# kb

id: touch-pool-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_pool-0.md
category: reference
title: Touch pool
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_pool
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:20.584288+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: touch-pool-20260505-0
summary:
A touch pool or touch tank is a type of aquarium attraction in public aquariums where members of the public, especially young people, are allowed to touch the wildlife within the tanks. Tanks will be stocked with species which are not dangerous to touch to provide an opportunity for individuals to learn more about those species. These can include species like blue crabs, hermit crabs, stone crabs, sea snails and even anemones. Tanks are good for discussion and learning opportunities for children and family, helping with ecological education and understanding of ecosystems. Typical species in installations include rays, catsharks, flatfish, starfish, sea urchins, crabs, mollusks and other shellfish. Touch pools have been critiqued for how sanitary they are: humans are often touching the protective mucus of the fish and other wildlife in the tank, leading to potential health complications. Other critiques include the quality of life for the organisms in the tank, and the lack of mimicry of real aquatic environments. Other researchers have evaluated the elevated risk of health impacts for humans who interact with the animals, through potential health concerns. == See also == Shark tunnel == References ==


id: tropical-fish-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fish-0.md
category: reference
title: Tropical fish
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fish
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:21.777597+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tropical-fish-20260505-0
summary:
Tropical fish are fish found in aquatic tropical environments around the world. Fishkeepers often keep tropical fish in freshwater and saltwater aquariums. The term "tropical fish" is not a taxonomic group, but rather is a general term for fish found in such environments, particularly those kept in aquariums. == Aquarium fish == Tropical fish is a term commonly used to refer to fish that are kept in heated aquariums. Freshwater tropical fish are more commonly kept than saltwater tropical fish due to the common availability of fresh water sources, such as tap water, whereas salt water is not commonly available and has to be recreated by using fresh water with sea salt additions. Salt water has to be monitored to maintain the correct salinity because of the effects of evaporation. Freshwater tropical aquariums can be maintained by simply topping up with fresh water. Tropical fish are popular choices for aquariums due to their often bright coloration, which typically derives from both pigmented cells and iridescent cells. Tropical fish may include wild-caught specimens, individuals born in captivity including lines selectively bred for special physical features, such as long fins, or particular colorations, such as albino. Some fish may be hybrids of


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-0.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
The Yukon Harbor orca capture operation was the first planned, deliberate trapping of a large group of orcas (killer whales). 15 southern resident orcas were trapped by Ted Griffin and his Seattle Public Aquarium party on February 15, 1967, in Yukon Harbor on the west side of Puget Sound, in the northwest United States. The first four orcas that had been taken into captivity had been captured singly, and mostly opportunistically. Those four were named Wanda, Moby Doll, Namu, and Shamu—who was then the only surviving one. Through them, public interest in orcas had escalated. The Yukon Harbor operation initiated the "peak cropping years" of the orca capture era in the Salish Sea, when large numbers of resident orcas were captured for sale. This occurred just at the time when the global whaling industry was beginning to become problematic in its viability and in social history. By 1967, there had been a score of attempts to capture orcas by various organizations. All of the deliberate attempts had failed, except for Ted Griffin's capture of Shamu. Many of the capture attempts had resulted in the deaths of orcas. Griffin's project was born of experiential knowledge combined with the geographical advantages of


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-1.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Namu, Inc. === Demand for captive orcas was not lacking, but supply was very problematic. Out of a score of deliberate capture attempts up until then, only the one which had caught Shamu had been successful. And a regular hazard of attempting to collect for aquariums was the death of animals. It appeared, however, that if anyone could catch an orca, it was Ted Griffin. "Namu, Inc., initially founded to control marketing and merchandising for the world's only captive orca, became the whale-catching arm of the Seattle Marine Aquarium" which he owned. == Griffin's preparations == === The project === In the late summer of 1966, Ted Griffin was planning not only to find a replacement for Namu at his Seattle Public Aquarium, but also to fill orders from other enterprises. Few, if any, other humans had spent as much time observing and obsessively chasing orcas. Many years of experience had left him painfully aware of how difficult it was to catch an orca alive. It had been done deliberately only once—by himself. Yet during the fall salmon run when Tacoma waters "teemed with the huge mammals" which "romped to the delight of shoreline spectators," Griffin himself did not


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-2.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
=== The trap === Ted Griffin had lost track of the southern resident orcas in January, but on February 14 he was notified "by the Coast Guard that killer whales had been spotted at Port Angeles, Washington, headed" towards Puget Sound. When they were sighted there on the 15th, he boarded a helicopter, carrying the Greener harpoon rifle with buoys attached to the line. "Griffin's opportunity came when a female and her calf surfaced beneath the helicopter, prompting an adult male to push them back underwater. 'Did you see that?' Griffin yelled to the pilot. 'He's protecting them!' The aquarium owner then fired his harpoon into the bull's right flank." In the following hours, his team on the water "used the three trailing buoys to track the pod." While north bound along the east coast of Vashon Island, the 30 or more orcas split into three groups. In a sheltered cove named Yukon Harbor on the Kitsap Peninsula south of Bainbridge Island, over depths ranging from 42 to 84 feet (13 to 26 metres), the fishing vessel Chinook laid out its 3,960-foot-long (1,210 m) modified seine net. According to a later count, 15 orcas were in a group that was


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-3.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Orcas being herded === February 15 had ended with a large number of southern resident orcas trapped inside a seine net, but "no one had ever attempted to sort and separate killer whales." Also, "while locals would pay to see a killer whale perform at Pier 56, they were less eager to witness a capture right in front of them." Many difficult days followed, as Ted Griffin and his party sought to corral the right orcas into smaller holding pens. "In the past several killer whales [had] been lost during this transfer." Griffin's chief assistant Don Goldsberry explained that they were targeting "whales between 13 and 16 feet (4.0 and 4.9 metres) because those are the ideal size for training or working with for scientific purposes." To the surprise of the Seattle Times reporter, "In a strange saga of the sea, Seattle's modern-day Ahab" was going to throw the big ones back, including a reportedly 30-foot (9.1-metre) bull. The Seattle Times took an especial interest in the problems of this phase of the capture operation, publishing daily reports. Griffin's first goal was to deliver an orca to the Portland Boat Show at the Portland Memorial Coliseum, which opened February


id: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation-4.md
category: reference
title: Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Harbor_orca_capture_operation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:22.959418+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: yukon-harbor-orca-capture-operation-20260505-0
summary:
All was still not going well for the aquarium owner, however. On the 28th, Griffin had to report the death of his most spectacular captives—"one of whom was the harpooned bull." "He packed the Greener harpoon rifle away, never to use it again." The two "very large" males "became entangled [on the 27th] in the net at depths of 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 metres) and drowned." It appeared the two bulls had been trying to find a way under the steel submarine net. "Their bodies were turned over to the Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory for autopsies and study, Griffin reported." "Protests grew when photos emerged of one of the dead whales hanging from the boom of the Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory's research vessel." The aquarium lost some of the good-will that had been generated by Namu. Griffin voiced several counter arguments to answer his critics. First, he admitted he did not have all the answers for the innovative business of collecting orcas humanely. Griffin said that "many whales are killed for scientific research without public knowledge." Then he said that in commercial fishing, "one set of a tuna net can kill hundreds of porpoises." Moreover, the International


id: biorepository-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorepository-0.md
category: reference
title: Biorepository
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorepository
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:24.506345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: biorepository-20260505-0
summary:
A biorepository is a facility that collects, catalogs, and stores samples of biological material for laboratory research. Biorepositories collect and manage specimens from animals, plants, and other living organisms. Biorepositories store many different types of specimens, including samples of blood, urine, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins. If the samples are from people, they may be stored with medical information along with written consent to use the samples in laboratory studies. == Purpose == The purpose of a biorepository is to maintain biological specimens, and associated information, for future use in research. The biorepository maintains the quality of specimens in its collection and ensures that they are accessible for scientific research. == Operations == The four main operations of a biorepository are; (i) collection (ii) processing, (iii) storage or inventory, and (iv) distribution of biological specimens. (i) Collection or accession occurs when a specimen arrives at the biorepository. Information about the specimen is entered into the laboratory information management system ("LIMS"), which tracks information about all of the specimens in the biorepository. Typical information linked to a specimen would be the specimen's origin and when it arrived at the biorepository. (ii) Processing of specimens is standardized to minimize variation due


id: botanical-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden with a documented collection of living plants for the purpose of scientific research, conservation, display, and education. Plants in larger gardens are often labelled with their botanical names and additional information. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, or plants from particular parts of the world. There may be glasshouses or shadehouses with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants that are not native to the local region. Most are at least partly open to the public, and may offer guided tours, public programming such as workshops, courses, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other entertainment. Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations, and usually have associated herbaria and research programmes in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science. In principle, their role is to maintain documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display, and education, although this will depend on the resources available and the special interests pursued at each particular garden. The staff will normally include botanists as


id: botanical-garden-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-1.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
Worldwide, there are now about 1800 botanical gardens and arboreta in about 150 countries (mostly in temperate regions) of which about 550 are in Europe (150 of which are in Russia), 200 in North America, and an increasing number in East Asia. These gardens attract about 300 million visitors a year. Historically, botanical gardens exchanged plants through the publication of seed lists (called Latin: Indices Seminum in the 18th century). This was a means of transferring both plants and information between botanical gardens. This system continues today, though with attention to the risks of genetic piracy and transmission of invasive species. The International Association of Botanic Gardens was formed in 1954 as a worldwide organisation affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences. More recently, coordination has also been provided by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), which has the mission "To mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet". Regional coordination is seen in the United States with the American Public Gardens Association (formerly the American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta), while in Australasia there is the Botanic Gardens of Australia and New Zealand (BGANZ). == History == The


id: botanical-garden-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-2.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
In the 17th century, botanical gardens began their contribution to a deeper scientific curiosity about plants. If a botanical garden is defined by its scientific or academic connection, then the first true botanical gardens were established with the revival of learning that occurred in the European Renaissance. These were secular gardens attached to universities and medical schools, used as resources for teaching and research. The superintendents of these gardens were often professors of botany with international reputations, a factor that probably contributed to the creation of botany as an independent discipline rather than a descriptive adjunct to medicine. ==== Origins in the Italian Renaissance ==== The botanical gardens of Southern Europe were associated with university faculties of medicine and were founded in Italy at Orto botanico di Pisa (1544), Orto botanico di Padova (1545), Orto Botanico di Firenze (1545), Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia (1558) and Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna (1568). Here the physicians (known in English as apothecaries) delivered lectures on the Mediterranean "simples" or "officinals" that were being cultivated in the grounds. Student education was no doubt stimulated by the relatively recent advent of printing and the publication of the first herbals. ==== Northern Europe ==== The


id: botanical-garden-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-3.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
At this time, British horticulturalists were importing many woody plants from Britain's colonies in North America, and the popularity of horticulture had increased enormously, encouraged by the horticultural and botanical collecting expeditions overseas fostered by the directorship of Sir William Jackson Hooker and his keen interest in economic botany. At the end of the 18th century, Kew, under the directorship of Sir Joseph Banks, enjoyed a golden age of plant hunting, sending out collectors to the South African Cape, Australia, Chile, China, Ceylon, Brazil, and elsewhere, and acting as "the great botanical exchange house of the British Empire". From its earliest days to the present, Kew has in many ways exemplified botanic garden ideals, and is respected worldwide for the published work of its scientists, the education of horticultural students, its public programmes, and the scientific underpinning of its horticulture. In 1728, John Bartram founded Bartram's Garden in Philadelphia, one of the continent's first botanical gardens. The garden is now managed as a historical site that includes a few original and many modern specimens as well as extensive archives and restored historical farm buildings. ==== Plant classification ==== The large number of plants needing description were listed in garden catalogues;


id: botanical-garden-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden-4.md
category: reference
title: Botanical garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:25.742576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, all experienced farmers, shared the dream of a national botanic garden, leading to the founding in 1820 of the United States Botanic Garden, next to the Capitol in Washington DC. In 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden was founded at St Louis, Missouri; it is one of the world's leading gardens specializing in tropical plants. Russia's botanical gardens include Moscow University Botanic Garden ('the Apothecary Garden'), founded in 1706 by Tsar Peter the Great, and the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, (1714). === 20th century === ==== Civic and municipal botanical gardens ==== A large number of civic or municipal botanical gardens were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. These did not develop scientific facilities or programmes, but the horticultural aspects were strong and the plants often labelled. They were botanical gardens in the sense of building up collections of plants and exchanging seeds with other gardens around the world, although their collection policies were determined by those in day-to-day charge of them. They tended to become little more than beautifully maintained parks and were, indeed, often under general parks administrations. ==== Community engagement ==== The second half of the 20th century saw


id: dna-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: DNA bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:28.162558+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dna-bank-20260505-0
summary:
DNA banking is the secure, long-term storage of an individual's genetic material. DNA is most commonly extracted from blood, but can also be obtained from saliva and other tissues. DNA banks allow for conservation of genetic material and comparative analysis of an individual's genetic information. Analyzing an individual's DNA can allow scientists to predict genetic disorders, as used in preventive genetics or gene therapy, and prove that person's identity, as used in the criminal justice system. There are multiple methods for testing and analyzing genetic information including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reactions (PCR). == Uses == DNA banking is used to conserve genetic material, especially that of organisms that face extinction. This is a more prominent issue today due to deforestation and climate change, which serve as a threat to biodiversity. The genetic information can be stored within lambda phage and plasma vectors. The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) DNA Bank, for example, collects the DNA of agricultural organisms, such as rice and fish, for scientific research. Most DNA provided by DNA banks is used for studies to attempt to develop more productive or more environmentally friendly agricultural species. Some DNA banks also store the


id: echinobase-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinobase-0.md
category: reference
title: Echinobase
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinobase
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:29.364626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: echinobase-20260505-0
summary:
Echinobase is a Model Organism Database (MOD). It supports the international research community by providing a centralized, integrated web based resource to access the diverse and rich, functional genomics data of echinoderm evolution, development and gene regulatory networks. Genomic research data and tools are available for searching, browsing and bioinformatic analysis of genomes, genes, and transcripts. Echinobase provides a critical data sharing infrastructure for other NIH-funded projects and enhances the availability and visibility of echinoderm data to the broader biomedical research community. == Supported species == Echinobase offers two levels of integration for supported echinoderm species. Full support includes full genome integration in the database, including gene pages, as well as availability of the genomes to BLAST, browsing via JBrowse, and genome download. Partial support provides BLAST, JBrowse, and download options, but no gene page integration. Current level one supported species (at various stages of integration) are: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Purple sea urchin) Patiria miniata (Bat star) Lytechinus variegatus (Green variegated sea urchin) Acanthaster planci (Crown-of-thorns starfish) Current level two supported species (at various stages of integration) are: Lytechinus pictus (painted urchin) Anneissia japonica (Feather star, a crinoid) Asterias rubens (Sugar star) Amphiura filiformis (Brittle star) Ptychodera flava (Yellow acorn worm)


id: european-bank-for-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bank_for_induced_pluripotent_Stem_Cells-0.md
category: reference
title: European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bank_for_induced_pluripotent_Stem_Cells
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:30.538388+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-bank-for-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-20260505-0
summary:
The European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells (EBiSC) is a non-profit induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biorepository and service provider with central facilities in Germany and the United Kingdom. EBiSC was set up between 2014 and 2017 by a consortium that represented researchers, clinicians and industry stakeholders. A second phase of the project runs between 2019 and 2022 with the aim of consolidating EBiSC as a not-for-profit, self-sustainable iPSC bank and service provider. The initiative was funded by the European Commission and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations under the Innovative Medicines Initiative. The European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells performs collection, banking, quality control and distribution of iPSC lines for research purposes. EBiSC's stated goal is to supply academic, non-profit and commercial researchers with quality-controlled, disease-relevant iPSC lines, data and other services. It also seeks to promote the international standardisation of iPSC banking practices and to act as a central hub that ensures the sustainability and accessibility of iPSC lines generated by different research organisations. IPSC lines generated externally can be deposited into EBiSC for storage, banking, quality control and distribution. == Catalogue and facilities == In February 2020, the EBiSC catalogue contained iPSC lines


id: frozen-ark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Ark-0.md
category: reference
title: Frozen Ark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Ark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:44.232785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: frozen-ark-20260505-0
summary:
The Frozen Ark is a charitable frozen zoo project created jointly by the Zoological Society of London, the Natural History Museum and University of Nottingham. The project aims to preserve the DNA and living cells of endangered species to retain the genetic knowledge for the future. The Frozen Ark collects and stores samples taken from animals in zoos and those threatened with extinction in the wild. Its current director is Michael W. Bruford (Cardiff University). The Frozen Ark was a finalist for the Saatchi & Saatchi Award for World Changing Ideas in 2006. The project was founded by Ann Clarke, her husband Bryan Clarke and Dame Anne McLaren. Since Bryan Clarke's death in 2014, the Frozen Ark's interim director has been Mike Bruford. == References == == External links == Official website A video on the Frozen Ark


id: gene-pool-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool-0.md
category: reference
title: Gene pool
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:45.394005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gene-pool-20260505-0
summary:
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species. == Description == A large gene pool indicates extensive genetic diversity, which is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense selection. Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) can cause reduced biological fitness and an increased chance of extinction, although as explained by genetic drift new genetic variants, that may cause an increase in the fitness of organisms, are more likely to fix in the population if it is rather small. When all individuals in a population are identical with regard to a particular phenotypic trait, the population is said to be 'monomorphic'. When the individuals show several variants of a particular trait they are said to be polymorphic. == History == The Russian geneticist Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky first formulated the concept in the 1920s as genofond (gene fund), a word that was imported to the United States from the Soviet Union by Theodosius Dobzhansky, who translated it into English as "gene pool." == Gene pool concept in crop breeding == Harlan and de Wet (1971) proposed classifying each crop and its related species by


id: germplasm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm-0.md
category: reference
title: Germplasm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:46.591561+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: germplasm-20260505-0
summary:
Germplasm refers to genetic resources such as seeds, tissues, and DNA sequences that are maintained for the purpose of animal and plant breeding, conservation efforts, agriculture, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of seed collections stored in seed banks, trees growing in nurseries, animal breeding lines maintained in animal breeding programs or gene banks. Germplasm collections can range from collections of wild species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that have undergone extensive human selection. Germplasm collection is important for the maintenance of biological diversity, food security, and conservation efforts. In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture production. == Regulation == In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture production. Specifically for plants, there is the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) which holds > 450,000 accessions with


id: international-moss-stock-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Moss_Stock_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: International Moss Stock Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Moss_Stock_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:47.779066+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-moss-stock-center-20260505-0
summary:
The International Moss Stock Center (IMSC) is a biorepository which is specialized in collecting, preserving and distributing moss plants of a high value of scientific research. The IMSC is located at the Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Biotechnology, at the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany. == Moss collection == The moss collection of the IMSC currently includes various ecotypes of Physcomitrella patens, Physcomitrium and Funaria as well as several transgenic and mutant lines of Physcomitrella patens, including knockout mosses. == Storage conditions == The long-term storage of moss samples in the IMSC is carried out via cryopreservation in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen at temperatures below −135 °C in special freezer containers. It has been shown for Physcomitrella patens that the regeneration rate after cryopreservation is 100%. Trackable accession numbers which may be used for citation purposes in publications are automatically assigned to all samples. == Financial support == The IMSC is supported financially by the Chair Plant Biotechnology of Prof. Ralf Reski and the Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss). == References == == External links == Website International Moss Stock Center (IMSC) Freiburg Website Chair Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg Website Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss)


id: international-society-for-biological-and-environmental-repositories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biological_and_Environmental_Repositories-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Biological_and_Environmental_Repositories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:48.929783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-biological-and-environmental-repositories-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER) is a professional society of individuals and organizations involved in biospecimen banking. Its main activities include creating educational and training opportunities, providing an online forum service, showcasing related products and services, and creating opportunities for networking. It also has published works. == Membership == Membership includes organizations and individuals from over 30 countries involved in long-term preservation and storage of animal, environmental, human, microorganism culture, museum, and plant/seed collections. A complete list of members is available on the ISBER website. == Meetings == ISBER holds one international meeting each year. Lectures, workshops, poster presentations, and working group discussions focus on technical issues and challenges such as quality assurance and control, regulations, human subject privacy and confidentiality issues, and provide information about sources of equipment and expertise. === ISBER Annual Meeting Locations === Source: May 7-10, 2019 - Shanghai, China May 20-24, 2018 - Dallas, TX, USA May 9-12, 2017 - Toronto, ONT, Canada May 20–24, 2014 - Orlando, FL, USA 2013 - Sydney, NSW, Australia 2012 - Vancouver, BC, Canada 2011 - Arlington, VA, USA 2010 - Rotterdam, SH, Netherlands 2009 - Portland, OR, USA 2008 - Bethesda, MD, USA 2007


id: jic-germplasm-resources-unit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIC_Germplasm_Resources_Unit-0.md
category: reference
title: JIC Germplasm Resources Unit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIC_Germplasm_Resources_Unit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:50.126291+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jic-germplasm-resources-unit-20260505-0
summary:
The Germplasm Resources Unit is part of the John Innes Centre. Located in the Norwich Research Park, Norwich, England, is a germplasm conservation unit and National Capability supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. This unit houses a number of internationally recognised reference- and working-collections for wheat, oats, barley and peas, which serves UK and non-UK based academic, industrial and non-industrial groups. == History == The collections from the Germplasm Resources Unit were brought together in the mid-1980s from working collection from several research institutes from around the UK that worked with small grain cereals and legumes, including the extinct Plant Breeding Institute. This centralisation effort was supported by the John Innes Institute, and was designed to act as an open collection that would provide access to important resources for ongoing research and breeding. The connection of the unit and the JIC has the advantage of placing germplasm material on sites of active research where a higher level of interaction with the scientific community is possible. This two-way interaction ensures that scientists and students are exposed to, and have greater opportunities to view and discuss genetic variability, while affording staff involvement in research objectives and priorities within both


id: knowledge-ark-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_ark-0.md
category: reference
title: Knowledge ark
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_ark
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:51.287637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: knowledge-ark-20260505-0
summary:
A knowledge ark (also known as a doomsday ark or doomsday vault) is a collection of knowledge preserved in such a way that future generations would have access to it if all other copies of it were lost. Scenarios where access to information (such as the Internet) would become otherwise impossible could be described as existential risks or extinction-level events. A knowledge ark could take the form of a traditional library or a modern computer database. It could also be pictorial in nature, including photographs of important information, or diagrams of critical processes. A knowledge ark would have to be resistant to the effects of natural or man-made disasters in order to be viable. Such an ark should include, but would not be limited to, information or material relevant to the survival and prosperity of human civilization. Other types of knowledge arks might include genetic material, such as in a DNA bank. With the potential for widespread personal DNA sequencing becoming a reality, an individual might agree to store their genetic code in a digital or analog storage format which would enable later retrieval of that code. If a species was sequenced before extinction, its genome would still remain available


id: new-zealand-arthropod-collection-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Arthropod_Collection-0.md
category: reference
title: New Zealand Arthropod Collection
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Arthropod_Collection
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:52.458538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-zealand-arthropod-collection-20260505-0
summary:
The New Zealand Arthropod Collection is a collection of terrestrial invertebrates held by Maanaki Whenua – Landcare Research in Auckland, New Zealand. It specialises in the taxonomy and identification of indigenous and exotic invertebrate species in New Zealand, and is one of New Zealand's Nationally Significant Collections and Databases. The NZAC provides identification guides to the public in the form of insect factsheets, the "What is this bug" website, and illustrations by Des Helmore. == References == == External links == Official website


id: new-zealand-fungarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fungarium-0.md
category: reference
title: New Zealand Fungarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fungarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:53.639251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-zealand-fungarium-20260505-0
summary:
The New Zealand Fungarium (PDD; Māori: Te Kohinga Hekaheka o Aotearoa) is a fungarium and the major collection of New Zealand fungi. It is one of the largest collections in the Southern Hemisphere. The Fungarium is designated a Nationally Significant Collection by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. == History == The accessioning of collections that led to the establishment of the New Zealand Fungarium (PDD): Te Kohinga Hekaheka o Aotearoa began with the appointment of G.H. Cunningham in 1919 by the Department of Agriculture. Cunningham and the collection were transferred to the Department of Science and Industrial Research's Plant Diseases Division in 1936. This is the origin of the PDD acronym. The DSIR was disestablished and reorganised into a number of Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) in 1992 and the Fungarium is now part of and maintained by the Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research CRI. == Collections == The Fungarium houses the collections of R.E. Beever (Agaricales, Boletales), G.H. Cunningham (Aphyllophorales, Gasteromycetes, Uredinales), J.M. Dingley (Ascomycetes), E. Horak (Agaricales), S.J. Hughes (Hyphomycetes, sooty moulds), R.F.R. McNabb (Agaricales, Boletaceae, Dacrymycetaceae, Tremellaceae), R.H. Petersen (Clavariaceae), G.J. Samuels (Ascomycetes), and K. Curtis. Fungal specimens from the herbarium of the Plant Health and Diagnostic


id: ova-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ova_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Ova bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ova_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:56.064738+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ova-bank-20260505-0
summary:
An ova bank, or cryobank, or egg cell bank is a facility that collects and stores human ova, mainly from ova donors, primarily for the purpose of achieving pregnancies of either the donor, at a later time (i.e. to overcome issues of infertility), or through third party reproduction, notably by artificial insemination. Ova donated in this way are known as donor ova. == General == There are currently very few ova banks in existence. Generally, the main purpose of storing ova, at present, is to overcome infertility which may arise at a later age, or due to a disease. The ova are generally collected between 31 and 35 years of age. The procedure of collecting ova may or may not include ovarian hyperstimulation. It can be expected however that ova collection will become more important in the future, i.e. for third party reproduction, and/or for producing stem cells, i.e. from unfertilized eggs (oocytes). == See also == Sperm bank Gene bank Artificial insemination Genetic counseling Genetic testing New eugenics Safe upper age limit for women donating ova Eugenics Infertility Surrogacy Commercial surrogacy Assisted reproduction Designer babies == References ==


id: the-puratos-sourdough-library-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puratos_Sourdough_Library-0.md
category: reference
title: The Puratos Sourdough Library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puratos_Sourdough_Library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:57.255110+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-puratos-sourdough-library-20260505-0
summary:
The Sourdough Library was founded in October 2013 in Saint-Vith, Belgium, and is the only facility in the world dedicated to housing sourdough cultures. The library is housed at the Puratos Center for Bread Flavour, with a mission to conserve and promote sourdoughs from around the world, to conduct research, and to ensure the survival of the various strains for future use. It currently has over 900 strains of wild yeast and lactic acid bacteria recorded. Every new sample that arrives at the library is checked and analyzed in the laboratory, run by Professor Marco Gobbetti. The library is a not-for profit initiative from Puratos and as of 2016 has 87 sourdoughs, including 12 from the United States. == See also == List of sourdough breads == References == == External links == Virtual tour


id: seed-library-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_library-0.md
category: reference
title: Seed library
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_library
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:01:59.623185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seed-library-20260505-0
summary:
A seed library is an institution that lends or shares seed. It is distinguished from a seedbank in that the main purpose is not to store or hold germplasm or seeds against possible destruction, but to disseminate them to the public which preserves the shared plant varieties through propagation and further sharing of seed. == History == The first seed library was created in 1975 in Bocking, Essex in the United Kingdom. Established by Lawrence Hills, It was called the HDRA Vegetable Seed Library, now known as the Heritage Seed Library. Run by Garden Organic, the Heritage Seed Library conserves up to 800 varieties of heritage and heirloom vegetable seeds. The first seed library to be established in a public library in America was at the Gardiner Public Library in Gardiner, New York and was developed by Ken Greene in 2004. Since then, the number of seed libraries has grown to over 450 across the globe, with most being established in the United States. == Function == Seed libraries can maintain their collections through donations from members, but may also operate as pure charity operations intent on serving gardeners and farmers. A common attribute of many seed libraries is to


id: sperm-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A sperm bank, semen bank, or cryobank is a facility or enterprise which purchases, stores and sells human semen. The semen is produced and sold by men who are known as sperm donors. The sperm is purchased by or for other persons for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy or pregnancies other than by a sexual partner. Sperm sold by a sperm donor is known as donor sperm. A sperm bank may be a separate entity supplying donor sperm to individuals or to fertility centers or clinics, or it may be a facility which is run by a clinic or other medical establishment mainly or exclusively for their patients or customers. A pregnancy may be achieved using donor sperm for insemination with similar outcomes to sexual intercourse. By using sperm from a donor rather than from the sperm recipient's partner, the process is a form of third party reproduction. In the 21st century artificial insemination with donor sperm from a sperm bank is most commonly used for individuals with no male partner, i.e. single women and coupled lesbians. A sperm donor must generally meet specific requirements regarding age and screening for medical history. In the United States, sperm banks are


id: sperm-bank-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-1.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A sperm bank will aim to provide donor sperm which is safe by checking and screening donors and of their semen. A sperm donor must generally meet specific requirements regarding age and medical history. Requirements for sperm donors are strictly enforced, as in a study of 24,040 potential sperm donors, only 5620, or 23.38% were eligible to donate their sperm. Sperm banks typically screen potential donors for a range of diseases and disorders, including genetic diseases, chromosomal abnormalities and sexually transmitted infections that may be transmitted through sperm. The screening procedure generally also includes a quarantine period, in which the samples are frozen and stored for at least six months after which the donor will be re-tested for the STIs. This is to ensure no new infections have been acquired or have developed during the period of donation. Providing the result is negative, the sperm samples can be released from quarantine and used in treatments. Common reasons for sperm rejection include suboptimal semen quality and STDs. Chromosomal abnormalities are also a cause for semen rejection, but are less common. Children conceived through sperm donation have a birth defect rate of almost a fifth compared with the general population. A sperm


id: sperm-bank-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-2.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A sperm donor will usually be required to enter into a contract with a sperm bank to supply their semen, typically for a period of six to twenty-four months depending on the number of pregnancies which the sperm bank intends to produce from the donor. If a sperm bank has access to world markets e.g. by direct sales, or sales to clinics outside their own jurisdiction, a man may donate for a longer period than two years, as the risk of consanguinity is reduced (although local laws vary widely). Some sperm banks with access to world markets impose their own rules on the number of pregnancies which can be achieved in a given regional area or a state or country, and these sperm banks may permit donors to donate for four or five years, or even longer. The contract may also specify the place and hours for donation, a requirement to notify the sperm bank in the case of acquiring a sexual infection, and the requirement not to have intercourse or to masturbate for a period of usually 2–3 days before making a donation. The contract may also describe the types of treatment for which the donated sperm may be


id: sperm-bank-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-3.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
After the sample has been processed for cryoprotection, the sperm is stored in small vials or straws holding between 0.4 and 1.0 ml of sperm and then cryogenically preserved in liquid nitrogen tanks. Two approaches for sperm cryoperservation include conventional freezing and vitrification. The conventional technique consists of a slow freezing process that is most commonly used for assisted reproduction technologies (ART). Whereas the vitrification method is a faster approach for sperm cryopreservation in converting liquid to solid state. The disadvantage of this latter process is increase in contamination from the liquid nitrogen and smaller sperm sample size to improve the speed for 'high cooling rate'. It has been proposed that there should be an upper limit on how long frozen sperm can be stored; however, a baby has been conceived in the United Kingdom using sperm frozen for 21 years and andrology experts believe sperm can be frozen indefinitely. The UK government places an upper limit for storage of 55 years. Following the necessary quarantine period, which is usually six months, a sample will be thawed. To thaw a sperm sample, the vial or straw is left at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes, and then brought to body


id: sperm-bank-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-4.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
=== Controversy === Based on the statistics presented in earlier discussions, there is controversy with regard to a perceived lack of diversity within the donor sperm pool of many sperm banks. This includes, but is not limited to, height requirements implemented by some sperm banks. As a result, it is alleged that potential sperm recipients often encounter very limited sperm donor pool options. Lack of diversity results in very limited choices especially among ethnic minorities within the United States. Whenever an individual chooses to specify their preferred donor background, the number of available options (sperm donors that meet the particular individual's criteria) can dwindle down to the low single digits. Scott Brown from California Cryobank admitted: "We don't get as many minority applicants as we [would] like." Even after numerous attempts to reach out to numerous ethnic communities, the response can be nearly nonexistent. At the California Cryoback, Brown mentions that one out of 100 would be able to become final sperm donor while Ottey from the Fairfax Cryobank mentions one out of 200 would be able to become ultimate sperm donors. In addition, locations of the California Cryobank are in Los Angeles, Los Altos, California; mid-Manhattan, and Cambridge Massachusetts.


id: sperm-bank-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-5.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
=== Use === Subject to any regulations restricting who can obtain donor sperm, donor sperm is available to all people who, for whatever reason, wish to have a child. These regulations vary significantly across jurisdictions, and some countries do not have any regulations. When an individual finds that they are barred from receiving donor sperm within their jurisdiction, they may travel to another jurisdiction to obtain sperm. Regulations change from time to time. In most jurisdictions, donor sperm is available to an individual if their partner is infertile or where they have a genetic disorder. However, the categories of individuals who may obtain donor sperm is expanding, with its availability to single persons and to same-sex couples becoming more common, and some sperm banks supply fertility centers which specialize in the treatment of such people. Frozen vials of donor sperm may be shipped by the sperm bank to a recipient's home for self-insemination, or they may be shipped to a fertility clinic or physician for use in fertility treatments. The sperm bank will rely on the recipient woman or medical practitioner to report the outcome of any use of the sperm to the sperm bank. This enables a sperm bank


id: sperm-bank-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-6.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
=== Recipient's selection of donors === Sperm banks make information available about the sperm donors whose donations they hold to enable customers to select the donor whose sperm they wish to use. This information is often available by way of an online catalog. Subscription fees to be able to view the sperm donor through California Cryobank, for example, start at $145. This cost could potentially be a barrier for many on limited income and may not have discretionary income to spend on sperm donor services. A sperm bank will also usually have facilities to help customers to make their choice and they will be able to advise on the suitability of donors for individual donors and their partners. Where the recipient has a partner, they may prefer to use sperm from a donor whose physical features are similar to those of their partner if they have one. In some cases, the choice of a donor with the correct blood group will be paramount, with particular considerations for the protection of recipients with negative blood groups. If a surrogate is to be used, such as where the customer is not intending to carry the child, considerations about their blood group etc.


id: sperm-bank-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank-7.md
category: reference
title: Sperm bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:02.091898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sperm-bank-20260505-0
summary:
In the United States, the sperm bank industry is largely unregulated federally, with no laws against fertility fraud, no national registry, no requirement of open-ID at 18 donors or release of information to the donor conceived person, and no limit to the number of children born from each donor. Sperm banks are regulated as Human Cell and Tissue or Cell and Tissue Bank Product (HCT/Ps) establishments by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), effective May 25, 2005. This requires a physical exam, screening for STIs including HIV, and a psychological evaluation. It also bars men who have had sex with men in the last 5 years from donating, which is widely regarded as homophobic, as donors are already tested for HIV, and men who practice unprotected sex with many women are allowed to donate, but not men who are in a monogamous relationship with a man. In the European Union a sperm bank must have a license according to the EU Tissue Directive which came into effect on April 7, 2006. In the United Kingdom, sperm banks are regulated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. In countries where sperm banks are allowed to operate, the sperm donor will not


id: gene-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Gene bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:03.687405+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gene-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A gene bank is a type of biorepository that is used across the world to store the genetic material of animals, plants, and other organisms. It preserves their genetic information in the form of reproductive material like seeds, sperm, eggs, embryos, cells and other kinds of DNA. Oftentimes, these banks house the genetic material of species that are endangered or close to extinction.They are also used for the preservation of major crop species and cultivars, in order to preserve crop diversity.This protects the organism from threats like extinction, diseases, and climate change. == Preservation methods == Preservation is done via the collection and storage of reproductive material from an organism. For example, seeds and cuttings may be collected from plants, spores may be collected from fungi, and sperm and egg cells may be collected from animals. Pollen is also an essential component for the reproduction of seed plants. It contains the male genetic material for fertilization of other plants and is stored through cryopreservation. Aquatic organisms, such as coral, are preserved via the collection of fragments that are sustained alive in a carefully controlled aquatic environment. The collected material is oftentimes stored at a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F).


id: gene-bank-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_bank-1.md
category: reference
title: Gene bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:03.687405+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gene-bank-20260505-0
summary:
=== Storage of pollen === Pollen is stored through a cryopreservation technique called vitrification. Vitrification, in this context, is based around the freezing of pollen grains without the formation of ice crystals that would heavily damage the pollen. The pollen, which is stored in liquid nitrogen, is kept at temperatures of −180 to −196 °C (−292.0 to −320.8 °F). The National Seed Storage Lab in Fort Collins, Colorado currently uses this technique to store pollen. Pollen can also be freeze dried and stored at temperatures of 5 to −18 °C (41 to 0 °F). An important element that must be considered is the levels of moisture in the pollen. If the pollen grains have a low moisture content it helps increase the length of the pollen's life. Low levels of moisture help the pollen freeze without creating ice or ice crystals, which helps preserve the life span of the pollen while it is being stored. Ideal levels of moisture content to be allowed in the pollen depends on the type of plant. The pollen from different plant species can be divided into two groups. One is binucleate pollen, which has a thicker exine and the second is trinucleate pollen, which


id: addgene-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addgene-0.md
category: reference
title: Addgene
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addgene
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:04.870324+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: addgene-20260505-0
summary:
Addgene is a non-profit plasmid repository. Addgene facilitates the exchange of genetic material between laboratories by offering plasmids and their associated cloning data to non-profit and academic laboratories around the world. Addgene provides a free online database of plasmid cloning information and references, including lists of commonly used vector backbones, popular lentiviral plasmids, and molecular cloning protocols. == History == Addgene was founded in 2004 by Melina Fan, Kenneth Fan, and Benjie Chen. The repository was founded in recognition of the need for a service to support access to and sharing of DNA-based research materials among the scientific community. == Operations == Addgene's headquarters are located in Watertown, Massachusetts. Addgene accepts plasmids from researchers, then archives and distributes them on request. The organization covers the operating costs of maintaining and improving the collection by charging a nominal fee to scientists requesting plasmids. == Plasmid repository == As of 2014 Addgene's repository comprised 30,000 plasmids, deposited by 1,700 labs. As of 2024, the collection had grown to a size of over 147,000 plasmids, and had provided services to over 2 million vectors to over 110 different countries. Its plasmid collection contains plasmids used for functions such as genome engineering (including CRISPRS),


id: australian-grains-genebank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Grains_Genebank-0.md
category: reference
title: Australian Grains Genebank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Grains_Genebank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:06.035847+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-grains-genebank-20260505-0
summary:
The Australian Grains Genebank (AGG) is a national center for storing genetic material for plant breeding and research. The Genebank is in a collaboration with the Australian Seed Bank Partnership on an Australian Crop Wild Relatives project. It is located at Grains Innovation Park, in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. == Objectives and challenges == The Australian Grains Genebank (AGG) aims to collect and conserve the seeds of Australian crop wild species, that are not yet adequately represented in existing collections. 40 key species of crop wild, 32 of which are endemic to Australia, have been identified as being crucial to increasing Australia's stock of grain crops. Seeds of crop wild relatives (CWR) will be available to plant breeders and researchers in order to develop the plant varieties of the future. The seeds will be stored not only in the Australian Grains Genebank but also in the Australian Seed Bank Partnership member seed banks. This project will enable research into new plant varieties, that are vital to Australia's agricultural future. Progress can be made in understanding the genetic material contained in the crops. One of the main objectives of the Australian Grains Genebank is helping the research; for this reason, this institution


id: australian-grains-genebank-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Grains_Genebank-1.md
category: reference
title: Australian Grains Genebank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Grains_Genebank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:06.035847+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-grains-genebank-20260505-0
summary:
The primary reason for the bank to be created was the extreme temperatures in the area, up to 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) in the summertime. Because of that, they had to ensure the protection of the grains all year around. The longevity of seeds differs; some keep well for decades, crops are grown out regularly and new grains assembled to increase the collection. A database carries the information about the origin and characteristics of each seed line (none genetically modified) and features of seed viability and the quantity held. Seeds are placed in controlled maturing environments with high temperatures and a certain humidity (RH; 45 °C and 60% RH). The Lithium chloride (LiCl) helps to obtain the right RH environment. The seed survival curve, that can be acquired from the germination test, is compared with the longevity of ‘marker’ species aged under the same conditions. From here, longevity categories can be distinguished: this is most important for alpine seeds, as recent proofs show that grains from cooler and wetter habitats are shorter lived than seeds from warmer ones. Longevity checks can also indicate how seeds should be conserved. == Australian Seed Bank Partnership == The main goal of


id: australian-plantbank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_PlantBank-0.md
category: reference
title: Australian PlantBank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_PlantBank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:07.266885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: australian-plantbank-20260505-0
summary:
The Australian PlantBank is a seed bank located in the Australian Botanic Gardens, Mount Annan. The seedbank is part of the Millennium Seed Bank Project. The SeedBank replaced the former NSW Seedbank as part of an upgrade. == History == The former NSW Seedbank was established in 1986 and originally collected wild seed for the Gardens. The former seedbank went through an extensive upgrade in 1999 and ensured that the seeds were of high quality. The biggest and latest update was in 2013, where the NSW Seedbank turned into the Australian PlantBank. In 2014 the new building, designed by BVN, received the National Award for Public Architecture from the Australian Institute of Architects. == Opening ceremony == The opening ceremony for the Australian PlantBank was held on 11 October 2013. The seedbank was officially opened by Her Excellency Professor Marie Bashir. Other attendees included: The Honourable Robyn Parker MP, Minister for Environment and Heritage Mr Ken Boundy, Chair, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust == References == == External links == PlantBank opening ceremony official party + gallery


id: belgian-co-ordinated-collections-of-micro-organisms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Co-ordinated_Collections_of_Micro-organisms-0.md
category: reference
title: Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Co-ordinated_Collections_of_Micro-organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:08.449277+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: belgian-co-ordinated-collections-of-micro-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
The Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) is a Belgian government funded consortium of seven scientific institutions, who manage and exploit a collection of microbial and genetic resources. The consortium comprises more than 269,000 publicly available strains of bacteria including mycobacteria and cyanobacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, diatoms and plasmids. BCCM is embedded in international initiatives such as the World Federation of Culture Collections (WFCC) and operates in compliance with the rules of the Nagoya Protocol. == History == In 1983 the Belgian Council of Ministers decided to bring the microbial resources and the expertise available in different Belgian institutes together in a network of culture collections: with this the consortium of Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) saw the light of day. In 1983, the BCCM consortium consisted of the microbial collections of one public scientific institution and two universities: the collection of medical yeasts and fungi of the Mycology Laboratory of Sciensano (former Scientific Institute of Public Health) (BCCM/IHEM) the collection of filamentous fungi, yeasts and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Université catholique de Louvain (BCCM/MUCL) the bacteria collection of the Laboratory for Microbiology of the Faculty of Sciences of the Ghent University (BCCM/LMG). In 1990 the plasmid collection


id: centre-for-pacific-crops-and-trees-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Pacific_Crops_and_Trees-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Pacific_Crops_and_Trees
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:09.627311+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-pacific-crops-and-trees-20260505-0
summary:
The Pacific Community's Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT), formerly known as the Regional Germplasm Centre (RGC), is a propagation material vault operated by the Pacific Community (SPC)'s Land Resources Division. Its purpose is to preserve resources including crops, and other plants of the Pacific region. The vault is in Fiji, and it replaced many local seed vaults of the Pacific that had trouble with maintenance. This center is vested in using cutting edge plant cryopreservation, and propagation methods. == See also == Germplasm International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Svalbard Global Seed Vault Seed saving == References == Vulnerability of Pacific crops addressed by CePaCT, Scoop Media, July 2012 SPC works on crops, Fiji Times Online, July 2010, archived from the original on 2010-07-15, retrieved 2013-06-22 Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees, SPC Land Resources Division Moorhead, Anne (March 2010), Agrobiodiversity challenges in the Pacific, New Agriculturalist Net, Scidev, Plant bank to preserve biodiversity of Pacific crops, SciDevNet


id: chicago-botanic-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Botanic_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Chicago Botanic Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Botanic_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:10.842361+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chicago-botanic-garden-20260505-0
summary:
The Chicago Botanic Garden is a 385-acre (156 ha) botanical garden situated on nine islands in the northern Cook County Forest Preserves within the nominal geographical boundaries of Glencoe, Illinois. It features 27 display gardens and five natural habitats including Mary Mix McDonald Woods, Barbara Brown Nature Reserve, Dixon Prairie, the Skokie River Corridor, and the Lakes and Shorelines. The garden is open every day of the year. An admissions fee was first charged in 2022. The Garden is owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County and managed by the Chicago Horticultural Society. It opened to the public in 1972, and is home to the Joseph Regenstein Jr. School which offers educational classes and certificate programs, and participates with the botany staff in research and conservation programs. The Chicago Botanic Garden is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums and is a member of the American Public Gardens Association. == Architecture == The architectural design for the Chicago Botanic Garden began with the creation of the master plan by John O. Simonds and Geoffrey Rausch. Several famous buildings have been designed by well-known architects since 1976. 1976: Education Center, Edward Larabee Barnes 1982: Japanese Garden, Koichi Kawana 1983:


id: children-s-hospital-oakland-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_Hospital_Oakland_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_Hospital_Oakland_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:12.031658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: children-s-hospital-oakland-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI) was a biomedical research institute affiliated with California’s pediatric medical center, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland. UCSF assumed building operations in 2020 and it is now called the Martin Luther King Research Building. CHORI was based in Oakland, California, and housed a 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m2) biomedical research facility. It included eight research centers that focused on research on cancer, critical care medicine, genetics, immunobiology and vaccine development, blood and marrow transplantation and cellular therapies, nutrition and metabolism, prevention of obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, sickle cell disease and thalassemia. The National Institutes of Health was CHORI's primary funding source. == Research centers == Center for Cancer Center for Critical Care Medicine Center for Genetics Center for Immunobiology & Vaccine Development The Jordan Family Center for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Research Center for Nutrition & Metabolism Center for Prevention of Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Center for Sickle Cell Disease & Thalassemia == Research services == BACPAC Resource Center Cell Sorting Elemental Analysis Genetic Testing Mass Spectrometry Microscope Imaging Molecular Diagnostics Sibling Donor Cord Blood == Research applications == CHORI’s translational research applications included providing cures for blood diseases, developing new vaccines


id: china-national-genebank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_GeneBank-0.md
category: reference
title: China National GeneBank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_GeneBank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:13.191644+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: china-national-genebank-20260505-0
summary:
China National GeneBank or CNGB (Chinese: 国家基因库) is China's first national-level gene storage bank, approved and funded by the Chinese government. Based in the Dapeng Peninsula of Shenzhen, CNGB's mission is to support public welfare, life science research and innovation, as well as industry incubation, through effective bioresource conservation, digitalization and utilization. In 2011 the Chinese National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Ministry of Health and Family Planning approved the establishment of the Centre, entrusting BGI with its construction in a public-private partnership. After 5-years of development the first phase of the centre opened in September 2016, spanning more than 47,500 square meters and including a biorepository, a bioinformatics data center and a living biobank. The Centre also has a Synthetic Biology platform collaborating with Australia's Macquarie University and Harvard on metabolic engineering and the development of high-density DNA storage technology. == See also == Australia Bioinformatics Resource Australian Grains Genebank DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Svalbard Global Seed Vault Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Expasy) Ruili Botanical Garden == References == == External links == Official site Official site


id: indian-seed-vault-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Seed_Vault-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Seed Vault
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Seed_Vault
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:14.399799+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-seed-vault-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Seed Vault is a secure seed bank located in a high-altitude mountain pass on the Chang La in Ladakh, India. It was built in 2010 jointly by the Defence Institute of High Altitude Research and the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, and is the second largest seed bank in the world. == History == In the late 1980s, the movement was initiated by the group of activists of Hemwal Valley of Tehri and led by a farmer and social activist Vijay Jardhari. ‘Beej Bachao Andolan’ (Save the Seeds Movement) was started from Jardhargaon of Tehri district, Uttarakhand. The Indian Seed Vault was established in 2010 through a collaboration between the Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) and the 'National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) to secure India’s crop diversity in extreme environmental conditions. It serves as a backup for more than 5,000 seed accessions. == Seed storage == The Indian Seed Bank was carved into a granite outcrop at Chang La, the vaulted chamber is insulated naturally by subzero temperatures, with steel racks and hermetically sealed cryotanks. The vault stores over 10,000 seeds and 200 plant species. These seeds include apricots, barley, cabbage, carrots, radish,


id: isogenic-human-disease-models-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogenic_human_disease_models-0.md
category: reference
title: Isogenic human disease models
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogenic_human_disease_models
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:15.618014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: isogenic-human-disease-models-20260505-0
summary:
Isogenic human disease models are a family of cells that are selected or engineered to accurately model the genetics of a specific patient population, in vitro. They are provided with a genetically matched 'normal cell' to provide an isogenic system to research disease biology and novel therapeutic agents. They can be used to model any disease with a genetic foundation. Cancer is one such disease for which isogenic human disease models have been widely used. == Historical models == Human isogenic disease models have been likened to 'patients in a test-tube', since they incorporate the latest research into human genetic diseases and do so without the difficulties and limitations involved in using non-human models. Historically, cells obtained from animals, typically mice, have been used to model cancer-related pathways. However, there are obvious limitations inherent in using animals for modelling genetically determined diseases in humans. Despite a large proportion of genetic conservation between humans and mice, there are significant differences between the biology of mice and humans that are important to cancer research. For example, major differences in telomere regulation enable murine cells to bypass the requirement for telomerase upregulation, which is a rate-limiting step in human cancer formation. As another


id: jawaharlal-nehru-tropical-botanic-garden-and-research-institute-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Tropical_Botanic_Garden_and_Research_Institute-0.md
category: reference
title: Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Tropical_Botanic_Garden_and_Research_Institute
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:16.805419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jawaharlal-nehru-tropical-botanic-garden-and-research-institute-20260505-0
summary:
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, formerly Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, is an autonomous Institute established by the Government of Kerala on 17 November 1979 at Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. It functions under the umbrella of the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Government of Kerala. == References == == External links == JNTBGRI official website Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram


id: lithuanian-plants-genes-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Plants_Genes_Bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Lithuanian Plants Genes Bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Plants_Genes_Bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:18.097987+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lithuanian-plants-genes-bank-20260505-0
summary:
Lithuanian Plants Genes Bank (Lithuanian: Augalų genų bankas, AGB) is plant gene resource guardian and sustainable use organization governed by Lithuania's Ministry of Environment. Its headquarters based in Akademija, Kėdainiai, Central Lithuania. In 1997 the plant storage started to operate. In 2004 the Lithuanian Plants Gene Bank was established and the seed storage become a part of it. By 2017 it had 3318 samples from 201 variety of different kind of plants. == References == == External links == Official website


id: megares-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEGARes-0.md
category: reference
title: MEGARes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEGARes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:19.332974+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: megares-20260505-0
summary:
MEGARes is a hand-curated antibiotic resistance database which incorporates previously published resistance sequences for antimicrobial drugs, while also expanding to include published sequences for metal and biocide resistance determinants. In MEGARes 3.0, the nodes of the acyclic hierarchical ontology include four antimicrobial compound types, 59 classes, 223 mechanisms of resistance, and 1,448 gene groups that classify the 8,733 gene accessions. This works in conjunction with the AMR++ bioinformatics pipelin (version 3.0) to classify resistome sequences directly from FASTA. The database focuses on the analysis of large-scale, ecological sequence datasets with an annotation structure that allows for the development of high throughput acyclical classifiers and hierarchical statistical analysis of big data. MEGARes annotation consists of three hierarchical levels when looking at AMR genes: drug class, mechanism, and group. The comprehensive MEGARes content was compiled from all published sequences included various other databases: Resfinder, ARG-ANNOT, Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Lahey Clinic beta-lactamase archive. MEGARes allows users to analyze antimicrobial resistance on a population-level, similar to a microbiome analysis, from a FASTA sequence. Furthermore, users can access AMR++, a bioiinformatics pipeline for resistome analysis of metagenomic datasets that can be integrated with the MEGARes


id: millennium-seed-bank-partnership-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Seed_Bank_Partnership-0.md
category: reference
title: Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Seed_Bank_Partnership
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:20.556670+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: millennium-seed-bank-partnership-20260505-0
summary:
The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership (MSBP or MSB), formerly known as the Millennium Seed Bank Project, is the largest ex situ plant conservation programme in the world, coordinated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. After being awarded a Millennium Commission grant in 1995, the project commenced in 1996, and is now housed in the Wellcome Trust Millennium Building situated in the grounds of Wakehurst Place, West Sussex. Its purpose is to provide an "insurance policy" against the extinction of plants in the wild by storing seeds for future use. The storage facilities consist of large underground frozen vaults preserving the world's largest wild-plant seedbank or collection of seeds from wild species. The project had been started by Dr Peter Thompson and run by Paul Smith after the departure of Roger Smith. Roger Smith was awarded the OBE in 2000 in the Queen's New Year Honours for services to the Project. == Project == In collaboration with other biodiversity projects around the world, expeditions are sent to collect seeds from dryland plants. Where possible, collections are kept in the country of origin with duplicates being sent to the Millennium Seed Bank Project for storage. Major partnerships exist on all the


id: national-centre-for-plant-genetic-resources-polish-genebank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Plant_Genetic_Resources:_Polish_Genebank-0.md
category: reference
title: National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Genebank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Plant_Genetic_Resources:_Polish_Genebank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:21.749738+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-centre-for-plant-genetic-resources-polish-genebank-20260505-0
summary:
The National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Genebank (NCPGR) is a research unit in the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute. NCPGR is the coordinator and implementer of the National Crop Plant Genetic Resources Protection Programme. The Programme aims to protect the biodiversity of crop plants endangered by genetic erosion in Poland, and is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture. The main tasks include collection of crop and wild plant populations and varieties threatened by genetic erosion, description and evaluation of collected materials, and preservation of their viability and genetic purity. The Programme is an implementation of provisions laid down in international treaties ratified by Poland: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), 2nd Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). == Objectives == NCPGR collects populations and cultivated varieties of crop and wild plants threatened with genetic erosion. Collected materials are characterised, evaluated and documented. Seed samples and clones are maintained in viable state and genetic purity. NCPGR exchanges samples with other institutions worldwide and provides initial plant materials for breeding and research programs. == Organizational structure == === Laboratory for Plants Collection and Evaluation === The Laboratory


id: national-gene-bank-of-plants-of-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gene_Bank_of_Plants_of_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: National Gene Bank of Plants of Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gene_Bank_of_Plants_of_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:22.958671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-gene-bank-of-plants-of-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
National Gene Bank of Plants of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Національний Центр генетичних ресурсів рослин України, romanized: Natsionalnyi Tsentr henetychnykh resursiv roslyn Ukrainy) is a Ukrainian gene bank (seed bank) located in Kharkiv. The bank was created in 1990s as part of the Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (PGRU) project, an initiative of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences (and supervised by the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev). By early 2021 it has collected 151,300 specimens belonging to 544 crops and 1,802 species of plants. In terms of its volume and diversity, the Gene Bank was one of the 10 largest gene banks in the world. In mid-May 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the bank was reported destroyed by the Russians. It was later clarified that the facility had been bombed, and that two or three dozen thousand samples destroyed only represented a small fraction of the collection, and the majority of the collection was still being protected in an underground warehouse. == References ==


id: nordic-genetic-resource-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Genetic_Resource_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Nordic Genetic Resource Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Genetic_Resource_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:24.219145+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nordic-genetic-resource-center-20260505-0
summary:
The Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen; Scandinavian: Nordiskt Genresurscenter) is a plant, farm animal and forest conservation, gene resource guardian, and sustainable use organization under and primarily financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers, and is headquartered in Alnarp, near Malmö, in southern Sweden. NordGen's primary mission is "securing the broad diversity of genetic resources linked to food and agriculture" through "conservation and sustainable use, solid documentation and information work and international agreements". == History == In January 2008, as a culmination of a quarter century of cooperation by Nordic nations on genetic resource conservation, NordGen was created from a merger among 3 organizations, the Nordic Gene Bank, the Nordic Gene Bank Farm Animals and the Nordic Council for Forest Reproductive Material. Besides NordGen as the new parent organization and primarily successor to the Nordic Gene Bank, NordGen Plants is in Alnarp, near Malmö, in southern Sweden, NordGen Farm Animals and NordGen Forest are in Ås, near Oslo, in Norway. NordGen notes that the high cost of its missions prompted a joint Nordic nation solution, while each nation simultaneously maintains its own national programs as well. == Projects == NordGen leads, participates in, and collaborates with genebanks, research organizations, pre-breeding


id: orto-botanico-di-palermo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo-0.md
category: reference
title: Orto botanico di Palermo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:25.491144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orto-botanico-di-palermo-20260505-0
summary:
The Orto Botanico di Palermo (Palermo Botanical Garden) is both a botanical garden and a research and educational institution of the Department of Botany of the University of Palermo. The garden lies within the city of Palermo, Italy at 10 m (33 ft) above sea-level. It covers about 0.12 km2 (30 acres) on top of red soil that has evolved on a limestone tuff substratum. == Brief history == The earliest beginnings of the gardens go back to 1779, when the Accademia dei Regi Studi created the chair of "Botany and medicinal properties". A modest plot of land was allocated to develop a small botanical garden dedicated to the cultivation of plants with medicinal benefits, for the twin objectives of general learning and improving public health. Initially a site near Porta Carini utilized a site of the former fortified bastions facing the seaside from the walls of the city. These bastions were demolished in 1774–1778 under the praetorship of Antonino La Grua Talamanca, marchese de Regalmici, and later Prince of Carini, and reassigned for the botanical gardens. This initial garden allotment soon proved too small, and in 1786 it was decided to move to the present site, right next to


id: orto-botanico-di-palermo-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo-1.md
category: reference
title: Orto botanico di Palermo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:25.491144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orto-botanico-di-palermo-20260505-0
summary:
=== Experimental and research zone === In the experimental zone, situated to the side of the Winter Garden, tropical and subtropical plants are cultivated for the purposes of research. Studies currently in train or recently undertaken include those on cotton, vegetables, sugar cane and sorghum. The zone dedicated to plants of a practical application, which extends over the south west part of the gardens, consists of terrain set apart for plants yielding a variety of oils, resins and fibres. === Engler's zone === Also known as the nuovo settore (the new zone), it comprises the southern section of the gardens within which the plants are arranged in accordance with the classification system of Engler. The species are partitioned into three sections, each dedicated in turn to the gymnosperms, the angiosperms, the dicotyledons and the liliopsida. === The herbarium === The modern Herbarium mediterraneum, accommodated within a few buildings adjacent to the gardens, covers a surface area of some 6,000 m2. The main part of the collection comprises the Erbario Siculo and the Erbario Generale of the Department of Botany, estimated to be around 50,000 and 200,000 specimens respectively. Of the latter group, around a quarter represent plants native to the


id: orto-botanico-di-palermo-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo-2.md
category: reference
title: Orto botanico di Palermo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:25.491144+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: orto-botanico-di-palermo-20260505-0
summary:
In the area dedicated to palms one can find Chamaerops humilis, the only palm native to Sicily, and numerous exotic palms, in which the gardens are particularly blessed. Amongst both potted and fully cultivated specimens, one can count a good 34 genera and around 80 species. The genus Washingtonia is represented by W. filifera, that flowered in Palermo for the first time ever, and by W. robusta. In the genus Phoenix, apart from the common date (Phoenix dactylifera) there are also P. rupicola, P. reclinata, P. canariensis, P. roebelenii and P. teophrastii. There are also many other genera: Chamaedorea, Brahea, Sabal, Erythea, Livistona, Howea and Trachycarpus. The Giardino d'Inverno (Winter Garden) is home to a number of species native to the warmer climes of Africa, Central America, South America, Asia and Australia. Amongst those that are worth a brief mention, we have the coffee plant (Coffea arabica), papaya (Carica papaya), numerous species of Bougainvillea, cinnamon (Cinnamomum ceylanicum), (Parmentiera cereifera) and mimosa (Mimosa spegazzinii). In the serra della Regione (glasshouse of the regions), there are potted specimens of (Ravenala madagascariensis) (the traveller's palm) and various species of Anthurium, Codiaeum, Pandanus and other plants from tropical and equatorial climes. Two smaller glasshouses


id: pavlovsk-experimental-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovsk_Experimental_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Pavlovsk Experimental Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovsk_Experimental_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:27.321055+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pavlovsk-experimental-station-20260505-0
summary:
Pavlovsk Experimental Station (Russian: Павловская опытная станция) is an agricultural experiment station and gene bank that is part of the Institute of Plant Industry and situated in Pavlovsk near St. Petersburg, Russia. == History == It was started in 1926 by agricultural scientist Nikolai Vavilov and contains an extensive collection of more than 5,000 varieties of fruits and berries. The Pavlovsk station's collection contains more than 100 varieties each of gooseberries, raspberries, and cherries. It also contains more than 1,000 varieties of strawberries. More than 90% of the collection is found in no other research collection or genebank. The collection is a field genebank, meaning that the varieties are stored as plants in the ground. Most of the species concerned do not breed true from seeds, and so the varieties cannot be stored as seeds. The Pavlovsk station itself fell into German hands during the Siege of Leningrad in 1941–1944, but prior to the arrival of German troops, scientists from the Institute of Plant Industry were able to move much of the station's tuber collection to a location within the city. Twelve of these scientists died of starvation while protecting the institute's edible collection of tubers and seeds. In 2010


id: radmilovac-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmilovac-0.md
category: reference
title: Radmilovac
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmilovac
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:28.645791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: radmilovac-20260505-0
summary:
Radmilovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Радмиловац) is a suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, and an experimental farm of the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Agriculture. It is located in the Belgrade municipality of Grocka. It is also known for the hotel of the same name. == Location == Radmilovac is actually a westernmost extension of the Belgrade's suburb of Vinča (to which it makes no urban connections), on the very border with the neighboring Leštane. It is located north of the road of Smederevski put which connects Belgrade and the town of Smederevo. It is located 14 kilometers north-east of downtown Belgrade, between Vinča and Kaluđerica with Leštane being located right across the Smederevski put. Right behind the settlement is the Vinča Nuclear Institute. == Farm == === History === The experimental agricultural farm of Radmilovac, a section of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade is the original core of the neighborhood. Farm originated from the lands bequested to the Faculty by the industrialist, deputy and judge Milan Vukićević in 1941, when he died. Vukićević left the farm estate for the practical education in all types of agriculture. He originally purchased 39 ha (96 acres) from the municipalities of


id: radmilovac-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmilovac-1.md
category: reference
title: Radmilovac
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmilovac
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:28.645791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: radmilovac-20260505-0
summary:
Center for fishery and applied hydrobiology occupies 5 hectares. Formerly, a stream Ševarice flowed through the farm. It received wastewater from the neighboring settlements and was so polluted that it was named Šugavac (Scabies stream). It was conducted underground into the sewage system and instead an artificial short clean stream, named "Little Danube". The water wells were dug and the wetland around the stream was recreated. It is 1.5 kilometers long and is a miniature representation of the entire Danube's flow, from the Black Forest to the Black Sea, including islands, peninsulas, hills, mountains and plains. Little Danube is populated with 40 fish species and plants were planted along its banks, both fishes and plants being characteristic for the "Big" Danube, which flows on the other side of the hill behind the farm. A series of fish ponds were created. Main species include common carp and trout. Inside the Center, there are 40 aquariums with numerous types of fish: common barbel, huchen, brook trout, common minnow, eel, goldfish, European mudminnow, common roach, common bream, Wels catfish, zander and Northern pike, but also the genetically mixed fish population. The aquariums are ornamented with the replicas of the Lepenski Vir sculptures. The


id: seed-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Seed bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:30.042989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seed-bank-20260505-0
summary:
A seed bank (also seed banks, seeds bank or seed vault) stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity; hence it is a type of gene bank. There are many reasons to store seeds. One is to preserve the genes that plant breeders need to increase yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutritional quality, taste, etc. of crops. Another is to forestall loss of genetic diversity in rare or imperiled plant species in an effort to conserve biodiversity ex situ. Many plants that were used centuries ago by humans are used less frequently now; seed banks offer a way to preserve that historical and cultural value. Collections of seeds stored at constant low temperature and low moisture are guarded against loss of genetic resources that are otherwise maintained in situ or in field collections. These alternative "living" collections can be damaged by natural disasters, outbreaks of disease, or war. Seed banks are considered seed libraries, containing valuable information about evolved strategies to combat plant stress, and can be used to create genetically modified versions of existing seeds. The work of seed banks often span decades and even centuries. Most seed banks are publicly funded and seeds are usually available for research that benefits


id: seed-bank-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank-1.md
category: reference
title: Seed bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:30.042989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seed-bank-20260505-0
summary:
== Alternatives == In-situ conservation of seed-producing plant species is another conservation strategy. In-situ conservation involves the creation of National Parks, National Forests, and National Wildlife Refuges as a way of preserving the natural habitat of the targeted seed-producing organisms. This also allows the plants to continue to evolve with their environment through natural selection. In-situ conservation of agricultural resources is performed on-farm. An arboretum stores trees by planting them at a protected site. A less expensive, community-supported seed library can save local genetic material. The phenomenon of seeds remaining dormant within the soil is well known and documented (Hills and Morris 1992). Detailed information on the role of such "soil seed banks" in northern Ontario, however, is extremely limited, and research is required to determine the species and abundance of seeds in the soil across a range of forest types, as well as to determine the function of the seed bank in post-disturbance vegetation dynamics. Comparison tables of seed density and diversity are presented for the boreal and deciduous forest types and the research that has been conducted is discussed. This review includes detailed discussions of: (1) seed bank dynamics, (2) physiology of seeds in a seed bank, (3)


id: seed-bank-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank-2.md
category: reference
title: Seed bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:30.042989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seed-bank-20260505-0
summary:
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault has been built inside a sandstone mountain in a man-made tunnel on the frozen Norwegian island of Spitsbergen, which is part of the Svalbard archipelago, about 1,307 kilometres (812 mi) from the North Pole. It is designed to survive catastrophes such as nuclear war and world war. It is operated by the Global Crop Diversity Trust. The area's permafrost will keep the vault below the freezing point of water, and the seeds are protected by 1-metre thick walls of steel-reinforced concrete. There are two airlocks and two blast-proof doors. The vault accepted the first seeds on 26 February 2008. The Millennium Seed Bank is located in the grounds of Wakehurst Place in West Sussex, near London, UK. Established in 1996, it is the largest seed bank in the world (and will longterm be at least 100 times bigger than Svalbard Global Seed Vault), providing space for the storage of billions of seed samples in a nuclear bomb proof multi-story underground vault. Its ultimate aim being to store every plant species possible. It is already (2024) home to over 2.4 billion seeds, representing over 39,000 different species of the world’s storable seeds. Importantly they also distribute


id: seed-bank-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank-3.md
category: reference
title: Seed bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:30.042989+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seed-bank-20260505-0
summary:
Assistentialist seed banks: These seed banks primarily aim to support the needs of local communities and small-scale farmers. They focus on providing seed samples that are well-suited to local conditions and are easy to grow and maintain. They prioritize seed samples that have high yield potential, are pest and disease resistant, and can be grown with minimal inputs. Productivist seed banks: These seed banks primarily aim to support large-scale agricultural production and commercial farming. They focus on providing seed samples that have high yield potential, are pest and disease resistant, and can be grown with minimal inputs. They prioritize seed samples that are well-suited to large-scale mechanized farming and can be grown in large quantities. Preservationist seed banks: These seed banks primarily aim to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated plant species. They focus on preserving the genetic diversity of plant species, and make seed samples available for research and breeding programs. They prioritize seed samples that are rare, endangered, or have unique genetic characteristics. == Early concepts == In Zoroastrian mythology, Ahura Mazda instructed Yima, a legendary king of ancient Persia, to build an underground structure called a Vara to store two seeds from every kind of


id: soil-seed-bank-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_seed_bank-0.md
category: reference
title: Soil seed bank
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_seed_bank
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:31.430233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soil-seed-bank-20260505-0
summary:
The soil seed bank is the natural storage of seeds, often dormant, within the soil of most ecosystems. The study of soil seed banks started in 1859 when Charles Darwin observed the emergence of seedlings using soil samples from the bottom of a lake. The first scientific paper on the subject was published in 1882 and reported on the occurrence of seeds at different soil depths. Weed seed banks have been studied intensely in agricultural science because of their important economic impacts; other fields interested in soil seed banks include forest regeneration and restoration ecology. == The ecological importance of seed bank == The seed bank is one of the key factors for the persistence and density fluctuations of plant populations, especially for annual plants. Perennial plants have vegetative propagules to facilitate forming new plants, migration into new ground, or reestablishment after being top-killed, which are analogous to seed bank in their persistence ability under disturbance. These propagules are collectively called the 'soil bud bank', and include dormant and adventitious buds on stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs. Moreover, the term soil diaspore bank can be used to include non-flowering plants such as ferns and bryophytes. Soil seed bank is significant breeding


id: svalbard-global-seed-vault-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault-0.md
category: reference
title: Svalbard Global Seed Vault
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:32.783355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: svalbard-global-seed-vault-20260505-0
summary:
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norwegian: Svalbard globale frøhvelv) is a secure backup facility for the world's crop diversity on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago. The Seed Vault provides long-term storage for duplicates of seeds from around the world, conserved in gene banks. This provides security of the world's food supply against the loss of seeds in gene banks due to mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts, war, sabotage, disease, and natural disasters. The Seed Vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement among the Norwegian government, the Crop Trust, and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen). The Norwegian government entirely funded the Seed Vault's approximately 45 million kr (US$8.8 million in 2008) construction cost. Norway and the Crop Trust pay for operational costs. Storing seeds in the vault is free to depositors. As of June 2025, the Seed Vault conserves 1,355,591 accessions, representing more than 13,000 years of agricultural history. == History == In 1984, the Nordic Gene Bank (now NordGen) began storing backup Nordic plant germplasm via frozen seeds in an abandoned coal mine outside of Longyearbyen. In 2001, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and


id: svalbard-global-seed-vault-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault-1.md
category: reference
title: Svalbard Global Seed Vault
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:32.783355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: svalbard-global-seed-vault-20260505-0
summary:
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland's prime ministers ceremonially laid "the first stone" on 19 June 2006. The seed bank is 130 m (430 ft) inside a sandstone mountain on Spitsbergen Island, and employs robust security systems. The facility is managed by the Nordic Genetic Resource Center, though there are no permanent staff on-site. Spitsbergen was considered ideal because it lacked tectonic activity and had permafrost, which aids preservation. It being 130 m (430 ft) above sea level will keep the site dry even if the ice caps melt. Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units that further cool the seeds to the internationally recommended standard of −18 °C (−0.4 °F). If the equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before the facility rises to the surrounding sandstone bedrock's temperature of −3 °C (27 °F), and is estimated to take two centuries to warm to 0 °C (32 °F). A feasibility study prior to construction determined that the Seed Vault could preserve most major food crops' seeds for hundreds of years. Some, including those of important grains, could potentially remain viable for thousands of years. Running the length of the facility's roof and down the front face to


id: svalbard-global-seed-vault-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault-2.md
category: reference
title: Svalbard Global Seed Vault
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:32.783355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: svalbard-global-seed-vault-20260505-0
summary:
== Seed storage == The seeds are stored in sealed three-ply foil packages and then placed into plastic tote containers on metal shelving racks. The storage rooms are kept at −18 °C (−0.4 °F). The low temperature and limited access to oxygen will ensure low metabolic activity and delay seed ageing. The permafrost surrounding the facility will help maintain the low temperature of the seeds if the electricity supply fails. Initially the Seed Vault would have some minor water intrusion at its entrance during the annual spring permafrost thawing. Warmer temperatures and heavy rainfall in October 2016 caused significantly greater amounts of water to seep into the entrance, but the facility's design ensured that the water froze after several meters and the seeds were not endangered. Work completed in 2019 eliminated this water seepage. Attached to the seed boxes are sheets of nanofilm that hold information on such things as seed identity. == Crop Trust == The Crop Trust, officially known as the Global Crop Diversity Trust, plays a key role in the planning of the Seed Vault and coordinating shipments of seed samples to the Seed Vault in conjunction with the Nordic Genetic Resource Center. The Crop Trust provides


id: vlaams-instituut-voor-biotechnologie-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaams_Instituut_voor_Biotechnologie-0.md
category: reference
title: Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaams_Instituut_voor_Biotechnologie
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:34.086926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vlaams-instituut-voor-biotechnologie-20260505-0
summary:
VIB is a research institute located in Flanders, Belgium. It was founded by the Flemish government in 1995, and became a full-fledged institute on 1 January 1996. The main objective of VIB is to strengthen the excellence of Flemish life-sciences research and to turn the results into new economic growth. VIB spends almost 80% of its budget on research activities, while almost 12% is spent on technology transfer activities and stimulating the creation of new businesses. VIB is member of EU-LIFE, an alliance of leading life-sciences research centres in Europe. As of 2026, the institute is led by Christine Durinx and Jérôme Van Biervliet. Ajit Shetty is chairman of the board of directors. == Goals == VIB's mission is to conduct frontline biomolecular research in life sciences for the benefit of scientific progress and the benefit of society. The strategic goals of the VIB are: Strategic basic research; Technology transfer policy to transfer the inventions to consumers and patients; Scientific information for the general public. == Research == VIB scientists work on the normal and pathological processes occurring in a cell, an organ, or an organism (humans, plants, microorganisms). Research areas include cancer biology, neuroscience, plant biology, computational biology, and


id: lovell-telescope-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope-0.md
category: reference
title: Lovell Telescope
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:35.766583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lovell-telescope-20260505-0
summary:
The Lovell Telescope ( LUV-əl) is a radio telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory, near Goostrey, Cheshire, in the north-west of England. When construction was finished in 1957, the telescope was the largest steerable dish radio telescope in the world at 76.2 metres (250 feet) in diameter; it is now the third-largest, after the Green Bank telescope in West Virginia, United States, and the Effelsberg telescope in Germany. It was originally known as the "250 ft telescope" or the Radio Telescope at Jodrell Bank, before becoming the Mark I telescope around 1961 when future telescopes (the Mark II, III, and IV) were being discussed. It was renamed to the Lovell Telescope in 1987 after Sir Bernard Lovell, and became a Grade I listed building in 1988. The telescope forms part of the MERLIN and European VLBI Network arrays of radio telescopes. Both Bernard Lovell and Charles Husband were knighted for their roles in creating the telescope. In September 2006, the telescope won the BBC's online competition to find the UK's greatest "Unsung Landmark". 2007 marked the 50th anniversary of the telescope. If the air is clear enough, the Mark I telescope can be seen from high-rise buildings in Manchester such as


id: lovell-telescope-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope-1.md
category: reference
title: Lovell Telescope
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:35.766583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lovell-telescope-20260505-0
summary:
The telescope bowl was originally going to have a wire mesh surface to observe at wavelengths between 1 and 10 meters (3.3 and 32.8 ft), so frequencies between 30 and 300 MHz; this was changed to a steel surface so that the telescope could observe at the 21 cm (8.3 in) hydrogen line, which was discovered in 1951. Also, in February 1954 Lovell and the Air Ministry met to see if funding could be made available for improving the accuracy of the dish so that it could be used on centimetre wavelengths, for research at these wavelengths for the Ministry as well as "other purposes". Although the funding was not ultimately made available from the Air Ministry, the planning process had already progressed, so this improvement was made anyway. The telescope was constructed so that the bowl could be completely inverted. Originally, it was intended to use a movable tower at the base of the telescope to change the receivers at the focus. However, the movable tower was never built, jointly because of funding constraints and the fact that much of the receiver equipment was placed at the base of the telescope rather than at the focus. Instead, receivers were


id: lovell-telescope-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope-2.md
category: reference
title: Lovell Telescope
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:35.766583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lovell-telescope-20260505-0
summary:
=== Later upgrades and repairs === The Gale of January 1976 on 2 January brought winds of around 90 mph (140 km/h), which almost destroyed the telescope. The towers bowed, and one of the bearings connecting the dish to the towers slipped. After an expensive repair, diagonal bracing girders were added to the towers to prevent this happening again. By the 1990s, the telescope surface was becoming badly corroded. In 2001–03, the telescope was resurfaced, increasing its sensitivity at 5 GHz by a factor of five. A holographic profiling technique was used on the surface, meaning that the surface works optimally at wavelengths of 5 cm (compared to 18 cm on the old surface). A new drive system was installed, which provides a much higher pointing accuracy. The outer track was relaid, and the focal tower was strengthened so that it could support heavier receivers. In 2007 the telescope needed a new drive wheel, as one of the 64 original wheels had cracked; in 2008 another new steel tyre was needed after a second wheel cracked. These are the only two wheel changes needed since the telescope started operation in 1957. The presence (as at 2010) of two breeding pairs


id: lovell-telescope-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope-3.md
category: reference
title: Lovell Telescope
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:35.766583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lovell-telescope-20260505-0
summary:
=== ICBM watchdog === As a stopgap measure while RAF Fylingdales was being built, the telescope was on standby for "Project Verify" (also known by the codewords "Lothario" and "Changlin") between April 1962 and September 1963. During strategic alerts, a 'pulse transmitter, receiver and display equipment' could be connected to the telescope to scan known Russian launch sites for indications of launches of ICBMs and/or IRBMs. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, the telescope was discreetly turned towards the Iron Curtain to provide a few minutes' warning of any missiles that might have been launched. == Scientific observations == When the telescope was proposed, a series of objectives for the telescope's observations were set out. These included: Surveys of galactic and extragalactic radio emission Observations of the Sun Radar echoes from the planets Investigation of meteor detections Observations of the Gegenschein Studies of the Aurora Detections of radio reflections from cosmic ray ionization in the atmosphere However, the actual observations made with the telescope differ from these original objectives, and are outlined in the following sections. === Solar system === In Autumn 1958, the telescope was used to bounce "Hellos" off the Moon for a demonstration in Lovell's


id: lovell-telescope-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope-4.md
category: reference
title: Lovell Telescope
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:35.766583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lovell-telescope-20260505-0
summary:
Interferometry at Jodrell Bank started before the Lovell telescope was constructed, using the Transit Telescope with a 35 m2 broadside array to determine the size of radio-loud nebulae. Once construction of the Lovell telescope was complete, the broadside array was put on a steerable mount and the pair were used as a tracking radio interferometer. This was then used to determine the 2D shape of quasars on the sky. In the summer of 1961, a 25-foot (8-m) diameter paraboloid telescope was constructed (of aluminium tubing and mounted on the rotating structure of an old defence radar). This was then used as a steerable interferometer with the Mark I, with a resolution of 0.3 arcseconds, to determine the sizes of some high-redshift (z~0.86) quasars. The Mark II telescope once constructed was also used as an interferometer with the Lovell telescope. This has a baseline of 425 metres (1,394 feet) (meaning that it can synthesize a telescope with 425 m diameter), giving it a resolution of around 0.5 arcminutes. This telescope pair has been used to carry out survey work, and to determine the positions of faint radio objects. Also, one of the drivers behind the construction of the Mark III was


id: radcliffe-observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Radcliffe Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:37.007420+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: radcliffe-observatory-20260505-0
summary:
Radcliffe Observatory was the astronomical observatory of the University of Oxford from 1773 until 1934, when the Radcliffe Trustees sold it and built a new observatory in Pretoria, South Africa. It is a Grade I listed building. Today, the building forms part of Green Templeton College of the University of Oxford. == History == The observatory was founded and named after the physician John Radcliffe (1650–1714) by the Radcliffe Trustees. It was built on the suggestion of the astronomer Thomas Hornsby, who was occupying the Savilian Chair of Astronomy, following his observation of the notable transit of Venus across the Sun's disc in 1769 from a room in the nearby Radcliffe Infirmary. The observatory building, at a site on Woodstock Road, commenced to designs by Henry Keene in 1772 and was completed in 1794 to the designs of James Wyatt. It has a prominent octagonal tower based on the Tower of the Winds in Athens, topped with a statue by John Bacon of Atlas holding up the World. Until 1839, the Savilian Chair of Astronomy was responsible for the observatory. At this date the appointment of George Henry Sacheverell Johnson – an astronomer with no observational experience – caused the


id: royal-institution-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Institution
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:38.212600+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-institution-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often the Royal Institution, abbreviated Ri or RI) is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the City of Westminster. It was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish and its first president, George Finch. Its foundational principles were diffusing the knowledge of, and facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical inventions and improvements, as well as enhancing the application of science to the common purposes of life (including through teaching, courses of philosophical lectures, and experiments). Much of the Institution's initial funding and the initial proposal for its founding were given by the Society for Bettering the Conditions and Improving the Comforts of the Poor, under the guidance of philanthropist Sir Thomas Bernard and American-born British scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. Since its founding it has been based at 21 Albemarle Street in Mayfair. Its Royal Charter was granted in 1800. == History == The Royal Institution was founded as the result of a proposal by Sir Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) for the "formation by Subscription, in the Metropolis of the British Empire, of a Public Institution for diffusing the Knowledge and facilitating


id: royal-institution-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Institution
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:38.212600+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-institution-20260505-0
summary:
=== Director Greenfield firing === From 1998 to 8 January 2010, the director of the Royal Institution was Baroness Susan Greenfield, but following a review, the position was abolished for being "no longer affordable". The Royal Institution had found itself in a financial crisis following a £22 million development programme led by Greenfield, which included refurbishment of the institution's main Albemarle Street building, and the addition of a restaurant and bar with an aim to turn the venue into a "Groucho club for science". The project ended £3 million in debt. Greenfield subsequently announced that she would be suing for discrimination. The RI's official statement stated it would "continue to deliver its main charitable objectives under the direction of chief executive officer, Chris Rofe and a talented senior team including Professor Quentin Pankhurst, the Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory, Dr Gail Cardew, the Head of Programmes and Professor Frank James, Head of Collections and Heritage." Baroness Greenfield later dropped the discrimination case. == Current organisation == Today the Royal Institution is committed to "diffusing science for the common purposes of life". Membership is open to all, with no nomination procedure or academic requirements, on payment of an annual subscription.


id: tower-of-the-winds-oxford-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds_(Oxford)-0.md
category: reference
title: Tower of the Winds (Oxford)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds_(Oxford)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:39.460531+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tower-of-the-winds-oxford-20260505-0
summary:
The Tower of the Winds is the prominent octagonal tower on top of the old Radcliffe Observatory building in Oxford, England. The building now forms a centrepiece for Green Templeton College, one of the colleges of Oxford University. The tower is based on the ancient (but much smaller) Tower of the Winds in Athens, Greece, built c.100–50 BC by Andronicus of Cyrrhus for the purpose of measuring time. It is of octagonal stone construction, with eight relief images of Greek mythological wind gods at the top of each side of the tower, carved by John Bacon the Elder in 1792–4, copying those in Athens. The tower was completed by James Wyatt in 1794. On the top are Atlas and Hercules supporting a globe in white, also by John Bacon. The reliefs of the signs of the zodiac above the windows on the first floor are made of Coade stone by J. C. F. Rossi. Inside the tower, there are three main rooms on top of each other. The Tower of the Winds is situated in prominent view of the adjacent telescope dome of the Radcliffe Observatory, which has lent its name not only to Observatory Street to the north, but


id: greenhouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse-0.md
category: reference
title: Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:41.007301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
In horticulture, a greenhouse is a structure designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside it with a view to growing plants. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight enter and that inhibit the loss of the sun's heat. The most common materials used in modern greenhouses for walls and roofs are rigid plastics made of polycarbonate, plastic film made of polyethylene, or glass panes. When sunlight shines into a greenhouse the temperature inside increases, providing a sheltered environment for plants to grow — even in cold weather. The terms greenhouse, glasshouse, and hothouse often refer interchangeably to buildings used for cultivating plants. The specific term used depends on the material and on the heating-system used in the building. Nowadays, greenhouses are more commonly constructed with a variety of materials, such as wood and polyethylene plastic. A glasshouse, on the other hand, is a traditional type of greenhouse which uses glass panes that allow light to enter. The term hothouse indicates the use of artificial heating. However, both heated and unheated structures can generally class as greenhouses. The word "vinery", when referring to a site


id: greenhouse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse-1.md
category: reference
title: Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:41.007301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
I shall essay the finishing of my greenhouse this fall, but find that neither myself, nor any person about me is so well skilled in the internal constructions as to proceed without a probability at least of running into errors. Shall I for this reason, ask the favor of you to give me a short description of the Green-house at Mrs. Carrolls? I am persuaded, now that I planned mine on too contracted a scale. My house is (of Brick) 40 feet by 24, in the outer dimensions … === 19th century === The French botanist Charles Lucien Bonaparte is often credited with building the first practical modern greenhouse in Leiden, Holland, during the 1800s to grow medicinal tropical plants. Originally only on the estates of the rich, the growth of the science of botany caused greenhouses to spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses orangeries, since they were used to protect orange trees from freezing. As pineapples became popular, pineries, or pineapple pits, were built. === 19th-century England === The largest glasshouses yet conceived were constructed in England during the Victorian era. As a direct result of colonial expansion, the purpose of glasshouses changed from agriculture


id: greenhouse-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse-2.md
category: reference
title: Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:41.007301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
=== Ventilation === Ventilation is one of the most important components in a successful greenhouse. If there is no proper ventilation, greenhouses and their growing plants can become prone to problems. The main purposes of ventilation is to regulate the temperature and humidity to the optimal level, and to ensure movement of air and thus prevent the build-up of plant pathogens (such as Botrytis cinerea) that prefer still air conditions. Ventilation also ensures a supply of fresh air for photosynthesis and plant respiration, and may enable important pollinators to access the greenhouse crop. Ventilation can be achieved via the use of vents – often controlled automatically via a computer – and recirculation fans. === Heating === Heating or electricity is one of the most considerable costs in the operation of greenhouses across the globe, especially in colder climates. The main problem with heating a greenhouse as opposed to a building that has solid opaque walls is the amount of heat lost through the greenhouse covering. Since the coverings need to allow light to filter into the structure, they conversely cannot insulate very well. With traditional plastic greenhouse coverings having an R-value of around 2, a great amount of money is


id: greenhouse-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse-3.md
category: reference
title: Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:41.007301+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
=== High-latitude solar greenhouses === Specialized designs exist to allow for growing of crops in the colder climates at higher latitudes. In northern areas of China such as Shenyang, slanted solar greenhouses are used to provide efficient, passive heating of crops. This heating has been shown to prevent crops from reaching lethally low temperatures, even when active heating elements are disabled. This style of greenhouse was first constructed in 1978, growing in popularity during the 1980s. == Uses == Greenhouses allow for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a greenhouse, key factors that may be controlled include temperature, levels of light and shade, irrigation, fertilizer application, and atmospheric humidity. Greenhouses may be used to overcome shortcomings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a short growing season or poor light levels, and they can thereby improve food production in marginal environments. Shade houses are used specifically to provide shade in hot, dry climates. As they may enable certain crops to be grown throughout the year, greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high-latitude countries. One of the largest complexes in the world is in Almería, Andalucía,


id: ashgabat-botanical-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Botanical_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Ashgabat Botanical Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Botanical_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:42.185051+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ashgabat-botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
The Ashgabat Botanical Garden in Ashgabat is the oldest botanical garden in Turkmenistan. The name Ashgabat literally means "city of love or city of devotion." Turkmenistan is found in the Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Entrance to the botanical garden is located in the eastern side of Ashgabat on the territory of the academic sciences of Turkmenistan between streets 2029 and Tagta. Founded on 1 October 1929, Ashgabat covers approximately 18 hectares, and exhibits more than 500 different species of plants from around the world. The park is divided into several climatic zones, is decorated with sculptures and gazebos, and has greenhouses. == Overwiew == In 1892, the Ashgabat Specialized Botanical Station was organized. The Garden School was then formed, which laid the foundation for the future garden. The official founding of the Ashgabat Botanical Garden is considered to be October 1, 1929, although floristic studies on its territory were carried out long before this date. After the opening, work began on the selection and testing of flower-decorative and wood-shrub plants. The


id: bioshelter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioshelter-0.md
category: reference
title: Bioshelter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioshelter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:43.400872+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bioshelter-20260505-0
summary:
A bioshelter is a solar greenhouse managed as an indoor ecosystem. The word bioshelter was coined by the New Alchemy Institute and solar designers Sean Wellesley-Miller and Day Chahroudi. The term was created to distinguish their work in greenhouse design and management from twentieth century petro-chemical fuelled monoculture greenhouses. == Overview == New Alchemy's pioneering work in ecological design is documented in their published Journals and Reports. In 1976 the Alchemists built the Cape Cod Ark bioshelter and her sister The Prince Edward Island Ark. For the next 15 years the New Alchemy Institute studied and reported on the use of these prototype food producing ecosystems. == Architecture == A bioshelter (life-shelter) involves two fields of knowledge and design. The first is architecture designed to nurture an ecosystem within. A bioshelter structure uses glazing to contain and protect the living biology inside, control air exchange and absorb energy. The building exchanges nutrients, gases and energy with the surrounding environment, produces crops, and recycles waste organic material into the soil. Solar energy is stored as heat energy in thermal mass such as water, stone, masonry, soil and plant biomass. == Biology == The second is the biology inside the bioshelter. Earle


id: cold-frame-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_frame-0.md
category: reference
title: Cold frame
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_frame
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:44.585765+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cold-frame-20260505-0
summary:
In agriculture and gardening, a cold frame is a transparent-roofed enclosure, built low to the ground, used to protect plants from adverse weather, primarily excessive cold or wet. The transparent top admits sunlight and prevents heat escape via convection that would otherwise occur, particularly at night. Essentially, a cold frame functions as a miniature greenhouse to extend the growing season. Historically, cold frames were built to be used in addition to a heated greenhouse. The name itself exemplifies the distinction between the warm greenhouse and the unheated cold frame. They were frequently built as part of the greenhouse's foundation brickwork along the southern wall (in northern latitudes). This allowed seeds to be germinated in the greenhouse and then easily moved to the attached cold frame to be "hardened-off" before final planting outside. Cold frames are similar to some enclosed hotbeds, also called hotboxes. The difference is in the amount of heat generated inside. This is parallel to the way that some greenhouses are called "hothouses" to emphasize their higher temperature, achieved either by the solar effects alone or by auxiliary heating via a heater or HVAC system of some kind. Cold frames are found in home gardens and in vegetable


id: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)-0.md
category: reference
title: Conservatory (greenhouse)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:45.863056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
A conservatory is a building or room having glass or other transparent roofing and walls, used as a greenhouse or a sunroom. Usually it refers to a space attached to a conventional building such as a house, especially in the United Kingdom. Elsewhere, especially in America, it can often refer to a large freestanding glass-walled building in a botanic garden or park, sometimes also called a palm house if tall enough for trees. Municipal conservatories became popular in the early 19th century. == Description == Many cities, especially those in cold climates and with large European populations, have built municipal conservatories to display tropical plants and hold flower displays. This type of conservatory was popular in the early nineteenth century, and by the end of the century people were also giving them a social use (e.g., tea parties). Conservatory architecture varies from typical Victorian glasshouses to modern styles, such as geodesic domes. Many were large and impressive structures and are included in the list below. In the UK, the legal definition of a conservatory is a building that has at least 50% of its side wall area glazed and at least 75% of its roof glazed with translucent materials, either


id: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)-1.md
category: reference
title: Conservatory (greenhouse)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:45.863056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conservatory-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
=== Canada === Muttart Conservatory (Edmonton, Alberta) Bloedel Floral Conservatory (Vancouver, B.C.) Allan Gardens (Toronto, Ontario) Centennial Park Conservatory (Toronto, Ontario) Assiniboine Park Conservatory (Winnipeg, Manitoba) === China === Beijing Botanical Garden (Beijing) Shanghai Botanical Garden (Shanghai) South China Botanical Garden (Qingyang, Guangzhou) === Denmark === Copenhagen Botanical Gardens === Germany === Botanical Gardens and Botanical Museum, Berlin === United Kingdom === ==== England ==== Kew Gardens (southwest London) Chatsworth House (Derbyshire) Eden Project (Cornwall) Syon House (west London) Barbican Conservatory (central London) Anthaeum, Hove: built in 1830 with the world's largest dome, it collapsed on its opening day in 1833. ==== Northern Ireland ==== Belfast Botanic Gardens ==== Scotland ==== Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh Kibble Palace The Tollcross Winter Gardens, Glasgow Springburn Winter Gardens === South Africa === Pearson Conservatory, Port Elizabeth The Botanical Society Conservatory, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Cape Town === Spain === Palacio de Cristal del Retiro === United States === Amazon Spheres (Seattle, Washington) Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory (Detroit, Michigan) Biosphere 2 (Oracle, Arizona) Birmingham Botanical Gardens (Birmingham, Alabama) Bolz Conservatory (Madison, Wisconsin) Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens (Buffalo, New York) Cecil B. Day Butterfly Center (Pine Mountain, Georgia) Climatron (St. Louis) Conservatory of


id: estufa-fria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estufa_Fria-0.md
category: reference
title: Estufa Fria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estufa_Fria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:47.101960+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: estufa-fria-20260505-0
summary:
The Estufa Fria ([iʃˈtufɐ ˈfɾi.ɐ]; lit. "Cold Greenhouse") is a greenhouse with three distinct gardens located in Edward VII Park between the streets Alameda Engenheiro Edgar Cardoso and Alameda Cardeal Cerejeira in Lisbon, Portugal. == History == The Estufa Fria opened in 1933. Portuguese architect Raul Carapinha conceived and designed the project. It was built near an old basalt mine which had been abandoned after a spring was discovered nearby. The greenhouse was remodeled concurrently with Edward VII Park in 1945 by Portuguese architect Francisco Keil do Amaral. The greenhouse's existing entrance porch, a lake near the entrance, and a large visitor "living room" called "the ship" or "the vessel" (Portuguese: nave) were built during this time. == Expansion == In 1975 the Estufa Quente and Estufa Doce sections opened, expanding the botanical collection to include plants from tropical and equatorial regions. On 29 April 2009 the original Estufa Fria closed due to the risk of collapse of its steel structure. It reopened in April 2011 after two years of renovation work. == Description == Measuring 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres) in area, the Estufa Fria consists of three parts: Cold Greenhouse (Estufa Fria) Hot Greenhouse (Estufa Quente) Sweet Greenhouse (Estufa


id: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay-0.md
category: reference
title: Gardens by the Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:48.406877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
summary:
The Gardens by the Bay is an urban park spanning 105 hectares (260 acres) in the Central Region of Singapore, adjacent to the Marina Reservoir. The park consists of three waterfront gardens: Bay South Garden in Marina South, Bay East Garden with the Founders' Memorial in Marina East and Bay Central Garden in the Downtown Core and Kallang. The largest of the gardens is the Bay South Garden at 54 hectares (130 acres) designed by Grant Associates. Its Flower Dome is the largest glass greenhouse in the world. Gardens by the Bay was part of the nation's plans to transform its "Garden City" to a "City in a Garden", with the aim of raising the quality of life by enhancing greenery and flora in the city. First announced by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at Singapore's National Day Rally in 2005, Gardens by the Bay was intended to be Singapore's premier urban outdoor recreation space and one of the country's national icons. A popular tourist attraction in Singapore, the park had 6.4 million visitors in 2014, and had had 20 million by November 2015 and over 50 million by 2018. In 2024, TripAdvisor's Traveler's Choice Awards Best Of The Best


id: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay-1.md
category: reference
title: Gardens by the Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:48.406877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
summary:
=== Cloud Forest === The Cloud Forest is higher but slightly smaller at 0.8 hectares (2.0 acres). It replicates the cool moist conditions found in tropical mountain regions between 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above sea level, found in South-East Asia, Central- and South America. It features a 42-metre (138 ft) "Cloud Mountain". After ascending to the top by an elevator, visitors descend the mountain via a circular path which crosses underneath the 35-metre (115 ft) waterfall multiple times. The "Cloud Mountain" itself is an intricate structure entirely clad in epiphytes such as orchids, ferns, spikemosses and clubmosses, bromeliads and anthuriums. The Maiden Hair Fungus inspired the design by Grant Associates and consists of many levels, each with a different theme, including The Lost World, The Cavern, The Waterfall View, The Crystal Mountain, The Cloud Forest Gallery, The Cloud Forest Theatre and The Secret Garden. The following is a partial list of plants growing in the Cloud Forest: In April 2022, a Māori kūwaha (meeting house) sculpture was presented to Singapore by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, of New Zealand, during her first official trip abroad since the 2020 pandemic. Symbolising strong ties and a friendship between


id: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay-2.md
category: reference
title: Gardens by the Bay
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:48.406877+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gardens-by-the-bay-20260505-0
summary:
== Future Developments == === Wetlands By The Bay === Wetlands by the Bay was announced on 4 March 2026 in Parliament by Minister of State for National Development Alvin Tan as a new attraction located in Bay South Gardens. Planned to open in stages starting from the end of 2028, it will consist of the current Kingfisher Wetlands, which would be expanded to contain over 50,000 plants of varying species, a new 1.2ha museum set up by teamLab, an international artist collective, and the current Satay by the Bay, which will be replaced by a two-storey block. In total, Wetlands by the Bay will occupy approximately 5ha. According to Alvin Tan, the attraction will funded by Gardens by the Bay. However, the cost of the attraction was not stated. A new bridge, expected to open in 2027 at a cost of SG$75.7 million, will also be built to link up Bay South Garden and Bay East Garden. The bridge will be roughly 550m long and have a maximum width of 5.8m, and can be used by pedestrians, cyclists, and persons using mobility aids. == Budget == The final construction cost for the project, not including the price of the


id: the-green-planet-dubai-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Planet,_Dubai-0.md
category: reference
title: The Green Planet, Dubai
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Planet,_Dubai
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:49.632797+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-green-planet-dubai-20260505-0
summary:
The Green Planet is an indoor zoo and garden in the City Walk area of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has over 3,000 plants and animals in its artificial "bio-dome" tropical rainforest including birds, reptiles, and fish. They are kept in open environments, but may not be touched. The Green Planet indoor ecosystem was opened in 2016, with 3,000 plants and animals. The attraction was created by Meraas. == Structure == The bio-dome is cube-shaped and was built as an expansion to CityWalk on Al Wasl Road. It is 60,000 square feet in area and the building's exterior is divided into two parts diagonally. One part is cylindrical with glass, while the other is covered with small circular apertures. At the centre of the bio-dome, there is an 82-foot (25-meter) tall tree with an artificial trunk. A small bridge connects to the tree, which can only hold up to four people at a time. There is also an artificial waterfall. Visitors enter on the fourth floor via a lift and walk down using a spiral slope. In addition, there is a lift and stairs to access animals in the basement. Reptiles are on display at every level, with information about


id: haga-tr-dg-rd-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haga_trädgård-0.md
category: reference
title: Haga trädgård
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haga_trädgård
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:50.828982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: haga-tr-dg-rd-20260505-0
summary:
Haga Trädgård is a garden located at the northern end of Haga Park in Solna, Sweden. Haga Trädgård was founded by King Gustav III in the 1785. It was intended that it should become the kitchen garden to the royal household. At the time Gustav III had plans to build a very large palace just 300m from Haga Trädgård but eventually due to lack of available finance the palace was never built. The Haga Tradgard gardens were indeed established and provided the royal household with many different local and exotic vegetables and fruits. In 1812 the King purchased 20 figs from the gardens at a cost of 2 kronor each. At the time a garden employee earned just 7.5 öre per hour. The gardens flourished and became a well known source for flowers and vegetables. In 1917 the department store NK took over the gardens to grow fresh vegetables for Stockholm's inhabitants. It was at the tail end of the first World War and fresh vegetables were quite scarce. In 1917, NK built a splendid conservatory which now is Stockholms oldest conservatory. In 1933 the town council of Stockholm took over the gardens and produced flowers for official use and


id: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse-0.md
category: reference
title: IBTS Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:52.092469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
The IBTS (“Integrated Biotectural System") greenhouse is a biotectural, urban development project suited for hot arid deserts. It was part of the Egyptian strategy for the afforestation of desert lands from 2011 until spring of 2015, when geopolitical changes like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province in Egypt forced the project to a halt. The project begun in spring 2007 as an academic study in urban development and desert greening. It was further developed by Nicol-André Berdellé and Daniel Voelker as a private project until 2011. Afterwards LivingDesert Group including Prof. Abdel Ghany El Gindy and Dr. Mosaad Kotb from the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate in Egypt, Forestry Scientist Hany El Kateb, Agroecologist Wil van Eijsden and permaculturist Sepp Holzer was created to introduce the finished project in Egypt. The IBTS Greenhouse, together with the programme for the afforestation of desert lands in Egypt, became part of relocation strategies. These play a role in Egypt as urbanization of the Nile Delta is a problem for the agricultural sector and because of infrastructural problems like traffic congestion in Cairo. The IBTS features sea-water farming but inside a large greenhouse. All of the evaporated water can


id: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse-1.md
category: reference
title: IBTS Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:52.092469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
== Charging the nutrient cycle == The nutrient cycle is connected to the watercycle. Charging it mainly means the practice of building up soil fertility and soil organic matter. This can entail import of biomass through organic waste, but mainly by biowaste from the production of food inside the IBTS. In sea-water systems the biomass is created from salt-tolerant plants called halophytes. Biomass yields of up to 52 tons per hectare per year have been recorded. Moreover, the biomass generation of roots are important for Carbon sequestration. This is up to 35t/ha*y extra. The IBTS-Greenhouse is a Blue Carbon project. A third source of biomass are external seawater farms, which do not require the pricy space under the roof of the IBTS. These can be on land or in sea. Most noteworthy are seaweed farms. Just as the nutrient cycle has to be charged with biomass there is an option to charge the atmosphere inside the IBTS, or seaweed water-ponds, with CO2. This would increase the biomass yield. This process has certain limits. One is the availability of trace element like phosphorus required by any organism. As the best source for the charging with additional CO2 would be industrial waste


id: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse-2.md
category: reference
title: IBTS Greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS_Greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:52.092469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ibts-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
This can be understood by a comparison of GDP growth, the generation of real values and a weighted GDP. An example for the infrastructure services of the IBTS Greenhouse is water purification. Wastewater is percolated into the ground and provides water and nutrients for the growth of trees. This is not so easy with food crops for hygienic reasons. Thus the IBTS provides sewage treatment in countries, or areas that lack treatment plants The IBTS Greenhouse is an open concept compatible with most other technologies and practices for water- energy- and food production. It is plugin-ready for upcoming technologies like nuclear power from compact fusion, the traveling wave reactor, or breeder reactors. When these energy sources become available they can be integrated into existing IBTS infrastructure and generate even more fresh water without brine discharge into natural water bodies and the appending environmental problems. For infrastructure developments taking decades for the roll-out and upscaling it is crucial to design in terms of future-readiness, a key engineering principle. The manufacturing process of the IBTS is designed for automation, which requires more electricity than common construction sites, or manufacturing processes. This platform design is also future ready for more available energy. An


id: lal-bagh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh-0.md
category: reference
title: Lal Bagh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:53.373817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lal-bagh-20260505-0
summary:
Lalbagh Botanical Garden or simply Lalbagh (lit. 'red garden'), is a botanical garden in Bengaluru, India. It was originally built by Hyder Ali in 1760, during the Sultanate of Mysore . The garden was later managed under numerous British superintendents before Indian Independence. It was responsible for the introduction and propagation of numerous ornamental plants as well as those of economic value. It also served a social function as a park and recreational space, with a central glass house dating from 1890 which was used for flower shows. In modern times, it hosts two flower shows coinciding with the week of Republic Day (26 January) and Independence Day (15 August). As an urban green space along with Cubbon Park, it is also home to numerous wild species of birds and other wildlife. The garden also has a lake adjoining a large rock on which a watchtower had been constructed during the reign of Kempegowda II. == History == King Hyder Ali commissioned the building of this garden in 1760, but his son, King Tipu Sultan, completed it. A Bagh is Hindustani for garden while the reference of the prefix Lal is debated and could refer to the colour red due


id: lal-bagh-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh-1.md
category: reference
title: Lal Bagh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:53.373817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lal-bagh-20260505-0
summary:
In 1890-91, a central bandstand and the glasshouse (for flowershows) made with iron pillars cast by Walter Macfarlane and Company of Glasgow were added. Cameron also helped introduce commercial crops like cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, radish, rhubarb, celery, and kohlrabi. Trees introduced included the baobab from Africa, Brownea rosea from the Caribbean, and Catha edulis from Yemen. Cameron retired in 1908 and was followed by Gustav Herman Krumbiegel. A menagerie and an aviary had been established in the 1860s. A 15 ft high pigeon house or dovecote for 200 birds was built in 1893 south of the Glass House. Following the plague the maintenance deteriorated and there was a proposal to close the menagerie and aviary in the 1900s. in 1914. Captain S.S.Flower reported that it included a court built between 1850 and 1860 having tigers and rhinoceros; an aviary; a monkey house with an orangutan; a paddock with blackbuck, chital, Sambar deer, barking deer, and a pair of emus; a bear house and a peacock enclosure. In 1874, Lalbagh had an area of 45 acres (180,000 m2). In 1889, 30 acres were added to the eastern side, followed by 13 acres in 1891 including the rock with Kempegowda tower and


id: lal-bagh-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh-2.md
category: reference
title: Lal Bagh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:53.373817+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lal-bagh-20260505-0
summary:
== Lalbagh management and public protests == The Lalbagh botanical gardens is managed by the Department of Horticulture and is no longer maintained as a botanical garden and is not a member of the Botanic Gardens Conservation International. With an increasing pressure to serve as a park and social space, much of the garden has been converted into walking paths and lawns. Morning walkers throng Lalbagh every morning. Many tree have been trimmed or cut down to make way for public amenities or due to perceptions that falling branches may threaten visitors. A part of the garden was taken over and many trees cut down amid protests for construction of the Lalbagh Metro Station as part of the Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Entry fees of INR 25 with a camera fee of INR 60 have also been a point of contention. There have been repeated proposals to build various recreational amenities such as rock gardens, fountains and boating facilities. Some of these proposals of the management have been halted in the past due protests from enlightened public who have pointed out the impacts these have on the environment. == Connectivity == Lalbagh metro station connects with the Greenline of


id: meise-botanic-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meise_Botanic_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Meise Botanic Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meise_Botanic_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:54.607438+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meise-botanic-garden-20260505-0
summary:
Meise Botanic Garden (Dutch: Plantentuin Meise; French: Jardin botanique de Meise), until 2014 called the National Botanic Garden of Belgium (Dutch: Nationale Plantentuin van België; French: Jardin botanique national de Belgique), is a botanical garden located in the grounds of Bouchout Castle in Meise, Flemish Brabant, just north of Brussels. It is one of the world's largest botanical gardens, with an extensive collection of living plants and a herbarium of about 4 million specimens. The current garden was established in 1958 after moving from central Brussels; the former site is now the Botanical Garden of Brussels. Meise Botanic Garden contains about 18,000 plant species — about 6% of all the world's known plant species. Half are in greenhouses, the other half, including cultivated and indigenous plants, are outdoors. The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this botanic garden is BR, which is used when citing housed specimens. The botanic garden's mission statement specifies increasing and spreading "the knowledge of plants" and contributions to "the conservation of biodiversity". Research at the garden is primarily conducted on Belgian and African biodiversity (incl. plants, fungi, myxomycetes, diatoms). Meise Botanic Garden was property of the Belgian government, but after several years of negotiations, it was


id: monnaran-solar-power-plant-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnaran_Solar_Power_Plant-0.md
category: reference
title: Monnaran Solar Power Plant
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnaran_Solar_Power_Plant
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:55.812770+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: monnaran-solar-power-plant-20260505-0
summary:
The Monnaran 10MW Solar Power Plant (Mongolian: Моннаран нарны цахилгаан станц) is a photovoltaic power station in Songino Khairkhan, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It was constructed together on top of greenhouse. == History == The construction of the power plant started in 2015. It was then commissioned on 25 November 2017 during a ceremony attended by Foreign Minister D. Tsogtbaatar. The power plant was constructed with a cost of US$23 million. Part of the funds were provided by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. It was constructed by Everyday Farm LLC. == Technical specifications == The power plant consists of 46,848 photovoltaic panels with a total installed capacity of 10 MW. Included in the project were the construction of the 20-km of overhead line and the expansion of Bayanchandmani substation. The area includes 20 greenhouses which were built on 13 hectares of land in which the PV panels were installed on top of the greenhouse buildings. == See also == List of power stations in Mongolia == References ==


id: palm-house-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_house-0.md
category: reference
title: Palm house
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_house
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:57.064230+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palm-house-20260505-0
summary:
Palm house is a term sometimes used for large and high heated display greenhouses that specialise in growing palms and other tropical and subtropical plants. In Victorian Britain, several ornate glass and iron palm houses were built in botanical gardens and parks, using cast iron architecture. Especially in English-speaking countries outside the British Isles, these are often called conservatories, in the UK mainly a term for small glass structures attached to houses. The large example, completed in 1848, in Kew Gardens, London was arguably the first greenhouse to be built on this scale. It was also the first large-scale structural use of wrought iron. The later Temperate House at Kew is in fact even larger. Other British examples are at Liverpool's Sefton Park and Stanley Park. Elsewhere there are the Franklin Park Conservatory in Columbus, Ohio, the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken in Brussels, the Palmenhaus Schönbrunn in Vienna, and many others. The rounded shapes of Kew were often followed in the 19th century. Parts of the iron technology there were borrowed from shipbuilding, so the resemblance of many designs to upturned ships in not entirely coincidental. In the 20th century some pyramidal designs and geodesic domes were adopted. The "Tropical


id: palmenhaus-burggarten-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_(Burggarten)-0.md
category: reference
title: Palmenhaus (Burggarten)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_(Burggarten)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:58.295298+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmenhaus-burggarten-20260505-0
summary:
The Palmenhaus (Palm House), also known as the Glashaus (Glass House), is a building in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna. It is located on the edge of the Burggarten near the Albertina and the State Opera. It is 180 metres long and 13 metres wide, and has a floor area of around 2,050m². == History == The original classical greenhouse was built between 1823 and 1826 according to designs by Ludwig von Remy and was architecturally based on the Orangerie in Schönbrunn. The rear wall of the building was part of the Vienna City Wall. The greenhouse was demolished around the turn of the 20th century and a new building, influenced by the Jugendstil movement, was built in 1901–1905 to designs by the court architect Friedrich Ohmann. The decorations in the central section (vases, female figures with wreaths, small boys) are by Josef Václav Myslbek, Edmund Hellmer and Rudolf Weyr. From 1919 to 1938, the Palmenhaus was the seat and exhibition space of the Vienna Kunstgemeinschaft, an association of artists. In 1988 the building was closed for security reasons, and from 1996 to 1998 a general renovation costing around 13 million euros was carried out. In 1998 the Palmenhaus


id: palmenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_Schönbrunn-0.md
category: reference
title: Palmenhaus Schönbrunn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmenhaus_Schönbrunn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:02:59.550543+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palmenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
summary:
The Palmenhaus Schönbrunn is a large greenhouse in Vienna, Austria featuring plants from around the world. It opened in 1882. It is the most prominent of the four greenhouses in Schönbrunn Palace Park, and is also among the largest botanical exhibits of its kind in the world, with around 4,500 plant species. == History == Several forerunners were built in the Palace Park in the 18th and 19th centuries, under Emperors Francis I and Joseph II. The present building was built by Ignaz Gridl following plans by court architect Franz-Xaver von Segenschmid, known for his projects of bridges, and Sigmund Wagner. Groundbreaking took place in 1881 and Franz Joseph I opened the greenhouse on 19 June 1882. Since 1918 it has been run by the Bundesgärten (Federal Gardens). A heavy bomb attack on Schönbrunn Palace in February 1945 destroyed most of the glazing of the Palmenhaus. Many plants died, although some were saved by being transferred to the nearby Sonnenuhrhaus. The rebuilding began in 1948, and the Palmenhaus was reopened in 1953. The building was closed to the public in 1976 as a safety measure following the collapse of the Reichsbrücke. Renovations were carried out between 1986 and 1990. ==


id: phytotron-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotron-0.md
category: reference
title: Phytotron
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotron
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:00.765735+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: phytotron-20260505-0
summary:
A phytotron is an enclosed research greenhouse used for studying interactions between plants and the environment. It was a product of the disciplines of plant physiology and botany. == Overview == Phytotrons unified and extended earlier piecemeal efforts to claim total control of the whole environment. In both walk-in rooms and smaller reach-in cabinets, phytotrons produced and reproduced whole complex climates of many variables. In the first phytotrons each individual room was held at a constant unique temperature. The Australian phytotron, for example, had rooms maintaining 9°C, 12°C, 16°C, 20°C, 23°C, 26°C, 30°C, 34°C. Because some of the earliest controlled environment experiments showed that plants reacted differently in daytime temperatures and nighttime temperatures, the first experiments to observe the effect(s) of varying the daytime versus the nighttime temperature saw experimenters move their plants from higher to lower temperatures over the course of a daily, or any other variable or constant, routine. This rendered the variable “temperature” experimentally controllable. Even a brute force approach that tested each successive environmental variable and every variety of plant would serve to pinpoint specific environmental conditions to maximize growth. Expecting that more knowledge would surely come from greater technology, the next generation of phytotrons expanded


id: pineapple-pit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_pit-0.md
category: reference
title: Pineapple pit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_pit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:01.956733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pineapple-pit-20260505-0
summary:
A pineapple pit is a method of growing pineapples in colder climates. One of the earliest examples in Britain has been found by archaeologists at Heligan in Cornwall. The first pineapples known to have been grown in Europe were cultivated in the Netherlands in 1685. None were grown in England until about 1715. == Method of cultivation == The pineapple pit consisted of three trenches covered with glass, slightly below ground level, connected with two cavity walls. The outer troughs were kept filled with 15 tonnes of fresh horse manure, which gave off heat as it decomposed. This heat passed through small gaps at the bottom of the wall, rose up, and was then forced through gaps at the top of the wall, into the central trough. The central trough is where the pineapples were grown, at an artificially high temperature, due to the manure. == Maintenance and obsolescence == A pineapple pit requires a huge amount of fresh manure, and manual labour to maintain the temperature of the central trench. The introduction of steam ships meant that the pineapple pit became obsolete, as it was cheaper to transport fruit from overseas than to grow them under special conditions in


id: polytunnel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytunnel-0.md
category: reference
title: Polytunnel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytunnel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:03.164305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polytunnel-20260505-0
summary:
A polytunnel (also known as a polyhouse, hoop greenhouse, or hoophouse, grow tunnel or high tunnel) is a tunnel typically made from steel and covered in polyethylene, usually semi-circular, square or elongated in shape. The interior heats up because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms plants, soil, and other things inside the building faster than heat can escape the structure. Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. Temperature, humidity, and ventilation can be controlled by equipment fixed in the polytunnel or by manual opening and closing of vents. Polytunnels are mainly used in temperate regions in similar ways to glass greenhouses and row covers. Besides the passive solar heating that every polytunnel provides, every variation of auxiliary heating (from hothouse heating through minimal heating to unheated houses) is represented in current practice. The nesting of row covers and low tunnels inside high tunnels is also common. Polytunnels can be used to provide a higher temperature and/or humidity than that which is available in the environment but can also protect crops from intense heat, bright sunlight, winds, hailstones, and cold waves. This allows fruits and vegetables to be


id: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:04.397568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (French: Serres royales de Laeken, Dutch: Koninklijke Serres van Laken) are a vast complex of monumental heated greenhouses in the park of the Royal Palace of Laeken (northern part of the City of Brussels), Belgium. The historic complex contains tropical, subtropical and cold greenhouses, and is home to the famous Royal Botanic Collection, which includes large collections of camellias, orange trees and many plants originating from the African parts of the former Belgian Empire. The greenhouses were commissioned by King Leopold II, originally designed by the architect Alphonse Balat, and built between 1874 and 1905. Following Balat's death in 1895, Leopold called upon the architects Henri Maquet and Charles Girault. They are now part of the Royal Domain of Laeken and the royal private gardens belonging to the Belgian royal family, and are accessible to the public only a few days a year. This site is served by Stuyvenbergh metro station on line 6 of the Brussels Metro. == History == === Inception and construction === The original gardens of the Royal Palace of Laeken date back to the 18th century, but King Leopold II drastically altered their appearance. The king, having visited the Crystal


id: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:04.397568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-greenhouses-of-laeken-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other greenhouses === Between 1885 and 1887, Balat designed the Palm Greenhouse, the Congo Greenhouse, the Diana Greenhouse, and the Embarcadère Greenhouse. The latter consists of two parallel compartments under a barrel vault, the second of which contains a dome supported by iron Corinthian columns. It is decorated with Chinese vases and two statues by the sculptor Charles Van der Stappen (The Dawn and The Evening). Finally, in 1893, the Iron Church was added, a neo-Byzantine ensemble surrounded by wreath chapels, the dome of which is supported by twenty columns of Scottish granite. This greenhouse is therefore also officially called the Chapel Greenhouse. == Royal Botanic Collection == The Royal Botanic Collection is famous for its old African plants and various species of flowers, which are cultivated inside the royal greenhouses for use at court. Though the collection has lost many cultivars since Leopold II's death, it is still famous. In 1909, the royal collection contained 314 species of camellias, with over 1,000 plants. Today, only 305 remain. This is the world's largest and oldest collection of camellias in a greenhouse. Leopold II's orange tree collection was also renowned, with 130 trees aged 200 to 300 years, and one


id: saint-petersburg-botanical-garden-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Botanical_Garden-0.md
category: reference
title: Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Botanical_Garden
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:05.628070+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: saint-petersburg-botanical-garden-20260505-0
summary:
The main Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, officially known as the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Komarov Botanical Institute's Botanical Garden of Peter the Great (Russian: Ботанический сад Петра Великого Ботанического института им. В. Л. Комарова РАН (in short Ботанический сад БИН РАН); since 1823 Emperor's Botanical Garden "Императорский Ботанический сад", originally Apothecary Garden "Аптекарский огород"), is the second oldest botanical garden in Russia. It consists of outdoor and indoor collections situated on Aptekarsky Island in Saint Petersburg and belongs to the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is 18.9 ha in area, and is bordered by Aptekarsky Prospekt (main entrance), Prof. Popov Street (second entrance), as well as the embankments of the Karpovka and Bolshaya Neva rivers. == Overview == The garden, located in Ulitsa Professora Popova, St. Petersburg, Russia, was founded by Peter I in 1714 as a herb garden in order to grow medicinal plants and re-established as a botanical institution under the name Imperial Botanical Garden in 1823, with assistance from John Goldie. Ivan Lepyokhin was in charge of the botanical garden from 1774 until 1802. Beginning in 1855, Eduard August von Regel was associated with the garden, first as Scientific Director and


id: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse-0.md
category: reference
title: Seawater greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:06.839271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
A seawater greenhouse is a greenhouse structure that enables the growth of crops and the production of fresh water in arid regions. Arid regions constitute about one third of the Earth's land area. Seawater greenhouse technology aims to mitigate issues such as global water scarcity, peak water and soil becoming salted. The system uses seawater and solar energy, and has a similar structure to the pad-and-fan greenhouse, but with additional evaporators and condensers. The seawater is pumped into the greenhouse to create a cool and humid environment, the optimal conditions for the cultivation of temperate crops. The freshwater is produced in a condensed state created by the solar desalination principle, which removes salt and impurities. Finally, the remaining humidified air is expelled from the greenhouse and used to improve growing conditions for outdoor plants. == Projects == === The Seawater Greenhouse Ltd === The seawater greenhouse concept was first researched and developed in 1991 by Charlie Paton's company Light Works Ltd, which is now known as the Seawater Greenhouse Ltd. Charlie Paton and Philip Davies worked on the first pilot project commenced in 1992, on the Canary Island of Tenerife. A prototype seawater greenhouse was assembled in the UK and


id: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse-1.md
category: reference
title: Seawater greenhouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:06.839271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seawater-greenhouse-20260505-0
summary:
== Applicability == The technique is applicable to sites in arid regions near the sea. The distance and elevation from the sea must be evaluated considering the energy required to pump water to the site. There are numerous suitable locations on the coasts; others are below sea level, such as the Dead Sea and the Qattara Depression, where hydro schemes have been proposed to exploit the hydraulic pressure to generate power, e.g., Red Sea–Dead Sea Canal. == Studies == In 1996, Paton and Davies used the Simulink toolkit under MATLAB to model forced ventilation of the greenhouse in Tenerife, Cape Verde, Namibia, and Oman. The greenhouse is assisted by the prevailing wind, evaporative cooling, transpiration, solar heating, heat transfer through the walls and roof, and condensation which is analyzed in the study. They found that the amount of water required by the plants is reduced by 80% and 2.6-6.4 kWh electrical energy is needed for m3 of fresh water produced. In 2005, Paton and Davis Evaluated design options with thermal modeling using the United Arab Emirates model as a baseline. They studied three options:perforated screen, C-shaped air path, and pipe array, to find a better seawater circuit to cool the


id: solardome-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solardome-0.md
category: reference
title: Solardome
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solardome
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:08.088100+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: solardome-20260505-0
summary:
Solardome Industries Limited (shortened to Solardome) is a UK manufacturer of glass geodesic domes. The original greenhouse was an offshoot of the 1960s NATO developed early warning radar system. The Buckminster Fuller organisation designed and develop giant "golf ball" radar domes. In Europe, these were placed in Fylingdales, North Yorkshire. These giant domes had to withstand extremes of wind and storm and yet remain unaffected. An ex German U-boat engineer, Hans Lemke, living in Hunmanby North Yorkshire was fascinated by these domes and thought, "If they can withstand these weather conditions then they would make an ideal domestic garden building, greenhouse or garden conservatory". He explored the Buckminster Fuller Geodesic domes and their principles and then designed and manufactured the first European domestic Geodesic dome, a 14' 6" Solardome. The first glasshouse was produced in 1969 and production continues to this day, although not in Hunmanby. == Media == In 2012 a Solardome glasshouse was included as part of a project to improve facilities at The Yard, as featured on the BBC One "Big Build Children in Need Special" programme. == References ==


id: tropenhaus-frutigen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropenhaus_Frutigen-0.md
category: reference
title: Tropenhaus Frutigen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropenhaus_Frutigen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:10.558184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tropenhaus-frutigen-20260505-0
summary:
The Tropenhaus (English: Tropic House) in Frutigen, Switzerland, is a commercial project using geothermal energy from hot water flowing out of the Lötschberg base tunnel for the production of sturgeon meat, and caviar and formerly exotic fruit in a tropical greenhouse in the Swiss alps. In 2007, the project received the Prix Evenir, the Swiss petroleum industry's CHF 50,000 award for sustainable development. The idea for the greenhouse began in 2002 when it became apparent that the water continuously flowing out of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel could not be directly diverted to the local river, the Kander, as its temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) would disrupt the biological rhythm of the endangered trout there. Rather than cooling the water artificially, wasting its thermal energy, tunnel engineers founded a start-up company to use the warm water to heat a greenhouse. The construction of the site began in May 2008 at 8 million CHF, and was completed by the end of 2009. Visitors were welcomed that same year. A sturgeon farm, one of few in Europe, is the heart of the Tropenhaus. Some 60,000 fish are intended to be grown in 40 outdoor basins. The sturgeons thrive in permanent Siberian summer


id: villa-fiorita-brugherio-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Fiorita,_Brugherio-0.md
category: reference
title: Villa Fiorita, Brugherio
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Fiorita,_Brugherio
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:11.786384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: villa-fiorita-brugherio-20260505-0
summary:
Villa Scotti-Cornaglia-Noseda-Bertani, commonly known as Villa Fiorita, is a building in Lombardy, Italy, where the Brugherio Comune's headquarters are housed. == History == Villa Fiorita is a historic aristocratic urban mansion with an L-shape layout. An extension overlooks the old town through a wrought iron railing, supported by late baroque pillars, forming the main entrance. The rear entrance faces a large park leading to the church square. The mansion, built in 1721, was an "aristocratic house" with shells and a garden. It belonged to the counts of Scotti, who have been in Brugherio since the beginning of sixteenth century. The land was owned by the Court of Monza. In 1778 the count of Vedano, Giambattista Gallarati Scotti, sold it (with the neighbouring building, today known as Palazzo Ghirlanda-Silva) to Gaspare Ghirlanda who probably started the reconstruction and the decorative works of which many traces remain. The mansion was then inherited by the Nosedas, a family of Milanese land-owners, who used it as a summer residence. In 1921 it was bought by Bertani's brother. In 1938 the mansion was given to a nursing home for "nervous afflictions" known as Villa Fiorita. This clinic, managed by the accountant Bogani, who came from


id: walipini-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walipini-0.md
category: reference
title: Walipini
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walipini
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:13.007818+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: walipini-20260505-0
summary:
A walipini is an earth-sheltered cold frame. It derives its name from the Aymaran languages. It is similar in concept to the pineapple pit that was used, as the name implies, to cultivate pineapple and other exotic fruits in Victorian era Britain and in the cold plains of pre-revolution Russia. In the Soviet era, similar techniques were developed to grow citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, mandarins, tangerines, grapefruits, limes, pomelos) at temperatures of minus 30 degrees Celsius. By 1950, the Soviet Union boasted 30,000 hectares of citrus plantations producing 200,000 tonnes of fruits per year. The walipini is attractive to practitioners of permaculture and the sustainability movement because it allows for crops to be grown in greenhouse-like settings whilst requiring little to no heating. == References ==


id: wardian-case-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardian_case-0.md
category: reference
title: Wardian case
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardian_case
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:14.225637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wardian-case-20260505-0
summary:
The Wardian case was an early type of terrarium, a sealed protective container for plants. It found great use in the 19th century in protecting foreign plants imported to Europe from overseas, the great majority of which had previously died from exposure during long sea journeys, frustrating the many scientific and amateur botanists of the time. The Wardian case was the direct forerunner of the modern terrarium and vivarium and the inspiration for the glass aquarium. It is named after Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791–1868) of London, who promoted the case after experiments. He published a book titled On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases in 1842. A Scottish botanist named A. A. Maconochie had created a similar terrarium almost a decade earlier, but his failure to publish meant that Ward received credit as the sole inventor. == History and development == Ward was a physician with a passion for botany. His personally collected herbarium amounted to 25,000 specimens. The ferns in his London garden in Wellclose Square, however, were being poisoned by London's air pollution, which consisted heavily of coal smoke and sulphuric acid. Ward also kept cocoons of moths and the like in sealed glass bottles, and


id: w-stenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wüstenhaus_Schönbrunn-0.md
category: reference
title: Wüstenhaus Schönbrunn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wüstenhaus_Schönbrunn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:15.533677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: w-stenhaus-sch-nbrunn-20260505-0
summary:
The Wüstenhaus Schönbrunn (Schönbrunn Desert House) is a desert botanical exhibit in Vienna, Austria. It is located in the Sonnenuhrhaus ("Sundial House"), which was built in 1904 as the newest of the four botanical houses in Schönbrunn Palace Park. The desert exhibit opened in 2004 as a counterpart to the "Rainforest House" that opened in 2002 in the nearby Vienna Zoo. == History == The Sundial House stands opposite the Schönbrunn Palm House (Palmenhaus; another botanical exhibit), directly between the Hietzing Gate and the Zoo. The unprepossessing building owes its name to the sundial (Sonnenuhr) located in the gardens to the south. It was built with the encouragement of Charles von Hügel – diplomat, explorer and founder of the Vienna Horticultural Society – to replace an earlier greenhouse which could no longer meet its plants' needs. At first, it housed the plants of the extensive “New Holland Collection”, which Hügel had assembled and had been acquired by the Imperial Court in 1848, and later expanded with plants from southern Africa and the Americas that required similar conditions. The architect of the 1904 building was Alphons Custodis. An air raid in February 1945, which almost totally destroyed the windows of the


id: laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:17.154648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
A laboratory (UK: ; US: ; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratories are found in a variety of settings such as schools, universities, privately owned research institutions, corporate research and testing facilities, government regulatory and forensic investigation centers, physicians' offices, clinics, hospitals, regional and national referral centers, and even occasionally personal residences. == Overview == The organisation and contents of laboratories are determined by the differing requirements of the specialists working within. A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologist's laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by computer scientists, computers (sometimes supercomputers) are used for either simulations or the analysis of data. Scientists in other fields will still use other types of laboratories. Engineers use laboratories as well to design, build, and test technological devices. Scientific laboratories can be found as research room and


id: laboratory-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory-1.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:17.154648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
In many laboratories, hazards are present. Laboratory hazards might include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive, or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, strong magnetic fields or high voltage. Therefore, safety precautions are vitally important. Rules exist to minimize the individual's risk, and safety equipment is used to protect lab users from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often referred to as the "Laboratory Standard". Under this standard, a laboratory is required to produce a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) which addresses the specific hazards found in its location, and its approach to them. In determining the proper Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular business or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, evaluation of the current safety, health and environmental practices and assessment of the hazards. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health, and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer to develop, manage, and evaluate their CHP. Additionally, third party review is also used to provide an


id: laboratory-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory-2.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:17.154648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The educational background of the researchers and their socialization process. The intellectual process involved in their work, including the type of investigation and equipment they use. The laboratory's history. Other forms of organization include social organization. === Social organization === A study by Richard H.R. Harper, involving two laboratories, will help elucidate the concept of social organization in laboratories. The main subject of the study revolved around the relationship between the staff of a laboratory (researchers, administrators, receptionists, technicians, etc.) and their Locator. A Locator is an employee of a Laboratory who is in charge of knowing where each member of the laboratory currently is, based on a unique signal emitted from the badge of each staff member. The study describes social relationships among different classes of jobs, such as the relationship between researchers and the Locator. It does not describe the social relationship between employees within a class, such as the relationship between researchers. Through ethnographic studies, one finding is that, among the personnel, each class (researchers, administrators...) has a different degree of entitlement, which varies per laboratory. Entitlement can be both formal or informal (meaning it is not enforced), but each class is aware and conforms to its


id: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Agricultural experiment station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:18.451794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-0
summary:
An agricultural experiment station (AES) or agricultural research station (ARS) is a scientific research center that investigates difficulties and potential improvements to food production and agribusiness. Experiment station scientists work with farmers, ranchers, suppliers, processors, and others involved in food production and agriculture. == Research == Station scientists study biological, economic, and social problems of food and agriculture and related industries in each state. They investigate such areas as crop variations, soil testing, livestock, processing and animal technology, and other advanced technology in food and agriculture. They also work with specialists called extension agents. These specialists help inform farmers about developments in agriculture. Most agricultural experiment station scientists are faculty members of the land-grant universities. == Locations == === Canada === In Canada, about 50 per cent (1988) of the experiment stations are controlled by the Canadian government. The Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa is the headquarters of the federal system. Private industries, universities, and agricultural colleges control the remainder of the stations. Each province has a number of provincial stations. The University of Saskatchewan has extensive agricultural experimental land. === Greece === The Benaki Phytopathological Institute conducts experiments pertaining to plant health in many locations throughout the mainland, as


id: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station-1.md
category: reference
title: Agricultural experiment station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:18.451794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agricultural-experiment-station-20260505-0
summary:
==== Möckern Agricultural Experiment Station ==== Following the footsteps of the enlightenment rationalism and experimentalism, Germany began to see the rise of agricultural experiment stations, indicating the beginnings of an attempt to merge traditional agronomy with analytical chemistry. In 1840, Justus von Liebig, an influential German chemist and professor at the University of Giessen, published his book Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. Liebig theorized that nitrogen and trace minerals from soil erosion were essential to plant nutrition, and, from this analytical chemistry perspective, simplified agriculture to a series of chemical reactions. While Liebig's work inspired a generation of analytical agricultural chemists interested in fundamental questions of plant nutrition, e.g., Wilhelm Knop and Julius von Sachs, founders of early German agricultural experiment stations did not solely seek to pursue questions of soil chemistry, but rather sought to bridge the gap between the two fields of agriculture and chemistry (agricultural chemistry). The most well-known and earliest German experimental station, or Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstationen, established was the Möckern Agricultural Experiment Station, located near the city of Leipzig. Created on September 28, 1850, the Möckern project was spearheaded by three Saxon men: Julius Adolph Stöckhardt, a professor of agricultural chemistry; Wilhelm


id: anechoic-chamber-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber-0.md
category: reference
title: Anechoic chamber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:19.715865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anechoic-chamber-20260505-0
summary:
An anechoic chamber (an-echoic meaning "non-reflective" or "without echoes") is a room designed to stop reflections or echoes of either sound or electromagnetic waves. They are also often isolated from energy entering from their surroundings. This combination means that a person or detector exclusively hears direct sounds (no reflected sounds), in effect simulating being outside in a free field. Anechoic chambers, a term coined by American acoustics expert Leo Beranek, were initially exclusively used to refer to acoustic anechoic chambers. Recently, the term has been extended to radio frequency (RF) anechoic chambers, which eliminate reflection and external noise caused by electromagnetic waves. Anechoic chambers range from small compartments the size of household microwave ovens to ones as large as aircraft hangars. The size of the chamber depends on the size of the objects and frequency ranges being tested. == Acoustic anechoic chambers == The requirement for what was subsequently called an anechoic chamber originated to allow testing of loudspeakers that generated such intense sound levels that they could not be tested outdoors in inhabited areas. Anechoic chambers are commonly used in acoustics to conduct experiments in nominally "free field" conditions, free field meaning that there are no reflected signals. All


id: anechoic-chamber-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber-1.md
category: reference
title: Anechoic chamber
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic_chamber
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:19.715865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: anechoic-chamber-20260505-0
summary:
Waves of higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths and are higher in energy, while waves of lower frequencies have longer wavelengths and are lower in energy, according to the relationship λ = v / f {\displaystyle \lambda =v/f} where lambda represents wavelength, v is phase velocity of wave, and f {\displaystyle f} is frequency. To shield for a specific wavelength, the cone must be of appropriate size to absorb that wavelength. The performance quality of an RF anechoic chamber is determined by its lowest test frequency of operation, at which measured reflections from the internal surfaces will be the most significant compared to higher frequencies. Pyramidal RAM is at its most absorptive when the incident wave is at normal incidence to the internal chamber surface and the pyramid height is approximately equal to λ / 4 {\displaystyle \lambda /4} , where λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the free space wavelength. Accordingly, increasing the pyramid height of the RAM for the same (square) base size improves the effectiveness of the chamber at low frequencies but results in increased cost and a reduced unobstructed working volume that is available inside a chamber of defined size. === Installation into a screened room === An


id: list-of-laboratory-biosecurity-incidents-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents-0.md
category: reference
title: List of laboratory biosecurity incidents
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:21.011064+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-laboratory-biosecurity-incidents-20260505-0
summary:
This list of laboratory biosecurity incidents includes accidental laboratory-acquired infections and laboratory releases of lethal pathogens, containment failures in or during transport of lethal pathogens, and incidents of exposure of lethal pathogens to laboratory personnel, improper disposal of contaminated waste, and/or the escape of laboratory animals. The list is grouped by the year in which the accident or incident occurred and does not include every reported laboratory-acquired infection. == See also == Biological hazard Biosafety level Laboratory safety List of anthrax outbreaks Select agent Cambridge Working Group == External links == A Review of Laboratory-Acquired Infections in the Asia-Pacific: Understanding Risk and the Need for Improved Biosafety for Veterinary and Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory-Acquired Infection (LAI) Database Survey of laboratory-acquired infections around the world in biosafety level 3 and 4 laboratories == Notes == == References ==


id: collaboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
A collaboratory, as defined by William Wulf in 1989, is a “center without walls, in which the nation’s researchers can perform their research without regard to physical location, interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation, sharing data and computational resources, [and] accessing information in digital libraries” (Wulf, 1989). Bly (1998) refines the definition to “a system which combines the interests of the scientific community at large with those of the computer science and engineering community to create integrated, tool-oriented computing and communication systems to support scientific collaboration” (Bly, 1998, p. 31). Rosenberg (1991) considers a collaboratory as being an experimental and empirical research environment in which scientists work and communicate with each other to design systems, participate in collaborative science, and conduct experiments to evaluate and improve systems. A simplified form of these definitions would describe the collaboratory as being an environment where participants make use of computing and communication technologies to access shared instruments and data, as well as to communicate with others. However, a wide-ranging definition is provided by Cogburn (2003) who states that “a collaboratory is more than an elaborate collection of information and communications technologies; it is a new networked organizational form that also includes social processes; collaboration


id: collaboratory-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-1.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
=== The evolution of the collaboratory === As stated in Chapter 4 of the 50+20 "Management Education for the World" book, "the term collaboratory was first introduced in the late 1980s to address problems of geographic separation in large research projects related to travel time and cost, difficulties in keeping contact with other scientists, control of experimental apparatus, distribution of information, and the large number of participants. In their first decade of use, collaboratories were seen as complex and expensive information and communication technology (ICT) solutions supporting 15 to 200 users per project, with budgets ranging from 0.5 to 10 million USD. At that time, collaboratories were designed from an ICT perspective to serve the interests of the scientific community with tool-oriented computing requirements, creating an environment that enabled systems design and participation in collaborative science and experiments. The introduction of a user-centered approach provided a first evolutionary step in the design philosophy of the collaboratory, allowing rapid prototyping and development circles. Over the past decade the concept of the collaboratory expanded beyond that of an elaborate ICT solution, evolving into a “new networked organizational form that also includes social processes, collaboration techniques, formal and informal communication, and agreement on


id: collaboratory-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-2.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
== Design philosophy == Finholt (1995), based on the case studies of the Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory (UARC) and the Medical Collaboratory, establishes a design philosophy: a collaboratory project must be dedicated to a user-centered design (UCD) approach. This means a commitment to develop software in programming environments that allow rapid prototyping, rapid development cycles (Finholt, 1995). A consequence of the user-centered design in the collaboratory is that the system developers must be able to distinguish when a particular system or modification has positive impact on users’ work practices. An important part of obtaining this understanding is producing an accurate picture of how work is done prior to the introduction of technology. Finholt (1995) explains that behavioral scientists had the task of understanding the actual work settings for which new information technologies were developed. The goal of a user-centered design effort was to inject those observations back into the design process to provide a baseline for evaluating future changes and to illuminate productive directions for prototype development (Finholt, 1995). A similar viewpoint is expressed by Cogburn (2003) who relates the collaboratory to a globally distributed knowledge work, stating that human-computer interaction (HCI) and user-centered design (UCD) principles are critical for


id: collaboratory-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-3.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
BSC also provides a data provenance tool and a data organization tool. These tools allow a hierarchical tree to display the historical lineage of a data set. From this tree-view the scientist may select a particular node (or an entire branch) to access a specific version of the data set (Chin & Lansing, 2004). The task management provided by BSC allows users to define and track tasks related to a specific experiment or project. Tasks can have deadlines assigned, levels of priority, and dependencies. Tasks can also be queried and various reports produced. Related to task management, BSC provides workflow management to capture, manage, and supply standard paths of analyses. The scientific workflow may be viewed as process templates that captures and semi-automate the steps of an analysis process and its encompassing data sets and tools (Chin & Lansing, 2004). BSC provides project collaboration by allowing scientists to define and manage members of their group. Security and authentication mechanisms are therefore applied to limit access to project data and applications. Monitoring capability allows for members to identify other members that are online working on the project (Chin & Lansing, 2004). BSC offers community collaboration capabilities: scientists may publish their data


id: collaboratory-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-4.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is an international center for research and education in biology, biomedicine and ecology. Biological Collaborative Research Environment (BioCoRE) developed at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign – a collaboration tool for biologists (Chin and Lansing, 2004); The CTQ Collaboratory, a virtual community of teacher leaders and those who value teacher leadership, run by the Center for Teaching Quality, a national education nonprofit (Berry, Byrd, & Wieder, 2013); HASTAC (Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Alliance and Collaboratory), founded in 2002 by Cathy N. Davidson, then Vice Provost for Interdisciplinary Studies at Duke University and David Theo Goldberg, Director of the University of California Humanities Research Institute (UCHRI), after contacting scholars across the humanities (including digital humanities), social sciences, media studies, the arts, and technology sectors who shared these convictions and wanted to envision a new kind of organization—an academic social network—that would allow anyone to join and would offer any member of the community to contribute. They began working with a team of developers at Stanford University to code and design a participatory, community site, originally a display website and a Wiki for open contribution and as a community-based publishing and networking platform. Molecular Interactive Collaborative Environment (MICE)


id: collaboratory-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory-5.md
category: reference
title: Collaboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:22.295395+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: collaboratory-20260505-0
summary:
== References == Berry, B., Byrd, A., & Wieder, A. (2013). Teacherpreneurs: Innovative teachers who lead but don't leave. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bly, S. (1998). Special section on collaboratories, Interactions, 5(3), 31, New York: ACM Press. Bos, N., Zimmerman, A., Olson, J., Yew, J., Yerkie, J., Dahl, E. and Olson, G. (2007), From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12: 652–672. Chin, G., Jr., & Lansing, C. S. (2004). Capturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work, 409-418, New York: ACM Press. Cogburn, D. L. (2003). HCI in the so-called developing world: what's in it for everyone, Interactions, 10(2), 80-87, New York: ACM Press. Cosley, D., Frankowsky, D., Kiesler, S., Terveen, L., & Riedl, J. (2005). How oversight improves member-maintained communities, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, 11-20. Finholt, T. A. (1995). Evaluation of electronic work: research on collaboratories at the University of Michigan, ACM SIGOIS Bulletin, 16(2), 49–51. Finholt, T.A. Collaboratories. (2002). In B. Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (pp. 74–107), 36. Washington, D.C.: American Society


id: columbus-iss-module-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)-0.md
category: reference
title: Columbus (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:23.544776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: columbus-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
Columbus is a science laboratory module that forms part of the International Space Station (ISS) and represents the European Space Agency's (ESA) largest single contribution to the station. It was constructed in Turin, Italy, by Alcatel Alenia Space (now Thales Alenia Space) with functional equipment and software designed by EADS (now Airbus Defence and Space) in Bremen, Germany. The module was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on 7 February 2008, during mission STS-122. Columbus is operated by the Columbus Control Centre at the German Space Operations Center, part of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich. In 2008, ESA estimated the total cost of Columbus—including construction, ten years of operations, scientific experiments, and supporting ground infrastructure—at approximately €1.4 billion (about US$2 billion). == History == === Background === The structure used for Columbus is based on the MPLM module built for NASA by Thales Alenia Space. In 2000 the pre-integrated module (structure including harness and tubing) was delivered to Bremen in Germany by the Co-prime contractor Alenia. The final integration and system testing was performed by the overall prime contractor EADS Astrium Space Transportation, after that the initial Payload was integrated and the overall complement checked-out. The final


id: columbus-iss-module-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)-1.md
category: reference
title: Columbus (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:23.544776+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: columbus-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
Fluid Science Laboratory (FSL) European Physiology Modules (EPM) Biolab European Drawer Rack (EDR) European Drawer Rack Mark II (EDR2) European Stowage Rack In addition, four un-pressurized payload platforms can be attached outside the starboard cone, on the Columbus External Payload Facility (CEPF). Each external payload is mounted on an adaptor able to accommodate small instruments and experiments totalling up to 230 kilograms (507 lb). The first external payloads were mounted on Columbus by crew members of the mission STS-122 mission. Some of the external payloads are: European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) platform, which accommodates nine instruments: TRIBOLAB, PLEGPAY, MEDET, EUFIDE, DEBIE-2, FIPEX, EUTEMP, EXPOSE, DOSTEL, and the Earth Viewing Camera. Solar Monitoring Observatory (SOLAR) MISSE-6 (NASA payload) In 2014 the ISS-RapidScat instrument was installed, which was operated until late 2016. ISS-RapidScat was transported to ISS by the SpaceX CRS-4 spaceflight. Atmosphere-Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM), installed April 2018 Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES), installed April 2025 Columbus Ka-band Terminal (COLKa), a communications terminal utilizing the European Data Relay System (EDRS), installed January 2021 Planned additional external payloads: EXPORT == See also == List of European Space Agency programmes and missions European Transportation Carrier (ISS Facility) (ETC) Columbus – External Payload


id: core-facility-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility-0.md
category: reference
title: Core facility
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:24.757709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: core-facility-20260505-0
summary:
A core facility (also known as core laboratory or simply "core", like in "flow cytometry core", occasionally technological platform) is a centralized shared research resource that provides scientific community with access to unique and highly specialized instruments, technologies, services, and experts. Cores are frequently built around a specific technology or instrumentation, but not always (for example, biostatistics cores offer services of experts skilled in the use of software packages). A database of US core facilities is maintained by the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities. By the late 20th century, the researchers in the life sciences were increasingly dependent on the use of expensive and complex instruments and techniques that cannot be economically replicated inside each laboratory. In many areas (for example, in translational science) access to core laboratories became essential. Once the research institutions recognized the potential cost savings of provisioning state-of-the-art instrumentation and services in a centralized way, multiple shared facilities were established, prompting discussions about the best ways to administer and finance them. The high-value and difficult-to-operate equipment typically used in a core setting in the beginning of the 21st century included NMR spectrometers, mass spectrometers, Raman spectrometers and microscopes, transmission and Auger electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction spectrometers,


id: dallmann-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallmann_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Dallmann Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallmann_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:25.980505+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dallmann-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
Dallmann Laboratory is an on-site summer laboratory on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, adjacent to the Argentinian Carlini Base with shared logistics. It is operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in cooperation with the Netherlands and Instituto Antártico Argentino. It is named after the polar sea explorer Eduard Dallmann. It was inaugurated on 20 January 1994, has an area of 250 m2 (2,700 sq ft) and was built in mainland Argentina, disassembled, shipped to Potter Cove, and reassembled at the base. The lab has three modules for bedrooms, bathroom and living-dining room, two modules for laboratories and one for the engine room and dive locker. It also has four containers for laboratory and aquarium use donated by Germany. It has twelve workstations with laboratories, workshop, storage, aquariums and a base for research divers. It is equipped with several scientific instruments and vehicles provided by Germany: lyophilizer, stereo microscopes, freezers, a small hyperbaric chamber for transport, scuba diving equipment, aquariums, a rigid hull boat and a Kässbohrer tracked vehicle. Multidisciplinary joint research programs are carried out in the fields of biology; coastal and terrestrial ecology; terrestrial wildlife (mostly


id: destiny-iss-module-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)-0.md
category: reference
title: Destiny (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:27.216198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: destiny-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
The Destiny module, also known as the U.S. Lab, is the primary operating facility for U.S. research payloads aboard the International Space Station (ISS). It was berthed to the forward port of the Unity module and activated over a period of five days in February 2001. Destiny is NASA's first permanent operating orbital research station since Skylab was vacated in February 1974. The Boeing Company began construction of the 14,515-kilogram (32,000 lb) research laboratory in 1995 at the Michoud Assembly Facility and then the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Destiny was shipped to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in 1998, and was turned over to NASA for pre-launch preparations in August 2000. It launched on February 7, 2001, aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-98. Astronauts work inside the pressurized facility to conduct research in numerous scientific fields. Scientists throughout the world would use the results to enhance their studies in medicine, engineering, biotechnology, physics, materials science, and Earth science. == Launch and installation == Destiny was launched to ISS aboard the Space Shuttle mission STS-98. It launched into Earth orbit on February 7, 2001, aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis. On February 10, 2001, at 9:50 am


id: destiny-iss-module-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)-1.md
category: reference
title: Destiny (ISS module)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:27.216198+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: destiny-iss-module-20260505-0
summary:
As with the European and Japanese laboratories of the station, payloads inside Destiny are configured around International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs), that can be removed or reconfigured for various experiments and equipment. Made out of a graphite composite shell, each rack weighs about 1,200 pounds (540 kg), and is about 73 inches (1,900 mm) high, and 42 inches (1,100 mm) wide. The eight rack bays are equipped with curtains that provide around 290 cubic feet (8.2 m3) of temporary stowage space when not occupied by experiments. Destiny arrived at the station pre-configured with five racks housing electrical and life support systems that provide electrical power, cooling water, air revitalization, and temperature and humidity control. Seven additional racks were flown to Destiny in the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module by STS-102, and ten more were delivered on subsequent missions. Destiny can hold up to 13 payload racks with experiments in human life science, materials research, Earth observations and commercial applications. The laboratory has a total of 24 racks inside the laboratory, six on each side. Internal to the laboratory are racks, rack stand-offs, and vestibule jumpers. The lab racks house the system hardware in removable modular units. The stand-offs provide space for


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-0.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
The Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) establish rules and criteria for a quality system that oversees the organizational processes and conditions in which non-clinical (non-pharmaceutical) health and environmental safety–or simply toxicology–studies are planned, conducted, monitored, recorded, reported, and archived. These principles apply to the toxicity testing of chemicals in commerce, to ensure the quality and integrity of the safety data submitted by manufacturers to regulatory authorities globally. == History == The historical events leading to the proposal of the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations are crucial for understanding why these regulations are important to improve the quality and integrity of chemical safety data. They were developed in response to concerns about the reliability of toxicity data from industry. The GLP regulations aim to standardize procedures and practices to ensure accurate, reliable, and traceable safety data. GLP was first introduced in New Zealand and Denmark in 1972, but only as quality standards for re-agents and lab materials (first created in Australia due to being isolated from western labs by the Japanese blockade of WW2); the US FDA heard about them from NZ at an international conference just as the below IBT scandal broke). During the 1960s and 1970s, a growing


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-1.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
== US Food and Drug Administration == (21 CFR Part 58) The FDA requires nonclinical laboratory studies on new drugs, food additives, and chemicals to assess their safety and potential effectiveness in humans in compliance with 21 CFR Part 58, Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Studies under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act and Public Health Service Act. These regulations set the standards for conducting experimental laboratory studies that support or are intended to support applications for research or marketing permits for products such as food additives, drugs, medical devices, or biological products. Conducting these studies with rigorous adherence to scientific principles and quality control is crucial, as the decisions based on their outcomes directly affect human health and safety. By adhering to the requirements outlined in 21 CFR Part 58, laboratories conducting laboratory studies can ensure that the data generated are of high quality, reliable, and suitable for submission to the Agency as part of product approval processes. Compliance with GLP regulations helps to protect the safety and welfare of humans and animals involved in studies and contributes to the overall integrity of scientific research in the development of FDA-regulated products. GLP compliance inspections are assessed and performed


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-2.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
== European Union == Source: The Principles of GLP help ensure the quality and accuracy of data in chemical testing, and help prevent scientific fraud, as adopted by the European Union (EU). European GLP Regulations and Directives also apply to European Economic Area (EEA) member states which include Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. GLP principles govern the laboratory safety testing of substances in various products, mandated by product-specific legislation in the EU/EEA. Directive 2004/9/EC mandates EU/EEA countries to designate GLP inspection authorities and includes requirements for reporting and mutual acceptance of data within the internal market. Annex I of the Directive incorporates OECD Revised Guides for Compliance Monitoring Procedures for GLP, along with OECD Guidance for the Conduct of Test Facility Inspections and Study Audits. It ensures compliance with these guidelines during laboratory inspections and study audits. This directive replaced Directive 88/320/EEC as of 11 March 2004. Directive 2004/10/EC, the second core EU GLP Directive, harmonizes laws and administrative provisions for applying GLP principles and verifying their implementation in chemical substance tests. It includes GLP principles in Annex I and requires EU/EEA countries to ensure that laboratories conducting safety studies on chemical products comply with OECD GLP principles. It replaces Directive


id: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice-3.md
category: reference
title: Good laboratory practice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:28.428083+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: good-laboratory-practice-20260505-0
summary:
== OECD's Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) == Sources: The chemicals industry, which includes industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides, food and feed additives, and cosmetics, ranks as one of the largest industrial sectors in the world. Harmonizing national approaches (the OECD's key mission) to chemical regulation offers several benefits: it streamlines requirements for industry, provides governments with a common framework for collaboration, and reduces trade barriers. Simultaneously, the OECD adopted 1) the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) Directive system; and 2) the OECD Guidelines for Testing Chemicals and OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), to be required by regulators globally (and to which the MAD Directive applies). These two simultaneous acts were instrumental in achieving this global harmonization. The MAD system aims to avoid conflicting or redundant national regulations, foster cooperation among national authorities, and eliminate trade barriers. Under this system, OECD countries and full adherents agree that safety tests conducted according to OECD Test Guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice in one country should be accepted by others for assessment purposes—a principle known as "tested once, accepted for assessment everywhere." This approach saves the chemicals industry from the expense of duplicative testing for products marketed in multiple countries. Crucially,


id: iquitos-satellite-laboratory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory-0.md
category: reference
title: Iquitos Satellite Laboratory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:29.648550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iquitos-satellite-laboratory-20260505-0
summary:
The Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB) was established in 2002 in the city of Iquitos, Peru by doctor Margaret Kosek, biologist Maribel Paredes Olortegui, and nurse Pablo Peñataro Yori, with the collaboration of the Dr. Robert Gilman working group in Lima, Peru and the US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6) . The Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB) is supported through National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fogarty International Center, International Atomic Energy Agency, The University of Virginia and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funded grants. == Purpose == The mission of IQTLAB is to improve understanding of health problems among vulnerable populations in order to identify sustainable solutions that improve their health, social and economic conditions. == Team Members == The IQTLAB team consists of experts from Asociación Benéfica Prisma, the University of Virginia, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, among other universities and research institutions worldwide. IQTLAB utilizes a multidisciplinary approach that combines knowledge of the epidemiology of tropical infectious disease, malnutrition, intestinal infection, biostatistics, medical science, demography, ecology, and spatial data collection and analysis. The Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB) team


id: m-rieux-nutrisciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mérieux_NutriSciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Mérieux NutriSciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mérieux_NutriSciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:30.885626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: m-rieux-nutrisciences-20260505-0
summary:
Mérieux NutriSciences is an American-French multinational company specializing in food safety, quality, sustainability testing, consulting, and training services. It is a subsidiary of Institut Mérieux and operates over 140 laboratories in approximately 32 countries, serving more than 10,000 employees worldwide. The company is headquartered in Chicago (United States) and Tassin‑la‑Demi‑Lune (France). With a history in food microbiology, Mérieux NutriSciences' business is mainly focused on services for the food sector, addressing the needs of raw materials & ingredients suppliers, food manufacturers, processors, caterers, and retail companies. The company also operates in packaging and pharmaceutical quality management. == History == 1967: Creation by Dr. John H. Silliker in Chicago of the company Silliker, a food-focused solutions company. 1997: Acquisition of Silliker by Institut Mérieux 2011: The Group is officially named Mérieux NutriSciences 2025: Acquisition of the Food testing business of Bureau Veritas, including a joint venture with AsureQuality - resulting in the company enlarging its footprint to 32 countries and doubling its footprint in Canada and Asia-Pacific. In 1897, Marcel Mérieux, a student of Louis Pasteur, founded Institut Mérieux. The Institut Mérieux was then directed by Dr. Charles Mérieux and later by Alain Mérieux and became the leader in the field of


id: laboratory-quality-control-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_quality_control-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory quality control
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_quality_control
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:32.076632+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-quality-control-20260505-0
summary:
Laboratory quality control is designed to detect, reduce, and correct deficiencies in a laboratory's internal analytical process prior to the release of patient results, in order to improve the quality of the results reported by the laboratory. Quality control (QC) is a measure of precision, or how well the measurement system reproduces the same result over time and under varying operating conditions. Laboratory quality control material is usually run at the beginning of each shift, after an instrument is serviced, when reagent lots are changed, after equipment calibration, and whenever patient results seem inappropriate. Quality control material should approximate the same matrix as patient specimens, taking into account properties such as viscosity, turbidity, composition, and color. It should be stable for long periods of time, and available in large enough quantities for a single batch to last at least one year. Liquid controls are more convenient than lyophilized (freeze-dried) controls because they do not have to be reconstituted, minimizing pipetting error. Dried Tube Specimen (DTS) is slightly cumbersome as a QC material but it is very low-cost, stable over long periods and efficient, especially useful for resource-restricted settings in under-developed and developing countries. DTS can be manufactured in-house by a


id: reagent-bottle-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent_bottle-0.md
category: reference
title: Reagent bottle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent_bottle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:33.364226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: reagent-bottle-20260505-0
summary:
Reagent bottles, also known as media bottles or graduated bottles, are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers. They are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves. Some reagent bottles are tinted amber (actinic), brown or red to protect light-sensitive chemical compounds from visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation which may alter them; other bottles are tinted blue (cobalt glass) or uranium green for decorative purposes - mostly vintage apothecary sets, from centuries in which a doctor or apothecary was a prominent figure. The bottles are called "graduated" when they have marks on the sides indicating the approximate (often with a 10% error) amount of liquid at a given level within the container. A reagent bottle is a type of laboratory glassware. The term "reagent" refers to a substance that is part of a chemical reaction (or an ingredient of which), and "media" is the plural form of "medium" which refers to the liquid or gas which a reaction happens within, or is a processing chemical tool such as (for example) a flux. Several companies produce reagent bottles, including Wheaton,


id: laboratory-safety-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory safety
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:34.605305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-safety-20260505-0
summary:
Many laboratories contain significant risks, and the prevention of laboratory accidents requires great care and constant vigilance. Examples of risk factors include high voltages, high and low pressures and temperatures, corrosive and toxic chemicals and chemical vapours, radiation, fire, explosions, and biohazards including infective organisms and their toxins. Measures to protect against laboratory accidents include safety training and enforcement of laboratory safety policies, safety review of experimental designs, the use of personal protective equipment, and the use of the buddy system for particularly risky operations. In many countries, laboratory work is subject to health and safety legislation. In some cases, laboratory activities can also present environmental health risks, for example, the accidental or deliberate discharge of toxic or infective material from the laboratory into the environment. == Chemical hazards == Hazardous chemicals present physical and/or health threats to workers in clinical, industrial, and academic laboratories. Laboratory chemicals include cancer-causing agents (carcinogens), toxins (e.g., those affecting the liver, kidney, and nervous system), irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, as well as agents that act on the blood system or damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. == Biological hazards == === Biological agents and biological toxins === Many laboratory workers encounter daily exposure


id: laboratory-safety-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety-1.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory safety
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_safety
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:34.605305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-safety-20260505-0
summary:
Is a gas or mixture of gases in a container having an absolute pressure exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (psi) at 70 °F (21.1 °C); or Is a gas or mixture of gases having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 °F (54.4 °C) regardless of the pressure at 70 °F (21.1 °C); or Is a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 °F (37.8 °C) as determined by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Within laboratories, compressed gases are usually supplied either through fixed piped gas systems or individual cylinders of gases. Compressed gases can be toxic, flammable, oxidizing, corrosive, or inert. Leakage of any of these gases can be hazardous. ==== Store, handle, and use compressed gases ==== All cylinders whether empty or full must be stored upright. Secure cylinders of compressed gases. Cylinders should never be dropped or allowed to strike each other with force. Transport compressed gas cylinders with protective caps in place and do not roll or drag the cylinders. === Cryogens and dry ice === Cryogens, substances used to produce very low temperatures [below -153 °C (-243 °F)], such as liquid nitrogen (LN2) which has a boiling point


id: sample-material-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(material)-0.md
category: reference
title: Sample (material)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(material)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:35.886770+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sample-material-20260505-0
summary:
In general, a sample is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of that thing(s). The things could be countable objects such as individual items available as units for sale, or an uncountable material. Even though the word "sample" implies a smaller quantity taken from a larger amount, sometimes full biological or mineralogical specimens are called samples if they are taken for analysis, testing, or investigation like other samples. They are also considered samples in the sense that even whole specimens are "samples" of the full population of many individual organisms. The act of obtaining a sample is called "sampling" and can be performed manually by a person or by automatic process. Samples of material can be taken or provided for testing, analysis, investigation, quality control, demonstration, or trial use. Sometimes, sampling may be performed continuously. == Aliquot part == In science, a representative liquid sample taken from a larger amount of liquid is sometimes called an aliquot or aliquot part where the sample is an exact divisor of the whole. For example, 10mL would be an aliquot part of a 100mL sample. == Sample characteristics == The material may


id: laboratory-specimen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_specimen-0.md
category: reference
title: Laboratory specimen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_specimen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:37.089863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: laboratory-specimen-20260505-0
summary:
A laboratory specimen is sometimes a biological specimen of a medical patient's tissue, fluids, or other samples used for laboratory analysis to assist in differential diagnosis or staging of a disease process. These specimens are often the most reliable method of diagnosis, depending on the ailment. For example, breast cancer biopsies, performed on laboratory specimens of breast tissue, yield just a 2% rate of incorrect diagnosis. Laboratory specimens may also include feces. == Types == General types of cellular tissue extraction include: == Preparation == For a given medical process, a certain volume of specimen must be taken from the patient. Some specimen types also require special treatment, such as immediate mixture with an additive, or storage at a certain temperature. After extraction, all specimen containers must be labeled with at least two of the following identifiers (at the time of collection): patient's name, date of birth, hospital number, test request form number, accession number, or a unique random number. All specimens should be labeled with the patient present. This ensures that no false results are obtained from mislabeled samples. == Storage and use == Specimen temperatures are controlled for their specific use. Several common temperatures for storage are listed


id: lab-website-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_website-0.md
category: reference
title: Lab website
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_website
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:38.343284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lab-website-20260505-0
summary:
A lab(s) website is a specific type of website most commonly dedicated to research and development programs. Relating to the classic scientific research environment - the laboratory - existing lab websites predominantly fall into two categories, the real-world and the virtual. == Real-world laboratory websites == Real-world lab sites relate to the activities and research conducted by laboratories existing outside the Internet. In general, these sites tend to offer users a chance to see results of past research, rather than detailed views of contemporary research. Examples of these types of labs from the aviation world include Boeing’s Phantom Works, which covers the research arm of the Boeing Corporation, and Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Program, aka Skunk Works. == Virtual laboratory websites == A number of companies and institutions have created virtual lab websites specifically for research into Internet-based products. This research environment is seen as both podium and a playpen for Internet-borne companies. In many cases, the labs offer visitors a chance to learn more about the company's products currently in development and to try the work in progress. One of the best-known examples is Google Labs. Since its inception, Google Labs has resulted in the trial and launch of


id: weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:40.045982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation. Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount. == Weather instruments == A weather instrument is any device that measures weather related conditions. Since there are a variety of different weather conditions, there are a variety of different weather instruments. Typical weather stations have the following instruments and sensors: Thermometer for measuring air and sea surface temperature Barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure Hygrometer for measuring humidity Anemometer for measuring wind speed Pyranometer for measuring solar radiation Rain gauge for


id: weather-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station-1.md
category: reference
title: Weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:40.045982+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and oceanography data within the world's oceans and lakes. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since the late 1970s. Moored buoys are connected with the seabed using either chains, nylon, or buoyant polypropylene. With the decline of the weather ship, they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Moored weather buoys range from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft) in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in). Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity. == Synoptic weather station == Synoptic weather stations are instruments which collect meteorological information at synoptic


id: agweathernet-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgWeatherNet-0.md
category: reference
title: AgWeatherNet
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgWeatherNet
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:42.548808+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agweathernet-20260505-0
summary:
AgWeatherNet is an automated agricultural weather station network operated by Washington State University in the Pacific Northwest. It is the first and the largest agricultural weather network in the United States. Every 5 seconds, over 175 sensors (as of 2018) record air temperature, relative humidity and dew point, soil temperature at 8 inches, rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, insolation and leaf wetness. The data is reported back from each sensor to WSU's Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Prosser, Washington and made available to the public on the Internet. The network can be used to predict and warn of crop hazards such as freezes (especially damaging to Washington fall crops like apples) and hailstorms. Sensors are located mostly in the irrigated regions of Eastern Washington like the Yakima Valley, but also cover some non-irrigated areas like the Palouse and areas of Western Washington such as the Chehalis River valley. The Oregon Hop Commission funds three sensors in northwest Oregon. Several cranberry farming concerns fund a sensor at Grayland on the Pacific Coast. The system began in 1988 with the name Public Agricultural Weather System (PAWS). == References == == External links == Official website


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-0.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Alert, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada, is the northernmost continuously inhabited place in the world. The location is on Ellesmere Island (in the Queen Elizabeth Islands) at latitude 82°30'05" north, 817 km (508 mi) from the North Pole. It takes its name from the Royal Navy vessel HMS Alert, which wintered 10 km (6.2 mi) east of the present station off what is now Cape Sheridan in 1875–1876. All Alert residents are temporary, typically serving three- to six-month tours of duty there. They staff a military signals intelligence radio receiving facility at Canadian Forces Station Alert (CFS Alert, which includes Alert Airport), as well as the Dr. Neil Trivett Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory, a co-located weather station and monitoring observatory, both operated by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). In the 2021 census, the permanent population was recorded as 0. == History == Alert is named after HMS Alert, a British ship that wintered about 10 km (6.2 mi) away in 1875–76. The ship's captain, George Nares, and his crew were the first recorded Europeans to reach the northern end of Ellesmere Island. Over the following decades, several other expeditions passed through the area, most notably Robert Peary


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-1.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
In April 1971, a party of federal and Northwest Territories (NWT) government officials arrived in Alert in an attempt to reach the North Pole. Alert had been the embarkation point for many North Pole expeditions that relied on weather information supplied by the weather station there. The 1971 expedition was led by Stu Hodgson, former Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, and included in his party were representatives of the prime minister's office, the Canadian Armed Forces, the federal Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, as well as a large media group including Pat Carney of Gemini Productions, Ed Ogle of Time magazine, Val Wake of CBC News, and a television crew from California. While waiting in Alert for a weather window to fly to the pole, the party's television crew spent a lot of time filming at the weather station. The military was unhappy about the film crew working on the station, but the weather station was seen as being a sort of no-man's land. The commissioner's party made two attempts to reach the pole and failed. Some of the incidents surrounding this event are recounted in Val Wake's memoir My Voyage around Spray with Apologies to Captain Joshua


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-2.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Since the beginning of the JAWS project, the Canadian Armed Forces had been interested in the establishment at Alert for several reasons: the JAWS facility extended Canadian sovereignty over a large uninhabited area which Canada claimed as its sovereign territory, and its proximity to the Soviet Union made it of strategic importance. Alert is closer to Moscow (c. 4,000 km (2,500 mi)) than it is to Ottawa (c. 4,150 km (2,580 mi)). Thus, the possibility of utilizing the site for the purpose of intercepting radio signals was deemed to warrant a military presence. In 1950, Alert Airport was established. It is the only airport serving the settlement and is presently part of CFS Alert. In 1956, the RCAF, which was expanding its presence throughout the high Arctic with the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line radar network, established a building uphill from the DOT's JAWS station to house "High Arctic Long Range Communications Research", or signals intelligence operations. In 1957, Alert Wireless Station was conceived as an intercept facility to be jointly staffed by personnel from the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and the RCAF. Five additional buildings were constructed: a mess, three barracks/accommodations buildings, and a power house and


id: alert-nunavut-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut-3.md
category: reference
title: Alert, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:43.799308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alert-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Alert is 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Cape Sheridan, the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island, on the shore of the ice-covered Lincoln Sea. Alert lies just 817 km (508 mi) from the North Pole; the nearest Canadian city is Iqaluit, the capital of the territory of Nunavut, 2,092 km (1,300 mi) distant. The settlement is surrounded by rugged hills and valleys. The shore is composed primarily of slate and shale. Argillite and greywacke also occur. Some of these rocks are calcareous. The sea is covered with sea ice for most of the year but the ice pack does move out in the summer, leaving open water. Evaporation rates are also very low, as average monthly temperatures are above freezing only in July and August. Other places on Ellesmere Island are the weather station at Eureka (480 km (300 mi)) and the Inuit community of Grise Fiord, 800 km (500 mi), to the southwest and south, respectively. Siorapaluk (540 km (340 mi) to the south) is the nearest populated place in Greenland. Hans Island which from 2023 has a land border with Greenland, a territory of Denmark, is located 197 km (122 mi) to the south. == Climate == Alert


id: baccaro-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaro,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Baccaro, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaro,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:45.063593+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: baccaro-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Baccaro ( BAK-ə-roh) is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Barrington Municipal District. The community's name comes from "baccolaos," the Basque word for cod-fish. Baccaro Point has a weather station (Station ID WCP). It is mainland Nova Scotia's southernmost point. There are a few islands, however; such as Cape Sable Island, that are further south. == See also == List of communities in Nova Scotia == References == == External links == Baccaro Point - Hourly Forecast - Environment Canada


id: beaver-island-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Beaver Island, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Island,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:46.284167+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: beaver-island-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Beaver Island is an island community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The weather station code is CWBV; due to its exposed location, Beaver Island can receive very powerful winds, especially from offshore. Since 1846 there has been a lighthouse on the island. == Climate == == References == Beaver Island Lighthouse NSLPS


id: belgrade-meteorological-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Meteorological_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Belgrade Meteorological Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Meteorological_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:47.563288+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: belgrade-meteorological-station-20260505-0
summary:
Meteorology was first practiced in Serbia when meteorological data was gathered, monitored and recorded on a daily basis, in 1848, in Belgrade. Daily, meteorological forecasts started in 1892. The first meteorologist was Vladimir Jakšić. While the first meteorological observation post was in a nearby private house, a meteorological observation station (Serbian Meteorološka opservatorija) building was built in 1891 by architect Dimitrije T. Leko, on Vračar's plateau, in Savinac (recognized also as Englezovac, named after Francis Mackenzie). == External links == Belgrade Meteorological Station (in English)


id: border-beacon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Beacon-0.md
category: reference
title: Border Beacon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Beacon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:50.446674+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: border-beacon-20260505-0
summary:
Border Beacon (Mid-Canada Line Site 212) was a United States Air Force military installation in Labrador, located approximately 190 km (120 mi) west of the Town of Hopedale. Border Beacon was a bistatic radar Doppler Detection Station on the Mid-Canada Line system of early-warning radar stations. Opened in 1957, and fully operational in 1958, Border Beacon was in operation for eight years. The eastern portion of the Mid-Canada Line was shut down in 1965 and the site was closed. == Transport Canada == The Government of Canada took possession of the Border Beacon site from the US in 1965 and transformed it into a weather station. Transport Canada operated the weather station until it closed in the 1970s. == Accidents and incidents == On 10 January 1986, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver (C-GUBD) of Goose Bay Air Services departed CFB Goose Bay and crashed at Border Beacon due to unknown circumstances. == References ==


id: eismitte-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eismitte-0.md
category: reference
title: Eismitte
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eismitte
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:52.817692+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eismitte-20260505-0
summary:
Eismitte, also called Mid-Ice in English, was a meteorological station established, in the middle of the Greenland Ice Sheet, by the 1930-31 German Greenland Expedition. The venture took place from July 1930 until August 1931, and established three Arctic stations on the same parallel. The expedition leader, German scientist Alfred Wegener, died during a trip back from Eismitte, in early November 1930. The station was abandoned on 1 August 1931. == Location == The name "Eismitte" means Ice-Middle in German, and the campsite was located 402 kilometers (250 mi) from the coast at an estimated altitude of 3,010 metres (9,880 ft). The coldest temperature recorded at the site was −64.8 °C (−84.6 °F) on 20 March 1931, while the warmest temperature noted was −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) on 9 July 1931. For the 12-month period beginning 1 August 1930 and ending 5 August 1931, the warmest month, July, had a mean monthly temperature of −12.3 °C (9.9 °F). while the coldest month, February, averaged −47.2 °C (−53.0 °F). Over the same period a total of 110 millimetres (4.3 in) of water-equivalent precipitation was recorded, with most of it being received in Winter. At the latitude of the camp, the sun


id: eureka-nunavut-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut-0.md
category: reference
title: Eureka, Nunavut
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:54.095576+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eureka-nunavut-20260505-0
summary:
Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west. It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world. The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada. Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867. == Divisions == The base consists of three areas: the Eureka Aerodrome, which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment) the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO) PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change. PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds. == History == Eureka


id: falsterbo-lighthouse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsterbo_Lighthouse-0.md
category: reference
title: Falsterbo Lighthouse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsterbo_Lighthouse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:55.318216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: falsterbo-lighthouse-20260505-0
summary:
Falsterbo Lighthouse (Swedish: Falsterbo fyr) . To the north-east of the lighthouse is the city of Skanör-Falsterbo, to the south-east of the lighthouse are some of the finest sandy beaches in Sweden and surrounding the lighthouse is the golf course of the Falsterbo Golf Club. == History == The sea route past the Falsterbo Headland has always been dangerous, because of the moving sand banks hidden under the sea. In 1230 the Dominikans from Lübeck sent a letter to the Danish king Valdemar with a request that a "mark" should be built to warn seafarers. There is no evidence that it was ever built. Most likely is that a prominent house at Falsterbo and The Church of Santa Maria were used as seamarks. In 1636, a lever light known as a "swape" light was built nearby at Kolabacken. An iron basket full of burning coal was hoisted up and down by a balanced bar, hence the light was moving and easier to detect. The coal fire was intensely red and could not be mistaken for a star or ship lantern. The remains of the beacon are still visible as a small hillock of ashes and coal, "Coal Hill" (Swedish: Kolabacken).


id: finnsbu-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnsbu-0.md
category: reference
title: Finnsbu
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnsbu
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:56.595467+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finnsbu-20260505-0
summary:
Finnsbu was a Norwegian hunting, meteorological and radio station (Finnsbu Radio/LMX) located on the King Frederick VI Coast, Southeastern Greenland. Administratively the area were the hut stood belongs now to the Sermersooq municipality. The station was located on the shore of Graah Fjord, in the much indented coast of southern Thorland. Finnsbu was part of a sovereignty claims staked by Norway in Southeast Greenland between 60°30'N —just north of Nanuuseq, and 63°40'N —just south of Odinland. == History == In 1931 Norway sent two expeditions to establish hunting, meteorological and radio stations in Southeast Greenland. Finn Devold (1902 - 1977), Hallvard Devold's brother, on ship Heimen from Tromsø, led the bigger party of six hunters to establish a Norwegian station. Initially Devold went to Timmiarmiut Fjord, but then he moved north to Skjoldungen District and built the hut by a good harbor in southern Thorland, naming it Finnsbu after his own name. Devold's team built two other main stations, as well as a number of smaller huts in the same region. The other expedition, led by Ole Mortensen, went initially to Storfjord (Kangerlussuaq Fjord) on ship Signalhorn and built a hut there. Since hunting there was poor, Mortensen moved with


id: giles-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Weather_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Giles Weather Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Weather_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:57.875648+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: giles-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Giles Weather Station (also referred to as Giles Meteorological Station or Giles) is located in the locality of Warakurna, Western Australia near the Northern Territory border, about 750 kilometres (470 mi) west-south-west of Alice Springs and 330 kilometres (210 mi) west of Uluru. It is the only staffed regional weather station in mainland Australia, having previously been the only one within an area of about 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) by 2008, and is situated mid-continent and near the core of the subtropical jetstream. This means it plays an important role as a weather and climate observatory for the country, particularly eastern and southeastern Australia, and particularly for rainfall predictions. The station is on the Great Central Road in the locality of Warakurna and the nearest township is the Warakurna Aboriginal settlement (population 180), 5 kilometres (3 mi) North. Giles is within the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku and is in the foothills of the Rawlinson Ranges. == Operation and facilities == A staff of three operates the remote station on four-monthly tours. As of 2026, the station reports its weather using Australian Central Standard Time in line with South Australia, including daylight saving. Giles Airport, a 1,600-metre (5,200 ft) airstrip


id: hatteras-weather-bureau-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Weather_Bureau_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Hatteras Weather Bureau Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Weather_Bureau_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:03:59.148188+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hatteras-weather-bureau-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Hatteras Weather Bureau Station is a wood-frame building in Hatteras, North Carolina built in 1901 for what was then called the U.S. Weather Bureau. The then-remote location on the Outer Banks of North Carolina provided data on conditions in the Atlantic Ocean from a fixed location that was farther into the ocean environment than any on the Atlantic coast. The building served as a weather station from 1902 to 1946, when it was converted to living quarters for Weather Bureau personnel. In 1952 the property was turned over to the U.S. Coast Guard, which used it until 1958, when it was transferred to the National Park Service for use by Cape Hatteras National Seashore. From 1958 to 1976 the building was used as a research station, first by Duke University and later by North Carolina State University for investigations concerning marine invertebrates. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. == References ==


id: isachsen-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isachsen-0.md
category: reference
title: Isachsen
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isachsen
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:00.409161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: isachsen-20260505-0
summary:
Isachsen is a remote Arctic research-weather station named after the Norwegian explorer of the Arctic Gunnar Isachsen. It is on the western shore of Ellef Ringnes Island in the Sverdrup Islands, in the territory of Nunavut in Canada. Isachsen Station was established to participate in a joint Canadian-American weather observation program. Isachsen Station operated from April 3, 1948, through September 19, 1978. Regular weather observations began on May 3, 1948. In October 1949, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain (tail number 316062) crash-landed near the station. No one was killed, but three on board were injured. The wreckage has been preserved by the cold weather and dry conditions. == Climate == According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, Isachsen and the surrounding area has the worst weather in Canada with a Climate Severity Index of 99 out of a possible 100. The climate of Isachsen is a severe tundra climate, with short, cool summers and long, cold winters. The record high is 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) on July 21, 1962, and the record low is −53.9 °C (−65.0 °F) on March 16, 1956. == Flora and fauna == There are no trees or shrubs that can live this far north. The plant


id: king-city-weather-radar-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_City_weather_radar_station-0.md
category: reference
title: King City weather radar station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_City_weather_radar_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:02.906887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: king-city-weather-radar-station-20260505-0
summary:
The King City weather radar station (ICAO site identifier CASKR (CWKR prior to 2021)) is a weather radar located in King City, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by Environment Canada and is part of the Canadian weather radar network, for which it is the primary research station. The 16.45 hectare site is listed at an elevation of 360 m, and the tower is 27 m tall. Mounted on the tower was a 5 cm weather radar, and a C-band dual-polarization radar system, installed at the site in 2004, which was replaced during the modernization program of Canadian weather radar network of 2021 by an S band (10 cm), dual-polarization radar. == Research == The station serves a number of research roles, and collects data to fulfill those observational needs. It is "responsible for providing national leadership on radar meteorology research applications". In 1984, the Research Directorate of the Atmospheric Environment Service established the first Canadian weather radar with Doppler capability in King City. In 2004, a dual-polarization radar was installed for further research. These systems are used for predictive purposes, and the data collected is used for weather forecasts for the Greater Toronto Area and the Golden Horseshoe. Further, under


id: malay-falls-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Falls,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Malay Falls, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Falls,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:05.321545+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malay-falls-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Malay Falls is a small rural community on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The community is located along Route 374 and is about 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of Sheet Harbour. The community is located along East River, and is adjacent to the Malay Falls Flowage, a lake along the river's course. Malay Falls was first settled in 1784. Colin Malay acquired land here in 1849, when the area was called Salmon River. The Government of Canada maintains a weather station in the community. == Climate == == References == Citations Bibliography Scott, David (2011). Nova Scotia Place Names. DESPUB. ISBN 978-0-9865370-1-1.


id: malin-head-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Head-0.md
category: reference
title: Malin Head
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Head
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:06.518950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: malin-head-20260505-0
summary:
Malin Head (Irish: Cionn Mhálanna) is the most northerly point of mainland Ireland, located in the townland of Ardmalin on the Inishowen peninsula in County Donegal. The head's northernmost point is called Dunalderagh at latitude 55.38ºN. It is about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the village of Malin. The island of Inishtrahull is further north, about 10 km (6 mi) northeast of the headland. Malin Head gives its name to the Malin sea area. There is a weather station on the head, which is one of 22 such stations whose reports are broadcast as part of the BBC Shipping Forecast. A tower built in 1805 is on Altnadarrow, also known locally as the Tower Hill. Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a point called Βορειον (Boreion, "the northern") which probably referred to Malin Head. == Locality == To the northeast Inistrahull Island can be seen. The first lighthouse on the island was put into operation in 1813, and the light flashes every 30 seconds. Below Altnadarrow to the east lies Ballyhillion beach, a unique raised beach system of international scientific importance. The very distinct shorelines show the changing relationship between the sea and the land from the time the


id: mark-ivb-meteorological-data-station-an-umq-13-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARK_IVB_Meteorological_Data_Station_AN/UMQ-13-0.md
category: reference
title: MARK IVB Meteorological Data Station AN/UMQ-13
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARK_IVB_Meteorological_Data_Station_AN/UMQ-13
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:07.763447+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mark-ivb-meteorological-data-station-an-umq-13-20260505-0
summary:
The AN/UMQ-13(V) system or MARK IV-B, is a meteorological data station that is owned and operated by the United States Space Force. This system allows meteorologists from around the globe to analyze and forecast meteorological data from polar orbiting satellites belonging to, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). The MARK IVB also uses geostationary orbiting satellites to include Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), Japan's Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS), and Meteosat which is operated in cooperation between EUMETSAT and the European Space Agency. There are nine operational MARK IVB terminals world-wide to provide operational missions with tactical meteorological information for a specific location. With the rapid changes in technology, the MARK IVB operates a Windows based software allowing for the rapid analyzing of meteorological images. Older models of this system were unable to process microwave data which resulted in new techniques and upgraded to both the satellites and the MARK IVB terminals. The upgrades to satellite sensors enable the ability for both satellites and meteorologists to detect weather conditions such as thunderstorms, lightning, volcanic ash, and fog. Both commercial and military aircraft can be severely affected by these weather conditions. == References ==


id: molodyozhnaya-station-antarctica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)-0.md
category: reference
title: Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:10.224878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: molodyozhnaya-station-antarctica-20260505-0
summary:
Molodyozhnaya (Russian: Молодёжная, "Youth") (also known as "Molodezhnaya") was a Soviet, then Russian research station in East Antarctica at 67°40′S 45°50′E. After being mothballed in 1990, it was reopened in 2006 to operate on a seasonal basis. In Russian, the station is sometimes referred to as the capital of Antarctica. == Location == Molodyozhnaya Station is located in the Thala Hills, 500–600 meters inland from the coast on the southern shore of Alasheyev Bight in the Cosmonaut Sea, at 42 meters above sea level. The area around the station is composed mostly of rocky ridges separated by snow-covered depressions and lakes. The sea near the station is covered in pack ice for much of the year, out to a distance of as much as 100 km at the end of winter. The rise to the summit of the massive East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Dome A) begins 1.5-2.0 km from the shore. Kheis Glacier is located in 15 km east of the station, and Campbell Glacier is roughly the same distance to the southwest. == History == The site was opened in February 1962, and used as a launch site for suborbital meteorological sounding rockets. From 25 May 1969 and 26


id: navy-oceanographic-meteorological-automatic-device-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_oceanographic_meteorological_automatic_device-0.md
category: reference
title: Navy oceanographic meteorological automatic device
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_oceanographic_meteorological_automatic_device
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:11.466331+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: navy-oceanographic-meteorological-automatic-device-20260505-0
summary:
The Navy oceanographic meteorological automatic device (NOMAD) is an anchored automated weather station developed shortly after World War II and still used today. == Advantages == The NOMAD has a boat-shaped hull made from aluminum, and it provides relatively high cost-effectiveness and excellent long-term survivability in severe weather. NOMAD buoys are highly directional and have a quick rotational response and stability. There have been no known capsizings of 6-meter (20 ft) NOMAD hulls. The relatively small size of the NOMAD allows for easy transport across land. == Development == The NOMAD hull was developed from the "Roberts buoy," which was a 6.67-foot-long (2.03 m), 400-pound (181 kg) boat-shaped buoy developed in the early 1940s by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to measure strong tidal currents. The buoy's performance was satisfactory, but its limited size significantly restricted its use in other areas. In July 1946, the United States Navy's Bureau of Ships became involved in a program to develop automatic weather station buoys. As a prospective part of this program, they conducted a preliminary investigation of the feasibility of mooring a buoy. The investigation concluded that the buoy's hull size was of insufficient length to be moored in 3,600


id: nottingham-weather-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Weather_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Nottingham Weather Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Weather_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:13.914228+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nottingham-weather-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Nottingham Weather Centre (also referred to Nottingham Watnall) is a functioning observation and weather station located in Watnall, Nottinghamshire in England. The weather station is located 5.6 miles (9.0 km) from the city centre of Nottingham, and is the closest weather station to Nottingham with observations. The weather station was established in 1941 and like many other weather stations in the United Kingdom, the recording of weather observations began in January 1960. The weather centre is currently being managed by the Met Office. The station's WMO classification index is 03354. == Climate == As the weather station is located at a higher elevation of 117 m or 384 ft, temperatures are usually cooler than the city centre of Nottingham and the Sutton Bonington weather station, as these locations are situated on a lower elevation. During the period of 1981–2010, the Nottingham Weather Centre lies within hardiness zone 9a and lies within the AHS heat zone 1. For the periods of 1961–1990 and 1971–2000 the station lied within the hardiness zone 8b, as the average annual minimum temperature was below −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) during those periods. == References ==


id: oglethorpe-barracks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe_Barracks-0.md
category: reference
title: Oglethorpe Barracks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe_Barracks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:15.361136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oglethorpe-barracks-20260505-0
summary:
Oglethorpe Barracks usually refers to a 19th-century United States Army post in the historic district of Savannah, Georgia. Some sources use the title to refer to Fort James Jackson (also known as Fort Oglethorpe) or Fort Wayne, both near Savannah. A hotel constructed in the 1880s now sits on the site of the old barracks. == Origin == In 1824, City of Savannah, Georgia, petitioned Secretary of War John C. Calhoun to build a military barracks within the city and agreed to purchase the necessary land. The War Department agreed to the endeavor and furnished the materials to build the barracks. The barracks took the name of James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia colony and of the settlement of Savannah. Weather observations from 1827-1835 cited in Grice's study were likely collected at Cantonment Oglethorpe, a separate artillery installation located outside the city that operated from 1826 to 1835. Following years of high mortality from malaria at the cantonment, troops relocated to the newly constructed Oglethorpe Barracks on Liberty Street in May 1835. Construction of Oglethorpe Barracks finished circa 1834. The weather station began using a rain gauge in 1836. Meteorological observations continued through December 1850. == Civil War == Local Confederate


id: penkridge-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penkridge_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Penkridge weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penkridge_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:17.870037+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: penkridge-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Penkridge weather station is a weather station at Penkridge in Staffordshire, England, operated by the Met Office. It is situated on the site of Rodbaston College. The station is 101 m above mean sea level. Below are the 1981-2010 averages. == External links == Met office: Penkridge 1961-1990 averages Met office: Penkridge 1971-2000 averages


id: pitsford-hall-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsford_Hall_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Pitsford Hall weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsford_Hall_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:19.126205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pitsford-hall-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Pitsford Weather Centre, formerly Pitsford Hall weather station, is an climatological station maintained by Pitsford School in the village of Pitsford, Northamptonshire. The centre was established in 1998 and issues local forecasts for the county as well as maintaining a detailed and continuous weather record. The centre maintains the Met Office climate station for Northampton, officially known as Pitsford, Northampton. The centre is a regular contributor to weather-related articles in the local press and has featured on local and national TV and radio. An analysis of each month's weather as well special articles are published in the centre's Monthly Weather report received by the British Library and available online and in hard copy to subscribers. The weather station has been run by Sixth Form students using traditional meteorological instruments from its inception in 1998 until 2016 when the site became fully automatic and renamed Pitsford Weather Centre. However, manual observations were recommenced in 2018 when the site was incorporated into the Met Office network of climatological monitoring stations. The Weather information is now available via Twitter and Facebook as well as smartphone apps for iPhone and Android. An extensive archive of county weather records is held by the station which


id: progress-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Progress Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:20.509342+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: progress-station-20260505-0
summary:
Progress (Russian: Прогресс) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) research station in Antarctica. It is located at the Larsemann Hills antarctic oasis on the shore of Prydz Bay. The station was established by the 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition on April 1, 1988, and was moved to another place on February 26, 1989 In 2000, work was temporarily halted but it reopened in 2003. A landing field is located close to the station for air connection with other stations. From 1998 to 2001 works were performed to transfer transportation operations to Progress from the Mirny Station and make it the main support base for Vostok station. In 2004, work began on a year-round facility at the station. On October 4, 2008, a fire broke out at the construction site resulting in the death of a construction worker and two serious injuries. The fire resulted in the complete loss of the new structure, as well as damage to the station's communications and scientific equipment. In 2013, the construction of a new wintering complex was completed. It is a residential unit with a sauna and gym, rooms for meteorologists and radio operators, a medical care unit which doubles as a regional hospital, and its


id: remote-automated-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Automated_Weather_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Remote Automated Weather Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Automated_Weather_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:21.725459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: remote-automated-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Remote Automatic Weather Stations (RAWS) system is a network of automated weather stations run by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and monitored by the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), mainly to observe potential wildfire conditions. Unlike the automated airport weather stations which are located at significant airports, RAWS stations are often located in remote areas, particularly in national forests. Because of this, they usually are not connected to the electrical grid, but rather have their own solar panels, and a battery to store power for overnight reporting. Some instead run on a generator. In both cases, data important to operating the station itself, such as battery voltage or fuel level, is often included in the hourly reports. Also because of the remote locations, most communicate with a radio connection to a GOES satellite. In this regard, they are similar to mesonets and may be mesonets if the distance between stations (spatial resolution) is sufficiently dense. They often lack the consistently high-quality data needed for use in numerical weather prediction and climatology, however. Road Weather Information System (RWIS) may likewise be self-powered and located in remote areas. == Portable RAWS == There are times


id: requetemu-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requetemu-0.md
category: reference
title: Requetemu
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requetemu
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:22.958783+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: requetemu-20260505-0
summary:
Requetemu is a NOAA weather station in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Its coordinates are 21.93°N 98.90°W﻿ / 21.93; -98.90. It is 89m (292 feet) above sea level. == Footnotes == == External links == "Climate Explorer: Time series". climexp.knmi.nl. Retrieved 2008-07-09.


id: road-weather-information-system-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_weather_information_system-0.md
category: reference
title: Road weather information system
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_weather_information_system
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:24.173241+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: road-weather-information-system-20260505-0
summary:
A road weather information system (RWIS) comprises remote automatic weather stations (AWSs) – often technically referred to as environmental sensor stations (ESSs), as they also cover non-meteorological variables – a communication system for data transfer, and central systems to collect field data from numerous ESSs. These stations measure real-time atmospheric parameters, pavement conditions, water level conditions, visibility, and sometimes other variables. Central RWIS hardware and software are used to process observations from ESSs to develop nowcasts or forecasts, and to display or disseminate road weather information in a format that can be easily interpreted by a manager. RWIS data are used by road operators and maintainers to support decision making. Real-time RWIS data is also used by automated warning systems (AWSs). The spatial and temporal resolution of a station network can be that of a mesonet or sometimes a constituent network in a network of station networks comprising a mesonet. The data is often considered proprietary although it is typically ingested into the major numerical weather prediction models. == Sensors == Thermometer for measuring temperature and pavement conditions Anemometer for measuring wind speed Wind vane for measuring wind direction Visibility sensor for detecting fog and smoke Rain gauge for measuring


id: ross-on-wye-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Ross-on-Wye weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:25.417927+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ross-on-wye-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Ross-on-Wye weather station is a weather station, now fully automated, situated off the Walford Road in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, England. == Tradition == Throughout the Second World War, it was the only volunteer-run weather station to be accepted by the Met office. Every night throughout the conflict, it was the only land-locked station to be included in the shipping forecast on the World Service. The anecdotes goes that- even when in the Pacific- the soldiers from Ross would know exactly what the weather was like around at their mothers. Clement Grant Dixon, Physics teacher, Ross Grammar School, 1970. == History == Henry Southall (1836–1916), set up a station at 'The Craig, Ross' in 1859. It was in 1860, after the loss of the Royal Charter in 1859, that Robert FitzRoy (1805–1865) used the electric telegraph to transmit weather data so he might issue storm warnings and in 1861 issue weather forecasts. Importantly Ross was already operating. Frederick James Parsons arrived in Ross in 1912 having previously had his own amateur station when a child. He met up with Southall, and established his own station at Chase Dale in the Chase, Ross. In 1914 he was made a Fellow of Royal


id: schatzgr-ber-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzgräber_(weather_station)-0.md
category: reference
title: Schatzgräber (weather station)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzgräber_(weather_station)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:26.678768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: schatzgr-ber-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
Schatzgräber or “Treasure Hunter” was the name of a military weather station Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine established in the north of Alexandra Land in the Arctic Franz Josef Land archipelago in 1943. The construction of the secret complex codename “Treasure Hunter” began in 1942 at the command of Adolf Hitler but came into operation only in 1943. The mission of the station's crew started in September that year and lasted until July 1944, when they were summarily evacuated after most of them consumed raw polar bear meat and fell sick. == Weather observations in the Arctic == Since the beginning of World War II, the Kriegsmarine was endowed with the task of collecting meteorological data in support of the German war effort. That was accomplished mainly by weather-observation vessels (frequently refitted fishing boats). Motivated by repeated losses of such boats, beginning in 1941, and under direction of Hans-Robert Knoespel, the erection of meteorological stations on land was planned and executed. The first such station around the Arctic Ocean, Knospe, was established in the northwest of the main island of the Svalbard archipelago in October 1941. == Weather troop Schatzgräber == To prepare members of the meteorological mission for the conditions in


id: snotel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOTEL-0.md
category: reference
title: SNOTEL
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOTEL
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:27.951186+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: snotel-20260505-0
summary:
SNOTEL is an automated system of snowpack and related climate sensors operated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture in the Western United States. There are over 900 SNOTEL (or snow telemetry) sites in 11 states, including Alaska. The sites are generally located in remote high-mountain watersheds where access is often difficult or restricted. Access for maintenance by the NRCS includes various modes from hiking and skiing to helicopters. All SNOTEL sites measure snow water content, accumulated precipitation, and air temperature. Some sites also measure snow depth, soil moisture and temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. These data are used to forecast yearly water supplies, predict floods, and for general climate research. == History == Installation of SNOTEL began in the mid-1960s. Its use in climate forecasting was not originally envisioned, but it has become the standard climate data for western U.S. locations which are elevated sufficiently to have at least a seasonal snowpack. Ongoing algorithm upgrades correct and backfill missing data, while improvements in communications improve the overall quality of data collection. == Meteor burst technology (phased out) == SNOTEL used to use meteor burst communications technology to collect


id: sornfelli-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sornfelli-0.md
category: reference
title: Sornfelli
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sornfelli
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:29.273796+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sornfelli-20260505-0
summary:
Sornfelli is a mountain plateau on the island of Streymoy in the Faroe Islands about 12 km from the capital Tórshavn (20 km by road), in the Mjørkadalur valley. It is the site of a NATO military radar station at 725m above sea level (asl). The Sornfelli Meteorological Station installed in 1999 is located in the middle of the 40,000 m2 Sornfelli Mountain top plateau, also at 725m above sea level. == Climate == Temperatures at the meteorological station in 2000 were: Mean annual air temperature: +1.7 °C Mean coldest month (April): −2.2 °C Mean warmest month (August): 6.5 °C From Tórshavn you can drive over the mountain road "Oyggjarvegin" to the Sornfelli Mountain plateau. There is a public road up to the Sornfelli Mountain plateau, but not the last 200 m to the radar base. The mountain of Sornfelli has a height of 749m. == Military base == Sornfelli was the site of a Danish military installation (Joint Arctic Command) and NATO early warning radar system until the Danish authorities closed it in 2002. Known as Site 43, it was also part of the North Atlantic Radio System and ACE High, with tropospheric scatter links to Hofn Air Station


id: storfjord-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfjord_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Storfjord Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfjord_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:30.566855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: storfjord-station-20260505-0
summary:
Storfjord was a Norwegian hunting, meteorological and radio station ("Storfjord/LMR") located in King Christian IX Land, Eastern Greenland. Administratively the area were the hut stood belongs now to the Sermersooq municipality. The station was built on the shore of Kangerlussuaq Fjord, also known as Storfjord. The anchorage near the station was difficult owing to the deep waters of the fjord and the very strong currents. == History == In 1931 Norway sent two expeditions to establish hunting and radio stations in Southeast Greenland. Led by Ole Mortensen, one of the expeditions went to Kangerlussuaq Fjord on ship Signalhorn and built a hut there, Storfjord Station. Since hunting there was poor, Mortensen moved with his men south to Lindenow Fjord, where a Norwegian radio and meteorological station named Moreton was built 7 km (4.3 mi) from the mouth of the fjord in 1932. Meanwhile another Norwegian station was built in Thorland and named Finnsbu. In the same year Norway staked sovereignty claims in Southeast Greenland between 60°30'N —just north of Nanuuseq, and 63°40'N —just south of Odinland. As a result, another expedition was sent by the Norwegian government led by Gunnar Horn on ship Veslemari and the Storfjord Station was reestablished.


id: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northeastern-thailand-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of Thai Meteorological Department weather stations in northeastern Thailand
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:31.840151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northeastern-thailand-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northeastern_Thailand-0.md

summary:
Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) has a total of 118 weather stations throughout Thailand, including 21 Agromet stations. == Weather stations in Thailand == Thailand is according to Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) for climatic observations divided into six regions: northern, northeastern, eastern, central, southern (west coast) and southern (east coast) Thailand. == Northeastern region == The northeastern region includes the 20 provinces: === TMD weather stations in northeastern Thailand === There are a total of 22 weather stations in northeastern Thailand, including 3 Agromet stations. === TMD weather stations === All TMD weather stations in Thailand have their own website. The weather forecasts are at 1.00, 4.00, 7.00, 10.00, 13.00, 16.00, 19.00 and 22.00 hour. The weather stations distribute the weather forecasts every day at 7.30, 8.30, 12.30,13.30,19.30 and 20.30 via FM radio broadcast, these include the weather forecasts of the neighboring weather stations. When the weather station is located near an airport, the Royal Thai Air Force and civil aviation use their own weather station for the pilots' briefing. In the northeastern region just four stations have a weather radar with a radius of 120 km or 240 km, they are station Sakon Nakhon, Khon Kaen, Ubon Ratchathani and Surin.

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northeastern_Thailand


id: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northern-thailand-20260505-0
category: reference
title: List of Thai Meteorological Department weather stations in northern Thailand
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:33.031034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-thai-meteorological-department-weather-stations-in-northern-thailand-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northern_Thailand-0.md

summary:
Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) has a total of 118 weather stations throughout Thailand, including 21 Agromet stations. == Weather stations in Thailand == Thailand is according to Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) for climatic observations divided into six regions: northern, northeastern, eastern, central, southern (west coast) and southern (east coast) Thailand. == Northern region == The northern region includes the 15 provinces: === TMD weather stations in northern Thailand === There are a total of 29 weather stations in northern Thailand, including 5 Agromet stations. === TMD weather station Phitsanulok === Like all TMD weather stations in Thailand, the weather station has its own website. The weather forecasts are at 1.00, 4.00, 7.00, 10.00, 13.00, 16.00, 19.00 and 22.00 hour. This weather station (48378) distributes the weather forecasts every day at 7.30, 8.30, 12.30,13.30,19.30 and 20.30 via radio broadcast on FM 104.25 MHz, these include the weather forecasts of the five neighboring weather stations. The weather station is located near Phitsanulok airport. But both the Royal Thai Air Force and civil aviation use their own weather station for the pilots' briefing. In the northern region just five stations have a weather radar with a radius of 120 km or 240 km,

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_Meteorological_Department_weather_stations_in_northern_Thailand


id: torgilsbu-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgilsbu-0.md
category: reference
title: Torgilsbu
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgilsbu
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:34.267594+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: torgilsbu-20260505-0
summary:
Torgilsbu was a Norwegian hunting, meteorological and radio station (Torgilsbu Radio/LMQ) located on the King Frederick VI Coast, Southeastern Greenland. Administratively the area were the hut stood belongs now to the Kujalleq municipality. The station was located on the northern shore of the head of Nanuuseq Fjord, formerly known as Oyfjord. There was an anchorage in the fjord near the station. == History == In 1931 Norway sent two expeditions to establish hunting and radio stations in Southeast Greenland. Led by Ole Mortensen, one of the expeditions went to Storfjord (Kangerlussuaq Fjord) on ship Signalhorn and built a hut there. Since hunting there was poor, Mortensen moved with his men to Lindenow Fjord, where a Norwegian radio and meteorological station named Moreton was built 7 km (4.3 mi) from the mouth of the fjord in 1932. Meanwhile another Norwegian station was built in Thorland and named Finnsbu. In the same year Norway staked sovereignty claims in Southeast Greenland between 60°30'N —just north of Nanuuseq, and 63°40'N —just south of Odinland. As a result, another expedition was sent by the Norwegian government led by Gunnar Horn on ship Veslemari and the Storfjord Station was reestablished. The Lindenow Fjord station was moved


id: transmitter-hamburg-billstedt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter_Hamburg-Billstedt-0.md
category: reference
title: Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter_Hamburg-Billstedt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:35.511493+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: transmitter-hamburg-billstedt-20260505-0
summary:
The Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt is a broadcasting facility in Hamburg-Billstedt, established in 1934. It is owned and operated by the Norddeutscher Rundfunk public broadcasting service, but open to competitors, too. == History == From 1934 to 1949 it used as transmission aerial a wire hung up in a tower of wood. This tower had until 1941 a height of 145 metres. In 1941 its height was reduced to 84.5 metres and in 1949 it was demolished. In 1940 a second aerial in form of a triangle area aerial was built. This aerial allowing transmitting on a wide frequency range was demolished in the Fifties. In 1949/50 a 198-metre-high guyed steelframework mast with a cage aerial and a transmission aerial for FM and TV on its top was erected. From this mast, which was partly destroyed by a storm during its erection in December 1949, between 1953 and 1962 the programme of the "Deutschen Langwellensender" (German longwave transmitter) was broadcast. This programme was transmitted in a special modulation mode, the compatible single sideband modulation, allowing smaller bandwidth and the possibility of reception with conventional AM receivers. Because this mast was under high voltage the aerials for FM and TV on its top


id: understory-company-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory_(company)-0.md
category: reference
title: Understory (company)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory_(company)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:36.721466+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: understory-company-20260505-0
summary:
Understory (founded in 2012 as WInstruments) is a company that forecasts weather and collects data using a grid of weather-sensing hardware that tracks weather from the ground level. == History == Although originally known as WInstruments, founder and CEO Alex Kubicek changed the company name to Subsidence and joined Gener8tor, a group in Madison, Wisconsin that provides funding to startups. After receiving funding from Gener8tor, the company moved to Boston to the Bolt hardware accelerator. Kubicek soon renamed the company “Understory,” and combined funding from Gener8tor and Bolt came to $68,000. After raising $1.9 million in seed funding led by True Ventures, with participation by RRE Ventures, Vegas Tech Fund, SK Ventures, and Andrew C. Payne, the company moved from Madison to Boston, Massachusetts. Headquarters was set up in Somerville at the clean tech incubator, Greentown Labs, and the company set up pilot tests in Kansas City, Missouri, Dallas, Texas, and Boston. Series A funding resulted in another $7.5 million for the company, co-led by 4490 Ventures and Monsanto Growth Ventures and joined by CSA Partners, True Ventures, RRE Ventures, and SK Ventures. The company then announced a plan to move back to Madison, Wisconsin. The company's first customer was


id: vvc-weather-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVC_weather_station-0.md
category: reference
title: VVC weather station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVC_weather_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:37.941350+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vvc-weather-station-20260505-0
summary:
The VDNKh weather station is the principal weather station in Moscow, Russia. It opened in 1948 on the grounds of the All-Russia Exhibition Centre. The station's World meteorological organization classification index is 27612. == History == The Moscow Agrometeorological station at the VSHV was opened on August 1, 1939, along with the main cascade, and operated for 11 months until July 1, 1940. Since the beginning of the war, it has been mothballed. It was only on May 20, 1948, that the 2nd-class meteorological station was reopened on the territory of the All-Russian Agricultural Academy. On June 10, 1949, it was reorganized into the agrometeorological station Moscow, VSHV, which still exists today under the name Moscow, VDNH. The station was moved several times within the territory of VDNKH, but the surrounding conditions did not change significantly.. == Climatological data == == Climate change == According to the VDNKh weather station, the climate has been getting warmer in recent decades, and the average annual temperature has been rising.. The reasons for this process may be both the so—called global warming and the natural cyclical climate, as well as the continued growth of the city (an increase in population, the number of


id: weather-station-kurt-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt-0.md
category: reference
title: Weather Station Kurt
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:39.157410+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: weather-station-kurt-20260505-0
summary:
Weather Station Kurt (Wetter-Funkgerät Land-26) was an automatic weather station, erected by a German U-boat crew of the Kriegsmarine in northern Labrador, Dominion of Newfoundland (now part of Canada), in October 1943. Installing the equipment for the station was the only known armed German military operation on land in North America (outside of Greenland) during the Second World War. After the war, it was forgotten until its rediscovery in 1977. == Background == In the northern hemisphere, weather systems in temperate climates predominantly move from west to east. This gave the Allies an important advantage. The Allied network of weather stations in North America, Greenland, and Iceland allowed the Allies to make more accurate weather forecasts than the Germans. German meteorologists used weather reports sent by U-boats and weather ships, such as Lauenburg, operating in the North Atlantic. They also had reports from clandestine weather stations in remote parts of the Arctic and readings collected over the Atlantic by specially equipped weather aircraft. However, the ships and clandestine stations were easily captured by the Allies during the early part of the war. Data from aircraft was incomplete as they were limited in range and susceptible to Allied attack. Regular weather


id: western-head-nova-scotia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Head,_Nova_Scotia-0.md
category: reference
title: Western Head, Nova Scotia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Head,_Nova_Scotia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:40.340825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: western-head-nova-scotia-20260505-0
summary:
Western Head is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Region of Queens Municipality. The Meteorological Service of Canada maintains a weather station in Western Head ID: CWWE. A lighthouse and fog station, the Western Head Lighthouse, is located here at 43.989109°N 64.661495°W﻿ / 43.989109; -64.661495﻿ (Western Head Lighthouse). The lighthouse is an octagonal concrete tower with an aluminum lantern. Western Head is prone to tropical storms and hurricanes that track up the East Coast. However, effects are usually quick and minimal as the cool waters may weaken the storm, and storms usually move very quickly across Western Head. For example, Hurricane Earl made landfall near Western Head as a large Category One hurricane in 2010. == References ==


id: white-elephant-building-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)-0.md
category: reference
title: White Elephant (building)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:41.515341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: white-elephant-building-20260505-0
summary:
White Elephant (Ukrainian: Білий слон, romanized: Bilyi slon; Polish: Biały Słoń) is an abandoned campus of the former Polish Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory of University of Warsaw, located at remote area on the peak of Pip Ivan in the Chornohora range of the Carpathian Mountains, Ukraine. Currently the structure is used as a mountain shelter with a small search and rescue team with some rooms adapted for lodging and recovery. Along with that Bialy Slon is recognized as a historical landmark and there are restoration activities on the way since 2012 to restore its original conditions in cooperation with the Ciscarpathian National University and the University of Warsaw and scheduled to be finished in 2018. It is considered to be the highest built residential structure in Ukraine. The closest settlement today is the village of Zelene in Verkhovyna Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Currently the observatory is classified under the registration number three as a monument of cultural heritage that is not considered for privatization. The facility is located with the Carpathian National Nature Park. The region was part of the Second Polish Republic when the observatory was established during the interbellum period. Biały Słoń, started in 1937 and completed in the


id: white-elephant-building-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)-1.md
category: reference
title: White Elephant (building)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Elephant_(building)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:41.515341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: white-elephant-building-20260505-0
summary:
On 18 September 1939, following the Soviet aggression on the eastern part of Poland (see: Kresy), the personnel of the observatory packed the most important equipment (including the refractor) and left for the Hungarian border. At first it was taken to the Budapest Konkoly Observatory, and then the Vienna Observatory by the end of the war. Within the first years after the war, the equipment returned to Poland. The three-lens objective today is located in the Silesian Planetarium (Katowice). By the end of the month, the Red Army had captured the building. After the region was united with the Ukrainian SSR, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) sent an expedition. On 31 December 1939 the first academician-astronomer of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Oleksandr Orlov, visited the observatory. He established that the most valuable equipment has been taken out of the building, including five large-diameter lenses, two lenses of smaller diameter, two micrometers, and two chronometers. Based on Orlov's report, the NASU Presidium declared that the Carpathian Astronomical Observatory (the newly acquired name) was to be transferred to the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, based on a resolution of the government of the


id: harlow-hill-tower-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Hill_Tower-0.md
category: reference
title: Harlow Hill Tower
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Hill_Tower
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:44.370756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: harlow-hill-tower-20260505-0
summary:
Harlow Hill Tower is a historic building in Harrogate, a town in North Yorkshire, in England. The building was constructed as an observatory in 1829. It is on the edge of Harlow Moor and was built for John Thompson. It was open to the public as a viewing point by 1900, but was only fitted out with a permanent telescope in 1933. In 1998, a Foucault pendulum was installed inside. The building has been grade II listed since 1949. The tower is built of stone, with a square plan, and is generally said to be 90 feet (27 m) high, although the Harrogate Civic Society states that it has been measured as only 70 feet (21 m) high. On the top is a modern domed observatory roof. It has no decoration other than a lintel inscribed "HARLOW-HILL TOWER 1829". The only windows are small panes on each side near the top. Adjacent is a two-storey entrance extension with a tile roof, and steps leading up to an upper floor doorway. == See also == Listed buildings in Harrogate (Harlow Moor Ward) == References ==


id: mabel-nevill-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Nevill-0.md
category: reference
title: Mabel Nevill
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Nevill
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:45.527590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mabel-nevill-20260505-0
summary:
Mabel Nevill (née Grant) (1865–1958) was a South African human computer and astronomical assistant, and the first South African women's singles tennis champion. == Biography == Mabel Grant was born in Durban, South Africa, the daughter of a merchant, William Grant, and his wife Sarah (née Pilcher). Mabel Grant became the first South African women's singles tennis champion in 1899. On the event's silver trophy, she is listed as champion three additional times between 1890 and 1893. === Human computer === Beginning in 1887 (possibly from 1885), she joined three other women who were assisting the government astronomer at the Natal Observatory (located in today's KwaZulu-Natal province of the Republic of South Africa). The women worked during the mornings as human computers, completing complex astronomical calculations, processing meteorological observations and the reduction of tidal observations. In 1890, she was named the Observatory's meteorological assistant and on 1 September 1891, she succeeded John Grant as the senior astronomical assistant. According to the Report of the Government Astronomer (1903), her job was intricate and demanding: "The senior assistant maintains a general supervision over the whole of the details of the work of the Observatory; carries on the general and astronomical correspondence; assists


id: starfire-optical-range-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfire_Optical_Range-0.md
category: reference
title: Starfire Optical Range
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfire_Optical_Range
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:46.707975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: starfire-optical-range-20260505-0
summary:
Starfire Optical Range (SOR - Pronounced as an initialism) is a United States Air Force research laboratory on the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its primary duty, according to the official website, is to "develop and demonstrate optical wavefront control technologies." The range is a secure lab facility and is a division of the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory. SOR's optical equipment includes a 3.5 meter telescope which is "one of the largest telescopes in the world equipped with adaptive optics designed for satellite tracking" according to the Air Force, a 1.5 meter telescope, and a 1-meter beam director. == Purpose == The purpose of Starfire is to conduct research to use adaptive optics to remove the effects of scintillation (atmospheric turbulence). Turbulence interferes with laser beam integrity over distances. Lasers are being used for long-distance high-bandwidth communications and accuracy in air-to-air laser connectivity is important for data integrity. Scintillation is also a problem in development of weaponized lasers, such as the airborne laser being developed to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles. == See also == North Oscura Peak List of the largest optical telescopes in the contiguous United States == References == ==


id: venus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VENUS-0.md
category: reference
title: VENUS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VENUS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:47.863824+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: venus-20260505-0
summary:
The Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea (VENUS) is one of two principal cabled seafloor observatories operated by Ocean Networks Canada at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The VENUS cabled ocean observatory is designed to provide new ways of studying the ocean. Since its launch in 2006, it has enabled scientists to run and monitor various ocean experiments remotely. The aim of VENUS is to study coastal oceans in two sites near Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia. The first site of the VENUS seafloor network, operational since February 2006, is located in Saanich Inlet at 100m. The second site is located in the deeper waters of the Strait of Georgia and links instrument arrays deployed at depths varying from 100 to 300 meters. VENUS uses Internet, telecommunication technology, and a network of about 50 kilometers of fiber optic cables at a maximum depth of 300 meters to create a permanent link to cameras and other monitoring instruments on the seafloor. The VENUS observatory has scores of sensors that measure such parameters as temperature, salinity, and pressure of the water 24 hours a day. The seafloor instruments provide oceanographers, marine biologists, and geologists with real-time ocean data. Ship-based ocean


id: planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
A planetarium (pl.: planetariums or planetaria) is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky, or for training in celestial navigation. A dominant feature of most planetariums is the large dome-shaped projection screen onto which scenes of stars, planets, and other celestial objects can be made to appear and move realistically to simulate their motion. The projection can be created in various ways, such as a star ball, slide projector, video, fulldome projector systems, and lasers. Typical systems can be set to simulate the sky at any point in time, past or present, and often to depict the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth. Planetaria range in size from the 37 meter dome in St. Petersburg, Russia (called "Planetarium No 1") to three-meter inflatable portable domes where attendees sit on the floor. The largest planetarium in the Western Hemisphere is the Jennifer Chalsty Planetarium at Liberty Science Center in New Jersey, its dome measuring 27 meters in diameter. The Birla Planetarium, Kolkata in India is the largest by seating capacity, having 630 seats. In North America, the Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural


id: planetarium-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-1.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
When Germany was divided into East and West Germany after the war, the Zeiss firm was also split. Part remained in its traditional headquarters at Jena, in East Germany, and part migrated to West Germany. The designer of the first planetariums for Zeiss, Walther Bauersfeld, also migrated to West Germany with the other members of the Zeiss management team. There he remained on the Zeiss West management team until his death in 1959. The West German firm resumed making large planetariums in 1954, and the East German firm started making small planetariums a few years later. Meanwhile, the lack of planetarium manufacturers had led to several attempts at construction of unique models, such as one built by the California Academy of Sciences in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, which operated 1952–2003. The Korkosz brothers built a large projector for the Boston Museum of Science, which was unique in being the first (and for a very long time only) planetarium to project the planet Uranus. Most planetariums ignore Uranus as being at best marginally visible to the naked eye. A great boost to the popularity of the planetarium worldwide was provided by the Space Race of the 1950s and 60s when


id: planetarium-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-2.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Portable inflatable domes can be inflated in minutes. Such domes are often used for touring planetariums visiting, for example, schools and community centres. Temporary structures using glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) segments bolted together and mounted on a frame are possible. As they may take some hours to construct, they are more suitable for applications such as exhibition stands, where a dome will stay up for a period of at least several days. Negative-pressure inflated domes are suitable in some semi-permanent situations. They use a fan to extract air from behind the dome surface, allowing atmospheric pressure to push it into the correct shape. Smaller permanent domes are frequently constructed from glass reinforced plastic. This is inexpensive but, as the projection surface reflects sound as well as light, the acoustics inside this type of dome can detract from its utility. Such a solid dome also presents issues connected with heating and ventilation in a large-audience planetarium, as air cannot pass through it. Older planetarium domes were built using traditional construction materials and surfaced with plaster. This method is relatively expensive and suffers the same acoustic and ventilation issues as GRP. Most modern domes are built from thin aluminium sections with ribs providing


id: planetarium-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-3.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Traditional planetarium projection apparatus use a hollow ball with a light inside, and a pinhole for each star, hence the name "star ball". With some of the brightest stars (e.g. Sirius, Canopus, Vega), the hole must be so big to let enough light through that there must be a small lens in the hole to focus the light to a sharp point on the dome. In later and modern planetarium star balls, the individual bright stars often have individual projectors, shaped like small hand-held torches, with focusing lenses for individual bright stars. Contact breakers prevent the projectors from projecting below the "horizon". The star ball is usually mounted so it can rotate as a whole to simulate the Earth's daily rotation, and to change the simulated latitude on Earth. There is also usually a means of rotating to produce the effect of precession of the equinoxes. Often, one such ball is attached at its south ecliptic pole. In that case, the view cannot go so far south that any of the resulting blank area at the south is projected on the dome. Some star projectors have two balls at opposite ends of the projector like a dumbbell. In that case


id: planetarium-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium-4.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:49.406322+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
In a fully digital planetarium, the dome image is generated by a computer and then projected onto the dome using a variety of technologies including cathode-ray tube, LCD, DLP, or laser projectors. Sometimes a single projector mounted near the centre of the dome is employed with a fisheye lens to spread the light over the whole dome surface, while in other configurations several projectors around the horizon of the dome are arranged to blend together seamlessly. Digital projection systems all work by creating the image of the night sky as a large array of pixels. Generally speaking, the more pixels a system can display, the better the viewing experience. While the first generation of digital projectors were unable to generate enough pixels to match the image quality of the best traditional "star ball" projectors, high-end systems now offer a resolution that approaches the limit of human visual acuity. LCD projectors have fundamental limits on their ability to project true black as well as light, which has tended to limit their use in planetaria. LCOS and modified LCOS projectors have improved on LCD contrast ratios while also eliminating the "screen door" effect of small gaps between LCD pixels. "Dark chip" DLP


id: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums-0.md
category: reference
title: List of planetariums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:50.584295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
summary:
This entry is a list of permanent planetariums across the world. == Permanent planetariums == Planetariums are ordered by continent and then by country in alphabetical order. The planetariums are listed in the following format: name, city. The International Planetarium Society has a more complete list on its website. === Africa === ==== Algeria ==== Complexe Culturel Abdelwahab Salim, Tipaza Planetarium de Ghardaia, Ghardaia ==== Egypt ==== Arab Academy for Science and Technology Planetarium, Alexandria The Child Museum, Cairo Planetarium Science Center, Alexandria Suez Discovery & Science Center, Suez ==== Ghana ==== Ghana Planetarium, Accra ==== Libya ==== Planetarium of Tripoli, Al-Quba Al-Falakia, Tripoli, Libya ==== South Africa ==== Iziko Planetarium at the Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town Johannesburg Planetarium at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Sutherland Planetarium Naval Hill Planetarium, Bloemfontein ==== Tunisia ==== Planetarium of Tunis Science City, Tunis === Asia === ==== Bangladesh ==== Novo Theatre, Dhaka Novo Theatre, Rajshahi ==== China ==== Beijing Planetarium, Beijing Hong Kong Space Museum, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong Macao Science Center, Macao Shanghai Astronomy Museum, Shanghai ==== India ==== ==== Indonesia ==== Jagad Raya Planetarium, Tenggarong Jakarta Planetarium, Jakarta Loka Jala Crana Planetarium, Surabaya ==== Iraq ==== Baghdad Planetarium,


id: list-of-planetariums-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums-1.md
category: reference
title: List of planetariums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:50.584295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
summary:
===== Arkansas ===== EpiSphere at the Aerospace Education Center, Little Rock ===== California ===== ===== Colorado ===== Fiske Planetarium at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder Gates Planetarium at Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver United States Air Force Academy Planetarium at United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs ===== Connecticut ===== The Children's Museum, West Hartford The Discovery Museum, Bridgeport Leitner Family Observatory and Planetarium at Yale University, New Haven Treworgy Planetarium at Mystic Seaport, Mystic ===== District of Columbia ===== Albert Einstein Planetarium, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution Rock Creek Park Planetarium, Rock Creek Park Nature Center ===== Florida ===== ===== Georgia ===== Jim Cherry Memorial Planetarium at the Fernbank Science Center, Atlanta Mark Smith Planetarium at the Museum of Arts and Sciences, Macon Omnisphere Theater, Coca-Cola Challenger Space Science Center, Columbus State University, Columbus Rollins Planetarium at Young Harris College, Young Harris Tellus Planetarium at Tellus: Northwest Georgia Science Museum, Cartersville Wetherbee Planetarium at Thronateeska Heritage Center, Albany ===== Guam ===== University of Guam Planetarium at the University of Guam, Hagåtña ===== Hawaii ===== Hōkūlani Imaginarium, Windward Community College, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i ʻImiloa Astronomy Center, Hilo Jhamandas Watumull Planetarium at the Bernice P. Bishop


id: list-of-planetariums-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums-2.md
category: reference
title: List of planetariums
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:50.584295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-planetariums-20260505-0
summary:
==== Australia ==== Science Space, Wollongong, NSW Melbourne, Scienceworks Museum Planetarium, Melbourne Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston Scitech Planetarium, Perth Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium, Brisbane UNISA Planetarium, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide Cosmos Centre, Charleville, Queensland ==== New Zealand ==== Sir Edmund Hillary Alpine Centre Digital Dome at The Hermitage Hotel, Mount Cook Village Perpetual Guardian Planetarium, Tūhura Otago Museum, Dunedin Planetarium North, Whangārei Space Place at Carter Observatory, Wellington Stardome Observatory, Auckland === South America === ==== Argentina ==== Complejo Astronómico Municipal, Rosario Complejo Planetario Malargüe, Malargüe Galileo Galilei planetarium, Buenos Aires Parque Astronómico la Punta ==== Brazil ==== ==== Chile ==== Planetario Chile (University of Santiago, Chile), Carl Zeiss VI, Santiago Planetario Mamalluca, Municipalidad de Vicuña, Región de Coquimbo Planetario Rapa Nui (Fundación Planetario Rapa Nui, Chile), Isla de Pascua Planetario Movil Tikva, Purranque, Región Los Lagos ==== Colombia ==== Planetarium of Bogotá, Bogotá Planetarium of Medellín, Medellín Planetarium La Enseñanza, Medellín Planetario Móvil Colombia, Bogotá ==== Ecuador ==== Planetarium of Mitad del Mundo, Ciudad Mitad del Mundo-Quito Planetario de la Armada -Guayaquil- (INOCAR) Planetario Mundo Juvenil -Cuenca- Centro cultural Planetario -Quito- (IGM) ==== Uruguay ==== Planetario de Montevideo "Agr. Germán Barbato", first Latin American planetarium (1955), Montevideo


id: baghdad-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Baghdad Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:53.020003+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: baghdad-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Baghdad Planetarium (Arabic: القبة الفلكية البغدادي) was a green-domed astronomical Planetarium based in al-Zawra'a Park located diagonally across from the Baghdad Central Railway Station in Baghdad, Iraq. == Biography == === Historical background === Plans to construct a planetarium in Baghdad can be traced back to the Kingdom of Iraq period in which plans for a Greater Baghdad were outlined. Among the people invited for the plans by King Faisal II was American architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright who designed several cultural buildings as part of the project, one of these was a planetarium next to a civic auditorium located below several vast ramps for east access to the planetarium. The planetarium was supposed to be located on an island alongside an Opera House, a grand Islamic bazaar, and a monument of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid. However, these plans were never implemented due to the 1958 coup that overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and killed King Faisal II, and lack of interest upon the new Iraqi government established by Abd al-Karim Qasim to continue the project. === Establishment === The Planetarium was built and opened in 1979 under the leadership of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. It is considered


id: bangkok-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Bangkok Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:54.181476+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bangkok-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Bangkok Planetarium (Thai: ท้องฟ้าจำลองกรุงเทพ, RTGS: Thong Fa Chamlong Krung Thep) is the oldest planetarium in Thailand and Southeast Asia. It is located on Sukhumvit Road in Bangkok as part of the Science Centre for Education, which is operated by the Department of Non-Formal Education of the Ministry of Education.The complex was built to educate the youth and general public about science and astronomy. Construction of the planetarium began in 1962 with a budget of twelve million baht and it opened on 18 August 1964. The planetarium dome is 20.60 metres in diameter and 13 metres high, and holds 450 seats. The planetarium uses a Mark IV Zeiss projector, which was the first installation of a large planetarium projector in Southeast Asia. Apart from the theatre itself, the building also features permanent exhibitions on astronomy, aimed at young audiences. The planetarium underwent extensive renovations in 2015, including the installation of two new Christie Boxer 4K30 projectors alongside the old Mark IV, which helped reignite interest in the previously ailing museum. == References == == External links == Official website


id: belgrade-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Belgrade Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:55.367437+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: belgrade-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Belgrade Planetarium (Serbian: Београдски планетаријум, Beogradski planetarijum) is one of two planetariums in Serbia. It is located in Belgrade and is operated by the Astronomical Society Ruđer Bošković. Before 1967 it was known as the "Turkish bath in Lower Town". == Location == The planetarium is located in the Lower Town of the Belgrade Fortress. It is situated on the plateau below the Danube slope of the hill, in the immediate vicinity of the remains of the medieval Lower town's Eastern Gate complex. == History == The edifice was originally built as the Turkish bath (hamam). It was constructed between 1860 and 1867, when Ottomans left the fortress, though the exact date is unknown. During the World War I it was used as the military bath. The building was almost demolished as the result of the 1944 explosion in the nearby Eastern Gate of the fortress. After the city Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments was founded, the Institute initiated the reconstruction of the hamam in 1962, citing the building's "undisputed monumental properties". The reconstruction was finished in 1964 and the venue remained unused until 1967. The original idea was for the facility to be adapted into the


id: child-museum-cairo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Museum_(Cairo)-0.md
category: reference
title: Child Museum (Cairo)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Museum_(Cairo)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:56.776084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: child-museum-cairo-20260505-0
summary:
The Children's Civilization and Creativity Center (Arabic: متحف الطفل بالقاهرة) is a children's museum in Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt, established in 1986. It was renovated twice in 1996 and in 2012. It is a large museum and cultural center covering 4,000 square meters in a 14 Feddan, 14.3 acre landscape. It was built by the Heliopolis Society for the benefit of all the children of Egypt. This work involved contributions from Egyptian and international museums and institutions. The museum was designed by experts from Egypt, UK and the USA and built by museum specialists from all over the world who have contributed to the museum to assist children and young adults to learn through hands on exhibits, inter-actives, computer games, and a spectacular dome show exhibit that takes the visitor through the history of science in Egypt. In May 2012 it won the UK's Museum and Heritage International Award. == Exterior == The entrance to the museum is from Sharia Abo Bakr El Seddik, opposite the tram station at Haroun El Rashid. The entrance is marked by the spectacular Space Pyramidion structure of planet spheres circling a pyramid that celebrates the cultures of Egypt ancient and modern. The visit to the


id: civic-planetarium-of-lecco-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Planetarium_of_Lecco-0.md
category: reference
title: Civic Planetarium of Lecco
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Planetarium_of_Lecco
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:57.906271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: civic-planetarium-of-lecco-20260505-0
summary:
The Civic Planetarium of Lecco (Planetario civico di Lecco or Planetario Città di Lecco), also known as the City Planetarium, is located within Palazzo Belgioioso in Lecco, Italy. Planetarium is part of Natural History Museum of Lecco. The purpose of the planetarium is to be a place for specialists and people interested in astronomy in the region. It organizes meetings and lessons in which experiences and expertise are shared. == Description == The Amateur Astronomers Group "DEEP SPACE Lecco" helps manage the observatory. The instrument consists of a projector and an aluminum dome, which acts as a screen. It can be used to simulate the movement of celestial bodies on the sky. The dome is eight meters in diameter and can seat sixty observers. Often the shows are accompanied by a lecturer. The planetarium accelerates the movement of the moon and stars in order to allow observation of processes that normally take days or months. The Planetarium building consists of various rooms: the ticket office, a library for members, a room dedicated to the exhibition of astronomical instruments and a media room used for conferences. The astronomical dome in the Planetarium was inaugurated on September 19, 2011. The small dome


id: cosmocaixa-barcelona-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoCaixa_Barcelona-0.md
category: reference
title: CosmoCaixa Barcelona
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoCaixa_Barcelona
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:04:59.100768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmocaixa-barcelona-20260505-0
summary:
CosmoCaixa Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [ˌkɔzmuˈkaʃə βəɾsəˈlonə]) is a science museum located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It features a variety of permanent and temporary exhibitions devoted to the environment, nature, science, and space. The museum is sponsored by "La Caixa" banking foundation. Formerly known as the Science Museum of Barcelona, it closed for renovations in 1998 and reopened in 2004 under its current name. It has interactive exhibitions such as touch and play for small children, planetarium, bookstore, gift shop, library, teaching center and café. Entry to the museum is free for children under the age of sixteen. Adults can visit the museum with a regular ticket. == Building == The building was built between 1904 and 1909 by Josep Domènech i Estapà to serve as an asylum for the blind which closed in 1979. The building was renovated, retaining the original facade, and an expansion took place bringing the building to four times its original size. An expansion of the building took place in 2004. CosmoCaixa has a large spiral walkway that takes visitors from the basement to the fifth floor. The centerpiece of the walkway is an Amazonian tree. == Exhibitions == CosmoCaixa has permanent and temporary exhibitions. It


id: cosmonova-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonova-0.md
category: reference
title: Cosmonova
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonova
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:00.302528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cosmonova-20260505-0
summary:
Cosmonova is an IMAX Dome cinema and planetarium located in an annex of the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Sweden. Cosmonova premiered over three nights starting on 13 October 1992, with the first public showing on 16 October. It was the first ever dedicated IMAX installation in Sweden (and third in the Nordic countries after Tietomaa Science Centre in Oulu, Finland and Tycho Brahe Planetarium in Copenhagen, Denmark) and is also the largest planetarium in Sweden. == References == == External links == Official website


id: digistar-users-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digistar_Users_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: Digistar Users Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digistar_Users_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:01.499885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: digistar-users-group-20260505-0
summary:
Digistar Users Group (DUG) is an international association of facilities that own Evans & Sutherland (E&S) Digistar systems. == History == The Digistar Users Group began in the mid-1980s as an informal gathering of planetarians. The first gathering took place in St. Louis, Missouri (USA). At the time, there were only five Digistar systems worldwide. Today, there are more than 250 Digistar-equipped planetaria on six continents. The current Digistar product line includes Digistar II, Digistar 3, Digistar 4, Digistar 5 and Digistar 6 in various configurations appropriate for domes of nearly any size. == Membership == Membership in the Digistar Users Group is voluntary; membership is restricted to facilities (such as science centers, planetariums, schools, universities and other organizations) that own or have a signed contract to purchase a Digistar system. Membership is by institution only. Institutions become members upon payment of annual membership dues. Membership in DUG is required in order to access the DUG show/model library, past newsletters, meeting notes, standards documents, charter and standing rules, and other content. Membership is currently, in 2025, $40(US) per year, payable to the DUG Treasurer. Evans & Sutherland pays the first year dues for new Digistar installations. After that time, it


id: drag-o-do-mar-center-of-art-and-culture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragão_do_Mar_Center_of_Art_and_Culture-0.md
category: reference
title: Dragão do Mar Center of Art and Culture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragão_do_Mar_Center_of_Art_and_Culture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:02.731522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: drag-o-do-mar-center-of-art-and-culture-20260505-0
summary:
The Dragão do Mar Center of Art And Culture (in Portuguese: Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura) is a government funded cultural center in Fortaleza, Ceará in Brazil. The center contains facilities for exhibitions, a theatre, a library, a cinema and a planetarium. The center was inaugurated in April 1999, and has an overall area of 33 000 m2. The name "Dragão do Mar" is in honour of Francisco José do Nascimento, a hero of the abolitionist movement in Ceará, who in 1881 refused to transport slaves to be sold further south in the country. == Cultural Places == The Dragão do Mar Center of Art And Culture congregates many spaces destinated to the realization of the most different activities, where the urban leisure, the production and diffusion of art and culture are the main focus. On your almost 30 thousand square meters of area, includes spaces like Cearense Culture Memorial, the Contemporary Art Museum of Ceará, the Menezes Pimentel Public Library, a modern theater room, two cinema rooms, the Rubens de Azevedo Planetarium, the Sérgio Mota Open Theatre, an auditorium and classrooms. Menezes Pimentel Public Library: located on leisure and culture complex of the Dragão do Mar


id: fiske-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Fiske Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:03.986309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fiske-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Fiske Planetarium (est. 1975) is one of the largest planetariums in the United States. They offer fulldome films, live talks, laser and liquid sky music shows, as well as public gatherings for astronomical and NASA-related events. It is a constituent of the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. The planetarium utilizes an geodesic dome with an interior diameter of 65 feet, making it as the largest planetarium between Chicago and Los Angeles. Its theater is currently equipped with a Megastar IIA projector alongside Sky Skan's Digital Sky 2, an 8k digital hybrid projection system capable of projecting approximately 59 million pixels. They can currently seat up to 200 guests in their theater. == History == Fiske was founded in 1975 with a donation from University of Colorado alumni, Wallace Franz Fiske (class of 1917). The donation was made to CU upon his death in 1966, in the amount of $1.13 million. While a quarter of this amount was dedicated to the university's music department, the remaining amount was "to build and equip a planetarium for the University of Colorado." By the time the university's astronomers decided to act on the donation in 1971, their


id: ghana-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Ghana Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:05.164919+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ghana-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Ghana Planetarium was located behind the Ghana Police Headquarters in Cantonments, Accra. It was open throughout the year. The planetarium of Accra was founded by Dr. Jacob and Jane Ashong and was constructed from their pension in 2009. It was officially opened on Thursday January 22, 2009 by the British High Commissioner, Nicholas Westcott. Also attending were The British Council Director, The French Ambassador and the Chief of Nungua and his entourage. In February 2023, the planetarium had to close to the public, due to a change in land ownership. Shortly after, the staff posted an update that they were working on finding a new location. In the meantime, they have plans to develop a "travelling planetarium." == References ==


id: gwacheon-national-science-museum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheon_National_Science_Museum-0.md
category: reference
title: Gwacheon National Science Museum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheon_National_Science_Museum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:06.334141+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gwacheon-national-science-museum-20260505-0
summary:
Gwacheon National Science Museum (Korean: 국립과천과학관) is a national museum in Gwacheon, South Korea. It opened in 2008. == Hall of Fame == === Main exhibitions === The hall of fame is a place to praise the achievements of the scientists who contributed to the development of science and technology, and to look around at how Korea has developed and what Korea has achieved. It is dedicated to 31 honorable scientists such as Jang Yeong-sil, Heo Jun, Benjamin Whisoh Lee, and Seok Joo-myung. It consists of 35 exhibits, including 2 experimental exhibits such as “I am also an honorable scientist.” The achievements of the scientists are told in a storytelling way. === Honorable scientists from the old days, meet the brilliant past === Like the invention of gunpowder weapons of Moo-seon Choi or what the famous Joseon engineer Young-shil Jang had done, the brilliant achievements of the main figures who led the science and technology powerhouse in the 14th to 15th centuries can be seen here. The successes and relics of the scientists who led Korean science and technology during the Renaissance, such as Joon Heo and Dae-yong Hong, can also be seen here. === Honorable contemporary scientists, overcome the


id: international-planetarium-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetarium_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: International Planetarium Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetarium_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:07.553520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-planetarium-society-20260505-0
summary:
The International Planetarium Society, Inc. (IPS) is the global association of planetarium professionals. Its more than 600 members come from 42 countries around the world. They represent schools, colleges and universities, museums, and public facilities of all sizes, including both fixed and portable planetariums. The primary goal of the IPS is to encourage the sharing of ideas among its members through conferences, publications, and networking. By sharing their insights and creative work, IPS members become better planetarians. IPS membership is open to anyone interested in planetariums. Members include directors, teachers, informal educators, technicians, writers, artists, media specialists, digital artists and producers, presenters, vendors, scientists, students, and sponsors and friends of the planetarium dome and its starry sky. Although planetariums can be part of school district curriculum, either at an in-district dome or through field trips, they also serve as sites and sources of life-long learning and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. More than 20 regional and national planetarium associations from around the world are affiliated with IPS. The representatives report to a board composed of elected members from 6 geographic regions, the number of representatives determined by the number of IPS members within that region. This board and


id: jakarta-planetarium-and-observatory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Planetarium_and_Observatory-0.md
category: reference
title: Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Planetarium_and_Observatory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:08.775551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jakarta-planetarium-and-observatory-20260505-0
summary:
Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory (Indonesian: Planetarium dan Observatorium Jakarta) is a public planetarium and an observatory, part of the Taman Ismail Marzuki Art and Science Complex in Jakarta, Indonesia. The planetarium is the oldest of the three planetaria in Indonesia. The second planetarium is located in Surabaya, East Java. The third planetarium is located in Kutai, East Kalimantan. == History == Construction of the planetarium was an initiative of President Sukarno when in the early 1960s he envisaged a monumental large-scale planetarium project. However, by the next half of the 1960s, the design was made more modest. The construction of the Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory began in 1964 as part of the construction of the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The construction was funded by the Indonesian government and the Indonesian Batik Cooperatives Association (Gabungan Koperasi Batik Indonesia or GKBI). The 22-meter dome of the planetarium was completed in 1968. On November 10, 1968, the building was officially inaugurated by the Governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin together with the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The planetarium was opened to the public on March 1, 1969; the day was made the official birthday of the planetarium. The planetarium made use of


id: johannesburg-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Johannesburg Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:10.080227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: johannesburg-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The Johannesburg Planetarium is a planetarium owned by the University of the Witwatersrand, located on the University's East Campus in Braamfontein, Johannesburg. It was the first full-sized planetarium in Africa, and the second in the southern hemisphere. == History == The idea of setting up a planetarium in Johannesburg was first discussed in 1956 when the Festival Committee — which had been instituted to organise the celebrations of Johannesburg's seventieth anniversary — decided to raise the funds necessary to buy and house a Zeiss planetarium to be set up for the celebrations. As there was too little time to obtain a new instrument, it was decided to buy an existing planetarium projector from Europe. After lengthy negotiations, the Festival Committee was successful in persuading the Parliament of Hamburg to sell their planetarium's projector which had been in use there since 1930. The Hamburg Parliament, however, imposed as its conditions that the planetarium's projector be fully modernised in the Zeiss factory at Oberkochen, and that Johannesburg would in due course have a new planetarium built for Hamburg. The Hamburg projector was immediately dismantled and moved to Oberkochen for an overhaul, and was in time completely rebuilt. Soon, the responsibilities of the


id: jos-castro-mendivil-digital-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Castro_Mendivil_Digital_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Castro_Mendivil_Digital_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:11.294291+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: jos-castro-mendivil-digital-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario Digital José Castro Mendivil), also known simply as the Morro Solar Planetarium (Spanish: Planetario del Morro Solar), is a planetarium and site museum dedicated to astronomy in the Morro Solar of Chorrillos District, Lima, Peru. It is named after the engineer who designed it. It is administered by the Peruvian Astronomy Association (Spanish: Asociación Peruana de Astronomía, APA), founded on August 15, 1946, and then headed by Peruvian astronomer Víctor Estremadoyro Robles. Besides its 360° theatre, it also features remnants of the Battle of San Juan during the War of the Pacific. == History == The first stone was placed at 1 p.m. by Peruvian astronomer and head of the Peruvian Astronomy Association Víctor Estremadoyro Robles, during a ceremony that took place on February 19, 1954, three years after the Peruvian government granted the terrain for the building's construction. It was formally inaugurated on April 23, 1960. In 1968, construction of an observatory began, with the Astronomical League of the United States donating a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope. The building's iron dome was designed by the industrial service of the Peruvian Navy, with the entire complex having a cost of US$62,800. In 2013, a digital


id: kyiv-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyiv Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:12.465344+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyiv-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Kyiv Planetarium (previously Republican Planetarium; Ukrainian: Київський планетарій) in Kyiv, Ukraine is one of the largest planetaria in former Soviet states. Opened on January 1, 1952, by the initiative of the scientist-astronomer Serhiy Vsekhsviatskiy (1905–1984), the planetarium has a dome of 23.5 meters in diameter, and seats 320 people. In 1987, Kyiv Planetarium moved to new premises on the street. Red Army, 57 /3, (now Velyka Vasylkivska Street 57/3) where it remains to this day. The new building was equipped with an optomechanical projector "Large Zeiss IV», allowing to demonstrate the 6500 stars of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The planetarium offers lectures on astronomy, geography, natural history. When the children's planetarium astronomical school for students 6–11 years of age and art studio. Kyiv Planetarium is a division of the Society "Knowledge" of Ukraine. == Atmasfera 360 == In December 2011 an entertainment center ATMASFERA 360 was founded on the basis of the planetarium. Specifications of the dome: diameter — 23 meters, the height of the dome — 11.5 meters. It is equipped with a modern 4k digital projection system supplied by a Ukrainian company Front Pictures. The system uses 15 projectors which work on a single Screenberry media server.


id: omni-theatre-science-centre-singapore-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni-Theatre,_Science_Centre_Singapore-0.md
category: reference
title: Omni-Theatre, Science Centre Singapore
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni-Theatre,_Science_Centre_Singapore
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:13.633942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: omni-theatre-science-centre-singapore-20260505-0
summary:
The Omni-Theatre is an observatory and large-format film theatre located at the Science Centre Singapore (formerly Singapore Science Centre) in Jurong East, Singapore. == Facilities == It was officially opened on 10 December 1987 by the 4th President of Singapore Wee Kim Wee as an expansion of the larger Science Centre, it specifically encompasses an observatory, an omniplanetarium, and a domed projection system to show movies relating to science, astronomy, etc. A simulation theatre, exhibition room, classroom, restaurant, and gift shop are also located on the premises. == The Observatory == As one of the few observatories in the world located next to the Equator, constellations in both the northern and southern celestial hemispheres can be observed and thus opens up more vistas in the sky for observers. The main telescope of the Observatory is a 40-cm Cassegrain reflector of combined focal length 520-cm. The sub-telescope is a 15-cm apochromatic Kepler refractor of focal length 180-cm. The equatorial mount for the telescopes was designed for its location; the accompanying English yoke provides the necessary stability for the drive and tracking mechanisms. The 5.5-metre stainless steel dome can be made to swivel in any direction and its shutter can be made


id: planetario-de-montevideo-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_de_Montevideo-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetario de Montevideo
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_de_Montevideo
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:14.747385+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetario-de-montevideo-20260505-0
summary:
The Planetario de Montevideo (or Montevideo Planetarium; also known as the Surveyor Germán Barbato Municipal Planetarium), is a planetarium in Montevideo, Uruguay. Inaugurated on 11 February 1955, it was the first planetarium in Latin America and all of the southern hemisphere. It has a 18.3 m diameter dome and seats 157 people. Historically, it used a Spitz Model B projector, which in 2016 was the oldest such projector still in working order. The planetarium was renovated in 2017–19, when the Spitz projector was replaced by a digital system; it reopened in December 2019. == References == == External links == Website


id: tycho-brahe-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Tycho Brahe Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:15.922812+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tycho-brahe-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Planetarium (formerly Tycho Brahe Planetarium) is located at the southern end of the lake Skt. Jørgens Sø in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was designed by MAA Knud Munk (1936–2016) and opened on November 1, 1989. == History == The planetarium is built where the Saltlageret theater was previously located. The foundation stone was placed on February 22, 1988, and the planetarium opened on November 1, 1989. The financial basis for building the planetarium was a 50,000,000 DKK donation by the foundation Bodil Pedersen Fonden to the foundation Uraniafonden, which administered the construction of the planetarium. Since 1989, the Bodil Pedersen Fonden has also awarded the annual Tycho Brahe Medaljen. == Exhibition == The exhibition underwent a major renovation in 2017, and the new exhibition Cosmos (formerly Made in Space) opened in February 2018. The exhibition was made in collaboration with Tony-winning, London based designers, 59 Productions, and was made on a donation from the foundation A.P. Møller Fonden. The exhibition is an interactive and including exhibition, telling the story of how all of the elements that make up a human originally came from space. Planetarium is home to the largest lunar rock that can be seen outside the US. Weighing more


id: planetarium-science-center-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_Science_Center-0.md
category: reference
title: Planetarium Science Center
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_Science_Center
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:17.137355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: planetarium-science-center-20260505-0
summary:
The Planetarium Science Centre (PSC) is a department in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina located in Alexandria, Egypt. It promotes science centers as an educational tool. == Structure == === Pre-Historic Animal Park === The Science Park has a Dinosaur Park that houses models of many prehistoric animals. === ALEXPloratorium === The ALEXPloratorium is located next to the Planetarium, where visitors can interact with multiple exhibits that cover various scientific topics, most commonly physics and astronomy. == Programs and events == The PSC's Remote Sensing Workshop program introduces the scientific principles of remote sensing and offers hands-on applications. The RoboAlex Center at the Alexploratorium offers instruction in robotics. The participating groups design, program, and test robots on a playing field to accomplish certain missions. The result of an alliance between FIRST and LEGO is the FIRST Lego League Challenge (FLL). The FLL is an international hands-on, sport-like robotics program that was intended for children aged 9–14. === Eratosthenes === Eratosthenes is an annual festival that the Bibliotheca Alexandrina organizes to promote science and heritage among school students. The Festivities of 2003–2008 evolved around measuring the Earth's circumference, inspired by the Greek mathematician and poet Eratosthenes. === Intel BASEF === The PSC, in


id: raman-science-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Science_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Raman Science Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Science_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:18.375392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: raman-science-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Raman Science Centre and Raman Planetarium Complex at Nagpur is an interactive science centre affiliated with Mumbai's Nehru Science Centre. The centre was developed to promote a scientific attitude, portray the growth of science and technology and their applications in industry and human welfare, and hold science exhibits. The centre is named after famous Nobel Prize winner Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. The Raman Science Centre was inaugurated on 7 March 1992 and the planetarium was started on 5 January 1997. The centre is located opposite Gandhi Sagar Lake in the heart of Nagpur. Between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015, the Centre recorded a visitor count of 582,962. The centre is part of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), India, which is the largest network of science centres/museums under a single administrative umbrella in the world. NCSM rates the centre as regional level and it has a total floor area of 4333 sq meters. == Activities == The centre carries out numerous programs to spread science and technology knowledge amongst the general public. The centre inaugurated the Innovation Centre on 14 February 2017 to give opportunities to students who are dedicated to science. The centre, along


id: sri-lanka-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Sri Lanka Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:19.596194+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sri-lanka-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Sri Lanka Planetarium (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා ග්‍රහලෝකාගාරය) is a public planetarium located in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is the first and only planetarium in the country and maintained as an institute under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Research. The planetarium was established on 1 February 1965 by the State Engineering Corporation as a special feature for the Ceylon industrial exhibition held in Colombo same year. The planetarium was designed by the chief engineer from the State Engineering Corporation of Ceylon, A. N. S. Kulasinghe, and was constructed by engineers from Germany. The building takes elements from the Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral (Sir Frederick Gibberd - 1960) and the Cathedral of Brasília (Oscar Niemeyer - 1960). The building has a reinforced concrete floor and a pre-stressed concrete folded plate roof, which was pre-cast on-site. The building was funded by the German Democratic Republic as a gift to Ceylon. The planetarium is 21.33 m (70.0 ft) high and 37.8 m (124 ft) in diameter. The building was refurbished in 2014 at a cost of Rs 200 million and re-opened to the public on 9 December. The planetarium has a digital fully-spherical projector stationed at the centre of the building, which projects an


id: swami-vivekananda-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Swami Vivekananda Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:20.803056+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swami-vivekananda-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, also called Pilikula Planetarium, at Pilikula Nisargadhama in Mangaluru is a 3D planetarium in India: the first of its kind in the country. It is also the only such planetarium in the country with hybrid modern technology innovations coupled with 3D technology of 8K digital and opto-mechanical (hybrid) projection system. It is a part of the Pilikula Nisargadhama (covering an area of 370 acres (150 ha)), which is also named Dr. Shivaram Karanth Biological Park. Its creation is attributed to Pilikula Regional Science Centre. == History == Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first state-of-the-art 3D planetarium in India. It was initiated in 2013 to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda by the then chief minister of Karnataka, Jagadish Shettar, who had laid the foundation stone to build it in two years at a cost of ₹35.69 crore (US$3.8 million). However, the project overran its schedule completion, and the planetarium could be opened only on 1 March 2018. It was set up with grants from KSTePS (Karnataka Science and Technology Promotion Society) of the Karnataka government. The planetarium's objective is intended to give the viewers (students in particular and the public) to see the stars and


id: tashkent-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: Tashkent Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:22.018362+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tashkent-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
Tashkent Planetarium is one of the newest constructions in Uzbekistan, and is visited by local people and tourists. Tashkent Planetarium provides visitors with the opportunity to look at outer space, even in the morning, and enlarge their knowledge about the cosmos and the whole universe. == About == Tashkent Planetarium was established by edict No.649 of "Cabinet of Ministers of Republic Uzbekistan" on 3 November 2003, by decision of Tashkent city municipality of 7 November 2003 No.748. The Planetarium is nowadays controlled by the controlling unit of Tashkent city municipality which focuses on culture and sport. There are two main halls at the Planetarium, and each hall has its own functions. The first hall is mainly built for showing the Solar System and space, using Japanese technologies. The second hall contains artefacts, where visitors can learn more about specific planets and about Earth. In 2008 a group of scientists at Tashkent Planetarium discovered the new planet "Samarkand". == See also == State Museum of History of Uzbekistan The Museum of Health Care of Uzbekistan The Museum of Communication History in Uzbekistan Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan Tashkent Museum of Railway Techniques Museum of Geology, Tashkent Art Gallery of Uzbekistan The


id: w-a-gayle-planetarium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Gayle_Planetarium-0.md
category: reference
title: W. A. Gayle Planetarium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Gayle_Planetarium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:23.197681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: w-a-gayle-planetarium-20260505-0
summary:
The W.A. Gayle Planetarium is operated by the Montgomery Zoo for the city of Montgomery, Alabama. It provides public presentations and exhibits on astronomy, planetary science, and space exploration. == Overview == The W.A. Gayle Planetarium is a planetarium located in Oak Park in the city of Montgomery, Alabama. Dedicated on September 25, 1968, the planetarium is named after William Armistead Gayle, mayor of Montgomery from 1952 to 1959. It was previously operated by Troy University for the City of Montgomery from 1972 to 2022. The planetarium reopened to the public at the end of January 2024 after a shutdown during COVID-19 and a transfer of management responsibilities from Troy University back to the City of Montgomery. As of June 2024, public shows are offered on each Saturday with shows at 10 am, 11:30 am, 1 pm, and 2:30 pm. Tickets can be purchased at the planetarium gift shop on Saturdays 15-20 minutes before the start of each show. Group reservations (10 or more people) can be obtained by contacting the planetarium office directly and are provided by appointment Tuesdays - Fridays. The planetarium is closed on Sundays and Mondays. Public and group shows typically offer visitors a full-dome movie


id: lists-of-research-stations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_research_stations-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of research stations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_research_stations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:25.874593+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-research-stations-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of research stations provide indexes to research stations in a particular region. They include: List of space stations Research stations in Antarctica List of research stations in the Arctic Refer to category:Research stations for a complete list of articles on research stations.


id: research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-0.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Research stations are facilities where scientific investigation, collection, analysis and experimentation occurs. A research station is a facility that is built for the purpose of conducting scientific research. There are also many types of research stations including: biological field stations, space stations etc. Research station sites might include remote areas of the world, oceans, as well as outer space, such as the International Space Station. Biological research stations developed during a time of European colonization and imperialism where naturalists were employed to conduct observations on fauna and flora. Today, the discipline is represented by a number of organizations which span across multiple continents. Some examples include: the Organization of Biological Field Stations and the Organization for Tropical Studies. Space stations were also developed over a number of decades through scientific analysis and writing, with the first design aspects of early space stations being introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. Since then, the construction and launch of space stations have been both national and international, collaborative efforts which have allowed different design philosophies to form key space stations such as the International Space Station (ISS). Similarly, stations in Antarctica are built to ensure that they are well insulated against the sub-zero


id: research-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-1.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
=== Space stations === Space stations are not stationary buildings unlike normal research stations on Earth, they are specially created mobile spacecraft that are built to allow a group of human researchers and crew to inhabit over a span of anywhere from months and even a year. Space stations are intended to be permanently operating in space unlike other kinds of space craft such as satellites. However, it may not be permanently inhabited by human researchers who may come and go as they cycle through different explorations. Space stations are typically controlled by their own respective space agency and country. The design for space stations evolved over multiple decades. The engineering and design aspects of a space station was first introduced by Herman Potocnik in 1928. His "Wohnrad" also known as "Living Wheel" consisted of a rotating wheel-shaped space station consisting of three parts: a habitat rotation wheel, an observatory, and a machine room. The Wohnrad's habitat wheel consisted of habitation units, laboratories and observatories which would measure 30 meters in diameter and whose centrifugal force would generate a sense of gravity for the crew members. The theme of gravity being artificially produced through the rotation of the space station


id: research-station-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station-2.md
category: reference
title: Research station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:27.087380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-station-20260505-0
summary:
These research stations are built to accommodate for the sub-zero climatic conditions of the region as well as considering the placement and construction of it building itself. Antarctic research stations need to be built in a manner to minimize issues such as insulation, freezing of concrete during the building process and the potential for the accumulation of drifting snow. The process of the construction of research stations on the continent evolved over time to address these issues. Early research bases in Antarctica used by prominent explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Roald Amundsen during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration consisted of wooden huts and tents. It was not until post World War II when research stations began to be built on a wider and more commercial scale. These post war research stations were made with the aim to be quickly erected and it was often constructed by individuals with little construction experience and knowledge. Research stations during this time were made up of standard cool room panels and utilized expanded Bakelite insulation. This model later evolved to be elevated buildings held aloft by steel scaffolding. This was done in an attempt to address the issue of accumulation of drifting


id: agumbe-rainforest-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agumbe_Rainforest_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Agumbe Rainforest Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agumbe_Rainforest_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:28.284682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agumbe-rainforest-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Agumbe Rainforest Research Station (ARRS) is a field based conservation and research organisation situated inside the Agumbe Reserved Forest at Agumbe in the central Western Ghats of southern India. The Agumbe Reserved Forests receives an annual rainfall in excess of 7,000 mm (280 in) and is at an elevation of about 823 m (2,700 ft) above sea level. It forms a part of the Malnad-Kodagu corridor, which also includes the Someshwara, Mookambika, Bhadra, and Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuaries, Kudremukh National Park, and various other forest tracts and reserve forests around Kundapur, Shankaranarayana, Hosanagara, Sringeri, and Thirthahalli. == History == ARRS was founded in 2005, by leading Indian herpetologist Romulus Whitaker. Whitaker saw his very first king cobra (Ophiophagus Kaalinga) here in 1971. He was also extremely taken by the reverence the people in the region showed for snakes, which was a major factor that drove him to establish a research station in Agumbe (Karnataka ). The land is a revenue land was legally procured, the construction and activities are eco friendly and pose no disturbance to the wildlife. == Activities == ARRS managed the world's first radio-telemetry project on the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah, Ophiophagus kalinga), which is also the


id: alfred-faure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Faure-0.md
category: reference
title: Alfred Faure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Faure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:29.459309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alfred-faure-20260505-0
summary:
Alfred-Faure or Port Alfred is a permanent French scientific station on Île de la Possession (Possession Island) of the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the South Indian Ocean. == Research station == The station is located at the eastern end of the island on a plateau 143 m (460 ft) above sea level. Depending on the season, there are 15 to 60 personnel living and working at the base. Their scientific work includes meteorological, seismic, biological and geological research. It was first established during the austral summer of 1963–1964, replacing a temporary scientific base built in 1961. The new station was named after Alfred Faure, the site's leader in the early 1960s. Alfred-Faure is visited a few times a year by the Marion Dufresne, an oceanographic research vessel which delivers supplies and rotating crews of scientists. There is a 1.6 km road that connects the research station to the coast. == Climate == Alfred Faure Station has a very mild tundra climate (Koppen ET) with cool to cold summers and cold (but still averaging above freezing) winters. Due to its oceanic location near the subpolar low, it has a very cloudy and rainy climate


id: alice-holt-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Holt_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Alice Holt Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Holt_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:30.643113+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alice-holt-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Alice Holt Research Station is one of two British forestry research institutes, and is located in north-east Hampshire. == History == It was established as a Forestry Research Station in 1946 by the Forestry Commission near Wrecclesham. The forest estate had 1,225,000 acres. By the late 1950s it had an international reputation. A £134,000 extension was opened in the summer of 1959, which enable the Commission to have its central seed store at the site for varieties such as Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, Corsican pine, and Norway spruce. The store was mostly for conifers, keeping seeds up to four years. and also acorns had been stored up to three years. More laboratories were added in the late 1970s. === Research === In 1948, it began experimenting with Metasequoia glyptostroboides, the dawn redwood, with a view to produce timber. In the late 1950s, its scientists were among the first people to investigate biological data with computers, when they discovered why the Douglas-fir did not grow well in south-east England, which they found was due to temperature and rooting depth. It was through computers that many solutions were found. The station found a new way to determine daily tree growth with vernier


id: aragats-cosmic-ray-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragats_Cosmic_Ray_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragats_Cosmic_Ray_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:31.856347+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aragats-cosmic-ray-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Station was founded in 1943 by Artem and Abraham Alikhanians (Abram Alikhanov), during World War II, to study cosmic ray and particle physics. It is located on Mount Aragats in Armenia, at an elevation of 3,200 meters, near Kari Lake. == History == Research on cosmic rays at Aragats started with a 1934 study by the Leningrad Physical-Technical Institute, focusing on how cosmic rays differ from East to West. Norair Kocharian from Yerevan State University later added to this research. These early findings led Artem and Abraham Alikhanians to set up a more detailed study in 1942. the station has been operational with minimal interruption since establishment. Since it was set up, the Aragats station has made contributions to studying cosmic rays including the fields of High-Energy Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Space Weather. In its early stages, the station used mass spectrometry to study the properties of charged particles, contributed by the Alikhanyan brothers. This work, which took about 15 years, helped improve methods for analyzing masses and identifying cosmic ray protons. The idea of 'varitrons,' proposed during this time, aroused discussions in the science community about elementary particles, even though not all findings were


id: banff-international-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_International_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Banff International Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_International_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:33.052268+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: banff-international-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Banff International Research Station (BIRS) for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery was established in 2003. It provides an independent research institute for the mathematical sciences in North America, a counterpart to the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics in Europe. The research station, commonly known by its acronym, "BIRS", hosts over 2000 international scientists each year to undertake research collaboration in the mathematical sciences. == Research activities == The research that takes place at the Banff International Research Station is either in pure mathematics, applied mathematics, or in other areas of science where they intersect with mathematics. "BIRS embraces all aspects of the mathematical, computational and statistical sciences from the most fundamental challenges of pure and applied mathematics, theoretical and applied computer science, statistics, and mathematical physics, to financial and industrial mathematics, as well as the mathematics of information technology, and the life sciences." There is a wide range of research publications citing lectures, meetings and reports from BIRS. == Research program == The Banff International Research Station hosts five types of meetings: 5-Day Workshops: These make up the core program at BIRS, with up to 42 participants per workshop, 48 weeks per year. Some workshops have only 21 participants, and


id: bely-rast-high-voltage-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bely_Rast_High_Voltage_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bely_Rast_High_Voltage_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:34.229690+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bely-rast-high-voltage-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station (Russian: Белый Раст) is a facility for the development of high voltage equipment in Russia, situated at Bely Rast, Moscow Oblast near the eponymous station of the Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway. Built in 1966, the equipment of the 750 kV- and 1150 kV-lines in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union were first developed and tested at this facility, as well as the equipment for the never completed HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre. The facility also has an unused 1150 kV AC and a 1500 kV DC line. The DC line was the prototype of the never finished HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre. == References == == External links == Wikimap of Bely Rast Research Station


id: bocas-del-toro-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bocas del Toro Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:35.751351+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bocas-del-toro-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Bocas del Toro Research Station (BRS) is a field station of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) on Panama’s western Caribbean coast, is a platform for both marine and terrestrial biodiversity research. The station hosts a diverse group of scientists from more than 20 countries, every year. Activities at the station contribute to the Smithsonian Institution’s primary mission: the increase and diffusion of knowledge. Visiting scientists are engaged in research on the biodiversity, ecology, paleontology and archaeology of the Bocas del Toro region. Educational and outreach activities range from hosting K-12 school groups, to specialized training for international graduate students. Founded in 1998, the BRS campus has provided field accommodation since 2002 and a fully operational research laboratory since 2003. The facilities now include a running seawater system, a new dock, boat ramp, and additional support facilities, as well as two houses to accommodate visiting researchers. The BRS is arguably the preeminent field station in the Caribbean. Visiting scientists hold lectures that are open to the public. == Outreach, education, and training == Outreach and education at the Bocas del Toro Research Station spans a range of programs targeting K-12 students, university undergraduates, graduate students and young professionals. K-12


id: born-marine-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornö_Marine_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Bornö Marine Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornö_Marine_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:36.924104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: born-marine-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
Bornö Marine Research Station, owned by the Bornö Institute for Ocean and Climate Studies, is located at Holma on the island Stora Bornö in Gullmarsfjorden, about 100 km (62 mi) north of Gothenburg, Sweden. It was built in 1902 by Otto Pettersson and Gustaf Ekman, both pioneers of Swedish marine research. The island has been considered by many Swedes to be the birthplace of Swedish oceanography. == Description == The station grounds, covering 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft), are a nature reserve. It is currently owned and operated by a foundation named the Bornö Institute for Ocean and Climate Studies and provides educational facilities for the University of Gothenburg. It is also available to let to companies or organizations for field courses, research, instrument development or national and international meetings. The upper floors contain eight bedrooms housing 15 beds, as well as two kitchens. On the ground floor are four office spaces and a lecture hall with accommodations for 25 people. == History == The station was originally built in response to the agreements of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) signed in Copenhagen in 1902 between Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and


id: cass-field-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Cass Field Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:38.165499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cass-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
Cass Field Station is a biological and geological research facility operated by the University of Canterbury located near the railway settlement of Cass, in the Canterbury high-country of New Zealand. It was founded in 1914 as the Cass Mountain Biological Station and was operated for many years by the university's Department of Botany. A significant body of research generated by the station has tracked biological change in the area for over 100 years. == History == In 1873 the Canterbury Provincial Government endowed what was then known as Canterbury College with land in the Cass region to create a source of income. By the early 20th century, botanist Leonard Cockayne felt the need for a high-country research station and approached Charles Chilton, Professor of Biology at Canterbury College, and Geology lecturer Robert Speight. The original site selected in 1908 was Broken River, the terminus of the railway line from Christchurch, after which passengers switched to coaches to cross Arthur's Pass and reach the West Coast. By 1910 the railroad had extended to the railway camp of Cass, so the Canterbury College Board selected 10 acres of land there adjacent to Lake Sarah as the site for a research station. In


id: cass-field-station-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station-1.md
category: reference
title: Cass Field Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Field_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:38.165499+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cass-field-station-20260505-0
summary:
== Research == As early as 1926 the Dutch geneticist J.P. Lotsy stressed the importance of hybrid plant collections from Cass and their potential use in evolutionary studies. Cockayne, in 1927, agreed that the area's polymorphic plant hybrids had value for evolutionary theory, and Swedish lichenologist G.E. Du Rietz also recognised the important role of Cass Station for plant research. In 1958 Philipson and Garth Brownlie published The Flora of Cass, which included articles on history, geology, soils, climate and vegetation over time. Cass: History and Science in the Cass District, Canterbury, New Zealand, a more comprehensive collection of articles by a wide range of authors, was compiled by Colin Burrows and published in 1977. In 1976–8 American botanist Richard Primack conducted research on flower pollination at Cass and two nearby sites (and also Aoraki / Mt Cook), collecting and interpreting data on flower visits by insects. In 2001 the Fulbright Scholar Scott Wissinger studied the freshwater invertebrate communities of lakes and tarns in and around Cass. Jason Tylianakis in 2008 began a study investigating the effects of climate change on tussocks and their associated invertebrates with a large soil warming experiment. == Publications == The following is a selection


id: central-sierra-field-research-stations-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sierra_Field_Research_Stations-0.md
category: reference
title: Central Sierra Field Research Stations
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sierra_Field_Research_Stations
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:39.350468+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: central-sierra-field-research-stations-20260505-0
summary:
The Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS is a regional group of University of California, Berkeley field research & education reserves located on both sides of the crest of the Sierra Nevada range, north of Lake Tahoe in California. Several of the University of California Natural Reserve System—UCNRS reserves in the Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS lie within the headwaters of the North Fork of the American River. == History == On September 26, 2006, a consortium of land owners & managers including: the North Fork Association, Chickering Partnership, United States Forest Service Tahoe National Forest, Pacific Southwest Research Station of the U.S. Forest Service, and the Regents of the University of California signed a Conservation and Research Agreement addressing future cooperative management of the approximately 19,670 acres (79.6 km2) of public & private lands in this watershed. == Field research stations & education reserves == Central Sierra Field Research Stations—CSFRS entities include: Sagehen Creek Field Station Central Sierra Snow Laboratory Onion Creek Experimental Watershed North Fork Association Lands Chickering American River Reserve Sagehen Creek Field Station serves as the hub of this network, offering accessible accommodations, classrooms, support and resources — which are unavailable at the other, sometimes remote CSFRS


id: como-national-park-research-station-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoé_National_Park_Research_Station-0.md
category: reference
title: Comoé National Park Research Station
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoé_National_Park_Research_Station
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:05:40.555472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: como-national-park-research-station-20260505-0
summary:
The Comoé National Park Research Station, located in the Comoé National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, was founded by Professor Karl Eduard Linsenmair, a German biologist, in 1989/90. The research station was forced to close after the outbreak of the First Ivorian Civil War in 2002. After the end of the Second Ivorian Civil War in 2011 repairs at the station began and in 2014 the station had achieved again its full working capacity. The focus of the field based research is on conservation, tropical ecology and behaviour. == History == In 1989/90 a first research camp was realized with substantial funding provided by the Volkswagen Stiftung, the University of Würzburg and the respective Ministry (Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Bildung und Kultus, Wissenschaft und Kunst). A successful application for a research grant by Linsenmair at the Fritz Thyssen Foundation led to the expansion and transformation into a permanent station, after various bureaucratic hurdles in Germany and Côte d'Ivoire, which delayed the construction of the field station approximately 8 years. Construction started in 2000 and in early 2002 all guesthouses and other buildings apart from the lab were finished and a move from the camp to the new station was possible. The outbreak of


