# kb

id: apec-youth-science-festival-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival-0.md
category: reference
title: APEC Youth Science Festival
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:05.575942+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: apec-youth-science-festival-20260505-0
summary:
APEC Youth Science Festival is a science fair run by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It is for 15–18-year-olds with an interest in science–technology, and seeks to break down cultural barriers for learning. It began in 1998 in Seoul. The president of the Republic of Korea proposed to host the APEC Youth Science Festival at the 2nd APEC Science and Technology Ministers' Conference on November 13, 1996. == List of festivals == == References == == External links == https://web.archive.org/web/20100917232134/http://apec.org/apec/news___media/2004_media_releases/050804_youthsciencefest.html


id: bourgeois-pseudoscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience-0.md
category: reference
title: Bourgeois pseudoscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:06.738141+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bourgeois-pseudoscience-20260505-0
summary:
Bourgeois pseudoscience (Russian: буржуазная лженаука, burzhuaznaya lzhenauka) was a term of condemnation in the Soviet Union for certain scientific disciplines that were deemed unacceptable from an ideological point of view due to their incompatibility with Marxism–Leninism. At various times pronounced "bourgeois pseudosciences" were: Mendelian genetics, cybernetics (artificial intelligence), quantum physics, theory of relativity,, geopolitics, sociology and particular directions in comparative linguistics (the now-debunked Japhetic theory of Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr, which was also refuted by Joseph Stalin in "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics"). The term was not used by Stalin himself, who rejected the notion that all sciences must have a class nature. Stalin removed all mention of “bourgeois biology” from Trofim Lysenko’s report, The State of Biology in the Soviet Union, and in the margin next to the statement that “any science is based on class” Stalin wrote, “Ha-ha-ha!! And what about mathematics? Or Darwinism?” The term or its synonyms was used in the 1951 and 1954 editions of the Short Philosophical Dictionary: "Cybernetic is a reactionary pseudoscience originated in the United States... A form of modern mechanicism.", "Eugenics is a bourgeois pseudoscience", "Weismannism-Morganism - bourgeois pseudoscience, designed to justify capitalism". Today, most scholars agree in characterizing eugenics as rooted


id: brassboard-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassboard-0.md
category: reference
title: Brassboard
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassboard
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:07.997653+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: brassboard-20260505-0
summary:
A brassboard or brass board is an experimental or demonstration test model, intended for field testing outside the laboratory environment. A brassboard follows an earlier prototyping stage called a breadboard. A brassboard contains both the functionality and approximate physical configuration of the final operational product. Unlike breadboards, brassboards typically recreate geometric and dimensional constraints of the final system which are critical to its performance, as is the case in radio frequency systems. While representative of the physical layout of the production-grade product, a brassboard will not necessarily incorporate all final details, nor represent the physical size and quality level of the final deliverable product. Exact definition of a brassboard depends on the industry and has changed with time. A 1992 guide book on proposal preparation defined a brassboard or a breadboard as "a laboratory or shop working model that may or may not look like the final product or system, but that will operate in the same way as the final system". The definition of a breadboard was further narrowed to purely electronic systems, while a brassboard was treated as "a similar arrangement for hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanically interconnected components". In modern system-on-a-chip prototyping, brassboard is defined as a second


id: cambridge-science-festival-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Festival-0.md
category: reference
title: Cambridge Science Festival
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Festival
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:09.254813+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cambridge-science-festival-20260505-0
summary:
The Cambridge Science Festival was a series of events typically held annually in March in Cambridge, England and was the United Kingdom's largest free science festival. In 2019 it was announced that the Cambridge Science Festival and the Cambridge Festival of Ideas would be combined into one festival. The Cambridge Festival took place for the first time in March 2021. The festival attracts more than 30,000 visitors to over 250 events. University researchers and students open their lecture halls and laboratories to the general public, and hold Talks, Exhibitions and Demonstrations, mostly free of charge. Started in 1994 by scientists of the University of Cambridge and backed by local businesses, the festival was inspired by National Science Week and is aimed making science and engineering more accessible, showcasing research performed at Cambridge University, and encouraging young people to pursue careers in engineering and science. == Gallery == == References == == External links == Official website 2016 planner


id: cameroon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Cameroon Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:10.425467+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cameroon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Cameroon Academy of Sciences (CAS) is a non-governmental organization that supports the progression of science and technology for the economic, social, and cultural development of Cameroon. It was established in 1990 by a group of Cameroonian scholars during a symposium on agriculture and agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa in Douala, Cameroon. The academy provides unbiased advice to the government and other stakeholders on issues related to science and technology. == History == The idea of creating a national academy of sciences in Cameroon was first proposed in 1972 by the Council for Higher Education and Scientific Research. In 1982, the council proposed a draft decree for the creation of the academy. However, it was not until 1990 that the academy was formed by a group of Cameroonian scholars during a symposium on agriculture and agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa in Douala, Cameroon. The symposium was organized by the International Foundation for Science and the Third World Academy of Sciences. The founding members of the academy, 25 scientists from various disciplines, elected Jean-Pierre Tignol as the first president of the academy. The academy was officially inaugurated on 10 February 1993 in Yaoundé, Cameroon, by then Prime Minister Simon Achidi Achu.


id: cello-scrotum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_scrotum-0.md
category: reference
title: Cello scrotum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_scrotum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:15.460812+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cello-scrotum-20260505-0
summary:
Cello scrotum is a hoax medical condition originally published as a brief case report in the British Medical Journal in 1974. As its name suggests, it was purportedly an affliction of the scrotum affecting male players of the cello. == History == The original letter was written by Elaine Murphy but signed by her husband John. The journal had printed an earlier report about 'guitar nipple', a condition said to occur when some styles of guitar playing excessively irritate the player's nipple (a form of contact dermatitis similar to jogger's nipple), which Murphy and her husband believed was likely a joke. Murphy now points out that even a cursory study of the cellist's posture would show that the 'cello scrotum' complaint would not occur. The unlikelihood of a cellist's posture contributing to scrotal injury was raised back in 1974, but seems to have been overlooked. Murphy admitted the hoax in 2009 in another letter to the BMJ after an article in the 2008 Christmas edition of the BMJ made reference to the complaint. The truth of the case report had already been questioned in the medical literature in 1991. Others have cited it, although expressing scepticism. The implications of this


id: center-of-excellence-in-regulatory-science-and-innovation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Excellence_in_Regulatory_Science_and_Innovation-0.md
category: reference
title: Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Excellence_in_Regulatory_Science_and_Innovation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:16.630802+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: center-of-excellence-in-regulatory-science-and-innovation-20260505-0
summary:
A Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) is a type of research centre focused on regulatory science to support innovation. They were invented by the Food and Drug Administration in the US in 2016 to support their work, with the creation of four CERSIs. The UK launched equivalent bodies (Centres of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation) in 2025 to work with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). == References == == External links == US CERSIs: M-CERSI, University of Maryland Johns Hopkins CERSI UCSF-Stanford CERSI Yale University-Mayo Clinic CERSI Triangle CERSI UK CERSIs: CERSI AI InSilicoUK RADIANT CERSI


id: chemrxiv-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemRxiv-0.md
category: reference
title: ChemRxiv
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemRxiv
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:17.898205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chemrxiv-20260505-0
summary:
ChemRxiv (pronounced "chem archive"—the X represents the Greek letter chi [χ]) is an open access preprint archive for chemistry. It is operated by the American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry and German Chemical Society. The new preprint server was announced already in 2016, but was only opened online in 2017. Initially, editors of ACS journals were skeptical and only 80% of the editors allowed submissions to be uploaded to the preprint server in 2017. In 2019 the Chinese Chemical Society and the Chemical Society of Japan joined as co-owners of the preprint server. The initial reception of ChemRxiv was one of hesitation, with several major journals of the founding organizations initially unsupportive: Angewandte Chemie gave support in March 2018 and JACS only gave support in August 2018. However, ChemRxiv received more than 1,000 submissions in the first eighteen months, growing to 2,314 in 2019. Like other preprint servers, it saw a surge in COVID-19 preprints in 2020. == See also == List of preprint repositories == References == == External links == Official website


id: chief-scientist-of-south-australia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_South_Australia-0.md
category: reference
title: Chief Scientist of South Australia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_South_Australia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:19.085770+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: chief-scientist-of-south-australia-20260505-0
summary:
The Chief Scientist of South Australia is an independent advisory role to the Government of South Australia, providing advice to the Premier and Cabinet on matters of science, technology, innovation and research. The Chief Scientist chairs the South Australian Science Council and recommends to the government new members for the Council. == Incumbents == == References ==


id: china-hi-tech-fair-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hi-Tech_Fair-0.md
category: reference
title: China Hi-Tech Fair
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hi-Tech_Fair
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:20.402618+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: china-hi-tech-fair-20260505-0
summary:
The Shenzhen High-Tech Fair (Chinese: 深圳高交会, 高交会), officially known as the China Hi-Tech Fair (中国国际高新技术成果交易会, CHTF), is one of the most influential technology fairs in Shenzhen, China. It is jointly organized by Chinese National and Shenzhen municipal government departments and research institutions. == Description == Since its inception in 1999, the fair has been held annually in Shenzhen, usually at the Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center in mid-November. The fair serves not only as a platform for technological exchange but also as an important venue for connecting innovative startups with capital. The fair covers multiple fields, including but not limited to electronic information, environmental protection, new energy, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. Additionally, the CHTF includes forums, technical seminars, product launches, and international cooperation exchanges, attracting numerous domestic and international enterprises, research institutions, and investors. == References ==


id: code-break-procedure-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-break_procedure-0.md
category: reference
title: Code-break procedure
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-break_procedure
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:21.649031+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: code-break-procedure-20260505-0
summary:
A code-break procedure is a set of rules which determine when planned unblinding should occur in a blinded experiment. FDA guidelines recommend that sponsors of blinded trials include a code-break procedure in their standard operating procedure. A code-break procedure should only allow a participant to be unblinded before the conclusion of a trial in the event of an emergency. Code-break usually refers to the unmasking of treatment allocation, but can refer to any form of unblinding. Traditionally, each patient's treatment allocation data was stored in a sealed envelopes, which was to be opened to break code. However, this system is prone to abuse. Reports of researchers opening envelopes prematurely or holding the envelopes up to lights to determine their contents has led some researchers to say that the use of sealed envelopes is no longer acceptable. As of 2016, sealed envelopes were still in use in some clinical trials. Modern clinical trials usually store this information in computer files. == See also == Sealedenvelope.com – a provider of code-break services == References ==


id: color-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_science-0.md
category: reference
title: Color science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:22.773568+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: color-science-20260505-0
summary:
Color science is the scientific study of color including lighting and optics; measurement of light and color; the physiology, psychophysics, and modeling of color vision; and color reproduction. It is the modern extension of traditional color theory. == Organizations == International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) International Colour Association (AIC) Optica, formerly the Optical Society of America (OSA) The Colour Group Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC) American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) ACM SIGGRAPH Vision Sciences Society (VSS) Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM) == Journals == The preeminent scholarly journal publishing research papers in color science is Color Research and Application, started in 1975 by founding editor-in-chief Fred Billmeyer, along with Gunter Wyszecki, Michael Pointer and Rolf Kuehni, as a successor to the Journal of Colour (1964–1974). Previously most color science work had been split between journals with broader or partially overlapping focus such as the Journal of the Optical Society of America (JOSA), Photographic Science and Engineering (1957–1984), and the Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (renamed Coloration Technology in 2001).


id: community-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Community of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:24.053257+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: community-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Community of Science was a collection of online databases, providing research information to both the public and subscribers, and services for the research community. It is owned by ProQuest. == History == Community of Science was founded in 1988 by Johns Hopkins University. The Community of Science databases were originally hosted online at http://cos.gdb.org/, on the webserver of the GDB Human Genome Database. Community of Science was also accessible via U.S. Department of Agriculture CRIS, National Science Foundation, and Department of Health and Human Services. As of 1997 the CEO and president was Huntington Williams, and the organisation was located in Baltimore, Maryland. == Databases == Community of Science Expertise Community of Science Funding Opportunities – categorised according to a standardised list of keywords Canadian editions of these databases also existed. == Services == Community of Science Funding Alert Community of Science Funding News – published biweekly == Access == The following organisations are subscribed: Association of Commonwealth Universities == See also == List of funding opportunity databases == References ==


id: compressorium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorium-0.md
category: reference
title: Compressorium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressorium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:25.372984+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: compressorium-20260505-0
summary:
The compressorium (plural: compressoria) is a scientific apparatus for applying pressure to a sample for examination with a microscope. Widely used by microscopists in the 19th century, they were produced by companies such as Bausch and Lomb. Many versions of compressoria were developed over the years, with one of the first attributed to the famous histologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, see picture. Compressoria were still used in the twenty-first century for the identification of Trichinella worms in samples. == References ==


id: computational-representational-understanding-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational-representational_understanding_of_mind-0.md
category: reference
title: Computational-representational understanding of mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational-representational_understanding_of_mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:26.576487+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: computational-representational-understanding-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
Computational representational understanding of mind (CRUM) is a hypothesis in cognitive science which proposes that thinking is performed by computations operating on representations. This hypothesis assumes that the mind has mental representations analogous to data structures and computational procedures analogous to algorithms, such that computer programs using algorithms applied to data structures can model the mind and its processes. CRUM takes into consideration several theoretical approaches of understanding human cognition, including logic, rule, concept, analogy, image, and connectionist-based systems based on artificial neural networks. These serve as the representation aspects of CRUM theory which are then acted upon to simulate certain aspects of human cognition, such as the use of rule-based systems in neuroeconomics. There is much disagreement on this hypothesis, but CRUM has high regard among some researchers. Philosopher Paul Thagard called it "the most theoretically and experimentally successful approach to mind ever developed". == See also == Cognitive science Computational neuroscience == References == == External links == Glossary for Cognitive Science at the University of Waterloo Paul Thagard


id: conical-refiner-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical_refiner-0.md
category: reference
title: Conical refiner
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical_refiner
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:31.606761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: conical-refiner-20260505-0
summary:
The conical refiner is a machine used in the refining of pulp in the papermaking process. It may also be referred to as a Jordan refiner, after the American inventor Joseph Jordan who patented the device in 1858. The conical refiner is a chamber with metal bars mounted around the inside of the container. The material to be refined is pumped into the chamber at high-pressure rate in order to create an abrasive effect as the material is forced through the machine, abraided by the metal bars. At the opposite end of the chamber the resulting pulp is pumped out. == References ==


id: core-facility-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility-0.md
category: reference
title: Core facility
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_facility
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:32.826369+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: core-facility-20260505-0
summary:
A core facility (also known as core laboratory or simply "core", like in "flow cytometry core", occasionally technological platform) is a centralized shared research resource that provides scientific community with access to unique and highly specialized instruments, technologies, services, and experts. Cores are frequently built around a specific technology or instrumentation, but not always (for example, biostatistics cores offer services of experts skilled in the use of software packages). A database of US core facilities is maintained by the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities. By the late 20th century, the researchers in the life sciences were increasingly dependent on the use of expensive and complex instruments and techniques that cannot be economically replicated inside each laboratory. In many areas (for example, in translational science) access to core laboratories became essential. Once the research institutions recognized the potential cost savings of provisioning state-of-the-art instrumentation and services in a centralized way, multiple shared facilities were established, prompting discussions about the best ways to administer and finance them. The high-value and difficult-to-operate equipment typically used in a core setting in the beginning of the 21st century included NMR spectrometers, mass spectrometers, Raman spectrometers and microscopes, transmission and Auger electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction spectrometers,


id: curie-s-principle-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie's_principle-0.md
category: reference
title: Curie's principle
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie's_principle
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:33.986657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: curie-s-principle-20260505-0
summary:
Curie's principle, or Curie's symmetry principle, is a maxim about cause and effect formulated by Pierre Curie in 1894: the symmetries of the causes are to be found in the effects. The idea was based on the ideas of Franz Ernst Neumann and Bernhard Minnigerode. Thus, it is sometimes known as the Neumann–Minnigerode–Curie principle. Later physicists have interpreted Curie's principle in the context of thermodynamics. Dynamics close to equilibrium are described by a set of transport coefficients whose symmetries must match the symmetries of the system, according to Curie's principle. == References ==


id: data-clarification-form-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clarification_form-0.md
category: reference
title: Data clarification form
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clarification_form
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:35.225704+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: data-clarification-form-20260505-0
summary:
A data clarification form (DCF) or data query form is a questionnaire specifically used in clinical research. The DCF is the primary data clarification tool from the trial sponsor or contract research organization (CRO) towards the investigator to clarify discrepancies and ask the investigator for clarification. The DCF is part of the data validation process in a clinical trial. == See also == == References == == Further reading == Celine Clive (2004), Handbook of SOPs for Good Clinical Practice, CRC, ISBN 0-8493-2181-6 == External links == DCF entry in Clinical Research Dictionary


id: degree-of-frost-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_frost-0.md
category: reference
title: Degree of frost
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_frost
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:36.426459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: degree-of-frost-20260505-0
summary:
A degree of frost is a non-standard unit of measure for air temperature meaning degrees below melting point (also known as "freezing point") of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit). "Degree" in this case can refer to degree Celsius or degree Fahrenheit. When based on Celsius, 0 degrees of frost is the same as 0 °C, and any other value is simply the negative of the Celsius temperature. When based on Fahrenheit, 0 degrees of frost is equal to 32 °F. Conversion formulas: T [degrees of frost] = 32 °F − T [°F] T [°F] = 32 °F − T [degrees of frost] The term "degrees of frost" was widely used in accounts of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the early 20th century. The term appears frequently in Ernest Shackleton's books South and Heart of the Antarctic, Apsley Cherry-Garrard's account of his Antarctic adventures in The Worst Journey in the World (wherein he recorded 109.5 degrees [Fahrenheit] of frost, −77.5 °F or −60.8 °C), in Jack London's "To Build A Fire", as well as Admiral Richard E. Byrd's book Alone. == References ==


id: degrees-of-freedom-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom-0.md
category: reference
title: Degrees of freedom
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:37.551658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: degrees-of-freedom-20260505-0
summary:
In many scientific fields, the degrees of freedom of a system is the number of parameters of the system that may vary independently. For example, a point in the plane has two degrees of freedom for translation: its two coordinates; a non-infinitesimal object on the plane might have additional degrees of freedoms related to its orientation. In mathematics, this notion is formalized as the dimension of a manifold or an algebraic variety. When degrees of freedom is used instead of dimension, this usually means that the manifold or variety that models the system is only implicitly defined. See: Degrees of freedom (mechanics), number of independent motions that are allowed to the body or, in case of a mechanism made of several bodies, number of possible independent relative motions between the pieces of the mechanism Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), a term used in explaining dependence on parameters, or the dimensions of a phase space Degrees of freedom (statistics), the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary Degrees of freedom problem, the problem of controlling motor movement given abundant degrees of freedom == See also == Six degrees of freedom == References


id: dematerialization-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)-0.md
category: reference
title: Dematerialization (products)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:38.793920+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dematerialization-products-20260505-0
summary:
The dematerialization of a product literally means less, or better yet, no material is used to deliver the same level of functionality to the user. Sharing, borrowing and the organization of group services that facilitate and cater for communities needs could alleviate the requirement of ownership of many products. In his book In The Bubble: Designing In A Complex World, John Thakara states that "the average consumer power tool is used for ten minutes in its entire life—but it takes hundreds of times its own weight to manufacture such an object". A product service system with shared tools could simply offer access to them when needed. This shift from a reliance on products to services is the process of dematerialization. Digital music distribution systems, car clubs, bike hire schemes and laundry services all can be examples of dematerialization. == References == == External links == Dematerialization pattern from the Liberating Voices pattern language discusses problems and solutions related to dematerialization


id: distinguished-professor-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_professor-0.md
category: reference
title: Distinguished professor
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_professor
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:40.045046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: distinguished-professor-20260505-0
summary:
Distinguished professor is an academic title given to some top tenured professors in American universities, schools, or departments. Some distinguished professors may have endowed chairs. Often specific to one institution, titles such as "president's professor", "university professor", "distinguished professor", "distinguished research professor", "distinguished teaching professor", "distinguished university professor", or "regents professor" are granted to a small percentage of the top tenured faculty who are regarded as particularly important in their respective fields of research. Some institutions grant more university-specific, formal titles such as M.I.T.'s "Institute Professor", Yale University's "Sterling Professor", or Duke University's "James B. Duke Professor". Some academic and/or scholarly organizations may also bestow the title "distinguished professor" in recognition of achievement over the course of an academic career. For example, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture annually recognizes up to five faculty members at architecture schools in the United States and Canada with the ACSA Distinguished Professor Award. == References ==


id: elicitation-technique-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitation_technique-0.md
category: reference
title: Elicitation technique
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitation_technique
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:41.304520+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: elicitation-technique-20260505-0
summary:
An elicitation technique is any of a number of data collection techniques used in anthropology, cognitive science, counseling, education, knowledge engineering, linguistics, management, philosophy, psychology, or other fields to gather knowledge or information from people. Recent work in behavioral economics has purported that elicitation techniques can be used to control subject misconceptions and mitigate errors from generally accepted experimental design practices. Elicitation, in which knowledge is sought directly from human beings, is usually distinguished from indirect methods such as gathering information from written sources. A person who interacts with human subjects in order to elicit information from them may be called an elicitor, an analyst, experimenter, or knowledge engineer, depending on the field of study. Elicitation techniques include interviews, observation of either naturally occurring behavior (including as part of participant observation) or behavior in a laboratory setting, or the analysis of assigned tasks. == List of elicitation techniques == Interviews Existing System Project Scope Brain Storming Focus Groups Exploratory Prototypes User Task Analysis Observation Surveys Questionnaire Story Board == References == Elisitasi: Proses dan Metode untuk Merancang Sistem Baru yang Efektif


id: ergonomic-glove-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic_glove-0.md
category: reference
title: Ergonomic glove
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic_glove
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:42.532453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ergonomic-glove-20260505-0
summary:
An ergonomic glove, also known as a computer glove or support glove, is a stiff glove worn to try to prevent or remedy carpal tunnel syndrome by holding the wrist in a certain position while typing. == References ==


id: evidence-gap-map-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_gap_map-0.md
category: reference
title: Evidence gap map
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_gap_map
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:47.716732+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evidence-gap-map-20260505-0
summary:
An evidence gap map (EGM) is a systematic display of the evidence for a domain which highlights the lack of evidence in particular areas. The evidence gaps typically appear as holes in a matrix of cross-referenced results. == References ==


id: experiment-website-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_(website)-0.md
category: reference
title: Experiment (website)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_(website)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:48.933373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: experiment-website-20260505-0
summary:
Experiment, formerly called Microryza, is a US website for crowdfunding science-based research projects. Researchers can post their research projects to solicit pledges. Experiment works on the all-or-nothing funding model. The backers are only charged if the research projects reach their funding target during a set time frame. In February 2014, the site changed its name from Microryza to Experiment.com. == History == It was founded in 2012 by Denny Luan and Cindy Wu, former University of Washington students. The former name Microryza is inspired by Mycorrhizae and symbiotic fungi that lives in the roots of plants. Unlike the popular crowdfunding site Kickstarter, backers of Experiment projects do not get tangible rewards for backing. Researchers share the scientific process directly with the backers and become a part of the project.Additionally, all proposals are subject to review and approval by the site's staff, and any work involving human or animal subjects must by supported by an institutional review board. Experiment charges 11-13% in fees (8% for platform fees and 3-5% for payment processing) only if the campaign is successful. If the campaign does not reach the funding goal, no one is charged. As of Aug 7, 2015, more than 5,000 projects were


id: expert-elicitation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_elicitation-0.md
category: reference
title: Expert elicitation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_elicitation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:50.238114+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: expert-elicitation-20260505-0
summary:
In science, engineering, and research, expert elicitation is the synthesis of opinions of authorities of a subject where there is uncertainty due to insufficient data or when such data is unattainable because of physical constraints or lack of resources. Expert elicitation is essentially a scientific consensus methodology. It is often used in the study of rare events. Expert elicitation allows for parametrization, an "educated guess", for the respective topic under study. Expert elicitation generally helps quantify uncertainty. Expert elicitation tends to be multidisciplinary as well as interdisciplinary, with practically universal applicability, and is used in a broad range of fields. Prominent recent expert elicitation applications include climate change, modeling seismic hazard and damage, association of tornado damage to wind speed in developing the Enhanced Fujita scale, risk analysis for nuclear waste storage. In performing expert elicitation certain factors need to be taken into consideration. The topic must be one for which there are people who have predictive expertise. Furthermore, the objective should be to obtain an experts' carefully considered judgment based on a systematic consideration of all relevant evidence. For this reason one should take care to adopt strategies designed to help the expert being interviewed to avoid overlooking relevant


id: extinction-cross-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_cross-0.md
category: reference
title: Extinction cross
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_cross
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:51.553356+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: extinction-cross-20260505-0
summary:
The extinction cross is an optical phenomenon that is seen when trying to extinguish a laser beam or non-planar white light using crossed polarizers. Ideally, crossed (90° rotated) polarizers block all light, because light that is polarized along the polarization axis of the first polarizer is perpendicular to the polarization axis of the second. When the beam is not perfectly collimated, however, a characteristic fringing pattern is produced. == See also == Polarization (waves) == Further reading == Mineralogy notes 6 See "6.3.5. Review of Uniaxial Optical Properties" Nikon MicroscopyU See Figure 1a


id: forced-convection-in-porous-media-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_convection_in_porous_media-0.md
category: reference
title: Forced convection in porous media
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_convection_in_porous_media
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:52.743751+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: forced-convection-in-porous-media-20260505-0
summary:
Forced convection is type of heat transport in which fluid motion is generated by an external source like a (pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Heat transfer through porus media is very effective and efficiently. Forced convection heat transfer in a confined porous medium has been a subject of intensive studies during the last decades because of its wide applications. The basic problem in heat convection through porous media consists of predicting the heat transfer rate between a deferentially heated, solid impermeable surface and a fluid-saturated porous medium. Beginning with constant wall temperature. In 2D steady state system ∂ u / ∂ x + ∂ v / ∂ y = 0 {\displaystyle \partial u/\partial x+\partial v/\partial y=0} According to Darcy's law u = − ( K / μ ) ∂ P / ∂ x {\displaystyle u=-(K/\mu )\partial P/\partial x} v = − ( K / μ ) ∂ P / ∂ y {\displaystyle v=-(K/\mu )\partial P/\partial y} u ∂ T / ∂ x + v ∂ T / ∂ y = α ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 T {\displaystyle u\partial T/\partial x+v\partial T/\partial y={\boldsymbol {\alpha }}{\partial ^{2} \over \partial x^{2}}T} u = {\displaystyle u=} U ∞ {\displaystyle U_{\infty }} v =


id: free-fall-machine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall_machine-0.md
category: reference
title: Free fall machine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall_machine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:53.947295+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: free-fall-machine-20260505-0
summary:
A free fall machine (FFM) is a mechanism designed to permit the development of small biological samples, such as cell cultures, with a simulated effect of micro-gravity under free fall conditions. == Description == The free fall machine (FFM) addresses some of the problems of the simple horizontal clinostat or random positioning machines (RPM). In a typical machine samples are allowed to cycle between free fall for about a metre down a column (micro-gravity simulation, near "0 g") and a "bounce" back to the top of the column that is intended to be so fast (c. 20 g for 20 ms) that it is undetected by the biological sample. The sample therefore experiences an average gravity of near 0 g. Long duration of hyper-gravity is often simulated by machines such as the large diameter centrifuge (LDC) at ESA. To simulate partial-gravity (between simulated 0 and Earth's gravity, 1, such as Mars or Moon gravitational strengths) conditions, an RPM can also be used. == See also == Clinostat Gravitropism Large Diameter Centrifuge Random Positioning Machine == References == == External links == ETH Space Biology Free Fall Machine


id: genome-news-network-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_News_Network-0.md
category: reference
title: Genome News Network
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_News_Network
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:55.107652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: genome-news-network-20260505-0
summary:
The Genome News Network (abbreviated GNN) is an online magazine that publishes news articles and educational resources about genomics and medicine. It was founded in 1999, with Barbara Culliton as the founding editor-in-chief. It was originally published by Celera Genomics. In 2001, the Institute for Genomic Research became the magazine's new publisher. An article published in the Lancet Oncology that year stated that the magazine "...offers news, original articles, the online reference book, What’s a genome?, and primers on sequencing and assembling the genome – all well written and illustrated". As of 2010, new issues of the magazine were published biweekly. == References == == External links == Official website


id: gikii-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GikII-0.md
category: reference
title: GikII
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GikII
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:56.238713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gikii-20260505-0
summary:
GikII is a series of European conferences on the intersections between law, technology and popular culture. It is hosted at a different institution every year. The first conference was in 2006 and was held in Edinburgh, and was organised by Lilian Edwards and Andres Guadamuz. The conference has been held in several European universities and institutions, including University College London, University of Oxford, University of Edinburgh, University of Amsterdam, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, University of Vienna and University of Sussex. Spin-off workshops are regularly held in addition to the main yearly conference in other parts of the world or as tracks in other conferences, such as at TILTing 2019 at Tilburg University and SoGikII 2009 at the University of New South Wales. The conference deals with what the organisers describe as "geek law", studying the intersection of law, regulation, popular culture and technology. The covered topics include artificial intelligence, cryptocurrencies, virtual worlds, games, tattoos, 3D printing, fan fiction, digital privacy, avatar rights, augmented reality, and robots. == Name == The Call for Papers of the first workshop gave the following explanation: Geeks are the people who contribute to this knowledge: fellow travellers on the digital omnibus,


id: gustatory-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Gustatory technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:57.467269+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: gustatory-technology-20260505-0
summary:
Gustatory technology is the engineering discipline dealing with gustatory representation. == Description == Virtual taste refers to a taste experience generated by a digital taste simulator. Electrodes are used to simulate the taste and feel of real food in the mouth. In 2012, Dr. Nimesha Ranasinghe and a team of researchers at the National University of Singapore developed the digital lollipop, an electronic device capable of transmitting four major taste sensations (salty, sour, sweet and bitter) to the tongue. In 2016 the same team created a square with thermoelectric elements to simulate the sensation of sweetness through changes in temperature. If this system is implemented in mugs or drinking glasses, it could make low-sugar drinks taste sweeter helping people reduce sugar intake. A team from the University of Tokyo created a device that simulates the different textures of food through electricity. The device uses electrodes place on the masseter muscle (a jaw muscle used for chewing) and simulates the texture by changing this muscle frequency. For example, a higher frequency gives the food a harder texture. == References ==


id: hamsci-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HamSCI-0.md
category: reference
title: HamSCI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HamSCI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T03:52:58.627019+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hamsci-20260505-0
summary:
The Amateur Radio Science Citizen Investigation (HamSCI) is an initiative to connect amateur radio operators with scientific researchers, and to use amateur radio as a citizen science tool to collect scientific data, particularly in geospace science. HamSCI holds annual workshops each year. Most HamSCI projects focus on the ionosphere. The central initiative of HamSCI is the Personal Space Weather Station, a project to conduct distributed sensing of space weather by developing modular hardware similar to traditional weather stations. == References ==


