# kb

id: the-end-of-average-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Average-0.md
category: reference
title: The End of Average
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Average
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:33.031450+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-end-of-average-20260505-0
summary:
The End of Average: How We Succeed in a World That Values Sameness is a book by Todd Rose. It was published by HarperCollins in 2016, and talks about the importance of individuality rather than the concept of average human beings. In this book, the author argues that no individual can be accurately labeled as average. He presents an alternative to understanding individuals solely based on averages. He introduces three principles of individuality - the jaggedness principle (talent is always uneven), the context principle (traits are not fixed), and the pathways principle (we often take unconventional routes). According to The New York Times, “Readers will be moved to examine their own averagerian prejudices, most so ingrained as to be almost invisible, all worthy of review.” As per Kirkus Reviews, the book is “an intriguing view into the evolution and imperfections of our current system but lacks a clear path toward implementing the proposed principles of individuality.” == References == == Further reading == Bethune, Brian (January 25, 2016). "Todd Rose, high school dropout turned Harvard professor, on why the idea of average is damaging, especially when it comes to education". Maclean's. pp. 12–13. Retrieved February 22, 2016. Hart, Anna (January


id: escape-from-freedom-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom-0.md
category: reference
title: Escape from Freedom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:34.221271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: escape-from-freedom-20260505-0
summary:
Escape from Freedom is a book by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, first published under that title in the United States by Farrar & Rinehart in 1941 and a year later as The Fear of Freedom in the UK by Routledge & Kegan Paul. It was translated into German and first published in 1952 under the title Die Angst vor der Freiheit (The Fear of Freedom). In the book, Fromm explores humanity's shifting relationship with freedom, how individual freedom can cause fear, anxiety, and alienation, and how many people seek relief by relinquishing freedom. He describes how authoritarianism can be a mechanism of escape for such people, with special emphasis on the psychosocial conditions that enabled the rise of Nazism. == Summary == === Fromm's concept of freedom === Fromm distinguishes between "freedom from" (negative freedom) and "freedom to" (positive freedom). The former refers to emancipation from restrictions such as social conventions placed on individuals by other people or institutions. This is the kind of freedom typified by the existentialism of Sartre, and has often been fought for historically but, according to Fromm, on its own it can be a destructive force unless accompanied by a creative element – 'freedom to' –


id: escape-from-freedom-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom-1.md
category: reference
title: Escape from Freedom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:34.221271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: escape-from-freedom-20260505-0
summary:
=== Freedom in the 20th century === Fromm analyzes the character of Nazi ideology and suggests that the psychological conditions of Germany after the first world war fed into a desire for some form of new order to restore the nation's pride. This came in the form of Nazism and Fromm's interpretation of Mein Kampf suggests that Hitler had an authoritarian personality structure that not only made him want to rule over Germany in the name of a higher authority (the idea of a natural master race) but also made him an appealing prospect for an insecure middle class that needed some sense of pride and certainty. Fromm suggests there is a propensity to submit to authoritarian regimes when nations experience negative freedom but he sounds a positive note when he claims that the work of cultural evolution hitherto cannot be undone and Nazism does not provide a genuine union with the world. Fromm examines democracy and freedom. Modern democracy and the industrialised nation are models he praises but it is stressed that the kind of external freedom provided by this kind of society can never be utilised to the full without an equivalent inner freedom. Fromm suggests that though


id: essays-on-the-active-powers-of-the-human-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_on_the_Active_Powers_of_the_Human_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_on_the_Active_Powers_of_the_Human_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:35.372617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: essays-on-the-active-powers-of-the-human-mind-20260505-0
summary:
Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind is a book written by the Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid. The first edition was published in 1788 in Edinburgh. It is the third and last volume in a collection of his essays on the powers of the human mind and was preceded by the first book Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (1764), in which Reid focused on the senses, and the second volume Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), which focuses on human cognitive powers. In this third volume, Reid discusses the active behavioral nature of the human mind, including discourses about free will, principles of action and morals. == Context == Reid's writings can be placed in the historical context of the emerging Scottish Enlightenment. This is a period of profound intellectual development and discourse in Scotland in the second half of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century, especially revolving around the intellectual hub Edinburgh. During this period, Scottish philosophers including Hume, Smith and Stewart were disputing philosophical topics including questions about the human nature, morality and epistemology. Reid was especially in close correspondence with his contemporary David Hume.


id: essays-on-the-active-powers-of-the-human-mind-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_on_the_Active_Powers_of_the_Human_Mind-1.md
category: reference
title: Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_on_the_Active_Powers_of_the_Human_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:35.372617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: essays-on-the-active-powers-of-the-human-mind-20260505-0
summary:
that the action has to be voluntary to be morally evaluated ("what is in no degree voluntary can neither deserve oral approbation nor blame", "what is done from unavoidable necessity [...] cannot be object either of blame or of moral approbation") an evaluation as immoral can result either from an action or from the omission of an action Reid sees it as "duty" and revealing the "true worth of a man" to have reflected thoroughly about his moral foundations in a well informed manner and to always have these moral foundations in mind and act accordingly, avoiding temptations humans are the only living beings on the world being that are capable of acting according to or against their moral intention everyone should do as much good as possible to the societies he belongs to (including mankind overall but also family, neighborhoods, etc. in the smaller context) one should act towards others in a way one would judge to be right (or how one would like to be treated) moral judgment develops similarly to mathematical skills as one matures and can be aided or hurt by proper education == Reception == Reid's work played a major role in the development of


id: evaluating-a-large-group-awareness-training-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluating_a_Large_Group_Awareness_Training-0.md
category: reference
title: Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluating_a_Large_Group_Awareness_Training
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:36.551025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evaluating-a-large-group-awareness-training-20260505-0
summary:
Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training: A Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Effects is a non-fiction psychology book on Large Group Awareness Training, published in 1990 by Springer-Verlag. The book was co-authored by psychologists Jeffrey D. Fisher, Roxane Cohen Silver, Jack M. Chinsky, Barry Goff, and Yechiel Klar. The book was based on a psychological study of "The Forum", a course at the time run by Werner Erhard and Associates, the company that commissioned the research. Werner Erhard and Associates financed the study, providing US$88,000 in funding for research of its program. Results of the study were published in two articles in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 1989 and 1990. Fisher and co-authors gave initial context for the study, providing analysis and discussion of academic literature in psychology regarding Large Group Awareness Training. The psychologists analyzed whether Large Group Awareness Training could be classified as psychotherapy, and attempted to determine whether these techniques are harmful, beneficial, or produce no effects to an individual's mental health. Participants included individuals that took part in a 1985 program of "The Forum" in the Northeastern United States. They were told they were participating in a "Quality of Life" study, and were instructed


id: evaluating-a-large-group-awareness-training-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluating_a_Large_Group_Awareness_Training-1.md
category: reference
title: Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluating_a_Large_Group_Awareness_Training
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:36.551025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evaluating-a-large-group-awareness-training-20260505-0
summary:
== Methods == The book analyzed whether Large Group Awareness Training could be classified as psychotherapy, and attempted to determine whether these techniques are harmful, beneficial, or produce no effects to an individual's mental health. Participants were told that the psychologists were studying the "Quality of Life" in North America. These participants included men and women that had attended Werner Erhard and Associates' "The Forum" seminar in 1985, in a large city in the northeastern United States. Participants in the study were split into Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 was told to fill out a questionnaire both prior to and after completing their "Forum". Group 2 was told only to fill out the questionnaire after completing their Forum course. The sample size included 83 individuals who had taken part in "The Forum", as well as an additional 52 sample groups for comparison, composed of individuals who had similar baseline characteristics to the sample Forum participants, but had not taken part in the course. The belief systems and characteristics of the participants were studied by Fisher and his team of psychologists four to six weeks before they took part in the course, four to six weeks after completing the


id: evaluating-a-large-group-awareness-training-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluating_a_Large_Group_Awareness_Training-2.md
category: reference
title: Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluating_a_Large_Group_Awareness_Training
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:36.551025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evaluating-a-large-group-awareness-training-20260505-0
summary:
Authors Gerald Koocher and Patricia Keith-Spiegel cited the study in their 1998 book, Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. They characterized the study as, "One of the few careful attempts to study Erhard's techniques in a rigorous fashion". Koocher and Keith Spiegel noted that the Fisher study, "showed no long-term treatment effects and concluded that claims of far-reaching effects for programs of the Forum were found to be exaggerated." In a discussion of Werner Erhard's programs in his 2003 book, Psychological Foundations of Success, author Stephen J. Kraus cited the Fisher study and contrasted conclusions from it with stated results from course participants. Kraus wrote, "People who attend est or the Landmark Forum generally report positive benefits from the experience, but a study that compared attendees with a control group of non-attendees suggests that the seminar produces only a short-term boost in locus of control, and no measurable long-term effects." Writing in the 2006 book, Help at Any Cost, author Maia Szalavitz referenced the Fisher study in a discussion of the phenomenon of testimonials regarding perceived outcomes by participants from taking part in Large Group Awareness Training. Szalavitz noted, "The little research conducted on the outcomes of these seminars


id: evolutional-ethics-and-animal-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:37.836794+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evolutional-ethics-and-animal-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology is an 1897 book by American scholar Edward Payson Evans, published by D. Appleton & Company. The book examines the ethical implications of evolutionary theory for the treatment of nonhuman animals. Evans argues that evolutionary continuity undermines traditional anthropocentrism in moral philosophy and supports extending moral concern to animals. The book discusses animal psychology, the history of ethics, and human–animal relationships. Evans argues that animals' mental and emotional capacities should be recognized in ethics and law. It was among the early English-language works to connect evolutionary ethics with animal rights, and was later cited by writers including Henry Stephens Salt. Reviews at the time were mixed. == Background == Edward Payson Evans (1831–1917) was an American scholar with interests in literature, languages, and moral philosophy. He taught modern languages at the University of Michigan and later lived in Europe, where he contributed to the Allgemeine Zeitung of Munich. His published works covered German literature, linguistics, religious symbolism, and ethics. Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology followed Evans's 1894 article "Ethical Relations Between Man and Beast", in which he criticized anthropocentric moral views and argued for broader ethical consideration of animals. In that article, Evans discussed religious


id: existential-psychotherapy-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_Psychotherapy_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Existential Psychotherapy (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_Psychotherapy_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:38.976955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-psychotherapy-book-20260505-0
summary:
Existential Psychotherapy is a book about existential psychotherapy by the American psychiatrist Irvin D. Yalom, in which the author, addressing clinical practitioners, offers a brief and pragmatic introduction to European existential philosophy, as well as to existential approaches to psychotherapy. He presents his four ultimate concerns of life—death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness—and discusses developmental changes, psychopathology and psychotherapeutic strategies with regard to these four concerns. This work is considered to be among Yalom's most influential books, as is his groundbreaking textbook on group therapy The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (1970). == Contents == === Introduction === In Chapter 1 (Introduction), the author presents three views of the prototype of intrapsychic conflict in the individual: the Freud­ian view, the neo-Freudian view (as represented by Harry Stack Sullivan, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm), and the existential view. He also offers a short review of the European tradition of existential philosophical thinking (with brief excursions on Søren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger and others) as well as existential analytic thought (referring to the presentation in Rollo May's book Existence of 1958), outlining also the American field of humanistic psychology in comparison with the existential tradition in Europe. He points out the influence of European


id: existential-psychotherapy-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_Psychotherapy_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Existential Psychotherapy (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_Psychotherapy_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:38.976955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-psychotherapy-book-20260505-0
summary:
"To experience existence in this manner is a dizzying sensation. Nothing is as it seemed The very ground beneath one seems to open up. Indeed, groundlessness is a commonly used term for a subjective experience of responsibility awareness. Many existential philosophers have described the anxiety of groundlessness as ″ur-anxiety″—the most fundamental anxiety, an anxiety that cuts deeper even than the anxiety associated with death." Yalom contends that: "The classical psychoneurotic syndromes have become a rarity. [...] Today's patient has to cope more with freedom than with suppressed drives. [...] the patient has to cope with the problem of choice—what he or she wants to do" and that "at both individual and social level, we engage in a frenetic search to shield ourselves from freedom." Yalom discusses various responsibility-voiding defenses, including: "compulsivity", displacement of responsibility to another, denial of responsibility ("innocent victim", "losing control"), avoidance of autonomous behaviour and decisional pathology. Yalom recites examples in literature, case studies and therapeutical implications concerning situations in which persons avoid responsibility. He discusses therapeutic approaches to disorders of wishing, willing and deciding, among them Viktor Frankl's paradoxical intention, which he equates with the "symptom prescription" approach in the writings of Don Jackson, Jay Hayley,


id: existential-psychotherapy-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_Psychotherapy_(book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Existential Psychotherapy (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_Psychotherapy_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:38.976955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: existential-psychotherapy-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Part IV: Meaninglessness === In Part IV, the author discusses meaninglessness and its role in psychotherapy. He discusses various answers related to questions around the "meaning of life", distinguishing between "cosmic" and "terrestrial" meaning, and noting that "most Western theological and atheistic existential systems agree [that] it is good and right to immerse oneself in the stream of life", describing hedonism and self-actualization, which have a main focus on the self, and altruism, dedication to a cause, and creativity, which focus more on transcending oneself. He presents in depth Frankl's therapeutic approach, logotherapy, that focusses on the human search for meaning. In terms of clinical research, he speaks of two psychometric instruments designed to measure purpose in life, summarizing criticism and results with regard to the "Purpose–in–Life Test" and briefly mentioning the "Life Regard Index". Yalom holds that the search for meaning is paradoxical in a similar sense as Frankl sees the search for pleasure to be paradoxical: it cannot be achieved if aimed at directly and must rather be pursued indirectly ("obliquely"). He states that, if a patient reports a lack of meaning in life, it is important for the therapist to first learn whether there are possibly


id: fads-fakes-and-frauds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads,_Fakes,_and_Frauds-0.md
category: reference
title: Fads, Fakes, and Frauds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads,_Fakes,_and_Frauds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:40.137606+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fads-fakes-and-frauds-20260505-0
summary:
Fads, Fakes, and Frauds: Exploding Myths in Culture, Science and Psychology is a 2022 book written by Tomasz Witkowski and foreworded by Roy Baumeister. == Outline == The book consists of 18 critical essays, organized into five distinct parts. The initial part, Under the Veneer of Reality, explores the paradoxical nature of human diversity and similarity, the significance of perspective in perceiving reality, the impact of contemporary gurus, and the culture of victims. The next part, On the Edge of Life and Death, delves into the concept of suicide as an expression of ultimate freedom, evaluates the efficacy and evolution of suicide prevention strategies, and scrutinizes societal perceptions of different forms of suicide. This part concludes with a discussion on the principle of presumed innocence. The third part, Behind the Altar of Science, examines the interplay between wisdom and authority, the crucial role of unambiguity in scientific discourse, and the value of a reductive approach in epistemology. The fourth part, Under the Scenery of Pop Psychology, encompasses essays addressing misconceptions about contemporary views on loneliness, embodied cognition, misunderstandings of placebo and nocebo effects, and the controversy surrounding Hans Eysenck's fabricated research on lung cancer prevalence. The final part, Behind the


id: faith-and-health-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_Health-0.md
category: reference
title: Faith and Health
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_Health
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:41.330284+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: faith-and-health-20260505-0
summary:
Faith and Health: Psychological Perspectives is a book of scientific psychology on the relationship between religious faith and health. Edited by Thomas G. Plante and Allen C. Sherman, the book was published in the United States in 2001. The book includes 16 chapters divided among four major parts that focus on general population outcomes (such as impacts on longevity), outcomes in special populations such as medical patients or adolescents, clinical implications, and overall criticisms and reflections. Faith and Health has been reviewed in several professional journals, including Contemporary Psychology, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, and others. == Topics Covered == Faith and Health contains 16 chapters written by various psychological or biomedical researchers, and some of them are notable. Chapter titles and authors are listed in the table (below, at right). After an introductory chapter, the remaining 15 chapters are divided into four major parts. The book's first part focuses on the faith/health relation in the general population. Chapter 2 by Carl E. Thoresen and his colleagues describes the existing empirical evidence, and discusses many methodological issues. The authors view the evidence as indicating that religious/spiritual factors "appear to be associated with physical, mental, and overall health, but the


id: the-flight-from-woman-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flight_from_Woman-0.md
category: reference
title: The Flight from Woman
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flight_from_Woman
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:42.483832+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-flight-from-woman-20260505-0
summary:
The Flight from Woman is a book by psychiatrist Karl Stern, first published in 1965 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It is described as a study of the polarity of the sexes as reflected in the conflict between two modes of knowledge—scientific or rational, as contrasted with intuitive or poetic. In the course of exploring this theme Stern undertakes to provide psychological portraits of six representative figures whose thought and work have influenced modern man: Descartes, Goethe, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Tolstoy, and Sartre. Reviews Man, Woman, and Person: Karl Stern, The Flight from Woman, Z. John Levay, M. D. Modern Age Volume 11, Number 1, page 83 [1]


id: the-flight-of-the-wild-gander-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flight_of_the_Wild_Gander-0.md
category: reference
title: The Flight of the Wild Gander
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flight_of_the_Wild_Gander
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:43.636471+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-flight-of-the-wild-gander-20260505-0
summary:
The Flight of the Wild Gander: Explorations in the Mythological Dimension is a 1969 book by mythologist Joseph Campbell, in which he collects a number of his early essays and forwards. Essays include "Bios and Mythos" (on the psycho-biological sources of mythic forms and symbols), "Mythogenesis" (on the rise and fall of a single Native American legend) and "The Symbol without Meaning" (about the secularization of myths in the modern age). The wild gander of the title is a reference to the Hindu concept of the paramahamsa, a great spiritual teacher of exalted illumination, able to transcend the mundane, just as the hamsa is able to fly above the sky-scraping Himalayas. Published originally in 1969 by Viking Press, the book was rereleased by Harper and Row in 1990. The third edition was published by New World Library in 2002, making The Flight of the Wild Gander the third title in the Joseph Campbell Foundation's Collected Works of Joseph Campbell series. == References == Campbell, Joseph (2002). The Flight of the Wild Gander. Novato, California: New World Library. ISBN 1-57731-210-4. == External links == Flight of the Wild Gander page on the JCF site


id: fooled-by-randomness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fooled_by_Randomness-0.md
category: reference
title: Fooled by Randomness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fooled_by_Randomness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:44.869202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fooled-by-randomness-20260505-0
summary:
Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets is a book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that deals with the fallibility of human knowledge. It was first published in 2001. Updated editions were released a few years later. The book is the first part of Taleb's multi-volume philosophical essay on uncertainty, titled the Incerto, which also includes The Black Swan (2007–2010), The Bed of Procrustes (2010–2016), Antifragile (2012), and Skin in the Game (2018). == Thesis == Taleb sets forth the idea that modern humans are often unaware of the existence of randomness. They tend to explain random outcomes as non-random. Human beings: overestimate causality, e.g., they see elephants in the clouds instead of understanding that they are in fact randomly shaped clouds that appear to our eyes as elephants (or something else); tend to view the world as more explainable than it really is. So they look for explanations even when there are none. Other misperceptions of randomness that are discussed include: Survivorship bias. We see the winners and try to learn from them, while forgetting the huge number of losers. Skewed distributions. Many real life phenomena are not 50:50 bets like tossing a


id: foundations-of-cyclopean-perception-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Cyclopean_Perception-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundations of Cyclopean Perception
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Cyclopean_Perception
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:46.034842+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundations-of-cyclopean-perception-20260505-0
summary:
Foundations of Cyclopean Perception (ISBN 0-226-41527-9) is a book by Bela Julesz, published in 1971. The Millennium Project ranked it at #57 on a list of the 100 most influential books in cognitive science in the 20th century. == References ==


id: four-upbuilding-discourses-1844-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844-0.md
category: reference
title: Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:47.221735+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: four-upbuilding-discourses-1844-20260505-0
summary:
Four Upbuilding Discourses (1844) is the last of the Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses published during 1843–1844 by Søren Kierkegaard. == Overview == Similar to Kierkegaard's other books, the Four Upbuilding Discourses discusses decision making. In the book, he has to decide if he wants to get married after having already made the "sacred pledge". He also has to decide if he would carry out the wishes of his father Michael and become a Lutheran preacher. == Criticism == Critics were against putting stress on the inner life of the spiritual self at the expense of the outer life of the physical self. Kierkegaard would agree that a balance is necessary for one to be happy. George Brandes said in his memoirs, "That God had died for me as my Saviour,—I could not understand what it meant." == References == == Sources == === Primary sources === Man's Need of God Constitutes His Highest Perfection Søren Kierkegaard, Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844 first discourse of the series. Translated by David F. Swenson 1944–45, 1958 Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844 Wikiquote Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Hong 1990 === Secondary sources === The Western Literary Messenger, Sept 1849 Living Philosophers in Denmark Sixteen Months in the Danish


id: gender-shock-exploding-the-myths-of-male-and-female-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Shock:_Exploding_the_Myths_of_Male_and_Female-0.md
category: reference
title: Gender Shock: Exploding the Myths of Male and Female
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Shock:_Exploding_the_Myths_of_Male_and_Female
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:48.396687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gender-shock-exploding-the-myths-of-male-and-female-20260505-0
summary:
Gender Shock: Exploding the Myths of Male and Female is a nonfiction book written by Phyllis Burke and published in 1996 by Anchor Books. == Background == After Burke adopted the son of her lesbian partner, she began to conduct research about gender and the relationship of gender role behavior and biologic sex. In 1993, she had published Family Values: Two Moms and Their Son, a memoir about the adoption process. Her own experience as a parent led to a research focus for Gender Shock on gender issues related to raising children. == Synopsis == The book begins with a section titled Behavior that addresses treatments by psychologists and psychiatrists for what was then described as gender identity disorder by the DSM-IV. Treatments reviewed in the book include attempts at behavior modification, psychiatric medication, psychotherapy, and psychiatric hospitalization. The other sections of the book are titled Appearance, Science, and Gender Independence. In the Science section, the impact of physical differences is addressed. Based on her research, Burke asserted "gender is a social construct rather than a natural characteristic" and called for the elimination of the gender identity disorder diagnosis. == Critical reception == In Psychiatric Services, Dr. Margery Sved describes


id: a-general-theory-of-love-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_Theory_of_Love-0.md
category: reference
title: A General Theory of Love
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_Theory_of_Love
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:49.554818+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-general-theory-of-love-20260505-0
summary:
A General Theory of Love is a book about the science of human emotions and biological psychiatry written by Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon, psychiatric professors at the University of California, San Francisco, and was first published by Random House in 2000. It has since been reissued twice, with new editions appearing in 2001 and 2007. == Overview == The book examines the phenomenon of love and human connection from a combined scientific and cultural perspective. It attempts to reconcile the language and insights of humanistic inquiry and cultural wisdom (literature, song, poetry, painting, sculpture, dance and philosophy) with the more recent findings of social science, neuroscience and evolutionary biology. A General Theory of Love has been compared to the work of Steven Pinker and Oliver Sacks. Since its first publication, the book has been translated into Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Korean, Latvian, Croatian, and Persian. == Contents == The book surveys scientific understanding of emotions and particularly intimacy and love, from Freud through modern neuroscience, with a focus on the emerging understanding of the limbic brain and the development of personality. The authors put forward the idea that our nervous systems are not separate or self-contained; beginning


id: gestalt-therapy-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_Therapy_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Gestalt Therapy (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_Therapy_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:50.726339+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gestalt-therapy-book-20260505-0
summary:
Gestalt Therapy is a 1951 book that outlines an extension to psychotherapy, known as gestalt therapy, written by Fritz Perls, Ralph Hefferline, and Paul Goodman. Presented in two parts, the first introduces psychotherapeutic self-help exercises, and the second presents a theory of personality development and growth. The book is known in the gestalt community as "PHG". English literature professor George Levine thought of the book as the only emotionally engaging textbook he knew. == References == == Bibliography == == External links == Full text at the Internet Archive


id: get-it-done-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_It_Done_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Get It Done (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_It_Done_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:51.852321+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: get-it-done-book-20260505-0
summary:
Get It Done: Surprising Lessons from the Science of Motivation is a nonfiction book by psychologist Ayelet Fishbach, published by Little, Brown Spark in January, 2022. Featured in the Financial Times, Scientific American, and Fast Company, the book is a layperson's guide to understanding what motivates people to set their personal goals, what keeps them from getting to work and incrementally advancing towards their fulfillment, and what practical recommendations they may use to bridge the gap between goal setting and accomplishment. == References ==


id: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est-0.md
category: reference
title: Getting It: The Psychology of est
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:53.019682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-0
summary:
Getting It: The Psychology of est is a non-fiction book by American clinical psychologist Sheridan Fenwick first published in 1976 which analyses Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminars Training or est. Fenwick based the book on her own experience of attending a four-day session of the est training, an intensive 60-hour personal-development course in the self-help genre. Large groups of up to 250 people took the est training at one time. In the first section of Fenwick's book, she recounts the est training process and the methods used during the course. Fenwick details the rules or "agreements" laid out by the trainers to the attendees, which include not talking to others or leaving the session to go to the bathroom unless during an announced break period. The second section is analytic: Fenwick analyzes the methods used by the est trainers, evaluates the course's potential effects, and discusses Erhard's background. Fenwick concludes that the program's long-term effects are unknown, the est training may not be appropriate for certain groups of people, and that a large proportion of participants report perceived positive effects. Writing in Library Journal, psychiatrist James Charney describes the book as "the only useful critical look" at the training. Zane Berzins


id: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est-1.md
category: reference
title: Getting It: The Psychology of est
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:53.019682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-0
summary:
== Contents == The book comprises two sections. The first section describes Fenwick's own experiences of the training; the second analyzes the est program's methodology and effects. In her analysis of the course, she states:"While the consensus of informed opinion, based on summaries of research findings, is that interventions similar to the est training have only modestly positive effects, I think that the existing research provides us with an underestimate of the effect of the est training. This training represents a distillation of some of the most powerful techniques and central precepts for attitude and behavior change ... I would guess that the effects of the est training are substantial for a large proportion of people." In the latter portion of the book Fenwick discusses comparisons of the est training to brainwashing and to psychotherapy, potential harmful effects of the course, and the extent that positive benefit from the course may be attributed to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Fenwick sees est as a form of psychotherapy that utilizes "in" therapies, and questions its suitability for certain individuals. Fenwick writes that the est training draws influences from Synanon, Gestalt therapy, encounter groups, and Scientology. She discusses the potential positive and negative psychological


id: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est-2.md
category: reference
title: Getting It: The Psychology of est
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:53.019682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == Getting It received mixed, but generally positive, reviews. One positive evaluation came from psychiatrist James Charney, in a 1976 review for Library Journal. Charney calls the book "the only useful critical look at this essential issue", referring to the est training. He notes in particular that Fenwick's "analysis of the function of the group, the restrictive rules, and the enforced discomfort is convincing". In a 1977 review in Library Journal Edith Crockett and Ellis Mount highly recommended the book, commenting that "A plethora of newspaper and magazine reports, along with books written by graduates ... have attempted to explain the phenomenon of this self-help program, but none has done it as well or as objectively as this writer." Kirkus Reviews noted the precedent set by the analytical nature of the book, writing "Finally. Here's someone who is willing to disclose the details of Erhard Seminars Training, and then go on to analyze them from a psychological point of view." Zane Berzins, writing for The New York Times Book Review in 1977, describes Fenwick's work as a "calm and professionally informed view". Berzins describes the book as a "brave attempt" at an analysis of est's appeal, and concludes


id: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est-3.md
category: reference
title: Getting It: The Psychology of est
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:53.019682+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: getting-it-the-psychology-of-est-20260505-0
summary:
Bader, Barbara, ed. (July 15, 1976), "Getting It", Kirkus Reviews, 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821 Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977), "Getting It", The New York Times Book Review, 82, The New York Times Company: 25 Chamberlin, Jamie (June 1998), "For these psychologists, retirement has been no time for slowing down: Five APA members embark on new careers when others might be more inclined to relax", APA Monitor, 29 (6), American Psychological Association, retrieved April 11, 2008 Charney, James (Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine) (October 1, 1976), "Review of Getting It alongside Hargrove, Robert est: Making Life Work, and Rhinehart, Luke The Book of est", Library Journal, 101 (17): 2071{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Conway, Flo; Siegelman, Siegelman (1995), Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change, Stillpoint, p. 349, ISBN 0-9647650-0-4 Crockett, Edith S.; Mount, Ellis (March 1, 1977), "Sci-Tech Books of 1976", Library Journal, 102 (5): 543–552 Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995), "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training", Dissertation Abstracts International, 55 (12–B), Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International: 5564, ISSN 0419-4217 Fenwick, Sheridan (1976), Getting It: The psychology of


id: gifts-differing-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifts_Differing-0.md
category: reference
title: Gifts Differing
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifts_Differing
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:54.212433+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gifts-differing-20260505-0
summary:
Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type is a 1980 book written by Isabel Briggs Myers with Peter B. Myers, which describes the insights into the psychological type model originally developed by C. G. Jung as adapted and embodied in the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test. The book explains the many practical applications of this typological model using four categories of psychological type differences — Extraversion / Introversion; Sensing / Intuition; Thinking / Feeling; Judging / Perceiving. The book also suggests how different combinations of these characteristics tend to influence the ways people perceive the world and how they both respond to and interact with it. Type tables show how type preferences tend to correlate with occupational interests. Profiles of the sixteen types also suggest how people of each type tend to act and relate to people with other type dynamics. Every year over 2.5 million people take the MBTI assessment, and it has become the most widely used personality questionnaire in history. Over 150,000 copies of Gifts Differing have been sold. The late Isabel Briggs Myers devoted her life to the observation, study and measurement of personality and psychological type indicator theory. With her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, she developed


id: god-and-man-at-georgetown-prep-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Georgetown_Prep-0.md
category: reference
title: God and Man at Georgetown Prep
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Georgetown_Prep
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:55.441708+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: god-and-man-at-georgetown-prep-20260505-0
summary:
God and Man at Georgetown Prep: How I Became a Catholic Despite 20 Years of Catholic Schooling is a 2005 memoir about Catholic school, alcoholism, binge drinking, and hookup culture at Georgetown Preparatory School, written by Mark Gauvreau Judge. The name of the book is a reference to conservative writer William F. Buckley Jr.'s 1951 college memoir God and Man at Yale. Judge had previously written a 1997 memoir about the same institution, Wasted: Tales of a GenX Drunk. He would go on to publish a third book about Catholicism in 2010, A Tremor of Bliss. The author details rampant alcohol abuse at Georgetown Preparatory School, including downing beers with a music teacher from the school, while the teacher was entertained by a stripper. The author recounts a "100 Kegs or Bust" challenge, where the goal was to consume 100 kegs of beer before the end of the school year. Judge chronicles his exit from religiousness, followed by a return to Catholicism later in life. He criticizes those who diverge from traditional Catholicism and advocates for a return to more stringent religious practices. Judge's book garnered reviews from multiple publications including Publishers Weekly, First Things, Christianity Today, and the National


id: god-and-man-at-georgetown-prep-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Georgetown_Prep-1.md
category: reference
title: God and Man at Georgetown Prep
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Georgetown_Prep
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:55.441708+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: god-and-man-at-georgetown-prep-20260505-0
summary:
The author criticizes what he views as a form of atheism through non-religious practice of Catholicism among Christians in the American middle class. Judge explains his perspective that the Catholic faith he observed being taught in Catholic schools from his youth in the 1970s had been unnecessarily simplified from its traditional moorings. He laments that at Georgetown Preparatory School during his time as a student there, the faculty appeared to embrace sexuality and New Age views in favor of Catholic doctrine. Judge writes that the faculty at Georgetown Prep contained a multitude of homosexual priests. God and Man at Georgetown Prep details an atmosphere of unmonitored copious alcohol consumption among members of the student body at Georgetown Preparatory School. The book recounts how the author published the school's underground newspaper that had information on wild parties. The paper was distributed among students at Georgetown Preparatory School, and entitled, The Unknown Hoya, also released under the title The Heretic. In one periodical, the newspaper showed an image of a music teacher attending a bachelor party. According to Judge, the music teacher was shown, "chugging a beer, surrounded by a group of us with raised mugs, sitting down while being entertained by


id: god-and-man-at-georgetown-prep-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Georgetown_Prep-2.md
category: reference
title: God and Man at Georgetown Prep
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Georgetown_Prep
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:55.441708+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: god-and-man-at-georgetown-prep-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical reception == Publishers Weekly called the book, "a humorous, edgy look at his experiences in three prestigious U.S. Catholic schools." First Things reviewed the book, and called it a "compelling account". The religious journal concluded, "God and Man at Georgetown Prep is warmly recommended for young people, their parents and teachers". Christianity Today published a book review of Judge's work, and observed, "In God and Man at Georgetown Prep, Mark Gauvreau Judge writes as a survivor not of abuse, but of neglect." The book review drew comparisons to God and Man at Yale by William F. Buckley. Christianity Today concluded, "Catholics and non-Catholics alike will find in his account a model for an intellectual life firmly rooted in the particularities of one faith tradition, yet determined to speak to the world in a common language." National Catholic Register found Judge's writing to be too vague, commenting, "There are too many theories and too little space." The reviewer lamented the author had found no true religious meaning from his early Catholic upbringing. The book review observed, "Judge has written an autobiography that is part Thomas Merton, part Augustine with a rock and roll beat in the background." National Catholic


id: grand-theft-childhood-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Childhood-0.md
category: reference
title: Grand Theft Childhood
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Childhood
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:57.815896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grand-theft-childhood-20260505-0
summary:
Grand Theft Childhood: The Surprising Truth About Violent Video Games and What Parents Can Do is a book by Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl K. Olson. Along with psychiatrist Eugene V. Beresin, Kutner and Olson are co-directors of the Harvard Medical School Center for Mental Health and Media, a division of the department of psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital. == Background == The book was based in part on original research funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice to the Center for Mental Health and Media. The book's title is a play on the Grand Theft Auto series, a video game series that has attracted a great deal of controversy. In contrast to previous studies that focused on potential harmful effects of violent video game play and links to real-life violence, Kutner and Olson take a more nuanced view of how video games influence young teens. The authors found previous research (including experimental studies on college students) of little help to parents, teachers, pediatricians or policymakers concerned about potential risks from video game play. They also suggest that potential benefits of video games (including some games with violent content) has not received enough attention.


id: grand-theft-childhood-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Childhood-1.md
category: reference
title: Grand Theft Childhood
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Childhood
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:57.815896+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grand-theft-childhood-20260505-0
summary:
== Conclusions == In their school-based surveys, Kutner and Olson found that games rated Mature by the ESRB were commonly played among young adolescents; 68% of boys and 29% of girls had at least one M-rated title among five games played "a lot" during previous six months. Among boys, games in the Grand Theft Auto series were by far the most popular. Most of boys' top games, however, were sports or Teen-rated fantasy games. Among girls, The Sims series was most popular, but Grand Theft Auto claimed second place. The rest of the girls' top ten were nonviolent games such as Mario titles, Dance Dance Revolution or simulation games. The surveys also found correlations between violent gameplay and some common childhood problems. Boys who played any Mature-rated game a lot had twice the risk of certain aggressive behaviors (e.g., getting into fights, beating up someone, damaging property for fun) or school problems (e.g., getting in trouble with a teacher, getting poor grades), at least once during the past year, compared to boys who played games with lower age ratings. Among girls, the risk of problems was three to four times higher for those who played violent games vs. those who


id: the-happiness-industry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiness_Industry-0.md
category: reference
title: The Happiness Industry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiness_Industry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:53:58.998726+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-happiness-industry-20260505-0
summary:
The Happiness Industry: How Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being is a 2015 book written by William Davies, in which the author proposes that the contemporary notions of happiness and well-being are being warped by the forces of numerous governmental and business institutions to transform happiness, as a concept, into something that promotes consumption. == Summary == William Davies begins his work by analyzing the philosophy of 19th century Utilitarian theorist Jeremy Bentham, who famously asserted that humanity can objectively determine ethical decisions by measuring the pleasure or pain that results as a consequence. This begins the rise of what Davies regards as "The Anti-Philosophical Agnosticism" in the psychological community, wherein happiness as a concept is warped from being a personal subjective experience to an objective quantifiable phenomenon. This "Anti-Philosophical Agnosticism" is further reflected in the works of economist William Stanley Jevons, behaviorist John Watson, and The Chicago School of Economics. The main problem of quantifying pleasure and happiness is there is no one factor that may be objectively observed, since emotions are by their natures subjective experiences; so, according to Davies, psychologists have used other units to measure happiness such as money, dopamine, and body language. Using quantifiable


id: the-happiness-trap-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiness_Trap-0.md
category: reference
title: The Happiness Trap
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiness_Trap
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:00.157027+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-happiness-trap-20260505-0
summary:
The Happiness Trap: Stop Struggling, Start Living is a self-help book originally published in 2007 by Dr. Russ Harris, a renowned acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) trainer, executive coach, therapist and general practitioner (GP). The book introduces the ACT therapy model in an accessible and practical way, teaching readers how to handle negative feelings and self doubt, and living in tune with one's core values. The book has sold over a million copies, has been translated into over 30 languages and is currently in its second edition. == Background == Russ Harris grew up in England and studied medicine at Newcastle University. After graduating, he began practicing as a GP, eventually emigrating to Australia in 1991. Through his work in both England and Australia, Harris became interested in Psychoneuroimmunology, the study of the connection between the mind and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. This led him to the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn and his program of mindfulness-based stress reduction. “As a young GP, I was pretty depressed. I was pretty miserable. I’d achieved this medical degree and this job that gave me income and status and privilege and I thought that should make me happy, right?


id: the-happiness-trap-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiness_Trap-1.md
category: reference
title: The Happiness Trap
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiness_Trap
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:00.157027+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-happiness-trap-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication History == The Happiness Trap was published on 1 March 2007 in Australia and New Zealand. It was released in the US by Shambhala Publications on 3 June 2008, and continued to spread around the world with publications in UK, Latin America, India, Germany, Korea, France, Sweden and China. The book has sold over 1 million copies worldwide and has been translated into over 30 languages, among them Chinese, German, French and Spanish. Russ Harris went on to publish several more books about acceptance and commitment therapy, including The Happiness Trap Pocketbook, The Happiness Trap Cards, ACT Made Simple, ACT with Love, The Confidence Gap and The Reality Slap. A second edition was released in 2021, featuring over 50% new material with additional exercises, expanded sections on different emotions, perfectionism and a lot of new material on self-compassion. == Reception == The book was well-received upon its release, with many praising the accessible writing style and way it introduces ACT: "ACT is not a form of meditation or a path to enlightenment—to reap the benefits, action is imperative. More of an ACT primer than anything else, there’s enough interesting content here to keep the reader, um, happy". A


id: the-honest-truth-about-dishonesty-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honest_Truth_about_Dishonesty-0.md
category: reference
title: The Honest Truth about Dishonesty
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honest_Truth_about_Dishonesty
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:01.285758+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-honest-truth-about-dishonesty-20260505-0
summary:
The Honest Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone—Especially Ourselves is a 2012 book by the Duke University cognitive science professor Dan Ariely. It investigates why and when cheating occurs, debates its usefulness and questions how it can be discouraged. The book was translated into Hebrew in 2013. == Contents == In The Honest Truth About Dishonesty, Ariely uses several experiments to investigate the nature of dishonesty. In one, he discovers that, a refrigerator in a college dormitory that contains cans of Coca-Cola and dollar bills, the soda cans would disappear faster because taking money would make the students feel more like thieves than taking soda cans. In another experiment, an actor playing a University of Pittsburgh student took a test at rival Carnegie Mellon University. He deliberately and clearly cheated on the test and acted confused about some of the rules of the test. Ariely examined how the rest of the group responded and concluded that cheating is contagious. In addition to reporting on experiments he conducted, Ariely mentions his own experiences with dishonesty, such as once riding a train on a forged Eurail pass or being told, as a burn victim, that he would be all right


id: how-doctors-think-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Doctors_Think-0.md
category: reference
title: How Doctors Think
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Doctors_Think
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:02.501926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: how-doctors-think-20260505-0
summary:
How Doctors Think is a book released in March 2007 by Jerome Groopman, the Dina and Raphael Recanati Chair of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, chief of experimental medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, and staff writer for The New Yorker magazine. The book opens with a discussion of a woman in her thirties who suffered daily stomach cramps and serious weight loss, and who visited some 30 doctors over a period of 15 years. Several misdiagnoses were made before she was finally found to have celiac disease. Groopman explains that no one can expect a physician to be infallible, as medicine is an uncertain science, and every doctor sometimes makes mistakes in diagnosis and treatment. But the frequency and seriousness of those mistakes can be reduced by "understanding how a doctor thinks and how he or she can think better". The book includes Groopman's own experiences both as an oncologist and as a patient, as well as interviews by Groopman of prominent physicians in the medical community. Notably, he describes his difficulties with a number of orthopedic surgeons as he sought treatment for a debilitating ligament laxity he developed in his right hand, which over several


id: how-doctors-think-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Doctors_Think-1.md
category: reference
title: How Doctors Think
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Doctors_Think
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:02.501926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: how-doctors-think-20260505-0
summary:
The narrowest subspecialist, the reasoning goes, should also be able to provide this [broad] range of medical services. This naive idea arises, as do so many other wrong beliefs about primary care, because of the concept that doctors take care of diseases. Diseases, the idea goes on, form a hierarchy from simple to difficult. Specialists take care of difficult diseases, so, of course, they will naturally do a good job on simple diseases. Wrong. Doctors take care of people, some of whom have diseases and all of whom have some problem. People used to doing complicated things usually do complicated things in simple situations--for example, ordering tests or x-rays when waiting a few days might suffice--thus overtreating people with simple illnesses and overlooking the clues about other problems that might have brought the patient to the doctor. == The fallacy of logic == In a later chapter Groopman reports a frank discussion with Dr. James E. Lock, chief of cardiology at Boston Children's Hospital. During their conversation, Groopman asks the world-renowned cardiologist about the times in his career when he made mistakes in patient treatment. To the query, Lock gives the cryptic response, "All my mistakes have the same things


id: i-m-ok-you-re-ok-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_OK_–_You're_OK-0.md
category: reference
title: I'm OK – You're OK
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_OK_–_You're_OK
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:03.671330+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: i-m-ok-you-re-ok-20260505-0
summary:
I'm OK – You're OK is a 1967 self-help book by psychiatrist Thomas A Harris. The book presents transactional analysis as a method for addressing personal challenges. The book made the New York Times Best Seller list in 1972 and remained there for almost two years. It is estimated by the publisher to have sold over 15 million copies to date and to have been translated into over a dozen languages. == Content == In the preface, Harris praises the then-new procedure of transactional analysis (TA, or as Harris often refers to it, P-A-C) as a major innovation addressing the slow process and limited results that he and other psychiatric practitioners believed was characteristic of conventional psychiatry. === Harris' context for the book === Rather than working with abstract concepts of consciousness, Harris suggests that the pioneering work of brain surgeon Wilder Penfield in uncovering the neurological basis of memory could offer complementary insights grounded in observable reality. Specifically, Harris emphasizes reports of Penfield's experiments stimulating small areas of the brains of conscious patients undergoing brain surgery (the brain does not have any pain receptors, so this can be done in relative comfort for the patient). Though the patients were


id: i-m-ok-you-re-ok-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_OK_–_You're_OK-1.md
category: reference
title: I'm OK – You're OK
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_OK_–_You're_OK
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:03.671330+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: i-m-ok-you-re-ok-20260505-0
summary:
I'm Not OK, You're OK I'm Not OK, You're Not OK I'm OK, You're Not OK I'm OK, You're OK According to Harris, the most common position is I'm Not OK, You're OK, which he attributes to children's perceptions of adults as strong and competent, leading them to view themselves as less capable. Children who are abused may conclude I'm Not OK, You're Not OK or I'm OK, You're Not OK, but these are much less common. The emphasis of the book is helping people understand how their life position affects their communications (transactions) and relationships with practical examples. I'm OK, You're OK continues by providing practical advice to begin decoding the physical and verbal clues required to analyze transactions. For example, Harris suggests signs that a person is in a Parent ego state can include the use of evaluative words that imply judgment based on an automatic, axiomatic and archaic value system: words like 'stupid, naughty, ridiculous, disgusting, should or ought' (though the latter can also be used in the Adult ego state). Harris introduces a diagrammatic representation of two classes of communication between individuals: complementary transactions, which can continue indefinitely, and crossed transactions, which cause a cessation of


id: i-m-ok-you-re-ok-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_OK_–_You're_OK-2.md
category: reference
title: I'm OK – You're OK
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_OK_–_You're_OK
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:03.671330+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: i-m-ok-you-re-ok-20260505-0
summary:
The title of the book has since become commonly used, often as a dismissive categorization of all popular psychology philosophies as being overly accepting. Examples of the influence elsewhere are: The David Bowie song Up the Hill Backwards has the refrain "I'm OK, you're so-so", in reference to his mindset and struggles arising from his divorce from Angela Bowie. Wendy Kaminer wrote a critique of the self-help business during 1992, named I'm Dysfunctional, You're Dysfunctional. In the popular television show ALF, season four, episode five ALF takes on the topic of TA with direct reference to OKness, and even says to Willie, "I'm OK, You're OK". In the comedy Airplane II: The Sequel, the case carried by the bomber also contains a copy of "I'm Alright, You're Alright". It is also referenced in a Kannada movie called Beladingala Baale. The main character explains this to his friend's wife when she asks him why her husband is open and different—A person grows in four stages: first he thinks I'm ok, the world is not ok; second he feels he's not ok, the world is not ok; third he thinks he's not ok, the world is ok; in the end at the


id: iconoclast-a-neuroscientist-reveals-how-to-think-differently-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclast:_A_Neuroscientist_Reveals_How_to_Think_Differently-0.md
category: reference
title: Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclast:_A_Neuroscientist_Reveals_How_to_Think_Differently
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:04.787649+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iconoclast-a-neuroscientist-reveals-how-to-think-differently-20260505-0
summary:
Iconoclast: a Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently is a neuropsychology book written by Gregory Berns and first published in 2008 by Harvard Business Press. The text describes how iconoclasts leverage perception, imagination, fear, and social intelligence to achieve success. == Major Sections == The book has eight major sections. The people referenced in each section are listed below. === Introduction: Doing What Can't Be Done === === Through the Eye of an Iconoclast === === From Perception to Imagination === === Fear: The Inhibitor of Action === === How Fear Distorts Perception === === Why the Fear of Failure Makes People Risk Averse === === Brain Circuits for Social Networking === === Private Spaceflight: A Case Study of Iconoclasts Working Together === === When Iconoclast Becomes Icon === === Appendix: The Iconoclast's Pharmacopeia === == Reviews == Source: "Iconoclast is an eye-opener that will both inform and inspire you. Though most of us want to be innovative thinkers, we just don't understand the barriers in the way of our success. In this book, Gregory Berns deftly blends intriguing case studies with exciting neuroscientific findings to show how and why iconoclasts overcome these barriers and thrive." —Michael J. Mauboussin, chief


id: illustrations-of-the-influence-of-the-mind-upon-the-body-in-health-and-disease-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:05.997978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: illustrations-of-the-influence-of-the-mind-upon-the-body-in-health-and-disease-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations_of_the_Influence_of_the_Mind_upon_the_Body_in_Health_and_Disease-0.md

summary:
Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease. Designed to elucidate the Action of the Imagination is a non-fictional book written by the psychiatrist Daniel Hack Tuke, published in 1872. In 1873 the book was republished by Henry C. Lea in Philadelphia, as well as 2nd American edition in 1874 by Henry C Lea's Son & Co. In his work, the psychiatrist presented a collection of cases that combined his own experiences with reports from other psychiatrists, doctors and lecturers of his time. The objective was to prove the influence of mental states on the physical body in causing and curing disease. Tuke aimed to achieve more acknowledgement and understanding of the mental causes of disorders as well the integration in the treatment of such, coining the term "psycho-therapy". == Context == England, being Tukes place of birth and residence for most of his life, witnessed a time of rapid population growth and improved life conditions for the wealthy population between 1830 and 1900. This marks the historical period known as Victorian era with a notable increase in interest in general science and psychology. Initially, psychology was not viewed as a scientific discipline, which

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations_of_the_Influence_of_the_Mind_upon_the_Body_in_Health_and_Disease


id: illustrations-of-the-influence-of-the-mind-upon-the-body-in-health-and-disease-20260505-1
category: reference
title: Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:05.997978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: illustrations-of-the-influence-of-the-mind-upon-the-body-in-health-and-disease-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations_of_the_Influence_of_the_Mind_upon_the_Body_in_Health_and_Disease-1.md

summary:
=== Intellect === The impact of imagination is illustrated by aligning it with its psychological and physiological principles. Tuke admits the general lack of consensus on interpretations of subjective experiences, such as distinguishing externally caused sensations, emotions and inner free will. The dualistic interaction problem between mind and body is a constant issue which Tuke illustrates by providing different opinions. Tuke explains the impact of attention on mental states, with references to Plato, Cicero and Kant for different ideas on the origin of mental states and ideas. The intellect is described to excite, suspend or induce excessive or morbid sensations, such as hyperaesthesia and dyseasthesia. Exact mechanism remain unclear, both Dr. Carpenter and Herbert Spencer are quoted for attempts to explain the origin of impressions. Bacons experimentum crucis is referred to in illustrating the involuntary imitation of others and the impact of attention on a certain body part which induces different sensations. === Emotion === Emotions are often followed by ideational, emotional or volitional acts. While the origin of emotions is not agreed on, some possibilities, such as the epigastric brain centre, the solar plexus or medulla oblongata are listed. Emotions might excite or suspend sensations, there however exists a

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations_of_the_Influence_of_the_Mind_upon_the_Body_in_Health_and_Disease


id: illustrations-of-the-influence-of-the-mind-upon-the-body-in-health-and-disease-20260505-2
category: reference
title: Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:05.997978+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: illustrations-of-the-influence-of-the-mind-upon-the-body-in-health-and-disease-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations_of_the_Influence_of_the_Mind_upon_the_Body_in_Health_and_Disease-2.md

summary:
== Reception == Later published editions by Henry C. Lea and his son in America indicate the general global acknowledgement of the book. Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease. Designed to elucidate the Action of the Imagination is mainly referenced in books and articles about hypnosis, such as Edmonston, W. E., Jr.'s The induction of hypnosis and Ramesh's Thought-forms and Hallucinations, dating from the publication until the 21st century. Other references include the placebo effect, like in Franklin G. Miller's The Placebo. A Reader. (2013). This signifies the acknowledgement of evidence given by Tuke, illustrating the reality of such highly discussed phenomena. The concept of “Mind Healing” is mentioned in association with Tukes work, signifying the general upheaval of the concept at the time. Illustrated cases in his work give evidence to such theoretical approaches of late-nineteenth-century psychologists and psychiatrists in attempting to utilise the influence of the mind on the body to cure disease and maintain health, motivating them to realise such practices. Generally, the work and the author are acknowledged to have improved the understanding and care of the mentally ill at the time, both by increasing the understanding of

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations_of_the_Influence_of_the_Mind_upon_the_Body_in_Health_and_Disease


id: the-inner-reaches-of-outer-space-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Reaches_of_Outer_Space-0.md
category: reference
title: The Inner Reaches of Outer Space
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Reaches_of_Outer_Space
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:07.159273+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-inner-reaches-of-outer-space-20260505-0
summary:
The Inner Reaches of Outer Space is a 1986 book by mythologist Joseph Campbell, the last book completed before his death in 1987. In it, he explores the intersections of art, psychology and religion, and discusses the ways in which new myths are born. In writing the book, Campbell drew on transcripts of a series of lectures and conversations that he gave in San Francisco between 1981 and 1984, including legendary symposiums with astronaut Rusty Schweickart and with members of the Grateful Dead. Originally published by Alfred van der Mark in 1986, the book was rereleased by Harper & Row in 1988. With the publication of the third edition by New World Library in 2002, The Inner Reaches of Outer Space became the second title in the Joseph Campbell Foundation's Collected Works of Joseph Campbell series. == References == Campbell, Joseph (2002). The Inner Reaches of Outer Space. Novato, California: New World Library. ISBN 1-57731-209-0. == External links == Inner Reaches page on the JCF site


id: the-insanity-of-normality-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Insanity_of_Normality-0.md
category: reference
title: The Insanity of Normality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Insanity_of_Normality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:08.349733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-insanity-of-normality-20260505-0
summary:
The Insanity of Normality: Toward Understanding Human Destructiveness is a book about the root causes of cruelty and violence written by psychoanalyst Arno Gruen. It is Gruen's answer to Freud about human destructiveness. According to Freud, human beings are born with an innate tendency to destruction and violence; in The Insanity of Normality, Gruen challenges that assumption, arguing instead that at the root of evil lies self-hatred, a rage originating in a self-betrayal that begins in childhood, when autonomy is surrendered in exchange for the "love" of those who wield power over us. == Edition details == German editions: Der Wahnsinn der Normalität – Realismus als Krankheit. Eine grundlegende Theorie zur menschlichen Destruktivität; Kösel-Verlag, München 1987, ISBN 3-466-34178-7, 9th edition 7/1999, München, ISBN 3-423-35002-4 English editions: The Insanity of Normality: Understanding Human Destructiveness, ISBN 978-0-9669908-4-3, trade paperback, most recent English edition: March 2007, Human Development Books, Berkeley, CA, first English edition: 1992) Czech edition: Šílenství normality. Realismus jako choroba: Teorie o lidské destruktivitě, Lumír Nahodil, Praha, 2001, ISBN 80-902970-0-5 (translated from the 9th German edition) Hungarian edition: A normalitás tébolya – A realizmus mint betegség: elmélet az emberi destruktivitásról, Balázs István, Magyar Könyvklub, 2003, ISBN 9635478631 (translated from the 9th


id: the-international-library-of-psychology-philosophy-and-scientific-method-20260505-0
category: reference
title: The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:09.489641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-international-library-of-psychology-philosophy-and-scientific-method-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Library_of_Psychology,_Philosophy_and_Scientific_Method-0.md

summary:
The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method was an influential series of monographs published from 1922 to 1965 under the general editorship of Charles Kay Ogden by Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner & Co. in London. This series published some of the landmark works on psychology and philosophy, particularly the thought of the Vienna Circle in English. It published some of the major psychologists and philosophers of the time, such as Alfred Adler, C. D. Broad, Rudolf Carnap, F. M. Cornford, Edmund Husserl, Carl Jung, Kurt Koffka, Ernst Kretschmer, Bronisław Malinowski, Karl Mannheim, George Edward Moore, Jean Nicod, Jean Piaget, Frank P. Ramsey, Otto Rank, W. H. R. Rivers, Louis Leon Thurstone, Jakob von Uexküll, Hans Vaihinger, Edvard Westermarck, William Morton Wheeler, Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. N. Findlay and others. Most of the 204 volumes in the series have been reprinted, some in revised editions. The following is the statement about the series as it appears on the title page of Rudolf Carnap's book The Logical Syntax of Language (1937) published in the series in 1959: The purpose of The International Library is to give expression, in a convenient format at moderate price, to the remarkable developments which have recently

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Library_of_Psychology,_Philosophy_and_Scientific_Method


id: kluge-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Kluge (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:10.671590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kluge-book-20260505-0
summary:
Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind is a 2008 non-fiction book by American psychologist Gary Marcus. A "kluge" is a patched-together solution for a problem, clumsily assembled from whatever materials are immediately available. Marcus's book argues that the human brain employs many such kluges, and that evolutionary psychology often favors genes that give "immediate advantages" over genes that provide long-term value. The book explores how evolution has led to cognitive imperfections, such as unreliable memory and irrational beliefs. Marcus suggests that these mental flaws are the result of evolutionary compromises rather than intelligent design. == External links == Book review by The New York Times Book review by The Guardian == References ==


id: language-and-language-disturbances-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Language_Disturbances-0.md
category: reference
title: Language and Language Disturbances
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Language_Disturbances
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:11.874953+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: language-and-language-disturbances-20260505-0
summary:
Language and Language Disturbances: Aphasic Symptom Complexes and Their Significance for Medicine and Theory of Language is a book on aphasia by Dr. Kurt Goldstein, published in 1948. In Language and Language Disturbances, Goldstein theorized that a loss of abstract processing was the core deficit in aphasia. In his work, Goldstein studied transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA), characterizing it as impaired auditory comprehension, with intact repetition and fluent speech. Goldstein studied word comprehension in patients with aphasia, theorizing that naming shows relatively little specificity to the site of lesion within the left hemisphere. Goldstein compared patients with damage restricted to the anterior portion of the left hemisphere (whose difficulties are primarily a matter of production) with those with exclusively posterior damage (whose difficulties lie chiefly in comprehension. Goldstein cited cases where patients experienced semantic confusion and could not verbalize certain words as a result of the brain damage. In one instance, a German patient of Goldstein's who could not name a handkerchief, said instead "nas'putzen" ("to blow one's nose"). == See also == On Aphasia, a book by Sigmund Freud == References ==


id: learning-how-to-learn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_How_to_Learn-0.md
category: reference
title: Learning How to Learn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_How_to_Learn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:12.998469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: learning-how-to-learn-20260505-0
summary:
Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way is a book by the writer Idries Shah that was first published by Octagon Press in 1978. Later editions by Harper & Row (1981) and Penguin Books (1985, 1993, 1996) include an introduction by Nobel Prize Winner Doris Lessing. Shortly before he died, Shah stated that his books form a complete course that could fulfil the function he had fulfilled while alive. As such, Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way can be read as part of a whole course of study. == Content == Written in response to enquiries about the Sufi tradition, Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way presents traditional teaching stories and anecdotes and articles from newspapers to illustrate prerequisites to Sufi learning. One such prerequisite is that the learner should organise their basic human needs so as to be able to give adequate attention to their studies. The second section of the book is dedicated entirely to Shah's theory on the human need to give and receive attention. == Reception == The theory on attention presented in the book has influenced the school of psychology and


id: learning-to-live-together-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_to_Live_Together-0.md
category: reference
title: Learning to Live Together
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_to_Live_Together
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:14.113506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: learning-to-live-together-20260505-0
summary:
Learning to Live Together: Preventing Hatred and Violence in Child and Adolescent Development is a book written by David A. Hamburg and Beatrix Hamburg that examines the psychological aspects of how that societies teach prejudice to children and adolescents, and suggests educational strategies to prevent hatred and violence. == References ==


id: loathsome-women-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loathsome_Women-0.md
category: reference
title: Loathsome Women
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loathsome_Women
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:15.318813+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: loathsome-women-20260505-0
summary:
Loathsome Women is a 1959 non-fiction book published April 30, 1959 by Viennese Dr. Leopold Stein with Martha Alexander. The book was also published under the title, Anatomy of Love. == Overview == A quartet of case histories of four imagined women, Sybil, Judith, Daphne, Dora, who may have the personalities of modern-day witches, for which the author states in the book, "I have divided my material into four categories and illustrated each category with one synthesized woman who is all these patients and yet no specific one of them." == Critical reception == The New York Times, "Most interesting reading. Not, however, entirely convincing reading." Commentary, "A mockery of the entire psychoanalytic movement." Kirkus Reviews, "One may question the advisability of presenting clinical material in a popular form; the title in any case may help to alienate an audience." == References == == External links == Anatomy of Love (Loathsome Women) at Internet Archive


id: love-against-hate-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Against_Hate-0.md
category: reference
title: Love Against Hate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Against_Hate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:16.462787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: love-against-hate-20260505-0
summary:
Love Against Hate is a 1942 book written by the American psychiatrist Karl Menninger who examines the war of instincts within each of us. Recognizing the instinctual forces of love and hate and applying science for the encouragement of love instead of self-destruction will result in the achievement of human happiness. The book has ten chapters. In the early chapters, Menninger builds up on the framework of his previous book Man against Himself in which he presents the "psychoanalytic theory of suicide". The theory attributes the main reason for suicide to our unconscious wish to die. Usually, this instinct is neutralized by our love instinct, but under certain circumstances the process fails and our unconscious wish to die takes over. In Love against Hate, Menninger extends his concept of instinctual forces. He analyses the main issues of a society which forces the neglect of our instinctual needs and consequently strengthens unconscious passive aggression and self-destructive behavior. With an emphasis on the sources of frustration already occurring in childhood as a consequence of the mother's own frustration, he gradually builds up a vicious cycle of repressed aggressions resulting in destructive behavior that is passed on from generation to generation. In the


id: love-against-hate-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Against_Hate-1.md
category: reference
title: Love Against Hate
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Against_Hate
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:16.462787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: love-against-hate-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical reception == Love against Hate received critical acclaim. Critics mostly praised the book for its comprehensive and provocative manner of discussing the war of our instinctual forces and its consequences for the human kind. The British Journal of Psychiatry calls it an "interesting and provocative work”. The American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation compliments Menninger's piece of work as an “extremely well written stimulating and illuminating discussion of psychological and psychoanalytic areas of study and experience”. Furthermore, the journal appreciates the psychiatrist's practical suggestions for therapy as “it will leave the therapist with a much more comprehensive understanding of love and hate in human nature and the bearing of these powerful sources upon the problems of therapy”. Lastly, the Journal of the American Medical Association emphasized in its review the importance of Menninger's book for society in stating that “such wisdom is needed today more than ever before, for an explosive individual or national outburst of temper of a series of badly mixed signals might blow us all away”. == Context == Karl Menninger's piece of work was published in 1942, a time during which the world was "set on fire". Love against Hate was first brought


id: mama-dispatches-from-the-frontline-of-love-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama:_Dispatches_from_the_Frontline_of_Love-0.md
category: reference
title: Mama: Dispatches from the Frontline of Love
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama:_Dispatches_from_the_Frontline_of_Love
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:18.744976+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mama-dispatches-from-the-frontline-of-love-20260505-0
summary:
Antonella Gambotto-Burke's first influential work of nonfiction about motherhood, Mama: Dispatches from the Frontline of Love is an anthology of personal essays and interviews with some of the world's leading experts on family and childcare, including Sheila Kitzinger, Steve Biddulph, Stephanie Coontz, Gabor Maté, and others. A number of the essays were previously published in different editions of Vogue (magazine) and Elle (magazine). Professor Michel Odent wrote the foreword. Identified as one of the most empowering feminist quotes of all time, the book's most famous line is "Life without femininity - devoid of mystery, emotion, gentleness and the unerring power of a woman's love - is no life at all." == Core theories == In a piece for The Australian, Gambotto-Burke wrote, "The most compelling evidence for attachment parenting was the discovery that the brain is only 20 per cent or so complete at birth; the rest is physically formed by the child’s experience of love or of its absence. Love literally creates the neural pathways responsible for happiness, calmness, closeness, co-operation, self-regulation. In particular, the second six months of life, known as the 'bonding window' to psychologists, are critical to the child’s future ability to sustain relationships." Gambotto-Burke believes


id: mama-love-motherhood-and-revolution-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama:_Love,_Motherhood_and_Revolution-0.md
category: reference
title: Mama: Love, Motherhood and Revolution
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama:_Love,_Motherhood_and_Revolution
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:19.915681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mama-love-motherhood-and-revolution-20260505-0
summary:
Antonella Gambotto-Burke's first influential work of nonfiction about motherhood, Mama: Love, Motherhood and Revolution is an anthology of personal essays and interviews with some of the world's leading experts on family and childcare, including Sheila Kitzinger, Steve Biddulph, Stephanie Coontz, Gabor Maté, and others. A number of the essays were previously published in different editions of Vogue and Elle. Professor Michel Odent wrote the foreword. Identified as one of the most empowering feminist quotes of all time, the book's most famous line is, "Life without femininity - devoid of mystery, emotion, gentleness and the unerring power of a woman's love - is no life at all." == Core theories == In a piece for The Australian, Gambotto-Burke wrote, "The most compelling evidence for attachment parenting was the discovery that the brain is only 20 per cent or so complete at birth; the rest is physically formed by the child’s experience of love or of its absence. Love literally creates the neural pathways responsible for happiness, calmness, closeness, co-operation, self-regulation. In particular, the second six months of life, known as the 'bonding window' to psychologists, are critical to the child’s future ability to sustain relationships." Gambotto-Burke believes that the breakdown in


id: man-s-search-for-meaning-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man's_Search_for_Meaning-0.md
category: reference
title: Man's Search for Meaning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man's_Search_for_Meaning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:21.022742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: man-s-search-for-meaning-20260505-0
summary:
Man's Search for Meaning (German: ... trotzdem Ja zum Leben sagen. Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, lit. '... Say Yes to Life nonetheless: A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp') is a 1946 book by Viktor Frankl chronicling his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, and describing his psychotherapeutic method, which involved identifying a purpose to each person's life through one of three ways: the completion of tasks, caring for another person, or finding meaning by facing suffering with dignity. Frankl observed that among the fellow inmates in the concentration camp, those who survived were able to connect with a purpose in life to feel positive about and who then immersed themselves in imagining that purpose in their own way, such as conversing with an (imagined) loved one. According to Frankl, the way a prisoner imagined the future affected their longevity. The book intends to answer the question "How was everyday life in a concentration camp reflected in the mind of the average prisoner?" Part One constitutes Frankl's analysis of his experiences in the concentration camps, while Part Two introduces his ideas of meaning and his theory for the link between people's health and their


id: man-s-search-for-meaning-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man's_Search_for_Meaning-1.md
category: reference
title: Man's Search for Meaning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man's_Search_for_Meaning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:21.022742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: man-s-search-for-meaning-20260505-0
summary:
Shock during the initial admission phase to the camp, Apathy after becoming accustomed to camp existence, in which the inmate values only that which helps himself and his friends survive, and Reactions of depersonalization, moral deformity, bitterness, and disillusionment if he survives and is liberated. Frankl concludes that the meaning of life is found in every moment of living; life never ceases to have meaning, even in suffering and death. In a group therapy session during a mass fast inflicted on the camp's inmates trying to protect an anonymous fellow inmate from fatal retribution by authorities, Frankl offered the thought that for everyone in a dire condition there is someone looking down, a friend, family member, or even God, who would expect not to be disappointed. Frankl concludes from his experience that a prisoner's psychological reactions are not solely the result of the conditions of his life, but also from the freedom of choice he always has even in severe suffering. The inner hold a prisoner has on his spiritual self relies on having a hope in the future, and that once a prisoner loses that hope, he is doomed. Frankl also concludes that there are only two races of


id: man-s-search-for-meaning-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man's_Search_for_Meaning-2.md
category: reference
title: Man's Search for Meaning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man's_Search_for_Meaning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:21.022742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: man-s-search-for-meaning-20260505-0
summary:
In his book Faith in Freedom, psychiatrist Thomas Szasz states that Frankl's survivor testimony was written to misdirect, and betrays instead an intent of a transparent effort to conceal Frankl's actions and his collaboration with the Nazis, and that, in the assessment of Raul Hilberg, the founder of Holocaust Studies, Frankl's historical account contains distortions akin to Binjamin Wilkomirski's memoirs, which were translated into nine languages before being exposed as deeply problematic (and according to the most radical interpretation false) in Hilberg's 1996 Politics of Memory. Szasz's criticism of Frankl is not universally embraced. Similarly, Hilberg's allegations have been rebutted by several reviewers. Comparison between Frankl's memoirs and Wilkomirski's memoirs leveled by Szasz, however, could legitimately be dismissed altogether as an inapt and misleading analogy insofar as questions arose (and remained) as to whether or not Wilkomirski had ever been an inmate at a concentration camp, whereas this was never a question in Frankl's case: there is no doubt that he is a survivor. Briefly: Conflicting views about the nature of memory under extreme conditions, as well as the sort of instinctual opportunism (for the sake of survival) or positive thinking mentality that often (one might even say 'usually' or


id: maps-of-meaning-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning-0.md
category: reference
title: Maps of Meaning
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:22.276988+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maps-of-meaning-20260505-0
summary:
Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief is a 1999 book by Canadian clinical psychologist and psychology professor Jordan Peterson. The book describes a theory for how people construct meaning, in a way that is compatible with the modern scientific understanding of how the brain functions. It examines the "structure of systems of belief and the role those systems play in the regulation of emotion", using "multiple academic fields to show that connecting myths and beliefs with science is essential to fully understand how people make meaning". == Background and writing == Peterson spent more than 13 years writing the book in an attempt to "explain the meaning of history". In it, he briefly reflects on his childhood and on being raised in a Christian family. The responses to his questions about the literal truth of Biblical stories seemed ignorant, causing him to lose interest in attending church. During adolescence and early adulthood he tried finding the answer to "the general social and political insanity and evil of the world" (from Cold War to totalitarianism) and for a short period of time he embraced socialism and political science. Finding himself unsatisfied and falling into a depression, he discovered inspiration in


id: maslow-on-management-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow_on_Management-0.md
category: reference
title: Maslow on Management
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow_on_Management
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:34.342696+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: maslow-on-management-20260505-0
summary:
Maslow on Management (originally Eupsychian Management: A Journal) is a work on industrial psychology by Abraham Maslow, first published in 1965. Maslow's work is frequently invoked in attempts to explain and predict work behavior. In his work Maslow advocated the eupsychian (meaning moving towards psychological health or self-actualization) management as the ideal model for industrial organizations. Maslow took a keen interest in the application of humanistic psychology beyond one-on-one therapy to larger endeavors in organizations and education settings, where greater numbers of people could be positively affected. The idea for Eupsychian Management originated with a journal of Maslow's impressions of his 1962 observations of a California electronics plant. The study resulted in Maslow conceiving a theoretical framework on which research in the area of self-actualization may be applied to industrial organizations. Not wanting to use the word "utopian", Maslow coined the term "eupsychian" to describe human-oriented institutions generated by self-actualized people. He said it could also be used to mean "moving toward psychological health". Maslow noted the commitment to work in self-actualizing people's lives: "These highly evolved individuals assimilate their work into the identity, into the self, ie, work actually becomes part of the self, part of the individual's definition


id: the-master-and-his-emissary-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_His_Emissary-0.md
category: reference
title: The Master and His Emissary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_His_Emissary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:35.624316+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-master-and-his-emissary-20260505-0
summary:
The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World is a 2009 book written by the British psychiatrist Iain McGilchrist that deals with the specialist hemispheric functioning of the brain. The differing world views of the right and left brain (the "Master" and "Emissary" in the title, respectively) have, according to the author, shaped Western culture since the time of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, and the growing conflict between these views has implications for the way the modern world is changing. In part, McGilchrist's book, which is the product of twenty years of research, reviews the evidence of previous related research and theories, and based on this and cultural evidence, the author arrives at his own conclusions. The Master and His Emissary received mixed reviews upon its publication. Some critics praised the book as being a landmark publication that could alter readers' perspective of how they viewed the world; other critics claimed neurological understanding of hemispheric differences falls short of supporting the sweeping conclusions the book draws about Western culture. The Master and His Emissary was shortlisted for the 2010 Bristol Festival of Ideas Book Prize, and was longlisted for the Royal Society


id: the-master-and-his-emissary-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_His_Emissary-1.md
category: reference
title: The Master and His Emissary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_His_Emissary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:35.624316+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-master-and-his-emissary-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == The book received mixed reviews in various newspapers and journals. Reviewing The Master and His Emissary in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Jacob Freedman wrote the book “valiantly addresses the effect hemispheric asymmetry has had on Western civilization" and that it chronicled "how the left brain's determined reductionism and the right brain's insightful and holistic approach have shaped music, language, politics, and art." A review by Bryan Appleyard in Times Online described the book as suggesting "we are thinking more and more like machines, and risk losing what makes us human", while David Cox in the Evening Standard wrote that the author "shows convincingly that the degeneracy of the West springs from our failure to manage the binary division of our brains." In a positive review in The Guardian, the philosopher Mary Midgley wrote that the book "points out the complexity, the divided nature of thought itself and asks about its connection with the structure of the brain," and that "though neurologists may well not welcome it because it asks them new questions, the rest of us will surely find it splendidly thought-provoking." In another positive review in Standpoint magazine, the neurologist Adam Zeman wrote that McGilchrist


id: the-master-and-his-emissary-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_His_Emissary-2.md
category: reference
title: The Master and His Emissary
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_His_Emissary
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:35.624316+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-master-and-his-emissary-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other reviews === Crispin, Jessa (21 December 2009). "Half and Half". The Smart Set. The Pennoni Honors College, Drexel University. Retrieved 4 January 2010. Flanagan, Owen (21 December 2009). "The vast left-brain conspiracy". New Scientist CultureLab blog. Retrieved 21 December 2009. Iana, Cristina (27 November 2009). "Studiu: Emisferele cerebrale dreaptă şi stângă au personalităţi opuse" [Study: right and left cerebral hemispheres have opposite personalities] (in Romanian). adevarul.ro international. Retrieved 24 December 2009. Vernon, Mark (22 January 2010). "What the other half doesn't know". Philosophy and Life Blog. Retrieved 28 January 2010. Vernon, a writer, journalist and columnist with The Guardian, writes: "At last! A book on neuroscience that is a thrilling read, philosophically astute and with wonderful science." Williams, Ray. B. (22 February 2010). "Why we need to use both sides of our brain". National Post (blog). Retrieved 22 February 2010. Kingerlee, Roger; Testa, Rita (2011). "Review of The Master and his Emissary". Neuropsychoanalysis. 12 (2). Karnac Books for the International Neuropsychoanalysis Society: 222–226. Ellis, Robert M. (10 January 2012). "'The Master and his Emissary' by Iain McGilchrist: An Extended Review". Middle Way Society. Retrieved 12 August 2015. Gare, Arran (2012). "Review of 'The Master and his Emissary' by


id: the-mating-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mating_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Mating Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mating_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:36.841031+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mating-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature is a 2000 book by the American evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller, in which he argues that the vast majority of human characteristics are fitness indicators or the result of mate choice, including artistic or moral excellence. == References ==


id: the-matter-with-things-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things-0.md
category: reference
title: The Matter with Things
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:38.169975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-matter-with-things-20260505-0
summary:
The Matter with Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions, and the Unmaking of the World is a 2021 book of neuroscience, epistemology and metaphysics written by psychiatrist, thinker and former literary scholar Iain McGilchrist. Following on from McGilchrist's 2009 work, The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World, The Matter with Things explores the radically different ways in which the two hemispheres of the brain apprehend reality, and the many cognitive and worldly implications of this. The book "is an attempt to convey a way of looking at the world quite different from the one that has largely dominated the West for at least three hundred and fifty years [i.e. since the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment] – some would say as long as two thousand years." == Overview == The work is 1,500 pages long and divided into two volumes – "The Ways to Truth" and "What Then is True?" – with many scientific, philosophical and literary quotations, citations and footnotes, and several appendices. The bibliography alone is 180 pages long. === Basic premise: The divided brain === McGilchrist distances himself from the discourse about the left brain–right brain divide in pop psychology,


id: the-matter-with-things-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things-1.md
category: reference
title: The Matter with Things
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:38.169975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-matter-with-things-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == In September 2021, The Matter with Things was included in a feature article titled "Top 10 books about human consciousness," as compiled by Oxford Law professor and philosopher Charles Foster for The Guardian. Foster described it as a "devastating assault" on the predominant materialist worldview, and as “one of the most important books ever published. And, yes, I do mean ever.” Writer Philip Pullman selected The Matter with Things as his favourite book of the year 2021 for the New Statesman. He describes McGilchrist's earlier work, The Master and His Emissary as a "densely researched" and "entirely thrilling" examination of the hemispheric functioning of the brain. He states that The Matter with Things takes these basic ideas much further, praising its "immense range of learning and beautiful prose", and reflecting that having spent a decade digesting the first work, he looks forward to a life-time's learning with The Matter with Things. Professor of philosophy Ronan Sharkey, writing in The Tablet in December 2021, describes The Matter with Things as a "book of remarkable inspiration and erudition". He is of the opinion that McGilchrist is "leading a quiet but far-reaching revolution in the understanding of who we are


id: the-matter-with-things-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things-2.md
category: reference
title: The Matter with Things
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:38.169975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-matter-with-things-20260505-0
summary:
This is the era of 'infotainment,' egregious public lies, corrosive cynicism, scientific fundamentalism, the barbaric functionalizing of education, and the Balkanization of public argument." Finally: "In the long run, I imagine, McGilchrist would say that this is an unforgivingly big book because his subject matter is unforgivingly urgent and complex. And he addresses this with an extraordinary blend of detailed clinical evidence, a keen eye for the illusions of popular culture, a style of exemplary simplicity and energy, and a consistent moral passion." Writing for First Things magazine, Dan Hitchens described The Matter With Things as a book that "may mark the end of the Age of Darwin and the beginning of a new intellectual era." Whereas the Darwinian account produced a vision of the cosmos as an "unfathomable, pointless expanse, punctuated by rocks and fireballs, nothing to history but 13.7 billion years of chemical reactions, in which humans appear for a blink of an eye and then disappear," McGilchrist presents an alternative story that is sufficiently compelling and well-grounded as to effectively negate the materialist picture of reality.


id: the-matter-with-things-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things-3.md
category: reference
title: The Matter with Things
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matter_with_Things
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:38.169975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-matter-with-things-20260505-0
summary:
== Criticism == Writing in the Literary Review in April 2022, philosopher and cultural critic Raymond Tallis states that the author "offers wide-ranging, indeed world-ranging, investigations ultimately anchored to the arguments he advanced in his earlier book." However, Tallis is not convinced by the author's thesis, and raises several objections. He is of the opinion that the "digression-rich explorations are welcome oases after the densely referenced neuroscience. They would be more refreshing if they did not always lead back to his twin obsessions with the naughty left hemisphere – that arrogant know-nothing know-all – and the saintly right hemisphere." The reviewer is "sympathetic" to some of the author's views. However, he is not convinced that "if the hegemony of the left hemisphere remains unchallenged, Western civilisation will collapse," and he concludes that "[w]hile The Matter with Things offers some interesting insights into our nature and the world in which we find ourselves, they are devalued by being subordinated to what ironically seems a rather reductionist critique of reductionism." Theologian Andrew Louth also reviewed The Matter with Things for the Los Angeles Review of Books on 8 January 2023. Louth writes that "McGilchrist's chief argument is that, over the last three


id: the-mental-and-social-life-of-babies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mental_and_Social_Life_of_Babies-0.md
category: reference
title: The Mental and Social Life of Babies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mental_and_Social_Life_of_Babies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:39.372123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mental-and-social-life-of-babies-20260505-0
summary:
The Mental and Social Life of Babies is a 1982 book by Kenneth Kaye. Integrating a contemporary burgeoning field of research on infant cognitive and social development in the first two years of life with his own laboratory's studies at the University of Chicago, Kaye offered an "apprenticeship" theory. Seen as an empirical turning point in the investigation of processes in early human development, the book's reviews welcomed its reliance on close (second by second) process studies of a large sample of infants and mothers (50) recorded longitudinally (birth to 30 months). It was republished in England, Japan, Spain, Italy, and Argentina. Since the argument placed social relations at the root of mental development, it amounted to an extension of Lev Vygotsky’s theory and of his objections to Jean Piaget, down to the first year of life. (Their debate dealt with the preschool years. ) However, the cited evidence from research by many authors in the 1970s also refined the argument Vygotsky had made. Previous writers seem to have assumed, like Piaget, that communication is a felicitous by-product of a symbol-using mind. (If they doubted it, no one had created empirical paradigms to study the processes involved.) Like Vygotsky, Kaye


id: the-mentality-of-apes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mentality_of_Apes-0.md
category: reference
title: The Mentality of Apes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mentality_of_Apes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:40.630249+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mentality-of-apes-20260505-0
summary:
Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen (literally translated: Intelligence tests on great apes) is a book by Wolfgang Köhler published in 1921. The English version called "The Mentality of Apes", translated by Ella Winter, was published in 1925. With the book Köhler showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by insight. The importance of this work was to show there is no absolute dividing line between the human species and their nearest living relative, at least in this respect. The insights of Köhler's book had a profound and lasting impact on studies in psychology, primatology, creativity and many other fields. == Context == Before Köhler's work, the field of comparative psychology was revolutionised by Charles Darwin, proposing evolutionary continuity between humans and other animals. In the 19th century Darwin wrote about the possible reasoning abilities of animals. In the early 20th century, further influential research was among others published by Edward Thorndike, who investigated learning abilities of apes and other animals. The Thorndiken view explained animal intelligence with stimulus-response associations, limiting animal learning to trial and error learning. At the same time Robert Yerkes, studying animals' intelligence and Leonard Hobhouse, who described sudden problem-solving abilities in monkeys, opposed these proposals of Thorndike. Hobhouse's experimental


id: the-mentality-of-apes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mentality_of_Apes-1.md
category: reference
title: The Mentality of Apes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mentality_of_Apes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:40.630249+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mentality-of-apes-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == Gabriel Ruiz and Natividad Sánchez from the University of Seville examined Köhler's experiments in the context of the animal psychology of his time with the aim of assessing the historical significance of Köhler's book. With regard to its reception, the researchers concluded, "The impact and historical relevance of Köhler’s Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen is utterly undeniable". At first the influence of the book was limited, due to the ongoing war in Europe and the highly specialised nature of the topic. Following the English translation in 1925, the book attracted international attention and interest. Over the course of the 20th century, it became a seminal text in the field of comparative psychology, significantly influencing the study of apes. The increased interest was "followed by nearly a century of German primate research, observations of gorillas in Germany’s sophisticated zoos, and public funding for the study of primates." In other countries, the work of Köhler was built upon by Ivan Pavlov, who replicated the experiments, critiquing them and publishing alternative explanations for ape behaviour. The influence of the book was also the basis for the Jane Goodall's work in primatology in the 1960s. In contrast to Köhler's experiments on chimpanzees in


id: mittheilungen-aus-dem-leben-geistesgest-rter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittheilungen_aus_dem_Leben_Geistesgestörter-0.md
category: reference
title: Mittheilungen aus dem Leben Geistesgestörter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittheilungen_aus_dem_Leben_Geistesgestörter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:41.838711+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mittheilungen-aus-dem-leben-geistesgest-rter-20260505-0
summary:
Mittheilungen aus dem Leben Geistesgestörter (English: Stories of the mad people's lives) published in Pest, Hungary in 1859, is a novel written by Bruno Schön. The author, a popular priest and doctor of theology, dedicated himself to working in an insane asylum in Vienna and describes some of the cases he faced in his professional career. Schön wants to reduce the fear of the 'insane' and aims to create more understanding among the public for mental illnesses by giving short explanations of their various causes. Thus, his book is an attempt to bridge the gap between the common stigmas surrounding mental illness and professional psychiatric knowledge of the time. The focus of the book lies on giving funny and interesting examples, rather than on professional theories to keep the general public interested. It is thus a pioneer in giving information about mental illness, especially the symptoms of what is today known as schizophrenia. == Content == === Hallucinations and illusions of the senses === The author devotes a large part of his book to people suffering from hallucinations and illusions. As we know today, these can largely be attributed to being schizophrenic. Schön however oftentimes states that epilepsy is accompanied


id: mittheilungen-aus-dem-leben-geistesgest-rter-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittheilungen_aus_dem_Leben_Geistesgestörter-1.md
category: reference
title: Mittheilungen aus dem Leben Geistesgestörter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittheilungen_aus_dem_Leben_Geistesgestörter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:41.838711+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mittheilungen-aus-dem-leben-geistesgest-rter-20260505-0
summary:
Sorge für die Erhaltung deiner körperlichen Gesundheit und enthalte dich von den Leidenschaften, so wirst du auch geistesgesund bleiben. This is an advice to care for the conservation of the body and to abstain from all passions and urges. The book also reveals that 19th century psychiatrists with medical education cooperated with a priest in the healing process of the mentally ill. According to Schön, most of his cases suffer from lower moral and religious education and are undevout. Given his theological background, Schön thus stresses that a priest is responsible for the moral education of the patient and saintliness is seen as a way to protect oneself from mental illness. The inclusion of religious staff in the viennese asylum can be contrasted with additions of pathologists in other mental homes. John P. Gray (1825-1886), an American forensic psychiatrist and advocate of physical causes for 'madness', included pathologist staff in his American asylum in Utica. This made his asylum the first of its kind. Schön's descriptions and analyses mention both moral-religious and physical causes for mental illness. The book thus mirrors the century's dynamic and diverse view on mental illness. While Schön advocates the long-held moral causes for mental illness,


id: motivation-and-personality-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation_and_Personality-0.md
category: reference
title: Motivation and Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation_and_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:42.978819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: motivation-and-personality-20260505-0
summary:
Motivation and Personality is a book on psychology by Abraham Maslow, first published in 1954. Maslow's work deals with the subject of the nature of human fulfillment and the significance of personal relationships, implementing a conceptualization of self-actualization. Underachievers have a need for social love and affection, but a self-actualized person has these "lower" needs to be gratified and is able to pursue his or her own path towards self-actualization. Maslow's book is perhaps the best known contemporary work on human needs. Maslow postulated a hierarchy of human needs stretching from basic physical needs at the bottom to spiritual or transcendental needs at the top. In Motivation and Personality, Maslow argues that, in order for individuals to thrive and excel, a health-fostering culture must be created. Maslow is among the psychological theorists who believe that when parents fail to provide a safe, nurturing environment, their children will develop deep feelings of insecurity. Maslow believes that well-being causes people to freely express their inherent potentials. == References ==


id: music-thought-and-feeling-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling-0.md
category: reference
title: Music, Thought, and Feeling
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:44.120216+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: music-thought-and-feeling-20260505-0
summary:
Music, Thought, and Feeling: Understanding the Psychology of Music is a book written by psychologist William Forde Thompson and published in 2009 by Oxford University Press. The 2nd edition was published in 2014. == Reviews == In July, 2009, Victoria Williamson reviewed the book for Psychology of Music (Volume 37, Number 3). Williamson wrote "Music, Thought, and Feeling definitely fills a gap in the current literature. It is an excellent and, I am sure, extremely welcome resource for anyone who is planning a course on music cognition, either at undergraduate or graduate level. This is thanks to the combination of accessible and engaging language, clear structure, and relevant and illustrative resources. The demeanour of the book is one that assumes no specific artistic or scientific background: Just a desire to engage with the modern issues of music cognition." In his 2009 review of the book for Musicae Scientiae (Volume 13, Number 2), Tuomas Eerola wrote "Music, Thought, and Feeling is an important pedagogical contribution to the field as it not only manages to pull together the strings of the last thirty years of research from a broad range of topics within music cognition, but it performs this in a highly


id: myth-in-primitive-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_in_Primitive_Psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: Myth in Primitive Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_in_Primitive_Psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:45.330773+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: myth-in-primitive-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
Myth in Primitive Psychology is a 1926 book by anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski. == References == == External links == Full text of Myth in Primitive Psychology at HathiTrust Digital Library


id: the-nature-of-the-child-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Child-0.md
category: reference
title: The Nature of the Child
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Child
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:46.493070+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-nature-of-the-child-20260505-0
summary:
The Nature of the Child is a 1984 book by American psychologist Jerome Kagan. In a series of essays, Kagan challenges beliefs in child rearing and developmental psychology, namely that negative or positive attachments to parents necessarily results in a child's wellbeing as they mature. Kagan argues that such beliefs are unsupported and that a child's temperament relies more on biology and cognitive development. == References == Notes Sources == Commentary and reviews ==


id: neurosis-and-human-growth-the-struggle-toward-self-realization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis_and_Human_Growth:_The_Struggle_Toward_Self-Realization-0.md
category: reference
title: Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis_and_Human_Growth:_The_Struggle_Toward_Self-Realization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:47.625932+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: neurosis-and-human-growth-the-struggle-toward-self-realization-20260505-0
summary:
Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization is the magnum opus of German-American psychoanalyst Karen Horney. In it she outlines her theory of neurosis. In Horney's view, the key difference between neurosis and healthy growth is the difference between compulsive actions fueled by anxiety and spontaneous actions fueled by one's full range of emotions. If a person grows up able to maintain his or her spontaneity, that person grows up by a process which Horney calls self-realization. Horney describes self-realization as the development of a person's given potentialities, and compares it with the process of an acorn growing, given fertile soil, into a tree. The principal subject of the book, however, is what happens when a person's spontaneity is crushed in early life. The person will slowly lose touch with that spontaneity or "real self" and develop, instead, a reactive self which is constructed to respond to dangers of various kinds (see True self and false self). If a child's early environment is such that the child grows up seeing the world as basically hostile, compulsive actions will predominate and the child will grow up devoted to allaying anxiety. This development and its consequences for the adult personality are


id: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment-0.md
category: reference
title: Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:48.796821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-0
summary:
Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment is a nonfiction book by professors Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony and Cass Sunstein. It was first published on May 18, 2021. The book concerns 'noise' in human judgment and decision-making. The authors define noise in human judgment as "undesirable variability in judgments of the same problem" and focus on the statistical properties and psychological perspectives of the issue. Examples they give include their own finding at an insurance company that the median premiums set by underwriters independently for the same five fictive customers varied by 55%, five times as much as expected by most underwriters and their executives. Another example is that two psychiatrists who independently diagnosed 426 state hospital patients agreed on which mental illness the patient suffered from only in half of the cases and a finding that French court judges were more lenient if it happened to be the defendant's birthday. Kahneman, Sibony and Sunstein argue that noise in human judgment is a thoroughly prevalent and insufficiently addressed problem in matters of judgment. They write that noise arises because of factors such as cognitive biases, mood, group dynamics and emotional reactions. While contrasting statistical bias to noise, they describe cognitive bias


id: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment-1.md
category: reference
title: Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:48.796821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-0
summary:
==== Typology ==== Kahneman, Sibony and Sunstein propose the following typology/components of noise: level noise (arises due to different holistic views on the decision task among judges), stable pattern noise (arises due to permanent or semi-permanent differences between judges on how they react to certain circumstances in what is being judged), and occasion noise (arises due to factors temporarily affecting judgment, having little to do with the judgment/case itself). What the authors call 'the first lottery' in how one's case will be judged regards level noise and stable pattern noise and thus which judge is assigned to make the judgment, whereas 'the second lottery' regards occasion noise and thus whether or not the judge makes the judgment on an occasion beneficial or not to those affected by the judgment. ===== Relative contribution ===== Kahneman, Sibony and Sunstein write that there is typically more noise than statistical bias. Within the noise, there is typically more pattern noise than level noise. Within the pattern noise, there is typically more stable pattern noise than occasion noise, which is often just a small share of the noise; stable pattern noise is typically larger than level noise on its own. This is all illustrated in


id: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment-2.md
category: reference
title: Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:48.796821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-0
summary:
==== Decision hygiene ==== Kahneman, Sibony and Sunstein use the term decision hygiene to describe the use of various techniques that can reduce noise in human judgment. The reason they favor the hygiene metaphor was that both the causes of noise in human judgment and the noise itself is difficult to see with the naked eye. They write that threats can harm you even though they are invisible, giving the analogy that if something goes wrong in the surgery room it is not necessarily because of scalpel misuse – it could be because the highly skilled surgeon forgot to perform proper hand hygiene before entering. Just as how washing one's hands protects against unidentified enemies we don't even see, decision hygiene can eliminate or diminish sources of noise we don't even think about. In the book, the authors present various decision hygiene techniques through different case study chapters. These techniques include both relatively small changes to the choice architecture (the physical and psychological environment in which the judgment is made) such as nudges (a concept made famous by Sunstein together with Richard Thaler) and larger changes. The latter include debiasing, use of algorithms/rules, use of guidelines, use of relative scales,


id: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment-3.md
category: reference
title: Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:48.796821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-0
summary:
=== Critical response === Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment received generally positive scores among critics, with praise of the concept, its importance and the depth of analysis as to which it was treated. However, common critiques of the book were directed towards its understandability, inconsistency of style, and length. In the American Press, The Washington Post reviewed the book as "well-researched, convincing, and practical," and only criticized a lack of consistency in style: "some sentences and sections read like a psychology or statistics textbook, others like a scholarly article, and still others like the Harvard Business Review." The New York Times called it "tour de force of scholarship and clear writing". The Financial Times described it as a "humbling lesson in inaccuracy" and compared it to Kahneman's earlier work Thinking, Fast and Slow. They also pointed out that Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment may be more difficult to take for readers than Thinking, Fast and Slow because the former concerns a more narrow problem and therefore has a difficult time reaching the same level of entertainment. The Wall Street Journal Magazine listed the book in an "The Nine Best Books of Spring" article. In the British press, The


id: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment-4.md
category: reference
title: Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise:_A_Flaw_in_Human_Judgment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:48.796821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: noise-a-flaw-in-human-judgment-20260505-0
summary:
== Book development == Kahneman and Sibony worked on the concept and the drafting process intermittently for several years before bringing Sunstein in, and even conducted a study on noise at an insurance company in the shape of what they would later call a noise audit. They discussed the project with Sunstein in a meeting in New York in 2018. In the meeting they reportedly all realized the high potential of collaborating on the subject, and asked him to join that same day. The authors finalized the manuscript during the COVID-19 pandemic. Kahneman has said that the restrictions and difficulties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant adjusted writing process of video calls rather than meeting in person made the writing more productive, which meant that they were able to finish the book faster than what would otherwise have been the case: "We might not have finished the book if it hadn't been for the virus." The writing process was coordinated by decision making scientist Linnea Gandhi, who also did much of the editing. Gandhi also co-wrote the Harvard Business Review article that introduced the concept of noise in human judgment in 2016. In the Acknowledgements section of the


id: observations-on-man-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observations_on_Man-0.md
category: reference
title: Observations on Man
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observations_on_Man
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:49.984413+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: observations-on-man-20260505-0
summary:
Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations is 18th-century British philosopher David Hartley's major work. Published in two parts in 1749 by Samuel Richardson, it puts forth Hartley's principal theories: the doctrine of vibrations and the doctrine of associations. The first part of the text deals with the frame of the human body and mind and their mutual connections and influences, the second with the duty and expectations of mankind. == Intellectual background == Hartley's physical theory was drawn from certain speculations as to nervous action which Isaac Newton had published in his Principia (1687). Elements of Hartley's psychological theory were suggested by other writers, such as John Gay. For example, "in Hartley's theory, emotion is a fluid like electricity or water"—it flows from one experience to the next, a concept he called transference and lifted from the writings of Gay. Although Hartley acknowledges that Gay "put me upon considering the power of association" in relation to transference, he developed a different theory of association from Gay's. == Hartley's theories == Like John Locke, Hartley asserted that, before sensation, the human mind is a tabula rasa. Beginning with simple sensations, the mind eventually forms advanced states of


id: occult-science-in-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult_Science_in_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Occult Science in Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult_Science_in_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:51.137549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: occult-science-in-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
Occult Science in Medicine is a book by the German doctor and theosophist Franz Hartmann, published in 1893. The aim of the book was to raise awareness amongst doctors and medical students about valuable medical knowledge from the past that has been ignored and catalogued as occult. On a broad level, the book is a comparison between the medical knowledge, practices and system contemporary to the author and those predicated by Theophrastus Paracelsus and supported by Theosophy in general. From a psychological perspective, there is a dualistic representation of the mind and of the body in relation to the constitution of man, diseases and their place in contemporary medicine. == Content == The book consists of five parts, with the most general topic discussed in Part 1 and the most specific points being made in Part 5. Each part is structured as a comparison between contemporary knowledge, science, medicine and their occult counterpart. === Part 1: The constitution of man === It is highlighted how Ancient medicine was a religious science, recognizing the source of universal life and how popular modern medicine recognizes no real truth because it is concerned only with the lowest plane of existence (i.e. the physical


id: of-two-minds-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Two_Minds_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Of Two Minds (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Two_Minds_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:52.326603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: of-two-minds-book-20260505-0
summary:
Of Two Minds: The Revolutionary Science of Dual-Brain Psychology is a book written by the American psychiatrist Fredric Schiffer (MD degree in 1971) wherein he proposes that each person behaves as if there are two minds within the person, and that by recognizing and relating to the two separate minds, the therapist can promote healing and understanding of problems such as depression, anxiety, addictive behavior and delusional thoughts. The author writes that by "two minds in one person" he means that a "part of an individual ...has a unique set of memories, motivations, and behaviors alongside another part of him which has a different unique (though possibly similar) set of memories, motivations and behaviors." (Schiffer 2nd edition, 2021, p.30) The author locates a "mind" in each of the two physical halves (hemispheres) of the brain. and he "maintains that one hemisphere can be more immature than the other and that this imbalance leads to different mental disorders". During his counseling, as an exercise he has his patients cover all of one eye, and the inner half of the other eye, which the author feels selectively stimulates one cerebral hemisphere more than the other – activating the thoughts and feelings of


id: of-two-minds-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Two_Minds_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Of Two Minds (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Two_Minds_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:52.326603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: of-two-minds-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Epilogue === Here, in the first edition of his book from 1998, the author presents other scientific studies which he is planning to perform to evaluate "Dual-Brain Psychology." === 2nd edition, published in 2021 === In the second edition, published in 2021, the author gives a "Preface to the 2nd Edition" which traces how his work, research and thinking have developed since his original edition twenty-three years earlier. The first and second edition of Schiffer's Of Two Minds are almost word-for-word the same. == Publication == The subtitle for the American edition is "The Revolutionary Science of Dual-Brain Psychology." The subtitle for the British edition is "A New Approach for Better Understanding and Improving Your Emotional Life." Both editions were published by imprints of Simon and Schuster. The subtitle for the second edition is simply "Dual-Brain Psychology." The book was also published in a German translation in 2007 by the publisher VAK. The title in German is Eine Brille für die Seele: Die neue Dual-Brain-Psychologie und ihre Anwendung bei Ängsten, Konflikten und Belastungen ("Glasses for the Soul: The New Dual-brain Psychology and Its Application to Fears, Conflicts and Stress"). == Reception == Schiffer writes in the preface to the


id: on-disobedience-and-other-essays-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Disobedience_and_Other_Essays-0.md
category: reference
title: On Disobedience and Other Essays
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Disobedience_and_Other_Essays
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:53.473752+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-disobedience-and-other-essays-20260505-0
summary:
On Disobedience and Other Essays is a 1981 book by the psychoanalyst Erich Fromm. Published by Harper & Row, it is a collection of four previously published essays. "Let Man Prevail" and "Humanist Socialism" originally appeared in Erich Fromm, Let Man Prevail: A Socialist Manifesto and Program, 1960 "Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem" originally appeared in Clara Urquhart, A matter of Life, 1963 "Prophets and Priest" originally appeared in Ralph Schoenman, Bertrand Russell, Philosopher of the Century: Essays in His Honour, 1967 == References ==


id: on-the-beginning-of-human-history-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beginning_of_Human_History-0.md
category: reference
title: On the Beginning of Human History
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beginning_of_Human_History
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:54.685582+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-the-beginning-of-human-history-20260505-0
summary:
On the Beginning of Human History (Problems of Paleopsychology) is a philosophical and natural-scientific treatise by Soviet historian Boris Fyodorovich Porshnev, dedicated to the problems of anthropogenesis. The initial concept for a book on human prehistory dates back to 1924, although Porshnev directly addressed the topic of the emergence of Homo sapiens in the 1950s in connection with his interest in troglodytidae and the issue of the "snowman". After 1968, the researcher's work was entirely devoted to writing and publishing On the Beginning of Human History, which he considered the main research work of his life. The book presents a complex interdisciplinary study at the intersection of physical anthropology, evolutionary psychology, sociology, philosophy of history, and other disciplines. The "beginning" highlighted in the title was, in the author's view, is a key to the entire complex of sciences about human society and the individual within society, creating a research program. For Porshnev, there was a fundamental distinction between humans and all other animals (an "evolutionary gap"), rooted in creativity, which is absent in any animal, even in rudimentary form. B. F. Porshnev's theory of anthropogenesis centers on the “individual-to-individual” model of interaction rather than the “individual-to-environment” approach. He traced the


id: on-the-beginning-of-human-history-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beginning_of_Human_History-1.md
category: reference
title: On the Beginning of Human History
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beginning_of_Human_History
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:54.685582+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-the-beginning-of-human-history-20260505-0
summary:
According to Porshnev, ancient humans and troglodytids in a shared environment led to the strengthening of inhibition and prohibition mechanisms — modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted within a single community, with individuals of the former species serving as the primary food source for troglodytes, that led to the establishment of human sacrifices and initiation rituals imitating death in human culture. B. F. Porshnev theorized that gender relations among neoanthropes, including promiscuity, arose from the need to feed paleoanthropes by sacrificing part of their own population. Females produced many offspring, but a large share —likely males— was killed for this purpose. Surviving males formed isolated "provider" groups that "ransomed" neoanthrope young through hunting yields. These biological value differences between male and female neoanthropes, combined with an induced killing instinct, fostered war as a exclusively male pursuit. Wars occurred only among neoanthrope groups, with a taboo against paleoanthropes. The hypothesis described constant separation of females and young from adult males due to hunting mobility demands, preventing reunions. Other males temporarily joined female groups during migrations. Neoanthropes lacked a fixed family structure, instead forming transient associations across groups. Porshnev linked the emergence of cultural prohibitions (interdictions) to their inherent exceptions, rooted in the


id: on-the-beginning-of-human-history-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beginning_of_Human_History-2.md
category: reference
title: On the Beginning of Human History
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beginning_of_Human_History
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:54.685582+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-the-beginning-of-human-history-20260505-0
summary:
== Theory's origin and development == At the time of writing On the Origin of Human History, B. F. Porshnev was internationally recognized as a specialist in 17th-century French history, though in the USSR he was often seen as a dogmatic Marxist-Leninist or mocked for his yeti research. Porshnev described his interests in the following way:For many years, I have heard caste-based reproaches: why am I dealing with this range of issues when my direct specialty is the history of 17th–18th century Europe? I take this opportunity to correct the misunderstanding: the science of the origin of human history—and, above all, paleopsychology—is my main specialty. If, in addition to this, I have devoted considerable time in my life to history, as well as philosophy, sociology, and political economy, this in no way discredits me in the aforementioned primary field of my research. But the questions of prehistory arise for me in aspects that my colleagues in related specialties do not study.Porshnev dated the concept to the mid-1920s (or 1924 in drafts), envisioning a trilogy with On the Origin… as the middle volume, though archives show the plan solidified in the mid-1960s amid his publications on ancient humans. 1930s manuscripts outlined


id: on-the-psychology-of-military-incompetence-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Psychology_of_Military_Incompetence-0.md
category: reference
title: On the Psychology of Military Incompetence
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Psychology_of_Military_Incompetence
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:55.829462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-the-psychology-of-military-incompetence-20260505-0
summary:
On The Psychology of Military Incompetence is a work by Norman F. Dixon, first published in 1976, which applies insights from psychology to military history. After case studies of military and naval disasters from the preceding 120 years, mostly British, it offers in readable, not technical, style and analysis of the personality of the unsuccessful leader. Its conclusions are equally applicable to other less deadly forms of human organisation. == Synopsis == Starting from the premise that success or failure in military and naval operations may in large part be due to the personality of the general or admiral in command, the author first examines various historical disasters and the role of the commander in the resulting loss of life or liberty for the victims (which often included civilians as well). Among major British case studies, he cites the blunders in the Crimean War by Raglan, followed by the blunders of Buller in the Second Boer War. In the First World War, he looks at the casualty list of Haig on the Western Front and the ineptitude of Townshend in Mesopotamia. Between the wars he castigates Britain for its failure to modernise its forces, which led to years of disaster


id: oneirocritica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneirocritica-0.md
category: reference
title: Oneirocritica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneirocritica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:57.018176+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oneirocritica-20260505-0
summary:
Oneirocritica (Greek: Ονειροκριτικά) (The Interpretation of Dreams) is an ancient Greek treatise on dream interpretation written by Artemidorus Daldianus in the 2nd century AD. It is the earliest extant Greek work on the subject, in five books, though in it Artemidorus mentions numerous other – now lost – works from which his own is at least partially derived, including the 1st-century Oneirocritica by Artemon of Miletus. The first three volumes were intended for the general public, providing an encyclopedic treatment of the subject matter of dreams, and the remaining two volumes were written for the private use of the author's son, a novice dream interpreter. Artemidorus inscribed the book "Artemidorus of Daldis", despite having been born in Ephesus, to commemorate the little-known birthplace of his mother in Lydia (3.66). Artemidorus suggests that dreams are unique to the individual, and that a person's waking life will affect the symbols in his dreams. He shows awareness of the dreaming mind's capacity to use metaphors in its messages. Michel Foucault, who discusses the Oneirocritica in The Care of the Self, the third volume of his The History of Sexuality (1976–1984), describes the text as a practical, experiential guide. According to Foucault, the work


id: opening-skinner-s-box-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_Skinner's_Box-0.md
category: reference
title: Opening Skinner's Box
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_Skinner's_Box
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:58.214236+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: opening-skinner-s-box-20260505-0
summary:
Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, 2004, ISBN 0393050955), is a book by Lauren Slater. In this book, Slater sets out to describe some of the psychological experiments of the twentieth century. Controversially, the author also describes the urban legend that B.F. Skinner raised his child in his Skinner box, a kind of Operant conditioning chamber, in a way which many perceived as being poorly researched and lending credit to a false claim. == Experiments covered == The work and experiments of B. F. Skinner The Milgram experiment of the 1950s, a controversial experiment designed to explain obedience to authority to a post-Holocaust world The Rosenhan experiment, which questioned the validity of psychiatric diagnosis in the 1970s Darley and Latané's helping behavior studies Leon Festinger's theory of Cognitive dissonance among cult members whose predicted apocalypse fails to arrive Rat Park, a study into drug addiction conducted by Canadian psychologist Bruce K. Alexander in the late 1970s, which attempted to show that drugs do not cause addiction by demonstrating that the apparent addiction to opiate drugs commonly observed in laboratory rats exposed to it is attributable to their living conditions, and not


id: the-organism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Organism-0.md
category: reference
title: The Organism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Organism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:54:59.414413+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-organism-20260505-0
summary:
The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man is a book on psychology and neurology by Dr. Kurt Goldstein, first published under the title Der Aufbau des Organismus: Einführung in die Biologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen am kranken Menschen, in 1934. A new edition of the English translation was published in 1995: The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man, with a foreword by Oliver Sacks, New York, Zone Books. After the rise of Hitler, Goldstein escaped to Amsterdam, supported by The Rockefeller Foundation, where he dictated his work, which would become his magnum opus, in just six weeks. Goldstein described the work being written while in a "time of enforced leisure" in the Netherlands during his flight from Nazi Germany, it was published with only minor revisions in English translation in 1939. Goldstein's work helped institute the field of phenomenological psychiatry. In The Organism, Goldstein declared that human life cannot be compared to a system which simply returns to a state of balance after stimulation from outside. Goldstein, after critiquing different attempts to classify the instincts, writes that all instinctual manifestations emerge from "the drive to self-actualization." At


id: the-paradox-of-choice-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice-0.md
category: reference
title: The Paradox of Choice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:00.555104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-paradox-of-choice-20260505-0
summary:
The Paradox of Choice – Why More Is Less is a book about overchoice written by American psychologist Barry Schwartz and first published in 2004 by Harper Perennial. In the book, Schwartz argues that eliminating consumer choices can greatly reduce anxiety for shoppers. The book analyzes the behavior of different types of people (in particular, maximizers and satisficers). This book argues that the dramatic explosion in choice—from the mundane to the profound challenges of balancing career, family, and individual needs—has paradoxically become a problem instead of a solution and how our obsession with choice encourages us to seek that which makes us feel worse. == Summary == "Autonomy and freedom of choice are critical to our well being, and choice is critical to freedom and autonomy. Nonetheless, though modern Americans have more choice than any group of people ever has had before, and thus, presumably, more freedom and autonomy, we don't seem to be benefiting from it psychologically". This quote from his book summarises Schwartz's point of view with regards to having too many choices. == Publication history == The Paradox of Choice was published by Harper Perennial and was released in 2004, while the paperback version was released on


id: the-paradox-of-choice-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice-1.md
category: reference
title: The Paradox of Choice
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:00.555104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-paradox-of-choice-20260505-0
summary:
=== Why We Suffer === Schwartz integrates various psychological models for happiness showing how the problem of choice can be addressed by different strategies. What is important to note is that each of these strategies comes with its own bundle of psychological complication. “Freedom of choice” leads people to feel powerless and frustrated, because choosing ‘one’ among many other options means giving up the rest of the opportunities. At the same time, since people can easily change and replace the choice, the absolute value of making a choice no longer exists. Choice and happiness. Schwartz discusses the significance of common research methods that utilize a happiness scale. He sides with the opinion of psychologists David Myers and Robert Lane, who independently conclude that the current abundance of choice often leads to depression and feelings of loneliness. Schwartz draws particular attention to Lane's assertion that Americans are paying for increased affluence and freedom with a substantial decrease in the quality and quantity of community. What was once given by family, neighborhood and workplace now must be achieved and actively cultivated on an individual basis. The social fabric is no longer a birthright but has become a series of deliberated and demanding


id: pathological-altruism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_Altruism-0.md
category: reference
title: Pathological Altruism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_Altruism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:01.761107+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pathological-altruism-20260505-0
summary:
Pathological Altruism is a book edited by Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, Guruprasad Madhavan, and David Sloan Wilson. It was published on 5 January 2012 by Oxford University Press, and contains 31 academic papers. Oakley defines pathological altruism as "altruism in which attempts to promote the welfare of others instead result in unanticipated harm". == Overview == The book comprises a collection of essays which discuss negative aspects of altruism and empathy towards others, such as when altruism hurts the altruist, is taken to an unhealthy extreme, or causes more harm than good. Examples given include depression and burnout seen in healthcare professionals, an unhealthy focus on others to the detriment of one's own needs, hoarding of animals, and ineffective philanthropic and social programs that ultimately worsen the situations they are meant to aid. It is considered the first book to explore negative aspects of altruism and empathy. According to Oakley, anorexia, supporting addictions of other people (codependency), animal hoarding, depression, guilt and self-righteousness can be pathological altruism. Oakley has also stated that suicide bombings and genocides can be caused by pathological altruism, when perpetrators of these acts believe they are behaving altruistically towards those who share their ideology. Oakley further


id: the-pit-a-group-encounter-defiled-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pit:_A_Group_Encounter_Defiled-0.md
category: reference
title: The Pit: A Group Encounter Defiled
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pit:_A_Group_Encounter_Defiled
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:02.936666+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-pit-a-group-encounter-defiled-20260505-0
summary:
The Pit: A Group Encounter Defiled is a work of narrative nonfiction concerning book on Mind Dynamics (a.k.a. Leadership Dynamics and Holiday Magic), written by Gene Church and Conrad D. Carnes. The book was published Outerbridge & Lazard, Inc., in 1972, and was republished in a paperback edition in 1973, by Pocket Books. The book was later the basis for the 1983 film, Circle of Power. The title refers to the encounter group movement that was prevalent at the time, which evolved into what psychologists began to term Large Group Awareness Training. The Pit: A Group Encounter Defiled is listed in the 1987 edition of Best Sellers, at the University of Scranton archives. The book was featured in The New York Review of Books, in 1973. == Authors == Gene Church had previously studied psychology at Ohio State University and Ohio University. He had enrolled in the Leadership Dynamics coursework as a requirement of his association with Holiday Magic. At the time of the book's publication, Conrad D. Carnes was an attorney practicing law with the firm of Carnes & Hornbeck in Columbus, Ohio. The authors later wrote a follow-up book, Brainwash, in 1983. Gene Church also gave a related


id: a-postcognitive-negation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Postcognitive_Negation-0.md
category: reference
title: A Postcognitive Negation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Postcognitive_Negation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:04.056275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-postcognitive-negation-20260505-0
summary:
A Postcognitive Negation: The Sadomasochistic Dialectic of American Psychology is a book written by Matthew Giobbi. It was published in 2010 by Atropos Press in New York City. The text was edited by Wolfgang Schirmacher. == References == == External links == Atropos Press, NYC/Dresden


id: powers-of-horror-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_of_Horror-0.md
category: reference
title: Powers of Horror
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_of_Horror
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:05.212057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: powers-of-horror-20260505-0
summary:
Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (French: Pouvoirs de l'horreur. Essai sur l'abjection) is a 1980 book by Julia Kristeva. The work is an extensive treatise on the subject of abjection, in which Kristeva draws on the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan to examine horror, marginalization, castration, the phallic signifier, the "I/Not I" dichotomy, the Oedipal complex, exile, and other concepts appropriate to feminist criticism and queer theory. According to Kristeva, the abject marks a "primal order" that escapes signification in the symbolic order; the term is used to refer to the human reaction (horror, vomit) to a threatened breakdown in meaning caused by the loss of the distinction between subject and object, or between the self and the other. == Compared to Lacan == Kristeva's understanding of the "abject" provides a helpful term to contrast to Lacan's objet petit a (or the "object - cause of desire"). Whereas the objet petit a allows a subject to coordinate his or her desires, thus allowing the symbolic order of meaning and intersubjective community to persist, the abject "is radically excluded and," as Kristeva explains, "draws me toward the place where meaning collapses". It is neither object nor subject;


id: powers-of-horror-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_of_Horror-1.md
category: reference
title: Powers of Horror
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_of_Horror
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:05.212057+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: powers-of-horror-20260505-0
summary:
== Comparison with desire == The abject must also be distinguished from desire (which is tied up with the meaning-structures of the symbolic order). It is associated, rather, with both fear and jouissance. In phobia, Kristeva reads the trace of a pre-linguistic confrontation with the abject, a moment that precedes the recognition of any actual object of fear: "The phobic object shows up at the place of non-objectal states of drive and assumes all the mishaps of drive as disappointed desires or as desires diverted from their objects". The object of fear is, in other words, a substitute formation for the subject's abject relation to drive. The fear of, say, heights really stands in the place of a much more primal fear: the fear caused by the breakdown of any distinction between subject and object, of any distinction between ourselves and the world of dead material objects (reference page?). Kristeva also associates the abject with jouissance: "One does not know it, one does not desire it, one joys in it [on en jouit]. Violently and painfully. A passion". This statement appears paradoxical, but what Kristeva means by such statements is that we are, despite everything, continually and repetitively drawn to


id: the-practice-and-theory-of-individual-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice_and_Theory_of_Individual_Psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice_and_Theory_of_Individual_Psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:06.387243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-practice-and-theory-of-individual-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology is a work on psychology by Alfred Adler, first published in 1924. In his work, Adler develops his personality theory, suggesting that the situation into which a person is born, such as family size, sex of siblings, and birth order, plays an important part in personality development. Adler is among the many therapists who have noted the significance and impact of the relationship between attitudes towards oneself and others, and highlighting the relationship between regard for self and love of another. Adler claimed that the tendency to disparage others arises out of feelings of inferiority. Adler also describes the self as part of a reflection of the thoughts of others, seeing self-esteem as determined, in part, by feelings toward significant others. According to Adler, people are inherently motivated to engage in social activities, relate to other people, and acquire a style of life that is fundamentally social in nature. == References == == External links == Full text of The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology (second edition) at the Internet Archive


id: predictably-irrational-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational-0.md
category: reference
title: Predictably Irrational
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:07.556130+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predictably-irrational-20260505-0
summary:
Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions is a 2008 book by Dan Ariely, in which he challenges readers' assumptions about making decisions based on rational thought. Ariely explains, "My goal, by the end of this book, is to help you fundamentally rethink what makes you and the people around you tick. I hope to lead you there by presenting a wide range of scientific experiments, findings, and anecdotes that are in many cases quite amusing. Once you see how systematic certain mistakes are—how we repeat them again and again—I think you will begin to learn how to avoid some of them". The book has been republished in a "revised & expanded edition", and has been adapted as the 2023 television series The Irrational. == Chapter summary == Ariely discusses many modes of thinking and situations that may skew the traditional rational choice theory. There are 15 chapters in total, and the following outline the main points. === The Truth About Relativity === In chapter 1, Ariely describes the ways in which people frequently regard their environment in terms of their relation to others; it is the way that the human brain is wired. People not only compare


id: predictably-irrational-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational-1.md
category: reference
title: Predictably Irrational
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:07.556130+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predictably-irrational-20260505-0
summary:
=== The Cost of Zero Cost === In chapter 3, Ariely explains how humans react to the words "free" and "zero". Humans make decisions without rationalizing the outcomes of their choices. To illustrate this point, Ariely conducted multiple experiments. The outcome was consistent: when faced with multiple choices, the free option was commonly chosen. With the opportunity to receive something for free, the actual value of the product or service is no longer considered. Ariely claims, "Most transactions have an upside and a downside, but when something is FREE! we forget the downside. FREE! gives us such an emotional charge that we perceive what is being offered as immensely more valuable than it really is." Ariely's concept of "FREE!" applies not only to monetary and quantitative costs, but also to time. We forgo some of our time when we wait in line for free popcorn or to enter a museum on a free-entrance day. We could have been doing something else at that time. Ultimately, he demonstrates how such a simple concept can be used to drive business and social policy. For example, to reduce health cost, companies could offer free regular checks. Employees would be more willing to get


id: predictably-irrational-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational-2.md
category: reference
title: Predictably Irrational
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:07.556130+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: predictably-irrational-20260505-0
summary:
=== The High Price of Ownership === In chapter 8, Ariely discusses how we overvalue what we have, and why we make irrational decisions about ownership. The idea of ownership makes us perceive the value of an object to be much higher if we own the object. This illustrates the phenomenon of the endowment effect—placing a higher value on property once possession has been assigned. The author begins the chapter by using an example of how a lottery for highly sought-after Duke University basketball tickets inflates students' sense of value for the tickets. Students who actually received the tickets valued them ten times more than the students who did not receive them. Ariely gives three reasons why we do not always think rationally when it comes to our possessions: Ownership is such a big part of our society that we tend to focus on what we may lose rather than on what we may gain. The connection we feel to the things we own makes it difficult for us to dispose of them. We assume that people will see the transaction through our eyes. Ariely also lists the "peculiarities" of ownership as he calls them. One of them is that


id: the-pregnant-man-and-other-cases-from-a-hypnotherapist-s-couch-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pregnant_Man_and_Other_Cases_from_a_Hypnotherapist's_Couch-0.md
category: reference
title: The Pregnant Man and Other Cases from a Hypnotherapist's Couch
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pregnant_Man_and_Other_Cases_from_a_Hypnotherapist's_Couch
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:08.678926+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-pregnant-man-and-other-cases-from-a-hypnotherapist-s-couch-20260505-0
summary:
The Pregnant Man and Other Cases from a Hypnotherapist's Couch is a book by Deirdre Barrett published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2010. Barrett is a psychologist on the faculty of Harvard Medical School. The book describes seven real patients, disguised for anonymity, who Barrett treated with hypnotherapy. They are presented in chronological order, beginning when the author was a trainee, so that much information about hypnosis is woven into the stories as Barrett herself is learning. The title character is a transgender man who develops false pregnancy after the death of his boyfriend. Other patients include an asthmatic with a heavy smoking habit, a wealthy aristocrat with a fear of flying, a writer who suddenly cannot read, and two very different cases of multiple personality. The book concludes with a section on how interested readers can locate a reputable hypnotherapist. == Reviews == "Written with an Oliver Sacks-like openness to psychological realism, Barrett's reminiscences are nothing if not mesmerizing." – Entertainment Weekly "As the title indicates, some strange cases turn up in a hypnotherapist's office, and there's a choice assortment of them in this little collection that both entertains and explicates the hypotherapist's art. ... From a


id: the-primal-scream-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Primal_Scream-0.md
category: reference
title: The Primal Scream
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Primal_Scream
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:09.833247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-primal-scream-20260505-0
summary:
The Primal Scream. Primal Therapy: The Cure for Neurosis (1970; second edition 1999) is a book by the psychologist Arthur Janov, in which the author describes his experiences with patients during the months he developed primal therapy. Although Janov's claims were questioned by psychologists, the book was popular and brought Janov fame and popular success, which inspired other therapists to start offering primal therapy. == Summary == This book gives an account of the development of Primal Therapy. The book starts with an account of a group therapy session in 1967, during which a young man (Danny Wilson) underwent some kind of emotional catharsis during the therapy session. The young man was encouraged by Janov to call out for his mommy and daddy, which he did, only to fall into involuntary convulsions. After which, the young man announced "I can feel", and he then had some kind of emotional resolution. In the remainder of the book, Janov develops a general theory of neurosis. Janov claims that neurosis is caused by repressed emotional pain from childhood trauma, and can be cured by reliving and expressing. Janov claims in the book that all neurosis is caused by repressed childhood emotional trauma, and


id: private-lies-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lies_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Private Lies (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lies_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:10.974202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: private-lies-book-20260505-0
summary:
Private Lies: Infidelity and Betrayal of Intimacy is a non-fiction book by psychiatrist and family therapist Frank Pittman, M.D. Private Lies was first published in hardcover edition in 1989 by W. Then, W. Norton & Company by the same publisher in a paperback edition in 1990. Dr. Pittman's book has been referred to as "widely quoted", by Psychology Today. It has been cited by 24 other books on marriage and family therapy counseling. == Books by Frank Pittman == Turning Points: Treating Families in Transition and Crisis, Frank Pittman, M.D., A Norton Professional Book, (Hardcover), W. W. Norton & Company; 1st ed edition, May 1987, ISBN 0-393-70040-2, ISBN 978-0-393-70040-4 Private Lies: Infidelity and Betrayal of Intimacy, Frank Pittman, M.D., W. W. Norton & Company; Reprint edition November 1990, ISBN 0-393-30707-7, ISBN 978-0-393-30707-8 Mentiras Privadas (Spanish edition), Amorrortu Editores, September 1994, ISBN 950-518-543-X, ISBN 978-950-518-543-6 Man enough: fathers, sons and the search for masculinity, Frank Pittman, M.D., Perigee Trade; Reprint edition October 1, 1994, ISBN 0-399-51883-5, ISBN 978-0-399-51883-6 Grow Up!: How Taking Responsibility Can Make You a Happy Adult, Golden Guides from St. Martin's Press, ISBN 1-58238-040-6, ISBN 978-1-58238-040-7, July 30, 1999 == See also == Psychotherapy Family therapy Mental health


id: psychologie-der-berufsarbeit-und-der-berufsberatung-psychotechnik-ii-spezieller-teil-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Psychologie der Berufsarbeit und der Berufsberatung (Psychotechnik) II Spezieller Teil
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:12.130835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychologie-der-berufsarbeit-und-der-berufsberatung-psychotechnik-ii-spezieller-teil-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie_der_Berufsarbeit_und_der_Berufsberatung_(Psychotechnik)_II_Spezieller_Teil-0.md

summary:
Psychologie der Berufsarbeit und der Berufsberatung (Psychotechnik) II Spezieller Teil (Die praktische Anwendung der psychologischen Eignungsprüfung in den verschiedenen Berufen) is an advice manual for career counseling written by Theodor Erismann and Martha Moers in 1922. Its title translates to Psychology of Work and Career Counseling (Psychotechniques) II Specialized Part (The Practical Application of Psychological Aptitude Tests in Various Careers). Published by Walter de Grunter & Co. in Berlin, it is the second instalment of a series on career counselling. The first volume contains information on the following topics: I. Grundzüge der Psychophysik der Berufsarbeit (Basics of Occupational Psychophysics) II. Berufsberatung auf psychologischer Grundlage (Psychology-based Career Counseling) III. Allgemeine Berufsberatung auf Grundlage der Intelligenzprüfung (Career Counseling Based on Intelligence Testing). While the first book highlights the importance of taking aptitude into account while choosing a career, as well as the applications of career counseling in general, the second volume goes further into aptitude testing for specific jobs. The main section of the book lists common occupations of the time, explores which characteristics and skills are vital for success in the respective fields, and finally introduces established tests for these. Often, intelligence tests based on the work of William Stern are

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie_der_Berufsarbeit_und_der_Berufsberatung_(Psychotechnik)_II_Spezieller_Teil


id: psychology-gone-wrong-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Gone_Wrong-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychology Gone Wrong
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Gone_Wrong
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:13.311619+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychology-gone-wrong-20260505-0
summary:
Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy is a 2015 book written by Tomasz Witkowski and Maciej Zatonski. It covers mistakes, frauds and abuses of academic psychology, psychotherapy, and psycho-business. In the book the authors review the history of fraudulent research and questionable research practices; the willingness of many psychologists to embrace pseudoscientific ideas and practices (psychoanalysis, recovered-memory therapy, projective testing, neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), etc.), exaggerated claims for the efficacy of psychological interventions, and so on. In each case the authors support their thesis with abundant references. == Outline of the book == Part one of the book, chapters 1 through 7, seeks to demonstrate and to analyse flaws of the academic psychology and its impact on reality. Part two, chapters 8 through 15 presents pseudoscientific concepts in psychotherapy. Part three, chapters 16 through 19 examines problems of psycho-business. === Part I: Fraudsters in the Temple of Science: Some Sins of Academic Psychology === The authors describe how disasters of social control like forced sterilizations and uncritical application of questionable IQ tests were instigated by psychologists who relied on their own flawed thinking rather than on empirical evidence from scientific studies. They tell stories about researchers who


id: psychology-led-astray-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Led_Astray-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychology Led Astray
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Led_Astray
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:14.530681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychology-led-astray-20260505-0
summary:
Psychology Led Astray: Cargo Cult in Science and Therapy is a book written by Tomasz Witkowski and published in 2016. == Outline == Part One, comprising chapters 1 through 6, seeks to answer the question about the reliability of psychology as a science. Part Two, comprising chapters 7 through 10, presents pseudo-scientific concepts in psychotherapy as a kind of uncontrollable experiment on humans. Part Three, comprising chapters 11 through 17, examines a range of dubious, unsupported, and discredited (though still thriving) treatments and therapeutic practices and diagnostic categories devoted to children's problems and needs (e.g., educational kinesiology, attachment therapy, trauma debriefing, Facilitated Communication, Dolphin Therapy). The book ends with a letter to Richard Feynman, chastising him for calling the whole field a cargo cult. Witkowski emphasizes examples of good science in psychology that have had demonstrable benefits for society. == Reception == Writing a review for Science-Based Medicine, Hall wrote: "Witkowski has written a new book that is certain to ruffle a lot of feathers. He uncovers cargo cult practices in psychology, unmasking therapies that are devoid of science, dangerous, and even cruel, especially those directed at children. Even if you don't agree with calling these travesties of science cargo


id: the-psychology-of-religion-and-coping-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Religion_and_Coping-0.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Religion and Coping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Religion_and_Coping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:15.751440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-religion-and-coping-20260505-0
summary:
The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice by Kenneth Pargament was published in the United States in 1997. It is addressed to professional psychologists and researchers, and has been reviewed in many professional journals. Originally hardbound, it was republished as a paperback in 2001. By 2010, it had been cited more than 450 times in the psychology literature. == Topics covered == The Psychology of Religion and Coping contains 12 chapters that include an introduction and 11 other chapters divided into 4 parts. The parts are entitled: Part One. A perspective on religion (2 chapters) Part Two. A perspective on coping (2 chapters) Part Three. The religion and coping connection (4 chapters) Part Four. Evaluative and practical implications (3 chapters) The book also includes 5 appendices. == Reviews and influence == Reviews have appeared in The American Journal of Psychiatry, The Gerontologist, the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, the Religious Studies Review Death Studies, and elsewhere. In the American Journal of Psychiatry, Armando R. Favazza, a widely-published author and Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, wrote that "This is a very fair and respectful book.... The book sets a new


id: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem-0.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Self-Esteem
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:16.915039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
summary:
The Psychology of Self-Esteem is a book by Nathaniel Branden, first published in 1969. It explains Branden's theories of human psychology, focusing on the role of self-esteem. Most of the book was written during Branden's association with Ayn Rand, and it reflects some of her philosophical ideas. The book's success helped to popularize the idea of self-esteem as an important element of self-improvement. == Synopsis == The book is divided into two parts. In Part One ("The Foundations"), Branden explains his views on human nature and the science of psychology. He discusses his theories about consciousness, volition, emotions (with particular attention to emotional repression) and mental health. The material in Part One is about philosophical and psychological theory and does not focus on self-esteem, which is the predominant subject in Part Two ("The Psychology of Self-Esteem"). He describes self-esteem as "the integrated sum of self-confidence and self-respect", which he describes respectively as "a sense of personal efficacy and a sense of personal worth." Branden considers self-esteem to be one of the most important factors in human psychology. Branden contrasts healthy self-esteem with conditions that he views as psychological problems. First is what he calls "pseudo-self-esteem," which he describes as "an


id: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem-1.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Self-Esteem
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:16.915039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == The book was a popular success and has sold over a million copies. It has been credited with spreading ideas about self-esteem to general audiences. Self-help expert Tom Butler-Bowdon warned that "readers find this book tough going", particularly in the earlier chapters, but described it as "one of the earliest classics of the popular psychology genre". Critics such as sociologist Frank Furedi and neuropsychologist Paul Pearsall cited the book as an example of what they see as a cultural trend of over-emphasizing the significance of self-esteem. Psychology professor Robyn Dawes said that Branden propagated a false "belief that human distress can be traced to deficient self-esteem", which Dawes describes as based in bias rather than evidence. Author Charles Murray, although critical of the self-esteem movement in general, is somewhat more positive about Branden. Murray said it would have been better if other promoters of self-esteem "had focused on self-esteem as Branden described it—an internalized sense of self-responsibility and self-sufficiency." In contrast, author Alfie Kohn supported the idea that self-esteem was important, but criticized Branden for founding his work "in Ayn Rand's glorification of selfishness." Branden's connection to Rand was also criticized by psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, who said


id: psychopathia-sexualis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychopathia Sexualis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:18.080432+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychopathia-sexualis-20260505-0
summary:
Psychopathia Sexualis: eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Sexual Psychopathy: A Clinical-Forensic Study, also known as Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to the Antipathetic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-forensic Study) is an 1886 book by Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing and one of the first texts about sexual pathology. The book details a wide range of paraphilias and focuses on male homosexuality/bisexuality (the "antipathetic instinct" of the subtitle). The book coined the terms "sadism and masochism" as well as borrowing the term "bisexual" from botanical nomenclature. == Background == Psychopathia Sexualis sought to create a taxonomy of human sexual behavior based on Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing's analysis of case studies. Krafft-Ebing assumed that sex for the purpose of procreation was normal, and all other types of sexual intercourse were signs of disease, either emotional or physical. Masochism, which Krafft-Ebing focuses on at length, is, for example, defined as a particular erotic sensibility, in which the individual is, "in his sexual feelings and thoughts, dominated by the idea of being absolutely and unconditionally subjected to a person of the other sex". The Psychopathia Sexualis is notable for being one of the earliest works on homosexuality. Krafft-Ebing combined Karl Heinrich Ulrichs' Urning theory with Bénédict Morel's theory


id: religions-values-and-peak-experiences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions,_Values,_and_Peak_Experiences-0.md
category: reference
title: Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions,_Values,_and_Peak_Experiences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:19.286323+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: religions-values-and-peak-experiences-20260505-0
summary:
Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences is a 1964 book about psychology by Abraham Maslow. Maslow addressed the motivational significance of peak experiences in a series of lectures in the early 1960s, and later published these ideas in book form. == Overview == In contrast with the preoccupation of Freudian psychopathology, Maslow insisted on a "psychology of the higher life" which was to attend to the question "of what the human being should grow toward." In his work, Maslow described the experience of one's life as meaningful as being based on a feeling of fulfillment and significance. Maslow's theory of "peak-experiences" has been compared to William James' "healthy-minded" religion. Maslow hypothesized a negative relationship between adherence to conventional religious beliefs and the ability to experience peak moments. In Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences, Maslow stated that the peak experience is "felt as a self- validating, self-justifying moment which carries its own intrinsic value with it." Furthermore, the person is the "creative center of his (or her) own activities." == See also == Maslow's hierarchy of needs Peak experience == References ==


id: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul-0.md
category: reference
title: Rewriting the Soul
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:20.506159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-0
summary:
Rewriting the Soul is a 1995 book by the Canadian philosopher Ian Hacking, who offers an account of the formative influences that shape people’s understandings of their lives and their understanding of the lives of those around them. Hacking's work is both a theoretical account of the concepts and modes of agentic engagement through which people encounter the world and make sense of themselves, and a psychological account of how minds relate to memories and the fragility of this relationship, especially in the lives of people exposed to extremes of suffering and cruelty. Through a study of the history and manifestations of multiple personality disorder, Hacking describes how people come to an understanding of their lives through their own memories and autobiographies. Hacking describes the shifting shared meanings that shape our memories and become the threads with which people weave their biographies. == Argument == To develop his argument, Hacking offers an account of how those engaged with MPD have inquired into its reality over historical time and describes the concepts and practices that developed through those inquiries. In the past three decades of the twentieth century, therapy tended to take an individual with an amorphous and confused array of


id: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul-1.md
category: reference
title: Rewriting the Soul
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:20.506159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-0
summary:
The philosopher G. E. M. Anscombe wrote that a human action is intentional if the question 'Why,' taken in a certain sense (and evidently conceived as addressed to him), has application (Intention, par. 5-8). An agent can answer the 'why' question by giving a reason or purpose for her action. "To do Y" or "because I want to do Y" would be typical answers to this sort of "why?"; though they are not the only ones, they are crucial to the constitution of the phenomenon as a typical phenomenon of human life (sections 18-21). The agent's answer helps supply the descriptions under which the action is intentional. Anscombe was the first to clearly spell out that actions are intentional under some descriptions and not others. In her famous example, a man's action (which we might observe as consisting in moving an arm up and down while holding a handle) may be intentional under the description 'pumping water' but not under other descriptions such as 'contracting these muscles', 'tapping out this rhythm', and so on. Intentional actions are actions under a description. The implications of this philosophy of intentional action were extended by Hacking in Rewriting the Soul. His argument is


id: the-sadist-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sadist_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sadist (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sadist_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:21.607761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sadist-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Sadist (German: Der Sadist) is a book published by psychiatrist Karl Berg, following the confessions of Peter Kürten, a notorious German serial killer known as both The Vampire of Düsseldorf and the Düsseldorf Monster who committed a series of assaults and murders, primarily between 1929 and 1930. The book was originally written in German. The first English edition was issued in 1938, by Acorn Press. A second edition was published by William Heinemann Medical Books in 1945. == References ==


id: the-science-of-weird-shit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Weird_Shit-0.md
category: reference
title: The Science of Weird Shit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Weird_Shit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:22.801202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-science-of-weird-shit-20260505-0
summary:
The Science of Weird Shit: Why Our Minds Conjure the Paranormal is a 2024 non-fiction book by British psychologist Chris French, published by MIT Press. The book explores the psychological and cognitive mechanisms behind paranormal beliefs and experiences, including ghost encounters, alien abductions, reincarnation, and near-death phenomena. French examines phenomena such as sleep paralysis, cognitive biases, and pareidolia to shed light on why people perceive supernatural events and what these perceptions reveal about human cognition. The book includes a foreword by Richard Wiseman. == Reception == In a May 2024 review for New Scientist, Wendy Grossman commended Chris French's book for its nuanced exploration of paranormal phenomena through the lens of psychology. Grossman highlighted French's balanced approach in examining experiences like sleep paralysis and cognitive biases such as pareidolia, appreciating his mix of academic knowledge and practical application. She noted that French's goal isn't to dismiss people's beliefs but to contextualize them within psychological understanding. Brian Reffin Smith, in his review for Leonardo Reviews, praised the book for its clear-headed and sympathetic exploration of why people believe in the paranormal. Smith highlighted how French demystifies phenomena ranging from alien abductions to near-death experiences by unraveling the psychological processes behind these


id: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent-0.md
category: reference
title: Seduction of the Innocent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:24.153886+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-0
summary:
Seduction of the Innocent is a book by German-born American psychiatrist Fredric Wertham, published in 1954, that warned that comic books were a harmful form of popular literature and a serious cause of juvenile delinquency. The book was taken seriously at the time in the United States, and was a minor bestseller that alarmed American parents and galvanized them to campaign for censorship. At the same time, a U.S. Congressional inquiry was launched into the comic book industry. Subsequent to the publication of Seduction of the Innocent, the Comics Code Authority was established by publishers to self-censor their titles. In the decades since the book's publication, Wertham's research has been disputed by scholars. == Overview and arguments == Seduction of the Innocent cited overt or covert depictions of violence, sex, drug use, and other adult fare within "crime comics" – a term Wertham used to describe not only the popular gangster/murder-oriented titles of the time, but superhero and horror comics as well. The book asserted that reading this material encouraged similar behavior in children. Comics, especially the crime/horror titles pioneered by EC Comics, were not lacking in gruesome images; Wertham reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring


id: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent-1.md
category: reference
title: Seduction of the Innocent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:24.153886+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-0
summary:
== Criticism == According to a 2012 study by Carol L. Tilley, Wertham "manipulated, overstated, compromised, and fabricated evidence" in support of the contentions expressed in Seduction of the Innocent. He misprojected both the sample size and substance of his research, making it out to be more objective and less anecdotal than it truly was. He generally did not adhere to standards worthy of scientific research, instead using questionable evidence for his argument that comics were a cultural failure. Wertham used New York City adolescents from troubled backgrounds with previous evidence of behavior disorders as his primary sample population. For instance, he used children at the Lafargue Clinic to argue that comics disturbed young people, but according to a staff member's calculation seventy percent of children under the age of sixteen at the clinic had diagnoses of behavior problems. He also used children with more severe psychiatric disorders which required hospitalization at Bellevue Hospital Center, Kings County Hospital Center, or Queens General Hospital. Statements from Wertham's subjects were sometimes altered, combined, or excerpted so as to be misleading. Relevant personal experience was sometimes left unmentioned. For instance, in arguing that the Batman comics condoned homosexuality because of the relationship between


id: the-senses-and-the-intellect-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Senses_and_the_Intellect-0.md
category: reference
title: The Senses and the Intellect
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Senses_and_the_Intellect
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:25.311099+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-senses-and-the-intellect-20260505-0
summary:
The Senses and the Intellect is a book by Alexander Bain that was first published in 1855 and published by John William Parker in London. In this treatise, Bain described two principal divisions of the mind, the senses and the intellect. The discussion on the other two aspects of the mind, the emotions and the will, was published by Bain four years later, in 1859, under the title The Emotions and the Will. == Context == Bain had an academic background in moral philosophy and logic and is considered to be an associationist, alongside figures like John Locke, David Hume and his friend - John Stuart Mill. In the early 1840s, Bain developed a keen interest in psychology, particularly in exploring the human senses through physiology. His work during this period culminated in a paper presented in 1844 titled On the Definition and Classification of the Human Senses, where he introduced the concepts of the muscular sense and organic sensibilities. Drawing from the associationist approach and displaying scepticism towards metaphysics, he expanded contemporary psychology in multiple ways. In the context of the will, he prioritized physiological explanations over metaphysical ones, using reflexes as proof that a type of will exists


id: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Sex and the Love Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:26.472164+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-0
summary:
Sex and the Love Life by the American author William J. Fielding is a non-fictional book published in 1927 in New York. It deals with the contemporary understanding of sexuality and its relation to the love life in many fields of life. The book consists of 14 chapters and a glossary in which all biological, sexual and medical terms that are discussed in the book itself are defined and explained. The first chapter gives an introduction to different conceptions of the function of sex and mentions cultural influences on these conceptions. Chapter Two deals with the Development of the Love Life and focuses especially on the sex life of the child. Besides that, Man’s and Woman’s Sexual Nature are described in Chapter three and four respectively, whereby biological aspects of the male and female reproductive systems are elaborated on in detail. In the fifth chapter the author gives advice about the Preparation of Marriage and in the sixth Chapter Sex Hygiene in Marriage is the topic. Hygiene is not referring solely to personal hygiene but rather to how sexual intercourse can be used to improve marital happiness and satisfaction. Women’s Love Rights are presented in the following chapter (chapter 8)


id: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life-1.md
category: reference
title: Sex and the Love Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:26.472164+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter 9: Birth Control in Relation to the Love Life === This chapter deals mainly with the contemporary misunderstanding of contraception in general. All too often it was equalized with abortion and murder of an embryo. Fielding begins with enlightening the reader and explains the advantages of contraception, one of which concerning a moral aspect: "a practice which increases marital happiness, which assures people of greater economic security [...] and which permits more extensive educational and cultural advantages to the fewer and better children that are born [...] is a good practice". Furthermore, he argues that the fear of pregnancy (as many women experienced at that time) would lead to marital disharmony and that contraceptive methods should be used to establish an unstressed atmosphere between married couples. Fielding also criticizes the church's position towards contraception at that time by saying that "the church [...] has been and still is the most powerful influence against the principle of parenthood by choice instead of accident". The institutional church would be ignorant of the benefits that contraception offers to the people. The position that is still held by the Catholic Church, namely that "Contraception is wrong because it’s a deliberate violation of


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women (1981) is a book about the development of sexual orientation by the psychologist Alan P. Bell and the sociologists Martin S. Weinberg and Sue Kiefer Hammersmith, in which the authors reevaluate what were at the time of its publication widely held ideas about the origins of heterosexuality and homosexuality, sometimes rejecting entirely the factors proposed as causes, and in other cases concluding that their importance had been exaggerated. Produced with the help of the American National Institute of Mental Health, the study was a publication of the Institute for Sex Research. Together with its Statistical Appendix, Sexual Preference was the conclusion of a series of books including Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography (1972) and Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women (1978), both co-authored by Bell and Weinberg. Using data derived from interviews conducted in 1969 and 1970 with subjects in the San Francisco Bay Area, Bell et al. attempted to test explanations of sexual orientation put forward by psychoanalysts and social scientists. They found that while homosexual men were more likely than heterosexual men to have felt especially close to their mothers, this had almost no effect on the development


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Overview of the study === Bell et al.′s objective was to test the explanations of how people become heterosexual or homosexual proposed by psychoanalysts and social scientists, including psychoanalytic theories attributing homosexuality to a failure to resolve Oedipal conflicts. In their view, theories about the origins of sexual orientation had usually not been rigorously tested prior to their study, partly because some of them, including those advanced by psychoanalysts, use concepts which are hard to "pin down and operationalize." They anticipated that psychologists and psychoanalysts would object to their work on methodological grounds, such as that no attempt was made to access unconscious material, or that the interviews, which lasted only a few hours, could never reveal what truly occurred in someone's childhood. They argued, however, that the fact that their data was not obtained from clinical sources was a strength, that attempting to access unconscious material risks selective interpretation of the data, and that "if the differences between homosexual and heterosexual patterns of development are really as great as psychoanalytic theory claims" then such differences would be reflected to at least some extent in the reports of their respondents. Aware that some scholars might reject any view of


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Findings on white men === Bell et al. found that homosexual men were more likely than heterosexual men to have felt especially close to their mothers. Male respondents who were unusually close to their mothers were more likely to describe themselves as having been feminine children, but only a minority of boys with this kind of background became homosexual. Bell et al. concluded that male homosexuality is not the "result of an unusually strong maternal identification", and that mothers have only a small influence on their sons′ psychosexual development. Homosexual men were less likely to give positive descriptions of their fathers, but more likely to have negative feelings toward their fathers, to dislike, hate, or fail to feel close to them, or to consider them hostile or detached. They were also more likely to feel more similar to their mothers than to their fathers, or to prefer to be like their mothers. Bell et al. concluded that, "Unfavorable relationships with fathers" have a weak connection to "gender nonconformity and early homosexual experiences". Few male respondents had engaged in childhood sex play, and it did not seem to be important in the development of homosexuality. Homosexual men were less likely


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-3.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Findings on white women === Homosexual women were more likely to describe their relationships with their mothers as negative, and their mothers as having been hostile or rejecting. These measures were combined into a single measure, "Hostile-Rejecting Mother", which appeared to have only minimal influence on the development of sexual preference. Homosexual women were less likely to describe their mothers as having been pleasant people. This and two other connected variables were combined into a composite measure called "Unpleasant Mother", which had a weak and indirect connection with adult homosexuality. Homosexual women identified less strongly with their mothers, though this appeared to have very little influence on adult sexual preference, having only indirect effects, dependent upon its encouragement of childhood gender nonconformity. Homosexual women gave less favorable descriptions of their relationships with their fathers, and were more likely to have negative feelings toward them, and to describe them as having been hostile or detached. These variables were combined into a measure called "Detached-Hostile Father", which appeared to encourage childhood gender nonconformity and adolescent homosexual involvement. Homosexual women were less likely to identify with their fathers, but the "Identification with Father" variable appeared to be unimportant. Few female respondents reported


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-4.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Conclusions === Bell et al. rejected many accepted ideas about the development of homosexuality. They concluded that psychodynamic theories exaggerate the role of parents in the development of their sons' sexual orientation, and that the psychoanalytic model that attributes male homosexuality to dominant mothers and weak fathers is inadequate. They found the idea that "cold, detached" fathers and poor father-son relationships predispose boys toward homosexuality more plausible, but emphasized that these factors have only an indirect connection to sexual preference. They suggested that relationships with parents might play a greater role in the development of female homosexuality, although they found having a cold or distant father less significant as a cause of female than of male homosexuality. They also rejected sociological theories such as the idea that homosexuality results from labeling by others. Overall, they concluded that sexual preference is likely to be already determined by the time boys and girls reach adolescence, and that there is a powerful link between gender nonconformity and the development of homosexuality in both sexes, but especially in men. Although stressing that their model "applies only to extant theories and does not create new ones", they wrote that they had identified "a pattern


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-5.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == === Mainstream media === Prior to its publication, Jane E. Brody wrote in The New York Times that Sexual Preference was likely to cause controversy because of its findings and its reliance on path analysis and its subjects' memories. Brody noted that path analysis could be misused and that it "can only explore existing notions, not create new ones." According to Brody, Bell said that he expected the study to be condemned by both "radical gays" and psychoanalysts, the psychologist John Paul De Cecco questioned the "theoretical basis" of Sexual Preference and the reliability and validity of relying on recollections of childhood, and the psychoanalyst Irving Bieber described Bell et al.′s findings as inconsistent with his clinical experience. Sexual Preference attracted considerable media attention in 1981, receiving positive reviews from the historian Paul Robinson in Psychology Today and Richard P. Halgin in Library Journal, a negative review from the sociologist John Gagnon in The New York Times, a notice in Newsweek, and a discussion in The Chronicle of Higher Education, which focused on the controversy surrounding the book. The following year, the book received a negative review from Michael Ignatieff in the London Review of Books. The


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-6.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Gay media === Sexual Preference received a positive review from Robert Herron in Christopher Street and a mixed review from George Smith in The Body Politic, while in The Advocate it received a note from the editor and mixed reviews from the biologist Doug Futuym and the social scientist Richard Wagner. Herron credited Bell et al. with disproving mistaken ideas about the causes of homosexuality and described it as a "massively impressive achievement". However, he criticized the authors for their use of the term "sexual preference" and for failing to define "homosexuality". He also believed that they should have stated unambiguously, instead of simply suggesting, that homosexuality is innate, and maintained that as social scientists, they could not properly assess research on biological influences on homosexuality. Smith considered the study useful for its challenge to established views about the causes of homosexuality. However, he was unconvinced by its conclusion that homosexuality has a biological basis and found its account of the subject remote from real experience. Smith argued that while Bell et al.′s path analysis suggested that various variables cause one another, this was "an illusion created by statistical manipulation", and concluded that their category of "Gender Nonconformity" was


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-7.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientific and academic journals, 1981–1982 === Sexual Preference received a positive review from J. Kenneth Davidson, Sr. in the Journal of Marriage and Family, mixed reviews from the sociologist John DeLamater in Science and the sex researcher James D. Weinrich in The Quarterly Review of Biology, and negative reviews from the psychologist Clarence Tripp in the Journal of Sex Research and the sociologist Ira Reiss in Contemporary Sociology. The book was also discussed by DeCecco in the Journal of Sex Research and Bell in Siecus Report. Criticisms made of the work included that its authors' conclusions were based on an unrepresentative or dubiously representative sample of homosexuals, and that their reliance on path analysis and adult recall of early childhood feeling was problematic. Davidson wrote that Bell et al. were aware that their work would be criticized on methodological grounds, and that they carefully addressed potential criticisms. He suggested that media reports had distorted their views about the possibility than homosexuality has a biological basis, writing that they acknowledged that their study did not provide the data to resolve this issue. Although he considered it regrettable that it took them more than a decade to publish their analysis of


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-8.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientific and academic journals, 1983–1986 === Cheryl L. Gillespie gave Sexual Preference a mixed review in Family Relations. She commended Bell et al. for using a sophisticated methodology and trying to avoid "poorly designed measures and biased interpretation of data". Nevertheless, she found their methodology and interpretation of data open to question, writing that although their San Francisco Bay Area sample was arguably non-representative, they wrote as though the study was representative of the larger population, that they did not sufficiently explore the issue of bias in their subjects' self-reports, which might have been motivated by the subjects' ideology or desire to please the researchers by telling them what they thought they wanted to hear, and that they relegated the fact that respondents who had been exposed to scientific information regarding homosexuality were more likely to characterize their parents in accord with psychoanalytic models of emotionally absent fathers and domineering mothers to a footnote. She also suggested that readers might find Sexual Preference boring. Thomas Ford Hoult argued in the Journal of Homosexuality that Bell et al.′s conclusion that childhood gender nonconformity and adult sexual orientation have a biological basis is a legitimate hypothesis, but one that it is


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-9.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientific and academic journals, 1987–1996 === De Cecco wrote in the Journal of Sex Research that Sexual Preference had no independent theoretical basis because it was conceived as an attempt to disprove theories viewing homosexuality as a mental or social pathology, and that Bell et al. were mistaken to conclude that, because such theories are incorrect, sexual orientation must be innate. He accused them of being motivated by "a misguided compassion for homosexuals", arguing that such compassion is actually a form of arrogance. The philosopher Frederick Suppe described Sexual Preference as very important study in the Journal of Homosexuality. He wrote that it failed to duplicate the findings of Bieber et al. or the predictions of symbolic interactionism, labeling theory, and societal reaction theory approaches. He considered its sample of homosexuals, while highly biased, to nevertheless be the most representative ever made, and argued that biased samples can be adequate for the purposes of refuting theories propounded in other studies "so long as the types of subjects used in those other studies constitute a subsample of the replicative study′s sample and the latter's population does not go beyond the claimed scope of the replicated studies." He maintained that Bell


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-10.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1981–1987 === The gay rights activist Dennis Altman noted that Bell et al.′s conclusion that there is a powerful link between gender nonconformity and the development of homosexuality depended on the memories of their respondents, who were likely to have been influenced by social expectations about how homosexuals should conform to gender roles. He observed that Bell et al.′s data was collected in 1969 and 1970, prior to the "growth of the modern gay movement and the development of the macho style among gay men", and criticized them for confusing "social roles with what is inborn", thereby underestimating the extent to which masculinity and femininity are social constructs. The psychologist William Paul and the sex researcher Weinrich maintained that Sexual Preference documented social diversity well and was the largest study conducted specifically on homosexuality, but that it was limited by the problems Bell et al. encountered in trying to obtain a representative sample. They suggested that because Bell et al. collected their data in 1969, they may have missed "cultural developments in the gay younger generation of the late 1960s and early 1970s." The gynecologist William Masters, the sexologist Virginia E. Johnson and the physician Robert C.


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-11.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1988–1989 === The psychoanalyst Richard C. Friedman maintained that despite the differing perspectives of their authors, the studies by Bell et al. and Bieber et al. were "in basic agreement with regard to childhood gender identity / gender role abnormalities in pre-homosexual children." He considered Bell et al.′s claim that path analysis made it possible to give each influence on homosexuality a particular weight at a particular time of childhood development unlikely, since retrospective methods cannot be converted to prospective methods. He wrote that the meaning of data depends on the models used to interpret them, and that Bell et al.′s models differ from those accepted by "psychodynamically oriented investigators." The sociologist Miriam M. Johnson described Bell et al.′s study as the "largest, best-designed, and one of the least heterosexist investigations" of the development of sexual preference. In her view, its only possible bias is that because of its nature and San Francisco location "activist" homosexuals were over-represented. Johnson argued that "this bias would probably work against finding support for any hypotheses concerning parental influences, because activist homosexuals have ordinarily been opposed to psychoanalytic speculations about parental involvements." Johnson concluded, however, that the study's credibility was enhanced


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-12.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1990–1997 === The philosopher Edward Stein maintained that Bell et al.′s data undermine the hypothesis that a person's sexual orientation is determined by the sex of the first person he or she has sex with. Gonsiorek and Weinrich maintained that Bell et al.′s view that sexual orientation is set by early childhood is also held by most other experts on the topic, including Green and Money. They described Bell et al. as "essentialists", who, unlike supporters of social constructionism, maintain that "homosexual desire, identity, and persons exist as real in some form, in different cultures and historical eras". Gonsiorek and Douglas C. Haldeman both credited Bell et al. with disproving psychoanalytic theories about the development of homosexuality. The economist Richard Posner credited Bell et al. with providing evidence that "childhood gender nonconformity is a good predictor of both male and female homosexuality". He also believed that they showed that boys are not more likely to become homosexual the more adult siblings they have, and provided evidence against the idea that adult homosexuality results from seduction or early homosexual experiences. The psychologist Kenneth Zucker and the psychiatrist Susan Bradley described Sexual Preference as a "classic study". They maintained


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-13.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1998–present === The anthropologist Gilbert Herdt argued that Sexual Preference, like the Kinsey scale, places "too much emphasis upon discrete acts of sex and not enough stress upon the cultural context and total developmental outcomes to which those acts are related." He called the study a "quantitative sociological" survey of homosexuality that decontextualizes "the culture and lives at issue", arguing that all developmental changes need to be viewed in the context of social structure. Stein described Sexual Preference as one of the most detailed and frequently cited retrospective studies relating to sexual orientation. In his view, while the study has been criticized on various grounds, including that all of its subjects were living in San Francisco, arguably an atypical place with respect to the sexual orientation of its inhabitants, Bell et al.′s conclusions about theories attributing sexual orientation to the effects of experience have been accepted and confirmed. He observed that many other studies have been conducted on childhood gender nonconformity partly because of Bell et al.′s findings relating it to homosexuality. The psychologists Stanton L. Jones and Mark Yarhouse described Sexual Preference as a famous study. They maintained that because Bell et al.′s data suggest that


id: shaping-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaping_Psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: Shaping Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaping_Psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:28.990306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shaping-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
Shaping Psychology: Perspectives on Legacy, Controversy and the Future of the Field is a 2020 book written by Polish psychologist Tomasz Witkowski. It is a collection of conversations with influential psychologists from the early 21st century, featuring interviews with notable figures who have significantly impacted the field and covering a broad spectrum of specializations from research, mental health, critical psychology, and neuroscience, as well as the open science movement. Interviewees include Elizabeth Loftus, Jerome Kagan, Michael I. Posner, Scott Lilienfeld, Robert Sternberg, Robert Plomin, Susan Blackmore, Joseph E. LeDoux, Noam Chomsky, Roy Baumeister, Erica Burman, Brian Nosek, Vikram Patel, Daniel Kahneman, and Carol Tavris. These experts discuss the controversies, crises, and future prospects of psychology, sharing their views on the challenges in the field, their careers, and their formative experiences. == Reception == In her review for Science-Based Medicine and Skeptical Inquirer, Harriet Hall offered insights into the book, noting: Tomasz Witkowski's new book [...] provides an intriguing look at the current state of psychology, its problems and possible solutions, and hopes for the future. [...] I have met several of the people Witkowski interviewed, but now I feel as if I have spent more time with them and know


id: the-six-pillars-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Pillars_of_Self-Esteem-0.md
category: reference
title: The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Pillars_of_Self-Esteem
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:30.134501+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-six-pillars-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
summary:
The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem is a psychology book written by Nathaniel Branden. The book describes what Branden believes are the key elements that raise or lower the self-esteem of an individual. Branden's six pillars are: The Practice of Living Consciously The Practice of Self-Acceptance The Practice of Self-Responsibility The Practice of Self-Assertiveness The Practice of Living Purposefully The Practice of Personal Integrity == Reviews == The book received negative reviews from Library Journal, which called it "repetitive, verbose, and somewhat rambling", and Kirkus Reviews, which called it "Inflated and repetitious". Reason gave a positive review, calling Branden's exploration of self-esteem "an important mission for our time" and the book "a call to consciousness and participation". == References == == External links == The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem at the Internet Archive


id: spent-sex-evolution-and-consumer-behavior-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent:_Sex,_Evolution,_and_Consumer_Behavior-0.md
category: reference
title: Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent:_Sex,_Evolution,_and_Consumer_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:31.287835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spent-sex-evolution-and-consumer-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior is a 2009 book by Geoffrey Miller. The book presents an evolutionary analysis of marketing, arguing that consumers seek pleasure and seek to display favorable traits to others. == References ==


id: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten-0.md
category: reference
title: Spoilt Rotten
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:32.443556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
summary:
Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality (subtitle in US editions: How Britain is Ruined by Its Children) is a non-fiction book by the British writer and retired doctor and psychiatrist Theodore Dalrymple, originally published in 2010. Polemical in nature, the book contends that sentimentality has become culturally entrenched in British society, with harmful consequences. The author uses a range of cultural, educational, political, media and literary issues—including falling standards in education, UK aid policies for African development, the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, the disappearance of Madeleine McCann, and the work and life of Sylvia Plath—to illustrate what he sees as the danger of abandoning logic in favour of sentimentality, which he describes as "the progenitor, the godparent, the midwife of brutality". Much of Dalrymple's analysis is underpinned by his experience of working with criminals and the mentally ill. Spoilt Rotten received a mostly favourable reception in the media. Dalrymple was praised for carrying out a thought-provoking and convincing analysis of a newly emerged cultural phenomenon which sees emotion substituted for reason. Some critics, however, accused the author of cynicism and misanthropic pessimism in his approach, and the historian Noel Malcolm claimed that Dalrymple had overreached in his


id: spoilt-rotten-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten-1.md
category: reference
title: Spoilt Rotten
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:32.443556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter Four: The Demand for Public Emotion === Dalrymple analyses the media attention and reaction to the disappearance of Madeleine McCann, and how certain media interpreted a perceived lack of emotion on the part of the girl's parents as evidence of guilt. Dalrymple writes that the "demand that emotion should be shown in public, or be assumed not to exist and therefore indicate a guilty mind, is now not an uncommon one", and cites two similar cases involving Joanne Lees and Lindy Chamberlain. Dalrymple then analyses the outcry from the public and the media to the lack of emotion shown by the Queen after the death of Princess Diana, and contends that "the tabloid newspapers carried out what can only be called a campaign of bullying against the sovereign" and that those gathered outside Buckingham Palace were "bullying rather than expressing any genuine grief". He concludes by asserting that the sentimentality shown by both the media and the public "was inherently dishonest in a way that parallels the dishonesty that lies behind much sentimentality itself". === Chapter Five: The Cult of the Victim === Dalrymple analyses the poet Sylvia Plath, whom he describes as the "patron saint of self-dramatization",


id: spoilt-rotten-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten-2.md
category: reference
title: Spoilt Rotten
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:32.443556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical reception == After it was released the book received a mostly positive response in the media. In The Spectator, Jonathan Sumption praised the book, writing "The public hysteria surrounding such high-profile incidents as the death of the Princess of Wales and the search for Madeleine McCann, or the eccentricities of the MacPherson report on the death of Stephen Lawrence are analysed with the author's customary mixture of shrewdness, cynicism and misanthropic pessimism. These phenomena have of course been analysed before, and many of the same points have been made. But Dalrymple is good at relating them to broader trends in our society". The book was described by Toby Young in The Daily Telegraph as being an "excellent new book attacking the cult of sentimentality" and that Dalrymple also "makes a convincing case that standards in British education have plummeted in the last few decades". Young also reviewed the book on his blog No Sacred Cows, where he wrote, "...the remarkable thing about Spoilt Rotten is that Dalrymple never lets his anger obscure his compassion. Throughout the book you get a powerful sense that his outrage is rooted in a commitment to social justice. Yes, he believes members of


id: studies-in-machiavellianism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_Machiavellianism-0.md
category: reference
title: Studies in Machiavellianism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_Machiavellianism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:33.583857+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-machiavellianism-20260505-0
summary:
Studies in Machiavellianism is a book published in 1970 by psychologists Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis. It is a collection of 38 studies into the interpersonal personality variable that they dubbed Machiavellianism. It is the first book on the subject, the first use of the word "Machiavellianism" as the name of a personality variable, and would launch an entire field of study. == Overview == In the aftermath of World War II, psychologist Richard Christie set out to study the thought processes and actions of those who manipulated others, such as political ideologues and religious extremists. He found that there was many studies on those who followed the organizations and movements, but the only literature on those who actually led them were psychiatric in nature. Starting from the basics, Christie hypothesized that a "manipulator" or "operator" would possess the following characteristics: A relative lack of affect in interpersonal relationships A lack of concern for conventional morality A lack of gross psychopathology (i.e. a lack of mental illness) Low ideological commitment From these characteristics, Christie would begin to build psychometrics to evaluate these traits within an individual. In creating his psychometric, he first began by seeking out historical figures such


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2-0.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:34.773184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-0
summary:
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2 is a book published in 1900 written by Havelock Ellis (1859–1939), an English physician, writer and social reformer. The book deals with the phenomenon of sexual inversion, an outdated term for homosexuality, as well as heterosexual trans people. It is part of Ellis' seven-volume series Studies in the psychology of sex. The book has seven chapters describing the prevalence, nature and theories in the 19th century about sexual inversion in men and women. Various case studies are presented and discussed. Ellis recognised a need to address the topic of sexual inversion especially in England: ... in England, more than in any other country, the law and public opinion combine to place a heavy penal burden and a severe social stigma on the manifestations of an instinct which to these persons who possess it frequently appears natural and normal. However, the publication of the book was suppressed in England at first and it was published in the United States instead. == Historical context == "Homosexual practices in private, between two consenting parties, are absolutely unpunished [...]" in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and other European countries. In the 18th century sex between men was


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2-1.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:34.773184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter V, the nature of sexual inversion === This chapter is an analysis and summary of the earlier case studies. Sexual inversion in the cases presented seems not to be heritable. Records of inversion or other abnormalities are not conspicuously frequent among the case studies. Most of the subjects have good general health. In most of the subjects the homosexual instinct appeared in early life without a previous affection for the opposite sex. Ellis associates precocious puberty with sexual inversion. Ellis excludes suggestion as a cause of sexual inversion. Also, masturbation in male cases is reported as predisposing to inversion whereas there was no such relationship observed for the female cases. Most of the subjects are adverse towards sexual relationships with the opposite sex. However, there are close and genuine friendships between sexual inverts and members of the opposite sex. Many subjects investigated by Ellis show artistic talent. Lastly, most of the subjects regard their sexual inversion as being equal to heterosexuality so they do not think that their sexual instinct is immoral. === Chapter VII, the theory of sexual inversion === Ellis attempts to define several terms and clarify the terminology around the topic of sexual inversion. The


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7-0.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:35.995363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-0
summary:
Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Volume 7 is a book published in 1928 by the English physician and writer Havelock Ellis (1859–1939). Ellis was an expert of human sexuality but was impotent until the age of 60 and married to an open lesbian for much of his life. He later discovered that he could be aroused by the sight of a woman urinating. Terming this sexual deviation undinism, it is one of several topics covered in the seventh and final volume of his studies in the psychology of sex. Ellis began writing the first of the seven books in 1900, exploring topics such as sexual inversion (homosexuality), sexuality in women, and erotic symbolism throughout the volumes. Volume seven was originally published in the United States due to the stigma surrounding transgenderism, homosexuality, and other sexual deviations in England at the time. The book contains 9 chapters, each exploring a sexual deviation or potential influences. It is largely composed of case studies and directly quotes the individuals he examined, providing the raw descriptions and perspectives of the individuals, rather than his own version of their deviations. == Historical context == In the 1700s, Molly houses began appearing all over the


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7-1.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:35.995363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception and influence == All seven volumes of Studies in the Psychology of Sex were widely accepted in the scientific community, even with the progressive perspectives in which it portrayed human sexuality and perversions. Despite this, the book was not published in England until the middle of the 20th century, as it was strongly believed that putting Ellis' ideas into the public would increase the rates of individuals with sexual perversions. For a long time, concepts like eonism and undinism were assumed to be effects of other psychological disorders such a schizophrenia. Ellis' innovative take on these perversions and their origins attempted to normalise them and demonstrate that these individuals can be functioning members of society. A few years prior to Ellis' publication of the first volume in his series, Krafft-Ebbing, an Austrian professor of psychiatry, also took an interest in the sexual impulses of transgender individuals. After the publications of both Krafft-Ebbing's and Ellis' studies, other sexologists and psychologists began to show interest in these studies as well. Magnus Hirschfeld, a German sexologist, began to similarly explore the sexual impulses and behaviours of transgender individuals, and eventually gender reassignment surgery. With the help of medical professionals, the first


id: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative-0.md
category: reference
title: The Territorial Imperative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:38.326971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-0
summary:
The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry Into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations is a 1966 nonfiction book by American writer Robert Ardrey. It characterizes an instinct among humans toward territoriality and the implications of this to property ownership and nation building. The Territorial Imperative was influential at the time, and encouraged public interest in human origins. The Territorial Imperative is the second book in Ardrey's Nature of Man Series; it is preceded by African Genesis (1961) and followed by The Social Contract (1970) and The Hunting Hypothesis (1976). It was illustrated by Ardrey's wife, the South African actress and illustrator Berdine Ardrey (née Grunewald). Ardrey dedicated The Territorial Imperative to Henry Eliot Howard, who was noted for being one of the first to describe in detail the territorial behaviors of birds. == Synopsis == The Territorial Imperative develops the theses originally introduced in African Genesis: A Personal Investigation into the Animal Origins and Nature of Man, which was published five years earlier. In African Genesis, Ardrey posited that man originated in Africa instead of Asia, that he is driven by inherited instincts to acquire land and defend territory, and that the development of weapons was a fundamental turning


id: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative-1.md
category: reference
title: The Territorial Imperative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:38.326971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy == The Territorial Imperative was widely read and exerted a cultural influence. It quickly became an international bestseller and was translated into dozens of languages. Ardrey's work in general, and The Territorial Imperative in particular, is often credited with arousing popular interest in ethology, anthropology, and human origins. Geoffrey Gorer, for example, in his Encounter review of The Territorial Imperative, writes: "Almost without question, Robert Ardrey is today the most influential writer in English dealing with the innate or instinctive attributes of human nature, and the most skilled populariser of the findings of paleo-anthropologists, ethologists, and biological experimenters." Ralph Graves claims "[Ardrey] today can claim major credit for having introduced the public to the new field of ethology, the study of animal behavior and its relationship to man." Commenting upon Ardrey's legacy on the occasion of his death, the South African anthropologist Dr. Phillip Tobias stated, "He has made an incalculable contribution to the science of human evolution. Thousands of people around the world, especially in the United States, were made aware of the fascination and the importance of studies on man's place in nature [through his writing]." The work influenced several notable figures. Stanley Kubrick cited Ardrey


id: the-analysis-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Analysis of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:39.503673+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-analysis-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Analysis of Mind is a book published in 1921 by Bertrand Russell. The book uses philosophical ideas from the period of its publication, to describe how the mind works. The book attempts to define the mind, through the same way the physical world is explained, primarily through the use of sensations. == Context == Prior to the publication of "The Analysis of Mind", the mind's understanding was covered by philosophers, such as Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume and Reid. Descartes first published his mind-body dualism theory in the 17th century. He framed that the mind and body are inherently different kinds of substances. It proposes that the mind is in charge of imagination, emotions and sensations, which don't follow the laws of physics that govern the body. In 1689, Locke shifted the debate of the mind with regards to experience, arguing that all knowledge comes from sensory experience, and therefore, learning is originated from experiencing the world. He issued "An essay concerning human understanding", which in the 21st century is recognized as the start of empiricism. Building on this, in the 18th century, authors such as Berkeley and Reid, discuss about new philosophical doctrines, like idealism and realism, respectively. Berkeley


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
The Fern and the Tiki is a book by American psychologist David Ausubel, written during his Fulbright Research Fellowship in New Zealand in 1957/58. Subtitled An American View of New Zealand National Character, Social Attitudes and Race Relations, the book critically examines how New Zealanders' self-image aligned with the ideal personality traits of the country's national character at the time. Building on ideas from Ausubel's earlier research in New Zealand, and followed by a psycho-ethnological study of Māori youth, The Fern and the Tiki concludes that the perception held by many Pākehā of themselves as egalitarian New Zealanders living in a country with excellent race relations was a myth. At the time of publication, this and other criticisms in the book of child-rearing and education in the country sparked considerable controversy and left a lasting impact on how students, academics, and policymakers discuss and respond to the treatment of Māori by the predominantly Pākehā culture, as well as other social issues. == Background and context == In 1957 Ausubel was awarded a Fulbright Research Grant to study in New Zealand. He was welcomed to Victoria University of Wellington by Professor Ernest Beaglehole, who was said to be looking for an


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-1.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication and methodology == Although Ausubel was back in the United States by this time, The Fern and the Tiki was published in 1960. The preface notes that Ausubel's expertise lay in his training as a psychiatrist and psychologist, specifically focused on education issues, personality development, and social relationships. For this work, he gathered data from observations, formal and informal interviews, and "specially designed personality tests." The aim of the book was "to present an objective and critical analysis of important problems facing the people of New Zealand, such as discipline, coeducation, conformity, standards of public controversy, juvenile delinquency, and the improvement of Māori-Pākehā relations". The primary focus was on Pākehā, with Māori characteristics considered only in the context of New Zealand race relations. This involved describing the attitudes and characteristics of Pākehā New Zealanders, particularly their self-perception, interactions with others, and responses to societal issues. Ausubel's frame of reference for the book is based on his American experience and includes direct comparisons between the two cultures, and examples of the American 'visitor'—either in the third person or as Ausubel himself—encountering a self-image among New Zealanders that was "markedly at variance with the visitor's observations." He concedes that, as


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-2.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Format and key ideas == Three chapters of the book explore the national character of New Zealanders. Ausubel identified a "blend of British and pioneering traits...[including]...the perceived virtues of both traditions and the vices of neither". In valuing their British heritage, New Zealanders see themselves as "reserved, unsentimental, respectful of authority, mindful of discipline, and prone to understatement". Instead of "British snobbishness, arrogance, haughty condescension and patronizing airs", the national image is one of "genial friendliness and an amiable, easygoing egalitarianism". Ausubel acknowledges that some of this was valid, but claims New Zealanders show considerable sentimentality in their choice of movies, often write "maudlin" in-memoriam notices, watch "gushingly sentimental" movies and participate in very emotional farewell ceremonies. He further questions whether New Zealanders are as friendly and hospitable as their self-image proclaimed. A "strong undercurrent of hostility toward foreigners" is noted, reflected in the resentment toward Americans, with Ausubel concluding that "the tide of anti-American feeling among the rank and file of New Zealanders today is probably stronger than ever before in history." Ausubel was surprised by how personally accountable he was held by "elderly gentlemen" for the behavior of American servicemen, [who] "dated New Zealand girls during World


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-3.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == A 1960 review in Landfall said the book had a "jaundiced undercurrent...[and]...it is obvious that [Ausebel's] disappointment in and his disillusionment about New Zealand unset him bitterly". The reviewer said Ausubel seemed unaware how to approach people in the country and what he saw as smugness, "may be in fact a mask for sincere and considerable feelings of inferiority - and in a small bourgeois country, a feeling of nakedness". A later commentator suggested that the position taken by Smithells reflected how New Zealanders felt about the book as late as 2002 in that if "he [Ausubel] had limited himself to Māori-Pākehā relationships and not risked insulting New Zealanders' culture, his work would have been better received". Kemble Welch, a senior pathologist at Whangarei Hospital who had worked for many years amongst Maori communities, said Ausubel's conclusion that New Zealand's colour bar was "so big and baneful" that there was reason to be pessimistic about the country's future, was difficult to be tested using scientific methodology. Welch called the reliability of the data gathered by Ausubel into question due to the fact that [he] "does not refer to any other reports or statistics, so relies entirely on


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-4.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy == Interviewed in 2000, Geoffrey Palmer clearly recalled from his student days that the book had been very controversial but significant in shaping his consciousness, while Moana Jackson said that as a young Māori at the time, the content had not surprised him, and the challenging of Pākehā myths in the book was a forerunner of later more public critiquing of these by Māori. Writing in 2002, Harry Kersey, who later worked in New Zealand as a Fulbright Scholar examining the Maori issues in the country's politics, noted how consistently the book is cited in other publications about race relations in the country. In 1999, New Zealand, historians Paul Spoonley and Augie Fleras claimed Ausubel was accurate in predicting that race relations would only be put to the test when the two races had more contact with each other, and concluded that the book inferred antagonism was not provoked by "uppity Maori" in the 1970s, rather being "deeply rooted in New Zealand history and chronically embedded in society". James Ritchie reflected on his research into the nature of prejudice in New Zealand during the 1950s and said that Ausubel's work had "filled out the details." Richie noted that


id: the-psychology-of-money-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Money-0.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Money
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Money
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:52.618040+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-money-20260505-0
summary:
The Psychology of Money is a book by Morgan Housel, published in 2020. It examines how people think about money and how behaviour and emotions influence financial decisions. == Overview == The book is organised as a series of short chapters that use stories and examples to explain psychological biases and common mistakes people make with money. It argues that success with money depends less on technical skill and more on behaviour, patience and perspective. == Reception == A Financial Times review stated that The Psychology of Money makes a persuasive case that financial decisions are shaped more by human behaviour than by data. Forbes noted that The Psychology of Money effectively shows how emotions and behaviour shape financial decisions, praising its accessible approach to personal finance. The Economic Times highlighted that the book emphasises building wealth quietly through savings and investments rather than flashy spending, arguing that “real wealth is invisible, not on social media handles.” It also praised the author for stressing the importance of habits like saving without a specific goal and benefiting from long-term compounding, calling those ideas powerful tools for long-term wealth creation. == Editions == The book was published in 2020. The original publisher


id: the-trauma-myth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trauma_Myth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Trauma Myth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trauma_Myth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:53.818791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-trauma-myth-20260505-0
summary:
The Trauma Myth: The Truth About the Sexual Abuse of Children – and Its Aftermath is a psychology book by Susan A. Clancy, published by Basic Books. In the book, Clancy states that sexual acts between adults and minors most often do not result in any traumatic reaction. The findings of the book is based on Clancy's ten years experience of interviewing people who had gone through such experiences, as well as on academic literature dating back to the early 20th century. She also discusses some specific accounts from her interviews in the book. == References ==


id: think-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Think (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:54.945621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: think-book-20260505-0
summary:
Think!: Why Crucial Decisions Can't Be Made in the Blink of an Eye is a non-fiction book by editor and journalist Michael R. LeGault, released in January 2006. It was published under Threshold Editions, a conservative publishing imprint under Simon & Schuster run by Mary Matalin. Think claims to refute Blink, the best-selling 2005 book by Canadian journalist Malcolm Gladwell. It argues that United States and the West are in decline because of an intellectual crisis. Think contends that blink-like snap judgments are the cause of major failures such as the Hurricane Katrina response. LeGault maintains that relying on emotion and instinct instead of reason and facts is ultimately a threat to our freedom and way of life. == Summary == Think begins as a critique of the decline of critical thinking in America. LeGault briefly mentions Blink as the height of this irrationality, but moves on to other failures in government, schools, media, and industry. LeGault offers several examples of irrationality and mediocrity throughout the book: Poor decision-making at General Motors and the decline of the American auto industry. The politically correct reaction to remarks by Lawrence Summers, regarding gender differences. The failures of affirmative action to close the


id: the-three-christs-of-ypsilanti-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Christs_of_Ypsilanti-0.md
category: reference
title: The Three Christs of Ypsilanti
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Christs_of_Ypsilanti
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:56.103326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-three-christs-of-ypsilanti-20260505-0
summary:
The Three Christs of Ypsilanti: A Narrative Study of Three Lost Men is an American book-length psychiatric case study by Milton Rokeach, concerning his experiment on a group of three males with paranoid schizophrenia at Ypsilanti State Hospital in Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States. The book details the interactions of the three patients—Clyde Benson, Joseph Cassel, and Leon Gabor—each of whom believed himself to be Jesus Christ. == Synopsis == Rokeach got the idea from an article in Harper's Magazine describing two women who both believed they were the Virgin Mary. After being assigned as psychiatric hospital roommates, one of the women recovered from her delusion as a result of conversations with the roommate and was discharged. Rokeach was also influenced by Cesare Beccaria's essay On Crimes and Punishments, concerning the subject of Simon Morin, who was claimed to have been potentially cured in a similar way. As a similar study of delusional belief systems, Rokeach brought together three men who each claimed to be Jesus Christ and confronted them with one another's conflicting claims, while encouraging them to interact personally as a support group. Rokeach also attempted to manipulate other aspects of their delusions by inventing messages from imaginary characters.


id: to-have-or-to-be-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be-0.md
category: reference
title: To Have or to Be?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:57.306728+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: to-have-or-to-be-20260505-0
summary:
To Have or to Be? is a 1976 book by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, in which he differentiates between having and being. It was originally published in the World Perspectives book series edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen for Harper & Row publishing firm. Fromm writes that modern society has become materialistic and prefers "having" to "being". He mentions the great promise of unlimited happiness, freedom, material abundance, and domination of nature. These hopes reached their highs when the industrial age began. One could feel that there would be unlimited production and hence unlimited consumption. Human beings aspired to be Gods of earth, but this wasn’t really the case. The great promise failed due to the unachievable aims of life, i.e. maximum pleasure and fulfillment of every desire (radical hedonism), and the egotism, selfishness and greed of people. In the industrial age, the development of this economic system was no longer determined by the question of what is good for man, but rather of what is good for the growth of the system. So, the economic system of society served people in such a way in which only their personal interests were intended to impart. The people having unlimited needs and desires


id: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins-0.md
category: reference
title: Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:58.497641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
summary:
Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins - Ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom Transitorischen Irresein in klinisch-forensischer Hinsicht für Aerzte, Richter, Staatsanwälte und Vertheidiger (English: Transitory Disorders of Consciousness) is an 1868 book by the Austro-German psychiatrist and author Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902). The book comprises seven chapters, each dealing with a different kind of transient disturbance of consciousness, and it is meant to be a handbook for physicians, judges, prosecutors and defenders. At the beginning of each chapter, Krafft-Ebing introduces the general theme and discusses its relevance in a clinical-forensic context. He then precedes with the illustration of several case histories for each subsection. The book was reprinted and published by Hansebooks in January 2017. == Context == At the end of the 19th century, medicine and psychiatry was largely influenced by Bénédict Morel's degeneration theory. Degeneration was seen as weakening of higher brain regions that would allow more primitive and uncontrollable behavior to emerge. Proponents of this world view were convinced that a process of devolution was taking place in society and that the causes of this decline were rooted within biological causes. Inspired by evolutionary theories of Darwin and Lamarck, European degenerationists increasingly believed that mental disorders were disorders


id: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins-1.md
category: reference
title: Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:58.497641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
summary:
I. Dream States: Krafft-Ebing sees dream states as the most frequent and well-known altered states of consciousness. During sleep, mental functions that are linked to our self-consciousness, like attention or conscious thought, are reduced or completely shut down while sensory input is blocked and motor commands are inhibited. At the same time, certain emotions lead to the production of sensory images that are experienced and perceived in this ASC. Somnolence, or drowsiness, refers to the state between sleep and wakefulness which is marked by reduced self-consciousness and apperceptive activity. Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, describes a state of low self-consciousness that is accompanied by the phenomenon of motor behavior in form of walking or talking during sleep. Due to the uninhibited triggering of motor movement outside of consciousness, actions performed in a somnambulate state are difficult to evaluate in terms of accountability for a crime and people may not be held responsible for their actions. II. States of Intoxication: Alcohol intoxication is a physiological state induced by the depressant ethanol (alcohol) that reduces arousal and stimulation in several areas of the brain. Krafft-Ebing describes that the legislator saw such a drug-induced state as self-inflicted and therefore, any unlawful action committed during intoxication


id: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins-2.md
category: reference
title: Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:58.497641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
summary:
== Insanity defence in the 21st century == Nowadays, criminal responsibility is usually presumed in cases of adult offenders. An indication for possible insanity defence can often only be given by a medical or psychiatric expert witness and is not solely based on the judgments of physicians, judges, prosecutors or defenders anymore. The evidence put forward by an expert witness is often a crucial judgment that leads to a well-informed and considered judgment. Further guidance is given by the German penal code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB). According to §21, a mitigation of sentence can be considered when an offender lacks insight due to one of the reasons stated in §20. These include morbid mental disorders, like psychoses due to alcohol intoxication, or disorders of consciousness that can be due to fatigue, somnolence or parasomnia. In such cases, the offender cannot be held fully responsible for the criminal offense despite posing a possible threat to society. According to §63 and §64, the inculpable offender has to be accommodated in a psychiatric hospital (German: Maßregelvollzug) in which they are primarily treated as patients, not criminals. The main focus of therapy is "Besserung and Sicherung" (English: "Recovery and Safety") and in contrast to a prison


id: trauma-and-dreams-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_and_Dreams-0.md
category: reference
title: Trauma and Dreams
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_and_Dreams
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:59.648785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trauma-and-dreams-20260505-0
summary:
Trauma and Dreams is a 1996 book edited by Deirdre Barrett and published by Harvard University Press. Chapter authors are prominent psychologists and physicians including Oliver Sacks and Robert J. Lifton. Barrett opens the Introduction with a quote from poet Elias Canetti, "All the things one has forgotten / scream for help in dreams." The book describes how trauma affects the content of dreams, differentiating between the typical effects of adult vs. childhood trauma and between one-time traumas vs. those that are experienced repeatedly. It discusses what dreaming can tell us about trauma and how dreamwork may be employed in psychotherapy to aid the recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). == Reviews == "Trauma and Dreams provides evidence that important information can be gleaned through examination of [PTSD] dreams...Barrett's coverage of the subject is far-reaching, with dream research on war veterans, rape survivors, kidnapping victims, multiple personality patients, and traumatized children. Barrett also considers the connection between dreams and relatively commonplace traumas such as divorce and bereavement...Trauma and Dreams is well researched and includes contributions by several experts in the fields of trauma and dream analysis." – Choice "Trauma and Dreams is...an honest and compassionate book, based usually on direct


id: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele-0.md
category: reference
title: Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:00.840950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-0
summary:
Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele (English: About the conflicts of a child's soul) was published in Leipzig in 1910 by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. In this book, Jung processes statements from a four-year-old girl that provide deep insight into the meaning of sexual interest. He discusses the problems that arise over the years, the conflicts they create as well as the solutions that help and those that do not. == Context == After studying medicine at the University of Basel Jung worked at the Burghölzli Asylum of the University of Zürich. At Burghölzli he began to apply association tests initiated by earlier researchers and was especially interested in patients' illogical responses to stimulus words. Jung observed that these specific responses were caused by emotionally charged clusters of associations that were restrained from consciousness because of their obnoxious and often sexual content. Jung's findings confirmed many of Freud's ideas. Together they were close collaborators for five years. Jung held important positions in the psychoanalytic movement and is widely known as the most likely successor to the founder of psychoanalysis. Due to temperamental reasons and differences of viewpoint Freud's and Jung's collaboration ended. Jung disagreed with Freud's insistence on the


id: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele-1.md
category: reference
title: Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:00.840950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == Together with Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, Jung was very influential in the field of depth psychology, which is closely related to the topic of sexuality. Together with Kleiner Hans, Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele was one of the first books that write about sexuality of children. In Jung's opinion infants and young children are psychologically a part of the parents' psyche. He claims that a child's psychological disorder is exclusively caused by disturbances in the psychic sphere of the parents. This statement, which emphasizes the importance of parents for early childhood development, was not widespread at Jung's time. It is also partly confirmed in modern research on young children. Some psychologists such as child psychiatrist and Jungian analyst Michael Fordham, did not fully agree with Jung's statement. He states that a child should be seen as its own psychological individual. It should not be seen as merely an appendage of the parental psyche. When Freud presented a phase of development characterized by a lack of experience with objects in his essay Zur Einführung des Narzissmus (English: Introduction of Narcissism), he also referred to the concept of an introversion of the libido, which Jung introduced in Über


id: the-unconscious-god-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unconscious_God-0.md
category: reference
title: The Unconscious God
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unconscious_God
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:02.001577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-unconscious-god-20260505-0
summary:
The Unconscious God (German: Der Unbewußte Gott) is a 1949 book by Viktor E. Frankl, the Viennese psychiatrist and founder of Logotherapy. The book was the subject of his dissertation for a Ph.D. in philosophy in 1948. The Unconscious God is an examination of the relation of psychology and religion. == Key ideas == The term "the unconscious God" refers to a "hidden relationship with the hidden God". In his work, Frankl advocates for the use of the Socratic dialogue or "self-discovery discourse" to be used with clients to get in touch with their "Noetic" (or spiritual) unconscious. Human religiousness is a deeply individual decision, and aligns with the process of discovering meaning in even the most difficult of situations. In comparing Protestant ministers and parishioners, Frankl contends that a mature involvement with a religious group increases the sense of purpose in life. == Published editions == Frankl's book was originally published as Der Unbewußte Gott by Ehrlich Schmidt in 1949; the English language version was published by Simon & Schuster in 1975 under the title The Unconscious God: Psychotherapy and Theology. == References ==


id: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Vectors of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:03.169025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Vectors of Mind is a book published by American psychologist Louis Leon Thurstone in 1935 that summarized Thurstone's methodology for multiple factor analysis. == Overview == The Vectors of Mind presents Thurstone's methods for conducting a factor analysis on a set of variables that allow for more than one factor, an important extension of Spearman's unifactor method. Having multiple factors adds significant complications and much of the book is focused on the problem of rotation. It attempts to solve this problem by providing an objective basis for the rotation factors, called simple structure, and advocates for the use of oblique (correlated) factors to achieve a simple structure. The book utilizes his centroid method of factor extraction, which made it feasible to complete the arduous calculations necessary for a factor analysis at a time when fast electronic computers had not even been imagined. This is a predominantly technical book that relies heavily upon mathematical presentations and provides multiple numerical examples. However, the early chapters delve into philosophical questions of the nature of science and present Thurstone's understanding of measurement theory. == Synopsis == Preface. This book extends and presents more formally the findings from the author's Multiple Factor Analysis paper


id: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind-1.md
category: reference
title: The Vectors of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:03.169025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
== Historical context == In 1904 Charles Spearman published a paper that largely founded the field of psychometrics and included a crude form of factor analysis that attempted to determine if a single factor model was appropriate. There was limited subsequent work on factor analysis until Thurstone published a paper in 1931 called Multiple Factor Analysis, which expanded Spearman's single-factor analysis to include more than one factor. In 1932, Hotelling presented a more accurate method of extracting factors, which he called principal components analysis. Thurstone rejected Hotelling's approach because it set the commonalities to 1.0, and Thurstone realized that will introduce distortions to the factor loadings when variables include unique components. Hotelling's method was also limited by the fact that it required too much calculation to be usable with more than about ten variables. A year after Hotelling's paper, Thurstone presented a more efficient way of extracting factors, called the centroid method, which allowed the factor analysis of a far larger number of variables. Later that year he gave his presidential address to the American Psychological Association wherein he presented the results of several factor analyses, including a factor analysis of 60 adjectives describing personality traits, showing how they could


id: the-velvet-rage-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rage-0.md
category: reference
title: The Velvet Rage
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rage
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:04.380467+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-velvet-rage-20260505-0
summary:
The Velvet Rage: Overcoming the Pain of Growing Up Gay in a Straight Man's World is a self-help book by clinical psychologist Alan Downs, originally published on May 24, 2005, by Lifelong Books. The book explores the challenges faced by gay men as they navigate societal expectations, discrimination, and internalized shame. It delves into the impact of heteronormativity, the struggle for acceptance, and the development of a gay identity. Downs also provides insights and strategies for overcoming the psychological barriers that may hinder personal growth and fulfillment. The Velvet Rage has been praised for its candid and compassionate approach to addressing the unique struggles faced by gay men, and it has become a widely discussed and influential work within the LGBTQ community. Reviews in the Toronto Star and the Washington Blade found the book to make overgeneralizations. A second edition was published on June 5, 2012. == References ==


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-0.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
Verbal Behavior is a 1957 book by psychologist B. F. Skinner, in which he describes what he calls verbal behavior, or what was traditionally called linguistics. Skinner's work describes the controlling elements of verbal behavior with terminology invented for the analysis - echoics, mands, tacts, autoclitics and others - as well as carefully defined uses of ordinary terms such as audience. == Origins == The origin of Verbal Behavior was an outgrowth of a series of lectures first presented at the University of Minnesota in the early 1940s and developed further in his summer lectures at Columbia and William James lectures at Harvard in the decade before the book's publication. == Research == Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior drew heavily on methods of literary analysis. This tradition has continued. The book Verbal Behavior is almost entirely theoretical, involving little experimental research in the work itself. Many research papers and applied extensions based on Verbal Behavior have been done since its publication. == Functional analysis == Skinner's Verbal Behavior also introduced the autoclitic and six elementary operants: mand, tact, audience relation, echoic, textual, and intraverbal. For Skinner, the proper object of study is behavior itself, analyzed without reference to hypothetical (mental)


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-1.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
Chapter Five of Verbal Behavior discusses the tact in depth. A tact is said to "make contact with" the world, and refers to behavior that is under functional control of a non-verbal stimulus and generalized conditioned reinforcement. The controlling stimulus is nonverbal, "the whole of the physical environment". In linguistic terms, the tact might be regarded as "expressive labelling". Tact is the most useful form of verbal behaviour to other listeners, as it extends the listeners contact with the environment. In contrast, the tact is the most useful form of verbal behaviour to the speaker as it allows to contact tangible reinforcement. Tacts can undergo many extensions: generic, metaphoric, metonymical, solecistic, nomination, and "guessing". It can also be involved in abstraction. Lowe, Horne, Harris & Randle (2002) would be one example of recent work in tacts. == Intraverbal == Intraverbals are verbal behavior under the control of other verbal behavior. Intraverbals are often studied by the use of classic association techniques. == Audiences == Audience control is developed through long histories of reinforcement and punishment. Skinner's three-term contingency can be used to analyze how this works: the first term, the antecedent, refers to the audience, in whose presence the verbal


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-2.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
== Logical and scientific == The special audience in this case is one concerned with "successful action". Special methods of stimulus control are encouraged that will allow for maximum effectiveness. Skinner notes that "graphs, models, tables" are forms of text that allow for this kind of development. The logical and scientific community also sharpens responses to assure accuracy and avoid distortion. Little progress in the area of science has been made from a verbal behavior perspective; however, suggestions of a research agenda have been laid out. == Tacting private events == Private events are events accessible to only the speaker. Public events are events that occur outside of an organism's skin that are observed by more than one individual. A headache is an example of a private event and a car accident is an example of a public event. The tacting of private events by an organism is shaped by the verbal community who differentially reinforce a variety of behaviors and responses to the private events that occur (Catania, 2007, p. 9). For example, if a child verbally states, "a circle" when a circle is in the immediate environment, it may be a tact. If a child verbally states, "I


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-3.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
== Current research == Current research in verbal behavior is published in The Analysis of Verbal Behavior (TAVB), and other Behavior Analytic journals such as The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). Also research is presented at poster sessions and conferences, such as at regional Behavior Analysis conventions or Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) conventions nationally or internationally. There is also a Verbal Behavior Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) which has a mailing list. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention and the Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis both publish clinical articles on interventions based on verbal behavior. Skinner has argued that his account of verbal behavior might have a strong evolutionary parallel. In Skinner's essay, Selection by Consequences he argued that operant conditioning was a part of a three-level process involving genetic evolution, cultural evolution and operant conditioning. All three processes, he argued, were examples of parallel processes of selection by consequences. David L. Hull, Rodney E. Langman and Sigrid S. Glenn have developed this parallel in detail. This topic continues to be a focus for behavior analysts. Behavior analysts


id: wanting-the-power-of-mimetic-desire-in-everyday-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanting:_The_Power_of_Mimetic_Desire_in_Everyday_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Wanting: The Power of Mimetic Desire in Everyday Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanting:_The_Power_of_Mimetic_Desire_in_Everyday_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:06.819238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wanting-the-power-of-mimetic-desire-in-everyday-life-20260505-0
summary:
Wanting: The Power of Mimetic Desire in Everyday Life is a non-fiction book written by Luke Burgis and published by St. Martin's Press. The book was prompted by Burgis's experience losing a deal in 2008 to sell his company. According to the book, the episode brought on an existential crisis that led Burgis to René Girard and his mimetic theory. The theory argues that much of what people desire is formed through mimicking what others desire. The book applies mimetic theory to the business world and the experiences of everyday life. == Background == In 2022, Burgis held the position of program director and entrepreneur in residence at the Ciocca Center for Principled Entrepreneurship at Catholic University of America. After attending New York University, Burgis worked on Wall Street and founded four companies. In 2008, a startup company that Burgis had founded called Fit Fuel was failing. Burgis was in the process of selling the company to Tony Hsieh, but the deal fell through and the business collapsed. According to Burgis, the failed business deal and collapse of the company helped him realize that he was trying to imitate his idols rather than pursue what he wants. Burgis was then


id: why-don-t-students-like-school-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Don't_Students_Like_School-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Don't Students Like School?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Don't_Students_Like_School?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:07.968067+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-don-t-students-like-school-20260505-0
summary:
Why Don't Students Like School?: A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions About How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom is a 2009 educational psychology book by Daniel T. Willingham, published by Jossey-Bass. The work applies cognitive science research to classroom teaching practices, presenting nine principles about how students think and learn. Willingham, a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, wrote the book to bridge the gap between cognitive psychology research and practical teaching methods. == Summary == In Why Don't Students Like School? Willingham's explores the intersection between cognitive science and educational practice. He seeks to clarify why students often struggle to engage with schoolwork and outlines cognitive principles that educators can leverage to improve student learning and enjoyment of school. Central to Willingham’s thesis is the idea that the human brain is not primarily designed for thinking but rather to avoid it. Thinking is characterized as slow, effortful, and uncertain, which leads individuals to rely on memory and previously learned strategies to navigate most situations. Willingham asserts that people do enjoy thinking when the cognitive challenges they face are within their abilities to solve. The satisfaction of successfully resolving a cognitive challenge can motivate


id: why-i-want-to-fuck-ronald-reagan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_I_Want_to_Fuck_Ronald_Reagan-0.md
category: reference
title: Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_I_Want_to_Fuck_Ronald_Reagan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:09.126392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-i-want-to-fuck-ronald-reagan-20260505-0
summary:
"Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan" (1968), by J. G. Ballard, is a short story written in the style of a scientific report on a series of experiments intended to measure the psychosexual appeal of the Californian politician Ronald Reagan, who then was governor of the state of California, and also a candidate for the 1968 Republican presidential nomination, which he lost to Richard Nixon. First published as a pamphlet in 1968 by the Unicorn Bookshop in Brighton, the short story was later republished in The Atrocity Exhibition (1970), a collection of thematically related short stories. It was later used as part of a prank at the 1980 Republican National Convention, at which Reagan was nominated as president. == History == In the preface to the 1990 edition of The Atrocity Exhibition (1970), the novelist J.G. Ballard said that he was impressed and inspired by the phenomenon of media politicians who speak for private interests, whilst pretending to speak for the public interest, because: In his commercials Reagan used the smooth, teleprompter-perfect tones of the TV auto-salesman to project a political message that was absolutely the reverse of bland and reassuring. A complete discontinuity existed between Reagan’s manner and


id: young-man-luther-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Man_Luther-0.md
category: reference
title: Young Man Luther
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Man_Luther
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:10.292656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: young-man-luther-20260505-0
summary:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History is a 1958 book by the psychologist Erik Erikson. It was one of the first psychobiographies of a famous historical figure. Erikson found in Martin Luther a good model of his discovery of "the identity crisis". Erikson was sure he could explain Luther's spontaneous eruption, during a monastery choir practice, "I am not!" According to Erikson, Luther suffered through an environment that fomented crisis, and succeeded in a healthy resolution, thereby becoming more fulfilled than if the crisis had not been experienced. In the end Luther chose the obedient, provincial leadership path his father had wished for him, rather than the national fame he could have easily pursued after his celebrity and wealth, but only after Luther had disobeyed and suffered many years in an identity crisis. == Summary == Erikson believed that rebellion is most likely to manifest in the youth stage of life. He suggested that before the rebellion can occur intensely, young people must first have believed in the thing they are rebelling against. Luther was thirty-four, and he had believed desperately in the authority of the very church he was rebelling against, for failing to follow the


id: zen-and-the-brain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_and_the_Brain-0.md
category: reference
title: Zen and the Brain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_and_the_Brain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:11.475431+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zen-and-the-brain-20260505-0
summary:
Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness is a 1998 book by neurologist and Zen practitioner James H. Austin, in which the author attempts to establish links between the neurological workings of the human brain and meditation. The eventual goal would be to establish mechanisms by which meditation induces changes in the activity of the brain, which in turn induces a state of mental clarity. For example, Austin presents evidence from EEG scans that deep relaxed breathing reduces brain activity. The publishers described their book as a "Comprehensive text on the evidence from neuroscience that helps to clarify which brain mechanisms underlie the subjective states of Zen, and employs Zen to 'illuminate' how the brain works in various states of consciousness". Austin starts with a discussion of Zen Buddhism, its goals, and practices. Having laid this groundwork, he then turns to explore the neurological basis of consciousness. Austin wrote a follow-up, Zen-Brain Reflections. == See also == Neurotheology Rational mysticism == References == James H. Austin, Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness. Reprint edition July 2, 1999. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-51109-6 James H. Austin, Zen-Brain Reflections. First edition February 14, 2006.


id: african-survey-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Survey-0.md
category: reference
title: African Survey
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Survey
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:12.989787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-survey-20260505-0
summary:
An African Survey: A Study of Problems arising in Africa South of the Sahara, often simply known as African Survey, was a report originally published in 1938 under the auspices of The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) which paved the way for the reorganisation of research into the situation of the British Empire in Sub-Saharan Africa through the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940. The report was published by Oxford University Press and ran to 1,837 pages. It was subsequently republished in several revised editions. == Origins == The publication's origins arose out of a proposal by Jan Smuts in 1929 when he delivered the Rhodes Memorial Lecture at Oxford University. The missionary Joseph Oldham played a key role in getting the survey under way. John Cell has argued that reference to Jan Smuts in Lord Lothian's foreword to the work should not be given much weight. Smuts had advocated White settlement throughout the highlands of East Africa, with a view of creating a similar dominion to South Africa. This proposal, centred on Oxford University, lost out to other viewpoints. In 1931 Oldham got an agreement for the survey to be funded from the Carnegie Foundation, however a


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-0.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
The Authoritarian Personality is a 1950 sociology book by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford, researchers working at the University of California, Berkeley, during and shortly after World War II. The Authoritarian Personality "invented a set of criteria by which to define personality traits, ranked these traits and their intensity in any given person on what it called the 'F scale' (F for fascist)." The personality type Adorno et al. identified can be defined by nine traits that were believed to cluster together as the result of childhood experiences. These traits include conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, anti-intraception, superstition and stereotypy, power and "toughness", destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and exaggerated concerns over sex. Though criticized at the time for bias and methodology, the book was highly influential in American social sciences, particularly in the first decade after its publication: "No volume published since the war in the field of social psychology has had a greater impact on the direction of the actual empirical work being carried on in the universities today." == Institutional context == Theodor Adorno and a team of researchers—Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford—working at University of California, Berkeley, produced The Authoritarian


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-1.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
Offensive (conceited, sensual, dirty) Threatening (ruthless, competitive, radical) Attitudes (discriminative action to be taken) Seclusive (clannish, keeping apart from gentiles) Intrusive (desire to intrude where not welcome) All items were phrased in affirmation of the Anti-Semitic sentiment. Brown (2004, p. 48), together with many others, criticizes this choice as "unwise". The items were phrased in a superficially moderate language, which nonetheless conveyed the saliency of Jews to the respondent and a negative sentiment towards them ==== Ethnocentrism ==== Split-half reliability for the scale was .91 (high). The correlation between Ethnocentrism and Anti-Semitism scales was .80 (relatively high). This result is "evidence that antagonism to the culturally unlike is a generalized sentiment" ==== Political and economical conservatism ==== Split-half reliability for PEC scale was .73 (moderate). The scale's correlation with A-S and E was not strong, but in none of the groups was it negative. "[...] neither ethnocentrism nor Anti-Semitism ever showed a tendency to go with leftist liberal views." ==== F Scale ==== The F scale targets an authoritarian, anti-democratic personality profile that makes a person susceptible to Fascist propaganda. The items were written in accordance to fascist propaganda materials as well as priory held TAT protocol data and interviews


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-2.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
==== Explanation in terms of socio-economic status (SES) rather than repression ==== "We can easily imagine plausible reasons for the association of each authoritarian trait with the cluster that includes low IQ, little education, and low SES and so the explanation of covariation among the traits is simply their several particular ties to the same underlying factors. [...][However][...] Norms are not put together at random or incidentally. When they stabilize into a particular combination it must be because that is a combination that works for human personalities" (Brown, p. 75) ==== Left wing authoritarianism ==== A number of studies have examined the external criterion validity of F scale, with various demographic and political groups. Such groups included: German cosmetic factory workers (Cohn and Carsch, 1954); English fascists and communists, compared to 'politically neutral' soldiers (Coulter, 1953). Both studies found high scores (>5) in F-Scale. However, the Coulter study also found the Communists scored higher in F-Scale than the politically neutral group. Eysenck (1954, ref. by Brown, p. 80) commented that Coulter's results indicate that the F-Scale actually measures general authoritarianism, rather than fascist tendencies in particular. (see Left-Wing authoritarianism) Christie (1956) attributed Coulter's findings to sampling fluctuation, pointing out the


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-3.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
== Responses == The Authoritarian Personality inspired extensive research in psychology, sociology, and political science during the 1950s and early 1960s on the relation between personality traits, behavior, and political beliefs. The Authoritarian Personality has often provoked polarized responses: "The Berkeley study of authoritarian personality does not leave many people indifferent". The study "has been subjected to considerable criticism" since the 1950s, particularly for various methodological flaws, including sample bias and poor psychometric techniques. In 1973, Gaensslen et al. found that a dogmatism scale containing anxiety items is methodologically questionable. In 1980, sociologist J.J. Ray argued that the project of The Authoritarian Personality was "obviously false" noting authoritarians on both ends of the political spectrum.:40 Ray criticized the study for not asking questions regarding libertarian politics (which according to Ray are typically more anti-authoritarian than right-wing politics);:41 for failing to demonstrate that authoritarian/right-wing beliefs are correlated with psychopathology; and, most importantly, for failing to demonstrate that authoritarian beliefs are associated with authoritarian behavior. In 1993, over a decade later, the latter point was also criticized by Billings et al. Milton Rokeach proposed adding an open/closed mindedness dimension of politics.:40 The book concludes that right-wing, authoritarian governments produce hostility towards racial,


id: black-awakening-in-capitalist-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Awakening_in_Capitalist_America-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Awakening in Capitalist America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Awakening_in_Capitalist_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:15.360995+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-awakening-in-capitalist-america-20260505-0
summary:
Black Awakening in Capitalist America is a 1969 social sciences and history book by American scholar Robert L. Allen that analyzes the experience of Black residents of the United States as that of a colonized nation within a nation. Allen primarily analyzes Black organizing in the 1960s and often draws from the work of Frantz Fanon. == Summary == Allen focuses on Black activism in the United States following the Civil Rights Movement and details how corporate interests and White-led power structures co-opted and de-radicalized Black Power and Black nationalism. Allen cites the Ford Foundation funding of the Congress of Racial Equality as an example of how Black-led movements are influenced to align with the interest of more mainstream organizations. Allen further explores this idea through the response to the 1967 Newark riots and critiques Black leaders who focused on electoral representation instead of systemic change for communities. As part of his analysis of potential avenues for change he also stridently critiques Black capitalism as a method for social change. N. D. B. Connolly, an American historian and professor writes: For Allen, the most unjust characteristics of the country's economy—chronic African American underemployment, housing segregation, police brutality, the expansion of


id: constructing-post-colonial-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing_Post-Colonial_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Constructing Post-Colonial India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing_Post-Colonial_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:16.531482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: constructing-post-colonial-india-20260505-0
summary:
Constructing Post-Colonial India: National Character and the Doon School is a 1998 book by Indian sociologist Sanjay Srivastava that surveys post-colonial Indian identity with a focus on The Doon School, an elite all-boys boarding school founded in 1935 in Dehradun, India. From 1989 through 1993, Srivastava conducted field research at the school, and he interviewed parents and teachers as well as the school's graduates. The book's main argument is that to be post-colonial in India necessitates the espousal of values such as secularism, rationalism, and a modernity that is not Occidental-inspired, but is contextual to the country. == See also == Colonial India Postcolonialism == References == == External links == Official page - Routledge UK


id: the-cultural-creatives-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives-0.md
category: reference
title: The Cultural Creatives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:17.716588+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-cultural-creatives-20260505-0
summary:
The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World is a nonfiction social sciences and sociology book by sociologist Paul H. Ray and psychologist Sherry Ruth Anderson (born 1942). The authors introduced the term "Cultural Creatives" to describe a large segment in Western society who since about 1985 have developed beyond the standard paradigm of modernists or progressives versus traditionalists or conservatives. Ray and Anderson claim to have found 50 million adult Americans (slightly over one quarter of the adult population) can now be identified as belonging to this group. They estimated an additional 80–90 million "Cultural Creatives" exist in Europe as of 2000. == Two types == Ray and Anderson divide "Cultural Creatives" into two subdivisions: === Core "Cultural Creatives" === Just under half of the CC population comprises the more educated, leading-edge thinkers. This includes many writers, artists, musicians, psychotherapists, alternative health care providers and other professionals. They combine a serious focus on their spirituality with a strong passion for social activism. == Characteristics == Ray and Sherry Anderson created a questionnaire to identify "Cultural Creatives" in Western society. The characteristics below were identified as qualities of a "Cultural Creative". Agreement with 10 or more indicates


id: the-gold-standard-and-the-logic-of-naturalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Standard_and_the_Logic_of_Naturalism-0.md
category: reference
title: The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Standard_and_the_Logic_of_Naturalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:20.069462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-gold-standard-and-the-logic-of-naturalism-20260505-0
summary:
The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism is a non-fiction book written by literary theorist and author Walter Benn Michaels and first published in 1988 by the University of California Press. == Content == The book is a treatise on capitalism in the United States and "value creation," by way of literary criticism. The author examines topics such as the alienation of property, the proclivity for masochism, and the battle over free silver, analyzing the cultural forms these phenomena affect and shape. Michaels proclaims a social, economic, and legal examination of literary history, because, as he affirms, if literature is to be understood at all it must be understood both as "a producer and a product of market capitalism." == Reviews == The New York Times, reporting in 1986, on Representations, "one of the hottest newer journals around," focused on its issue devoted to American culture between the Civil War and World War I, which, they claimed, shattered "the shackles of narrow specialization." The report denotes The Gold Standard as a "literary-psychological-economic study" of misers, which brings to relief the fiction of Frank Norris in particular. The work focuses simultaneously on literature and the arts, as well as on


id: linguistic-imperialism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Imperialism-0.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Imperialism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Imperialism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:21.247869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-imperialism-20260505-0
summary:
Linguistic Imperialism is a book written by Robert Phillipson, research professor at Copenhagen Business School's Department of English, published in 1992 by Oxford University Press. In Linguistic Imperialism, Phillipson argues that Western countries have used English as a tool of imperialism to dominate colonies and former colonies. He further explores the ideologies transmitted through the English language. The book was followed by Linguistic Imperialism Continued, first published by Routledge in 2010. == See also == Cultural imperialism English as a lingua franca Hegemony Linguistic imperialism == References == Sources


id: the-little-red-schoolbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Red_Schoolbook-0.md
category: reference
title: The Little Red Schoolbook
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Red_Schoolbook
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:22.438308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-little-red-schoolbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Little Red Schoolbook (Danish: Den Lille Røde Bog For Skoleelever; English: The Little Red Book For School Pupils) is a book written by two Danish schoolteachers, Søren Hansen, Bo Dan Andersen and writer Jesper Jensen, first published in 1969. It was subject to much controversy upon its publication and was translated into many languages in the early 1970s. == Synopsis == The book encourages young people to question societal norms and instructs them on how to do this. Out of 200 pages, it includes 20 pages on sex and 30 on drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. Other topics included adults as "paper tigers", the duties of teachers, discipline, examinations, intelligence, and different schools. == Reception == As a result of its subject matter and its targeted audience of schoolchildren, politicians in many countries criticised the book, fearing it would erode the moral fabric of society and be an invitation for anarchy in schools. The LRSB was banned in France and Italy. In Switzerland, the Bernese cantonal politician Hans Martin Sutermeister led a campaign against the book. He was initially successful in temporarily blocking the introduction of the book into the country. The subsequent controversy, however, ended his political career,


id: the-logic-of-modern-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: The Logic of Modern Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:23.634182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-logic-of-modern-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The Logic of Modern Physics is a 1927 philosophy of science book by American physicist and Nobel laureate Percy Williams Bridgman. The book is notable for explicitly identifying, analyzing, and explaining operationalism for the first time, and coining the term operational definition. Widely read by scholars in the social sciences, it had a huge influence in the 1930s and 1940s, and its major influence on the field of psychology in particular surpassed even that on methodology in physics, for which it was originally intended. == History == The Logic of Modern Physics is a 1927 philosophy of science book by American physicist and Nobel laureate Percy Williams Bridgman notable for explicitly identifying, analyzing, and explaining operationalism for the first time. Pragmatic philosophers like Charles Sanders Peirce in the 1870s had already advanced solutions to the related ontological problems. Also, Sir Arthur Eddington had discussed notions similar to operationalization in 1920 before Bridgman. Bridgman's formulation, however, became the most influential. In 1955 the variant operationism was described by A. Cornelius Benjamin. == Influence == Operationalism can be considered a variation on the positivist theme, and, arguably, a very powerful and influential one. The book was widely read by scholars in the


id: the-myth-of-matriarchal-prehistory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory-0.md
category: reference
title: The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:24.754373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-myth-of-matriarchal-prehistory-20260505-0
summary:
The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why An Invented Past Will Not Give Women a Future is a 2000 book by Cynthia Eller that seeks to deconstruct the theory of a prehistoric matriarchy. This hypothesis, she says, developed in 19th century scholarship and was taken up by 1970s second-wave feminism following Marija Gimbutas. Eller, a retired professor of religious studies at Claremont Graduate University, argues in the book that this theory is mistaken and its continued defence is harmful to the feminist agenda. == Thesis == Eller sets out to refute what she describes as feminist matriarchalism as an "ennobling lie". She argues that the feminist archaeology of Marija Gimbutas had a large part in constructing a late twentieth-century feminist myth of matriarchal prehistory. She questions whether Gimbutas's archaeological findings adequately support the claim that these societies were matriarchal or matrifocal. She says that we know of no cultures in which paternity is ignored and that the sacred status of goddesses does not automatically increase female social status. Eller concludes that inventing prehistoric ages in which women and men lived in harmony and equality "is a burden that feminists need not, and should not bear." In her view, the "matriarchal myth"


id: next-the-future-just-happened-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next:_The_Future_Just_Happened-0.md
category: reference
title: Next: The Future Just Happened
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next:_The_Future_Just_Happened
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:25.917517+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: next-the-future-just-happened-20260505-0
summary:
Next: The Future Just Happened is a book by Michael Lewis published on July 17, 2001 by W. W. Norton & Company. The book argues that rapidly evolving technology will upend the power structure of society. It gives power to the youngster who does not have preconceptions and entrenched interests. By making information readily available, the internet erodes the power and mystique of many professions. == Synopsis == Lewis provides examples including: At the age of twelve, Jonathan Lebed began trading stocks. When he and three friends did well in a stock-picking contest, people began coming to him for advice. By the age of fourteen, he learned that by posting messages in chat rooms he could affect stock prices. This illustrates how internet chat rooms shifted power from seasoned professionals to a fourteen-year-old. In the next chapter, the legal profession suffers a blow to its pride at the hands of fifteen-year-old Marcus Arnold, who became a top-ranked respondent to legal questions on AskMe.com. The British rock band Marillion could not get funds for a promotional tour from their record company so they turned to the internet. By connecting directly with their fans through their website, they were able to raise


id: o-jardim-das-afli-es-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jardim_das_Aflições-0.md
category: reference
title: O Jardim das Aflições
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jardim_das_Aflições
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:27.128115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: o-jardim-das-afli-es-20260505-0
summary:
O Jardim das Aflições – De Epicuro à ressurreição de César: ensaio sobre o Materialismo e a Religião Civil (The Garden of Afflictions – From Epicurus to the Resurrection of Caesar: An Essay on Materialism and Civil Religion) is a book by Brazilian writer Olavo de Carvalho, published in 1995. O Jardim das Aflições along with the other works, A Nova Era e a Revolução Cultural (1994) and O Imbecil Coletivo (1996), make up a trilogy of what the author considers "combat works." On Amazon.com, it is listed among the top 100 bestsellers in the Politics and Social Sciences category, being the second most commercially significant book by the author on the platform. The book inspired a film of the same name, O Jardim das Aflições, released in 2017. == Synopsis == The book is an essay whose fundamental thesis is that the history of the West is marked by the idea of Empire. The expansion of the Empire's domains to the limits of the visible world is a permanent objective through successive attempts at restructuring, even under different guises. It is an original and disturbing book that, starting from the analysis of an apparently minor event, uses it as


id: the-outsourced-self-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsourced_Self-0.md
category: reference
title: The Outsourced Self
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsourced_Self
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:28.316225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-outsourced-self-20260505-0
summary:
The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was published in 2012. It focuses on the "emotional terms of engagement" individuals develop as they increasingly outsource tasks associated with intimate life. These range from for-pay internet dating, long-distance elder care and take-out dinners to "rent-a-friends" and global commercial surrogacy. == References == == External links == The Outsourced Life(NYTimes.com: May 5, 2012)


id: quantum-governance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Governance-0.md
category: reference
title: Quantum Governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:29.467603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quantum-governance-20260505-0
summary:
Quantum Governance is a book about citizen-centric global progress and rewiring the foundation of public policy, written by Fadi Farra and Sir Christopher Pissarides. == Overview == The book was written by Fadi Farra in collaboration with Nobel Prize laureate in Economics, Sir Christopher Pissarides, and published in July 2023 as Quantum Governance: Rewiring the Foundation of Public Policy by Emerald Publishing Limited. Quantum Governance explores the fundamentals of AI economics and its application in shaping public policy. It delves into the concept of 'development' and the evolutionary dynamics of 'progress' within human civilization. The authors explore the transformation of human society, from the earliest urban settlements in Mesopotamia to the modern era's green smart cities, and from the initial agricultural societies to the contemporary knowledge economy. The book discusses how people and governments have built the world we live in and what the future might look like. The book posits that questioning fundamental aspects of human development and progress has become an overlooked practice, both among individuals and policymakers. However, it emphasizes the significance of these foundational inquiries in shaping and understanding the boundaries of human civilization. "Quantum Governance" advocates for the rekindling of this introspective and analytical approach,


id: social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Origins_of_Dictatorship_and_Democracy-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Origins_of_Dictatorship_and_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:30.617898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (1966) is a book by Barrington Moore Jr. The work studied the roots of democratic, fascist and communist regimes in different societies, looking especially at the ways in which industrialization and the pre-existing agrarian regimes interacted to produce those different political outcomes. He drew particular attention to the violence which preceded the development of democratic institutions. Initially, Moore set out to study a large number of countries, but reduced his number of cases to eight. The book took more than ten years to write. It is a cornerstone to comparative historical analysis in social science. == Overall argument == Moore's concern was the transformation of pre-industrial agrarian social relations into "modern" ones. He highlighted what he called "three routes to the modern world" - the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist - each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition. == The route to democracy == In the simplest sense, Social Origins can be summarized with his famous dictum, "No bourgeois, no democracy". However, Moore lists five conditions for the development of Western-style democracy (through


id: the-velvet-underground-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Velvet Underground (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:32.900461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-velvet-underground-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Velvet Underground is a paperback book by journalist Michael Leigh, published in September 1963, that reports on paraphilia in the US. == Content == Leigh investigates "aberrant" sexual behavior between consenting adults; that is, everything other than simple intercourse conducted in privacy by a heterosexual couple, e.g., husband and wife swapping, group sex, sex orgy parties, homosexual activities, sado-masochism. The author reports on the various ways in which such practices are solicited (newspaper advertisements, clubs, etc.), and by following these leads, manages to get into touch with many of its participants, usually through written correspondence. The book liberally includes quotations from this material. This is complemented with quotes from various magazines. The author's general aim is to establish that a shift in attitude toward sexuality is taking place in society that not only allows a large cross-section of the American population to partake in such non-standard sexual practices, but also allows them to believe that what they are doing is perfectly healthy and normal. A central passage in the book is a quote/paraphrase from a 1961 article in the French Esprit magazine, which calls this liberal attitude toward sex the sexual revolution, and attributes it to the general availability


id: why-things-bite-back-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Things_Bite_Back-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Things Bite Back
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Things_Bite_Back
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:34.059970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-things-bite-back-20260505-0
summary:
Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences is a 1997 book by former executive editor for physical science and history at Princeton University Press Edward Tenner that is an account and geography of modern technology. Edward Tenner's book describes how technology has had unintended effects on society. == See also == Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology == References == == Further reading == Tenner, Edward (1997). Why things bite back : technology and the revenge of unintended consequences. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74756-7. OCLC 37570811. Basson, M.S. (1995) South African Water Transfer Schemes and their Impact on the Southern African Region, in Matiza, T., Craft, S. & Dale, P. (Eds.) Water Resource Use in the Zambezi Basin. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Kasane, Botswana, 28 April - 2 May 1993. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Blanchon, D. & Turton, A.R. (2005) Les Transferts Massifs d’Eau en Afrique du Sud. In Lasserre, F. (Ed.) Transferts Massifs d’Eau: Outils de Development ou Instruments de Pouvoir? (In French). Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Presses de l’Université du Québec. (Pp 247 – 283). Cowan, Ruth (1983). More work for mother : the ironies of household technology from the open hearth to


id: 2052-a-global-forecast-for-the-next-forty-years-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2052:_A_Global_Forecast_for_the_Next_Forty_Years-0.md
category: reference
title: 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2052:_A_Global_Forecast_for_the_Next_Forty_Years
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:35.720283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2052-a-global-forecast-for-the-next-forty-years-20260505-0
summary:
2052 – A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years is a 2012 book describing trends in global development. It is written by Jørgen Randers and is a follow-up to The Limits to Growth, which in 1972 was the first worldwide report by the Club of Rome. It differs in three ways from the previous report. First, it does not describe an impending disaster scenario, but shows only trends. Secondly, it is to be read in the light of experience since 1972, namely, that all of humanity has responded to the report, but with a delay of 20 to 40 years. Thirdly, it offers not only future scenarios, it makes concrete proposals on how the individual should respond to emerging developments. Randers repeatedly points out that he does not want to predict specific events, only general trends. == Global forecast == The underlying logic of the prognosis Randers's reflections are based on two central questions: "What will happen to the consumer over the next 40 years?" and "Under what conditions – in which social and natural environment – will this future consumption take place?" (p. 78). He uses computer models to make sure feedback effects are not overlooked. Forecast on


id: atlas-of-ai-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_AI-0.md
category: reference
title: Atlas of AI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_AI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:36.900389+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: atlas-of-ai-20260505-0
summary:
Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence is a book by Australian academic Kate Crawford. It is based on Crawford's research into the development and labor behind artificial intelligence, as well as AI's impact on the world. == Overview == The book is mainly concerned with the ethics of artificial intelligence. Chapters 1 and 2 criticise Big Tech in general for exploitation of Earth's resources, such as in the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine, and human labor, such as in Amazon warehouses and the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Crawford also compares "TrueTime" in Google's Spanner with historical efforts to control time associated with colonialism. In Chapters 3 and 4, attention is drawn to the practice of building datasets without consent, and of training on incorrect or biased data, with particular focus on ImageNet and on a failed Amazon project to classify job applicants. Chapter 5 criticises affective computing for employing training sets which, although natural, were labelled by people who had been grounded in controversial emotional expression research by Paul Ekman, in particular his Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which had been based on posed images; it is implied that Affectiva's approach would not sufficiently attenuate the


id: autopoiesis-and-cognition-the-realization-of-the-living-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis_and_Cognition:_The_Realization_of_the_Living-0.md
category: reference
title: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis_and_Cognition:_The_Realization_of_the_Living
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:38.054217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: autopoiesis-and-cognition-the-realization-of-the-living-20260505-0
summary:
Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living is a cybernetic work in systems theory and the philosophy of biology by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. It was first published under the title De Maquinas y Seres Vivos (English: 'On Machines and Living Beings') in 1972 in Chile by Editorial Universitaria S.A., with a second edition published in 1980 by the D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, and a third edition published in 1991 by Springer. This work defines and explores the concept of autopoiesis, or 'self-creation' in biological systems in an effort to address cognition and autonomy in living systems. Autopoiesis was a core text for the field of second-order cybernetics, which often dealt with themes of self-reference and feedback loops. The book is the 42nd volume in the series Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. == Reception == Autopoiesis and Cognition was most widely read as a work of systems theory. Reviews of the work praise it as an effort by scientists to bring their science to bear while crafting a phenomenology of biology, and addressing such important questions as the basis of life and cognition. However, reviewers also point out inconsistencies in the formal argument that


id: business-dynamics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Dynamics-0.md
category: reference
title: Business Dynamics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Dynamics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:39.206515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: business-dynamics-20260505-0
summary:
Business Dynamics is a book by John Sterman that applies system dynamics to business. The book introduces systems dynamics modeling for the analysis of policy and strategy, with an emphasis on business and public policy applications. System dynamics is both a conceptual tool and a powerful modeling method. This allows the building of computer simulations of complex systems. These simulations can then be used to test the effectiveness of different policies on business outcomes. == References == Sterman, John D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-231135-5. Book website


id: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:40.397733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) is an integrated compendium of twenty one encyclopedias. One of the largest database repositories on the web, dedicated to the health, maintenance and future of the web of life on planet Earth, focusing on the complex connections among all the myriad aspects from natural and social sciences through water, energy, land, food, agriculture, environment, biodiversity, health, education, culture, engineering and technology, management, development and environmental security carrying knowledge for our times. It has been developed under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The EOLSS body of knowledge is a virtual compendium of Twenty One component encyclopedias (Subject Categories). It is regarded as the world’s largest comprehensive professional publication carrying state-of-the-art, high-quality, peer-reviewed, thematically organized archival content in many traditional disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects including the coverage of transdisciplinary pathways. The contributions are from thousands of scholars from over 100 countries and edited by more than 395 subject experts. It also includes up-to-date coverage of various aspects of sustainable development that are relevant to the current state of the world. The objectives are Education for Sustainable Development and Promotion of Life Support Systems Culture of Peace and Social


id: the-fifth-discipline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fifth Discipline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:41.490253+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fifth-discipline-20260505-0
summary:
The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization is a book by Peter Senge about developing learning organizations by focusing on group problem solving using five basic disciplines or "component technologies", the "cornerstone" of which is systems thinking. The other four disciplines are personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, and team learning. == Reception == In 1997, Harvard Business Review identified The Fifth Discipline as one of the seminal management books of the previous 75 years. == See also == Agile management Learning agenda Organizational learning System archetype == References == == External links == Fullerton, John. "Review of The Fifth Discipline". Archived from the original on 2008-05-18.


id: general-system-theory-foundations-development-applications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_System_Theory:_Foundations,_Development,_Applications-0.md
category: reference
title: General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_System_Theory:_Foundations,_Development,_Applications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:42.692094+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: general-system-theory-foundations-development-applications-20260505-0
summary:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications is a 1968 book by the biologist and systems theorist Ludwig von Bertalanffy. The book presents the foundations, development and applications of general system theory and discusses the role of systems in biology, psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences. The volume consists of ten essays and an appendix dealing with general system theory and the study of biological and social organisms and with the unification of science. == Overview == The book argues that systems consist of parts in interaction and that the phenomena of systems can be studied as problems of configuration, complexity and organization. Bertalanffy proposes that there exist models, principles and laws that apply to generalized systems irrespective of their particular kind. The book presents parallels between principles in different disciplines and stresses the relations between biology, psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences. == Concepts == A concept discussed in the book is equifinality, which states that in an open system the same final state can be reached from different initial conditions and in different ways. The work examines open systems and organization as general problems of science. Several chapters also discuss systems theory in biology and the social sciences and


id: grammatical-man-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_Man-0.md
category: reference
title: Grammatical Man
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_Man
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:43.910553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grammatical-man-20260505-0
summary:
Grammatical Man: Information, Entropy, Language, and Life is a 1982 book written by Jeremy Campbell, then Washington correspondent for the Evening Standard. The book examines the topics of probability, information theory, cybernetics, genetics, and linguistics. Information processes are used to frame and examine all of existence, from the Big Bang to DNA to human communication to artificial intelligence. == Part 1: Establishing the Theory of Information == The book's first chapter, The Second Law and the Yellow Peril, introduces the concept of entropy and gives brief outlines of the histories of Information Theory and cybernetics, examining World War II figures such as Claude Shannon and Norbert Wiener. The Noise of Heat gives an outline of the history of thermodynamics, focusing on Rudolf Clausius's 2nd Law and its relation to order and information. In The Demon Possessed Campbell examines the concept of entropy and presents entropy as missing information. Chapter Four, A Nest of Subtleties and Traps, takes its name from a critique of one of the earliest theorems in probability theory, Law of large numbers (Bernoulli, 1713). The chapter outlines the history of probability, touching on characters such as Gerolamo Cardano, Antoine Gombaud, Bernoulli, Richard von Mises, and John Maynard


id: international-encyclopedia-of-systems-and-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Systems_and_Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Systems_and_Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:45.101887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-systems-and-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
The book International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics is an authoritative encyclopedia for systems theory, cybernetics, the complex systems science, which covers both theories and applications in areas as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences. This book first published in 1997 aimed to give an overview over more than 40 years developments in the field of Systems and Cybernetics. This book offers a collection of more than 3000 keywords and articles of Systems and Cybernetics. Many items contain quotes from authors from the field. The book is edited by Belgian systems scientist and diplomat Charles François with an Academic board including members such as John N. Warfield, Robert Trappl, Ranulph Glanville, G. A. Swanson, Nicholas Paritsis, Daniel Dubois, Heiner Benking, Francisco Parra Luna, Anthony Judge, Markus Schwaninger, Gerhard Chroust, G. A. Swanson, Matjaž Mulej and Stuart Umpleby. The first edition was published in 1997 in one volume with 450 pages by publisher K.G. Saur in Munich. The second edition was published in 2004, in two volumes and 741 pages by the same publisher. This update consisted of 1700 articles, some of them with figures, tables and diagrams, and 1500 bibliographical references. The genesis of the Encyclopedia was published by Anthony


id: an-introduction-to-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: An Introduction to Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:46.235790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: an-introduction-to-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
An Introduction to Cybernetics is a book by W. Ross Ashby, first published in 1956 in London by Chapman and Hall. An Introduction is considered the first textbook on cybernetics, where the basic principles of the new field were first rigorously laid out. It was intended to serve as an elementary introduction to cybernetic principles of homeostasis, primarily for an audience of physiologists, psychologists, and sociologists. Ashby addressed adjacent topics in addition to cybernetics such as information theory, communications theory, control theory, game theory and systems theory. A second English edition was published in 1964 by Methuen & Co. with no changes to the original text, alongside the original preface. An Introduction was translated into many languages. Editions were published in Russian and French in 1957, Spanish in 1958, Czech, Polish, and Hungarian in 1959, German in 1965, and Bulgarian and Italian in 1966. == Reception == Reviews of An Introduction to Cybernetics were mostly positive, alongside some mixed opinions. Positive reviews highlighted Ashby's clear explanations of complex concepts, as well as his inclusion of examples and exercises. Detractors were critical of Ashby's marked new vocabulary, replacing the usual terminology even when unnecessary ("components with independence" in lieu of "degrees


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
The Limits to Growth (LTG) is a 1972 report that discussed the possibility of exponential economic and population growth with a finite supply of resources, studied by computer simulation. The study used the World3 computer model to simulate the consequence of interactions between the Earth and human systems. Commissioned by the Club of Rome, the study saw its findings first presented at international gatherings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1971. The report's authors are Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III, representing a team of 17 researchers. The model was based on the work of Jay Forrester of MIT, as described in his book World Dynamics. The report's findings suggest that, in the absence of significant alterations in resource utilization and environmental destruction, it is highly likely that there will be an abrupt and unmanageable decrease in both population and industrial capacity. Although it faced severe criticism and scrutiny upon its release, the report influenced environmental reforms for decades. Subsequent analysis notes that global use of natural resources has been inadequately reformed to alter its expected outcome. Yet price predictions based on resource scarcity failed to materialize in the


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-1.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
==== Interpretations of the exhaustion model ==== Due to the detailed nature and use of actual resources and their real-world price trends, the indexes have been interpreted as a prediction of the number of years until the world would "run out" of them, both by environmentalist groups calling for greater conservation and restrictions on use and by skeptics criticizing the accuracy of the predictions. This interpretation has been widely propagated by media and environmental organizations and authors who, apart from a note about the possibility of the future flows being "more complicated," did not clearly constrain or deny this interpretation. While environmental organizations used it to support their arguments, a number of economists used it to criticize LTG as a whole shortly after publication in the 1970s (Peter Passel, Marc Roberts, and Leonard Ross), with similar criticism reoccurring from Ronald Baily, George Goodman, and others in the 1990s. In 2011 Ugo Bardi, in "The Limits to Growth Revisited," argued that "nowhere in the book was it stated that the numbers were supposed to be read as predictions"; nonetheless, as they were the only tangible numbers referring to actual resources, they were promptly picked as such by both supporters and opponents.


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-2.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
LTG provoked a wide range of responses, including immediate criticisms almost as soon as it was published. Peter Passell and two co-authors published a 2 April 1972 article in the New York Times describing LTG as "an empty and misleading work ... best summarized ... as a rediscovery of the oldest maxim of computer science: Garbage In, Garbage Out." Passell considered the study's simulation simplistic and that it assigned little value to the role of technological progress in solving the problems of resource depletion, pollution, and food production. They charged that all LTG simulations ended in collapse, predicting the imminent end of irreplaceable resources. Passell also charged that the entire endeavour was motivated by a hidden agenda: to halt growth in its tracks. In 1973, a group of researchers at the Science Policy Research Unit at the University of Sussex concluded that simulations in Limits to Growth were very sensitive to a few key assumptions and suggested that the MIT assumptions were unduly pessimistic and the MIT methodology, data, and projections were faulty. However, the LTG team, in a paper entitled "A Response to Sussex," described and analyzed five major areas of disagreement between themselves and the Sussex authors. The


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-3.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
== Positive reviews == In 1980, the Global 2000 Report to the President arrived at similar conclusions regarding expected global resource scarcity and the need for multilateral coordination to prepare for this situation. In a 2008 blog post, Ugo Bardi commented that "Although, by the 1990s LTG had become everyone's laughing stock, among some the LTG ideas are becoming again popular". Reading LTG for the first time in 2000, Matthew Simmons concluded his views on the report by saying, "In hindsight, The Club of Rome turned out to be right. We simply wasted 30 important years ignoring this work." Robert Solow, who had been a vocal critic of LTG, said in 2009 that "thirty years later, the situation may have changed... it will probably be more important in the future to deal intellectually, quantitatively, as well as practically, with the mutual interdependence of economic growth, natural resource availability, and environmental constraints." In a study conducted in 2008, Graham Turner from CSIRO discovered a significant correlation between the observed historical data spanning from 1970 to 2000 and the simulated outcomes derived from the "standard run" limits of the growth model. This correlation was apparent across nearly all the reported outputs. The


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-4.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
=== Comparisons and updated models === In 2008, physicist Graham Turner at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia published a paper called "A Comparison of 'The Limits to Growth' with Thirty Years of Reality." It compared the past thirty years of data with the eleven scenarios laid out in the 1972 book and found that changes in industrial production, food production, and pollution are all congruent with one of the book's eleven scenarios—that of "business as usual." This scenario in Limits points to economic and societal collapse in the 21st century. In 2010, Nørgård, Peet, and Ragnarsdóttir called the book a "pioneering report." They said that "its approach remains useful and that its conclusions are still surprisingly valid ... unfortunately the report has been largely dismissed by critics as a doomsday prophecy that has not held up to scrutiny." Also in 2008, researcher Peter A. Victor wrote that even though the Limits team probably underestimated the price mechanism's role in adjusting outcomes, their critics have overestimated it. He states that Limits to Growth has had a significant impact on the conception of environmental issues and notes that (in his view) the models in the book were


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-5.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus (1798); Man and Nature by George Perkins Marsh (1864); The Coal Question by William Stanley Jevons (1865); Our Plundered Planet by Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. (1948); Road to Survival by William Vogt (1948); The Population Bomb by Paul R. Ehrlich (1968); Overshoot by William R. Catton (1980); State of the World reports issued by the Worldwatch Institute (produced annually since 1984); Our Common Future, published by the UN's World Commission on Environment and Development (1987); Earth in the Balance by Al Gore (1992); Straw Dogs by John Gray (2002); Our Final Hour by Martin Rees (2003); The Party's Over by Richard Heinberg (2003); A Short History of Progress by Ronald Wright (2004); Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond (2005); The Long Emergency by James Howard Kunstler (2005); Storms of My Grandchildren by James Hansen, ISBN 9781608192007 (2009); Requiem for a Species by Clive Hamilton (2010); Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari (2011); The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History by Elizabeth Kolbert (2014); The Uninhabitable Earth by David Wallace-Wells (2017); The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
A New Kind of Science is a book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his company Wolfram Research under the imprint Wolfram Media in 2002. Wolfram explores how rules that control the interactions between cellular automata can generate surprisingly non-chaotic results. == Contents == === Computation and its implications === The thesis of A New Kind of Science (NKS) is twofold: that the nature of computation must be explored experimentally, and that the results of these experiments have great relevance to understanding the physical world. === Simple programs === The basic subject of Wolfram's "new kind of science" is the study of simple abstract rules—essentially, elementary computer programs. In almost any class of a computational system, one very quickly finds instances of great complexity among its simplest cases (after a time series of multiple iterative loops, applying the same simple set of rules on itself, similar to a self-reinforcing cycle using a set of rules). This seems to be true regardless of the components of the system and the details of its setup. Systems explored in the book include, among others, cellular automata in one, two, and three dimensions; mobile automata; Turing machines in 1 and 2 dimensions; several varieties of


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Systematic abstract science === While Wolfram advocates simple programs as a scientific discipline, he also argues that its methodology will revolutionize other fields of science. The basis of his argument is that the study of simple programs is the minimal possible form of science, grounded equally in both abstraction and empirical experimentation. Every aspect of the methodology NKS advocates is optimized to make experimentation as direct, easy, and meaningful as possible while maximizing the chances that the experiment will do something unexpected. Just as this methodology allows computational mechanisms to be studied in their simplest forms, Wolfram argues that the process of doing so engages with the mathematical basis of the physical world, and therefore has much to offer the sciences. Wolfram argues that the computational realities of the universe make science hard for fundamental reasons. But he also argues that by understanding the importance of these realities, we can learn to use them in our favor. For instance, instead of reverse engineering our theories from observation, we can enumerate systems and then try to match them to the behaviors we observe. A major theme of NKS is investigating the structure of the possibility space. Wolfram argues that science


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-2.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Periodicals gave A New Kind of Science coverage, including articles in The New York Times, Newsweek, Wired, and The Economist. Some scientists, including Cosma Shalizi and Scott Aaronson, criticized the book and perceived a fatal flaw—that simple systems such as cellular automata are not complex enough to describe the degree of complexity in evolved systems, and observed that Wolfram ignored the research categorizing the complexity of systems. Although critics accept Wolfram's result showing universal computation, they view it as minor and dispute Wolfram's claim of a paradigm shift. Others found that the work contained valuable insights and refreshing ideas. Wolfram addressed his critics in a series of blog posts. === Scientific philosophy === A tenet of NKS is that the simpler the system, the more likely a version of it will recur in a wide variety of more complicated contexts. Therefore, NKS argues that systematically exploring the space of simple programs will lead to a base of reusable knowledge. But many scientists believe that of all possible parameters, only some actually occur in the universe. For instance, of all possible permutations of the symbols making up an equation, most will be essentially meaningless. NKS has also been criticized for asserting


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-3.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Originality === NKS has been heavily criticized as not original or important enough to justify its title and claims. The authoritative manner in which NKS presents a vast number of examples and arguments has been criticized as leading the reader to believe that each of these is original to Wolfram; in particular, one of the most substantial new technical results presented in the book, that the rule 110 cellular automaton is Turing complete, was not proven by Wolfram. Wolfram credits the proof to his research assistant Matthew Cook. But the book's notes section acknowledges many of the discoveries made by these other scientists, citing their names together with historical facts, although not in the form of a traditional bibliography section. Additionally, the idea that very simple rules often generate great complexity is already an established idea in science, particularly in chaos theory and complex systems. == See also == Digital physics Scientific reductionism Calculating Space Marcus Hutter's "Universal Artificial Intelligence" algorithm == References == == External links == A New Kind of Science free E-Book What We've Learned from NKS YouTube playlist — extensive discussion of each NKS chapter; (As of 2022, Stephen Wolfram discusses the NKS chapters in


id: psycho-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: Psycho-Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:51.041937+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psycho-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
Psycho-Cybernetics is a self-help book written by American writer Maxwell Maltz in 1960. Motivational and self-help experts in personal development, including Zig Ziglar, Tony Robbins, Brian Tracy have based their techniques on Maxwell Maltz. The book combines the cognitive behavioral technique of teaching an individual how to regulate self-concept, using theories developed by Prescott Lecky, with the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener and John von Neumann. The book defines the mind-body connection as the core in succeeding in attaining personal goals. Maltz found that his plastic surgery patients often had expectations that were not satisfied by the surgery, so he pursued a means of helping them set the goal of a positive outcome through visualization of that positive outcome. Patients thinking that surgery will solve their problems is an example of the XY problem. Maltz became interested in why setting goals works. He learned that the power of self-affirmation and mental visualization techniques used the connection between the mind and the body. He specified techniques to develop a positive inner goal as a means of developing a positive outer goal. This concentration on inner attitudes is essential to his approach, as he believes that a person's outer success can never rise


id: steps-to-an-ecology-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: Steps to an Ecology of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:53.444195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: steps-to-an-ecology-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
Steps to an Ecology of Mind is a collection of Gregory Bateson's short works over his long and varied career. Subject matter includes essays on anthropology, cybernetics, psychiatry, and epistemology. It was originally published by Ballantine Books in 1972 (republished 2000 with foreword by Mary Catherine Bateson). == Part I: Metalogues == The book begins with a series of metalogues, which take the form of conversations with his daughter Mary Catherine Bateson. The metalogues are mostly thought exercises with titles such as "What is an Instinct" and "How Much Do You Know." In the metalogues, the playful dialectic structure itself is closely related to the subject matter of the piece. DEFINITION: A metalogue is a conversation about some problematic subject. This conversation should be such that not only do the participants discuss the problem but the structure of the conversation as a whole is also relevant to the same subject. Only some of the conversations here presented achieve this double format. Notably, the history of evolutionary theory is inevitably a metalogue between man and nature, in which the creation and interaction of ideas must necessarily exemplify evolutionary process. Why Do Things Get in a Muddle? (01948, previously unpublished) Why Do


id: systemantics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics-0.md
category: reference
title: Systemantics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:54.605255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: systemantics-20260505-0
summary:
General Systemantics (retitled to Systemantics in its second edition and The Systems Bible in its third) is a systems engineering treatise by John Gall in which he offers practical principles of systems design based on experience and anecdotes. It is offered from the perspective of how not to design systems, based on system engineering failures. The primary precept of the treatise is that large complex systems are extremely difficult to design correctly despite best intentions, so care must be taken to design smaller, less-complex systems and to do so with incremental functionality based on close and continual touch with user needs and measures of effectiveness. == History == The book was initially self-published after Gall received rejection letters from 30 publishers. After several reviews in academic journals, it was picked up by Quadrangle–The New York Times Book Company, who published it in 1977. A condensed version was also published in The New York Times prior to the book's publication. == Title origin == The term systemantics is a commentary on prior work by Alfred Korzybski called general semantics which conjectured that all systems failures could be attributed to a single root cause – a failure to communicate. Gall observes that,


id: systemantics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics-1.md
category: reference
title: Systemantics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:54.605255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: systemantics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Elementary systems functions === A complex system cannot be "made" to work. It either works or it does not. A simple system, designed from scratch, sometimes works. Some complex systems actually work. A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that works. A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be patched up to make it work. One has to start over, beginning with a working simple system. === Advanced systems functions === The Functional Indeterminacy Theorem (F.I.T.): in complex systems, malfunction and even total non-function may not be detectable for long periods, if ever. The Newtonian Law of Systems Inertia: a system that performs a certain way will continue to operate in that way regardless of the need or of changed conditions. Systems develop goals of their own the instant they come into being. Intrasystem goals come first. === System failure === The Fundamental Failure-Mode Theorem (F.F.T.): complex systems usually operate in a failure mode. A complex system can fail in an infinite number of ways. (If anything can go wrong, it will; see Murphy's law.) The mode of failure of a complex system cannot ordinarily be predicted from


id: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Turning Point (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:55.878831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture is a 1982 book by Fritjof Capra, in which the author examines perceived scientific and economic crises through the perspective of systems theory. == Summary == Capra outlines and traces the history of science and economics, highlighting flaws in the Cartesian, Newtonian, and reductionist paradigms which have come to light in the context of contemporary empirical understanding of the physical sciences. He writes that these paradigms are now inadequate to guide human behavior and policy with regard to modern technology and ecology, then argues that society needs to develop the concepts and insights of holism and systems theory to solve its complex problems. His argument is clearly and strongly expressed, for a wide readership, presuming no prior knowledge of any branch of the sciences. For physicists the book is an instructive guide to why and how today's new science may affect tomorrow's society. For non-scientists it will provide a rare insight into the world of scientific endeavours; for all readers alike this will be a useful synthesis of the histories of all branches of qualitative and quantitative enquiry. == Overview == === PART I: Crisis and Transformation === This section introduces


id: the-turning-point-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: The Turning Point (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:55.878831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
summary:
==== The Passage to the Solar Age ==== In the final chapter, Capra concludes that while the revolution is occurring, the decaying culture refuses to compromise, clinging to old notions with increasing tenacity; and the dominant social institutions will not relinquish their leadership roles to the new cultural forces. Capra argues that these institutions will, however, inevitably collapse, while the developing culture will continue to rise and finally take over as the dominant culture. As the turning point advances, he says, the awareness that large-scale evolutionary changes cannot be halted by short-term political manipulation gives us the most optimism for the future. == Reception == A review by Catherine Twomey Fosnot, published by the journal Educational Communication and Technology, stated that Capra's book says nothing regarding education. Yet, due to the fact that it offers a vastly different, contemporary physicist's view of technology, it has the potential of becoming a ‘turning point’. James Connolly of the Bethlehem University Journal expressed in his review that there was a certainty that some individuals would be will be tempted cynically to reflect that they have heard of previous books offering survival mechanisms to humanity, when picking up The Turning Point. However, given the


id: about-time-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: About Time (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:06.308265+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: about-time-book-20260505-0
summary:
About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution (ISBN 978-0-684-81822-1), published in 1995, is the second book written by Paul Davies, regarding the subject of time. His first book on time was his The Physics of Time Asymmetry (1977)(ISBN 0-520-02825-2). The intended audience is the general public, rather than science academics. About Time explores selected mysteries of spacetime, following on from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which Davies believes does not fully explain time as humans experience it. The author explains Important though Einstein's time turned out to be, it still did not solve "the riddle of time". The book delves into the nature of metaphysics, time, motion and gravity, covering a wide range of aspects surrounding the current cosmological debate, across 283 pages in great detail. It includes an index, a bibliography, and numerous diagrams. == See also == Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime Sense of time The Mind of God How to Build a Time Machine, 2002 fiction book by the same author == References ==


id: adam-s-curse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam's_Curse-0.md
category: reference
title: Adam's Curse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam's_Curse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:07.473261+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adam-s-curse-20260505-0
summary:
Adam's Curse: A Future Without Men (also known as Adam's Curse: A Story of Sex, Genetics, and the Extinction of Men) is a 2003 book by Oxford University human genetics professor Bryan Sykes expounding his hypothesis that with the declining sperm count in men and the continual atrophy of the Y chromosome, within approximately 125,000 years men shall become extinct. Sykes thinks one of the options for humanity's survival is unisex reproduction by females: female eggs fertilised by the nuclear X chromosomes of another female and implanted using in vitro fertilisation methods. He also introduces the possibility of moving the SRY and associated genes responsible for maleness and male fertility to another chromosome, which he refers to as "the Adonis chromosome", engendering fertile males with an XX karyotype. == Reception == BBC News reported in 2012 that a US study in Nature suggests the genetic decay has all but ended and that "The conclusion from these comparative studies is that genetic decay has in recent history been minimal, with the human chromosome having lost no further genes in the last six million years, and only one in the last 25 million years." In a review for the Journal of Clinical


id: adding-a-dimension-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_a_Dimension-0.md
category: reference
title: Adding a Dimension
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_a_Dimension
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:08.669199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adding-a-dimension-20260505-0
summary:
Adding a Dimension is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the third of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1964. == Contents == Part I: Mathematics T-Formation (August 1963) One, Ten, Buckle My Shoe (December 1962) Varieties of the Infinite (September 1959) A Piece of Pi (May 1960) Tools of the Trade (September 1960) The Imaginary that Isn't (March 1961) Pre-Fixing It Up (November 1962) Part II: Physics The Rigid Vacuum (April 1963) The Light that Failed (June 1963) The Light Fantastic (August 1962) Part III: Chemistry Slow Burn (October 1962) You, Too, Can Speak Gaelic (March 1963) Part IV: Biology The Lost Generation (February 1963) He's Not My Type (January 1963) Part V: Astronomy The Shape of Things (September 1962) Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star (October 1963) Part VI: General The Isaac Winners (July 1963) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com Adding a Dimension at The Thunder Childv Adding a Dimension title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database


id: the-age-of-em-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Em-0.md
category: reference
title: The Age of Em
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Em
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:09.870865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-age-of-em-20260505-0
summary:
The Age of Em: Work, Love and Life when Robots Rule the Earth is a 2016 nonfiction book by Robin Hanson. == Summary == The book explores the implications of a future world in which researchers have not created artificial general intelligence but have learned to copy humans onto computers, creating "ems," or emulated people, who quickly come to outnumber the real ones. There have been three human eras so far, based on foraging, farming, and industry. The next era is likely to arise from artificial intelligence in the form of brain emulations, sometime in the next century or so. This book paints a detailed picture of this new era. The book's main scenario proposes that in about a hundred years from now, human brains will be scanned at "fine enough spatial and chemical resolution," and combined with rough models of signal-processing functions of brain cells, "to create a cell-by-cell dynamically executable model of the full brain in artificial hardware, a model whose signal input-output behavior is usefully close to that of the original brain." == Reception == Seth Baum reviewed the book in Futures. He commended the book for bringing a social science perspective, for the detail it gives,


id: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: Aid on the Edge of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:11.045498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
Aid on the Edge of Chaos is a 2013 book on applying science and innovation to international development, published by Oxford University Press and written by global development and humanitarian expert Ben Ramalingam. == Synopsis == The book focuses on the need to improve foreign aid and the value of complex systems science and research for how global international aid efforts should be designed, implemented and evaluated. == Critical reception and influence == Described in a leading development journal as 'one of the most lauded contributions to recent mainstream development thinking', Aid on the Edge of Chaos has been endorsed by many top scientists and international leaders, including four Nobel Laureates in Medicine, Economics and Chemistry and the heads of Red Cross and United Nations as well as many NGO leaders. It has been positively reviewed by various press outlets, including The Economist, the Financial Times, The Guardian, New Scientist, Nature, Lancet, Harvard Business Review and the British Medical Journal. It was also the focus of an interview feature with the author in Huffington Post. Aid on the Edge of Chaos was the subject of a public lecture by Ben Ramalingam at the Royal Society of Arts, London, in December


id: annals-of-the-former-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Annals of the Former World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:12.236712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: annals-of-the-former-world-20260505-0
summary:
Annals of the Former World is a book on geology written by John McPhee and published in 1998 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. The book presents a geological history of North America, and was researched and written over the course of two decades beginning in 1978. It consists of a compilation of five books, the first four of which were previously published as Basin and Range (1981), In Suspect Terrain (1983), Rising from the Plains (1986), and Assembling California (1993), plus a final book, Crossing the Craton. A narrative table of contents provides an overview of the project, which largely consisted of a series of road journeys by McPhee across the North American continent in the company of noted geologists. In 2023, the composers and artists John P. Hastings and Benjamin Mayock completed a visual and audio translation of the book entitled The Former World. == References == == External links == Annals of the Former World at Open Library Archived copy of Annals of the Former World, formerly on John McPhee's website New York Times Book Review, July 5, 1998


id: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ape-Man Within
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:13.461251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
summary:
The Ape-Man Within is a 1995 science book by L. Sprague de Camp, published in hardcover by Prometheus Books. == Summary == The book undertakes to demonstrate how humankind's self-inflicted problems are rooted in its evolutionary past, with primitive survival traits appropriate to ancestral primates who were organized in small, foraging bands still manifesting in modern societies as competitive, adversarial behavior. == Contents == 1. Darwinian Man 2. Our Handy Kin 3. The Noble Savage 4. The Breeds of Man 5. The Phantom Aryans 6. Race and Power 7. Goat Island 8. What Makes Us Tick? 9. "And Hate Alone Is True" 10. Conclusions Notes Bibliography == Reception == De Camp's approach to his subject has been criticized for oversimplification and inaccuracy in matters of detail. == Notes == == External links == "The Ape-Man Within by L. Sprague de Camp – Book Review" - a positive book review by Tudor Vieru "Darwinism made too simple" - a negative book review by Jeffrey McKee


id: the-applicability-of-mathematics-in-science-indispensability-and-ontology-20260505-0
category: reference
title: The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:14.689034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-applicability-of-mathematics-in-science-indispensability-and-ontology-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Applicability_of_Mathematics_in_Science:_Indispensability_and_Ontology-0.md

summary:
The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology is a 2012 book on the philosophy of mathematics by Sorin Bangu. It argues for an improved form of indispensability argument based on a Quinean-inspired naturalism and confirmational holism, as well as a position he calls "posit realism". It also explores the applications of mathematics in scientific discovery and explanation. == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Applicability_of_Mathematics_in_Science:_Indispensability_and_Ontology


id: area-51-the-dreamland-chronicles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles-0.md
category: reference
title: Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:15.847703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: area-51-the-dreamland-chronicles-20260505-0
summary:
Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles is a 1997 non-fiction book about Area 51 in Nevada by David Darlington. == Reception == A review in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists called the book "a real service" for readers interested in the early history of the site, but also scolded the author for entertaining "alien seekers, the tragically abducted, and self-appointed aliens ... saucer nuts" whose record "drown[s] out any legitimate inquiry into how much secrecy and how large a restricted compound the government needs to conduct black-budget activities". The A.V. Club called it "a definitive work on the place and its hold on our collective psyche" and "wonderfully even-handed" towards Ufologists who speculate about "the physically impossible". == References == David Bowman (18 December 1997), "David Bowman reviews 'Area 51' by David Darlington", Salon.com == External links == Book discussion with the author, C-SPAN, December 17, 1997


id: bending-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Bending Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:17.077756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bending-science-20260505-0
summary:
Bending Science: How special interests corrupt public health research is a 2008 book by Thomas O. McGarity and Wendy E. Wagner, published by Harvard University Press. Bending Science explores the ways that science is manipulated in the process of making public policy and the law. It has been called a "fascinating and troubling investigation." The authors present a collection of case studies, undertaken largely by industry and designed to distort the scientific process. Thomas McGarity and Wendy Wagner are both University of Texas law professors. == See also == List of books about the politics of science == References ==


id: the-big-book-of-mischief-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Book_of_Mischief-0.md
category: reference
title: The Big Book of Mischief
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Book_of_Mischief
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:18.253155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-big-book-of-mischief-20260505-0
summary:
The Big Book of Mischief (TBBOM) is a book by David Richards. This manual describes the process of creating and detonating a wide variety of explosives. The end products include dry ice bombs and nitroglycerin. Construction of the devices described in the book is generally illegal, in addition to being highly dangerous. According to the file's revision information, a version of TBBOM, then known as The Terrorist's Handbook (by The Jolly Roger), was compiled between 1987 and 1989. The more familiar version, built on the Handbook and other underground BBS text resources, was first posted in the early morning of August 8, 1990, as The Complete Terrorist Today. It assumed its final title with the March 31, 1991, revision. The most common edition of TBBOM is the 1.5 release (1993). In 2018, a British teenager was sent to youth custody for four years and eight months after admitting that he had downloaded the book to his phone. == See also == The Anarchist Cookbook E for Ecstasy == References ==


id: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule-0.md
category: reference
title: The Billion-Dollar Molecule
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:19.425522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
summary:
The Billion-Dollar Molecule is a book by journalist Barry Werth about the founding and early research efforts of the American biotechnology company Vertex Pharmaceuticals, which was founded in 1989 by Joshua Boger and was among the first biotechnology companies to adopt an explicit strategy of rational drug design as opposed to techniques based on combinatorial chemistry. This book is notable as an inside look at a biotechnology company, and the stresses and marketing pressures on funding research into drug design. This book is a mixture of finance and technology. In February, 2014, Barry Werth published a follow-on book, The Antidote, that looks at Vertex 20 years later after his original effort. == References ==


id: binas-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Binas (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:20.616565+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: binas-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Binas (Often written as BiNaS or BINAS) is a Dutch science reference work (a handbook) for the higher levels of secondary school, consisting largely of tables and formulas. The name stands for biologie, natuurkunde, scheikunde (biology, physics, chemistry). It is compiled by NVON (Dutch Association for Education in the Natural Sciences) and has been published by Noordhoff Uitgevers since it became the standard reference work allowed at the central examinations in 1975. An English version of the Binas is also available. == Contents == The Binas is divided into five chapters: general, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Each chapter consists of multiple tables, each with specific information. These tables can be short or can span up to a few pages. To find information, students can use the alphabetical register in the back. The Binas does not make use of page numbers, but instead the register refers you to a table number. General. This chapter contains an extensive overview of units of measurement and quantities in the International System of units. This chapter continues in the back of the Binas with safety and environment. Physics. The contents of this chapter include physical constants, physical properties of materials, and isotopes. Additionally,


id: black-holes-wormholes-and-time-machines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes,_Wormholes_and_Time_Machines-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Holes, Wormholes and Time Machines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes,_Wormholes_and_Time_Machines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:21.780263+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-holes-wormholes-and-time-machines-20260505-0
summary:
Black Holes, Wormholes and Time Machines is a book by physicist Jim Al-Khalili, published in 1999. Al-Khalili talks about a range of modern science topics, from geometry to the theory of relativity. == References ==


id: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:23.032213+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
summary:
A Briefer History of Time is a science humor book by American astronomer Eric Schulman. In it, Schulman presents humorous summaries of what he claims are the fifty-three most important events since the beginning of time. The title and cover are a parody of Stephen Hawking's book A Brief History of Time. Coincidentally, Hawking later wrote a "sequel" entitled A Briefer History of Time. Hawking's publisher Bantam Books was aware that the title had already been used in a popular science book, but proceeded anyway, stating, "The other book was published six years ago, and Professor Hawking is an international figure." In 2004, the author released the book under a creative commons license, CC BY-NC-ND 1.0, as a free download on his website. == Description == Schulman's book is intended to be both humorous and educational. It explores why, even though the Universe is expanding, finding a parking space does not get any easier. Furthermore, the book contains a pulp version of the origin of life ("It was a dark and stormy night. In the shallow tide pool, a nucleic acid base collided with a sugar molecule. An amino acid sank beneath the murky depths . . . ."). ==


id: burn-the-misunderstood-science-of-metabolism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn:_The_Misunderstood_Science_of_Metabolism-0.md
category: reference
title: Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn:_The_Misunderstood_Science_of_Metabolism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:24.184463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: burn-the-misunderstood-science-of-metabolism-20260505-0
summary:
Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism is a 2022 book written by Herman Pontzer in which he discusses metabolism, human health and use of energy in the human body. The book examines research and proposes a constrained approach to total energy expenditure. == References ==


id: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: The Collapse of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:25.424480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
The Collapse of Chaos: Discovering Simplicity in a Complex World (1994) is a book about complexity theory and the nature of scientific explanation written by biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart. In this book Cohen and Stewart give their ideas on chaos theory, particularly on how the simple leads to the complex, and conversely, how the complex leads to the simple, and argue for a need for contextual explanation in science as a complement to reduction. This book dovetails with other books written by the Cohen-Stewart team, particularly Figments of Reality. As with other Cohen-Stewart books, topics are illustrated with humorous science fiction snippets dealing with a fictional alien intelligence, the Zarathustrians, whom Cohen and Stewart use as metaphors of the human mind itself. == Reception == Next Generation commented, "Although the book assumes you have zero knowledge of science (and thus is a little patronizing in the early chapters), it presents the concepts of Complexity Theory as well as anything we've seen." === Additional reviews === Casti, John L. (21 July 1994). "Why is anything ever simple?" (PDF). Nature. 370 (6486): 189. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..189C. doi:10.1038/370189a0. S2CID 4317485. Regis, Ed (12 June 1994). "The World Made Easy". The New York


id: the-coming-generational-storm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Generational_Storm-0.md
category: reference
title: The Coming Generational Storm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Generational_Storm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:26.626161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-coming-generational-storm-20260505-0
summary:
The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America's Economic Future (2004) is a book by Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns. In the Prologue on page xii, the authors say the United States was "heading into one God-awful fiscal storm, the full dimensions of which are hard to fathom." Further, they say on page xiii the book offers suggestions for United States public policy and personal finance to help deflect the "storm". Moreover, they state: We feel we have some unique insights into the demographic and economic problems facing our country based on our own research and that of other economists and financial analysts. Our goal is to leave you with a real sense of what's coming, why it's coming, when it's coming, and where national and personal economic salvation does and does not lie. "Averting America's Bankruptcy with a New New Deal", published by The Economists' Voice - February 2006, outlined some of the solutions promoted in the book.[1] Kotlikoff also discusses his book in the Tax Foundation's podcast titled "Laurence J. Kotlikoff on Long-Term Fiscal Problems in the U.S.".[2] == Table of contents == The following is a copy of the book's table of contents.


id: the-coming-global-superstorm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm-0.md
category: reference
title: The Coming Global Superstorm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:27.815448+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-coming-global-superstorm-20260505-0
summary:
The Coming Global Superstorm (ISBN 0-671-04190-8) is a 1999 book by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber, which claims that global warming might produce sudden and catastrophic climate change. The eBook was published in 2001. == Thesis == First, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic drift would generate a cordon of warm water around the North Pole, which in turn holds in a frozen mass of Arctic air. Second, if the North Atlantic drift were to shut down, that barrier would fail, releasing a flood of frozen air into the Northern Hemisphere, causing a sudden and drastic temperature shift. The book discusses a possible cause of the failure of the Gulf Stream: the melting of the polar ice caps could drastically affect the ocean salinity of the North Atlantic drift by dumping a large quantity of freshwater into the world's oceans. Bell and Strieber contend that such destabilizations have occurred before, and cite seemingly impossible engineering feats by ancient civilizations which must have been catastrophically destroyed since they do not appear in the historical record. Among their examples are the archaeological ruins of Nan Madol, which the book claims were built with exacting tolerances and extremely heavy basalt materials, necessitating a


id: the-complete-guide-to-breast-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Breast_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: The Complete Guide to Breast Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Breast_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:29.045223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-complete-guide-to-breast-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
The Complete Guide to Breast Cancer is a self-help book, published by Vermilion (imprint of Penguin Random House) in 2018, and written by Trisha Greenhalgh, professor of primary health care and retired general practitioner, and Liz O'Riordan, a retired breast surgeon. The book uses their own experiences of having breast cancer and British evidence-based guidelines to educate the reader on its diagnosis, treatment and recovery period. == References ==


id: confessions-of-a-recovering-environmentalist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Recovering_Environmentalist-0.md
category: reference
title: Confessions of a Recovering Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Recovering_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:30.223326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: confessions-of-a-recovering-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
Confessions of a Recovering Environmentalist is a collection of essays by Paul Kingsnorth published in 2017. == Synopsis == Much of the book recounts Kingsnorth's personal history with the environmental movement and with nature. He starts the book with a description of his upbringing, his engagement with the Dongas road protest group, and with his engagement with environmentalism and journalism through his twenties. Kingsnorth then describes how he pivoted into a cynicism with mainstream environmentalism, a cynicism centered on what Kingsnorth feels is a "single-minded obsession with climate change" that "has trumped all other issues," resulting in "a curious, plastic world." He highlights some of the ways that this has occurred in England. Kingsnorth finished his book with a chapter titled The Eight Principles of Uncivilisation, which he presents as his manifesto in how to re-evaluate myths of progress and human centrality. == Reception == In his review for The Guardian, Ian Jack argues that, while Kingsnorth's depiction of environmentalism seems reductionist and unfair, the author "writes insightfully about England - presciently, too." Jack describes the book as "Kingsnorth at his plainest and most provocative," noting that the tone of the book differs significantly from that of Kingsnorth's "romantic" work


id: counting-the-eons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_the_Eons-0.md
category: reference
title: Counting the Eons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_the_Eons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:31.404115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: counting-the-eons-20260505-0
summary:
Counting the Eons is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays written by Isaac Asimov. It was the sixteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between August 1980 and December 1981. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1983. == Contents == The Earth Light as Air? (March 1981) Too Deep for Me (April 1981) Under Pressure (May 1981) The Word I Invented (October 1980) Yes! With a Bang! (June 1981) Let Me Count the Days (October 1981) Counting the Eons (November 1980) The Stars The Runaway Star (July 1981) The Dance of the Stars (August 1981) The Universe Getting Down to Basics (September 1980) And After Many a Summer Dies the Proton (September 1981) Let Einstein Be! (December 1981) Beyond Earth's Eons (December 1980) The Crucial Asymmetry (November 1981) All and Nothing (January 1981) Nothing and All (February 1981) Literature Milton! Thou Shouldst Be Living at This Hour (August 1980) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


