovitch cycles An Inconvenient Truth Deforestation Holocene Environmental security Ice caps Effects of global warming Carbon cycle Carbon Disclosure Project Guns, Germs and Steel == Notes == == References == Ruddiman, W. F. (2005). Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum : how humans took control of climate. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN


id: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics-0.md
category: reference
title: Political Animals and Animal Politics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:47.722065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-0
summary:
Political Animals and Animal Politics is a 2014 edited collection published by Palgrave Macmillan and edited by the green political theorists Marcel Wissenburg and David Schlosberg. The work addresses the emergence of academic animal ethics informed by political philosophy as opposed to moral philosophy. It was the first edited collection to be published on the topic, and the first book-length attempt to explore the breadth and boundaries of the literature. As well as a substantial introduction by the editors, it features ten sole-authored chapters split over three parts, respectively concerning institutional change for animals, the relationship between animal ethics and ecologism, and real-world laws made for the benefit of animals. The book's contributors were Wissenburg, Schlosberg, Manuel Arias-Maldonado, Chad Flanders, Christie Smith, Clemens Driessen, Simon Otjes, Kurtis Boyer, Per-Anders Svärd, and Mihnea Tanasescu. The focus of their individual chapters varies, but recurring features include discussions of human exceptionalism, exploration of ways that animal issues are or could be present in political discourse, and reflections on the relationship between theory and practice in politics. In part, Political Animals and Animal Politics arose from a workshop that Wissenburg and Schlosberg organised at the 2012 European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions conference,


id: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics-1.md
category: reference
title: Political Animals and Animal Politics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:47.722065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-0
summary:
The workshop featured a lecture by Michel Vandenbosch, of the Belgian organisation Global Action in the Interest of Animals. On the second day, those involved were joined by Niko Koffeman of the Dutch Party for the Animals and Karen Soeters of that party's Nicolaas G. Pierson Foundation think tank. Footage from that day of the workshop, shot by Joost de Haas, was included in the documentary film De Haas in de Marathon (The Pacer in the Marathon, 2012). The film was created by de Haas, who was commissioned by the Nicolaas G. Pierson Foundation. It focuses on the Party for the Animals's first ten years, including interviews with people associated with the party and explorations of the party's public reception. The film premiered on 28 October 2012, during a gathering to celebrate the party's 10th anniversary. It has since been made available in numerous languages. Wissenburg and Schlosberg's workshop formed the basis of Political Animals and Animal Politics, a collection edited by Wissenburg and Schlosberg, earlier versions of many of the volume's chapters having been presented at that time. Originally, the editors had intended to have discussion of political theory, of movements for animals and of real-world politics, but the


id: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics-2.md
category: reference
title: Political Animals and Animal Politics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:47.722065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-0
summary:
"Public Reason and Animal Rights", Chad Flanders Flanders argues that nonhuman animals could be "below" politics, in that they do not have politically considerable interests, or "above" politics, in that they have rights that trump political decision-making processes. Flanders argues that if animals are excluded from basic justice, as John Rawls held, they can be defended on metaphysical grounds (what Rawls refers to as on the basis of comprehensive doctrines, as opposed to the public reasons which must be used for arguments in the political realm). This is potentially liberating for animal advocates. Nonetheless, Flanders argues, animal issues may be matters of basic justice insofar as they affect humans or that animals themselves have rights. Alternatively, the wrongness of animal cruelty may be a "fixed point" in our political reasoning. Flanders concludes that Rawlsianism provides a good starting point for the inclusion of animals in political decision-making. "Articulating Ecological Injustices of Recognition", Christie Smith Smith draws on Val Plumwood to argue that rather than solely think about resituating animals in ethical terms, what is needed is the resituation of humans in ecological terms; both are needed, she argues, as the two tasks are linked. Smith rejects the culture/nature dichotomy, and


id: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics-3.md
category: reference
title: Political Animals and Animal Politics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:47.722065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: political-animals-and-animal-politics-20260505-0
summary:
"The Rights of Nature: Theory and Practice", Mihnea Tanasescu Tanasescu explores the idea of rights for nature, an idea that, though unorthodox, has seen success in implementation. He introduces the concept, with a focus on the differences between moral and legal rights, before examining the particular case of Ecuador's entrenchment of rights for nature in its 2008 constitution, which is compared with other real-world cases. He finally addresses what can be learnt from these theoretical and practical considerations. He concludes that much work on the topic is left to be done, but the key lesson to be learnt is the significance of innovation; environmental politics, he claims, should remain both inventive and optimistic. == Academic reception == Political Animals and Animal Politics was reviewed by Garner for Environmental Values, and the philosophers Jeremy David Bendik-Keymer, Josh Milburn, and Dan Hooley for Environmental Ethics, the Political Studies Review and the Journal of Animal Ethics respectively. Garner lamented the absence of many of the key voices in the political theory literature on animal ethics—such as Cochrane, Donaldson and Kymlicka, O'Sullivan, Tony Milligan, Kimberly Smith or Garner himself—in the book, meaning that Political Animals and Animal Politics "takes on the role of an


id: the-population-bomb-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb-0.md
category: reference
title: The Population Bomb
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:48.969534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-population-bomb-20260505-0
summary:
The Population Bomb is a 1968 book co-authored by former Stanford University professor Paul R. Ehrlich and former Stanford senior researcher in conservation biology Anne H. Ehrlich. From the opening page, it predicted worldwide famines due to overpopulation, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth. Fears of a "population explosion" existed in the mid-20th century baby boom years, but the book and its authors brought the idea to an even wider audience. The book has been criticized since its publication for an alarmist tone, and over the subsequent decades, for inaccurate assertions and failed predictions. For instance, regional famines have occurred since the publication of the book, but not world famines. The Ehrlichs themselves continued to stand by the book despite the flaws identified by its critics, with Paul stating in 2009 that "perhaps the most serious flaw in The Bomb was that it was much too optimistic about the future," despite having predicted catastrophic global famines that never came to pass. They believe that it achieved their goals because "it alerted people to the importance of environmental issues and brought human numbers into the debate on the human future." Others have


id: the-population-bomb-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb-1.md
category: reference
title: The Population Bomb
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:48.969534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-population-bomb-20260505-0
summary:
=== Possible solutions === Paul and Anne Ehrlich described a number of "ideas on how these goals might be reached." They believed that the United States should take a leading role in population control, both because it was already consuming much more than the rest of the world, and therefore had a moral duty to reduce its impact, and because the US would have to lead international efforts due to its prominence in the world, in order to avoid charges of hypocrisy or racism it would have to take the lead in population reduction efforts. The Ehrlichs float the idea of adding "temporary sterilants" to the water supply or staple foods. However, they reject the idea as unpractical due to "criminal inadequacy of biomedical research in this area." They suggest a tax scheme in which additional children would add to a family's tax burden at increasing rates for more children, as well as luxury taxes on childcare goods. They suggest incentives for men who agree to permanent sterilization before they have two children, as well as a variety of other monetary incentives. They propose a powerful Department of Population and Environment which "should be set up with the power to


id: the-population-bomb-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb-2.md
category: reference
title: The Population Bomb
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:48.969534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-population-bomb-20260505-0
summary:
=== Restatement of Malthusian theory === The Population Bomb has been characterized by critics as primarily a repetition of the Malthusian catastrophe argument that population growth will outpace agricultural growth unless controlled. Ehrlich observed that since about 1930 the population of the world had doubled within a single generation, from 2 billion to nearly 4 billion, and was on track to do so again. He assumed that available resources on the other hand, and in particular food, were nearly at their limits. Some critics compare Ehrlich unfavorably to Malthus, saying that although Thomas Malthus did not make a firm prediction of imminent catastrophe, Ehrlich warned of a potential massive disaster within the next decade or two. In addition, critics state that unlike Malthus, Ehrlich did not see any means of avoiding the disaster entirely (although some mitigation was possible), and proposed solutions that were much more radical than those discussed by Malthus, such as starving whole countries that refused to implement population control measures. Ehrlich was certainly not unique in his neo-Malthusian predictions, and there was a widespread belief in the 1960s and 70s that increasingly catastrophic famines were on their way. === Predictions === The Ehrlichs made a number


id: the-population-bomb-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb-3.md
category: reference
title: The Population Bomb
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:48.969534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-population-bomb-20260505-0
summary:
=== Persistence of trends === Economist Julian Simon and medical statistician Hans Rosling pointed out that the failed prediction of 70s famines were based exclusively on the assumption that exponential population growth will continue indefinitely and no technological or social progress will be made. In The Ultimate Resource Simon argued that resources, such as metals, which Ehrlichs extensively discuss in their books as examples of non-sustainable resources, are valued exclusively for the function they provide, and technological progress frequently replaces these: for example, copper was largely replaced by fiber optic in communications, and carbon fiber replaced a wide range of alloys and steel in construction (see Simon-Ehrlich wager and The Ultimate Resource). Simon also argued that technological progress tends to happen in large steps rather than linear growth, as happened with the Green Revolution. Hans Rosling in his book Factfulness demonstrated that fertility rate has significantly decreased worldwide and, more importantly, high fertility is a natural response to high mortality in low-income countries and once they enter higher income group, fertility drops quickly. According to environmentalist Stewart Brand, himself a student and friend of Ehrlich, the assumption made by the latter and by authors of The Limits to Growth has


id: the-population-bomb-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb-4.md
category: reference
title: The Population Bomb
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:48.969534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-population-bomb-20260505-0
summary:
the biggest tactical error in The Bomb was the use of scenarios, stories designed to help one think about the future. Although we clearly stated that they were not predictions and that “we can be sure that none of them will come true as stated,’ (p. 72)—their failure to occur is often cited as a failure of prediction. In honesty, the scenarios were way off, especially in their timing (we underestimated the resilience of the world system). But they did deal with future issues that people in 1968 should have been thinking about – famines, plagues, water shortages, armed international interventions by the United States, and nuclear winter (e.g., Ehrlich et al. 1983, Toon et al. 2007)—all events that have occurred or now still threatenIn a 2018 interview with The Guardian, Ehrlich, while still proud of The Population Bomb for starting a worldwide debate on the issues of population, acknowledged weaknesses of the book including not placing enough emphasis on climate change, overconsumption and inequality, and countering accusations of racism. He argues "too many rich people in the world is a major threat to the human future, and cultural and genetic diversity are great human resources." He advocated for an


id: power-justice-and-the-environment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power,_Justice,_and_the_Environment-0.md
category: reference
title: Power, Justice, and the Environment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power,_Justice,_and_the_Environment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:50.154728+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: power-justice-and-the-environment-20260505-0
summary:
Power, Justice, and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement is a book edited by David Pellow and Robert Brulle. The impetus for the book came from presentations at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association in Chicago. Divided into three parts, (Environmental Equity and Justice, New Strategies for Achieving Environmental Justice, and Environmental Justice and the Challenges of Globalization), the editors curate a collection of essays by academics, environmental practitioners, and advocates that critique strategies, tactics, organizational structures, and governance in the environmental justice movement, and pose questions about where the movement has been and where it may go. == References ==


id: power-profit-and-protest-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power,_Profit_and_Protest-0.md
category: reference
title: Power, Profit and Protest
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power,_Profit_and_Protest
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:51.291452+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: power-profit-and-protest-20260505-0
summary:
Power, Profit and Protest: Australian Social Movements and Globalisation is a 2003 book by Verity Burgmann. The book was originally published in 1993, and the 2003 edition is substantially expanded. It contains a new chapter on "social movements and social change", and another on the "anti-corporate globalisation movement". There is a new concluding chapter on globalisation as the "cancer stage of capitalism". Cathie Jensen-Lee writes "This book provides an interesting and thoughtful analysis of several movements for change in Australian society; namely the Aboriginal movement, the women's movement, the green movement and the anti-capitalist/anti-corporate globalisation movements." == See also == Tasmania's Wilderness Battles == References == == External links == Power, profit and protest : Australian social movements and globalisation / Verity Burgmann - Details - Trove Informit - Labour History - Verity Burgmann, Power, Profit and Protest : Australian Social Movements and Globalisation [Book Review] (Business Collection) O'Hara on Burgmann Power, profit and protest Fighting for the Forests. Ron Chapman (PhD) 2008, p18. (in research) The workers' flag is deepest green. Jeff Sparrow. Seminar, Australian National University, October 2004. (in teaching) David Sprigg (in social policy research)


id: prosperity-without-growth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_Without_Growth-0.md
category: reference
title: Prosperity Without Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_Without_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:52.454462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prosperity-without-growth-20260505-0
summary:
Prosperity Without Growth is a book by author and economist Tim Jackson. It was originally released as a report by the Sustainable Development Commission. The study rapidly became the most downloaded report in the Commission's nine-year history when published in 2009. Later that year, the report was reworked and published as a book by Earthscan. A revised and expanded edition (Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow) was published in January 2017. == Description == By arguing that "prosperity – in any meaningful sense of the word – transcends material concerns," the book summarizes the evidence showing that, beyond a certain point, growth does not increase human well-being. Prosperity without Growth analyses the complex relationships between economic growth, environmental crises, and social recession. It proposes a route to a sustainable economy and argues for a redefinition of "prosperity" in light of the evidence on what contributes to people’s well-being. The second edition expands on these ideas and sets out the framework for what he calls "the economy of tomorrow." By attending to the nature of enterprise as a form of social organisation, the meaning of work as participation in society, the function of investment as a commitment to


id: pumpkin-the-curious-history-of-an-american-icon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin:_The_Curious_History_of_an_American_Icon-0.md
category: reference
title: Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin:_The_Curious_History_of_an_American_Icon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:53.636215+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pumpkin-the-curious-history-of-an-american-icon-20260505-0
summary:
Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon is a 2012 book by Cindy Ott. The author follows the history of the pumpkin, from Native American diet staple, to food for peasants, feed for livestock, and now as the symbol of autumn and a multi-million dollar industry. Once considered a desperate substitute to use in beer and bread, only in the absence of barley and wheat, the pumpkin's popularity grew out the romantic nostalgia of rural residents turned city-dwellers, and its commercialization has now reached unprecedented heights. Ott traces the shifting status of the pumpkin in American culture. The author goes as far as to paint the pumpkin as a cultural icon that helped forge a uniquely American identity. == References == == External links == Pumpkin history online exhibition


id: questioning-collapse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_Collapse-0.md
category: reference
title: Questioning Collapse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_Collapse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:54.801036+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: questioning-collapse-20260505-0
summary:
Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire is a 2009 non-fiction book compiled by editors Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee that features a series of eleven essays from fifteen authors discussing how societies have developed, evolved, and whether they have or have not collapsed throughout history, with a focus on how ancient and contemporary societies have advanced to the current global society and issues being faced in modern times. The collection of essays acts as a direct critique in the collective title and subject matter of Jared Diamond's book Collapse and, to a lesser extent, Guns, Germs, and Steel. Begun as a concept at a 2006 special meeting of the American Anthropological Association, the book was further constructed after individual presentations at an October 2007 meeting of archaeologists, cultural anthropologists, and historians in order to address each of the societies and locations brought up by Diamond in his books. These authors showcased how each society did not collapse, but merely changed culturally, politically, or geographically into a new form that followed chronologically with the same traditions and systems, focusing on the concept of resilience has kept together the same cultures even to modern day. This


id: questioning-collapse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_Collapse-1.md
category: reference
title: Questioning Collapse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_Collapse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:54.801036+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: questioning-collapse-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical reception == Pacific Affairs reviewer James L. Flexner praised Questioning Collapse for its critical analysis of Diamond's works and debunking not of minor details, but of broad claims made in his works. Flexner notes that the essays are able to get across the idea that "transformation is likely the one inevitable factor in history" and instead of "tragic catastrophe and destruction", it is the perspective that "these processes, while sometimes accompanied by violent upheaval, usually reflect more of the resilience and adaptability of dynamic human cultures" that matters. In a review for the Journal of Cultural Geography, Ryan D. Bergstrom concluded that, while the book has successfully added to knowledge and understanding on the topic of societal collapses, the "truth of how and why societies collapse is likely found somewhere between the arguments made in this book and those of Diamond’s", but adds that those in the field of cultural geography would "applaud the truth-seeking process" and find the information useful. Writing for Transforming Anthropology, Luis Silva Barros complimented the book's explanation and use of the "process" view of societal development and collapse, as compared to Diamond's "results" view, suggesting that the book would be a "very useful


id: reaction-time-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Time_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Reaction Time (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Time_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:55.965950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reaction-time-book-20260505-0
summary:
Reaction Time: Climate Change and the Nuclear Option is a 2007 book by Professor Ian Lowe The book is about energy policy. == Themes == In his book he says: "the nuclear option does not make sense on any level: economically, environmentally, politically or socially. It is too costly, too dangerous, too slow and has too small an impact on global warming." == Quote == "Promoting nuclear power as the solution to climate change is like advocating smoking as a cure for obesity. That is, taking up the nuclear option will make it much more difficult to move to the sort of sustainable, ecologically healthy future that should be our goal." == See also == Anti-nuclear movement in Australia List of books about nuclear issues Renewable energy commercialization List of Australian environmental books Quarterly Essay == References == == External links == Is nuclear the answer?


id: the-real-global-warming-disaster-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Global_Warming_Disaster-0.md
category: reference
title: The Real Global Warming Disaster
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Global_Warming_Disaster
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:57.142066+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-real-global-warming-disaster-20260505-0
summary:
The Real Global Warming Disaster (Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?) is a 2009 book by English journalist and author Christopher Booker in which he asserts that global warming cannot be attributed to humans, and then alleges how the scientific opinion on climate change was formulated. From a standpoint of environmental scepticism, Booker seeks to combine an analysis of the science of global warming with the consequences of political decisions to reduce CO2 emissions and claims that, as governments prepare to make radical changes in energy policies, the scientific evidence for global warming is becoming increasingly challenged. He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections. Booker concludes, "it begins to look very possible that the nightmare vision of our planet being doomed" may be imaginary, and that, if so, "it will turn out to be one of the most expensive, destructive, and foolish mistakes the human race has ever made". The book's


id: red-sky-at-morning-speth-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sky_at_Morning_(Speth_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Red Sky at Morning (Speth book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sky_at_Morning_(Speth_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:58.336034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: red-sky-at-morning-speth-book-20260505-0
summary:
Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment by James Gustave Speth, is a 2004 Yale University Press book whose central premise is that environmentalism, so far, has been unsuccessful in protecting the natural environment on Earth. Deprecating the past efficacy of the Natural Resources Defense Council, the White House Council on Environmental Quality, and the United Nations Development Programme — as well as the actions of the former George W. Bush administration – Speth writes (as cited in the TIME article listed in the "References" section): "The climate convention is not protecting climate, the biodiversity convention is not protecting biodiversity, [and] the desertification convention is not preventing desertification." Potential for effective environmentalism, he says (as cited in the TIME article) now rests upon actions analogous to "jazz": volunteerism, and improvisation. He also notes, "Since the Montreal Protocol, [the United States] has not accorded global-scale environmental challenges the priority needed." (p.116) == References == Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment. A Citizen's Agenda for Action, James Gustave Speth. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-300-10232-1 "Books: Storm Warnings Ahead." Linden, Eugene (2004, April 5). TIME, Vol. 163


id: reflections-in-bullough-s-pond-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_in_Bullough's_Pond-0.md
category: reference
title: Reflections in Bullough's Pond
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_in_Bullough's_Pond
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:40:59.457703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reflections-in-bullough-s-pond-20260505-0
summary:
Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and Ecosystem in New England is a book by Diana Muir, published in 2000. Providence Journal called Bullough’s Pond "a masterpiece", and Publishers Weekly called it "lyrical". The Massachusetts Center for the Book awarded it the 2001 Massachusetts Book Award, for the author's "engaging and accomplished storytelling". == Thesis == Muir makes a complex, Malthusian argument for the origin of an industrial revolution in New England independent of the English industrial revolution. Demonstrating that the economic model of colonial New England was large families of children on small-hold farms, producing sufficient wealth not only to live comfortably but to enable all of the children to purchase farms, she argues that a crunch point was reached when cheap, unsettled land ceased to be available. Focusing on the decades following 1790, she argues that families had accumulated wealth to set their children up on farms, but that land was not available until after the federal government broke the armed strength of Tecumseh in the Ohio country. During that twenty-year period, she demonstrates the development of numerous innovative techniques in the early stages of Interchangeable parts manufacturing and precision tool manufacturing, the aspects of industrialization in which southern


id: renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Sources_and_Climate_Change_Mitigation-0.md
category: reference
title: Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Sources_and_Climate_Change_Mitigation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:12.457068+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation-20260505-0
summary:
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published a special report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) on May 9, 2011. The report developed under the leadership of Ottmar Edenhofer evaluates the global potential for using renewable energy to mitigate climate change. This IPCC special report provides broader coverage of renewable energy than was included in the IPCC's 2007 climate change assessment report, as well as stronger renewable energy policy coverage. In the present time, there is an obvious trend to have more renewable energy sources and therefore to overcome life crisis that can go when oil and gas expire. Renewable energy can contribute to "social and economic development, energy access, secure energy supply, climate change mitigation, and the reduction of negative environmental and health impacts". Under favourable circumstances, cost savings in comparison to non-renewable energy use exist. == History == Previously the IPCC examined both renewable energy and energy efficiency in its fourth assessment report, published in 2007, but members decided that renewable energy commercialization merits additional in-depth coverage because of its importance in reducing carbon emissions. The outline of the IPCC WG III's Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation


id: requiem-for-a-species-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Species-0.md
category: reference
title: Requiem for a Species
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Species
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:13.631063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: requiem-for-a-species-20260505-0
summary:
Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change is a 2010 non-fiction book by Australian academic Clive Hamilton which explores climate change denial and its implications. It argues that climate change will bring about large-scale, harmful consequences for habitability for life on Earth including humans, which it is too late to prevent. Hamilton explores why politicians, corporations and the public deny or refuse to act on this reality. He invokes a variety of explanations, including wishful thinking, ideology, consumer culture and active lobbying by the fossil fuel industry. The book builds on the author's fifteen-year prior history of writing about these subjects, with previous books including Growth Fetish and Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change. Requiem for a Species has been reviewed in Resurgence magazine, Socialist Review, Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Common Review, and Times Higher Education, which named it "Book of the Week". Extracts of the book have appeared in The Guardian and Geographical magazine. The book won a 2010 Queensland Premier's Literary Award. == Themes == Hamilton points out that there have been many reports and books over the years explaining the climate change problem and just how ominous the future


id: requiem-for-a-species-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Species-1.md
category: reference
title: Requiem for a Species
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Species
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:13.631063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: requiem-for-a-species-20260505-0
summary:
The Times Higher Education listed Requiem for a Species as "Book of the week" for 3 June 2010. Steven Yearley's review calls it a "provocative and sobering book". He says the heart of the book are the many explanations that Hamilton puts forward for the everyday, regular denial of the danger of changing climate. Yearley says this is also the most frustrating aspect of Requiem for a Species, because Hamilton proposes so many different explanations but does not make their relative significance clear. David Shearman, in a review for Doctors for the Environment Australia, says that "Clive Hamilton is one of Australia's most notable public intellectuals, his work is careful and balanced, he presents the facts as they are and has written a book which is uncomfortable for all". According to Shearman, Hamilton's treatment of the topic of denial is one of the best available. Mike Hulme, in Resurgence magazine, agrees with the "consumption fetish" and "spiritual malaise" of humanity that Hamilton describes. But, according to Hulme, Hamilton has underestimated the "innovative and creative potential of collective humanity" and he has put too much faith in the infallibility of science's predictions about future climate risks. Hulme believes that Hamilton "is


id: residual-governance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Governance-0.md
category: reference
title: Residual Governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:14.807569+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: residual-governance-20260505-0
summary:
Residual Governance: How South Africa Foretells Planetary Futures is a 2023 book by historian and anthropologist Gabrielle Hecht that traces the environmental and social impacts of gold and uranium mining in South Africa's Witwatersrand region. The book introduces the concept of "residual governance"—defined as the governance of waste and discards, minimalist governance using simplification and delay, and governance that treats people and places as waste—arguing that this framework represents a primary instrument of racial capitalism and a major driver of environmental destruction in the Anthropocene. Based on two decades of fieldwork and archival research, Hecht documents how mining waste continues to affect millions of South Africans despite the end of apartheid in 1994, concentrating on acid mine drainage, radioactive dust, and the experiences of communities living near mine dumps. The work centers the perspectives of activists, scientists, and affected residents rather than state and corporate actors, incorporating 87 illustrations as primary sources. The book was published by Duke University Press as an open-access monograph, and it received the 2024 PROSE Award in Government and Politics, Association of American Publishers, the 2024 PROSE Award for Excellence in Social Science, the E. Ohnuki Tierney Award for Historical Anthropology, and the African Studies


id: residual-governance-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Governance-1.md
category: reference
title: Residual Governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:14.807569+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: residual-governance-20260505-0
summary:
== Summary == Hecht traces the environmental and social legacy of gold and uranium mining in South Africa's Witwatersrand region, where over one-third of all gold ever mined on Earth was extracted across more than a century. The book develops the concept of "residual governance," defined as a deadly trifecta: the governance of waste and discards; minimalist governance that employs simplification, ignorance, and delay as core tactics; and governance that treats people and places as waste and wastelands. Hecht argues that residual governance functions as a technopolitical instrument of racial capitalism—where technology deliberately enacts political goals—and serves as a major accelerant of the Anthropocene epoch. The book's introduction, "The Racial Contract is Technopolitical," builds on philosopher Charles Mills's theory of the racial contract to demonstrate how mining in South Africa exemplifies the intersection between racial capitalism and environmental destruction. Hecht shows how apartheid's racial contract guaranteed value extraction at minimal cost through the exploitation of hundreds of thousands of male mineworkers from across southern Africa, while simultaneously contaminating their bodies and communities with toxic residues. The narrative deliberately eschews chronological ordering, instead employing a palimpsest-like structure where geological time, colonial history, apartheid, and the post-apartheid present layer upon one another.


id: residual-governance-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Governance-2.md
category: reference
title: Residual Governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:14.807569+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: residual-governance-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical reception == Academic reviewers have analyzed the book's theoretical framework, particularly its development of "residual governance" as a concept linking waste management, bureaucratic minimalism, and the treatment of people and places as disposable. Iva Peša in the American Historical Review notes that Hecht "masterfully combines two vastly different scales" in showing connections between state and mining actors while documenting effects on residents. Tracy-Lynn Field and Michael Hennessy Picard in the European Journal of International Law describe it as "a gripping account of the mine wastes of the Rand, viewed from the perspective of activists and community leaders," and praised Hecht for honoring activists who "refuse to allow residual waste to escape unnoticed." The book's use of Charles Mills's racial contract theory has drawn scholarly attention. Mikhail Moosa (African Studies Review) observes that the work "expands on her earlier work on technopolitics in France and West Africa, while drawing substantively on Charles Mills's critique of liberal social contract theory." Ivan Evans (Contemporary Sociology) analyzed how Hecht builds on Mills's framework to demonstrate what she terms a "deadly trifecta" of policies that expose South Africans to mining byproducts, official reliance on misleading information, and an administrative approach that "treats people


id: the-revenge-of-gaia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Gaia-0.md
category: reference
title: The Revenge of Gaia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Gaia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:15.990403+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-revenge-of-gaia-20260505-0
summary:
The Revenge of Gaia: Why the Earth is Fighting Back – and How We Can Still Save Humanity (2006) is a book by James Lovelock. Some editions of the book have a different, less optimistic subtitle: Earth's Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity. The book introduces the concept of the anti-CLAW hypothesis. Lovelock proposed that instead of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW hypothesis may act to create a positive feedback loop. Under future global warming, increasing temperature may stratify the world ocean, decreasing the supply of nutrients from the deep ocean to its productive euphotic zone. Consequently, phytoplankton activity will decline with a concomitant fall in the production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS). In a reverse of the CLAW hypothesis, this decline in DMS production will lead to a decrease in cloud condensation nuclei and a fall in cloud albedo. The consequence of this will be further climate warming which may lead to even less DMS production (and further climate warming). The figure to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Evidence for the anti-CLAW hypothesis is constrained by similar uncertainties as those of the sulfur cycle feedback loop of the CLAW hypothesis.


id: risk-governance-coping-with-uncertainty-in-a-complex-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Governance:_Coping_with_Uncertainty_in_a_Complex_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Risk Governance: Coping with Uncertainty in a Complex World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Governance:_Coping_with_Uncertainty_in_a_Complex_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:17.124723+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: risk-governance-coping-with-uncertainty-in-a-complex-world-20260505-0
summary:
Risk Governance: Coping with Uncertainty in a Complex World is part of The Earthscan Risk in Society Series of books. Published in 2008 and written by risk theorist and researcher Ortwin Renn, the book brings together and updates Renn's work, integrating concepts of risk in the social, engineering and natural sciences. == Synopsis == Risk Governance presents the context of risk handling before proceeding through the core topics of assessment, evaluation, perception, management and communication. The main focus is on systemic risks, such as genetically modified organisms, which have a high degree of complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity, and with major repercussions on financial, economic, and social impact areas. == Reception == Reviewing for Natural Hazards, Heriberta Castaños and Cinna Lomnitz praised the book as important and noted that it included coverage of German social science on disaster research as "The coverage of key German references has always been uneven." Rolf Lidskog reviewed for Acta Sociologica, stating that "Because of its broad character, where different thematic issues (perceptions, management, communication, etc.) are discussed, the book has a somewhat eclectic character." == References ==


id: river-of-renewal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Renewal-0.md
category: reference
title: River of Renewal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Renewal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:18.316449+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: river-of-renewal-20260505-0
summary:
River of Renewal: Myth and History in the Klamath Basin is a 2006 book by Stephen Most detailing the challenges in balancing economic and ecological concerns in the Klamath Basin region of the United States. The book shows clashes between federal and state government agencies, American Indian tribes, hydroelectric dam operators, and the farming and commercial fishery industries, detailing challenges and controversies around the irrigation of farmland and the preservation of the wild salmon population. The book traces the history of the Klamath Basin, including the Yurok, Hupa, and Karuk tribal populations, the secessionist State of Jefferson movement, and regional Bigfoot legends. The second edition tells the story of the revival of cultural fire by the Klamath River tribes and recounts how the largest dam removal and watershed restoration project in history came about. == 2008 film == It was adapted into a 2008 non-fiction film, River of Renewal, that received the Best Documentary Award at the American Indian Film Festival. The film was also broadcast on PBS. == References == == External links == River of Renewal at IMDb River of Renewal film website


id: the-riverkeepers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riverkeepers-0.md
category: reference
title: The Riverkeepers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riverkeepers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:19.496220+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-riverkeepers-20260505-0
summary:
The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right is a 1997 book written by John Cronin and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. The book documents its authors' activism and legal action against the corporate polluters of the Hudson River in New York. == Publication == The Riverkeepers is a 1997 book written by John Cronin, head of the Riverkeeper organization at the time, and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Riverkeeper's then chief litigator. The book was published in 1997, in New York by Charles Scribner's Sons. == Synopsis == The book, with a foreword by Al Gore, documents the work by its authors in their legal battles with the corporate polluters of the Hudson River. The authors write about their 1983 founding of Riverkeeper non-profit organization and the almost-100 lawsuits they have started. Targets of the author's litigation include General Electric and Exxon. The authors are critical of the United States Congress. The book notes "right-wing stereotypes about environmental elitism" and recommends strategies to persuade political opponents. Recommended strategies are local action, linking environmentalism with preserving historical industry such as fishing, rather than as being against economic growth, and framing environmentalism as a struggle "against special


id: road-to-survival-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Survival-0.md
category: reference
title: Road to Survival
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Survival
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:20.598596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: road-to-survival-20260505-0
summary:
Road to Survival is a 1948 book by William Vogt. It was a major inspiration for a certain strand of modern environmentalism as well as for the revival of Malthusianism—the so-called neo-Malthusianism—in the post-war era. == Summary == Road to Survival is a summary of the ecological status of the world. Vogt documented the negative effects of an expanding global population on the environment. He gathered reports of deforestation, gullying, overgrazing, soil erosion, and many forms of destruction of fundamental resources which he believed had arisen from the greed and ignorance of humankind. Vogt contended that global population growth surpasses the capacity of food production to sustain it, thereby advocating for the necessity of universal birth control measures. Vogt also critiqued capitalism, characterizing it as a flawed system, and portrayed the historical trajectory of the United States as a continuous series of destructive events and actions. The book is filled with scientific data, and its worldwide scope was unusual at the time. Ultimately, the book advocates population control as the only way to prevent environmental disaster. Human population could not exceed the planet's carrying capacity without disaster. According to Hampshire College's Betsy Hartmann, Vogt is the founder of what she


id: robots-will-steal-your-job-but-that-s-ok-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_Will_Steal_Your_Job,_but_That's_OK-0.md
category: reference
title: Robots Will Steal Your Job, but That's OK
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_Will_Steal_Your_Job,_but_That's_OK
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:21.742782+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: robots-will-steal-your-job-but-that-s-ok-20260505-0
summary:
Robots Will Steal Your Job, but That's OK: How to Survive the Economic Collapse and Be Happy is a book by Federico Pistono that was published in 2012. Initially self-published by the author, it was later picked up by publishers internationally and translated in six languages. It became a best-seller on Amazon.com, and was covered in various publications such as the BBC, the Financial Times and Época. == Themes == The book's four points are: Technology is improving at an exponential rate, robots and algorithms will soon be able to replace most human labor; There is no need for the emergence of artificial general intelligence to create structural technological unemployment and destabilize the economy as we know it; Work and happiness have a correlation, but not necessarily a causation. What drives happiness is having a sense of purpose and being in a state of flow, which may come from activities outside of traditional work; While it is theoretically possible to replace lost jobs, the book suggests that it would be impractical and it represents a missed opportunity for society, challenging the reader to think of a system where automation allows to break the labor-by-income, income-for-survival cycle, scaling back on conspicuous


id: the-sacred-balance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Balance-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sacred Balance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Balance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:22.930487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sacred-balance-20260505-0
summary:
The Sacred Balance is a book by environmentalist David Suzuki, which is in its second edition as of 2007. The book explores human society's impact on the natural world, both for the planet and the people living on it. Suzuki reveals how dependent humankind is upon the planet's water, soil, sunlight, and the breath of its vegetation. Threats to the planet's balance, ranging from toxic pollution to global warming are also discussed. A series of documentary films, also called The Sacred Balance, is based on the book produced by Kensington Communications, Inc. Producer Robert Lang was the producer of the series. == References ==


id: a-sand-county-almanac-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac-0.md
category: reference
title: A Sand County Almanac
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sand_County_Almanac
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:24.094650+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-sand-county-almanac-20260505-0
summary:
A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There is a 1949 non-fiction book by American ecologist, forester, and environmentalist Aldo Leopold. Describing the land around the author's home in Sauk County, Wisconsin, the collection of essays advocate Leopold's idea of a "land ethic", or a responsible relationship existing between people and the land they inhabit. Edited and published by his son, Luna, a year after Leopold's death, the book is considered a landmark in the American conservation movement. Interspersed throughout the book are illustrations by American wildlife artist Charles W. Schwartz. The book has had over two million copies printed and has been translated into at least fourteen languages. It has informed and changed the environmental movement and stimulated a widespread interest in ecology as a science. == Overview == A Sand County Almanac is a combination of natural history, scene painting with words, and philosophy. It is perhaps best known for the following quote, which defines Leopold's land ethic: "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." The original publication format was issued by Oxford University Press in 1949. It incorporated


id: a-science-on-the-scales-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Science_on_the_Scales-0.md
category: reference
title: A Science on the Scales
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Science_on_the_Scales
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:25.273502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-science-on-the-scales-20260505-0
summary:
A Science on the Scales: The Rise of Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Biology, 1898-1939 is a 2011 book by Jennifer Hubbard. The book provides an analysis of Canadian fisheries history with the tools of the professional historian, when most earlier works on the topic came from fisheries scientists themselves. The book traces the development of fisheries science in Canada in the first decades of the twentieth century. Fisheries biology arose in the mid-1800s in Northern Europe from concerns around the conservation of what appeared to be dwindling stocks in the face of new technology. Marine biological stations were established in Europe in the last decades of the nineteenth century—particularly in Naples (the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn) and Plymouth—but the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries, established in 1892, did not see a need for one in Canada, though a floating station on board a scow was eventually set up. The book "surveys the tortuous process by which the Biological Board of Canada was established in 1912 to supersede a board of management that had overseen a floating biological station off the Atlantic coast since 1898, and permanent stations at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and Nanaimo, British Columbia, since 1908." Norwegian zoologist


id: science-under-siege-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Under_Siege-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Under Siege
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Under_Siege
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:26.429696+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-under-siege-20260505-0
summary:
Science Under Siege: The Politicians' War on Nature and Truth is a 1998 book by journalist Todd Wilkinson. Wilkinson describes the careers of a variety of publicly employed scientists who, in the course of their work for government agencies, found habitat degradation, threatened species, or other decline in availability of a natural resource. When they expressed their views that certain activities must be scaled back or areas protected, they met with poor job performance ratings, hostility from their supervisors, transfers out of the region, and in many cases a severely damaged career. Science is "under siege" in these cases because many of the researchers were told to modify their scientific reports so that commercial uses or environmentally destructive activities could continue. == See also == List of books about the politics of science == References == == External links == The Politics of Science


id: scorched-south-africa-s-changing-climate-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched:_South_Africa's_Changing_Climate-0.md
category: reference
title: Scorched: South Africa's Changing Climate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched:_South_Africa's_Changing_Climate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:27.630430+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scorched-south-africa-s-changing-climate-20260505-0
summary:
Scorched: South Africa's Changing Climate is a non-fiction book by Leonie Joubert. == Synopsis == Scorched is a narrative on southern Africa’s landscapes in the age of climate change. It reads from a local point of view. The book deals with climate modeling produced by scientific institutions. Scorched ponders the morality of the changes mankind has wrought, as well as the future of life on Earth. == Awards == In May 2007, Scorched was awarded an honorable mention by the judging panel of the Sunday Times Alan Paton Literary Awards. "The judges have chosen to cite Scorched for an Honorary Award for breaking into the new territory of science journalism, and its skill in popularising this often inaccessible field." Paperback - 240 pages (30 September 2006) South Africa: Wits University Press ISBN 9781868144372 == References == == External links == Website of book Sunday Times Literary Awards Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Interview with the author


id: scorcher-the-dirty-politics-of-climate-change-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorcher:_The_Dirty_Politics_of_Climate_Change-0.md
category: reference
title: Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorcher:_The_Dirty_Politics_of_Climate_Change
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:28.753577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scorcher-the-dirty-politics-of-climate-change-20260505-0
summary:
Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change is a 2007 book by Clive Hamilton which contends that Australia rather than the United States is the major stumbling block to a more effective Kyoto Protocol. In the final chapter of the book Hamilton argues that "the Howard government has been actively working to destroy the Kyoto Protocol". Scorcher is an updated version of Hamilton's 2001 book, Running from the Storm. Other books by Clive Hamilton include Requiem for a Species, Silencing Dissent, Growth Fetish, Affluenza and The Freedom Paradox. == Quotes == "In the tight little world of greenhouse lobbying, the Prime Minister saw nothing improper in going to the country's biggest greenhouse polluters to ask them what the Government should do about greenhouse policy, without extending the same opportunity to other industries, not to mention environment groups and independent experts". == See also == An Inconvenient Truth – a 2006 documentary featuring Al Gore Climate Code Red – a 2008 book from Australia on climate change Greenhouse Mafia List of Australian environmental books Politics of global warming Storms of My Grandchildren – a 2009 book by climate scientist James Hansen == References == == Bibliography == Hamilton, Clive (2007). Scorcher:


id: secrets-and-lies-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_and_Lies_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Secrets and Lies (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_and_Lies_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:29.902024+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: secrets-and-lies-book-20260505-0
summary:
Secrets and Lies: The Anatomy of an Anti-Environmental PR Campaign is a 1999 book by Nicky Hager and Bob Burton. == The book == The book documents the public relations information put out by Timberlands West Coast Limited in order to win public support for logging of native forests on the West Coast of New Zealand. The material is based on a large amount of documentation leaked by a staff member from the local branch of Shandwick (now Weber Shandwick Worldwide), a global public relations company, which had been hired by Timberlands to run a secret campaign against environmental groups such as Native Forest Action between 1997 and 1999. The book describes its tactics of surveillance of meetings, monitoring the press and responding to every letter to the editor, greenwashing, the use of SLAPPs, cleaning anti-logging graffiti and blotting out campaign posters in public places, and managing to install its pro-logging educational materials into schools. The book alleges that almost every pro-logging letter or article was organized by this campaign. == Reception and responses == In 2000, a press council complaint was made against a letter to the editor in The Press, which argued that Hager had lied in the


id: selling-solar-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selling_Solar-0.md
category: reference
title: Selling Solar
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selling_Solar
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:31.097548+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: selling-solar-20260505-0
summary:
Selling Solar: The Diffusion of Renewable Energy in Emerging Markets is a 2009 Earthscan book by Damian Miller. Miller argues that, in order to solve the climate crisis, the world must immediately and dramatically accelerate the commercialization of renewable energy technology. This needs to happen in the industrialized world, as well as in the emerging markets of the developing world where most future greenhouse gas emissions will occur. Author Damian Miller holds a doctorate from the Judge School of Business, Cambridge. He is the founder and CEO of Orb Energy, which is based in India. == See also == List of books about renewable energy Clean Tech Nation == References ==


id: sense-of-place-20260505-0-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_Place-0.md
category: reference
title: Sense of Place
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_Place
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:32.242519+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sense-of-place-20260505-0-2
summary:
Sense of place: a response to an environment: the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia is a 1972 book by George Seddon. It documents Seddon's struggle to understand the Swan Coastal Plain, a biogeographic region that he initially found harsh and unwelcoming. It includes information on landforms, climate, geology, soils, flora, the Swan River, the coast, offshore islands, wetlands, and urban areas. This information is, however, essentially presented in a literary style; in the words of Mark Tredinnick: "This is the kind of geography an essayist writes. This is the kind of essay a literate scientist writes. This is a literary natural history." In Australia it is considered a landmark environmental publication. Among its claims to influence is having given modern currency to the term sense of place. Although Seddon did not coin the phrase, it was this book that introduced the phrase into the fields of landscape and environmental design. == References ==


id: sensing-changes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensing_Changes-0.md
category: reference
title: Sensing Changes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensing_Changes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:33.341192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sensing-changes-20260505-0
summary:
Sensing Changes: Technologies, Environments, and the Everyday, 1953–2003 is a 2010 book by Canadian historian Joy Parr. The book examines the "embodied histories" of Canadians who were affected by Canadian megaprojects in the postwar period, assessing how such developments, which significantly altered local environments, affected people's senses of place and identity through their sensory experiences. The book features cases studies such as the damming of the Arrow Lakes in British Columbia, the relocation of the village of Iroquois as part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway project, and the construction of a NATO base in rural New Brunswick. The book also explores the E. coli outbreak that occurred in Walkerton, Ontario in 2000. Beyond just documenting the changes brought about by such developments, which were significant in remaking entire landscapes, Parr argues that these periods of sudden changes for local residents reveal important insights into embodied knowledge, or the ways in which we come to know our surroundings through sensory engagement. The book effectively demonstrates that "[t]he human body... becomes the fundamental archive of historical experience that is researchable through written and oral accounts of lived experience." == Contents == Sensing Changes consists mainly of six case studies and the ways


id: serpent-river-resurgence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_River_Resurgence-0.md
category: reference
title: Serpent River Resurgence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_River_Resurgence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:34.482991+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serpent-river-resurgence-20260505-0
summary:
Serpent River Resurgence: Confronting Uranium Mining at Elliot Lake is a 2022 book by Lianne C. Leddy, Associate Professor of History at Wilfrid Laurier University. The book documents the environmental history of uranium mining at Elliot Lake, Ontario, on Serpent River First Nation, including the advocacy of the Serpent River Anishinaabe to raise awareness about mining impacts on the community. Leddy grew up in Elliot Lake and is a member of Serpent River First Nation. == Contents == Serpent River Resurgence characterizes the uranium industry at Elliot Lake as a form of "Cold War colonialism," given the connection between mining in the area and American nuclear weapons production and the impacts of the industry on the Serpent River First Nation. The main impacts that the book focuses on are those on the Serpent River watershed and those of a sulphuric acid production plant located on the Serpent River reserve. In addition to elucidating the impacts of the uranium industry on the local environment, the book documents the efforts of Serpent River residents, including elders, to be heard by government and industry officials. The book highlights how community members were not opposed to economic development, but resisted both the environmental consequences


id: the-shamba-raiders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shamba_Raiders-0.md
category: reference
title: The Shamba Raiders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shamba_Raiders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:35.667345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-shamba-raiders-20260505-0
summary:
The Shamba Raiders: Memories of a Game Warden is Bruce Kinloch's account of his experiences in late colonial East Africa. The first edition, published in 1972 proved so successful that a second edition was published in 1988, and a third in 2004. The title refers to the marauding elephants destroying peasant crops, driven by heavy poaching pressure in wilderness areas, which formed the most urgent task for Kinloch. That his book is still in demand is a source of pride to him and his wife, Elizabeth, who accompanied him frequently and typed up the notes of his original book. "It is a book that never dies, its contents are as relevant now as ever," she said. The Shamba Raiders is an account of the struggle to preserve herds of game threatened by modern civilisation, poaching, war and the political and economic changes which have swept Africa in the middle of the last century. As the Chief Game Warden in Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi, Kinloch walked the tight rope of retaining Africa's wildlife heritage while safeguarding crops and livelihood of the population, featuring ivory poachers and middlemen as well as uncaring and bigoted officials. In particular, the book describes Kinloch's management


id: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress-0.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of Progress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:36.814063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
summary:
A Short History of Progress is a non-fiction book and lecture series by Ronald Wright about societal collapse. The lectures were delivered as a series of five speeches, each taking place in different cities across Canada as part of the 2004 Massey Lectures which were broadcast on the CBC Radio program, Ideas. The book version was published by House of Anansi Press and released at the same time as the lectures. The book spent more than a year on Canadian best-seller lists, won the Canadian Book Association's Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year, and was nominated for the British Columbia's National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction. It has since been reprinted in a hardcover format with illustrations and also in Kindle and EPUB digital formats. Wright, an author of fiction and non-fiction works, uses the fallen civilisations of Easter Island, Sumer, Rome, and Maya, as well as examples from the Stone Age, to see what conditions led to the downfall of those societies. He examines the meaning of progress and its implications for civilizations—past and present—arguing that the twentieth century was a time of runaway growth in human population, consumption, and technology that has now placed an unsustainable burden


id: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress-1.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of Progress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:36.814063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
summary:
In the fourth chapter, "Pyramid Schemes", the fates of the Roman and Mayan civilisations are compared; both peaked with centralised empires but ended with power being diffused to their periphery as the center collapsed and ultra-conservative leadership refused reformations. Anthropologist Joseph Tainter's explanation for the fall of the Roman Empire is invoked, that "complex systems inevitably succumb to diminishing returns" so that the costs of operating an empire are so high that alternatives are implemented. Two examples of civilisations that have been sustainable are described: China and Egypt. Both had an abundance of resources, particularly topsoil, and used farming methods that worked with, rather than against, natural cycles, and settlement patterns that did not exceed, or permanently damage, the carrying capacity of the local environment. The final chapter, "The Rebellion of the Tools", seeks to answer the final Gauguin question, "where are we going?", by applying these past examples to modern society. Wright sees needed reforms being blocked by vested interests who reject multi-lateral organisations, and support laissez-faire economics and transfers of power to corporations as leading to the social and environmental degradations that led to the collapse of previous civilisations. Necessary reforms are, in Wright's view, being blocked by


id: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress-2.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of Progress
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:36.814063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-progress-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication and reception == The book, published by House of Anansi Press, was released at the same time the Massey Lectures were being delivered. In early November 2004, one lecture was given by Wright in each of the following cities: Ottawa, Edmonton, Saskatoon, Halifax, and Toronto. Their recording was broadcast on CBC Radio's Ideas during the week of 22 November. The book was named the Canadian Booksellers Association's 2005 Non-Fiction Book of the Year at their annual Libris Awards and short-listed for the first annual British Columbia Award for Canadian Non-Fiction. A hardcover edition title An Illustrated Short History of Progress was released with a print run of 15,000 copies in 2006. In The Globe and Mail, Canadian author Paul William Roberts praised the book, calling it "... the most important use of printed word and post-consumer recycled fibres I have seen since Jérôme Deshusses's Délivrez Prométhée, 25 years ago." Roberts explains, "[Wright] has such a firm grasp of his goal that scarcely a word is extraneous... You feel you've read volumes, though, not just because of the density of Wright's thoughts, but due to the crushing weight of the burden they carry. In prose that is balefully evocative


id: siberia-siberia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia,_Siberia-0.md
category: reference
title: Siberia, Siberia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia,_Siberia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:37.964486+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: siberia-siberia-20260505-0
summary:
Siberia, Siberia (Russian: Сибирь, Сибирь...) is a non-fiction book by the Russian writer Valentin Rasputin. It was originally published in Russian in 1991 by Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guard). The second and third editions appeared in 2000 and 2006; an English translation is available as well. Rasputin is a Russian novelist based in Irkutsk in Eastern Siberia, and a master of the genre known as village prose. His fiction centers around the conflict of the traditional Siberian village lifestyle, characterized by its family values, unambiguous morality, and strong connection with one's ancestral culture and natural environment, with the modernizing developments of the post-World War II period. Since the mid-1970s, he has been increasingly involved in writing non-fiction essays and article, protesting against projects he views as environmentally destructive and advocating for the restoration of "Russian national consciousness". His Siberia, Siberia is both an excursion into the human history of the region, and a diatribe against the industrial developments and infrastructure projects "of the last three decades" (i.e. roughly 1960–1990) that he views as wrecking not only the region's natural environments and the rural way of life, but also the very moral fibre of the nation. == Book summary == Besides an


id: sierra-club-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club_Books-0.md
category: reference
title: Sierra Club Books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club_Books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:39.142863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sierra-club-books-20260505-0
summary:
Sierra Club Books was the publishing division, for both adults and children, of the Sierra Club, founded in 1960 by then club President David Brower. They were a United States publishing company located in San Francisco, California with a concentration on biological conservation. In 2014 the adult division of the organization was sold to Counterpoint LLC and the children's books division to Gibbs Smith. == History == The Sierra Club started its book program in 1952, when David Brower, an editor with the University of California Press, became the club's executive director. In 1954, they published the first of its climbers’ and hikers’ guides. In 1960, when the Sierra Club Books began, they published the ‘Exhibit Format Book Series’, a collection of nature photography and in 1964 they published their first color volume, Elliot Porter's In Wilderness Is the Preservation of the World. Volumes intended for club members had been published prior to 1960. In addition, books under their name had been published before 1960, but done through already established publishers, as was the case with This Is Dinosaur, published by Alfred A. Knopf. Their first in-house book, volume 1 in the Exhibit Format series, was This is the American


id: silence-of-the-songbirds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_of_the_Songbirds-0.md
category: reference
title: Silence of the Songbirds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_of_the_Songbirds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:40.314794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silence-of-the-songbirds-20260505-0
summary:
Silence of the Songbirds (ISBN 978-0-8027-1609-5) is a book by bird lover and scientist Bridget Stutchbury about the rapid decline and loss of many species of songbirds. Some major threats covered include pesticides, sun-grown coffee, city lights, cowbirds, and global warming. The book was published by HarperCollins in 2007 and has 243 pages. Kirkus Reviews published a review of the book on June 1, 2007, and compared it to Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. Stutchbury describes the link between Latin American deforestation and the loss of food for migratory birds, and the impact of large amounts of pesticides. However, deforestation is minimal for shade-grown coffee. She mentions additional threats to songbirds: light pollution, tall buildings, and wind farms. Despite the diminishing populations of songbirds in recent decades, she provides advice for their survival. == Media == === Canadian Broadcasting Corporation === CBC Radio, Quirks and Quarks, April 14, 2007 (fourth topic) (archived by the Wayback Machine) CBC.ca - Words at Large - Author Exclusives - Excerpt: Silence of the Songbirds, by Bridget Stutchbury === Print media === Tweet, tweet, you're dead, The Globe and Mail newspaper (archived by the Wayback Machine) == References == == External links == The Silence


id: silent-spring-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-0.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. Published on September 27, 1962, the book documented the environmental harm caused by the indiscriminate use of DDT, a pesticide used by soldiers during World War II. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting the industry's marketing claims unquestioningly. In the late 1950s, Carson began to work on environmental conservation, especially environmental problems that she believed (and would later learn) were caused by synthetic pesticides. The result of her research was Silent Spring, which brought environmental concerns to the American public. The book was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it swayed public opinion and led to a reversal in US pesticide policy, a nationwide ban on DDT for agricultural uses, and an environmental movement that led to the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency. In 2006, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of Discover magazine. == Research and writing == In the mid-1940s, Carson became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been developed through the military funding of science after World War II. The


id: silent-spring-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-1.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
By 1959, the USDA's Agricultural Research Service responded to the criticism by Carson and others with a public service film, Fire Ants on Trial; Carson called it "flagrant propaganda" that ignored the dangers that spraying pesticides posed to humans and wildlife. That spring, Carson wrote a letter, published in The Washington Post, that attributed the recent decline in bird populations—in her words, the "silencing of birds"—to pesticide overuse. The same year, the 1957, 1958, and 1959 crops of US cranberries were found to contain high levels of the herbicide aminotriazole and the sale of all cranberry products was halted. Carson attended the ensuing FDA hearings on revising pesticide regulations; she was discouraged by the aggressive tactics of the chemical industry representatives, which included expert testimony that was firmly contradicted by the bulk of the scientific literature she had been studying. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs". Research at the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health brought Carson into contact with medical researchers investigating the gamut of cancer-causing chemicals. Of particular significance was the work of National Cancer Institute researcher and founding director of the environmental cancer section Wilhelm Hueper, who


id: silent-spring-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-2.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
No responsible person contends that insect-borne disease should be ignored. The question that has now urgently presented itself is whether it is either wise or responsible to attack the problem by methods that are rapidly making it worse. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease through the control of insect vectors of infection, but it has heard little of the other side of the story—the defeats, the short-lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. Even worse, we may have destroyed our very means of fighting. Carson also said that "Malaria programmes are threatened by resistance among mosquitoes", and quoted the advice given by the director of Holland's Plant Protection Service: "Practical advice should be 'Spray as little as you possibly can' rather than 'Spray to the limit of your capacity'. Pressure on the pest population should always be as slight as possible." === Politics === At the time the book was written, environmental issues were excluded from mainstream political conversation in America. However, Carson believed that governments should consider what environmental impact a policy may have before implementing it; for example, in


id: silent-spring-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-3.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
== Promotion and reception == Carson and the others involved with publication of Silent Spring expected fierce criticism and were concerned about the possibility of being sued for libel. Carson was undergoing radiation therapy for her cancer and expected to have little energy to defend her work and respond to critics. In preparation for the anticipated attacks, Carson and her agent attempted to amass prominent supporters before the book's release. Most of the book's scientific chapters were reviewed by scientists with relevant expertise, among whom Carson found strong support. Carson attended the White House Conference on Conservation in May 1962; Houghton Mifflin distributed proof copies of Silent Spring to many of the delegates and promoted the upcoming serialization in The New Yorker. Carson also sent a proof copy to Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, a long-time environmental advocate who had argued against the court's rejection of the Long Island pesticide spraying case and had provided Carson with some of the material included in her chapter on herbicides. Though Silent Spring had generated a fairly high level of interest based on pre-publication promotion, this became more intense with its serialization, which began in the June 16, 1962, issue. This


id: silent-spring-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-4.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
== Translations == The book was translated into many languages including German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Russian and Italian. German: Der stumme Frühling, first edition 1963. French: Printemps silencieux, first edition 1963. Dutch: Dode lente, first edition 1964 or 1962 Japanese: 生と死の妙薬, first edition 1964. Successive prints post-2001 titled 沈黙の春 Russian: Безмолвная весна, first edition 1965. Swedish: Tyst vår, first edition 1963. Chinese: 寂静的春天, first edition 1979. Italian: Primavera silenziosa. Spanish: Primavera silenciosa. Danish: Det Tavse Forår. Finnish: Äänetön kevät, first edition 1962, after parts of the book were published in an 8-part article series by the largest subscription newspaper, Helsingin Sanomat (Helsinki times/news), earlier that year. == Impact == === Grassroots environmentalism and the EPA === Carson's work had a powerful impact on the environmental movement. Silent Spring became a rallying point for the new social movement in the 1960s. According to environmental engineer and Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes, "Silent Spring altered the balance of power in the world. No one since would be able to sell pollution as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically." Carson's work and the activism it inspired are partly responsible for the deep ecology movement and the strength of the grassroots


id: silent-spring-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring-5.md
category: reference
title: Silent Spring
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:41.474877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: silent-spring-20260505-0
summary:
=== Debate over environmentalism and DDT restrictions === Carson has been targeted by some organizations opposed to the environmental movement, including Roger Bate of the pro-DDT advocacy group Africa Fighting Malaria and the libertarian think tank Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI); these sources oppose restrictions on DDT, attribute large numbers of deaths to such restrictions, and argue that Carson was responsible for them. These arguments have been dismissed as "outrageous" by former World Health Organization scientist Socrates Litsios. May Berenbaum, University of Illinois entomologist, says, "to blame environmentalists who oppose DDT for more deaths than Hitler is worse than irresponsible". Investigative journalist Adam Sarvana and others characterize this notion as a "myth" promoted principally by Bate. In the 1990s and 2000s, campaigns against the book intensified, in part due to efforts by the tobacco industry to cast larger doubt on science-driven policy as a way of contesting bans on smoking. In 2009, the heavily corporate-funded CEI set up a website falsely blaming Carson for deaths to malaria. This triggered a point-by-point rebuttal by biographer William Souder, who reviewed the distortions used by campaigners against Silent Spring. A 2012 review article in Nature by Rob Dunn commemorating the 50th anniversary of Silent


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Danish: Verdens sande tilstand, lit. 'The True State of the World') is a book by Danish author and statistician Bjørn Lomborg which focuses on the author's view of environmental economics and issues. It was first published in Danish in 1998 by Centrum, and in English by Cambridge University Press in 2001. Lomborg was inspired by an interview with economist Julian Lincoln Simon to undertake an assessment of publicly available data, and published his findings as a series of articles in Politiken. These formed the basis of the book, in which Lomborg argues against a range of what he considers overly pessimistic claims about environmental issues and their impact on human prosperity. Lomborg argues that environmentalists' concerns over pollution, environmental degradation, decline in natural resources, and climate change are overstated, and outlines his opposition to policy responses like the Kyoto Protocol, deeming them insufficient and causing more harm than good based on cost–benefit analysis. He argues in favour of focus instead being channelled to poverty reduction and combating diseases. The book generated great controversy and negative reviews upon its release. Lomborg's assertions, methodology and representation of sources were criticised by scientists


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-1.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
Human prosperity from an economic and demographic point of view. He argues prosperity, life expectancy, food and hunger and health have improved over the past centuries in most parts of the world, despite ongoing challenges such as HIV/AIDS. He dismisses Thomas Malthus' theory that increases in the world's population lead to widespread hunger. Human prosperity from an ecological point of view. Lomborg examines the state of natural resources and draws a conclusion that contrasts to that of the well known report The Limits to Growth. He argues that food is increasing, with the exception of fish which is depleting. He argues that there is no indication of widespread deforestation, and economic growth is a solution to the issue in developing countries. Lomborg asserts that rare materials and oil are not being depleted as fast as is claimed, and that improvements of technology will provide people with fossil fuels for years to come. Lomborg says that water conflicts will not take place because they are not cost-effective, and argues in favour of better water management. Pollution as a threat to human prosperity. He connects air pollution and water pollution with economic growth, and argues that faster economic growth will reduce their


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-2.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
The Union of Concerned Scientists published a critique of the book, highlighting reviews by Peter Gleick, Jerry D. Mahlman, Thomas Lovejoy, Norman Myers, Jeffrey Harvey, E. O. Wilson and Stuart Pimm. They concluded that the book fits squarely in a tradition of contrarian environmental works, which may gain temporary prominence but ultimately fail to stand up to scientific scrutiny. Harvey compared the book unfavourably to University undergraduate quality, and added "ecology is the most complex of sciences and Lomborg has never done a shred of work in the field". In a letter, Wilson said that the greatest regret he had about the book was "the time wasted by scientists correcting the misinformation created." In January 2002, a heading from Scientific American read, "Misleading Math about the Earth" and contained set of essays written by scientists on the book. The article concluded that The Skeptical Environmentalist misrepresented both scientific evidence and opinion. The journal also refused Lomborg's request of publishing a defense print of 32 pages, rather a page in the later May issue in 2002. The magazine later published his complete rebuttal on its website, along with the counter rebuttals of John Rennie and John P. Holdren. Nature also published


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-3.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
I am neither a statistician nor a scientist, and I lack the skill to judge Lomborg's reworkings of the statistics of conventional wisdom. But I am worried that on virtually every topic he touches, he reaches conclusions radically different from almost everybody else. That seems to suggest that most scientists are wrong, short-sighted, naïve, interested only in securing research funds, or deliberately dancing to the campaigners' tune. Most I know are honest, intelligent and competent. So it beggars belief to suppose that Professor Lomborg is the only one in step, every single time. Kirby's first concern was not with the extensive research and statistical analysis, but the conclusions drawn from them, concluding: "In the rational world that Bjørn Lomborg thinks we all inhabit, we would manage problems sensibly, one by one. But the real world is messier, more unpredictable—and more impatient." === Reception of media coverage === Shortly after its release, the World Resources Institute and World Wide Fund for Nature published a nine-point critique of Lomborg's work and credentials specifically targeted at journalists, advising them to "proceed with caution" in their coverage of the book. One critical article, "The Skeptical Environmentalist: A Case Study in the Manufacture of News",


id: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist-4.md
category: reference
title: The Skeptical Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:43.949852+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-skeptical-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation review and response === On 13 February 2003, Lomborg filed a complaint against the DCSD's decision with the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MSTI), which oversees the group. On 17 December, the Ministry released a report identifying a number of procedural errors had made, although did not refute any criticisms of the book. It criticised the DCSD for not identifying specific areas of error and for not providing an opportunity for Lomborg to respond before the report's publication. The Ministry then remitted the case to the DCSD, and instructed the DCSD to decide whether to reinvestigate. On 12 March 2004, the Committee formally decided not to act further on the complaints, reasoning that renewed scrutiny would, in all likelihood, result in the same conclusion. == Legacy == Jim Giles wrote a 2003 retrospective on the book in Nature, saying it was "packed with facts and figures, yet it was the emotional response that it inspired that will be best remembered," and argued that it would have little long-lasting influence. Giles suggested the intense critical reaction from scientists and environmental groups was driven by fears that the book's talking points would be adopted


id: small-is-beautiful-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful-0.md
category: reference
title: Small Is Beautiful
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:45.150015+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: small-is-beautiful-20260505-0
summary:
Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered is a collection of essays published in 1973 by German-born British economist E. F. Schumacher. The title "Small Is Beautiful" came from a principle espoused by Schumacher's teacher Leopold Kohr (1909–1994) advancing small, appropriate technologies, policies, and polities as a superior alternative to the mainstream ethos of "bigger is better". Overlapping environmental, social, and economic forces such as the 1973 energy crisis and popularisation of the concept of globalisation helped bring Schumacher's Small Is Beautiful critiques of mainstream economics to a wider audience during the 1970s. In 1995 The Times Literary Supplement ranked Small Is Beautiful among the 100 most influential books published since World War II. A further edition with commentaries was published in 1999. Honoring the 50th anniversary of Small is Beautiful in 2023, the Schumacher Center for a New Economics commissioned an updated study guide from British author and Journalist David Boyle. == Synopsis == Small Is Beautiful is divided into four parts: "The Modern World", "Resources", "The Third World", and "Organization and Ownership". Part I – summarizes the economic world of the early 1970s from Schumacher's perspective. In the first chapter, "The Problem of Production",


id: small-is-profitable-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Profitable-0.md
category: reference
title: Small Is Profitable
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Is_Profitable
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:46.277096+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: small-is-profitable-20260505-0
summary:
Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size is a 2002 book by energy analyst Amory Lovins and others. The book describes 207 ways in which the size of "electrical resources"—devices that make, save, or store electricity—affects their economic value. It finds that properly accounting for the economic benefits of "distributed" (decentralized) electrical resources typically raises their value by a large factor, perhaps tenfold, through improved system planning, utility construction and operation (especially off the grid), and service quality, and by avoiding social costs. This should change how distributed resources are marketed and used, and make policy and business opportunities explicit. Small Is Profitable was named 'Book of the Year' by The Economist magazine. == See also == Brittle Power Soft energy technology List of books by Amory Lovins Small business V2G == References ==


id: state-of-the-world-book-series-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_World_(book_series)-0.md
category: reference
title: State of the World (book series)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_World_(book_series)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:47.478711+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: state-of-the-world-book-series-20260505-0
summary:
The State of the World (SoW) was a series of books published annually from 1984 to 2017 by the U.S. based Worldwatch Institute, a thinktank that was founded in the 1970s by renowned environmentalist Lester R. Brown and ceased operations in 2017. The series attempted to identify the planet's most significant environmental challenges. The 2010 edition discussed different ways of changing current cultures such that it felt as natural to live sustainably as living as a consumer felt at the time. The 2011 edition looked at the global food crisis and surrounding environmental and social problems, with a particular emphasis on global innovations that could help solve that worldwide problem. The 2012 edition showcased innovative projects, creative policies, and fresh approaches that were advancing sustainable development in the twenty-first century. The 2013 edition defined the term sustainability, and assessed attempts to cultivate it. == Editions == State of the World 1984 ISBN 0-393-30176-1 State of the World 1985 ISBN 0-393-30218-0 State of the World 1986 ISBN 0-393-30255-5 State of the World 1987 ISBN 0-393-30389-6 State of the World 1988 ISBN 0-393-30440-X State of the World 1989 ISBN 0-393-30567-8 State of the World 1990 ISBN 0-393-30614-3 State of the World 1991


id: states-of-nature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nature-0.md
category: reference
title: States of Nature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:48.636425+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: states-of-nature-20260505-0
summary:
States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century is a 2006 book by Canadian historian Tina Loo. The book analyzes the history of nature conservation in Canada throughout the 20th century, paying particular attention to the contributions of and interactions between both state and private actors, effectively tracing "shifting and conflicting attitudes toward the natural world" and the "roles of the state, urban sportsmen, and rural peoples, from resource workers to First Nations." Loo argues that over the course of the century wildlife conservation came increasingly under the purview of the state, yet had firm roots in informal, localized practices. She highlights this expanding bureaucratic and scientific state presence as being part of a larger process of "rural colonization," but also shows how private groups and individuals continued to play an important role in adapting and implementing conservation practices. Ultimately, Loo argues that wildlife conservation was shaped by, and ultimately shaped in turn, Canadians' values about their relationship with the natural world. == Contents == The opening chapters of States of Nature document the legal and practical background and changing nature of conservation in Canada, highlighting the different roles and values of various actors as the centralized state


id: storm-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Storm World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:49.775647+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: storm-world-20260505-0
summary:
Storm World: Hurricanes, Politics, and the Battle over Global Warming is a 2007 book by Chris Mooney. Mooney discusses tensions between two different approaches to analyzing global warming and its effect on hurricanes. == Overview == After witnessing the devastation of his mothers house in Hurricane Katrina Mooney was concerned that government policy failed to consider worst-case scenarios when planning for the future even after that disaster. He explores whether global warming will affect hurricanes in general even if it cannot explain the specifics of any individual storm. Mooney found there were two camps in storm research one that felt the field should be based on data and another looking into deductions based on theories derived from physics. Surrounding this divide are politics, personalities and the drama of powerful storms. The question of the effect of global warming on storms and the difficulty reaching conclusions intensified the conflict. Mooney renders this into an accessible and compelling narrative with vivid portrayals of the scientists, accounts of new discoveries and their acceptance or denial by scientists and politicians. The integration of both research methods by some scientists gives Mooney hope and he concludes that in order to be effective scientists must be


id: storms-of-my-grandchildren-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storms_of_My_Grandchildren-0.md
category: reference
title: Storms of My Grandchildren
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storms_of_My_Grandchildren
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:50.920443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: storms-of-my-grandchildren-20260505-0
summary:
Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity is climate scientist James Hansen's first book, published by Bloomsbury Press in 2009. The book is about threats to people and habitability for life on Earth from global warming. == Themes == In the book, Hansen describes how the burning of fossil fuels is changing our climate and argues that this is putting Earth into imminent peril. He suggests that millions of species, and humanity itself, are threatened. The title of the book, Storms of My Grandchildren, refers to the ferocious and stormy weather events that will occur in the next generation if fossil fuel use continues in the way it has. In Hansen's evaluation, the response of politicians to this crisis has mainly been "greenwashing", where their proposals sound good but amount to little. Hansen says that we immediately need to cut back atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions such that atmospheric concentrations are stabilized at 350 ppm or less, in order to avoid environmental disasters for generations to come. He advocates prompt phaseout of coal plant emissions, plus improved forestry and agricultural practices. Hansen supports a carbon tax returned to citizens as


id: straight-up-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Straight Up (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:52.700139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straight-up-book-20260505-0
summary:
Straight Up: America's Fiercest Climate Blogger Takes on the Status Quo Media, Politicians, and Clean Energy Solutions is a book by author, blogger, physicist and climate expert Joseph J. Romm. A Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and former Acting Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy, Romm writes about methods of reducing global warming and increasing energy security through energy efficiency, green energy technologies and green transportation technologies. Romm writes and edits the climate blog ClimateProgress.org for the Center for American Progress, where he is a Senior Fellow. Time magazine named this blog one of the "Top 15 Green Websites" and called Romm "The Web's most influential climate-change blogger", naming him as one of its "Heroes of the Environment (2009)". Straight Up was released on April 19, 2010, by Island Press. It is "largely a selection of [Romm]'s best blog postings over the past few years related to climate change issues". TreeHugger describes the book as "a whirlwind tour through the state of climate change, the media that so badly neglects it, the politicians who attempt to address it (and those who obstruct their efforts and ignore [the] science), and the clean energy solutions


id: straight-up-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Straight Up (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:52.700139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straight-up-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Initial reviews === A review in USA Today called the book "a gut-wrenching wakeup call". Thomas L. Friedman, in his op-ed column in The New York Times, called the book "insightful", agreeing with Romm's arguments in the book that the proposed "cap and trade" climate bill "is a step in the right direction toward reducing greenhouse gases and expanding our base of clean power technologies". Former US Vice-President Al Gore endorsed the book as "important" on his blog, writing, "If you are interested in the fight to solve the climate crisis, I recommend you read this book." The book has been reviewed by many of the "green" websites. For example, the blog of the American Solar Energy Society, Solar Today, commented, "It's a collection of spirited and readable critiques of the delaying forces – the corporations and institutions who want to see no changes in national policies and tax codes that now work to make them rich. In particular, Romm eviscerates the American news establishment for ignoring climate catastrophe issues". ... It's full of solid fact-based arguments, properly referenced within the text (no footnotes!), along with a lot of low-carbon fire and brimstone. Daily Kos commented, "Romm's forceful, impassioned


id: straight-up-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Straight Up (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:52.700139+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straight-up-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Later assessments === In June 2010, FDL Book Salon said of the book, "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. By pulling together the very best content from the blog and thoughtfully organizing it in a logical way, the book achieves ... cohesiveness. ... [What makes Romm's] writing on climate change and energy policy so valuable is his comprehensive knowledge of the subject matter." A review the same month in the New Zealand climate blog Hot Topic contains a detailed summary of the book. A July 2010 review in RenewableEnergyWorld.com agreed with Romm that "with the little time we have left to avert climate chaos, we must devote most of our resources to deploying existing technologies like solar, wind and geothermal that we know can bring atmospheric carbon back down down to safe levels." In July 2010, Bill McKibben wrote in Washington Monthly: Romm ... knows his climate science ... cold. Trained as a physicist, he is unintimidated by scholarly work, and is able to synthesize huge amounts of complex data. He has been a persuasive voice for the most important truth about global warming: that it is a far worse problem than either politicians or


id: straw-dogs-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Straw Dogs (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:53.867066+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: straw-dogs-book-20260505-0
summary:
Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals is a 2002 book by the philosopher John Gray. In the book, Gray attacks humanism and traces its origins back to Christianity. The book is divided into six chapters, which in turn are subdivided into short essays on different topics. Gray attacks humanism as a worldview in conflict with the view of humanity as part of the evolution of life on the planet. He sees humanism as a secular version of the Christian view of humans as differentiated from the natural world. Gray blames humanism, and its central view of humanity, for much of the destruction of the natural world, and sees technology as just a tool by which humans will continue destroying the planet and each other. He advocates James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis, whereby the natural world self-regulates to maintain the conditions of life in the planet, without any special place for humanity in it. == Reception == Straw Dogs has received particular praise from English author J. G. Ballard, who wrote that the book "challenges most of our assumptions about what it means to be human, and convincingly shows that most of them are delusions" and described it "a powerful


id: tasmania-s-wilderness-battles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania's_Wilderness_Battles-0.md
category: reference
title: Tasmania's Wilderness Battles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania's_Wilderness_Battles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:55.020197+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tasmania-s-wilderness-battles-20260505-0
summary:
Tasmania's Wilderness Battles: A History is a 2008 book by environmentalist Greg Buckman, who has "spent [his life] fighting Tasmanian environmental battles." The book looks at the wilderness areas of Tasmania which have been the focus of extensive conflict over environmental issues. Buckman presents a record of some of the significant events in that conflict, primarily from the viewpoint of an environmentalist. == Overview == The book has several primary themes, including: Hydro Tasmania, about the issues of the Franklin Dam and Lake Pedder Forestry, with the final section focusing on Gunns Mining, focusing on Mount Lyell National Parks The black and white photographs included capture the iconic characters of the major environmental battles of the era being examined, and include images of Eric Reece, Olegas Truchanas, Doug Lowe, and Bob Brown. Tasmania's Wilderness Battles is one of a number of books that were published in connection with the 25th anniversary of the halting of the Franklin Dam project, one of the campaigns which is described in the book, and in which Buckman was active. He has also been involved in campaigns to save Tasmania's forests. Since the early 1990s he has been associated with the Tasmanian and Australian Greens.


id: a-temperate-empire-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Temperate_Empire-0.md
category: reference
title: A Temperate Empire
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Temperate_Empire
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:56.236357+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-temperate-empire-20260505-0
summary:
A Temperate Empire: Making Climate Change in Early America is a 2016 book by historian Anya Zilberstein. == Contents == A Temperate Empire explores perceptions of climate among colonists and colonial scientists in New England and Nova Scotia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This time span corresponded with the Little Ice Age, a period of lower average global temperatures. Zilberstein examines how the harsh but varied climates of the "New World" challenged popular conceptions of the global climate being latitudinal, or the idea that arctic, temperate, and tropical climates surrounded the globe at particular latitudes. Although such conceptions proved to be false, they were considered integral to attracting European settlers to New World colonies. Moreover, Zilberstein documents how scientists and officials reacted to this challenge by advancing an understanding that emphasized the ability of humans to affect and improve the climate, primarily through agricultural cultivation. Colonists argued that settlers could create a warmer and more hospitable climate by "improving" the land, making the region suitable for further settlement. As such, A Temperate Empire demonstrates that debates about climate change and humanity's role in changing the climate extend back well before the modern era. The book also examines the ways


id: throwim-way-leg-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwim_Way_Leg-0.md
category: reference
title: Throwim Way Leg
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwim_Way_Leg
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:57.431038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: throwim-way-leg-20260505-0
summary:
Throwim Way Leg is a 1998 book written by Australian scientist Tim Flannery. It documents Flannery's experiences conducting scientific research in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Western New Guinea. The book describes the flora and fauna of the island and the cultures of its various peoples. The title is an anglicised spelling of the New Guinean Pidgin "Tromoi Lek," to go on a journey. Flannery recounts his 15 trips to New Guinea beginning in 1981, when he was aged 26. He identifies at least 17 previously undescribed species during this period. == References == == External links == Throwim' Way Leg: Tree-Kangaroos, Possums, and Penis Gourds excerpt and text search There Goes the Neighborhood NY Times review of Throwim Way Leg


id: toms-river-a-story-of-science-and-salvation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River:_A_Story_of_Science_and_Salvation-0.md
category: reference
title: Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River:_A_Story_of_Science_and_Salvation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:41:59.911082+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: toms-river-a-story-of-science-and-salvation-20260505-0
summary:
Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation is a 2013 nonfiction book by the American author Dan Fagin. It is about the dumping of industrial pollution by chemical companies including Ciba-Geigy, in Toms River, New Jersey, beginning in 1952 through the 1980s, and the epidemiological investigations of a cancer cluster that subsequently emerged there. The book won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, the 2014 Helen Bernstein Book Award for Excellence in Journalism, and the 2014 National Academies Communication Award. == Editions == Dan Fagin (March 19, 2013). Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation. Bantam. ISBN 978-0553806533. Audiobook narrated by Dan Woren, published by Random House Audio, March 19, 2013 E-book editions == References == == External links == The Diane Rehm Show, NPR, April 2013


id: trading-up-vogel-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Up_(Vogel_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Trading Up (Vogel book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Up_(Vogel_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:01.077699+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trading-up-vogel-book-20260505-0
summary:
Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy (Harvard University Press 1995, ISBN 0-674-90084-7) is a book by UC Berkeley political scientist and business professor, David Vogel. It examines the impact of free trade on environmental regulations. It analyzes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, and the treaties that created the European Community and Union, and looks at cases including the GATT tuna-dolphin dispute, the EC's beef hormone ban, the Danish bottle case. Some environmentalists have expressed concern that trade liberalization and acceptance of trade rules (with, for example, the World Trade Organization) will retard and even undermine national regulations for consumer protection and environmental improvement, as in the tuna-dolphin case. These observers are also concerned about competition among nations for footloose industries. This interesting book systematically examines the original European Community, the Single European Act, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its 1979 standards code, the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Area, and the more recent North American Free Trade Agreement, as well as the states in the free trade area of the United States. Vogel finds that, while counterexamples do exist, trade


id: the-triumph-of-doubt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Doubt-0.md
category: reference
title: The Triumph of Doubt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Doubt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:02.213180+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-triumph-of-doubt-20260505-0
summary:
The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception is a book by David Michaels that was published in 2020. An adaptation of material from the book was published in January 2020 in Boston Review. == Overview == Triumph of Doubt begins with an introductory first chapter and an overview chapter entitled "The Science of Deception." Most subsequent chapters then focus on ways that corporations have with greater or lesser success managed to obscure public understanding of scientific findings regarding specific types of products or concerns. For example, individual chapters focus on chemicals ("The Forever Chemicals," Chapter 3), concussions experienced by football players ("The NFL's Head Doctors," Chapter 4), opioids ("On Opioids," Chapter 7), climate change ("The Climate Denial Machine," Chapter 11), and sugar ("Sickeningly Sweet," Chapter 12). == Reviews and interviews == Triumph of Doubt has been reviewed in Science Magazine, Nature, Undark Magazine, by the Union of Concerned Scientists, and in the San Francisco Review of Books (blog). Interviews with Michaels about the book have been published in Salon, in the Chronicle of Higher Education, and in E&E News. == Editions == Michaels, David (2020). The triumph of doubt: dark money and the science of deception.


id: turtle-island-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Island_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Turtle Island (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Island_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:03.397845+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turtle-island-book-20260505-0
summary:
Turtle Island is a book of poems and essays written by Gary Snyder and published by New Directions in 1974. The writings express Snyder's vision for humans to live in harmony with the earth and all its creatures. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1975. "Turtle Island" is a name for the continent of North America used by many Native American tribes. == Background == By the late 1950s, Snyder had established himself as one of the major American poets of his generation. He was associated with both the Beat Generation and the regional San Francisco Renaissance. He spent much of the 1960s traveling between California and Japan, where he studied Zen. In 1966, he met Masa Uehara while in Osaka. They married the following year and had their first child, Kai, in April 1968; by December, Snyder and his new family moved to California. His return coincided with the highest crest of 1960s counterculture, as well as the nascent environmental movement. He was received as an elder statesman by both the hippies and the environmentalists, and he became a public intellectual who gave public lectures, making television appearances, and publishing new writing. Many of the


id: the-ultimate-resource-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ultimate Resource
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:04.586099+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ultimate-resource-20260505-0
summary:
The Ultimate Resource is a 1981 book written by Julian Lincoln Simon challenging the notion that humanity was running out of natural resources. It was updated in 1996 as The Ultimate Resource 2. == Overview == The overarching thesis on why there is no resource crisis is that as a particular resource becomes more scarce, its price rises. This price rise creates an incentive for people to discover more of the resource, ration and recycle it, and eventually, develop substitutes. The "ultimate resource" is not any particular physical object but the capacity for humans to invent and adapt. === Scarcity === The work opens with an explanation of scarcity, noting its relation to price; high prices denote relative scarcity and low prices indicate abundance. Simon usually measures prices in wage-adjusted terms, since this is a measure of how much labor is required to purchase a fixed amount of a particular resource. Since prices for most raw materials (e.g., copper) have fallen between 1800 and 1990 (adjusting for wages and adjusting for inflation), Simon argues that this indicates that those materials have become less scarce. === Forecasting === Simon makes a distinction between "engineering” and "economic" forecasting. Engineering forecasting consists of


id: under-a-white-sky-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_a_White_Sky-0.md
category: reference
title: Under a White Sky
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_a_White_Sky
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:05.782240+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: under-a-white-sky-20260505-0
summary:
Under a White Sky: The Nature of the Future is a 2021 environmental book by Elizabeth Kolbert. The book follows many of the themes she explored in The Sixth Extinction. == Summary == Under a White Sky is focused on the various kinds of environmental crises created by the Anthropocene and different degrees of technological solutions available to humanity to address them – while also being critical of full-blown techno-solutionism. The title refers to the most extreme climate change mitigation strategy, solar geoengineering, designed to reflect sunlight from the earth. Throughout the book she explores how a technological fix for one problem can lead to further problems while also acknowledging the important role those technologies might play. == Reception == Reception of the book was generally positive. The Washington Post praised it for "expertly mix[ing] travelogue, science reporting, and explanatory journalism, all with the authority of a writer confident enough to acknowledge ambiguity." The New York Times review focused on how the book explores the ambiguities of our current environmental crisis. A NPR review described the book as "tell[ing] by showing. Without beating the reader over the head, she makes it clear how far we already are from a world


id: the-uninhabitable-earth-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uninhabitable_Earth_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Uninhabitable Earth (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uninhabitable_Earth_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:06.949374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-uninhabitable-earth-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming is a 2019 non-fiction book by David Wallace-Wells about the consequences of global warming. It was inspired by his New York magazine article "The Uninhabitable Earth" (2017). == Synopsis == The book fleshes out Wallace-Wells' original New York magazine piece in more detail, dovetailing into discussions surrounding various possibilities for Earth's future across a spectrum of predicted future temperature ranges. Wallace-Wells' argues that even with active intervention, the effects of climate change will have catastrophic impacts across multiple spheres: rising sea levels, extreme weather events, extinctions, disease outbreaks, fires, droughts, famines, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and increased geopolitical conflict, among other calamities. While the book is not focused on solutions, it recognizes solutions exist to prevent the worst of the damages: "a carbon tax and the political apparatus to aggressively phase out dirty energy; a new approach to agricultural practices and a shift away from beef and dairy in the global diet; and public investment in green energy and carbon capture". == Reception == The book has been both praised and criticized for its dramatic depictions of future life on Earth. As The Economist stated, "Some readers will find Mr. Wallace-Wells’s outline of possible


id: the-upside-of-down-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upside_of_Down_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Upside of Down (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upside_of_Down_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:08.085761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-upside-of-down-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization (ISBN 0-676-97722-7) is a non-fiction book published in 2006 by Thomas Homer-Dixon, a professor who at the time was the director of the Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at University of Toronto. The book sets out a theory of the growth, crisis, and renewal of societies. The world's converging energy, environmental, and political stresses could cause a breakdown of national and global order. Yet there are things we can do now to keep such a breakdown from being catastrophic. And some kinds of breakdown could even open up extraordinary opportunities for creative, bold reform of our societies, if we are prepared to exploit these opportunities when they arise. == Content and style == The prologue of the book provides an overview of the main argument. It begins in San Francisco during the great 1906 fire that destroyed the city, then moves on to Rome, 2003, with some reflections on the remnants of a once powerful global empire. The prologue finishes with a perilously fast car ride along unfamiliar country roads in dense fog. These three seemingly unrelated accounts illustrate the basic premises of the book: our fate


id: voices-from-the-gathering-storm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voices_from_the_Gathering_Storm-0.md
category: reference
title: Voices from the Gathering Storm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voices_from_the_Gathering_Storm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:09.262656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: voices-from-the-gathering-storm-20260505-0
summary:
Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Web of Ecological-Societal Crisis is a 2005 non-fiction book that was published by Word Association Publishers and edited by Joseph Arcos, Mary Argus and Frederick DiCarlo. == Synopsis == A collection of essays that discuss social, cultural, and technological factors contributing to our environmental predicament. It proposes the need for a change in the religion of consumption, a change in our definitions of progress and success from increased consumption to increased stewardship of our diminishing resources and shrinking planet. == Contributors == Thomas Berry Sharon L. Camp Francesco diCastri Daniel D. Chiras Herman Daly Matthew P. Fox Michael Gregory Joel Hilliker Kaye H. Kilburn Margaret L. Kripke Janice D. Longstreth Lester Milbrath Stephen S. Morse Hugh Pitcher John Poppy Van Rensselaer Potter Ellen K. Silbergeld James A. Swa == Reception == The Midwest Book Review positively reviewed Voices from the Gathering Storm, calling it "expertly compiled" and a "remarkable body of study". The Times-News also praised the book, saying it was "carefully researched" and "hard-hitting". == References == == External links == Voices From the Gathering Storm


id: walden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-0.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Walden (; first published as Walden; or, Life in the Woods) is an 1854 book by American transcendentalist writer Henry David Thoreau. The text is a reflection upon the author's simple living in natural surroundings. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and—to some degree—a manual for self-reliance. Walden details Thoreau's experiences over the course of two years, two months, and two days in a cabin he built near Walden Pond amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau makes precise scientific observations of nature as well as metaphorical and poetic uses of natural phenomena. He identifies many plants and animals by both their popular and scientific names, records in detail the color and clarity of different bodies of water, precisely dates and describes the freezing and thawing of the pond, and recounts his experiments to measure the depth and shape of the bottom of the supposedly "bottomless" Walden Pond. == Background == There has been much speculation as to why Thoreau went to live at the pond in the first place. E. B. White stated on this note, "Henry went forth to battle when


id: walden-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-1.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Where I Lived, and What I Lived For: Thoreau recollects thoughts of places he stayed at before selecting Walden Pond, and quotes Roman philosopher Cato's advice "consider buying a farm very carefully before signing the papers". His possibilities included a nearby Hollowell farm (where the "wife" unexpectedly decided she wanted to keep the farm). Thoreau takes to the woods dreaming of an existence free of obligations and full of leisure. He announces that he resides far from social relationships that mail represents (post office) and the majority of the chapter focuses on his thoughts while constructing and living in his new home at Walden. Reading: Thoreau discusses the benefits of classical literature, preferably in the original Greek or Latin, and bemoans the lack of sophistication in Concord evident in the popularity of unsophisticated literature. He also loved to read books by world travelers. He yearns for a time when each New England village will support "wise men" to educate and thereby ennoble the population. Sounds: Thoreau encourages the reader to be "forever on the alert" and "looking always at what is to be seen". Although truth can be found in literature, it can also be found in nature. In addition


id: walden-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-2.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
One must love that of the wild just as much as one loves that of the good. What men already know instinctively is true humanity. The hunter is the greatest friend of the animal which is hunted. No human older than an adolescent would wantonly murder any creature which reveres its own life as much as the killer. If the day and the night make one joyful, one is successful. The highest form of self-restraint is when one can subsist not on other animals, but of plants and crops cultivated from the earth. Brute Neighbors: This chapter is a simplified version of one of Thoreau's conversations with William Ellery Channing, who sometimes accompanied Thoreau on fishing trips when Channing had come up from Concord. The conversation is about a hermit (Thoreau) and a poet (Channing) and how the poet is absorbed in the clouds while the hermit is occupied with the more practical task of getting fish for dinner and how in the end, the poet regrets his failure to catch fish. The chapter also mentions Thoreau's interaction with a mouse that he lives with, a scene in which an ant battles a smaller ant, and his frequent encounters with


id: walden-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-3.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Self-reliance: Thoreau constantly refuses to be in "need" of the companionship of others. Though he realizes its significance and importance, he thinks it unnecessary to always be in search for it. Self-reliance, to him, is economic and social and is a principle that in terms of financial and interpersonal relations is more valuable than anything. To Thoreau, self-reliance can be both spiritual as well as economic. Self-reliance was a key tenet of transcendentalism, famously expressed in Emerson's essay "Self-Reliance". Simplicity: Simplicity seems to be Thoreau's model for life. Throughout the book, Thoreau constantly seeks to simplify his lifestyle: he patches his clothes rather than buy new ones, he minimizes his consumer activity, and relies on leisure time and on himself for everything. Progress: In a world where everyone and everything is eager to advance in terms of progress, Thoreau finds it stubborn and skeptical to think that any outward improvement of life can bring inner peace and contentment. The need for spiritual awakening: Spiritual awakening is the way to find and realize the truths of life which are often buried under the mounds of daily affairs. Thoreau holds the spiritual awakening to be a quintessential component of life. It is


id: walden-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-4.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
Walden enjoyed some success upon its release, but still took five years to sell 2,000 copies, and then went out of print until Thoreau's death in 1862. Despite its slow beginnings, later critics have praised it as an American classic that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty. The American poet, Robert Frost, wrote of Thoreau, "In one book ... he surpasses everything we have had in America". It is often assumed that critics initially ignored Walden, and that those who reviewed the book were evenly split or slightly more negative than positive in their assessment of it. But, researchers have shown that Walden actually was "more favorably and widely received by Thoreau's contemporaries than hitherto suspected". Of the 66 initial reviews that have been found so far, 46 "were strongly favorable". Some reviews were rather superficial, merely recommending the book or predicting its success with the public; others were more lengthy, detailed, and nuanced with both positive and negative comments. Positive comments included praise for Thoreau's independence, practicality, wisdom, "manly simplicity", and fearlessness. Less than three weeks after the book's publication, Thoreau's mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, proclaimed, "All American kind are delighted with Walden as far as they have dared


id: walden-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden-5.md
category: reference
title: Walden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:10.407216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walden-20260505-0
summary:
The Dutch writer and psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden used the ideas from this book to create his own vision, back to the nature, at the commune Walden in the Netherlands in 1898. In the 1948 book Walden Two by behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner the experimental Walden Two Community is mentioned as having the benefits of living in a place like Thoreau's Walden, but "with company". Jonas Mekas' 1968 film Walden is loosely inspired by the book. The film All That Heaven Allows (1955) is clearly influenced by Thoreau, with the protagonist Cary Scott (Jane Wyman) reading lines from Walden. Jean Craighead George's My Side of the Mountain trilogy (1959) draws heavily from themes expressed in Walden. Protagonist Sam Gribley is nicknamed "Thoreau" by an English teacher he befriends. Shane Carruth's second film Upstream Color (2013) features Walden as a central item of its story, and draws heavily on the themes expressed by Thoreau. In 1962, William Melvin Kelley titled his first novel, A Different Drummer, after a famous quote from Walden: "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." The quote, as well as another stanza from the


id: the-weather-makers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Makers-0.md
category: reference
title: The Weather Makers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Makers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:11.548828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-weather-makers-20260505-0
summary:
The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change is a 2005 book by Australian scientist Tim Flannery. It discusses climate change, its scientific basis and effects, and potential solutions. The book received critical acclaim. It won the major prize at the 2006 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, and was short-listed for the 2010 Jan Michalski Prize for Literature. Flannery reflected in 2015 on its impact, after it was read by several high-profile decision makers. == Description == The book includes 36 short essays predicting the consequences of global warming and has been translated into over twenty languages. The book reviews evidence of historical climate change and attempts to compare this with the current era. The book argues that if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase at current rates, the resulting climate change will cause mass species extinctions. The book also asserts that global temperatures have already risen enough to cause the annual monsoon rains in the Sahel region of Africa to diminish, causing droughts and desertification. This in turn, according to Flannery, has contributed to the conflict in the Darfur region through competition for disappearing resources. Further consequences, argued in the book, include increasing hurricane


id: the-weather-of-the-future-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_of_the_Future-0.md
category: reference
title: The Weather of the Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_of_the_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:12.746063+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-weather-of-the-future-20260505-0
summary:
The Weather of the Future: Heat Waves, Extreme Storms, and Other Scenes From a Climate-Changed Planet (ISBN 978-0-06-172688-0) is a 2010 book by climatologist Heidi Cullen. Cullen takes as her starting point the "clear and present dangers" posed by the greenhouse gases which result from the burning fossil fuels. She offers a vision of what life might be like in a warmer world. Cullen predicts "more frequent and more violent storms, more hot spells, cold spells, droughts, famines and huge waves of desperate refugees". == See also == An Inconvenient Truth Climate refugee Effects of climate change Extreme weather Global warming controversy Storms of My Grandchildren The Weather Makers == References == == External links == Excerpt from the book


id: wet-prairie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Prairie-0.md
category: reference
title: Wet Prairie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Prairie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:13.972510+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wet-prairie-20260505-0
summary:
Wet Prairie: People, Land, and Water in Agricultural Manitoba is a 2011 book by Canadian historian Shannon Stunden Bower. The book examines the history of settlement and farming in the unique landscape of southern Manitoba, notable for its poor drainage and thus high levels of moisture that contrast with the aridity of much of the Great Plains. Stunden Bower uses this unique context to focus on the development of liberalism on the Prairies, from the late nineteenth into the twentieth centuries, highlighting tensions between private property and state intervention and between agricultural development and wetland conservation. The book uses the term "colloquial liberalisms" to describe how variable landscapes shaped local interpretations of liberalism, highlighting the ways in which ideologies interact with the environment. In this case, drainage needs and policy created "differing understandings of the appropriate interplay of individual land rights with government tax or environmental policies." Wet Prairie ultimately demonstrates "that Canada’s (and thus any nation’s) political history cannot fully be understood without paying attention to the environment." == Awards and recognition == Wet Prairie has won numerous awards, including the 2012 Clio Prize for the Prairies from the Canadian Historical Association, the 2012 K.D. Srivastava Prize from UBC


id: when-corporations-rule-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Corporations_Rule_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: When Corporations Rule the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Corporations_Rule_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:15.119126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: when-corporations-rule-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
When Corporations Rule the World is a 1995 non-fiction book by David Korten. Korten examines the evolution of corporations in the United States and argues that "corporate libertarians" have "twisted" the ideas of Adam Smith's view of the role of private companies. Korten critiques current methods of economic development led by the Bretton Woods institutions and asserts his desire to rebalance the power of multinational corporations with concern for environmental sustainability and what he terms "people-centered development". He advocates a 50% tax on advertising. Korten criticises consumerism, market deregulation, free trade, privatization and what he sees as the global consolidation of corporate power. Above all he rejects any focus on money as the purpose of economic life. His prescriptions include excluding corporations from political participation, increased state and global control of international corporations and finance, rendering financial speculation unprofitable and creating local economies that rely on local resources, rather than international trade. == Responses == In a review of the book in Left Business Observer #71 in January 1996, Doug Henwood observed: [Korten] offers a vision of "a market economy composed primarily, though not exclusively, of family enterprises, small-scale co-ops, worker-owned firms, and neighborhood and municipal corporations." Much of this


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-0.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
The Whole Earth Catalog (WEC) was an American counterculture magazine and product catalog. Stewart Brand, a biologist, photographer and writer, conceived the idea for it; he was the Catalog’s original editor, and its most frequent editor in later years. It was originally published by the Portola Institute, but later by the Point Foundation, with a distribution arrangement by 1969 with Penguin and subsequently with Random House. New editions were published several times a year between 1968 and 1972, and occasionally thereafter, until 1998. The magazine featured essays and articles, but was primarily focused on product reviews. The editorial focus was on self-sufficiency, ecology, alternative education, "do it yourself" (DIY), community, and holism, and featured the slogan "access to tools". Although WEC listed and reviewed a wide range of products (clothing, books, tools, machines, seeds, etc.), it did not sell any of the products directly. Instead, the vendor's contact information was listed alongside the item and its review. This is why, while not a regularly published periodical, numerous editions and updates were required to keep price and availability information up to date. In his 2005 Stanford University commencement speech, Steve Jobs compared The Whole Earth Catalog to "a sort of Google


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-1.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
Understanding Whole Systems Shelter and Land Use Industry and Craft Communications Community Nomadics Learning Within each section, the best tools and books the editors could find were collected and listed, along with images, reviews and uses, prices, and suppliers. The reader was also able to order some items directly through the catalog. Later editions changed a few of the headings, but generally kept the same overall framework. The Catalog used a broad definition of "tools". There were informative tools, such as books, maps, professional journals, courses, and classes. There were well-designed special-purpose utensils, including garden tools, carpenters' and masons' tools, welding equipment, chainsaws, fiberglass materials, tents, hiking shoes, and potters' wheels. There were even early synthesizers and personal computers. The Catalog's publication coincided with a great wave of convention-challenging experimentalism and a do-it-yourself attitude associated with "the counterculture," and tended to appeal not only to the intelligentsia of the movement, but to creative, hands-on, and outdoorsy people of many stripes. Some of the ideas in the Catalog were developed during Brand's visits to Drop City. With the Catalog opened flat, the reader might find the large page on the left full of text and intriguing illustrations from a volume of


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-2.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
For this new countercultural movement, information was a precious commodity. In the '60s, there was no Internet; no 500 cable channels. ... [The WEC] was a great example of user-generated content, without advertising, before the Internet. Basically, Brand invented the blogosphere long before there was any such thing as a blog. ... No topic was too esoteric, no degree of enthusiasm too ardent, no amateur expertise too uncertified to be included. ... This I am sure about: it is no coincidence that the Whole Earth Catalogs disappeared as soon as the web and blogs arrived. Everything the Whole Earth Catalogs did, the web does better. Looking back and discussing attitudes evident in the early editions of the catalog, Brand wrote, "At a time when the New Left was calling for grassroots political (i.e., referred) power, Whole Earth eschewed politics and pushed grass-roots direct power—tools and skills." As an early indicator of the general Zeitgeist, the catalog's first edition preceded the original Earth Day by nearly two years. The idea of Earth Day occurred to Senator Gaylord Nelson, its instigator, "in the summer of 1969 while on a conservation speaking tour out west," where the Sierra Club was active, and where


id: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog-3.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Catalog
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:16.251655+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-catalog-20260505-0
summary:
=== In popular culture === In 1970, on April Fool's Day, the Whole Earth Restaurant opened at UC Santa Cruz. It was an early source of "whole foods" in Northern California until it closed in 2002. In 1972 Warner Bros. Records release a 2 disc sample album The Whole Burbank Catalog. The cover parodied the publication's artwork. The WEC is mentioned in the song "Country Man," the title track from the 1972 debut album by Canadian musician Valdy: "Feed the cat, feed the dog, feed the chickens, chop the log / Have a smoke and clear the fog, read the Whole Earth Catalog." It is also mentioned in the piece "The Adventures of Greggery Peccary" by Frank Zappa: "I must plummet boldly forward to my ultra-avant laminated, simulated replica-mahogany desk, with the strategically-placed, imported, very hip water pipe, and the latest edition of the WHOLE EARTH CATALOG, and rack my agile mind for a spectacular new TREND, thereby rejuvenating our limping economy, and providing for bored & miserable people everywhere some great new 'THING' to identify with!" A 2010 issue of the political art magazine made by the Adbusters Media Foundation was titled The Whole Brain Catalog, which features a


id: whole-earth-discipline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Discipline-0.md
category: reference
title: Whole Earth Discipline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Discipline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:17.438124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whole-earth-discipline-20260505-0
summary:
Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto is the sixth book by Stewart Brand, published by Viking Penguin in 2009. He sees Earth and people propelled by three transformations: climate change (global warming), urbanization and biotechnology. Brand tackles "touchy issues" like nuclear power, genetic engineering and geoengineering, "fully aware that many of the environmentalist readers he hopes to reach will start out disagreeing with him". == Overview == Brand said in an interview with Seed magazine, "...I'd accumulated a set of contrarian views on some important environmental issues—specifically, cities, nuclear energy, genetic engineering, and geoengineering—and that it added up to a story worth telling." The author cites numerous other authors both in the recommended reading section and in live lectures. In particular, book influences are Constant Battles by Steven A. LeBlanc with Katherine Register, Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World by Robert Neuwirth, and James Lovelock, the author of The Revenge of Gaia and The Vanishing Face of Gaia. In an interview with American Public Media, Brand said, "...in [Whole Earth Catalog] I focused on individual empowerment, and in [Whole Earth Discipline] the focus is on the aggregate effects of humans on things like climate. And some of


id: wild-by-design-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_by_Design-0.md
category: reference
title: Wild by Design
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_by_Design
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:18.628441+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wild-by-design-20260505-0
summary:
Wild by Design: The Rise of Ecological Restoration is a 2022 book by Laura J. Martin, Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at Williams College. The book explains how ecological restoration became a global pursuit. Martin defines restoration as "an attempt to co-design nature with non-human collaborators." Wild by Design calls for the unification of ecological restoration and social justice. == Content == Wild by Design begins with the founding of the American Bison Society in 1905 and ends with efforts to use assisted migration and assisted evolution to save species from climate change. During this period restoration transformed “from a diffuse, uncoordinated practice into a scientific discipline and an international and increasingly privatized undertaking." The restoration movement began in the early 1900s when conservationists dissatisfied with gun and hunting restrictions argued that bison could be bred and then released onto designated reservations. Showing that the first bison reservations in the United States were established on Indian reservations, Martin argues these restoration efforts focused on benefits for white settlers while disregarding Native American sovereignty. The 1930s were a key time for restoration efforts. As ecology became a professional science, ecologists began to frame nature reservations as scientific control sites for their


id: wild-law-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Law-0.md
category: reference
title: Wild Law
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Law
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:19.758206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wild-law-20260505-0
summary:
Wild Law: A Manifesto for Earth Justice is a book by Cormac Cullinan that proposes recognizing natural communities and ecosystems as legal persons with legal rights. The book explains the concept of wild law, that is, human laws that are consistent with earth jurisprudence. Foreworded by Thomas Berry, the book was published by Green Books in November 2003 in association with The Gaia Foundation, London. It was first published in South Africa, the author's home country, in August 2002 by Siber Ink. The feasibility of developing a new form of jurisprudence was discussed at a conference in Washington attended by Thomas Berry in April 2001, organised by the Gaia Foundation. A group of people involved with law and indigenous peoples attended from South Africa, Britain, Colombia, Canada and the United States. Since then Wild Law has been at the centre of many conferences and residential workshops: A conference based on the concept of wild law was held in November 2005 at the University of Brighton. The conference was chaired by former Environment Minister Michael Meacher MP and speakers included Jacqueline McGlade, head of the European Environment Agency and Lynda Warren of the Environment Agency. In November 2006, a conference based


id: wild-solutions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Solutions-0.md
category: reference
title: Wild Solutions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Solutions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:21.044109+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wild-solutions-20260505-0
summary:
Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank is a 2001 book by biologists Andrew Beattie and Paul R. Ehrlich. The authors explain the value of "wild solutions" to technical and medical problems that may reside in the diversity of the Earth's estimated 5 to 10 million species. Beattie and Ehrlich describe the role of natural substances in medicine, pest control, and manufacturing. The book won a National Outdoor Book Award in 2001. A second edition came out in 2004. == References ==


id: wildlife-wars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Wars-0.md
category: reference
title: Wildlife Wars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Wars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:22.168496+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wildlife-wars-20260505-0
summary:
Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures is a book written by Richard Leakey and Virginia Morell. It was published in 2001 by St. Martin's Press. == Overview == It tells of how Leakey had been director of National Museum when appointed in 1989, President Daniel arap Moi appointed him to run the Kenya Wildlife Service. This was an entirely new experience to Leakey, because he had been accustomed to studying hominids, not managing wildlife. Elephant poaching had been a major problem in the Kenyan National Parks, and the book tells of his efforts to stop it, sometimes with a danger to his life. == Reception == The book was reviewed in the journal Endangered Species, the ALA magazine Booklist, Publishers Weekly, Books in Canada, African Business, the Royal Geographical Society's Geographical magazine. == Editions == Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures ISBN 0-330-37240-8 == References ==


id: the-windward-road-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Windward_Road-0.md
category: reference
title: The Windward Road
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Windward_Road
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:23.318541+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-windward-road-20260505-0
summary:
The Windward Road: Adventures of a Naturalist on Remote Caribbean Shores was written by Archie Carr and originally published in 1956. It is an account of Carr's travels around the Caribbean to study sea turtles and their migratory and behavior patterns, especially Kemp's ridley, a species about which little was known at the time. This book led to the formation of The Brotherhood of the Green Turtle, which later became the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, and is now known as the Sea Turtle Conservancy. It was awarded the 1957 John Burroughs Medal for nature writing, which is awarded annually by the American Museum of Natural History. The chapter entitled "The Black Beach", originally published in Mademoiselle, won a 1956 O. Henry Award. == References == == External links == The Windward Road. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2013. ISBN 978-0-307-83211-5; 256 pages{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)


id: winning-the-oil-endgame-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_the_Oil_Endgame-0.md
category: reference
title: Winning the Oil Endgame
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_the_Oil_Endgame
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:24.463716+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: winning-the-oil-endgame-20260505-0
summary:
Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs and Security is a 2005 book by Amory B. Lovins, E. Kyle Datta, Odd-Even Bustnes, Jonathan G. Koomey, and Nathan J. Glasgow, published by the Rocky Mountain Institute. It presents an independent, transdisciplinary analysis of four ways to reduce petroleum dependence in the United States: Using oil more efficiently, through smarter technologies that wring more (and often better) services from less oil (pp. 29–102). Substituting for petroleum fuels other liquids made from biomass or wastes (pp. 103–111). Substituting saved natural gas for oil in uses where they’re interchangeable, such as furnaces and boilers (pp. 111–122). Replacing oil with hydrogen made from non-oil resources (pp. 228–242). == Problems and solutions == The authors explain that the problems of oil dependence are manageable, suggesting that oil dependence is a problem we need no longer have. The proposed solutions to oil dependence are profitable and U.S. oil dependence can be eliminated by proven and attractive technologies that create wealth, enhance choice, and strengthen common security. The authors argue that America can lead the world into the post-petroleum era and create a vibrant economy. (p.xiii) == Reviews == Winning the Oil Endgame has received many positive


id: wintergreen-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintergreen_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Wintergreen (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintergreen_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:25.694365+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wintergreen-book-20260505-0
summary:
Wintergreen, written in 1987, is a book by Robert Michael Pyle. It describes the devastation caused by unrestrained logging in Washington's Willapa Hills. It was also the winner of the John Burroughs Medal for Distinguished Nature Writing. == References ==


category: reference
title: A World Without Soil: The Past, Present, and Precarious Future of the Earth Beneath Our Feet
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:26.849452+00:00
instance: kb-cron
id:
a-world-without-soil-the-past-present-and-precarious-future-of-the-earth-beneath-our-feet-20260505-0

file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_World_Without_Soil:_The_Past,_Present,_and_Precarious_Future_of_the_Earth_Beneath_Our_Feet-0.md

summary:
A World Without Soil: The Past, Present, and Precarious Future of the Earth Beneath Our Feet is a 2021 book by American microbiologist Jo Handelsman with contributions by environmental researcher Kayla Cohen. Handelsman studies the global soil degradation and its implications for agriculture, the environment, and climate change. The author presents an urgent case for soil conservation, arguing that soil erosion and depletion pose significant risks to food security and planetary health. The book was longlisted for the 2023 Young Adult Science Book Award, and won the Association of American Publishers' 2022 PROSE Category Award: Government & Politics, and the 2023 Annual Thoughts Award in the Fourth Pingshan Natural History Book Award. == Background == As Associate Director for Science at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy under President Obama, Handelsman discovered that vast tracts of U.S. farmland were on track to lose their topsoil within decades. She drafted an urgent memo to inform the President and push for a national soil preservation initiative, but the memo was blocked for over a year, thus preventing action before the administration ended. == Overview == The book examines soil as a vital but often overlooked resource. Soil is crucial

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_World_Without_Soil:_The_Past,_Present,_and_Precarious_Future_of_the_Earth_Beneath_Our_Feet

parent:
a-world-without-soil-the-past-present-and-precarious-future-of-the-earth-beneath-our-feet-20260505-0


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-0.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
The World Without Us is a 2007 non-fiction book about what would happen to the natural and built environment if humans suddenly disappeared, written by American journalist Alan Weisman and published by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. It is a book-length expansion of Weisman's own February 2005 Discover article "Earth Without People". Written largely as a thought experiment, it outlines, for example, how cities and houses would deteriorate, how long man-made artifacts would last, and how remaining lifeforms would evolve. Weisman concludes that residential neighborhoods would become forests within 500 years, and that radioactive waste, bronze statues, plastics and Mount Rushmore would be among the longest-lasting evidence of human presence on Earth. The author of four previous books and numerous articles for magazines, Weisman had traveled to interview academics, scientists and other authorities. He used quotations from these interviews to explain the effects of the natural environment and to substantiate predictions. The book has been translated and published in many countries. It was successful in the U.S., reaching #6 on the New York Times Best Seller list and #1 on the San Francisco Chronicle Best-Sellers list in September 2007. It ranked #1 on Time and Entertainment Weekly's top 10 non-fiction


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-1.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
With material from previous articles, Weisman uses the fate of the Mayan civilization to illustrate the possibility of an entrenched society vanishing and how the natural environment quickly conceals evidence. To demonstrate how vegetation could compromise human-built infrastructure, Weisman interviewed hydrologists and employees at the Panama Canal, where constant maintenance is required to keep the jungle vegetation and silt away from the dams. To illustrate abandoned cities succumbing to nature, Weisman reports from Chernobyl, Ukraine (abandoned in 1986) and Varosha, Cyprus (abandoned in 1974). Weisman finds that their structures crumble as weather does unrepaired damage and other life forms create new habitats. In Turkey, Weisman contrasts the construction practices of the rapidly growing Istanbul, as typical for large cities in less developed countries, with the underground cities in Cappadocia. Due to a large demand for housing in Istanbul much of it was developed quickly with whatever material was available and could collapse in a major earthquake or other natural disaster. Cappadocian underground cities were built thousands of years ago out of volcanic tuff, and are likely to survive for centuries to come. Weisman uses New York City as a model to outline how an unmaintained urban area would deconstruct. He


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-2.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == As the book was released Weisman launched his book tour with stops throughout the United States, Canada and overseas to Lisbon and Brussels. Weisman did television interviews on The Daily Show and The Today Show and radio interviews on Weekend Edition, Talk of the Nation, The Diane Rehm Show, Living on Earth, Marketplace, and As It Happens. Meanwhile, the book debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list for non-fiction hardcovers at #10 on July 29 and spent nine weeks in the top ten, peaking at #6 on August 12 and September 9. In the Canadian market, it spent 10 weeks on The Globe and Mail's non-fiction best-seller list, peaking at #3 on August 11. The book reached #1 on the San Francisco Chronicle Best-Sellers list for non-fiction on September 23 and spent 11 weeks on the USA Today's Top 150 Best-Selling Books, peaking at #48. Reviewers at the Library Journal recommended the book for all environmental collections and the audiobook for most public and academic library audiobook collections. The book ranked #1 on Time and Entertainment Weekly's top 10 non-fiction books of 2007 and was listed in the Hudson Booksellers' "Best Books published in 2007".


id: the-world-without-us-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us-3.md
category: reference
title: The World Without Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Without_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:27.961021+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-world-without-us-20260505-0
summary:
== Genre == The book is categorized as non-fiction science but some commentators emphasize it may be better described as speculative fiction. The World Without Us is grounded in environmental and science journalism. Like other environmental books, it discusses the impact that the human race has had on the planet. Weisman's thought experiment removes the judgments and sufferings of humans by focusing on a hypothetical post-human world. This approach to the genre, which "throw[s] the spotlight on the earth itself", was found to be creative and objective. There have been other books that address similar topics, such as Gregory Benford's 1999 book Deep Time: How Humanity Communicates Across Millennia. Science fiction writers such as H. G. Wells (The War of the Worlds, 1898) and John Wyndham (The Day of the Triffids, 1951) had earlier touched upon the possible fate of cities and other man-made structures after the sudden removal of their creators. Similar parallels in the decay of civilization are detailed in 1949 post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Berkeley English professor George R. Stewart, Earth Abides. Addressing his approach, Weisman said that eliminating the human element eliminated the "fear factor" that people are doing something wrong or that they will


id: echoes-of-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Echoes of Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:30.648530+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: echoes-of-life-20260505-0
summary:
Echoes of Life: What Fossil Molecules Reveal about Earth History is a book by Susan M. Gaines, Geoffrey Eglinton, and Jurgen Rullkotter concerning organic chemistry and, in particular, the links between the living and the material Earth. It was published by Oxford University Press in 2008. == Synopsis == Echoes of Life chronicles the history of the discipline of organic geochemistry. In early experiments, Alfred E. Treibs identified organic molecules, which he extracted from various samples, as chemically altered chlorophyll. He explained the chlorophyll as having come from plants that died millions of years ago. Since Treibs' discovery, thousands of biomarkers (a term coined 25 years after Treibs' discovery) have been identified. Chapter one, entitled Molecular Informants: A Changing Perspective of Organic Chemistry, gives a brief overview on the history of organic chemistry and explores the possibilities inherent in the science. It also describes how the authors first became interested in the subject and the work they have done within the field. Chapter two entitled Looking to the Rocks: Molecular Clues to the Origin of Life looks at the findings of Sir Robert Robinson and Melvin Calvin discoveries of organic compounds in petrol and the conversion of CO2 to organic


id: geological-evidences-of-the-antiquity-of-man-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Evidences_of_the_Antiquity_of_Man-0.md
category: reference
title: Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Evidences_of_the_Antiquity_of_Man
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:31.782958+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geological-evidences-of-the-antiquity-of-man-20260505-0
summary:
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man is a book written by British geologist, Charles Lyell in 1863. The first three editions appeared in February, April, and November 1863, respectively. A much-revised fourth edition appeared in 1873. Antiquity of Man, as it was known to contemporary readers, dealt with three scientific issues that had become prominent in the preceding decade: the age of the human race, the existence of ice ages, and Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Lyell used the book to reverse or modify his own long-held positions on all three issues. The book drew sharp criticism from two of Lyell's younger colleagues – paleontologist Hugh Falconer and archaeologist John Lubbock – who felt that Lyell had used their work too freely and acknowledged it too sparingly. It sold well, however, and (along with Lubbock's 1865 book Prehistoric Times) helped to establish the new science of prehistoric archaeology in Great Britain. == Background == Lyell had been consistently skeptical of evidence for high human antiquity since the early 1830s, and distanced himself from the theory of ice ages after a brief flirtation with it in the early 1840s. He attacked the evolutionary ideas of Lamarck in


id: geological-observations-on-south-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America-0.md
category: reference
title: Geological Observations on South America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:33.022242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geological-observations-on-south-america-20260505-0
summary:
Geological Observations on South America is a book written by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. The book was published in 1846 and is based on his travels during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, commanded by captain Robert FitzRoy. HMS Beagle arrived in South America to map out the coastlines and islands of the region for the British Navy. On the journey, Darwin collected fossils and plants and recorded the continent's geological features. It is the third book in a series of geology books written by Darwin, which also includes The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, published in 1842, and Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, published in 1844. It took Darwin four years to write and complete the entire series, from 1842 to 1846. According to his diaries, Geological Observations of South America was written between July 1844 to April 1845. The text contains eight chapters along with appendices on Darwin's Mesozoic and Tertiary fossils. It describes his travels through the regions of modern Chile, Brazil, and Argentina, including the Pampas, Patagonia, and the Andes. With this book Darwin became the first to describe and name Navidad Formation, the reference unit


id: geological-observations-on-the-volcanic-islands-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands-0.md
category: reference
title: Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:34.243818+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geological-observations-on-the-volcanic-islands-20260505-0
summary:
Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle is a book written by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. The book was published in 1844 and is based on his travels during the second voyage of HMS Beagle, commanded by captain Robert FitzRoy. It is the second book in a series of geology books written by Darwin that also includes The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (published in 1842) and Geological Observations on South America (published in 1846). The text contains seven chapters, and includes observations made during Darwin's travels to the volcanic island of St. Jago in Cape Verde, the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Ascension Island, the island of Saint Helena, the Galápagos Islands, James Island, New Zealand, Australia, Van Diemen's Land, and the Cape of Good Hope. The book includes one of the earliest accounts of the process of magmatic differentiation. While observing a basaltic lava flow in the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that "crystals sink from their weight" and that this "throws light on the separation of the high silica versus low silica series of rocks." This was the first proposal of the fractional crystallization hypothesis of magma differentiation that was further


id: geology-underfoot-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_Underfoot-0.md
category: reference
title: Geology Underfoot
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_Underfoot
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:35.432462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: geology-underfoot-20260505-0
summary:
Geology Underfoot is a series of geology guidebooks published by Mountain Press Publishing Company. == Books == There is currently a Geology Underfoot book available for 10 regions (Colorado Western Slope, Southern California, Western Washington, Death Valley & Eastern California, Colorado Front Range, Northern Arizona, Southern Utah, Yellowstone Country, Southern Idaho, Yosemite National Park). A list of the books is below: Schroder, Jack; Ellwein, Amy; Englemann, George; Englemann, Carol (2022). Geology Underfoot on Colorado's Western Slope. Illustrated by Beth Waldron Yuhas and Chelsea M. Feeney. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-708-6. Sylvester, Arthur Gibbs; Sharp, Robert P.; Glazner, Allen F. (2020). Geology Underfoot in Southern California. Illustrated by Elizabeth O'Black Gans. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-698-0. Tucker, Dave (2015). Geology Underfoot in Western Washington. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-640-9. Glazner, Allen F.; Sylvester, Arthur Gibbs; Sharp, Robert P. (2022). Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Eastern California. Illustrated by Chelsea M. Feeney. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-707-9. Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2012). Geology Underfoot Along Colorado's Front Range. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-595-2. Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2007). Geology Underfoot in Northern Arizona. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-528-0. Orndorff, Richard L.; Wieder, Robert W.; Futey, David G. (2006). Geology Underfoot in Southern Utah. Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-517-4.


id: hey-s-mineral-index-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey's_Mineral_Index-0.md
category: reference
title: Hey's Mineral Index
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey's_Mineral_Index
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:47.010914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hey-s-mineral-index-20260505-0
summary:
Hey's Mineral Index is a standard reference work in mineralogy. It is an alphabetical index of known mineral species and varieties, and includes synonyms. For species and major varieties more detail is provided. It includes a classification of minerals based on their chemistry into 32 top-level groups, and breaks these groups down further. == Editions == First edition, An Index of Mineral Species & Varieties Arranged Chemically, With An Alphabetical Index of Accepted Mineral Names and Synonyms by Max Hutchinson Hey, published by order of the British Library, was published in 1950. Second edition by Max Hutchinson Hey was published in 1962. Third edition by Andrew M. Clark was published in 1993. Fourth edition by Andrew M. Clark due for publication in 2004 but was never released. == See also == Nickel–Strunz classification == References ==


id: the-map-that-changed-the-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Map_that_Changed_the_World-0.md
category: reference
title: The Map that Changed the World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Map_that_Changed_the_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:48.161693+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-map-that-changed-the-world-20260505-0
summary:
The Map that Changed the World is a 2001 book by Simon Winchester about English geologist William Smith and his great achievement, the first geological map of England, Wales and southern Scotland. Smith's was the first national-scale geological map, and by far the most accurate of its time. His pivotal insights were that each local sequence of rock strata was a subsequence of a single universal sequence of strata and that these rock strata could be distinguished and traced for great distances by means of embedded fossilized organisms. Winchester's book narrates the intellectual context of the time, the development of Smith's ideas and how they contributed to the theory of evolution and more generally to a dawning realisation of the true age of the Earth. The book describes the social, economic or industrial context for Smith's insights and work, such as the importance of coal mining and the transport of coal by means of canals, both of which were a stimulus to the study of geology and the means whereby Smith supported his research. Landowners wished to know if coal might be found on their holdings. Canal planning and construction depended on understanding the rock and soil along its route.


id: oryctographia-carniolica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctographia_Carniolica-0.md
category: reference
title: Oryctographia Carniolica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctographia_Carniolica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:50.458586+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oryctographia-carniolica-20260505-0
summary:
Oryctographia Carniolica (Carniolan Mineralogy; with the subtitle oder Physikalische Erdbeschreibung des Herzogthums Krain, Istrien, und zum Theil der benachbarten Länder 'or a Physical Geography of the Duchy of Carniola, Istria, and in Part the Neighboring Lands') is a four-volume work by Belsazar Hacquet, published in Leipzig in 1778, 1781, 1784, and 1789. It discusses the physical properties of the Duchy of Carniola, Istria, and parts of the neighboring lands. It also includes an in-depth description of the Idrija mercury mine. The front page of the work presents the first known depiction of Triglav, the highest mountain in Slovenia. The copper engraving was produced by C. Conti after a drawing by Franz Xaver Baraga. == References == == External links == Media related to Oryctographia Carniolica at Wikimedia Commons


id: otherlands-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherlands_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Otherlands (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherlands_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:51.633748+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: otherlands-book-20260505-0
summary:
Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds is a nonfiction book about palaeontology written by Thomas Halliday, a British palaeontologist. He goes as far back in time as approximately 555 million years ago. The book was simultaneously published in English by Allen Lane (UK and Commonwealth), Random House (USA and Philippines), and Penguin Canada (Canada) in February 2022. == Summary == Halliday uncovers for the lay public the vast changes in fauna, flora, topography, and climate over the past 555 million years. He observes cyclical changes, including cycles of ice ages and climate warming, and periods of mass extinction followed by periods of mass flourishing. However at each renewal, life takes on completely different forms that are adapted to the new environmental conditions. Thus, life goes on but species do not. Looking forward on a paleontology time scale, humankind will inevitably go extinct. == Period covered == Halliday starts the first chapter by going back in time about 20,000 years ago. And, through the next 15 chapters he goes further back in time to approximately 555 million years ago. Each chapter covers a specific geological time period and part of the world. Such time and place most often represent key


id: quaternary-geology-and-geomorphology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_Geology_and_Geomorphology-0.md
category: reference
title: Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_Geology_and_Geomorphology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:55.189390+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quaternary-geology-and-geomorphology-20260505-0
summary:
Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology(《第四纪地质学与地貌学》)is a teaching and researching textbook for higher teaching institutions in China. It was first published by Geology Press in August 2009, and the chief editors of the book are TianMingZhong, ChengJie, and so on. Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology contains the most advanced knowledge about Quaternary geology until the final editing. It exhibits the internal connection along dynamic, geomorphology sediment and environment. Besides, the book systematically instructs quaternary geology and geomorphology. Authors also provided some popular research methods about quaternary geology. == References ==


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-0.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836, was published in 1842 as Charles Darwin's first monograph, and set out his theory of the formation of coral reefs and atolls. He conceived of the idea during the voyage of the Beagle while still in South America, before he had seen a coral island, and wrote it out as HMS Beagle crossed the Pacific Ocean, completing his draft by November 1835. At the time there was great scientific interest in the way that coral reefs formed, and Captain Robert FitzRoy's orders from the Admiralty included the investigation of an atoll as an important scientific aim of the voyage. FitzRoy chose to survey the Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean. The results supported Darwin's theory that the various types of coral reefs and atolls could be explained by uplift and subsidence of vast areas of the Earth's crust under the oceans. The book was the first volume of three Darwin wrote about the geology he had investigated during the voyage, and was widely recognised as a major


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-1.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
By the time that the Beagle set out for the Galápagos Islands on 7 September 1835, Darwin had thought out the essentials of his theory of atoll formation. While he no longer favoured the concept that atolls formed on submerged volcanos, he noted some points on these islands which supported that idea: 16 volcanic craters resembled atolls in being raised slightly more on one side, and five hills appeared roughly equal in height. He then considered a topic which was compatible with either theory, the lack of coral reefs around the Galápagos Islands. One possibility was a lack of calcareous matter around the islands, but his main proposal, which FitzRoy had suggested to him, was that the seas were too cold. As they sailed on, Darwin took note of the records of sea temperature kept in the ship's "Weather Journal". He had his first glimpse of coral atolls as they passed Honden Island on 9 November and sailed on through the Low or Dangerous Archipelago (Tuamotus). Arriving at Tahiti on 15 November, Darwin saw it "encircled by a Coral reef separated from the shore by channels & basins of still water". He climbed the hills of Tahiti, and was strongly


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-2.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication of theory == When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin was already a celebrity in scientific circles, as in December 1835 University of Cambridge Professor of Botany John Stevens Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters. Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October, enthusiastic about the support this gave to his uniformitarianism, and in May wrote to John Herschel that he was "very full of Darwin's new theory of Coral Islands, and have urged Whewell to make him read it at our next meeting. I must give up my volcanic crater theory for ever, though it cost me a pang at first, for it accounted for so much... the whole theory is knocked on the head, and the annular shape and central lagoon have nothing to do with volcanoes, nor even with a crateriform bottom.... Coral islands are the last efforts of drowning continents to lift their heads above water. Regions of elevation and subsidence in the ocean may be traced by the state of the coral reefs." Darwin presented his findings and theory in a paper which he read to


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-3.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
The first three chapters describe the various types of coral reef, each chapter starting with a section giving a detailed description of the reef Darwin had most information about, which he presents as a typical example of the type. Subsequent sections in each chapter then describe other reefs in comparison with the typical example. In the first chapter, Darwin describes atolls and lagoon islands, taking as his typical example his own detailed findings and the Beagle survey findings on the Keeling Islands. The second chapter similarly describes a typical barrier reef then compares it to others, and the third chapter gives a similar description of what Darwin called fringing or shore reefs. Having described the principal kinds of reef in detail, his finding was that the actual surface of the reef did not differ much. An atoll differs from an encircling barrier reef only in lacking the central island, and a barrier reef differs from a fringing reef only in its distance from the land and in enclosing a lagoon. The fourth chapter on the distribution and growth of coral reefs examines the conditions in which they flourish, their rate of growth and the depths at which the reef building


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-4.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
=== Late 19th-century controversy and tests of the theory === A major scientific controversy over the origin of coral reefs took place in the late 19th century, between supporters of Darwin's theory (such as the American geologist James Dwight Dana, who early in his career had seen coral reefs in Hawaii and Fiji during the 1838–1842 United States Exploring Expedition), and those who supported a rival theory put forward by the Scottish oceanographer John Murray, who participated in the 1872–76 Challenger expedition. Murray's theory challenged Darwin's notion of subsidence, proposing instead that coral reefs formed when accumulating mounds of calcareous marine sediments reached the shallow depths that could support the growth of corals. Amongst Murray's supporters was the independently wealthy American scientist Alexander Agassiz, who financed and undertook several expeditions to the Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Ocean regions to examine coral reefs in search of evidence to support Murray's theory, and to discredit Darwin. A series of expeditions to test Darwin's theory by drilling on Funafuti atoll in the Ellice Islands (now part of Tuvalu) was conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating whether basalt or traces of shallow water organisms could be found at


id: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs-5.md
category: reference
title: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:56.403568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-structure-and-distribution-of-coral-reefs-20260505-0
summary:
== References == Browne, E. Janet (1995), Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 1-84413-314-1 Darwin, Charles (15 December 1962), Stoddart, D. R. (ed.), "Coral Islands by Charles Darwin, with Introduction, map and remarks", Atoll Research Bulletin, no. 88, Washington, D. C.: The Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, pp. 1–20, retrieved 22 January 2009 Darwin, Charles (2002–2008), John van Wyhe (ed.), "Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow", Darwin Online, retrieved 20 January 2009 Darwin, C. R. (1837), "On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations. (Read 31 May)", Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, no. 2, pp. 552–554, retrieved 20 January 2009 Darwin, Charles (1839), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836., vol. III, London: Henry Colburn, retrieved 20 January 2009 Darwin, Charles (1842), The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of


id: sylva-or-a-discourse-of-forest-trees-and-the-propagation-of-timber-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber-0.md
category: reference
title: Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:57.589336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sylva-or-a-discourse-of-forest-trees-and-the-propagation-of-timber-20260505-0
summary:
Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions by the English writer John Evelyn was first presented in 1662 as a paper to the Royal Society. It was published as a book two years later in 1664, and is recognised as one of the most influential texts on forestry ever published. A second edition with new engravings was published in 1670, and a third edition in 1679 included a geological essay by Evelyn. An expanded fourth edition was published in 1706, with the new segments specifically covering fruit trees and the production of cider. == Editions == 1662 Sylva paper was presented to the Royal Society on 16 February 1662. 1664 Sylva First Edition book printed by publisher John Martyn for the Royal Society, and the first book published after the granting of their Royal Charter as publishers in 1662. 1670 Sylva Second Edition. Various engravings added. 1679 Sylva Third Edition. Included an essay from Evelyn about soils: Terra, a Philosophical Essay of Earth, being a Lecture in Course. 1706 Silva Fourth Edition, now spelt Silva, contained new sections Dendrologia, Pomona; Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit-Trees in relation to CIDER and Kalendarium Hortense.


id: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom-0.md
category: reference
title: T. rex and the Crater of Doom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:58.785888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-0
summary:
T. rex and the Crater of Doom is a nonfiction book by UC Berkeley professor Walter Alvarez that was published by Princeton University Press in 1997. The book discusses the research and evidence that led to the creation of the Alvarez hypothesis, which explains how an impact event was the main cause that resulted in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. == Content == The book begins by discussing Alvarez's research in the 1970s, before ever investigating the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, when he was researching plate tectonics involving the Apennine Mountains with William "Bill" Lowrie. The method of this research was to use the evidence of the Earth's magnetic field to show that the plate upon which the rocks of the mountains rested had rotated over millions of years. While investigating limestone deposits in Gubbio, they discovered that some of the rocks were not aligned with the magnetic north pole, but in the opposite direction, implying the Earth undergoes geomagnetic reversal over time. This, with the plentiful fossilized material of extinct foraminifera, allowed them to date the time differences between each reversal and catalog the species of microscopic life found in each era. In doing so, they discovered that


id: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom-1.md
category: reference
title: T. rex and the Crater of Doom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._rex_and_the_Crater_of_Doom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:58.785888+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom-20260505-0
summary:
In a review for Geological Magazine, Simon Conway Morris noted that the controversy and debate over the impact hypothesis had led to comments against it that are "querulous, petulant, otiose, and sometimes simply poisonous", but that Alvarez's book "acknowledges the differences that have arisen, but never does he descend to insult and injury", leading to a "gracious and generous book". Timothy Ferris, writing for The New York Times, stated that Alvarez "gets the facts across in a lighthearted, almost playful manner", but still manages to present "solid science" that presents a "clear and efficient exposition that conveys plenty of cogent detail while keeping an eye on the subtle interplay of thought, action and personality that makes scientific research such arresting human behavior." == Critical reception == Clark R. Chapman, writing for Nature, stated that Alvarez's "slim" book can be read "in a single sitting and I recommend it highly – if only as a jumping-off point to other perspectives on this dramatic scientific revolution." In a review for Scientific American of T. rex and the Crater of Doom and the opposing theories presented in The Great Dinosaur Extinction Controversy, Michael Benton advocated reading the book "for an excellent account of


id: theory-of-the-earth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Earth-0.md
category: reference
title: Theory of the Earth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Earth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:42:59.946789+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: theory-of-the-earth-20260505-0
summary:
Theory of the Earth is a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology. In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. It also hypothesized that the age of the Earth was much older than what biblical literalists claim. This idea, uniformitarianism, was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin. The work was first published in 1788 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and later in 1795 as two book volumes. Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also anticipated natural selection, as follows: "Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race". == History == Hutton's prose hindered his theories. They were not taken seriously until 1802, when Edinburgh University


id: traces-of-catastrophe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traces_of_Catastrophe-0.md
category: reference
title: Traces of Catastrophe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traces_of_Catastrophe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:01.112862+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: traces-of-catastrophe-20260505-0
summary:
Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures is a book written by Bevan M. French of the Smithsonian Institution. It is a comprehensive technical reference on the science of impact craters. It was published in 1998 by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI), which is part of the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). It was originally available in hard copy from LPI, but is now only available as a portable document format (PDF) e-book free download. The book has become very influential in the field of impact crater research, appearing as a common reference for papers and web sites on the topic. The Earth Impact Database lists it among the suggested reading on its introductory page about impact craters. The Impact Field Studies Group Impact Database says it is required reading before submitting an observation of a proposed impact site. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) lists it among general references relevant to Planetary Science across the Solar System. NASA GSFC also has a Remote Sensing Tutorial site which calls Traces of Catastrophe an "exceptional summary of impact cratering." == Overview == The book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 introduces impact craters,


id: volcano-the-eruption-and-healing-of-mount-st-helens-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano:_The_Eruption_and_Healing_of_Mount_St._Helens-0.md
category: reference
title: Volcano: The Eruption and Healing of Mount St. Helens
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano:_The_Eruption_and_Healing_of_Mount_St._Helens
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:02.753090+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: volcano-the-eruption-and-healing-of-mount-st-helens-20260505-0
summary:
Volcano: The Eruption and Healing of Mount St. Helens is a 1986 children's science photo book written by Patricia Lauber. Lauber documents the lead-up to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the eruption itself, and the aftermath. It received a Newbery Honor in 1987, and reviewers commended the quality and narrative contribution of the color pictures used throughout the book. == Summary == The book explores Mt. St. Helens' geological history and location, as well as the events preceding the eruption, including the gradual development of the bulge on the mountain's north side. The volcano erupts on May 18, 1980, creating lahars, pyroclastic flows, avalanches, and other geological hazards which destroy a 230-square-mile area and kill 57 people. In the aftermath, geologists worked to understand both the cause and ecological impact of the eruption, helping to advance understanding in the fields of seismology and vulcanology. In the aftermath of the destruction from the eruption, surviving underground plants began to colonise the blast area; and burrowing rodents like chipmunks, pocket gophers, and red squirrels returned as well. Over time, the area recovered as more plants and animals returned. The last section of the book explains the process of subduction, the


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of publications in mathematics, organized by field. Some reasons a particular publication might be regarded as important: Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of mathematics. Among published compilations of important publications in mathematics are Landmark writings in Western mathematics 1640–1940 by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and A Source Book in Mathematics by David Eugene Smith. == Algebra == === Theory of equations === ==== Baudhayana Sulba Sutra ==== Baudhayana (8th century BCE) With linguistic evidence suggesting this text to have been written between the 8th and 5th centuries century BCE, this is one of the oldest mathematical texts. It laid the foundations of Indian mathematics and was influential in South Asia. It was primarily a geometrical text and also contained some important developments, including the list of Pythagorean triples, geometric solutions of linear and quadratic equations and square root of 2. ==== The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art ==== The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (10th–2nd century BCE) Contains the earliest description of Gaussian


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-1.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques ==== Camille Jordan (1870) Online version: Online version Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (Treatise on Substitutions and Algebraic Equations). The first book on group theory, giving a then-comprehensive study of permutation groups and Galois theory. In this book, Jordan introduced the notion of a simple group and epimorphism (which he called isomorphisme mériédrique), proved part of the Jordan–Hölder theorem, and discussed matrix groups over finite fields as well as the Jordan normal form. ==== Theorie der Transformationsgruppen ==== Sophus Lie, Friedrich Engel (1888–1893). Publication data: 3 volumes, B.G. Teubner, Verlagsgesellschaft, mbH, Leipzig, 1888–1893. Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3. The first comprehensive work on transformation groups, serving as the foundation for the modern theory of Lie groups. ==== Solvability of groups of odd order ==== Walter Feit and John Thompson (1960) Description: Gave a complete proof of the solvability of finite groups of odd order, establishing the long-standing Burnside conjecture that all finite non-abelian simple groups are of even order. Many of the original techniques used in this paper were used in the eventual classification of finite simple groups. ==== Homological algebra ==== ==== Homological Algebra ==== Henri Cartan and


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-2.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Séminaire de géométrie algébrique === Alexander Grothendieck et al. These seminar notes on Grothendieck's reworking of the foundations of algebraic geometry report on work done at IHÉS starting in the 1960s. SGA 1 dates from the seminars of 1960–1961, and the last in the series, SGA 7, dates from 1967 to 1969. In contrast to EGA, which is intended to set foundations, SGA describes ongoing research as it unfolded in Grothendieck's seminar; as a result, it is quite difficult to read, since many of the more elementary and foundational results were relegated to EGA. One of the major results building on the results in SGA is Pierre Deligne's proof of the last of the open Weil conjectures in the early 1970s. Other authors who worked on one or several volumes of SGA include Michel Raynaud, Michael Artin, Jean-Pierre Serre, Jean-Louis Verdier, Pierre Deligne, and Nicholas Katz. == Number theory == === Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta === Brahmagupta (628) Brahmagupta's Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta is the first book that mentions zero as a number, hence Brahmagupta is considered the first to formulate the concept of zero. The current system of the four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) based on the Hindu-Arabic number system also


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-3.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== "Automorphic Forms on GL(2)" === Hervé Jacquet and Robert Langlands (1970) This publication offers evidence towards Langlands' conjectures by reworking and expanding the classical theory of modular forms and their L-functions through the introduction of representation theory. === "La conjecture de Weil. I." === Pierre Deligne (1974) Proved the Riemann hypothesis for varieties over finite fields, settling the last of the open Weil conjectures. === "Endlichkeitssätze für abelsche Varietäten über Zahlkörpern" === Gerd Faltings (1983) Faltings proves a collection of important results in this paper, the most famous of which is the first proof of the Mordell conjecture (a conjecture dating back to 1922). Other theorems proved in this paper include an instance of the Tate conjecture (relating the homomorphisms between two abelian varieties over a number field to the homomorphisms between their Tate modules) and some finiteness results concerning abelian varieties over number fields with certain properties. === "Modular Elliptic Curves and Fermat's Last Theorem" === Andrew Wiles (1995) This article proceeds to prove a special case of the Shimura–Taniyama conjecture through the study of the deformation theory of Galois representations. This in turn implies the famed Fermat's Last Theorem. The proof's method of identification of a deformation


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-4.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== Intégrale, longueur, aire ==== Henri Lebesgue (1901) Lebesgue's doctoral dissertation, summarizing and extending his research to date regarding his development of measure theory and the Lebesgue integral. === Complex analysis === ==== Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse ==== Bernhard Riemann (1851) Riemann's doctoral dissertation introduced the notion of a Riemann surface, conformal mapping, simple connectivity, the Riemann sphere, the Laurent series expansion for functions having poles and branch points, and the Riemann mapping theorem. === Functional analysis === ==== Théorie des opérations linéaires ==== Stefan Banach (1932; originally published 1931 in Polish under the title Teorja operacyj.) Banach, Stefan (1932). Théorie des Opérations Linéaires [Theory of Linear Operations] (PDF). Monografie Matematyczne (in French). Vol. 1. Warszawa: Subwencji Funduszu Kultury Narodowej. Zbl 0005.20901. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2020. The first mathematical monograph on the subject of linear metric spaces, bringing the abstract study of functional analysis to the wider mathematical community. The book introduced the ideas of a normed space and the notion of a so-called B-space, a complete normed space. The B-spaces are now called Banach spaces and are one of the basic objects of


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-5.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art === Unknown author This was a Chinese mathematics book, mostly geometric, composed during the Han dynasty, perhaps as early as 200 BC. It remained the most important textbook in China and East Asia for over a thousand years, similar to the position of Euclid's Elements in Europe. Among its contents: Linear problems solved using the principle known later in the West as the rule of false position. Problems with several unknowns, solved by a principle similar to Gaussian elimination. Problems involving the principle known in the West as the Pythagorean theorem. The earliest solution of a matrix using a method equivalent to the modern method. === The Conics === Apollonius of Perga The Conics was written by Apollonius of Perga, a Greek mathematician. His innovative methodology and terminology, especially in the field of conics, influenced many later scholars including Ptolemy, Francesco Maurolico, Isaac Newton, and René Descartes. It was Apollonius who gave the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola the names by which we know them. === Surya Siddhanta === Unknown (400 CE) It describes the archeo-astronomy theories, principles and methods of the ancient Hindus. This siddhanta is supposed to be the


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-6.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== L'anneau d'homologie d'une représentation, Structure de l'anneau d'homologie d'une représentation === Jean Leray (1946) These two Comptes Rendus notes of Leray from 1946 introduced the novel concepts of sheafs, sheaf cohomology, and spectral sequences, which he had developed during his years of captivity as a prisoner of war. Leray's announcements and applications (published in other Comptes Rendus notes from 1946) drew immediate attention from other mathematicians. Subsequent clarification, development, and generalization by Henri Cartan, Jean-Louis Koszul, Armand Borel, Jean-Pierre Serre, and Leray himself allowed these concepts to be understood and applied to many other areas of mathematics. Dieudonné would later write that these notions created by Leray "undoubtedly rank at the same level in the history of mathematics as the methods invented by Poincaré and Brouwer". === Quelques propriétés globales des variétés differentiables === René Thom (1954) In this paper, Thom proved the Thom transversality theorem, introduced the notions of oriented and unoriented cobordism, and demonstrated that cobordism groups could be computed as the homotopy groups of certain Thom spaces. Thom completely characterized the unoriented cobordism ring and achieved strong results for several problems, including Steenrod's problem on the realization of cycles. == Category theory == === "General Theory


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-7.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Kurt Gödel (1931) Online version: Online version In mathematical logic, Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two celebrated theorems proved by Kurt Gödel in 1931. The first incompleteness theorem states: For any formal system such that (1) it is ω {\displaystyle \omega } -consistent (omega-consistent), (2) it has a recursively definable set of axioms and rules of derivation, and (3) every recursive relation of natural numbers is definable in it, there exists a formula of the system such that, according to the intended interpretation of the system, it expresses a truth about natural numbers and yet it is not a theorem of the system. === Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals === Alan Turing's PhD thesis (1938) == Combinatorics == === "On sets of integers containing no k elements in arithmetic progression" === Endre Szemerédi (1975) Settled a conjecture of Paul Erdős and Pál Turán (now known as Szemerédi's theorem) that if a sequence of natural numbers has positive upper density then it contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. Szemerédi's solution has been described as a "masterpiece of combinatorics" and it introduced new ideas and tools to the field including a weak form of the Szemerédi regularity lemma. === Graph theory === ====


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-8.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
==== "Полиномиальный алгоритм в линейном программировании" ==== Khachiyan, Leonid Genrikhovich (1979). Полиномиальный алгоритм в линейном программировании [A polynomial algorithm for linear programming]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 244: 1093–1096.. Khachiyan's work on the ellipsoid method. This was the first polynomial time algorithm for linear programming. == Early manuscripts == These are publications that are not necessarily relevant to a mathematician nowadays, but are nonetheless important publications in the history of mathematics. === Moscow Mathematical Papyrus === This is one of the earliest mathematical treatises that still survives today. The Papyrus contains 25 problems involving arithmetic, geometry, and algebra, each with a solution given. Written in Ancient Egypt at approximately 1850 BC. === Rhind Mathematical Papyrus === Ahmes (scribe) One of the oldest mathematical texts, dating to the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmes (properly Ahmose) from an older Middle Kingdom papyrus. It laid the foundations of Egyptian mathematics and in turn, later influenced Greek and Hellenistic mathematics. Besides describing how to obtain an approximation of π only missing the mark by less than one per cent, Ahmes make use of a kind of an analogue of the cotangent. === Archimedes Palimpsest ===


id: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics-9.md
category: reference
title: List of publications in mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:04.376499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-publications-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Naive Set Theory === Paul Halmos An undergraduate introduction to not-very-naive set theory which has lasted for decades. It is still considered by many to be the best introduction to set theory for beginners. While the title states that it is naive, which is usually taken to mean without axioms, the book does introduce all the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory and gives correct and rigorous definitions for basic objects. Where it differs from a "true" axiomatic set theory book is its character: There are no long-winded discussions of axiomatic minutiae, and there is next to nothing about topics like large cardinals. Instead it aims, and succeeds, in being intelligible to someone who has never thought about set theory before. === Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers === Wacław Sierpiński The nec plus ultra reference for basic facts about cardinal and ordinal numbers. If you have a question about the cardinality of sets occurring in everyday mathematics, the first place to look is this book, first published in the early 1950s but based on the author's lectures on the subject over the preceding 40 years. === Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs === Kenneth Kunen This book is not really


id: the-math-s-fix-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Math(s)_Fix-0.md
category: reference
title: The Math(s) Fix
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Math(s)_Fix
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:05.533110+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-math-s-fix-20260505-0
summary:
The Math(s) Fix: An Education Blueprint for the AI Age is a 2020 book by Conrad Wolfram, a British technologist, entrepreneur, and co-founder of Wolfram Research Europe. The book argues that mathematics education worldwide is fundamentally broken and proposes a comprehensive restructuring centred on real-world problem-solving and computational thinking, rather than manual calculation. == Synopsis == The book's core claim is that school mathematics curricula around the world teach the wrong thing: they overwhelmingly focus on training students to perform hand calculations that computers can now perform far more accurately and quickly. Wolfram contends this conflation of *mathematics* with *calculating by hand* has persisted long past its usefulness and is actively harmful, crowding out the genuinely important mathematical skills of: Problem Definition - translating a real-world situation into a mathematical question Abstraction - identifying the relevant structure of a problem Computation - executing a solution (which in the modern world almost always means using a computer) Interpretation - applying and verifying the answer back in context Wolfram calls these the four steps of the "computational thinking" process, and argues they are what mathematicians, scientists, engineers, and data analysts actually do - yet schools spend nearly all their time on a


id: 99-points-of-intersection-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Points_of_Intersection-0.md
category: reference
title: 99 Points of Intersection
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Points_of_Intersection
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:06.654180+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 99-points-of-intersection-20260505-0
summary:
99 Points of Intersection: Examples—Pictures—Proofs is a book on constructions in Euclidean plane geometry in which three or more lines or curves meet in a single point of intersection. This book was originally written in German by Hans Walser as 99 Schnittpunkte (Eagle / Ed. am Gutenbergplatz, 2004), translated into English by Peter Hilton and Jean Pedersen, and published by the Mathematical Association of America in 2006 in their MAA Spectrum series (ISBN 978-0-88385-553-9). == Topics and organization == The book is organized into three sections. The first section provides introductory material, describing different mathematical situations in which multiple curves might meet, and providing different possible explanations for this phenomenon, including symmetry, geometric transformations, and membership of the curves in a pencil of curves. The second section shows the 99 points of intersection of the title. Each is given on its own page, as a large figure with three smaller figures showing its construction, with a one-line caption but no explanatory text. The third section provides background material and proofs for some of these points of intersection, as well as extending and generalizing some of these results. Some of these points of intersection are standard; for instance, these include the


id: adventures-among-the-toroids-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_Among_the_Toroids-0.md
category: reference
title: Adventures Among the Toroids
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_Among_the_Toroids
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:08.969210+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adventures-among-the-toroids-20260505-0
summary:
Adventures Among the Toroids: A study of orientable polyhedra with regular faces is a book on toroidal polyhedra that have regular polygons as their faces. It was written, hand-lettered, and illustrated by mathematician Bonnie Stewart, and self-published under the imprint "Number One Tall Search Book" in 1970. Stewart put out a second edition, again hand-lettered and self-published, in 1980. Although out of print, the Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The Platonic solids, known to antiquity, have all faces regular polygons, all symmetric to each other (each face can be taken to each other face by a symmetry of the polyhedron). However, if less symmetry is required, a greater number of polyhedra can be formed while having all faces regular. The convex polyhedra with all faces regular were catalogued in 1966 by Norman Johnson (after earlier study e.g. by Martyn Cundy and A. P. Rollett), and have come to be known as the Johnson solids. Adventures Among the Toroids extends the investigation of polyhedra with regular faces to non-convex polyhedra, and in particular to polyhedra of higher genus than the sphere. Many of these polyhedra


id: lgebra-de-baldor-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Álgebra_de_Baldor-0.md
category: reference
title: Álgebra de Baldor
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Álgebra_de_Baldor
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:10.080065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lgebra-de-baldor-20260505-0
summary:
Álgebra, commonly known as Álgebra de Baldor (Spanish: Baldor's Algebra), is a book by the Cuban mathematician, lawyer, and professor Aurelio Baldor. The first edition was published on 19 June 1941. Baldor’s Algebra contains a total of 5,790 exercises, averaging 19 exercises per test. It is considered one of the most comprehensive works on algebra. == Publication history == Rhe first recorded edition of Baldor’s Algebra was published in 1941 by Editorial Cultural in Havana, Cuba. In 1948, Aurelio Baldor sold the rights to the Mexican publisher Publicaciones Culturales in order to invest the proceeds in his educational institute. This publisher continued to publish the book from Mexico. Upon his arrival in Mexico, already in exile, the book was published by Editorial Cultural Mexicana. According to this website, the book was also published in Venezuela, Colombia, and Spain. Publications continue in Mexico, following reorganizations and name changes of the original publishing companies, by Grupo Editorial Patria. == Description == In the early editions of Algebra, the cover was red, and until the 2005 edition the illustrations were originally created by the Cuban artist D.G. Terminel. The cover featured the Persian Muslim mathematician Al-Khwarizmi and, in the background, a depiction of


id: algorithmic-combinatorics-on-partial-words-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_Combinatorics_on_Partial_Words-0.md
category: reference
title: Algorithmic Combinatorics on Partial Words
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_Combinatorics_on_Partial_Words
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:12.362150+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: algorithmic-combinatorics-on-partial-words-20260505-0
summary:
Algorithmic Combinatorics on Partial Words is a book in the area of combinatorics on words, and more specifically on partial words. It was written by Francine Blanchet-Sadri, and published in 2007 by Chapman & Hall/CRC in their Discrete Mathematics and its Applications book series. == Topics == A partial word is a string whose characters may either belong to a given alphabet or be a wildcard character. Such a word can represent a set of strings over the alphabet without wildcards, by allowing each wildcard character to be replaced by any single character of the alphabet, independently of the replacements of the other wildcard characters. Two partial words are compatible when they agree on their non-wildcard characters, or equivalently when there is a string that they both match; one partial word x {\displaystyle x} contains another partial word y {\displaystyle y} if they are compatible and the non-wildcard positions of x {\displaystyle x} contain those of y {\displaystyle y} ; equivalently, the strings matched by x {\displaystyle x} are a subset of those matched by y {\displaystyle y} . The book has 12 chapters, which can be grouped into five larger parts. The first part consists of two introductory chapters


id: the-analyst-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst-0.md
category: reference
title: The Analyst
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:13.533929+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-analyst-20260505-0
summary:
The Analyst: A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician: Wherein It Is Examined Whether the Object, Principles, and Inferences of the Modern Analysis Are More Distinctly Conceived, or More Evidently Deduced, Than Religious Mysteries and Points of Faith, is a book by George Berkeley. It was first published in 1734, first by J. Tonson (London), then by S. Fuller (Dublin). The "infidel mathematician" is believed to have been Edmond Halley, though others have speculated that Isaac Newton was intended. The book contains a direct attack on the foundations of calculus, specifically on Isaac Newton's notion of fluxions and on Leibniz's notion of infinitesimal change. == Background and purpose == From his earliest days as a writer, Berkeley had taken up his satirical pen to attack what were then called 'free-thinkers' (secularists, sceptics, agnostics, atheists, etc.—in short, anyone who doubted the truths of received Christian religion or called for a diminution of religion in public life). In 1732, in the latest installment in this effort, Berkeley published his Alciphron, a series of dialogues directed at different types of 'free-thinkers'. One of the archetypes Berkeley addressed was the secular scientist, who discarded Christian mysteries as unnecessary superstitions, and declared his confidence in


id: the-analyst-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst-1.md
category: reference
title: The Analyst
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analyst
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:13.533929+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-analyst-20260505-0
summary:
== Influence == Two years after this publication, Thomas Bayes published anonymously "An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and a Defence of the Mathematicians Against the Objections of the Author of the Analyst" (1736), in which he defended the logical foundation of Isaac Newton's calculus against the criticism outlined in The Analyst. Colin Maclaurin's two-volume Treatise of Fluxions published in 1742 also began as a response to Berkeley attacks, intended to show that Newton's calculus was rigorous by reducing it to the methods of Greek geometry. Despite these attempts, calculus continued to be developed using non-rigorous methods until around 1830 when Augustin Cauchy, and later Bernhard Riemann and Karl Weierstrass, redefined the derivative and integral using a rigorous definition of the concept of limit. The idea of using limits as a foundation for calculus had been suggested by d'Alembert, but d'Alembert's definition was not rigorous by modern standards. The concept of limits had already appeared in the work of Newton, but was not stated with sufficient clarity to hold up to the criticism of Berkeley. In 1966, Abraham Robinson introduced Non-standard Analysis, which provided a rigorous foundation for working with infinitely small quantities. This provided another way of putting


id: analytic-combinatorics-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_Combinatorics_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Analytic Combinatorics (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_Combinatorics_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:14.662379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: analytic-combinatorics-book-20260505-0
summary:
Analytic Combinatorics is a book on the mathematics of combinatorial enumeration, using generating functions and complex analysis to understand the growth rates of the numbers of combinatorial objects. It was written by Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick, and published by the Cambridge University Press in 2009. It won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 2019. == Topics == The main part of the book is organized into three parts. The first part, covering three chapters and roughly the first quarter of the book, concerns the symbolic method in combinatorics, in which classes of combinatorial objects are associated with formulas that describe their structures, and then those formulas are reinterpreted to produce the generating functions or exponential generating functions of the classes, in some cases using tools such as the Lagrange inversion theorem as part of the reinterpretation process. The chapters in this part divide the material into the enumeration of unlabeled objects, the enumeration of labeled objects, and multivariate generating functions. The five chapters of the second part of the book, roughly half of the text and "the heart of the book", concern the application of tools from complex analysis to the generating function, in order to understand the asymptotics


id: animal-math-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Math-0.md
category: reference
title: Animal Math
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Math
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:15.889648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-math-20260505-0
summary:
Animal Math is an educational book series featuring baby animals that introduces reader to mathematic principles. The series consists of five books: Tiger Math (2000), Chimp Math (2002), Polar Bear Math (2004), Panda Math (2005), and Cheetah Math (2007). On the right-hand pages, the books tell stories of baby animals cared for at either the Denver Zoo or San Diego Zoo who needed extra care when they were young. The left-hand pages discuss basic mathematic concepts using the animals as examples in problems. Published by Henry Holt and Company, the books are authored by Ann Whitehead Nagda, with support from Cindy Bickel, an assistant at the Denver Zoo, or in collaboration with the San Diego Zoo. == Books == === Tiger Math (2000) === Tiger Math: Learning to Graph from a Baby Tiger (2000), co-written by Ann Whitehead Nagda and Cindy Bickel, teaches students about different types of graphs, including bar graphs, line graphs, picture graphs, and pie charts. The book features the Siberian tiger cub T. J., who was born at the Denver Zoo, then struggled to eat after his mother died. Tiger Math is a Junior Library Guild book. Kirkus Reviews said the book provided "a delightful way


id: the-annotated-turing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Turing-0.md
category: reference
title: The Annotated Turing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Turing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:17.061886+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-annotated-turing-20260505-0
summary:
The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour Through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine is a book by Charles Petzold, published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Petzold annotates Alan Turing's paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". The book takes readers sentence by sentence through Turing's paper, providing explanations, further examples, corrections, and biographical information. == Table of contents == Part I. Foundations Chapter 1: This Tomb Holds Diophantus Chapter 2: The Irrational and the Transcendental Chapter 3: Centuries of Progress Part II. Computable Numbers Chapter 4: The Education of Alan Turing Chapter 5: Machines at Work Chapter 6: Addition and Multiplication Chapter 7: Also Known as Subroutines Chapter 8: Everything is a Number Chapter 9: The Universal Machine Chapter 10: Computers and Computability Chapter 11: Of Machines and Men Part III. Das Entscheidungsproblem Chapter 12: Logic and Computability Chapter 13: Computable Functions Chapter 14: The Major Proof Chapter 15: The Lambda Calculus Chapter 16: Conceiving the Continuum Part IV. And Beyond Chapter 17: Is Everything a Turing Machine? Chapter 18: The Long Sleep of Diophantus == See also == Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983) Prof: Alan Turing Decoded (2015) The


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-0.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:18.246965+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering. These books are important primary references for the study of the history of science and technology, they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry (History of science, History of mathematics, etc.) The landmark are significant first (or early) editions typically worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.). Reprints of these books are often available, for example from Great Books of the Western World, Dover Publications or Google Books. Incunabula are extremely rare and valuable, but as the Scientific Revolution is only taken to have started around the 1540s, such works of Renaissance literature (including alchemy, Renaissance magic, etc.) are not usually included under the notion of "scientific" literature. Printed originals of the beginning Scientific Revolution thus date to the 1540s or later, notably beginning with the original publication of Copernican heliocentrism. Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium of 1543 sold for more than US$2 million at auctions. == List of notable books == === 16th century === Tartaglia, Niccolò. Nova Scientia (A New Science). Venice, 1537. Ballistics.


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-1.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:18.246965+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
=== 19th century === Gauss, Carl Friedrich (Germany). Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Leipzig, 1801. Number theory Young, Thomas (England). Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics, 1803. Light Argand, Jean-Robert (Switzerland). Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques, 1806. Imaginary numbers. Dalton, John (England). A New System of Chemical Philosophy. London, 1808. Atomic theory Berzelius, Jöns Jacob (Sweden). Läroboken i kemien, 1808. Chemistry Cayley, George (England). On Aerial Navigation. Brompton, 3 Vol, 1809. Aeronautics. Ørsted, Hans Christian (Denmark). Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam. Copenhagen, 1820. Electromagnetism. Fourier, Joseph (France). Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur. Paris, 1822. Fourier series. Fresnel, Augustin-Jean (France). Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D'Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L'Académie Des Sciences. Paris, 1822. Wave optics Babbage, Charles (England). Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables. London, 1823. Computing Lobachevsky, Nikolai (Russia). Geometriya. 1823. Non-Euclidean geometry Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (France). Le calcul infinitesimal. Paris, 1823. Mathematical analysis Carnot, Sadi (France). Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres à déveloper cette puissance. Paris, 1824. Thermodynamics Ampère, André-Marie (France). Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques, 1827. Electromagnetism Laplace, Pierre-Simon


id: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books-2.md
category: reference
title: Antiquarian science books
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_science_books
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:18.246965+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: antiquarian-science-books-20260505-0
summary:
=== 20th century (pre-Cold War) === Planck, Max (Germany). Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum. Leipzig, 1900. Quantum mechanics Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (Russia). The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices. Kaluga, 1903. Rockets Rutherford, Ernest (New Zealand). Radio-activity. Cambridge, 1904. Nuclear physics Lorentz, Hendrik (Netherlands). Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light. Amsterdam, 1904. Special relativity Einstein, Albert (Germany). Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") Leipzig, 1905. Special relativity Einstein, Albert (Germany). Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? Leipzig, 1905. Physics Richardson, Lewis (England). The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam. London, 1910. Computational mechanics Boas, Franz (Germany/America). The Mind of Primitive Man. New York, 1911. Anthropology Bohr, Niels (Denmark). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. London, 1913. Quantum mechanics Einstein, Albert (Germany). Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity). Leipzig, 1916. Physics. Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America). A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Washington, D.C, 1919. Rockets de Broglie, Louis (France). Recherches sur la théorie des quanta


id: arithmetica-universalis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis-0.md
category: reference
title: Arithmetica Universalis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:21.752199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: arithmetica-universalis-20260505-0
summary:
Arithmetica Universalis ("Universal Arithmetic") is a mathematics text by Isaac Newton. Written in Latin, it was edited and published by William Whiston, Newton's successor as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. The Arithmetica was based on Newton's lecture notes. == Publication history == Whiston's original edition was published in 1707. It was translated into English by Joseph Raphson, who published it in 1720 as the Universal Arithmetick. John Machin published a second Latin edition in 1722. == Lack of credit for the writer == None of these editions credit Newton as author; Newton was unhappy with the publication of the Arithmetica, and so refused to have his name appear. In fact, when Whiston's edition was published, Newton was so upset he considered purchasing all of the copies so he could destroy them. == Content == The Arithmetica touches on algebraic notation, arithmetic, the relationship between geometry and algebra, and the solution of equations. Newton also applied Descartes' rule of signs to imaginary roots. He also offered, without proof, a rule to determine the number of imaginary roots of polynomial equations. A rigorous proof of Newton's counting formula for equations up to and including the fifth degree was


id: ars-magna-cardano-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Ars Magna (Cardano book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:22.876678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ars-magna-cardano-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Ars Magna (The Great Art, 1545) is an important Latin-language book on algebra written by Gerolamo Cardano. It was first published in 1545 under the title Artis Magnae, Sive de Regulis Algebraicis, Lib. unus (The Great Art, or The Rules of Algebra, Book one). There was a second edition in Cardano's lifetime, published in 1570. It is considered one of the three greatest scientific treatises of the early Renaissance, together with Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica. The first editions of these three books were published within a two-year span (1543–1545). == History == In 1535, Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia became famous for having solved cubics of the form x3 + ax = b (with a,b > 0). However, he chose to keep his method secret. In 1539, Cardano, then a lecturer in mathematics at the Piatti Foundation in Milan, published his first mathematical book, Pratica Arithmeticæ et mensurandi singularis (The Practice of Arithmetic and Simple Mensuration). That same year, he asked Tartaglia to explain to him his method for solving cubic equations. After some reluctance, Tartaglia did so, but he asked Cardano not to share the information until he published it. Cardano submerged himself


id: art-gallery-theorems-and-algorithms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_Theorems_and_Algorithms-0.md
category: reference
title: Art Gallery Theorems and Algorithms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_Theorems_and_Algorithms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:24.102157+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: art-gallery-theorems-and-algorithms-20260505-0
summary:
Art Gallery Theorems and Algorithms is a mathematical monograph on topics related to the art gallery problem, on finding positions for guards within a polygonal museum floorplan so that all points of the museum are visible to at least one guard, and on related problems in computational geometry concerning polygons. It was written by Joseph O'Rourke, and published in 1987 in the International Series of Monographs on Computer Science of the Oxford University Press. Only 1000 copies were produced before the book went out of print, so to keep this material accessible O'Rourke has made a pdf version of the book available online. == Topics == The art gallery problem, posed by Victor Klee in 1973, asks for the number of points at which to place guards inside a polygon (representing the floor plan of a museum) so that each point within the polygon is visible to at least one guard. Václav Chvátal provided the first proof that the answer is at most ⌊ n / 3 ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor n/3\rfloor } for a polygon with n {\displaystyle n} corners, but a simplified proof by Steve Fisk based on graph coloring and polygon triangulation is more widely known. This is


id: automorphic-forms-on-gl-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_Forms_on_GL(2)-0.md
category: reference
title: Automorphic Forms on GL(2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_Forms_on_GL(2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:25.244788+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: automorphic-forms-on-gl-2-20260505-0
summary:
Automorphic Forms on GL(2) is a mathematics book by H. Jacquet and Robert Langlands (1970) where they rewrite Erich Hecke's theory of modular forms in terms of the representation theory of GL(2) over local fields and adele rings of global fields and prove the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence. A second volume by Jacquet (1972) gives an interpretation of some results by Rankin and Selberg in terms of the representation theory of GL(2) × GL(2). == References == Godement, R. (1970), Notes on Jacquet–Langlands' theory, Institute for Advanced Study Jacquet, H; Langlands, R. P. (1970), Automorphic Forms on GL (2), Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 114, Berlin-New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0058988, ISBN 978-3540049036, MR 0401654, S2CID 122773458 Jacquet, Hervé (1972), Automorphic Forms on GL(2) Part II, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 278, Berlin-New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0058503, ISBN 978-3-540-05931-8, MR 0562503 Langlands, R. (1971), "Automorphic forms on GL(2)" (PDF), Actes du Congrès International des Mathématiciens (Nice, 1970), vol. 2, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, pp. 327–329, MR 0562505 == External links == Buzzard, Kevin (2012), What is in the book Automorphic forms on GL(2) by Jacquet and Langlands? (PDF)


id: the-banach-tarski-paradox-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banach–Tarski_Paradox_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Banach–Tarski Paradox (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banach–Tarski_Paradox_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:26.367041+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-banach-tarski-paradox-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Banach–Tarski Paradox is a book in mathematics on the Banach–Tarski paradox, the fact that a unit ball can be partitioned into a finite number of subsets and reassembled to form two unit balls. It was written by Stan Wagon and published in 1985 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 24 of their Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications book series. A second printing in 1986 added two pages as an addendum, and a 1993 paperback printing added a new preface. In 2016 the Cambridge University Press published a second edition, adding Grzegorz Tomkowicz as a co-author, as volume 163 of the same series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The Banach–Tarski paradox, proved by Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski in 1924, states that it is possible to partition a three-dimensional unit ball into finitely many pieces and reassemble them into two unit balls, a single ball of larger or smaller area, or any other bounded set with a non-empty interior. Although it is a mathematical theorem, it is called a paradox because it is so counter-intuitive; in the preface to the book,


id: basic-number-theory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory-0.md
category: reference
title: Basic Number Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:27.589697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: basic-number-theory-20260505-0
summary:
Basic Number Theory is an influential book by André Weil, an exposition of algebraic number theory and class field theory with particular emphasis on valuation-theoretic methods. Based in part on a course taught at Princeton University in 1961–62, it appeared as Volume 144 in Springer's Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften series. The approach handles all 'A-fields' or global fields, meaning finite algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers and of the field of rational functions of one variable with a finite field of constants. The theory is developed in a uniform way, starting with topological fields, properties of Haar measure on locally compact fields, the main theorems of adelic and idelic number theory, and class field theory via the theory of simple algebras over local and global fields. The word `basic’ in the title is closer in meaning to `foundational’ rather than `elementary’, and is perhaps best interpreted as meaning that the material developed is foundational for the development of the theories of automorphic forms, representation theory of algebraic groups, and more advanced topics in algebraic number theory. The style is austere, with a narrow concentration on a logically coherent development of the theory required, and essentially no examples. ==


id: basic-number-theory-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory-1.md
category: reference
title: Basic Number Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Number_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:27.589697+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: basic-number-theory-20260505-0
summary:
== Contents == Roughly speaking, the first half of the book is modern in its consistent use of adelic and idèlic methods and the simultaneous treatment of algebraic number fields and rational function fields over finite fields. The second half is arguably pre-modern in its development of simple algebras and class field theory without the language of cohomology, and without the language of Galois cohomology in particular. The author acknowledges this as a trade-off, explaining that “to develop such an approach systematically would have meant loading a great deal of unnecessary machinery on a ship which seemed well equipped for this particular voyage; instead of making it more seaworthy, it might have sunk it.” The treatment of class field theory uses analytic methods on both commutative fields and simple algebras. These methods show their power in giving the first unified proof that if K/k is a finite normal extension of A-fields, then any automorphism of K over k is induced by the Frobenius automorphism for infinitely many places of K. This approach also allows for a significantly simpler and more logical proof of algebraic statements, for example the result that a simple algebra over an A-field splits (globally) if and


id: the-beauty-of-fractals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Fractals-0.md
category: reference
title: The Beauty of Fractals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Fractals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:28.808626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-beauty-of-fractals-20260505-0
summary:
The Beauty of Fractals is a 1986 book by Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter which publicises the fields of complex dynamics, chaos theory and the concept of fractals. It is lavishly illustrated and as a mathematics book became an unusual success. The book includes a total of 184 illustrations, including 88 full-colour pictures of Julia sets. Although the format suggests a coffee table book, the discussion of the background of the presented images addresses some sophisticated mathematics which would not be found in popular science books. In 1987 the book won an Award for distinguished technical communication. == Summary == The book starts with a general introduction to Complex Dynamics, Chaos and fractals. In particular the Feigenbaum scenario and the relation to Julia sets and the Mandelbrot set is discussed. The following special sections provide in depth detail for the shown images: Verhulst Dynamics, Julia Sets and Their Computergraphical Generation, Sullivan's Classification of Critical Points, The Mandelbrot Set, External Angles and Hubbard Trees, Newton's Method for Complex Polynomials: Cayley's Problem, Newtons's Method for Real Equations, A Discrete Volterra-Lotka System, Yang-Lee Zeros, Renormalization (Magnetism and Complex Boundaries). The book also includes invited Contributions by Benoît Mandelbrot, Adrien Douady, Gert Eilenberger and


id: black-mathematicians-and-their-works-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mathematicians_and_Their_Works-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Mathematicians and Their Works
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mathematicians_and_Their_Works
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:31.112492+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-mathematicians-and-their-works-20260505-0
summary:
Black Mathematicians and Their Works is an edited volume of works in and about mathematics, by African-American mathematicians. It was edited by Virginia Newell, Joella Gipson, L. Waldo Rich, and Beauregard Stubblefield, with a foreword by Wade Ellis, and published in 1980 by Dorrance & Company. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Contents == The book celebrates the achievements of black mathematicians and also records their struggle against racism. It includes reprints of 23 papers of mathematics research and three more on mathematics education, by black mathematicians. It provides brief biographies and photographs of 62 black mathematicians, all long-established at the time of publication (having doctorates prior to 1973). It also reproduces several letters by Lee Lorch documenting racist behavior in mathematical societies, such as exclusion from conferences and their associated social gatherings. An appendix lists universities that have worked with black mathematicians, by the number of doctorates conferred and the number of faculty hired. As well as two of the editors (Gipson and Stubblefield), the authors whose works are reproduced in the book include Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid, David Blackwell, Lillian K. Bradley, Marjorie Lee Browne,


id: the-book-of-numbers-math-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Numbers_(math_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Book of Numbers (math book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Numbers_(math_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:32.292880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-book-of-numbers-math-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Book of Numbers is a 1996 mathematics book by John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy. It discusses individual numbers, and types of number, that have proved conceptually significant. Topics include the origin of the nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock", figurate numbers, the Fibonacci sequence, transcendental numbers, the Metonic cycle, combinatorics, the complex plane, nimbers, and surreal numbers. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended that it be included in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Reception == Andrew Bremner called the book "a delight" and opined that readers of Martin Gardner would appreciate it. A. Robert Pargeter found it "fascinating" both for systematic reading and for browsing, and he recommended that school and college libraries carry it. Sarah Gourlie called the book "organized and enlightening", while observing that some topics were considerably more demanding than others. Likewise, reviewing the book for the Mathematical Association of America, Allen Stenger noted that while the book only presumed knowledge of high-school algebra and trigonometry, it also in places demanded a "high level of mathematical reasoning". Stenger expected that many readers would be unable to follow all of the explanations unaided. A retrospective by Ezra Brown also commented


id: the-book-of-squares-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Squares-0.md
category: reference
title: The Book of Squares
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Squares
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:33.488575+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-book-of-squares-20260505-0
summary:
The Book of Squares, (Liber Quadratorum in the original Latin) is a book on algebra by Leonardo Fibonacci, published in 1225. It was dedicated to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. After being brought to Pisa by Master Dominick to the feet of your celestial majesty, most glorious prince, Lord F., The Liber quadratorum has been passed down by a single 15th-century manuscript, the so-called ms. E 75 Sup. of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana (Milan, Italy), ff. 19r–39v. During the 19th century, the work was published for the first time in a printed edition by Baldassarre Boncompagni Ludovisi, prince of Piombino. Appearing in the book is Fibonacci's identity, establishing that the set of all sums of two squares is closed under multiplication. The book anticipated the works of later mathematicians such as Fermat and Euler. The book examines several topics in number theory, among them an inductive method for finding Pythagorean triples based on the sequence of odd integers, the fact that the sum of the first n {\displaystyle n} odd integers is n 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}} , and the solution to the congruum problem. == Notes == == Further reading == B. Boncompagni Ludovisi, Opuscoli di Leonardo Pisano secondo un codice


id: book-on-numbers-and-computation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation-0.md
category: reference
title: Book on Numbers and Computation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:34.610392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: book-on-numbers-and-computation-20260505-0
summary:
The Book on Numbers and Computation (Chinese: 筭數書; pinyin: Suàn shù shū), or the Writings on Reckoning, is one of the earliest known Chinese mathematical treatises. It was written during the early Western Han dynasty, sometime between 202 BC and 186 BC. It was preserved among the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts and contains similar mathematical problems and principles found in the later Eastern Han period text of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. == Discovery == The text was found in tomb M247 of the burial grounds near Zhangjiashan, Jiangling County, in Hubei province, excavated in December–January 1983–1984. This tomb belonged to an anonymous civil servant in early West Han dynasty. In the tomb were 1200 bamboo strips written in ink. Originally the strips were bound together with string, but the string had rotted away and it took Chinese scholars 17 years to piece together the strips. As well as the mathematical work the strips covered government statutes, law reports and therapeutic gymnastics. On the back of the sixth strip, the top has a black square mark, followed by the three characters 筭數書, which serve as the title of the rolled up book. == Content == The Suàn shù


id: braids-links-and-mapping-class-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braids,_Links,_and_Mapping_Class_Groups-0.md
category: reference
title: Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braids,_Links,_and_Mapping_Class_Groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:35.756825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: braids-links-and-mapping-class-groups-20260505-0
summary:
Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups is a mathematical monograph on braid groups and their applications in low-dimensional topology. It was written by Joan Birman, and published in 1974 by the Princeton University Press and University of Tokyo Press, as volume 82 of the book series Annals of Mathematics Studies. Although braid groups had been introduced in 1891 by Adolf Hurwitz and formalized in 1925 by Emil Artin, this was the first book devoted to them. It has been described as a "seminal work", one that "laid the foundations for several new subfields in topology". == Topics == Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups is organized into five chapters and an appendix. The first introductory chapter defines braid groups, configuration spaces, and the use of configuration spaces to define braid groups on arbitrary two-dimensional manifolds. It provides a solution to the word problem for braids, the question of determining whether two different-looking braid presentations really describe the same group element. It also describes the braid groups as automorphism groups of free groups and of multiply-punctured disks. The next three chapters present connections of braid groups to three different areas of mathematics. Chapter 2 concerns applications to knot theory, via Alexander's


id: the-calculating-machines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calculating_Machines-0.md
category: reference
title: The Calculating Machines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calculating_Machines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:36.966881+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-calculating-machines-20260505-0
summary:
Die Rechenmaschinen, by Ernst Martin, and its English translation, The Calculating Machines (Die Rechenmaschinen): Their History and Development, are books on mechanical desktop calculators from prior to World War II. == Publication history == Die Rechenmaschinen, the original book by Martin, was published in 1925, and revised in 1937. Both editions are very rare. Little is known about Martin beyond these books. The 1925 edition was edited and translated into English by Peggy A. Kidwell and Michael R. Williams, and published in 1992 by the MIT Press as the final 16th volume of its The Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing (ISBN 0-262-13278-8). Kidwell and Williams chose this edition, rather than the revised edition, because of "the rarity of the books and the poor condition of the illustrations in extant copies". Indeed, they were only able to locate three copies of Martin's book. The book and its translation includes many illustrations, and the translation preserves some idiosyncrasies of the original work, including a set of advertisements for calculating machines at the end of the book. == Topics == After an introduction grouping calculating machines into seven types, the book describes over 200 machines, comprising "almost every


id: calendrical-calculations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations-0.md
category: reference
title: Calendrical Calculations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:38.156804+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: calendrical-calculations-20260505-0
summary:
Calendrical Calculations is a book on calendar systems and algorithms for computers to convert between them. It was written by computer scientists Nachum Dershowitz and Edward Reingold and published in 1997 by the Cambridge University Press. A second "millennium" edition with a CD-ROM of software was published in 2001, a third edition in 2008, and a fourth "ultimate" edition in 2018. == Topics == There have been many different calendars in different societies, and there is much difficulty in converting between them, largely because of the impossibility of reconciling the irrational ratios of the daily, monthly, and yearly astronomical cycle lengths using integers. The 14 calendars discussed in the first edition of the book included the Gregorian calendar, ISO week date, Julian calendar, Coptic calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Islamic calendar, modern Iranian calendar, Baháʼí calendar, French Republican calendar, old and modern Hindu calendars, Maya calendar, and modern Chinese calendar. Later editions expanded it to many more calendars. They are divided into two groups: "arithmetical" calendars, whose calculations can be performed purely mathematically, independently from the positions of the moon and sun, and "astronomical" calendars, based in part on those positions. The authors design individual calendrical calculation algorithms for converting each of


id: canon-arithmeticus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_arithmeticus-0.md
category: reference
title: Canon arithmeticus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_arithmeticus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:39.276631+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: canon-arithmeticus-20260505-0
summary:
The Canon arithmeticus is a set of mathematical tables of indices and powers with respect to primitive roots for prime powers less than 1000, originally published by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1839), with introductory text in Latin. The tables were at one time used for arithmetical calculations modulo prime powers, though like many mathematical tables, they have now been replaced by digital computers. Jacobi also reproduced Burkhardt's table of the periods of decimal fractions of 1/p and Ostrogradsky's tables of primitive roots of primes less than 200 and gave tables of indices of some odd numbers modulo powers of 2 with respect to the base 3 (Dickson 2005, p. 185–186). Although the second edition of 1956 has Jacobi's name on the title, it has little in common with the first edition apart from the topic: the tables were completely recalculated, usually with a different choice of primitive root, by Wilhelm Patz. Jacobi's original tables use 10 or −10 or a number with a small power of this form as the primitive root whenever possible, while the second edition uses the smallest possible positive primitive root (Fletcher 1958). The term "canon arithmeticus" is occasionally used to mean any table of indices


id: cardinal-and-ordinal-numbers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_and_Ordinal_Numbers-0.md
category: reference
title: Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_and_Ordinal_Numbers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:40.431703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cardinal-and-ordinal-numbers-20260505-0
summary:
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers is a book on transfinite numbers, by Polish mathematician Wacław Sierpiński. It was published in 1958 by Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, as volume 34 of the series Monografie Matematyczne of the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Sierpiński wrote on the same topic earlier, in his 1928 book Leçons sur les nombres transfinis, but his 1958 book on the topic was completely rewritten and significantly longer. A second edition of Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers was published in 1965. == Topics == After five introductory chapters on naive set theory and set-theoretic notation, and a sixth chapter on the axiom of choice, the book has four chapters on cardinal numbers, their arithmetic, and series and products of cardinal numbers, comprising approximately 50 pages. Following this, four longer chapters (totalling roughly 180 pages) cover orderings of sets, order types, well-orders, ordinal numbers, ordinal arithmetic, and the Burali-Forti paradox according to which the collection of all ordinal numbers cannot be a set. Three final chapters concern aleph numbers and the continuum hypothesis, statements equivalent to the axiom of choice, and consequences of the axiom of choice. The second edition makes only minor changes to the first except


id: chases-and-escapes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chases_and_Escapes-0.md
category: reference
title: Chases and Escapes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chases_and_Escapes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:41.600966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chases-and-escapes-20260505-0
summary:
Chases and Escapes: The Mathematics of Pursuit and Evasion is a mathematics book on continuous pursuit–evasion problems. It was written by Paul J. Nahin, and published by the Princeton University Press in 2007. It was reissued as a paperback reprint in 2012. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has rated this book as essential for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. == Topics == The book has four chapters, covering the solutions to 21 continuous pursuit–evasion problems, with an additional 10 "challenge problems" left for readers to solve, with solutions given in an appendix. The problems are presented as entertaining stories that "breathe life into the mathematics and invite wider engagement", and their solutions use varied methods, including the computer calculation of numerical solutions for differential equations whose solutions have no closed form. Most of the material was previously known, but is collected here for the first time. The book also provides background material on the history of the problems it describes, although this is not its main focus. Even before beginning its main content, the preface of the book begins with an example of pure evasion from known pursuit, the path used by the Enola


id: chicka-chicka-1-2-3-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicka_Chicka_1,_2,_3-0.md
category: reference
title: Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicka_Chicka_1,_2,_3
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:43.953353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chicka-chicka-1-2-3-20260505-0
summary:
Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3 is the title of a children's picture book written by Bill Martin, Jr. and Michael Sampson, and illustrated by Lois Ehlert in 2004. It was published by Simon & Schuster. It is a sequel to 1989's Chicka Chicka Boom Boom. == Plot == Anthropomorphic numbers from 1 to 20 consecutively (including 5 wearing a top hat), then 30 to 90 by tens (including 70 with long hair), and finally 99, climb up an apple tree. While watching them climb, the number 0 tries to find a place available for him in the tree. However, 0 soon realizes there is no more room left for him, until a colony of bumblebees make everyone in the tree (except 10 who hides) fall out, counting backwards. While this happens, a few of the numbers are revealed to have suffered certain injuries from the fall. The number 0 finally finds his place in the tree and goes to the top, joining with 10 and forming the large number 100 to scare the bees away. Then all the other numbers return and climb back up the apple tree, cheering for 10 and 0's bravery. == Development == The publisher, Simon


id: the-classical-groups-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classical_Groups-0.md
category: reference
title: The Classical Groups
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classical_Groups
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:46.222532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-classical-groups-20260505-0
summary:
The Classical Groups: Their Invariants and Representations is a mathematics book by Hermann Weyl published in 1939. The book describes classical invariant theory in terms of representation theory. It is largely responsible for the revival of interest in invariant theory, which had been almost killed off by David Hilbert's solution of its main problems in the 1890s. The second edition was published in 1946. Weyl gave an informal talk about the topic of his book in 1939. == Reception == Roger Howe called the book "wonderful and terrible". == References == Howe, Roger (1988), "The classical groups and invariants of binary forms", in Wells, R. O. Jr. (ed.), The mathematical heritage of Hermann Weyl (Durham, NC, 1987), Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., vol. 48, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 133–166, ISBN 978-0-8218-1482-6, MR 0974333 Howe, Roger (1989), "Remarks on classical invariant theory.", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 313 (2), American Mathematical Society: 539–570, doi:10.2307/2001418, ISSN 0002-9947, JSTOR 2001418, MR 0986027 Jacobson, Nathan (1940), "Book Review: The Classical Groups", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 46 (7): 592–595, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1940-07236-2, ISSN 0002-9904, MR 1564136 Weyl, Hermann (1939), The Classical Groups. Their Invariants and Representations, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-05756-9, MR 0000255


id: clavis-mathematicae-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavis_mathematicae-0.md
category: reference
title: Clavis mathematicae
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavis_mathematicae
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:47.337039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: clavis-mathematicae-20260505-0
summary:
Clavis mathematicae (English: The Key of Mathematics) is a mathematics book written by William Oughtred, originally published in 1631 in Latin. It was an attempt to communicate the contemporary mathematical practices, and the European history of mathematics, into a concise and digestible form. The book contains an addition in its 1647 English edition, "Easy Way of Delineating Sun-Dials by Geometry", which had been written by Oughtred earlier in life. The original edition brought the autodidactic Oughtred acclaim amongst mathematicians, but the English-language reissue brought him celebrity, especially amongst tradesman who made use of the arithmetic in their labors. The book is also notable for using the symbol "x" for multiplication, a method invented by Oughtred. == References ==


id: color-and-symmetry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_and_Symmetry-0.md
category: reference
title: Color and Symmetry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_and_Symmetry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:48.503230+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: color-and-symmetry-20260505-0
summary:
Color and Symmetry is a book by Arthur L. Loeb published by Wiley Interscience in 1971. The author adopts an unconventional algorithmic approach to generating the line and plane groups based on the concept of "rotocenter" (the invariant point of a rotation). He then introduces the concept of two or more colors to derive all of the plane dichromatic symmetry groups and some of the polychromatic symmetry groups. == Structure and topics == The book is divided into three parts. In the first part, chapters 1–7, the author introduces his "algorismic" (algorithmic) method based on "rotocenters" and "rotosimplexes" (a set of congruent rotocenters). He then derives the 7 frieze groups and the 17 wallpaper groups. In the second part, chapters 8–10, the dichromatic (black-and-white, two-colored) patterns are introduced and the 17 dichromatic line groups and the 46 black-and-white dichromatic plane groups are derived. In the third part, chapters 11–22, polychromatic patterns (3 or more colors), polychromatic line groups, and polychromatic plane groups are derived and illustrated. Loeb's synthetic approach does not enable a comparison of colour symmetry concepts and definitions by other authors, and it is therefore not surprising that the number of polychromatic patterns he identifies are different from


id: colored-symmetry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Symmetry-0.md
category: reference
title: Colored Symmetry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Symmetry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:49.656087+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: colored-symmetry-20260505-0
summary:
Colored Symmetry is a book by A.V. Shubnikov and N.V. Belov and published by Pergamon Press in 1964. The book contains translations of materials originally written in Russian and published between 1951 and 1958. The book was notable because it gave English-language speakers access to new work in the fields of dichromatic and polychromatic symmetry. == Structure and topics == The book is divided into two parts. The first part is a translation into English of A.V. Shubnikov's book Symmetry and antisymmetry of finite figures (Russian: Симметрия и антисимметрия конечных фигур) originally published in 1951. As the editor says in his preface, this book rekindled interest in the field of antisymmetry after a break of 20 years. The book defines symmetry elements, operations and groups; it then introduces the concept of antisymmetry, and derives the full set of dichromatic three-dimensional point groups. A paper entitled Antisymmetry of textures is appended to part 1; it analyzes the antisymmetry of groups containing infinity-fold axes. The second part, entitled Infinite groups of colored symmetry, consists of translations of six papers by N.V. Belov and his co-workers in the new field of polychromatic symmetry. These papers cover the derivation of the 42 magnetic Bravais


id: complexities-women-in-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexities:_Women_in_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Complexities: Women in Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexities:_Women_in_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:50.805469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: complexities-women-in-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Complexities: Women in Mathematics is an edited volume on women in mathematics that "contains the stories and insights of more than eighty female mathematicians". It was edited by Bettye Anne Case and Anne M. Leggett, based on a collection of material from the Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics, and published by Princeton University Press in 2005 (ISBN 0-691-11462-5). == Topics == The book contains over 100 articles, by over 70 authors, divided into five sections. The first of these, "Inspiration", discusses the work of famous women in mathematics (such as Sofya Kovalevskaya, Julia Robinson, and Emmy Noether) and of women mathematicians from the 18th and 19th centuries, offering insights into their personal life as well as their mathematics. Next, "Joining Together" covers the history of the Association for Women in Mathematics and related topics in the organization of women in mathematics including European Women in Mathematics and the participation of women at the International Congress of Mathematicians. The middle section, "Choices and Challenges", covers the problems facing women in contemporary mathematics, and includes a statistical quantification of these problems by Case and Leggett. "Celebration" is a collection of plenary talks and other materials from the Olga Taussky-Todd


id: complexity-and-real-computation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_and_Real_Computation-0.md
category: reference
title: Complexity and Real Computation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_and_Real_Computation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:51.906904+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: complexity-and-real-computation-20260505-0
summary:
Complexity and Real Computation is a book on the computational complexity theory of real computation. It studies algorithms whose inputs and outputs are real numbers, using the Blum–Shub–Smale machine as its model of computation. For instance, this theory is capable of addressing a question posed in 1991 by Roger Penrose in The Emperor's New Mind: "is the Mandelbrot set computable?" The book was written by Lenore Blum, Felipe Cucker, Michael Shub and Stephen Smale, with a foreword by Richard M. Karp, and published by Springer-Verlag in 1998 (doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0701-6, ISBN 0-387-98281-7). == Purpose == Stephen Vavasis observes that this book fills a significant gap in the literature: although theoretical computer scientists working on discrete algorithms had been studying models of computation and their implications for the complexity of algorithms since the 1970s, researchers in numerical algorithms had for the most part failed to define their model of computation, leaving their results on a shaky foundation. Beyond the goal of making this aspect of the topic more well-founded, the book also has the aims of presenting new results in the complexity theory of real-number computation, and of collecting previously-known results in this theory. == Topics == The introduction of the book reprints


id: computability-in-analysis-and-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_in_Analysis_and_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: Computability in Analysis and Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_in_Analysis_and_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:53.082106+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: computability-in-analysis-and-physics-20260505-0
summary:
Computability in Analysis and Physics is a monograph on computable analysis by Marian Pour-El and J. Ian Richards. It was published by Springer-Verlag in their Perspectives in Mathematical Logic series in 1989, and reprinted by the Association for Symbolic Logic and Cambridge University Press in their Perspectives in Logic series in 2016. == Topics == The book concerns computable analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis founded by Alan Turing and concerned with the computability of constructions in analysis. This area is connected to, but distinct from, constructive analysis, reverse mathematics, and numerical analysis. The early development of the field was summarized in a book by Oliver Aberth, Computable Analysis (1980), and Computability in Analysis and Physics provides an update, incorporating substantial developments in this area by its authors. In contrast to the Russian school of computable analysis led by Andrey Markov Jr., it views computability as a distinguishing property of mathematical objects among others, rather than developing a theory that concerns only computable objects. After an initial section of the book, introducing computable analysis and leading up to an example of John Myhill of a computable continuously differentiable function whose derivative is not computable, the remaining two parts of the


id: concepts-of-modern-mathematics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepts_of_Modern_Mathematics-0.md
category: reference
title: Concepts of Modern Mathematics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepts_of_Modern_Mathematics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:54.236463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: concepts-of-modern-mathematics-20260505-0
summary:
Concepts of Modern Mathematics is a book by mathematician and science popularizer Ian Stewart about then-recent developments in mathematics. It was originally published by Penguin Books in 1975, updated in 1981, and reprinted by Dover publications in 1995 and 2015. == Overview == The book arose out of an extramural class that Ian Stewart taught at the University of Warwick about "Modern mathematics". In the 1995 Dover edition Stewart wrote that the aim of the class was: to explain why the underlying abstract point of view had gained currency among research mathematicians, and to examine how it opened up entirely new realms of mathematical thought. The book is aimed at non-mathematicians. However, there are frequent equations and diagrams and the level of presentation is more technical than some of Stewart's other popular books such as Flatterland. Topics covered include analytic geometry, set theory, abstract algebra, group theory, topology, and probability. == References ==


id: the-construction-and-principal-uses-of-mathematical-instruments-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Construction_and_Principal_Uses_of_Mathematical_Instruments-0.md
category: reference
title: The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Construction_and_Principal_Uses_of_Mathematical_Instruments
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:55.455451+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-construction-and-principal-uses-of-mathematical-instruments-20260505-0
summary:
The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments (French: Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instrumens de mathématique) is a book by Nicholas Bion, first published in 1709. It was translated into English in 1723 by Edmund Stone. The book describes ways to construct mathematical instruments. It was described as "the most famous book devoted to instruments" by historian of science David M. Knight. == Nicholas Bion == Nicholas Bion (French: Nicolas Bion [bjɔ̃]; 1652–1733) was a French instrument maker and author with workshops in Paris. He was king's engineer for mathematical instruments. He died in Paris in 1733 aged 81. === Bibliography === Bion is the author of the following: L'usage des Globes Célestes et Terrestres et des sphères suivant les differents systèmes du Monde (Amsterdam, 1700) Usage des Astrolabes Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instrumens de mathématique (Paris, 1709) (online version) == References == == Further reading == Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008. ISBN 978-0-684-31559-1. Kern, Ralf (2010). Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Köln: König, Walther. ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0. == External links == Online edition Bell Book Collection at the


id: convex-polyhedra-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_Polyhedra_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Convex Polyhedra (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_Polyhedra_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:56.619640+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: convex-polyhedra-book-20260505-0
summary:
Convex Polyhedra is a book on the mathematics of convex polyhedra, written by Soviet mathematician Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, and originally published in Russian in 1950, under the title Выпуклые многогранники. It was translated into German by Wilhelm Süss as Konvexe Polyeder in 1958. An updated edition, translated into English by Nurlan S. Dairbekov, Semën Samsonovich Kutateladze and Alexei B. Sossinsky, with added material by Victor Zalgaller, L. A. Shor, and Yu. A. Volkov, was published as Convex Polyhedra by Springer-Verlag in 2005. == Topics == The main focus of the book is on the specification of geometric data that will determine uniquely the shape of a three-dimensional convex polyhedron, up to some class of geometric transformations such as congruence or similarity. It considers both bounded polyhedra (convex hulls of finite sets of points) and unbounded polyhedra (intersections of finitely many half-spaces). The 1950 Russian edition of the book included 11 chapters. The first chapter covers the basic topological properties of polyhedra, including their topological equivalence to spheres (in the bounded case) and Euler's polyhedral formula. After a lemma of Augustin Cauchy on the impossibility of labeling the edges of a polyhedron by positive and negative signs so that each vertex


id: crocheting-adventures-with-hyperbolic-planes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocheting_Adventures_with_Hyperbolic_Planes-0.md
category: reference
title: Crocheting Adventures with Hyperbolic Planes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocheting_Adventures_with_Hyperbolic_Planes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:58.864644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crocheting-adventures-with-hyperbolic-planes-20260505-0
summary:
Crocheting Adventures with Hyperbolic Planes is a book on crochet and hyperbolic geometry by Daina Taimiņa. It was published in 2009 by A K Peters, with a 2018 second edition by CRC Press. == Topics == The book is on the use of crochet to make physical surfaces with the geometry of the hyperbolic plane. The full hyperbolic plane cannot be embedded smoothly into three-dimensional space, but pieces of it can. Past researchers had made models of these surfaces out of paper, but Taimiņa's work is the first work to do so using textile arts. She had previously described these models in a research paper and used them as illustrations for an undergraduate geometry textbook, but this book describes more of the background for the project, makes it more widely accessible, and provides instructions for others to follow in making these models. The book has nine chapters. The first chapter introduces the notion of the curvature of a surface, provides instructions for an introductory project in crocheting a patch of the hyperbolic plane, and provides an initial warning about the exponential growth in the area of this plane as a function of its radius, which will cause larger crochet projects


id: the-cube-made-interesting-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cube_Made_Interesting-0.md
category: reference
title: The Cube Made Interesting
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cube_Made_Interesting
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:43:59.993538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-cube-made-interesting-20260505-0
summary:
The Cube Made Interesting is a geometry book aimed at high school mathematics students, on the geometry of the cube. It was originally written in Polish by Aniela Ehrenfeucht (née Miklaszewska, 1905–2000), titled Ciekawy Sześcian [the interesting cube], and published by Polish Scientific Publishers PWN in 1960. Wacław Zawadowski translated it into English, and the translation was published in 1964 by the Pergamon Press and Macmillan Inc., in their "Popular Lectures in Mathematics" series. == Topics == The book begins with Euler's polyhedral formula, and includes material on the symmetries of their cube and their realization as geometric rotations, and on the shape of plane sections through cubes. It describes the 30 combinatorially distinct colorings of the six faces of the cube by six different colors, and discusses arrangements of colored cubes that match pairs of equal-colored faces. The final chapter of the book concerns Prince Rupert's cube, the problem of fitting a cube through a hole drilled through a smaller cube without breaking the smaller cube into pieces. An unusual feature of the book is its heavy illustration with red-blue anaglyphs; provided with the book are red-blue glasses allowing readers to see these images as three-dimensional shapes. == Audience


id: davenport-schinzel-sequences-and-their-geometric-applications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport–Schinzel_Sequences_and_Their_Geometric_Applications-0.md
category: reference
title: Davenport–Schinzel Sequences and Their Geometric Applications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport–Schinzel_Sequences_and_Their_Geometric_Applications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:01.151538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: davenport-schinzel-sequences-and-their-geometric-applications-20260505-0
summary:
Davenport–Schinzel Sequences and Their Geometric Applications is a book in discrete geometry. It was written by Micha Sharir and Pankaj K. Agarwal, and published by Cambridge University Press in 1995, with a paperback reprint in 2010. == Topics == Davenport–Schinzel sequences are named after Harold Davenport and Andrzej Schinzel, who applied them to certain problems in the theory of differential equations. They are finite sequences of symbols from a given alphabet, constrained by forbidding pairs of symbols from appearing in alternation more than a given number of times (regardless of what other symbols might separate them). In a Davenport–Schinzel sequence of order k {\displaystyle k} , the longest allowed alternations have length k {\displaystyle k} . For instance, a Davenport–Schinzel sequence of order three could have two symbols x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} that appear either in the order x … y … x {\displaystyle x\dots y\dots x} or y … x … y {\displaystyle y\dots x\dots y} , but longer alternations like x … y … x … y {\displaystyle x\dots y\dots x\dots y} would be forbidden. The length of such a sequence, for a given choice of k {\displaystyle k} , can be only slightly longer


id: de-arte-supputandi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_arte_supputandi-0.md
category: reference
title: De arte supputandi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_arte_supputandi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:02.309998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-arte-supputandi-20260505-0
summary:
De arte supputandi libri quattuor was the first printed work on arithmetic published in England. Published in 1522, it was written by Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London, and based on Luca Pacioli's Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità. It is dedicated to Sir Thomas More. == References ==


id: divina-proportione-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divina_proportione-0.md
category: reference
title: Divina proportione
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divina_proportione
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:03.564557+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: divina-proportione-20260505-0
summary:
Divina proportione (15th century Italian for Divine proportion), later also called De divina proportione (converting the Italian title into a Latin one) is a book on mathematics written by Luca Pacioli and illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci, completed by February 9th, 1498 in Milan and first printed in 1509. Its subject was mathematical proportions (the title refers to the golden ratio) and their applications to geometry, to visual art through perspective, and to architecture. The clarity of the written material and Leonardo's excellent diagrams helped the book to achieve an impact beyond mathematical circles, popularizing contemporary geometric concepts and images. Some of its content was plagiarised from an earlier book by Piero della Francesca, De quinque corporibus regularibus. == Contents of the book == The book consists of three separate manuscripts, which Pacioli worked on between 1496 and 1498. He credits Fibonacci as the main source for the mathematics he presents. === Compendio divina proportione === The first part, Compendio divina proportione (Compendium on the Divine Proportion), studies the golden ratio from a mathematical perspective (following the relevant work of Euclid), giving mystical and religious meanings to this ratio, in seventy-one chapters. Pacioli points out that golden rectangles can be


id: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus-0.md
category: reference
title: De quinque corporibus regularibus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:04.742568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-0
summary:
De quinque corporibus regularibus (sometimes called Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus) is a book on the geometry of polyhedra written in the 1480s or early 1490s by Italian painter and mathematician Piero della Francesca. It is a manuscript, in the Latin language; its title means [the little book] on the five regular solids. It is one of three books known to have been written by della Francesca. Along with the Platonic solids, De quinque corporibus regularibus includes descriptions of five of the thirteen Archimedean solids, and of several other irregular polyhedra coming from architectural applications. It was the first of what would become many books connecting mathematics to art through the construction and perspective drawing of polyhedra, including Luca Pacioli's 1509 Divina proportione (which incorporated without credit an Italian translation of della Francesca's work). Lost for many years, De quinque corporibus regularibus was rediscovered in the 19th century in the Vatican Library and the Vatican copy has since been republished in facsimile. == Background == The five Platonic solids (the regular tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron) were known to della Francesca through two classical sources: Timaeus, in which Plato theorizes that four of them correspond to the classical elements


id: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus-1.md
category: reference
title: De quinque corporibus regularibus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:04.742568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-quinque-corporibus-regularibus-20260505-0
summary:
The fourth and final part of the book concerns other shapes than the Platonic solids. These include six Archimedean solids: the truncated tetrahedron (which appears also in an exercise in his Trattato d'abaco), and the truncations of the other four Platonic solids. The cuboctahedron, another Archimedean solid, is described in the Trattato but not in De quinque corporibus regularibus; since De quinque corporibus regularibus appears to be a later work than the Trattato, this omission appears to be deliberate, and a sign that della Francesca was not aiming for a complete listing of these polyhedra. The fourth part of De quinque corporibus regularibus also includes domed shapes like the domes of the Pantheon, Rome or the (at the time newly constructed) Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan formed from a ring of triangles surrounded by concentric rings of irregular quadrilaterals, and other shapes arising in architectural applications. The result that Peterson (1997) calls della Francesca's "most sophisticated" is the derivation of the volume of a Steinmetz solid (the intersection of two cylinders, the shape of a cloister vault), which della Francesca had illustrated in his book on perspective. Despite its curves, this shape has a simple but non-obvious formula


id: descriptive-complexity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_Complexity-0.md
category: reference
title: Descriptive Complexity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_Complexity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:44:05.899385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: descriptive-complexity-20260505-0
summary:
Descriptive Complexity is a book in mathematical logic and computational complexity theory by Neil Immerman. It concerns descriptive complexity theory, an area in which the expressibility of mathematical properties using different types of logic is shown to be equivalent to their computability in different types of resource-bounded models of computation. It was published in 1999 by Springer-Verlag in their book series Graduate Texts in Computer Science. == Topics == The book has 15 chapters, roughly grouped into five chapters on first-order logic, three on second-order logic, and seven independent chapters on advanced topics. The first two chapters provide background material in first-order logic (including first-order arithmetic, the BIT predicate, and the notion of a first-order query) and complexity theory (including formal languages, resource-bounded complexity classes, and complete problems). Chapter three begins the connection between logic and complexity, with a proof that the first-order-recognizable languages can be recognized in logarithmic space, and the construction of complete languages for logarithmic space, nondeterministic logarithmic space, and polynomial time. The fourth chapter concerns inductive definitions, fixed-point operators, and the characterization of polynomial time in terms of first-order logic with the least fixed-point operator. The part of the book on first-order topics ends with a


