# kb

id: the-primal-scream-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Primal_Scream-0.md
category: reference
title: The Primal Scream
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Primal_Scream
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:09.833247+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-primal-scream-20260505-0
summary:
The Primal Scream. Primal Therapy: The Cure for Neurosis (1970; second edition 1999) is a book by the psychologist Arthur Janov, in which the author describes his experiences with patients during the months he developed primal therapy. Although Janov's claims were questioned by psychologists, the book was popular and brought Janov fame and popular success, which inspired other therapists to start offering primal therapy. == Summary == This book gives an account of the development of Primal Therapy. The book starts with an account of a group therapy session in 1967, during which a young man (Danny Wilson) underwent some kind of emotional catharsis during the therapy session. The young man was encouraged by Janov to call out for his mommy and daddy, which he did, only to fall into involuntary convulsions. After which, the young man announced "I can feel", and he then had some kind of emotional resolution. In the remainder of the book, Janov develops a general theory of neurosis. Janov claims that neurosis is caused by repressed emotional pain from childhood trauma, and can be cured by reliving and expressing. Janov claims in the book that all neurosis is caused by repressed childhood emotional trauma, and


id: private-lies-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lies_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Private Lies (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lies_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:10.974202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: private-lies-book-20260505-0
summary:
Private Lies: Infidelity and Betrayal of Intimacy is a non-fiction book by psychiatrist and family therapist Frank Pittman, M.D. Private Lies was first published in hardcover edition in 1989 by W. Then, W. Norton & Company by the same publisher in a paperback edition in 1990. Dr. Pittman's book has been referred to as "widely quoted", by Psychology Today. It has been cited by 24 other books on marriage and family therapy counseling. == Books by Frank Pittman == Turning Points: Treating Families in Transition and Crisis, Frank Pittman, M.D., A Norton Professional Book, (Hardcover), W. W. Norton & Company; 1st ed edition, May 1987, ISBN 0-393-70040-2, ISBN 978-0-393-70040-4 Private Lies: Infidelity and Betrayal of Intimacy, Frank Pittman, M.D., W. W. Norton & Company; Reprint edition November 1990, ISBN 0-393-30707-7, ISBN 978-0-393-30707-8 Mentiras Privadas (Spanish edition), Amorrortu Editores, September 1994, ISBN 950-518-543-X, ISBN 978-950-518-543-6 Man enough: fathers, sons and the search for masculinity, Frank Pittman, M.D., Perigee Trade; Reprint edition October 1, 1994, ISBN 0-399-51883-5, ISBN 978-0-399-51883-6 Grow Up!: How Taking Responsibility Can Make You a Happy Adult, Golden Guides from St. Martin's Press, ISBN 1-58238-040-6, ISBN 978-1-58238-040-7, July 30, 1999 == See also == Psychotherapy Family therapy Mental health


id: psychologie-der-berufsarbeit-und-der-berufsberatung-psychotechnik-ii-spezieller-teil-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Psychologie der Berufsarbeit und der Berufsberatung (Psychotechnik) II Spezieller Teil
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:12.130835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychologie-der-berufsarbeit-und-der-berufsberatung-psychotechnik-ii-spezieller-teil-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie_der_Berufsarbeit_und_der_Berufsberatung_(Psychotechnik)_II_Spezieller_Teil-0.md

summary:
Psychologie der Berufsarbeit und der Berufsberatung (Psychotechnik) II Spezieller Teil (Die praktische Anwendung der psychologischen Eignungsprüfung in den verschiedenen Berufen) is an advice manual for career counseling written by Theodor Erismann and Martha Moers in 1922. Its title translates to Psychology of Work and Career Counseling (Psychotechniques) II Specialized Part (The Practical Application of Psychological Aptitude Tests in Various Careers). Published by Walter de Grunter & Co. in Berlin, it is the second instalment of a series on career counselling. The first volume contains information on the following topics: I. Grundzüge der Psychophysik der Berufsarbeit (Basics of Occupational Psychophysics) II. Berufsberatung auf psychologischer Grundlage (Psychology-based Career Counseling) III. Allgemeine Berufsberatung auf Grundlage der Intelligenzprüfung (Career Counseling Based on Intelligence Testing). While the first book highlights the importance of taking aptitude into account while choosing a career, as well as the applications of career counseling in general, the second volume goes further into aptitude testing for specific jobs. The main section of the book lists common occupations of the time, explores which characteristics and skills are vital for success in the respective fields, and finally introduces established tests for these. Often, intelligence tests based on the work of William Stern are

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie_der_Berufsarbeit_und_der_Berufsberatung_(Psychotechnik)_II_Spezieller_Teil


id: psychology-gone-wrong-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Gone_Wrong-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychology Gone Wrong
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Gone_Wrong
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:13.311619+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychology-gone-wrong-20260505-0
summary:
Psychology Gone Wrong: The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy is a 2015 book written by Tomasz Witkowski and Maciej Zatonski. It covers mistakes, frauds and abuses of academic psychology, psychotherapy, and psycho-business. In the book the authors review the history of fraudulent research and questionable research practices; the willingness of many psychologists to embrace pseudoscientific ideas and practices (psychoanalysis, recovered-memory therapy, projective testing, neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), etc.), exaggerated claims for the efficacy of psychological interventions, and so on. In each case the authors support their thesis with abundant references. == Outline of the book == Part one of the book, chapters 1 through 7, seeks to demonstrate and to analyse flaws of the academic psychology and its impact on reality. Part two, chapters 8 through 15 presents pseudoscientific concepts in psychotherapy. Part three, chapters 16 through 19 examines problems of psycho-business. === Part I: Fraudsters in the Temple of Science: Some Sins of Academic Psychology === The authors describe how disasters of social control like forced sterilizations and uncritical application of questionable IQ tests were instigated by psychologists who relied on their own flawed thinking rather than on empirical evidence from scientific studies. They tell stories about researchers who


id: psychology-led-astray-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Led_Astray-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychology Led Astray
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Led_Astray
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:14.530681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychology-led-astray-20260505-0
summary:
Psychology Led Astray: Cargo Cult in Science and Therapy is a book written by Tomasz Witkowski and published in 2016. == Outline == Part One, comprising chapters 1 through 6, seeks to answer the question about the reliability of psychology as a science. Part Two, comprising chapters 7 through 10, presents pseudo-scientific concepts in psychotherapy as a kind of uncontrollable experiment on humans. Part Three, comprising chapters 11 through 17, examines a range of dubious, unsupported, and discredited (though still thriving) treatments and therapeutic practices and diagnostic categories devoted to children's problems and needs (e.g., educational kinesiology, attachment therapy, trauma debriefing, Facilitated Communication, Dolphin Therapy). The book ends with a letter to Richard Feynman, chastising him for calling the whole field a cargo cult. Witkowski emphasizes examples of good science in psychology that have had demonstrable benefits for society. == Reception == Writing a review for Science-Based Medicine, Hall wrote: "Witkowski has written a new book that is certain to ruffle a lot of feathers. He uncovers cargo cult practices in psychology, unmasking therapies that are devoid of science, dangerous, and even cruel, especially those directed at children. Even if you don't agree with calling these travesties of science cargo


id: the-psychology-of-religion-and-coping-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Religion_and_Coping-0.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Religion and Coping
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Religion_and_Coping
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:15.751440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-religion-and-coping-20260505-0
summary:
The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice by Kenneth Pargament was published in the United States in 1997. It is addressed to professional psychologists and researchers, and has been reviewed in many professional journals. Originally hardbound, it was republished as a paperback in 2001. By 2010, it had been cited more than 450 times in the psychology literature. == Topics covered == The Psychology of Religion and Coping contains 12 chapters that include an introduction and 11 other chapters divided into 4 parts. The parts are entitled: Part One. A perspective on religion (2 chapters) Part Two. A perspective on coping (2 chapters) Part Three. The religion and coping connection (4 chapters) Part Four. Evaluative and practical implications (3 chapters) The book also includes 5 appendices. == Reviews and influence == Reviews have appeared in The American Journal of Psychiatry, The Gerontologist, the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, the Religious Studies Review Death Studies, and elsewhere. In the American Journal of Psychiatry, Armando R. Favazza, a widely-published author and Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, wrote that "This is a very fair and respectful book.... The book sets a new


id: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem-0.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Self-Esteem
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:16.915039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
summary:
The Psychology of Self-Esteem is a book by Nathaniel Branden, first published in 1969. It explains Branden's theories of human psychology, focusing on the role of self-esteem. Most of the book was written during Branden's association with Ayn Rand, and it reflects some of her philosophical ideas. The book's success helped to popularize the idea of self-esteem as an important element of self-improvement. == Synopsis == The book is divided into two parts. In Part One ("The Foundations"), Branden explains his views on human nature and the science of psychology. He discusses his theories about consciousness, volition, emotions (with particular attention to emotional repression) and mental health. The material in Part One is about philosophical and psychological theory and does not focus on self-esteem, which is the predominant subject in Part Two ("The Psychology of Self-Esteem"). He describes self-esteem as "the integrated sum of self-confidence and self-respect", which he describes respectively as "a sense of personal efficacy and a sense of personal worth." Branden considers self-esteem to be one of the most important factors in human psychology. Branden contrasts healthy self-esteem with conditions that he views as psychological problems. First is what he calls "pseudo-self-esteem," which he describes as "an


id: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem-1.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Self-Esteem
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:16.915039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == The book was a popular success and has sold over a million copies. It has been credited with spreading ideas about self-esteem to general audiences. Self-help expert Tom Butler-Bowdon warned that "readers find this book tough going", particularly in the earlier chapters, but described it as "one of the earliest classics of the popular psychology genre". Critics such as sociologist Frank Furedi and neuropsychologist Paul Pearsall cited the book as an example of what they see as a cultural trend of over-emphasizing the significance of self-esteem. Psychology professor Robyn Dawes said that Branden propagated a false "belief that human distress can be traced to deficient self-esteem", which Dawes describes as based in bias rather than evidence. Author Charles Murray, although critical of the self-esteem movement in general, is somewhat more positive about Branden. Murray said it would have been better if other promoters of self-esteem "had focused on self-esteem as Branden described it—an internalized sense of self-responsibility and self-sufficiency." In contrast, author Alfie Kohn supported the idea that self-esteem was important, but criticized Branden for founding his work "in Ayn Rand's glorification of selfishness." Branden's connection to Rand was also criticized by psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, who said


id: psychopathia-sexualis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis-0.md
category: reference
title: Psychopathia Sexualis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:18.080432+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psychopathia-sexualis-20260505-0
summary:
Psychopathia Sexualis: eine klinisch-forensische Studie (Sexual Psychopathy: A Clinical-Forensic Study, also known as Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to the Antipathetic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-forensic Study) is an 1886 book by Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing and one of the first texts about sexual pathology. The book details a wide range of paraphilias and focuses on male homosexuality/bisexuality (the "antipathetic instinct" of the subtitle). The book coined the terms "sadism and masochism" as well as borrowing the term "bisexual" from botanical nomenclature. == Background == Psychopathia Sexualis sought to create a taxonomy of human sexual behavior based on Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing's analysis of case studies. Krafft-Ebing assumed that sex for the purpose of procreation was normal, and all other types of sexual intercourse were signs of disease, either emotional or physical. Masochism, which Krafft-Ebing focuses on at length, is, for example, defined as a particular erotic sensibility, in which the individual is, "in his sexual feelings and thoughts, dominated by the idea of being absolutely and unconditionally subjected to a person of the other sex". The Psychopathia Sexualis is notable for being one of the earliest works on homosexuality. Krafft-Ebing combined Karl Heinrich Ulrichs' Urning theory with Bénédict Morel's theory


id: religions-values-and-peak-experiences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions,_Values,_and_Peak_Experiences-0.md
category: reference
title: Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions,_Values,_and_Peak_Experiences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:19.286323+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: religions-values-and-peak-experiences-20260505-0
summary:
Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences is a 1964 book about psychology by Abraham Maslow. Maslow addressed the motivational significance of peak experiences in a series of lectures in the early 1960s, and later published these ideas in book form. == Overview == In contrast with the preoccupation of Freudian psychopathology, Maslow insisted on a "psychology of the higher life" which was to attend to the question "of what the human being should grow toward." In his work, Maslow described the experience of one's life as meaningful as being based on a feeling of fulfillment and significance. Maslow's theory of "peak-experiences" has been compared to William James' "healthy-minded" religion. Maslow hypothesized a negative relationship between adherence to conventional religious beliefs and the ability to experience peak moments. In Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences, Maslow stated that the peak experience is "felt as a self- validating, self-justifying moment which carries its own intrinsic value with it." Furthermore, the person is the "creative center of his (or her) own activities." == See also == Maslow's hierarchy of needs Peak experience == References ==


id: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul-0.md
category: reference
title: Rewriting the Soul
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:20.506159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-0
summary:
Rewriting the Soul is a 1995 book by the Canadian philosopher Ian Hacking, who offers an account of the formative influences that shape people’s understandings of their lives and their understanding of the lives of those around them. Hacking's work is both a theoretical account of the concepts and modes of agentic engagement through which people encounter the world and make sense of themselves, and a psychological account of how minds relate to memories and the fragility of this relationship, especially in the lives of people exposed to extremes of suffering and cruelty. Through a study of the history and manifestations of multiple personality disorder, Hacking describes how people come to an understanding of their lives through their own memories and autobiographies. Hacking describes the shifting shared meanings that shape our memories and become the threads with which people weave their biographies. == Argument == To develop his argument, Hacking offers an account of how those engaged with MPD have inquired into its reality over historical time and describes the concepts and practices that developed through those inquiries. In the past three decades of the twentieth century, therapy tended to take an individual with an amorphous and confused array of


id: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul-1.md
category: reference
title: Rewriting the Soul
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:20.506159+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rewriting-the-soul-20260505-0
summary:
The philosopher G. E. M. Anscombe wrote that a human action is intentional if the question 'Why,' taken in a certain sense (and evidently conceived as addressed to him), has application (Intention, par. 5-8). An agent can answer the 'why' question by giving a reason or purpose for her action. "To do Y" or "because I want to do Y" would be typical answers to this sort of "why?"; though they are not the only ones, they are crucial to the constitution of the phenomenon as a typical phenomenon of human life (sections 18-21). The agent's answer helps supply the descriptions under which the action is intentional. Anscombe was the first to clearly spell out that actions are intentional under some descriptions and not others. In her famous example, a man's action (which we might observe as consisting in moving an arm up and down while holding a handle) may be intentional under the description 'pumping water' but not under other descriptions such as 'contracting these muscles', 'tapping out this rhythm', and so on. Intentional actions are actions under a description. The implications of this philosophy of intentional action were extended by Hacking in Rewriting the Soul. His argument is


id: the-sadist-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sadist_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sadist (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sadist_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:21.607761+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sadist-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Sadist (German: Der Sadist) is a book published by psychiatrist Karl Berg, following the confessions of Peter Kürten, a notorious German serial killer known as both The Vampire of Düsseldorf and the Düsseldorf Monster who committed a series of assaults and murders, primarily between 1929 and 1930. The book was originally written in German. The first English edition was issued in 1938, by Acorn Press. A second edition was published by William Heinemann Medical Books in 1945. == References ==


id: the-science-of-weird-shit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Weird_Shit-0.md
category: reference
title: The Science of Weird Shit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Weird_Shit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:22.801202+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-science-of-weird-shit-20260505-0
summary:
The Science of Weird Shit: Why Our Minds Conjure the Paranormal is a 2024 non-fiction book by British psychologist Chris French, published by MIT Press. The book explores the psychological and cognitive mechanisms behind paranormal beliefs and experiences, including ghost encounters, alien abductions, reincarnation, and near-death phenomena. French examines phenomena such as sleep paralysis, cognitive biases, and pareidolia to shed light on why people perceive supernatural events and what these perceptions reveal about human cognition. The book includes a foreword by Richard Wiseman. == Reception == In a May 2024 review for New Scientist, Wendy Grossman commended Chris French's book for its nuanced exploration of paranormal phenomena through the lens of psychology. Grossman highlighted French's balanced approach in examining experiences like sleep paralysis and cognitive biases such as pareidolia, appreciating his mix of academic knowledge and practical application. She noted that French's goal isn't to dismiss people's beliefs but to contextualize them within psychological understanding. Brian Reffin Smith, in his review for Leonardo Reviews, praised the book for its clear-headed and sympathetic exploration of why people believe in the paranormal. Smith highlighted how French demystifies phenomena ranging from alien abductions to near-death experiences by unraveling the psychological processes behind these


id: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent-0.md
category: reference
title: Seduction of the Innocent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:24.153886+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-0
summary:
Seduction of the Innocent is a book by German-born American psychiatrist Fredric Wertham, published in 1954, that warned that comic books were a harmful form of popular literature and a serious cause of juvenile delinquency. The book was taken seriously at the time in the United States, and was a minor bestseller that alarmed American parents and galvanized them to campaign for censorship. At the same time, a U.S. Congressional inquiry was launched into the comic book industry. Subsequent to the publication of Seduction of the Innocent, the Comics Code Authority was established by publishers to self-censor their titles. In the decades since the book's publication, Wertham's research has been disputed by scholars. == Overview and arguments == Seduction of the Innocent cited overt or covert depictions of violence, sex, drug use, and other adult fare within "crime comics" – a term Wertham used to describe not only the popular gangster/murder-oriented titles of the time, but superhero and horror comics as well. The book asserted that reading this material encouraged similar behavior in children. Comics, especially the crime/horror titles pioneered by EC Comics, were not lacking in gruesome images; Wertham reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring


id: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent-1.md
category: reference
title: Seduction of the Innocent
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:24.153886+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: seduction-of-the-innocent-20260505-0
summary:
== Criticism == According to a 2012 study by Carol L. Tilley, Wertham "manipulated, overstated, compromised, and fabricated evidence" in support of the contentions expressed in Seduction of the Innocent. He misprojected both the sample size and substance of his research, making it out to be more objective and less anecdotal than it truly was. He generally did not adhere to standards worthy of scientific research, instead using questionable evidence for his argument that comics were a cultural failure. Wertham used New York City adolescents from troubled backgrounds with previous evidence of behavior disorders as his primary sample population. For instance, he used children at the Lafargue Clinic to argue that comics disturbed young people, but according to a staff member's calculation seventy percent of children under the age of sixteen at the clinic had diagnoses of behavior problems. He also used children with more severe psychiatric disorders which required hospitalization at Bellevue Hospital Center, Kings County Hospital Center, or Queens General Hospital. Statements from Wertham's subjects were sometimes altered, combined, or excerpted so as to be misleading. Relevant personal experience was sometimes left unmentioned. For instance, in arguing that the Batman comics condoned homosexuality because of the relationship between


id: the-senses-and-the-intellect-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Senses_and_the_Intellect-0.md
category: reference
title: The Senses and the Intellect
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Senses_and_the_Intellect
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:25.311099+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-senses-and-the-intellect-20260505-0
summary:
The Senses and the Intellect is a book by Alexander Bain that was first published in 1855 and published by John William Parker in London. In this treatise, Bain described two principal divisions of the mind, the senses and the intellect. The discussion on the other two aspects of the mind, the emotions and the will, was published by Bain four years later, in 1859, under the title The Emotions and the Will. == Context == Bain had an academic background in moral philosophy and logic and is considered to be an associationist, alongside figures like John Locke, David Hume and his friend - John Stuart Mill. In the early 1840s, Bain developed a keen interest in psychology, particularly in exploring the human senses through physiology. His work during this period culminated in a paper presented in 1844 titled On the Definition and Classification of the Human Senses, where he introduced the concepts of the muscular sense and organic sensibilities. Drawing from the associationist approach and displaying scepticism towards metaphysics, he expanded contemporary psychology in multiple ways. In the context of the will, he prioritized physiological explanations over metaphysical ones, using reflexes as proof that a type of will exists


id: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Sex and the Love Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:26.472164+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-0
summary:
Sex and the Love Life by the American author William J. Fielding is a non-fictional book published in 1927 in New York. It deals with the contemporary understanding of sexuality and its relation to the love life in many fields of life. The book consists of 14 chapters and a glossary in which all biological, sexual and medical terms that are discussed in the book itself are defined and explained. The first chapter gives an introduction to different conceptions of the function of sex and mentions cultural influences on these conceptions. Chapter Two deals with the Development of the Love Life and focuses especially on the sex life of the child. Besides that, Man’s and Woman’s Sexual Nature are described in Chapter three and four respectively, whereby biological aspects of the male and female reproductive systems are elaborated on in detail. In the fifth chapter the author gives advice about the Preparation of Marriage and in the sixth Chapter Sex Hygiene in Marriage is the topic. Hygiene is not referring solely to personal hygiene but rather to how sexual intercourse can be used to improve marital happiness and satisfaction. Women’s Love Rights are presented in the following chapter (chapter 8)


id: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life-1.md
category: reference
title: Sex and the Love Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_Love_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:26.472164+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sex-and-the-love-life-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter 9: Birth Control in Relation to the Love Life === This chapter deals mainly with the contemporary misunderstanding of contraception in general. All too often it was equalized with abortion and murder of an embryo. Fielding begins with enlightening the reader and explains the advantages of contraception, one of which concerning a moral aspect: "a practice which increases marital happiness, which assures people of greater economic security [...] and which permits more extensive educational and cultural advantages to the fewer and better children that are born [...] is a good practice". Furthermore, he argues that the fear of pregnancy (as many women experienced at that time) would lead to marital disharmony and that contraceptive methods should be used to establish an unstressed atmosphere between married couples. Fielding also criticizes the church's position towards contraception at that time by saying that "the church [...] has been and still is the most powerful influence against the principle of parenthood by choice instead of accident". The institutional church would be ignorant of the benefits that contraception offers to the people. The position that is still held by the Catholic Church, namely that "Contraception is wrong because it’s a deliberate violation of


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women (1981) is a book about the development of sexual orientation by the psychologist Alan P. Bell and the sociologists Martin S. Weinberg and Sue Kiefer Hammersmith, in which the authors reevaluate what were at the time of its publication widely held ideas about the origins of heterosexuality and homosexuality, sometimes rejecting entirely the factors proposed as causes, and in other cases concluding that their importance had been exaggerated. Produced with the help of the American National Institute of Mental Health, the study was a publication of the Institute for Sex Research. Together with its Statistical Appendix, Sexual Preference was the conclusion of a series of books including Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography (1972) and Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women (1978), both co-authored by Bell and Weinberg. Using data derived from interviews conducted in 1969 and 1970 with subjects in the San Francisco Bay Area, Bell et al. attempted to test explanations of sexual orientation put forward by psychoanalysts and social scientists. They found that while homosexual men were more likely than heterosexual men to have felt especially close to their mothers, this had almost no effect on the development


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Overview of the study === Bell et al.′s objective was to test the explanations of how people become heterosexual or homosexual proposed by psychoanalysts and social scientists, including psychoanalytic theories attributing homosexuality to a failure to resolve Oedipal conflicts. In their view, theories about the origins of sexual orientation had usually not been rigorously tested prior to their study, partly because some of them, including those advanced by psychoanalysts, use concepts which are hard to "pin down and operationalize." They anticipated that psychologists and psychoanalysts would object to their work on methodological grounds, such as that no attempt was made to access unconscious material, or that the interviews, which lasted only a few hours, could never reveal what truly occurred in someone's childhood. They argued, however, that the fact that their data was not obtained from clinical sources was a strength, that attempting to access unconscious material risks selective interpretation of the data, and that "if the differences between homosexual and heterosexual patterns of development are really as great as psychoanalytic theory claims" then such differences would be reflected to at least some extent in the reports of their respondents. Aware that some scholars might reject any view of


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-2.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Findings on white men === Bell et al. found that homosexual men were more likely than heterosexual men to have felt especially close to their mothers. Male respondents who were unusually close to their mothers were more likely to describe themselves as having been feminine children, but only a minority of boys with this kind of background became homosexual. Bell et al. concluded that male homosexuality is not the "result of an unusually strong maternal identification", and that mothers have only a small influence on their sons′ psychosexual development. Homosexual men were less likely to give positive descriptions of their fathers, but more likely to have negative feelings toward their fathers, to dislike, hate, or fail to feel close to them, or to consider them hostile or detached. They were also more likely to feel more similar to their mothers than to their fathers, or to prefer to be like their mothers. Bell et al. concluded that, "Unfavorable relationships with fathers" have a weak connection to "gender nonconformity and early homosexual experiences". Few male respondents had engaged in childhood sex play, and it did not seem to be important in the development of homosexuality. Homosexual men were less likely


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-3.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Findings on white women === Homosexual women were more likely to describe their relationships with their mothers as negative, and their mothers as having been hostile or rejecting. These measures were combined into a single measure, "Hostile-Rejecting Mother", which appeared to have only minimal influence on the development of sexual preference. Homosexual women were less likely to describe their mothers as having been pleasant people. This and two other connected variables were combined into a composite measure called "Unpleasant Mother", which had a weak and indirect connection with adult homosexuality. Homosexual women identified less strongly with their mothers, though this appeared to have very little influence on adult sexual preference, having only indirect effects, dependent upon its encouragement of childhood gender nonconformity. Homosexual women gave less favorable descriptions of their relationships with their fathers, and were more likely to have negative feelings toward them, and to describe them as having been hostile or detached. These variables were combined into a measure called "Detached-Hostile Father", which appeared to encourage childhood gender nonconformity and adolescent homosexual involvement. Homosexual women were less likely to identify with their fathers, but the "Identification with Father" variable appeared to be unimportant. Few female respondents reported


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-4.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Conclusions === Bell et al. rejected many accepted ideas about the development of homosexuality. They concluded that psychodynamic theories exaggerate the role of parents in the development of their sons' sexual orientation, and that the psychoanalytic model that attributes male homosexuality to dominant mothers and weak fathers is inadequate. They found the idea that "cold, detached" fathers and poor father-son relationships predispose boys toward homosexuality more plausible, but emphasized that these factors have only an indirect connection to sexual preference. They suggested that relationships with parents might play a greater role in the development of female homosexuality, although they found having a cold or distant father less significant as a cause of female than of male homosexuality. They also rejected sociological theories such as the idea that homosexuality results from labeling by others. Overall, they concluded that sexual preference is likely to be already determined by the time boys and girls reach adolescence, and that there is a powerful link between gender nonconformity and the development of homosexuality in both sexes, but especially in men. Although stressing that their model "applies only to extant theories and does not create new ones", they wrote that they had identified "a pattern


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-5.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == === Mainstream media === Prior to its publication, Jane E. Brody wrote in The New York Times that Sexual Preference was likely to cause controversy because of its findings and its reliance on path analysis and its subjects' memories. Brody noted that path analysis could be misused and that it "can only explore existing notions, not create new ones." According to Brody, Bell said that he expected the study to be condemned by both "radical gays" and psychoanalysts, the psychologist John Paul De Cecco questioned the "theoretical basis" of Sexual Preference and the reliability and validity of relying on recollections of childhood, and the psychoanalyst Irving Bieber described Bell et al.′s findings as inconsistent with his clinical experience. Sexual Preference attracted considerable media attention in 1981, receiving positive reviews from the historian Paul Robinson in Psychology Today and Richard P. Halgin in Library Journal, a negative review from the sociologist John Gagnon in The New York Times, a notice in Newsweek, and a discussion in The Chronicle of Higher Education, which focused on the controversy surrounding the book. The following year, the book received a negative review from Michael Ignatieff in the London Review of Books. The


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-6.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Gay media === Sexual Preference received a positive review from Robert Herron in Christopher Street and a mixed review from George Smith in The Body Politic, while in The Advocate it received a note from the editor and mixed reviews from the biologist Doug Futuym and the social scientist Richard Wagner. Herron credited Bell et al. with disproving mistaken ideas about the causes of homosexuality and described it as a "massively impressive achievement". However, he criticized the authors for their use of the term "sexual preference" and for failing to define "homosexuality". He also believed that they should have stated unambiguously, instead of simply suggesting, that homosexuality is innate, and maintained that as social scientists, they could not properly assess research on biological influences on homosexuality. Smith considered the study useful for its challenge to established views about the causes of homosexuality. However, he was unconvinced by its conclusion that homosexuality has a biological basis and found its account of the subject remote from real experience. Smith argued that while Bell et al.′s path analysis suggested that various variables cause one another, this was "an illusion created by statistical manipulation", and concluded that their category of "Gender Nonconformity" was


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-7.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientific and academic journals, 1981–1982 === Sexual Preference received a positive review from J. Kenneth Davidson, Sr. in the Journal of Marriage and Family, mixed reviews from the sociologist John DeLamater in Science and the sex researcher James D. Weinrich in The Quarterly Review of Biology, and negative reviews from the psychologist Clarence Tripp in the Journal of Sex Research and the sociologist Ira Reiss in Contemporary Sociology. The book was also discussed by DeCecco in the Journal of Sex Research and Bell in Siecus Report. Criticisms made of the work included that its authors' conclusions were based on an unrepresentative or dubiously representative sample of homosexuals, and that their reliance on path analysis and adult recall of early childhood feeling was problematic. Davidson wrote that Bell et al. were aware that their work would be criticized on methodological grounds, and that they carefully addressed potential criticisms. He suggested that media reports had distorted their views about the possibility than homosexuality has a biological basis, writing that they acknowledged that their study did not provide the data to resolve this issue. Although he considered it regrettable that it took them more than a decade to publish their analysis of


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-8.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientific and academic journals, 1983–1986 === Cheryl L. Gillespie gave Sexual Preference a mixed review in Family Relations. She commended Bell et al. for using a sophisticated methodology and trying to avoid "poorly designed measures and biased interpretation of data". Nevertheless, she found their methodology and interpretation of data open to question, writing that although their San Francisco Bay Area sample was arguably non-representative, they wrote as though the study was representative of the larger population, that they did not sufficiently explore the issue of bias in their subjects' self-reports, which might have been motivated by the subjects' ideology or desire to please the researchers by telling them what they thought they wanted to hear, and that they relegated the fact that respondents who had been exposed to scientific information regarding homosexuality were more likely to characterize their parents in accord with psychoanalytic models of emotionally absent fathers and domineering mothers to a footnote. She also suggested that readers might find Sexual Preference boring. Thomas Ford Hoult argued in the Journal of Homosexuality that Bell et al.′s conclusion that childhood gender nonconformity and adult sexual orientation have a biological basis is a legitimate hypothesis, but one that it is


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-9.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Scientific and academic journals, 1987–1996 === De Cecco wrote in the Journal of Sex Research that Sexual Preference had no independent theoretical basis because it was conceived as an attempt to disprove theories viewing homosexuality as a mental or social pathology, and that Bell et al. were mistaken to conclude that, because such theories are incorrect, sexual orientation must be innate. He accused them of being motivated by "a misguided compassion for homosexuals", arguing that such compassion is actually a form of arrogance. The philosopher Frederick Suppe described Sexual Preference as very important study in the Journal of Homosexuality. He wrote that it failed to duplicate the findings of Bieber et al. or the predictions of symbolic interactionism, labeling theory, and societal reaction theory approaches. He considered its sample of homosexuals, while highly biased, to nevertheless be the most representative ever made, and argued that biased samples can be adequate for the purposes of refuting theories propounded in other studies "so long as the types of subjects used in those other studies constitute a subsample of the replicative study′s sample and the latter's population does not go beyond the claimed scope of the replicated studies." He maintained that Bell


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-10.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1981–1987 === The gay rights activist Dennis Altman noted that Bell et al.′s conclusion that there is a powerful link between gender nonconformity and the development of homosexuality depended on the memories of their respondents, who were likely to have been influenced by social expectations about how homosexuals should conform to gender roles. He observed that Bell et al.′s data was collected in 1969 and 1970, prior to the "growth of the modern gay movement and the development of the macho style among gay men", and criticized them for confusing "social roles with what is inborn", thereby underestimating the extent to which masculinity and femininity are social constructs. The psychologist William Paul and the sex researcher Weinrich maintained that Sexual Preference documented social diversity well and was the largest study conducted specifically on homosexuality, but that it was limited by the problems Bell et al. encountered in trying to obtain a representative sample. They suggested that because Bell et al. collected their data in 1969, they may have missed "cultural developments in the gay younger generation of the late 1960s and early 1970s." The gynecologist William Masters, the sexologist Virginia E. Johnson and the physician Robert C.


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-11.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1988–1989 === The psychoanalyst Richard C. Friedman maintained that despite the differing perspectives of their authors, the studies by Bell et al. and Bieber et al. were "in basic agreement with regard to childhood gender identity / gender role abnormalities in pre-homosexual children." He considered Bell et al.′s claim that path analysis made it possible to give each influence on homosexuality a particular weight at a particular time of childhood development unlikely, since retrospective methods cannot be converted to prospective methods. He wrote that the meaning of data depends on the models used to interpret them, and that Bell et al.′s models differ from those accepted by "psychodynamically oriented investigators." The sociologist Miriam M. Johnson described Bell et al.′s study as the "largest, best-designed, and one of the least heterosexist investigations" of the development of sexual preference. In her view, its only possible bias is that because of its nature and San Francisco location "activist" homosexuals were over-represented. Johnson argued that "this bias would probably work against finding support for any hypotheses concerning parental influences, because activist homosexuals have ordinarily been opposed to psychoanalytic speculations about parental involvements." Johnson concluded, however, that the study's credibility was enhanced


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-12.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1990–1997 === The philosopher Edward Stein maintained that Bell et al.′s data undermine the hypothesis that a person's sexual orientation is determined by the sex of the first person he or she has sex with. Gonsiorek and Weinrich maintained that Bell et al.′s view that sexual orientation is set by early childhood is also held by most other experts on the topic, including Green and Money. They described Bell et al. as "essentialists", who, unlike supporters of social constructionism, maintain that "homosexual desire, identity, and persons exist as real in some form, in different cultures and historical eras". Gonsiorek and Douglas C. Haldeman both credited Bell et al. with disproving psychoanalytic theories about the development of homosexuality. The economist Richard Posner credited Bell et al. with providing evidence that "childhood gender nonconformity is a good predictor of both male and female homosexuality". He also believed that they showed that boys are not more likely to become homosexual the more adult siblings they have, and provided evidence against the idea that adult homosexuality results from seduction or early homosexual experiences. The psychologist Kenneth Zucker and the psychiatrist Susan Bradley described Sexual Preference as a "classic study". They maintained


id: sexual-preference-book-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)-13.md
category: reference
title: Sexual Preference (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Preference_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:27.778790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: sexual-preference-book-20260505-0
summary:
=== Other evaluations, 1998–present === The anthropologist Gilbert Herdt argued that Sexual Preference, like the Kinsey scale, places "too much emphasis upon discrete acts of sex and not enough stress upon the cultural context and total developmental outcomes to which those acts are related." He called the study a "quantitative sociological" survey of homosexuality that decontextualizes "the culture and lives at issue", arguing that all developmental changes need to be viewed in the context of social structure. Stein described Sexual Preference as one of the most detailed and frequently cited retrospective studies relating to sexual orientation. In his view, while the study has been criticized on various grounds, including that all of its subjects were living in San Francisco, arguably an atypical place with respect to the sexual orientation of its inhabitants, Bell et al.′s conclusions about theories attributing sexual orientation to the effects of experience have been accepted and confirmed. He observed that many other studies have been conducted on childhood gender nonconformity partly because of Bell et al.′s findings relating it to homosexuality. The psychologists Stanton L. Jones and Mark Yarhouse described Sexual Preference as a famous study. They maintained that because Bell et al.′s data suggest that


id: shaping-psychology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaping_Psychology-0.md
category: reference
title: Shaping Psychology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaping_Psychology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:28.990306+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shaping-psychology-20260505-0
summary:
Shaping Psychology: Perspectives on Legacy, Controversy and the Future of the Field is a 2020 book written by Polish psychologist Tomasz Witkowski. It is a collection of conversations with influential psychologists from the early 21st century, featuring interviews with notable figures who have significantly impacted the field and covering a broad spectrum of specializations from research, mental health, critical psychology, and neuroscience, as well as the open science movement. Interviewees include Elizabeth Loftus, Jerome Kagan, Michael I. Posner, Scott Lilienfeld, Robert Sternberg, Robert Plomin, Susan Blackmore, Joseph E. LeDoux, Noam Chomsky, Roy Baumeister, Erica Burman, Brian Nosek, Vikram Patel, Daniel Kahneman, and Carol Tavris. These experts discuss the controversies, crises, and future prospects of psychology, sharing their views on the challenges in the field, their careers, and their formative experiences. == Reception == In her review for Science-Based Medicine and Skeptical Inquirer, Harriet Hall offered insights into the book, noting: Tomasz Witkowski's new book [...] provides an intriguing look at the current state of psychology, its problems and possible solutions, and hopes for the future. [...] I have met several of the people Witkowski interviewed, but now I feel as if I have spent more time with them and know


id: the-six-pillars-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Pillars_of_Self-Esteem-0.md
category: reference
title: The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Pillars_of_Self-Esteem
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:30.134501+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-six-pillars-of-self-esteem-20260505-0
summary:
The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem is a psychology book written by Nathaniel Branden. The book describes what Branden believes are the key elements that raise or lower the self-esteem of an individual. Branden's six pillars are: The Practice of Living Consciously The Practice of Self-Acceptance The Practice of Self-Responsibility The Practice of Self-Assertiveness The Practice of Living Purposefully The Practice of Personal Integrity == Reviews == The book received negative reviews from Library Journal, which called it "repetitive, verbose, and somewhat rambling", and Kirkus Reviews, which called it "Inflated and repetitious". Reason gave a positive review, calling Branden's exploration of self-esteem "an important mission for our time" and the book "a call to consciousness and participation". == References == == External links == The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem at the Internet Archive


id: spent-sex-evolution-and-consumer-behavior-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent:_Sex,_Evolution,_and_Consumer_Behavior-0.md
category: reference
title: Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent:_Sex,_Evolution,_and_Consumer_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:31.287835+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spent-sex-evolution-and-consumer-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
Spent: Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior is a 2009 book by Geoffrey Miller. The book presents an evolutionary analysis of marketing, arguing that consumers seek pleasure and seek to display favorable traits to others. == References ==


id: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten-0.md
category: reference
title: Spoilt Rotten
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:32.443556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
summary:
Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality (subtitle in US editions: How Britain is Ruined by Its Children) is a non-fiction book by the British writer and retired doctor and psychiatrist Theodore Dalrymple, originally published in 2010. Polemical in nature, the book contends that sentimentality has become culturally entrenched in British society, with harmful consequences. The author uses a range of cultural, educational, political, media and literary issues—including falling standards in education, UK aid policies for African development, the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, the disappearance of Madeleine McCann, and the work and life of Sylvia Plath—to illustrate what he sees as the danger of abandoning logic in favour of sentimentality, which he describes as "the progenitor, the godparent, the midwife of brutality". Much of Dalrymple's analysis is underpinned by his experience of working with criminals and the mentally ill. Spoilt Rotten received a mostly favourable reception in the media. Dalrymple was praised for carrying out a thought-provoking and convincing analysis of a newly emerged cultural phenomenon which sees emotion substituted for reason. Some critics, however, accused the author of cynicism and misanthropic pessimism in his approach, and the historian Noel Malcolm claimed that Dalrymple had overreached in his


id: spoilt-rotten-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten-1.md
category: reference
title: Spoilt Rotten
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:32.443556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter Four: The Demand for Public Emotion === Dalrymple analyses the media attention and reaction to the disappearance of Madeleine McCann, and how certain media interpreted a perceived lack of emotion on the part of the girl's parents as evidence of guilt. Dalrymple writes that the "demand that emotion should be shown in public, or be assumed not to exist and therefore indicate a guilty mind, is now not an uncommon one", and cites two similar cases involving Joanne Lees and Lindy Chamberlain. Dalrymple then analyses the outcry from the public and the media to the lack of emotion shown by the Queen after the death of Princess Diana, and contends that "the tabloid newspapers carried out what can only be called a campaign of bullying against the sovereign" and that those gathered outside Buckingham Palace were "bullying rather than expressing any genuine grief". He concludes by asserting that the sentimentality shown by both the media and the public "was inherently dishonest in a way that parallels the dishonesty that lies behind much sentimentality itself". === Chapter Five: The Cult of the Victim === Dalrymple analyses the poet Sylvia Plath, whom he describes as the "patron saint of self-dramatization",


id: spoilt-rotten-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten-2.md
category: reference
title: Spoilt Rotten
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoilt_Rotten
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:32.443556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spoilt-rotten-20260505-0
summary:
== Critical reception == After it was released the book received a mostly positive response in the media. In The Spectator, Jonathan Sumption praised the book, writing "The public hysteria surrounding such high-profile incidents as the death of the Princess of Wales and the search for Madeleine McCann, or the eccentricities of the MacPherson report on the death of Stephen Lawrence are analysed with the author's customary mixture of shrewdness, cynicism and misanthropic pessimism. These phenomena have of course been analysed before, and many of the same points have been made. But Dalrymple is good at relating them to broader trends in our society". The book was described by Toby Young in The Daily Telegraph as being an "excellent new book attacking the cult of sentimentality" and that Dalrymple also "makes a convincing case that standards in British education have plummeted in the last few decades". Young also reviewed the book on his blog No Sacred Cows, where he wrote, "...the remarkable thing about Spoilt Rotten is that Dalrymple never lets his anger obscure his compassion. Throughout the book you get a powerful sense that his outrage is rooted in a commitment to social justice. Yes, he believes members of


id: studies-in-machiavellianism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_Machiavellianism-0.md
category: reference
title: Studies in Machiavellianism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_Machiavellianism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:33.583857+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-machiavellianism-20260505-0
summary:
Studies in Machiavellianism is a book published in 1970 by psychologists Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis. It is a collection of 38 studies into the interpersonal personality variable that they dubbed Machiavellianism. It is the first book on the subject, the first use of the word "Machiavellianism" as the name of a personality variable, and would launch an entire field of study. == Overview == In the aftermath of World War II, psychologist Richard Christie set out to study the thought processes and actions of those who manipulated others, such as political ideologues and religious extremists. He found that there was many studies on those who followed the organizations and movements, but the only literature on those who actually led them were psychiatric in nature. Starting from the basics, Christie hypothesized that a "manipulator" or "operator" would possess the following characteristics: A relative lack of affect in interpersonal relationships A lack of concern for conventional morality A lack of gross psychopathology (i.e. a lack of mental illness) Low ideological commitment From these characteristics, Christie would begin to build psychometrics to evaluate these traits within an individual. In creating his psychometric, he first began by seeking out historical figures such


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2-0.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:34.773184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-0
summary:
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2 is a book published in 1900 written by Havelock Ellis (1859–1939), an English physician, writer and social reformer. The book deals with the phenomenon of sexual inversion, an outdated term for homosexuality, as well as heterosexual trans people. It is part of Ellis' seven-volume series Studies in the psychology of sex. The book has seven chapters describing the prevalence, nature and theories in the 19th century about sexual inversion in men and women. Various case studies are presented and discussed. Ellis recognised a need to address the topic of sexual inversion especially in England: ... in England, more than in any other country, the law and public opinion combine to place a heavy penal burden and a severe social stigma on the manifestations of an instinct which to these persons who possess it frequently appears natural and normal. However, the publication of the book was suppressed in England at first and it was published in the United States instead. == Historical context == "Homosexual practices in private, between two consenting parties, are absolutely unpunished [...]" in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and other European countries. In the 18th century sex between men was


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2-1.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:34.773184+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== Chapter V, the nature of sexual inversion === This chapter is an analysis and summary of the earlier case studies. Sexual inversion in the cases presented seems not to be heritable. Records of inversion or other abnormalities are not conspicuously frequent among the case studies. Most of the subjects have good general health. In most of the subjects the homosexual instinct appeared in early life without a previous affection for the opposite sex. Ellis associates precocious puberty with sexual inversion. Ellis excludes suggestion as a cause of sexual inversion. Also, masturbation in male cases is reported as predisposing to inversion whereas there was no such relationship observed for the female cases. Most of the subjects are adverse towards sexual relationships with the opposite sex. However, there are close and genuine friendships between sexual inverts and members of the opposite sex. Many subjects investigated by Ellis show artistic talent. Lastly, most of the subjects regard their sexual inversion as being equal to heterosexuality so they do not think that their sexual instinct is immoral. === Chapter VII, the theory of sexual inversion === Ellis attempts to define several terms and clarify the terminology around the topic of sexual inversion. The


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7-0.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:35.995363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-0
summary:
Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Volume 7 is a book published in 1928 by the English physician and writer Havelock Ellis (1859–1939). Ellis was an expert of human sexuality but was impotent until the age of 60 and married to an open lesbian for much of his life. He later discovered that he could be aroused by the sight of a woman urinating. Terming this sexual deviation undinism, it is one of several topics covered in the seventh and final volume of his studies in the psychology of sex. Ellis began writing the first of the seven books in 1900, exploring topics such as sexual inversion (homosexuality), sexuality in women, and erotic symbolism throughout the volumes. Volume seven was originally published in the United States due to the stigma surrounding transgenderism, homosexuality, and other sexual deviations in England at the time. The book contains 9 chapters, each exploring a sexual deviation or potential influences. It is largely composed of case studies and directly quotes the individuals he examined, providing the raw descriptions and perspectives of the individuals, rather than his own version of their deviations. == Historical context == In the 1700s, Molly houses began appearing all over the


id: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7-1.md
category: reference
title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:35.995363+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: studies-in-the-psychology-of-sex-vol-7-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception and influence == All seven volumes of Studies in the Psychology of Sex were widely accepted in the scientific community, even with the progressive perspectives in which it portrayed human sexuality and perversions. Despite this, the book was not published in England until the middle of the 20th century, as it was strongly believed that putting Ellis' ideas into the public would increase the rates of individuals with sexual perversions. For a long time, concepts like eonism and undinism were assumed to be effects of other psychological disorders such a schizophrenia. Ellis' innovative take on these perversions and their origins attempted to normalise them and demonstrate that these individuals can be functioning members of society. A few years prior to Ellis' publication of the first volume in his series, Krafft-Ebbing, an Austrian professor of psychiatry, also took an interest in the sexual impulses of transgender individuals. After the publications of both Krafft-Ebbing's and Ellis' studies, other sexologists and psychologists began to show interest in these studies as well. Magnus Hirschfeld, a German sexologist, began to similarly explore the sexual impulses and behaviours of transgender individuals, and eventually gender reassignment surgery. With the help of medical professionals, the first


id: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative-0.md
category: reference
title: The Territorial Imperative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:38.326971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-0
summary:
The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry Into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations is a 1966 nonfiction book by American writer Robert Ardrey. It characterizes an instinct among humans toward territoriality and the implications of this to property ownership and nation building. The Territorial Imperative was influential at the time, and encouraged public interest in human origins. The Territorial Imperative is the second book in Ardrey's Nature of Man Series; it is preceded by African Genesis (1961) and followed by The Social Contract (1970) and The Hunting Hypothesis (1976). It was illustrated by Ardrey's wife, the South African actress and illustrator Berdine Ardrey (née Grunewald). Ardrey dedicated The Territorial Imperative to Henry Eliot Howard, who was noted for being one of the first to describe in detail the territorial behaviors of birds. == Synopsis == The Territorial Imperative develops the theses originally introduced in African Genesis: A Personal Investigation into the Animal Origins and Nature of Man, which was published five years earlier. In African Genesis, Ardrey posited that man originated in Africa instead of Asia, that he is driven by inherited instincts to acquire land and defend territory, and that the development of weapons was a fundamental turning


id: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative-1.md
category: reference
title: The Territorial Imperative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Territorial_Imperative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:38.326971+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-territorial-imperative-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy == The Territorial Imperative was widely read and exerted a cultural influence. It quickly became an international bestseller and was translated into dozens of languages. Ardrey's work in general, and The Territorial Imperative in particular, is often credited with arousing popular interest in ethology, anthropology, and human origins. Geoffrey Gorer, for example, in his Encounter review of The Territorial Imperative, writes: "Almost without question, Robert Ardrey is today the most influential writer in English dealing with the innate or instinctive attributes of human nature, and the most skilled populariser of the findings of paleo-anthropologists, ethologists, and biological experimenters." Ralph Graves claims "[Ardrey] today can claim major credit for having introduced the public to the new field of ethology, the study of animal behavior and its relationship to man." Commenting upon Ardrey's legacy on the occasion of his death, the South African anthropologist Dr. Phillip Tobias stated, "He has made an incalculable contribution to the science of human evolution. Thousands of people around the world, especially in the United States, were made aware of the fascination and the importance of studies on man's place in nature [through his writing]." The work influenced several notable figures. Stanley Kubrick cited Ardrey


id: the-analysis-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Analysis of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:39.503673+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-analysis-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Analysis of Mind is a book published in 1921 by Bertrand Russell. The book uses philosophical ideas from the period of its publication, to describe how the mind works. The book attempts to define the mind, through the same way the physical world is explained, primarily through the use of sensations. == Context == Prior to the publication of "The Analysis of Mind", the mind's understanding was covered by philosophers, such as Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume and Reid. Descartes first published his mind-body dualism theory in the 17th century. He framed that the mind and body are inherently different kinds of substances. It proposes that the mind is in charge of imagination, emotions and sensations, which don't follow the laws of physics that govern the body. In 1689, Locke shifted the debate of the mind with regards to experience, arguing that all knowledge comes from sensory experience, and therefore, learning is originated from experiencing the world. He issued "An essay concerning human understanding", which in the 21st century is recognized as the start of empiricism. Building on this, in the 18th century, authors such as Berkeley and Reid, discuss about new philosophical doctrines, like idealism and realism, respectively. Berkeley


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
The Fern and the Tiki is a book by American psychologist David Ausubel, written during his Fulbright Research Fellowship in New Zealand in 1957/58. Subtitled An American View of New Zealand National Character, Social Attitudes and Race Relations, the book critically examines how New Zealanders' self-image aligned with the ideal personality traits of the country's national character at the time. Building on ideas from Ausubel's earlier research in New Zealand, and followed by a psycho-ethnological study of Māori youth, The Fern and the Tiki concludes that the perception held by many Pākehā of themselves as egalitarian New Zealanders living in a country with excellent race relations was a myth. At the time of publication, this and other criticisms in the book of child-rearing and education in the country sparked considerable controversy and left a lasting impact on how students, academics, and policymakers discuss and respond to the treatment of Māori by the predominantly Pākehā culture, as well as other social issues. == Background and context == In 1957 Ausubel was awarded a Fulbright Research Grant to study in New Zealand. He was welcomed to Victoria University of Wellington by Professor Ernest Beaglehole, who was said to be looking for an


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-1.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Publication and methodology == Although Ausubel was back in the United States by this time, The Fern and the Tiki was published in 1960. The preface notes that Ausubel's expertise lay in his training as a psychiatrist and psychologist, specifically focused on education issues, personality development, and social relationships. For this work, he gathered data from observations, formal and informal interviews, and "specially designed personality tests." The aim of the book was "to present an objective and critical analysis of important problems facing the people of New Zealand, such as discipline, coeducation, conformity, standards of public controversy, juvenile delinquency, and the improvement of Māori-Pākehā relations". The primary focus was on Pākehā, with Māori characteristics considered only in the context of New Zealand race relations. This involved describing the attitudes and characteristics of Pākehā New Zealanders, particularly their self-perception, interactions with others, and responses to societal issues. Ausubel's frame of reference for the book is based on his American experience and includes direct comparisons between the two cultures, and examples of the American 'visitor'—either in the third person or as Ausubel himself—encountering a self-image among New Zealanders that was "markedly at variance with the visitor's observations." He concedes that, as


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-2.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Format and key ideas == Three chapters of the book explore the national character of New Zealanders. Ausubel identified a "blend of British and pioneering traits...[including]...the perceived virtues of both traditions and the vices of neither". In valuing their British heritage, New Zealanders see themselves as "reserved, unsentimental, respectful of authority, mindful of discipline, and prone to understatement". Instead of "British snobbishness, arrogance, haughty condescension and patronizing airs", the national image is one of "genial friendliness and an amiable, easygoing egalitarianism". Ausubel acknowledges that some of this was valid, but claims New Zealanders show considerable sentimentality in their choice of movies, often write "maudlin" in-memoriam notices, watch "gushingly sentimental" movies and participate in very emotional farewell ceremonies. He further questions whether New Zealanders are as friendly and hospitable as their self-image proclaimed. A "strong undercurrent of hostility toward foreigners" is noted, reflected in the resentment toward Americans, with Ausubel concluding that "the tide of anti-American feeling among the rank and file of New Zealanders today is probably stronger than ever before in history." Ausubel was surprised by how personally accountable he was held by "elderly gentlemen" for the behavior of American servicemen, [who] "dated New Zealand girls during World


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-3.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == A 1960 review in Landfall said the book had a "jaundiced undercurrent...[and]...it is obvious that [Ausebel's] disappointment in and his disillusionment about New Zealand unset him bitterly". The reviewer said Ausubel seemed unaware how to approach people in the country and what he saw as smugness, "may be in fact a mask for sincere and considerable feelings of inferiority - and in a small bourgeois country, a feeling of nakedness". A later commentator suggested that the position taken by Smithells reflected how New Zealanders felt about the book as late as 2002 in that if "he [Ausubel] had limited himself to Māori-Pākehā relationships and not risked insulting New Zealanders' culture, his work would have been better received". Kemble Welch, a senior pathologist at Whangarei Hospital who had worked for many years amongst Maori communities, said Ausubel's conclusion that New Zealand's colour bar was "so big and baneful" that there was reason to be pessimistic about the country's future, was difficult to be tested using scientific methodology. Welch called the reliability of the data gathered by Ausubel into question due to the fact that [he] "does not refer to any other reports or statistics, so relies entirely on


id: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki-4.md
category: reference
title: The Fern and the Tiki
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fern_and_the_Tiki
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:40.676360+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fern-and-the-tiki-20260505-0
summary:
== Legacy == Interviewed in 2000, Geoffrey Palmer clearly recalled from his student days that the book had been very controversial but significant in shaping his consciousness, while Moana Jackson said that as a young Māori at the time, the content had not surprised him, and the challenging of Pākehā myths in the book was a forerunner of later more public critiquing of these by Māori. Writing in 2002, Harry Kersey, who later worked in New Zealand as a Fulbright Scholar examining the Maori issues in the country's politics, noted how consistently the book is cited in other publications about race relations in the country. In 1999, New Zealand, historians Paul Spoonley and Augie Fleras claimed Ausubel was accurate in predicting that race relations would only be put to the test when the two races had more contact with each other, and concluded that the book inferred antagonism was not provoked by "uppity Maori" in the 1970s, rather being "deeply rooted in New Zealand history and chronically embedded in society". James Ritchie reflected on his research into the nature of prejudice in New Zealand during the 1950s and said that Ausubel's work had "filled out the details." Richie noted that


id: the-psychology-of-money-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Money-0.md
category: reference
title: The Psychology of Money
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Money
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:52.618040+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-psychology-of-money-20260505-0
summary:
The Psychology of Money is a book by Morgan Housel, published in 2020. It examines how people think about money and how behaviour and emotions influence financial decisions. == Overview == The book is organised as a series of short chapters that use stories and examples to explain psychological biases and common mistakes people make with money. It argues that success with money depends less on technical skill and more on behaviour, patience and perspective. == Reception == A Financial Times review stated that The Psychology of Money makes a persuasive case that financial decisions are shaped more by human behaviour than by data. Forbes noted that The Psychology of Money effectively shows how emotions and behaviour shape financial decisions, praising its accessible approach to personal finance. The Economic Times highlighted that the book emphasises building wealth quietly through savings and investments rather than flashy spending, arguing that “real wealth is invisible, not on social media handles.” It also praised the author for stressing the importance of habits like saving without a specific goal and benefiting from long-term compounding, calling those ideas powerful tools for long-term wealth creation. == Editions == The book was published in 2020. The original publisher


id: the-trauma-myth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trauma_Myth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Trauma Myth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trauma_Myth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:53.818791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-trauma-myth-20260505-0
summary:
The Trauma Myth: The Truth About the Sexual Abuse of Children – and Its Aftermath is a psychology book by Susan A. Clancy, published by Basic Books. In the book, Clancy states that sexual acts between adults and minors most often do not result in any traumatic reaction. The findings of the book is based on Clancy's ten years experience of interviewing people who had gone through such experiences, as well as on academic literature dating back to the early 20th century. She also discusses some specific accounts from her interviews in the book. == References ==


id: think-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Think (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:54.945621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: think-book-20260505-0
summary:
Think!: Why Crucial Decisions Can't Be Made in the Blink of an Eye is a non-fiction book by editor and journalist Michael R. LeGault, released in January 2006. It was published under Threshold Editions, a conservative publishing imprint under Simon & Schuster run by Mary Matalin. Think claims to refute Blink, the best-selling 2005 book by Canadian journalist Malcolm Gladwell. It argues that United States and the West are in decline because of an intellectual crisis. Think contends that blink-like snap judgments are the cause of major failures such as the Hurricane Katrina response. LeGault maintains that relying on emotion and instinct instead of reason and facts is ultimately a threat to our freedom and way of life. == Summary == Think begins as a critique of the decline of critical thinking in America. LeGault briefly mentions Blink as the height of this irrationality, but moves on to other failures in government, schools, media, and industry. LeGault offers several examples of irrationality and mediocrity throughout the book: Poor decision-making at General Motors and the decline of the American auto industry. The politically correct reaction to remarks by Lawrence Summers, regarding gender differences. The failures of affirmative action to close the


id: the-three-christs-of-ypsilanti-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Christs_of_Ypsilanti-0.md
category: reference
title: The Three Christs of Ypsilanti
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Christs_of_Ypsilanti
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:56.103326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-three-christs-of-ypsilanti-20260505-0
summary:
The Three Christs of Ypsilanti: A Narrative Study of Three Lost Men is an American book-length psychiatric case study by Milton Rokeach, concerning his experiment on a group of three males with paranoid schizophrenia at Ypsilanti State Hospital in Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States. The book details the interactions of the three patients—Clyde Benson, Joseph Cassel, and Leon Gabor—each of whom believed himself to be Jesus Christ. == Synopsis == Rokeach got the idea from an article in Harper's Magazine describing two women who both believed they were the Virgin Mary. After being assigned as psychiatric hospital roommates, one of the women recovered from her delusion as a result of conversations with the roommate and was discharged. Rokeach was also influenced by Cesare Beccaria's essay On Crimes and Punishments, concerning the subject of Simon Morin, who was claimed to have been potentially cured in a similar way. As a similar study of delusional belief systems, Rokeach brought together three men who each claimed to be Jesus Christ and confronted them with one another's conflicting claims, while encouraging them to interact personally as a support group. Rokeach also attempted to manipulate other aspects of their delusions by inventing messages from imaginary characters.


id: to-have-or-to-be-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be-0.md
category: reference
title: To Have or to Be?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:57.306728+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: to-have-or-to-be-20260505-0
summary:
To Have or to Be? is a 1976 book by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, in which he differentiates between having and being. It was originally published in the World Perspectives book series edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen for Harper & Row publishing firm. Fromm writes that modern society has become materialistic and prefers "having" to "being". He mentions the great promise of unlimited happiness, freedom, material abundance, and domination of nature. These hopes reached their highs when the industrial age began. One could feel that there would be unlimited production and hence unlimited consumption. Human beings aspired to be Gods of earth, but this wasn’t really the case. The great promise failed due to the unachievable aims of life, i.e. maximum pleasure and fulfillment of every desire (radical hedonism), and the egotism, selfishness and greed of people. In the industrial age, the development of this economic system was no longer determined by the question of what is good for man, but rather of what is good for the growth of the system. So, the economic system of society served people in such a way in which only their personal interests were intended to impart. The people having unlimited needs and desires


id: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins-0.md
category: reference
title: Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:58.497641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
summary:
Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins - Ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom Transitorischen Irresein in klinisch-forensischer Hinsicht für Aerzte, Richter, Staatsanwälte und Vertheidiger (English: Transitory Disorders of Consciousness) is an 1868 book by the Austro-German psychiatrist and author Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902). The book comprises seven chapters, each dealing with a different kind of transient disturbance of consciousness, and it is meant to be a handbook for physicians, judges, prosecutors and defenders. At the beginning of each chapter, Krafft-Ebing introduces the general theme and discusses its relevance in a clinical-forensic context. He then precedes with the illustration of several case histories for each subsection. The book was reprinted and published by Hansebooks in January 2017. == Context == At the end of the 19th century, medicine and psychiatry was largely influenced by Bénédict Morel's degeneration theory. Degeneration was seen as weakening of higher brain regions that would allow more primitive and uncontrollable behavior to emerge. Proponents of this world view were convinced that a process of devolution was taking place in society and that the causes of this decline were rooted within biological causes. Inspired by evolutionary theories of Darwin and Lamarck, European degenerationists increasingly believed that mental disorders were disorders


id: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins-1.md
category: reference
title: Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:58.497641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
summary:
I. Dream States: Krafft-Ebing sees dream states as the most frequent and well-known altered states of consciousness. During sleep, mental functions that are linked to our self-consciousness, like attention or conscious thought, are reduced or completely shut down while sensory input is blocked and motor commands are inhibited. At the same time, certain emotions lead to the production of sensory images that are experienced and perceived in this ASC. Somnolence, or drowsiness, refers to the state between sleep and wakefulness which is marked by reduced self-consciousness and apperceptive activity. Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, describes a state of low self-consciousness that is accompanied by the phenomenon of motor behavior in form of walking or talking during sleep. Due to the uninhibited triggering of motor movement outside of consciousness, actions performed in a somnambulate state are difficult to evaluate in terms of accountability for a crime and people may not be held responsible for their actions. II. States of Intoxication: Alcohol intoxication is a physiological state induced by the depressant ethanol (alcohol) that reduces arousal and stimulation in several areas of the brain. Krafft-Ebing describes that the legislator saw such a drug-induced state as self-inflicted and therefore, any unlawful action committed during intoxication


id: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins-2.md
category: reference
title: Die transitorischen Störungen des Selbstbewusstseins
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_transitorischen_Störungen_des_Selbstbewusstseins
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:58.497641+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: die-transitorischen-st-rungen-des-selbstbewusstseins-20260505-0
summary:
== Insanity defence in the 21st century == Nowadays, criminal responsibility is usually presumed in cases of adult offenders. An indication for possible insanity defence can often only be given by a medical or psychiatric expert witness and is not solely based on the judgments of physicians, judges, prosecutors or defenders anymore. The evidence put forward by an expert witness is often a crucial judgment that leads to a well-informed and considered judgment. Further guidance is given by the German penal code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB). According to §21, a mitigation of sentence can be considered when an offender lacks insight due to one of the reasons stated in §20. These include morbid mental disorders, like psychoses due to alcohol intoxication, or disorders of consciousness that can be due to fatigue, somnolence or parasomnia. In such cases, the offender cannot be held fully responsible for the criminal offense despite posing a possible threat to society. According to §63 and §64, the inculpable offender has to be accommodated in a psychiatric hospital (German: Maßregelvollzug) in which they are primarily treated as patients, not criminals. The main focus of therapy is "Besserung and Sicherung" (English: "Recovery and Safety") and in contrast to a prison


id: trauma-and-dreams-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_and_Dreams-0.md
category: reference
title: Trauma and Dreams
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_and_Dreams
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:55:59.648785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trauma-and-dreams-20260505-0
summary:
Trauma and Dreams is a 1996 book edited by Deirdre Barrett and published by Harvard University Press. Chapter authors are prominent psychologists and physicians including Oliver Sacks and Robert J. Lifton. Barrett opens the Introduction with a quote from poet Elias Canetti, "All the things one has forgotten / scream for help in dreams." The book describes how trauma affects the content of dreams, differentiating between the typical effects of adult vs. childhood trauma and between one-time traumas vs. those that are experienced repeatedly. It discusses what dreaming can tell us about trauma and how dreamwork may be employed in psychotherapy to aid the recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). == Reviews == "Trauma and Dreams provides evidence that important information can be gleaned through examination of [PTSD] dreams...Barrett's coverage of the subject is far-reaching, with dream research on war veterans, rape survivors, kidnapping victims, multiple personality patients, and traumatized children. Barrett also considers the connection between dreams and relatively commonplace traumas such as divorce and bereavement...Trauma and Dreams is well researched and includes contributions by several experts in the fields of trauma and dream analysis." – Choice "Trauma and Dreams is...an honest and compassionate book, based usually on direct


id: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele-0.md
category: reference
title: Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:00.840950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-0
summary:
Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele (English: About the conflicts of a child's soul) was published in Leipzig in 1910 by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. In this book, Jung processes statements from a four-year-old girl that provide deep insight into the meaning of sexual interest. He discusses the problems that arise over the years, the conflicts they create as well as the solutions that help and those that do not. == Context == After studying medicine at the University of Basel Jung worked at the Burghölzli Asylum of the University of Zürich. At Burghölzli he began to apply association tests initiated by earlier researchers and was especially interested in patients' illogical responses to stimulus words. Jung observed that these specific responses were caused by emotionally charged clusters of associations that were restrained from consciousness because of their obnoxious and often sexual content. Jung's findings confirmed many of Freud's ideas. Together they were close collaborators for five years. Jung held important positions in the psychoanalytic movement and is widely known as the most likely successor to the founder of psychoanalysis. Due to temperamental reasons and differences of viewpoint Freud's and Jung's collaboration ended. Jung disagreed with Freud's insistence on the


id: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele-1.md
category: reference
title: Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Über_Konflikte_der_kindlichen_Seele
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:00.840950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ber-konflikte-der-kindlichen-seele-20260505-0
summary:
== Reception == Together with Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, Jung was very influential in the field of depth psychology, which is closely related to the topic of sexuality. Together with Kleiner Hans, Über Konflikte der kindlichen Seele was one of the first books that write about sexuality of children. In Jung's opinion infants and young children are psychologically a part of the parents' psyche. He claims that a child's psychological disorder is exclusively caused by disturbances in the psychic sphere of the parents. This statement, which emphasizes the importance of parents for early childhood development, was not widespread at Jung's time. It is also partly confirmed in modern research on young children. Some psychologists such as child psychiatrist and Jungian analyst Michael Fordham, did not fully agree with Jung's statement. He states that a child should be seen as its own psychological individual. It should not be seen as merely an appendage of the parental psyche. When Freud presented a phase of development characterized by a lack of experience with objects in his essay Zur Einführung des Narzissmus (English: Introduction of Narcissism), he also referred to the concept of an introversion of the libido, which Jung introduced in Über


id: the-unconscious-god-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unconscious_God-0.md
category: reference
title: The Unconscious God
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unconscious_God
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:02.001577+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-unconscious-god-20260505-0
summary:
The Unconscious God (German: Der Unbewußte Gott) is a 1949 book by Viktor E. Frankl, the Viennese psychiatrist and founder of Logotherapy. The book was the subject of his dissertation for a Ph.D. in philosophy in 1948. The Unconscious God is an examination of the relation of psychology and religion. == Key ideas == The term "the unconscious God" refers to a "hidden relationship with the hidden God". In his work, Frankl advocates for the use of the Socratic dialogue or "self-discovery discourse" to be used with clients to get in touch with their "Noetic" (or spiritual) unconscious. Human religiousness is a deeply individual decision, and aligns with the process of discovering meaning in even the most difficult of situations. In comparing Protestant ministers and parishioners, Frankl contends that a mature involvement with a religious group increases the sense of purpose in life. == Published editions == Frankl's book was originally published as Der Unbewußte Gott by Ehrlich Schmidt in 1949; the English language version was published by Simon & Schuster in 1975 under the title The Unconscious God: Psychotherapy and Theology. == References ==


id: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Vectors of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:03.169025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Vectors of Mind is a book published by American psychologist Louis Leon Thurstone in 1935 that summarized Thurstone's methodology for multiple factor analysis. == Overview == The Vectors of Mind presents Thurstone's methods for conducting a factor analysis on a set of variables that allow for more than one factor, an important extension of Spearman's unifactor method. Having multiple factors adds significant complications and much of the book is focused on the problem of rotation. It attempts to solve this problem by providing an objective basis for the rotation factors, called simple structure, and advocates for the use of oblique (correlated) factors to achieve a simple structure. The book utilizes his centroid method of factor extraction, which made it feasible to complete the arduous calculations necessary for a factor analysis at a time when fast electronic computers had not even been imagined. This is a predominantly technical book that relies heavily upon mathematical presentations and provides multiple numerical examples. However, the early chapters delve into philosophical questions of the nature of science and present Thurstone's understanding of measurement theory. == Synopsis == Preface. This book extends and presents more formally the findings from the author's Multiple Factor Analysis paper


id: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind-1.md
category: reference
title: The Vectors of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vectors_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:03.169025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-vectors-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
== Historical context == In 1904 Charles Spearman published a paper that largely founded the field of psychometrics and included a crude form of factor analysis that attempted to determine if a single factor model was appropriate. There was limited subsequent work on factor analysis until Thurstone published a paper in 1931 called Multiple Factor Analysis, which expanded Spearman's single-factor analysis to include more than one factor. In 1932, Hotelling presented a more accurate method of extracting factors, which he called principal components analysis. Thurstone rejected Hotelling's approach because it set the commonalities to 1.0, and Thurstone realized that will introduce distortions to the factor loadings when variables include unique components. Hotelling's method was also limited by the fact that it required too much calculation to be usable with more than about ten variables. A year after Hotelling's paper, Thurstone presented a more efficient way of extracting factors, called the centroid method, which allowed the factor analysis of a far larger number of variables. Later that year he gave his presidential address to the American Psychological Association wherein he presented the results of several factor analyses, including a factor analysis of 60 adjectives describing personality traits, showing how they could


id: the-velvet-rage-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rage-0.md
category: reference
title: The Velvet Rage
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rage
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:04.380467+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-velvet-rage-20260505-0
summary:
The Velvet Rage: Overcoming the Pain of Growing Up Gay in a Straight Man's World is a self-help book by clinical psychologist Alan Downs, originally published on May 24, 2005, by Lifelong Books. The book explores the challenges faced by gay men as they navigate societal expectations, discrimination, and internalized shame. It delves into the impact of heteronormativity, the struggle for acceptance, and the development of a gay identity. Downs also provides insights and strategies for overcoming the psychological barriers that may hinder personal growth and fulfillment. The Velvet Rage has been praised for its candid and compassionate approach to addressing the unique struggles faced by gay men, and it has become a widely discussed and influential work within the LGBTQ community. Reviews in the Toronto Star and the Washington Blade found the book to make overgeneralizations. A second edition was published on June 5, 2012. == References ==


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-0.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
Verbal Behavior is a 1957 book by psychologist B. F. Skinner, in which he describes what he calls verbal behavior, or what was traditionally called linguistics. Skinner's work describes the controlling elements of verbal behavior with terminology invented for the analysis - echoics, mands, tacts, autoclitics and others - as well as carefully defined uses of ordinary terms such as audience. == Origins == The origin of Verbal Behavior was an outgrowth of a series of lectures first presented at the University of Minnesota in the early 1940s and developed further in his summer lectures at Columbia and William James lectures at Harvard in the decade before the book's publication. == Research == Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior drew heavily on methods of literary analysis. This tradition has continued. The book Verbal Behavior is almost entirely theoretical, involving little experimental research in the work itself. Many research papers and applied extensions based on Verbal Behavior have been done since its publication. == Functional analysis == Skinner's Verbal Behavior also introduced the autoclitic and six elementary operants: mand, tact, audience relation, echoic, textual, and intraverbal. For Skinner, the proper object of study is behavior itself, analyzed without reference to hypothetical (mental)


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-1.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
Chapter Five of Verbal Behavior discusses the tact in depth. A tact is said to "make contact with" the world, and refers to behavior that is under functional control of a non-verbal stimulus and generalized conditioned reinforcement. The controlling stimulus is nonverbal, "the whole of the physical environment". In linguistic terms, the tact might be regarded as "expressive labelling". Tact is the most useful form of verbal behaviour to other listeners, as it extends the listeners contact with the environment. In contrast, the tact is the most useful form of verbal behaviour to the speaker as it allows to contact tangible reinforcement. Tacts can undergo many extensions: generic, metaphoric, metonymical, solecistic, nomination, and "guessing". It can also be involved in abstraction. Lowe, Horne, Harris & Randle (2002) would be one example of recent work in tacts. == Intraverbal == Intraverbals are verbal behavior under the control of other verbal behavior. Intraverbals are often studied by the use of classic association techniques. == Audiences == Audience control is developed through long histories of reinforcement and punishment. Skinner's three-term contingency can be used to analyze how this works: the first term, the antecedent, refers to the audience, in whose presence the verbal


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-2.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
== Logical and scientific == The special audience in this case is one concerned with "successful action". Special methods of stimulus control are encouraged that will allow for maximum effectiveness. Skinner notes that "graphs, models, tables" are forms of text that allow for this kind of development. The logical and scientific community also sharpens responses to assure accuracy and avoid distortion. Little progress in the area of science has been made from a verbal behavior perspective; however, suggestions of a research agenda have been laid out. == Tacting private events == Private events are events accessible to only the speaker. Public events are events that occur outside of an organism's skin that are observed by more than one individual. A headache is an example of a private event and a car accident is an example of a public event. The tacting of private events by an organism is shaped by the verbal community who differentially reinforce a variety of behaviors and responses to the private events that occur (Catania, 2007, p. 9). For example, if a child verbally states, "a circle" when a circle is in the immediate environment, it may be a tact. If a child verbally states, "I


id: verbal-behavior-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior-3.md
category: reference
title: Verbal Behavior
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:05.628712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: verbal-behavior-20260505-0
summary:
== Current research == Current research in verbal behavior is published in The Analysis of Verbal Behavior (TAVB), and other Behavior Analytic journals such as The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). Also research is presented at poster sessions and conferences, such as at regional Behavior Analysis conventions or Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) conventions nationally or internationally. There is also a Verbal Behavior Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) which has a mailing list. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention and the Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis both publish clinical articles on interventions based on verbal behavior. Skinner has argued that his account of verbal behavior might have a strong evolutionary parallel. In Skinner's essay, Selection by Consequences he argued that operant conditioning was a part of a three-level process involving genetic evolution, cultural evolution and operant conditioning. All three processes, he argued, were examples of parallel processes of selection by consequences. David L. Hull, Rodney E. Langman and Sigrid S. Glenn have developed this parallel in detail. This topic continues to be a focus for behavior analysts. Behavior analysts


id: wanting-the-power-of-mimetic-desire-in-everyday-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanting:_The_Power_of_Mimetic_Desire_in_Everyday_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Wanting: The Power of Mimetic Desire in Everyday Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanting:_The_Power_of_Mimetic_Desire_in_Everyday_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:06.819238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: wanting-the-power-of-mimetic-desire-in-everyday-life-20260505-0
summary:
Wanting: The Power of Mimetic Desire in Everyday Life is a non-fiction book written by Luke Burgis and published by St. Martin's Press. The book was prompted by Burgis's experience losing a deal in 2008 to sell his company. According to the book, the episode brought on an existential crisis that led Burgis to René Girard and his mimetic theory. The theory argues that much of what people desire is formed through mimicking what others desire. The book applies mimetic theory to the business world and the experiences of everyday life. == Background == In 2022, Burgis held the position of program director and entrepreneur in residence at the Ciocca Center for Principled Entrepreneurship at Catholic University of America. After attending New York University, Burgis worked on Wall Street and founded four companies. In 2008, a startup company that Burgis had founded called Fit Fuel was failing. Burgis was in the process of selling the company to Tony Hsieh, but the deal fell through and the business collapsed. According to Burgis, the failed business deal and collapse of the company helped him realize that he was trying to imitate his idols rather than pursue what he wants. Burgis was then


id: why-don-t-students-like-school-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Don't_Students_Like_School-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Don't Students Like School?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Don't_Students_Like_School?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:07.968067+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-don-t-students-like-school-20260505-0
summary:
Why Don't Students Like School?: A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions About How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom is a 2009 educational psychology book by Daniel T. Willingham, published by Jossey-Bass. The work applies cognitive science research to classroom teaching practices, presenting nine principles about how students think and learn. Willingham, a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, wrote the book to bridge the gap between cognitive psychology research and practical teaching methods. == Summary == In Why Don't Students Like School? Willingham's explores the intersection between cognitive science and educational practice. He seeks to clarify why students often struggle to engage with schoolwork and outlines cognitive principles that educators can leverage to improve student learning and enjoyment of school. Central to Willingham’s thesis is the idea that the human brain is not primarily designed for thinking but rather to avoid it. Thinking is characterized as slow, effortful, and uncertain, which leads individuals to rely on memory and previously learned strategies to navigate most situations. Willingham asserts that people do enjoy thinking when the cognitive challenges they face are within their abilities to solve. The satisfaction of successfully resolving a cognitive challenge can motivate


id: why-i-want-to-fuck-ronald-reagan-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_I_Want_to_Fuck_Ronald_Reagan-0.md
category: reference
title: Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_I_Want_to_Fuck_Ronald_Reagan
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:09.126392+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-i-want-to-fuck-ronald-reagan-20260505-0
summary:
"Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan" (1968), by J. G. Ballard, is a short story written in the style of a scientific report on a series of experiments intended to measure the psychosexual appeal of the Californian politician Ronald Reagan, who then was governor of the state of California, and also a candidate for the 1968 Republican presidential nomination, which he lost to Richard Nixon. First published as a pamphlet in 1968 by the Unicorn Bookshop in Brighton, the short story was later republished in The Atrocity Exhibition (1970), a collection of thematically related short stories. It was later used as part of a prank at the 1980 Republican National Convention, at which Reagan was nominated as president. == History == In the preface to the 1990 edition of The Atrocity Exhibition (1970), the novelist J.G. Ballard said that he was impressed and inspired by the phenomenon of media politicians who speak for private interests, whilst pretending to speak for the public interest, because: In his commercials Reagan used the smooth, teleprompter-perfect tones of the TV auto-salesman to project a political message that was absolutely the reverse of bland and reassuring. A complete discontinuity existed between Reagan’s manner and


id: young-man-luther-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Man_Luther-0.md
category: reference
title: Young Man Luther
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Man_Luther
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:10.292656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: young-man-luther-20260505-0
summary:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History is a 1958 book by the psychologist Erik Erikson. It was one of the first psychobiographies of a famous historical figure. Erikson found in Martin Luther a good model of his discovery of "the identity crisis". Erikson was sure he could explain Luther's spontaneous eruption, during a monastery choir practice, "I am not!" According to Erikson, Luther suffered through an environment that fomented crisis, and succeeded in a healthy resolution, thereby becoming more fulfilled than if the crisis had not been experienced. In the end Luther chose the obedient, provincial leadership path his father had wished for him, rather than the national fame he could have easily pursued after his celebrity and wealth, but only after Luther had disobeyed and suffered many years in an identity crisis. == Summary == Erikson believed that rebellion is most likely to manifest in the youth stage of life. He suggested that before the rebellion can occur intensely, young people must first have believed in the thing they are rebelling against. Luther was thirty-four, and he had believed desperately in the authority of the very church he was rebelling against, for failing to follow the


id: zen-and-the-brain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_and_the_Brain-0.md
category: reference
title: Zen and the Brain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_and_the_Brain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:11.475431+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zen-and-the-brain-20260505-0
summary:
Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness is a 1998 book by neurologist and Zen practitioner James H. Austin, in which the author attempts to establish links between the neurological workings of the human brain and meditation. The eventual goal would be to establish mechanisms by which meditation induces changes in the activity of the brain, which in turn induces a state of mental clarity. For example, Austin presents evidence from EEG scans that deep relaxed breathing reduces brain activity. The publishers described their book as a "Comprehensive text on the evidence from neuroscience that helps to clarify which brain mechanisms underlie the subjective states of Zen, and employs Zen to 'illuminate' how the brain works in various states of consciousness". Austin starts with a discussion of Zen Buddhism, its goals, and practices. Having laid this groundwork, he then turns to explore the neurological basis of consciousness. Austin wrote a follow-up, Zen-Brain Reflections. == See also == Neurotheology Rational mysticism == References == James H. Austin, Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness. Reprint edition July 2, 1999. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-51109-6 James H. Austin, Zen-Brain Reflections. First edition February 14, 2006.


id: african-survey-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Survey-0.md
category: reference
title: African Survey
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Survey
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:12.989787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: african-survey-20260505-0
summary:
An African Survey: A Study of Problems arising in Africa South of the Sahara, often simply known as African Survey, was a report originally published in 1938 under the auspices of The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) which paved the way for the reorganisation of research into the situation of the British Empire in Sub-Saharan Africa through the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940. The report was published by Oxford University Press and ran to 1,837 pages. It was subsequently republished in several revised editions. == Origins == The publication's origins arose out of a proposal by Jan Smuts in 1929 when he delivered the Rhodes Memorial Lecture at Oxford University. The missionary Joseph Oldham played a key role in getting the survey under way. John Cell has argued that reference to Jan Smuts in Lord Lothian's foreword to the work should not be given much weight. Smuts had advocated White settlement throughout the highlands of East Africa, with a view of creating a similar dominion to South Africa. This proposal, centred on Oxford University, lost out to other viewpoints. In 1931 Oldham got an agreement for the survey to be funded from the Carnegie Foundation, however a


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-0.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
The Authoritarian Personality is a 1950 sociology book by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford, researchers working at the University of California, Berkeley, during and shortly after World War II. The Authoritarian Personality "invented a set of criteria by which to define personality traits, ranked these traits and their intensity in any given person on what it called the 'F scale' (F for fascist)." The personality type Adorno et al. identified can be defined by nine traits that were believed to cluster together as the result of childhood experiences. These traits include conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, anti-intraception, superstition and stereotypy, power and "toughness", destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and exaggerated concerns over sex. Though criticized at the time for bias and methodology, the book was highly influential in American social sciences, particularly in the first decade after its publication: "No volume published since the war in the field of social psychology has had a greater impact on the direction of the actual empirical work being carried on in the universities today." == Institutional context == Theodor Adorno and a team of researchers—Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford—working at University of California, Berkeley, produced The Authoritarian


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-1.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
Offensive (conceited, sensual, dirty) Threatening (ruthless, competitive, radical) Attitudes (discriminative action to be taken) Seclusive (clannish, keeping apart from gentiles) Intrusive (desire to intrude where not welcome) All items were phrased in affirmation of the Anti-Semitic sentiment. Brown (2004, p. 48), together with many others, criticizes this choice as "unwise". The items were phrased in a superficially moderate language, which nonetheless conveyed the saliency of Jews to the respondent and a negative sentiment towards them ==== Ethnocentrism ==== Split-half reliability for the scale was .91 (high). The correlation between Ethnocentrism and Anti-Semitism scales was .80 (relatively high). This result is "evidence that antagonism to the culturally unlike is a generalized sentiment" ==== Political and economical conservatism ==== Split-half reliability for PEC scale was .73 (moderate). The scale's correlation with A-S and E was not strong, but in none of the groups was it negative. "[...] neither ethnocentrism nor Anti-Semitism ever showed a tendency to go with leftist liberal views." ==== F Scale ==== The F scale targets an authoritarian, anti-democratic personality profile that makes a person susceptible to Fascist propaganda. The items were written in accordance to fascist propaganda materials as well as priory held TAT protocol data and interviews


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-2.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
==== Explanation in terms of socio-economic status (SES) rather than repression ==== "We can easily imagine plausible reasons for the association of each authoritarian trait with the cluster that includes low IQ, little education, and low SES and so the explanation of covariation among the traits is simply their several particular ties to the same underlying factors. [...][However][...] Norms are not put together at random or incidentally. When they stabilize into a particular combination it must be because that is a combination that works for human personalities" (Brown, p. 75) ==== Left wing authoritarianism ==== A number of studies have examined the external criterion validity of F scale, with various demographic and political groups. Such groups included: German cosmetic factory workers (Cohn and Carsch, 1954); English fascists and communists, compared to 'politically neutral' soldiers (Coulter, 1953). Both studies found high scores (>5) in F-Scale. However, the Coulter study also found the Communists scored higher in F-Scale than the politically neutral group. Eysenck (1954, ref. by Brown, p. 80) commented that Coulter's results indicate that the F-Scale actually measures general authoritarianism, rather than fascist tendencies in particular. (see Left-Wing authoritarianism) Christie (1956) attributed Coulter's findings to sampling fluctuation, pointing out the


id: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality-3.md
category: reference
title: The Authoritarian Personality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:14.203855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-authoritarian-personality-20260505-0
summary:
== Responses == The Authoritarian Personality inspired extensive research in psychology, sociology, and political science during the 1950s and early 1960s on the relation between personality traits, behavior, and political beliefs. The Authoritarian Personality has often provoked polarized responses: "The Berkeley study of authoritarian personality does not leave many people indifferent". The study "has been subjected to considerable criticism" since the 1950s, particularly for various methodological flaws, including sample bias and poor psychometric techniques. In 1973, Gaensslen et al. found that a dogmatism scale containing anxiety items is methodologically questionable. In 1980, sociologist J.J. Ray argued that the project of The Authoritarian Personality was "obviously false" noting authoritarians on both ends of the political spectrum.:40 Ray criticized the study for not asking questions regarding libertarian politics (which according to Ray are typically more anti-authoritarian than right-wing politics);:41 for failing to demonstrate that authoritarian/right-wing beliefs are correlated with psychopathology; and, most importantly, for failing to demonstrate that authoritarian beliefs are associated with authoritarian behavior. In 1993, over a decade later, the latter point was also criticized by Billings et al. Milton Rokeach proposed adding an open/closed mindedness dimension of politics.:40 The book concludes that right-wing, authoritarian governments produce hostility towards racial,


id: black-awakening-in-capitalist-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Awakening_in_Capitalist_America-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Awakening in Capitalist America
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Awakening_in_Capitalist_America
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:15.360995+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-awakening-in-capitalist-america-20260505-0
summary:
Black Awakening in Capitalist America is a 1969 social sciences and history book by American scholar Robert L. Allen that analyzes the experience of Black residents of the United States as that of a colonized nation within a nation. Allen primarily analyzes Black organizing in the 1960s and often draws from the work of Frantz Fanon. == Summary == Allen focuses on Black activism in the United States following the Civil Rights Movement and details how corporate interests and White-led power structures co-opted and de-radicalized Black Power and Black nationalism. Allen cites the Ford Foundation funding of the Congress of Racial Equality as an example of how Black-led movements are influenced to align with the interest of more mainstream organizations. Allen further explores this idea through the response to the 1967 Newark riots and critiques Black leaders who focused on electoral representation instead of systemic change for communities. As part of his analysis of potential avenues for change he also stridently critiques Black capitalism as a method for social change. N. D. B. Connolly, an American historian and professor writes: For Allen, the most unjust characteristics of the country's economy—chronic African American underemployment, housing segregation, police brutality, the expansion of


id: constructing-post-colonial-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing_Post-Colonial_India-0.md
category: reference
title: Constructing Post-Colonial India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing_Post-Colonial_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:16.531482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: constructing-post-colonial-india-20260505-0
summary:
Constructing Post-Colonial India: National Character and the Doon School is a 1998 book by Indian sociologist Sanjay Srivastava that surveys post-colonial Indian identity with a focus on The Doon School, an elite all-boys boarding school founded in 1935 in Dehradun, India. From 1989 through 1993, Srivastava conducted field research at the school, and he interviewed parents and teachers as well as the school's graduates. The book's main argument is that to be post-colonial in India necessitates the espousal of values such as secularism, rationalism, and a modernity that is not Occidental-inspired, but is contextual to the country. == See also == Colonial India Postcolonialism == References == == External links == Official page - Routledge UK


id: the-cultural-creatives-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives-0.md
category: reference
title: The Cultural Creatives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:17.716588+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-cultural-creatives-20260505-0
summary:
The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World is a nonfiction social sciences and sociology book by sociologist Paul H. Ray and psychologist Sherry Ruth Anderson (born 1942). The authors introduced the term "Cultural Creatives" to describe a large segment in Western society who since about 1985 have developed beyond the standard paradigm of modernists or progressives versus traditionalists or conservatives. Ray and Anderson claim to have found 50 million adult Americans (slightly over one quarter of the adult population) can now be identified as belonging to this group. They estimated an additional 80–90 million "Cultural Creatives" exist in Europe as of 2000. == Two types == Ray and Anderson divide "Cultural Creatives" into two subdivisions: === Core "Cultural Creatives" === Just under half of the CC population comprises the more educated, leading-edge thinkers. This includes many writers, artists, musicians, psychotherapists, alternative health care providers and other professionals. They combine a serious focus on their spirituality with a strong passion for social activism. == Characteristics == Ray and Sherry Anderson created a questionnaire to identify "Cultural Creatives" in Western society. The characteristics below were identified as qualities of a "Cultural Creative". Agreement with 10 or more indicates


id: the-gold-standard-and-the-logic-of-naturalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Standard_and_the_Logic_of_Naturalism-0.md
category: reference
title: The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold_Standard_and_the_Logic_of_Naturalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:20.069462+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-gold-standard-and-the-logic-of-naturalism-20260505-0
summary:
The Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism is a non-fiction book written by literary theorist and author Walter Benn Michaels and first published in 1988 by the University of California Press. == Content == The book is a treatise on capitalism in the United States and "value creation," by way of literary criticism. The author examines topics such as the alienation of property, the proclivity for masochism, and the battle over free silver, analyzing the cultural forms these phenomena affect and shape. Michaels proclaims a social, economic, and legal examination of literary history, because, as he affirms, if literature is to be understood at all it must be understood both as "a producer and a product of market capitalism." == Reviews == The New York Times, reporting in 1986, on Representations, "one of the hottest newer journals around," focused on its issue devoted to American culture between the Civil War and World War I, which, they claimed, shattered "the shackles of narrow specialization." The report denotes The Gold Standard as a "literary-psychological-economic study" of misers, which brings to relief the fiction of Frank Norris in particular. The work focuses simultaneously on literature and the arts, as well as on


id: linguistic-imperialism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Imperialism-0.md
category: reference
title: Linguistic Imperialism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Imperialism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:21.247869+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: linguistic-imperialism-20260505-0
summary:
Linguistic Imperialism is a book written by Robert Phillipson, research professor at Copenhagen Business School's Department of English, published in 1992 by Oxford University Press. In Linguistic Imperialism, Phillipson argues that Western countries have used English as a tool of imperialism to dominate colonies and former colonies. He further explores the ideologies transmitted through the English language. The book was followed by Linguistic Imperialism Continued, first published by Routledge in 2010. == See also == Cultural imperialism English as a lingua franca Hegemony Linguistic imperialism == References == Sources


id: the-little-red-schoolbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Red_Schoolbook-0.md
category: reference
title: The Little Red Schoolbook
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Red_Schoolbook
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:22.438308+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-little-red-schoolbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Little Red Schoolbook (Danish: Den Lille Røde Bog For Skoleelever; English: The Little Red Book For School Pupils) is a book written by two Danish schoolteachers, Søren Hansen, Bo Dan Andersen and writer Jesper Jensen, first published in 1969. It was subject to much controversy upon its publication and was translated into many languages in the early 1970s. == Synopsis == The book encourages young people to question societal norms and instructs them on how to do this. Out of 200 pages, it includes 20 pages on sex and 30 on drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. Other topics included adults as "paper tigers", the duties of teachers, discipline, examinations, intelligence, and different schools. == Reception == As a result of its subject matter and its targeted audience of schoolchildren, politicians in many countries criticised the book, fearing it would erode the moral fabric of society and be an invitation for anarchy in schools. The LRSB was banned in France and Italy. In Switzerland, the Bernese cantonal politician Hans Martin Sutermeister led a campaign against the book. He was initially successful in temporarily blocking the introduction of the book into the country. The subsequent controversy, however, ended his political career,


id: the-logic-of-modern-physics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics-0.md
category: reference
title: The Logic of Modern Physics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:23.634182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-logic-of-modern-physics-20260505-0
summary:
The Logic of Modern Physics is a 1927 philosophy of science book by American physicist and Nobel laureate Percy Williams Bridgman. The book is notable for explicitly identifying, analyzing, and explaining operationalism for the first time, and coining the term operational definition. Widely read by scholars in the social sciences, it had a huge influence in the 1930s and 1940s, and its major influence on the field of psychology in particular surpassed even that on methodology in physics, for which it was originally intended. == History == The Logic of Modern Physics is a 1927 philosophy of science book by American physicist and Nobel laureate Percy Williams Bridgman notable for explicitly identifying, analyzing, and explaining operationalism for the first time. Pragmatic philosophers like Charles Sanders Peirce in the 1870s had already advanced solutions to the related ontological problems. Also, Sir Arthur Eddington had discussed notions similar to operationalization in 1920 before Bridgman. Bridgman's formulation, however, became the most influential. In 1955 the variant operationism was described by A. Cornelius Benjamin. == Influence == Operationalism can be considered a variation on the positivist theme, and, arguably, a very powerful and influential one. The book was widely read by scholars in the


id: the-myth-of-matriarchal-prehistory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory-0.md
category: reference
title: The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:24.754373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-myth-of-matriarchal-prehistory-20260505-0
summary:
The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why An Invented Past Will Not Give Women a Future is a 2000 book by Cynthia Eller that seeks to deconstruct the theory of a prehistoric matriarchy. This hypothesis, she says, developed in 19th century scholarship and was taken up by 1970s second-wave feminism following Marija Gimbutas. Eller, a retired professor of religious studies at Claremont Graduate University, argues in the book that this theory is mistaken and its continued defence is harmful to the feminist agenda. == Thesis == Eller sets out to refute what she describes as feminist matriarchalism as an "ennobling lie". She argues that the feminist archaeology of Marija Gimbutas had a large part in constructing a late twentieth-century feminist myth of matriarchal prehistory. She questions whether Gimbutas's archaeological findings adequately support the claim that these societies were matriarchal or matrifocal. She says that we know of no cultures in which paternity is ignored and that the sacred status of goddesses does not automatically increase female social status. Eller concludes that inventing prehistoric ages in which women and men lived in harmony and equality "is a burden that feminists need not, and should not bear." In her view, the "matriarchal myth"


id: next-the-future-just-happened-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next:_The_Future_Just_Happened-0.md
category: reference
title: Next: The Future Just Happened
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next:_The_Future_Just_Happened
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:25.917517+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: next-the-future-just-happened-20260505-0
summary:
Next: The Future Just Happened is a book by Michael Lewis published on July 17, 2001 by W. W. Norton & Company. The book argues that rapidly evolving technology will upend the power structure of society. It gives power to the youngster who does not have preconceptions and entrenched interests. By making information readily available, the internet erodes the power and mystique of many professions. == Synopsis == Lewis provides examples including: At the age of twelve, Jonathan Lebed began trading stocks. When he and three friends did well in a stock-picking contest, people began coming to him for advice. By the age of fourteen, he learned that by posting messages in chat rooms he could affect stock prices. This illustrates how internet chat rooms shifted power from seasoned professionals to a fourteen-year-old. In the next chapter, the legal profession suffers a blow to its pride at the hands of fifteen-year-old Marcus Arnold, who became a top-ranked respondent to legal questions on AskMe.com. The British rock band Marillion could not get funds for a promotional tour from their record company so they turned to the internet. By connecting directly with their fans through their website, they were able to raise


id: o-jardim-das-afli-es-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jardim_das_Aflições-0.md
category: reference
title: O Jardim das Aflições
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jardim_das_Aflições
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:27.128115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: o-jardim-das-afli-es-20260505-0
summary:
O Jardim das Aflições – De Epicuro à ressurreição de César: ensaio sobre o Materialismo e a Religião Civil (The Garden of Afflictions – From Epicurus to the Resurrection of Caesar: An Essay on Materialism and Civil Religion) is a book by Brazilian writer Olavo de Carvalho, published in 1995. O Jardim das Aflições along with the other works, A Nova Era e a Revolução Cultural (1994) and O Imbecil Coletivo (1996), make up a trilogy of what the author considers "combat works." On Amazon.com, it is listed among the top 100 bestsellers in the Politics and Social Sciences category, being the second most commercially significant book by the author on the platform. The book inspired a film of the same name, O Jardim das Aflições, released in 2017. == Synopsis == The book is an essay whose fundamental thesis is that the history of the West is marked by the idea of Empire. The expansion of the Empire's domains to the limits of the visible world is a permanent objective through successive attempts at restructuring, even under different guises. It is an original and disturbing book that, starting from the analysis of an apparently minor event, uses it as


id: the-outsourced-self-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsourced_Self-0.md
category: reference
title: The Outsourced Self
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsourced_Self
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:28.316225+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-outsourced-self-20260505-0
summary:
The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was published in 2012. It focuses on the "emotional terms of engagement" individuals develop as they increasingly outsource tasks associated with intimate life. These range from for-pay internet dating, long-distance elder care and take-out dinners to "rent-a-friends" and global commercial surrogacy. == References == == External links == The Outsourced Life(NYTimes.com: May 5, 2012)


id: quantum-governance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Governance-0.md
category: reference
title: Quantum Governance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Governance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:29.467603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quantum-governance-20260505-0
summary:
Quantum Governance is a book about citizen-centric global progress and rewiring the foundation of public policy, written by Fadi Farra and Sir Christopher Pissarides. == Overview == The book was written by Fadi Farra in collaboration with Nobel Prize laureate in Economics, Sir Christopher Pissarides, and published in July 2023 as Quantum Governance: Rewiring the Foundation of Public Policy by Emerald Publishing Limited. Quantum Governance explores the fundamentals of AI economics and its application in shaping public policy. It delves into the concept of 'development' and the evolutionary dynamics of 'progress' within human civilization. The authors explore the transformation of human society, from the earliest urban settlements in Mesopotamia to the modern era's green smart cities, and from the initial agricultural societies to the contemporary knowledge economy. The book discusses how people and governments have built the world we live in and what the future might look like. The book posits that questioning fundamental aspects of human development and progress has become an overlooked practice, both among individuals and policymakers. However, it emphasizes the significance of these foundational inquiries in shaping and understanding the boundaries of human civilization. "Quantum Governance" advocates for the rekindling of this introspective and analytical approach,


id: social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Origins_of_Dictatorship_and_Democracy-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Origins_of_Dictatorship_and_Democracy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:30.617898+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-20260505-0
summary:
Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (1966) is a book by Barrington Moore Jr. The work studied the roots of democratic, fascist and communist regimes in different societies, looking especially at the ways in which industrialization and the pre-existing agrarian regimes interacted to produce those different political outcomes. He drew particular attention to the violence which preceded the development of democratic institutions. Initially, Moore set out to study a large number of countries, but reduced his number of cases to eight. The book took more than ten years to write. It is a cornerstone to comparative historical analysis in social science. == Overall argument == Moore's concern was the transformation of pre-industrial agrarian social relations into "modern" ones. He highlighted what he called "three routes to the modern world" - the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist - each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition. == The route to democracy == In the simplest sense, Social Origins can be summarized with his famous dictum, "No bourgeois, no democracy". However, Moore lists five conditions for the development of Western-style democracy (through


id: the-velvet-underground-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Velvet Underground (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:32.900461+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-velvet-underground-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Velvet Underground is a paperback book by journalist Michael Leigh, published in September 1963, that reports on paraphilia in the US. == Content == Leigh investigates "aberrant" sexual behavior between consenting adults; that is, everything other than simple intercourse conducted in privacy by a heterosexual couple, e.g., husband and wife swapping, group sex, sex orgy parties, homosexual activities, sado-masochism. The author reports on the various ways in which such practices are solicited (newspaper advertisements, clubs, etc.), and by following these leads, manages to get into touch with many of its participants, usually through written correspondence. The book liberally includes quotations from this material. This is complemented with quotes from various magazines. The author's general aim is to establish that a shift in attitude toward sexuality is taking place in society that not only allows a large cross-section of the American population to partake in such non-standard sexual practices, but also allows them to believe that what they are doing is perfectly healthy and normal. A central passage in the book is a quote/paraphrase from a 1961 article in the French Esprit magazine, which calls this liberal attitude toward sex the sexual revolution, and attributes it to the general availability


id: why-things-bite-back-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Things_Bite_Back-0.md
category: reference
title: Why Things Bite Back
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Things_Bite_Back
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:34.059970+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-things-bite-back-20260505-0
summary:
Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences is a 1997 book by former executive editor for physical science and history at Princeton University Press Edward Tenner that is an account and geography of modern technology. Edward Tenner's book describes how technology has had unintended effects on society. == See also == Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology == References == == Further reading == Tenner, Edward (1997). Why things bite back : technology and the revenge of unintended consequences. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74756-7. OCLC 37570811. Basson, M.S. (1995) South African Water Transfer Schemes and their Impact on the Southern African Region, in Matiza, T., Craft, S. & Dale, P. (Eds.) Water Resource Use in the Zambezi Basin. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Kasane, Botswana, 28 April - 2 May 1993. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Blanchon, D. & Turton, A.R. (2005) Les Transferts Massifs d’Eau en Afrique du Sud. In Lasserre, F. (Ed.) Transferts Massifs d’Eau: Outils de Development ou Instruments de Pouvoir? (In French). Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Presses de l’Université du Québec. (Pp 247 – 283). Cowan, Ruth (1983). More work for mother : the ironies of household technology from the open hearth to


id: 2052-a-global-forecast-for-the-next-forty-years-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2052:_A_Global_Forecast_for_the_Next_Forty_Years-0.md
category: reference
title: 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2052:_A_Global_Forecast_for_the_Next_Forty_Years
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:35.720283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: 2052-a-global-forecast-for-the-next-forty-years-20260505-0
summary:
2052 – A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years is a 2012 book describing trends in global development. It is written by Jørgen Randers and is a follow-up to The Limits to Growth, which in 1972 was the first worldwide report by the Club of Rome. It differs in three ways from the previous report. First, it does not describe an impending disaster scenario, but shows only trends. Secondly, it is to be read in the light of experience since 1972, namely, that all of humanity has responded to the report, but with a delay of 20 to 40 years. Thirdly, it offers not only future scenarios, it makes concrete proposals on how the individual should respond to emerging developments. Randers repeatedly points out that he does not want to predict specific events, only general trends. == Global forecast == The underlying logic of the prognosis Randers's reflections are based on two central questions: "What will happen to the consumer over the next 40 years?" and "Under what conditions – in which social and natural environment – will this future consumption take place?" (p. 78). He uses computer models to make sure feedback effects are not overlooked. Forecast on


id: atlas-of-ai-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_AI-0.md
category: reference
title: Atlas of AI
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_AI
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:36.900389+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: atlas-of-ai-20260505-0
summary:
Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence is a book by Australian academic Kate Crawford. It is based on Crawford's research into the development and labor behind artificial intelligence, as well as AI's impact on the world. == Overview == The book is mainly concerned with the ethics of artificial intelligence. Chapters 1 and 2 criticise Big Tech in general for exploitation of Earth's resources, such as in the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine, and human labor, such as in Amazon warehouses and the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Crawford also compares "TrueTime" in Google's Spanner with historical efforts to control time associated with colonialism. In Chapters 3 and 4, attention is drawn to the practice of building datasets without consent, and of training on incorrect or biased data, with particular focus on ImageNet and on a failed Amazon project to classify job applicants. Chapter 5 criticises affective computing for employing training sets which, although natural, were labelled by people who had been grounded in controversial emotional expression research by Paul Ekman, in particular his Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which had been based on posed images; it is implied that Affectiva's approach would not sufficiently attenuate the


id: autopoiesis-and-cognition-the-realization-of-the-living-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis_and_Cognition:_The_Realization_of_the_Living-0.md
category: reference
title: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis_and_Cognition:_The_Realization_of_the_Living
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:38.054217+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: autopoiesis-and-cognition-the-realization-of-the-living-20260505-0
summary:
Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living is a cybernetic work in systems theory and the philosophy of biology by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. It was first published under the title De Maquinas y Seres Vivos (English: 'On Machines and Living Beings') in 1972 in Chile by Editorial Universitaria S.A., with a second edition published in 1980 by the D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, and a third edition published in 1991 by Springer. This work defines and explores the concept of autopoiesis, or 'self-creation' in biological systems in an effort to address cognition and autonomy in living systems. Autopoiesis was a core text for the field of second-order cybernetics, which often dealt with themes of self-reference and feedback loops. The book is the 42nd volume in the series Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. == Reception == Autopoiesis and Cognition was most widely read as a work of systems theory. Reviews of the work praise it as an effort by scientists to bring their science to bear while crafting a phenomenology of biology, and addressing such important questions as the basis of life and cognition. However, reviewers also point out inconsistencies in the formal argument that


id: business-dynamics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Dynamics-0.md
category: reference
title: Business Dynamics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Dynamics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:39.206515+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: business-dynamics-20260505-0
summary:
Business Dynamics is a book by John Sterman that applies system dynamics to business. The book introduces systems dynamics modeling for the analysis of policy and strategy, with an emphasis on business and public policy applications. System dynamics is both a conceptual tool and a powerful modeling method. This allows the building of computer simulations of complex systems. These simulations can then be used to test the effectiveness of different policies on business outcomes. == References == Sterman, John D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-231135-5. Book website


id: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life_Support_Systems
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:40.397733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-life-support-systems-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) is an integrated compendium of twenty one encyclopedias. One of the largest database repositories on the web, dedicated to the health, maintenance and future of the web of life on planet Earth, focusing on the complex connections among all the myriad aspects from natural and social sciences through water, energy, land, food, agriculture, environment, biodiversity, health, education, culture, engineering and technology, management, development and environmental security carrying knowledge for our times. It has been developed under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The EOLSS body of knowledge is a virtual compendium of Twenty One component encyclopedias (Subject Categories). It is regarded as the world’s largest comprehensive professional publication carrying state-of-the-art, high-quality, peer-reviewed, thematically organized archival content in many traditional disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects including the coverage of transdisciplinary pathways. The contributions are from thousands of scholars from over 100 countries and edited by more than 395 subject experts. It also includes up-to-date coverage of various aspects of sustainable development that are relevant to the current state of the world. The objectives are Education for Sustainable Development and Promotion of Life Support Systems Culture of Peace and Social


id: the-fifth-discipline-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline-0.md
category: reference
title: The Fifth Discipline
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:41.490253+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-fifth-discipline-20260505-0
summary:
The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization is a book by Peter Senge about developing learning organizations by focusing on group problem solving using five basic disciplines or "component technologies", the "cornerstone" of which is systems thinking. The other four disciplines are personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, and team learning. == Reception == In 1997, Harvard Business Review identified The Fifth Discipline as one of the seminal management books of the previous 75 years. == See also == Agile management Learning agenda Organizational learning System archetype == References == == External links == Fullerton, John. "Review of The Fifth Discipline". Archived from the original on 2008-05-18.


id: general-system-theory-foundations-development-applications-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_System_Theory:_Foundations,_Development,_Applications-0.md
category: reference
title: General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_System_Theory:_Foundations,_Development,_Applications
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:42.692094+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: general-system-theory-foundations-development-applications-20260505-0
summary:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications is a 1968 book by the biologist and systems theorist Ludwig von Bertalanffy. The book presents the foundations, development and applications of general system theory and discusses the role of systems in biology, psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences. The volume consists of ten essays and an appendix dealing with general system theory and the study of biological and social organisms and with the unification of science. == Overview == The book argues that systems consist of parts in interaction and that the phenomena of systems can be studied as problems of configuration, complexity and organization. Bertalanffy proposes that there exist models, principles and laws that apply to generalized systems irrespective of their particular kind. The book presents parallels between principles in different disciplines and stresses the relations between biology, psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences. == Concepts == A concept discussed in the book is equifinality, which states that in an open system the same final state can be reached from different initial conditions and in different ways. The work examines open systems and organization as general problems of science. Several chapters also discuss systems theory in biology and the social sciences and


id: grammatical-man-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_Man-0.md
category: reference
title: Grammatical Man
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_Man
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:43.910553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: grammatical-man-20260505-0
summary:
Grammatical Man: Information, Entropy, Language, and Life is a 1982 book written by Jeremy Campbell, then Washington correspondent for the Evening Standard. The book examines the topics of probability, information theory, cybernetics, genetics, and linguistics. Information processes are used to frame and examine all of existence, from the Big Bang to DNA to human communication to artificial intelligence. == Part 1: Establishing the Theory of Information == The book's first chapter, The Second Law and the Yellow Peril, introduces the concept of entropy and gives brief outlines of the histories of Information Theory and cybernetics, examining World War II figures such as Claude Shannon and Norbert Wiener. The Noise of Heat gives an outline of the history of thermodynamics, focusing on Rudolf Clausius's 2nd Law and its relation to order and information. In The Demon Possessed Campbell examines the concept of entropy and presents entropy as missing information. Chapter Four, A Nest of Subtleties and Traps, takes its name from a critique of one of the earliest theorems in probability theory, Law of large numbers (Bernoulli, 1713). The chapter outlines the history of probability, touching on characters such as Gerolamo Cardano, Antoine Gombaud, Bernoulli, Richard von Mises, and John Maynard


id: international-encyclopedia-of-systems-and-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Systems_and_Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Systems_and_Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:45.101887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-encyclopedia-of-systems-and-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
The book International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics is an authoritative encyclopedia for systems theory, cybernetics, the complex systems science, which covers both theories and applications in areas as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences. This book first published in 1997 aimed to give an overview over more than 40 years developments in the field of Systems and Cybernetics. This book offers a collection of more than 3000 keywords and articles of Systems and Cybernetics. Many items contain quotes from authors from the field. The book is edited by Belgian systems scientist and diplomat Charles François with an Academic board including members such as John N. Warfield, Robert Trappl, Ranulph Glanville, G. A. Swanson, Nicholas Paritsis, Daniel Dubois, Heiner Benking, Francisco Parra Luna, Anthony Judge, Markus Schwaninger, Gerhard Chroust, G. A. Swanson, Matjaž Mulej and Stuart Umpleby. The first edition was published in 1997 in one volume with 450 pages by publisher K.G. Saur in Munich. The second edition was published in 2004, in two volumes and 741 pages by the same publisher. This update consisted of 1700 articles, some of them with figures, tables and diagrams, and 1500 bibliographical references. The genesis of the Encyclopedia was published by Anthony


id: an-introduction-to-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: An Introduction to Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:46.235790+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: an-introduction-to-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
An Introduction to Cybernetics is a book by W. Ross Ashby, first published in 1956 in London by Chapman and Hall. An Introduction is considered the first textbook on cybernetics, where the basic principles of the new field were first rigorously laid out. It was intended to serve as an elementary introduction to cybernetic principles of homeostasis, primarily for an audience of physiologists, psychologists, and sociologists. Ashby addressed adjacent topics in addition to cybernetics such as information theory, communications theory, control theory, game theory and systems theory. A second English edition was published in 1964 by Methuen & Co. with no changes to the original text, alongside the original preface. An Introduction was translated into many languages. Editions were published in Russian and French in 1957, Spanish in 1958, Czech, Polish, and Hungarian in 1959, German in 1965, and Bulgarian and Italian in 1966. == Reception == Reviews of An Introduction to Cybernetics were mostly positive, alongside some mixed opinions. Positive reviews highlighted Ashby's clear explanations of complex concepts, as well as his inclusion of examples and exercises. Detractors were critical of Ashby's marked new vocabulary, replacing the usual terminology even when unnecessary ("components with independence" in lieu of "degrees


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-0.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
The Limits to Growth (LTG) is a 1972 report that discussed the possibility of exponential economic and population growth with a finite supply of resources, studied by computer simulation. The study used the World3 computer model to simulate the consequence of interactions between the Earth and human systems. Commissioned by the Club of Rome, the study saw its findings first presented at international gatherings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1971. The report's authors are Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III, representing a team of 17 researchers. The model was based on the work of Jay Forrester of MIT, as described in his book World Dynamics. The report's findings suggest that, in the absence of significant alterations in resource utilization and environmental destruction, it is highly likely that there will be an abrupt and unmanageable decrease in both population and industrial capacity. Although it faced severe criticism and scrutiny upon its release, the report influenced environmental reforms for decades. Subsequent analysis notes that global use of natural resources has been inadequately reformed to alter its expected outcome. Yet price predictions based on resource scarcity failed to materialize in the


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-1.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
==== Interpretations of the exhaustion model ==== Due to the detailed nature and use of actual resources and their real-world price trends, the indexes have been interpreted as a prediction of the number of years until the world would "run out" of them, both by environmentalist groups calling for greater conservation and restrictions on use and by skeptics criticizing the accuracy of the predictions. This interpretation has been widely propagated by media and environmental organizations and authors who, apart from a note about the possibility of the future flows being "more complicated," did not clearly constrain or deny this interpretation. While environmental organizations used it to support their arguments, a number of economists used it to criticize LTG as a whole shortly after publication in the 1970s (Peter Passel, Marc Roberts, and Leonard Ross), with similar criticism reoccurring from Ronald Baily, George Goodman, and others in the 1990s. In 2011 Ugo Bardi, in "The Limits to Growth Revisited," argued that "nowhere in the book was it stated that the numbers were supposed to be read as predictions"; nonetheless, as they were the only tangible numbers referring to actual resources, they were promptly picked as such by both supporters and opponents.


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-2.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
LTG provoked a wide range of responses, including immediate criticisms almost as soon as it was published. Peter Passell and two co-authors published a 2 April 1972 article in the New York Times describing LTG as "an empty and misleading work ... best summarized ... as a rediscovery of the oldest maxim of computer science: Garbage In, Garbage Out." Passell considered the study's simulation simplistic and that it assigned little value to the role of technological progress in solving the problems of resource depletion, pollution, and food production. They charged that all LTG simulations ended in collapse, predicting the imminent end of irreplaceable resources. Passell also charged that the entire endeavour was motivated by a hidden agenda: to halt growth in its tracks. In 1973, a group of researchers at the Science Policy Research Unit at the University of Sussex concluded that simulations in Limits to Growth were very sensitive to a few key assumptions and suggested that the MIT assumptions were unduly pessimistic and the MIT methodology, data, and projections were faulty. However, the LTG team, in a paper entitled "A Response to Sussex," described and analyzed five major areas of disagreement between themselves and the Sussex authors. The


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-3.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
== Positive reviews == In 1980, the Global 2000 Report to the President arrived at similar conclusions regarding expected global resource scarcity and the need for multilateral coordination to prepare for this situation. In a 2008 blog post, Ugo Bardi commented that "Although, by the 1990s LTG had become everyone's laughing stock, among some the LTG ideas are becoming again popular". Reading LTG for the first time in 2000, Matthew Simmons concluded his views on the report by saying, "In hindsight, The Club of Rome turned out to be right. We simply wasted 30 important years ignoring this work." Robert Solow, who had been a vocal critic of LTG, said in 2009 that "thirty years later, the situation may have changed... it will probably be more important in the future to deal intellectually, quantitatively, as well as practically, with the mutual interdependence of economic growth, natural resource availability, and environmental constraints." In a study conducted in 2008, Graham Turner from CSIRO discovered a significant correlation between the observed historical data spanning from 1970 to 2000 and the simulated outcomes derived from the "standard run" limits of the growth model. This correlation was apparent across nearly all the reported outputs. The


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-4.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
=== Comparisons and updated models === In 2008, physicist Graham Turner at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia published a paper called "A Comparison of 'The Limits to Growth' with Thirty Years of Reality." It compared the past thirty years of data with the eleven scenarios laid out in the 1972 book and found that changes in industrial production, food production, and pollution are all congruent with one of the book's eleven scenarios—that of "business as usual." This scenario in Limits points to economic and societal collapse in the 21st century. In 2010, Nørgård, Peet, and Ragnarsdóttir called the book a "pioneering report." They said that "its approach remains useful and that its conclusions are still surprisingly valid ... unfortunately the report has been largely dismissed by critics as a doomsday prophecy that has not held up to scrutiny." Also in 2008, researcher Peter A. Victor wrote that even though the Limits team probably underestimated the price mechanism's role in adjusting outcomes, their critics have overestimated it. He states that Limits to Growth has had a significant impact on the conception of environmental issues and notes that (in his view) the models in the book were


id: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth-5.md
category: reference
title: The Limits to Growth
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:47.468680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-limits-to-growth-20260505-0
summary:
An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus (1798); Man and Nature by George Perkins Marsh (1864); The Coal Question by William Stanley Jevons (1865); Our Plundered Planet by Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. (1948); Road to Survival by William Vogt (1948); The Population Bomb by Paul R. Ehrlich (1968); Overshoot by William R. Catton (1980); State of the World reports issued by the Worldwatch Institute (produced annually since 1984); Our Common Future, published by the UN's World Commission on Environment and Development (1987); Earth in the Balance by Al Gore (1992); Straw Dogs by John Gray (2002); Our Final Hour by Martin Rees (2003); The Party's Over by Richard Heinberg (2003); A Short History of Progress by Ronald Wright (2004); Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond (2005); The Long Emergency by James Howard Kunstler (2005); Storms of My Grandchildren by James Hansen, ISBN 9781608192007 (2009); Requiem for a Species by Clive Hamilton (2010); Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari (2011); The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History by Elizabeth Kolbert (2014); The Uninhabitable Earth by David Wallace-Wells (2017); The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
A New Kind of Science is a book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his company Wolfram Research under the imprint Wolfram Media in 2002. Wolfram explores how rules that control the interactions between cellular automata can generate surprisingly non-chaotic results. == Contents == === Computation and its implications === The thesis of A New Kind of Science (NKS) is twofold: that the nature of computation must be explored experimentally, and that the results of these experiments have great relevance to understanding the physical world. === Simple programs === The basic subject of Wolfram's "new kind of science" is the study of simple abstract rules—essentially, elementary computer programs. In almost any class of a computational system, one very quickly finds instances of great complexity among its simplest cases (after a time series of multiple iterative loops, applying the same simple set of rules on itself, similar to a self-reinforcing cycle using a set of rules). This seems to be true regardless of the components of the system and the details of its setup. Systems explored in the book include, among others, cellular automata in one, two, and three dimensions; mobile automata; Turing machines in 1 and 2 dimensions; several varieties of


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-1.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Systematic abstract science === While Wolfram advocates simple programs as a scientific discipline, he also argues that its methodology will revolutionize other fields of science. The basis of his argument is that the study of simple programs is the minimal possible form of science, grounded equally in both abstraction and empirical experimentation. Every aspect of the methodology NKS advocates is optimized to make experimentation as direct, easy, and meaningful as possible while maximizing the chances that the experiment will do something unexpected. Just as this methodology allows computational mechanisms to be studied in their simplest forms, Wolfram argues that the process of doing so engages with the mathematical basis of the physical world, and therefore has much to offer the sciences. Wolfram argues that the computational realities of the universe make science hard for fundamental reasons. But he also argues that by understanding the importance of these realities, we can learn to use them in our favor. For instance, instead of reverse engineering our theories from observation, we can enumerate systems and then try to match them to the behaviors we observe. A major theme of NKS is investigating the structure of the possibility space. Wolfram argues that science


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-2.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Periodicals gave A New Kind of Science coverage, including articles in The New York Times, Newsweek, Wired, and The Economist. Some scientists, including Cosma Shalizi and Scott Aaronson, criticized the book and perceived a fatal flaw—that simple systems such as cellular automata are not complex enough to describe the degree of complexity in evolved systems, and observed that Wolfram ignored the research categorizing the complexity of systems. Although critics accept Wolfram's result showing universal computation, they view it as minor and dispute Wolfram's claim of a paradigm shift. Others found that the work contained valuable insights and refreshing ideas. Wolfram addressed his critics in a series of blog posts. === Scientific philosophy === A tenet of NKS is that the simpler the system, the more likely a version of it will recur in a wide variety of more complicated contexts. Therefore, NKS argues that systematically exploring the space of simple programs will lead to a base of reusable knowledge. But many scientists believe that of all possible parameters, only some actually occur in the universe. For instance, of all possible permutations of the symbols making up an equation, most will be essentially meaningless. NKS has also been criticized for asserting


id: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science-3.md
category: reference
title: A New Kind of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:48.703831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-new-kind-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
=== Originality === NKS has been heavily criticized as not original or important enough to justify its title and claims. The authoritative manner in which NKS presents a vast number of examples and arguments has been criticized as leading the reader to believe that each of these is original to Wolfram; in particular, one of the most substantial new technical results presented in the book, that the rule 110 cellular automaton is Turing complete, was not proven by Wolfram. Wolfram credits the proof to his research assistant Matthew Cook. But the book's notes section acknowledges many of the discoveries made by these other scientists, citing their names together with historical facts, although not in the form of a traditional bibliography section. Additionally, the idea that very simple rules often generate great complexity is already an established idea in science, particularly in chaos theory and complex systems. == See also == Digital physics Scientific reductionism Calculating Space Marcus Hutter's "Universal Artificial Intelligence" algorithm == References == == External links == A New Kind of Science free E-Book What We've Learned from NKS YouTube playlist — extensive discussion of each NKS chapter; (As of 2022, Stephen Wolfram discusses the NKS chapters in


id: psycho-cybernetics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Cybernetics-0.md
category: reference
title: Psycho-Cybernetics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Cybernetics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:51.041937+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: psycho-cybernetics-20260505-0
summary:
Psycho-Cybernetics is a self-help book written by American writer Maxwell Maltz in 1960. Motivational and self-help experts in personal development, including Zig Ziglar, Tony Robbins, Brian Tracy have based their techniques on Maxwell Maltz. The book combines the cognitive behavioral technique of teaching an individual how to regulate self-concept, using theories developed by Prescott Lecky, with the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener and John von Neumann. The book defines the mind-body connection as the core in succeeding in attaining personal goals. Maltz found that his plastic surgery patients often had expectations that were not satisfied by the surgery, so he pursued a means of helping them set the goal of a positive outcome through visualization of that positive outcome. Patients thinking that surgery will solve their problems is an example of the XY problem. Maltz became interested in why setting goals works. He learned that the power of self-affirmation and mental visualization techniques used the connection between the mind and the body. He specified techniques to develop a positive inner goal as a means of developing a positive outer goal. This concentration on inner attitudes is essential to his approach, as he believes that a person's outer success can never rise


id: rescuing-prometheus-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescuing_Prometheus-0.md
category: reference
title: Rescuing Prometheus
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescuing_Prometheus
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:52.254253+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rescuing-prometheus-20260505-0
summary:
Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World (1998) is a book by Thomas P. Hughes. The book uses four extremely large engineering projects of the late 20th century as examples to explore how the limits of modern system engineering are stressed by real life projects. It also traces the development of the management of large technical system development. The book documents four massively-cooperative projects: Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), a computer- and radar-based air-defense system The Atlas project, which produced America's first ICBM Boston's Central Artery/Tunnel Project, a traffic-unclogging system of highways, tunnels and bridges originally scheduled for completion in 2004 ARPANET, an interactive computer-based information network that paved the way for the Internet == See also == Large Technical System == References == Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World (ISBN 0-679-73938-6) by Thomas P. Hughes, 2000.


id: steps-to-an-ecology-of-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: Steps to an Ecology of Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steps_to_an_Ecology_of_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:53.444195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: steps-to-an-ecology-of-mind-20260505-0
summary:
Steps to an Ecology of Mind is a collection of Gregory Bateson's short works over his long and varied career. Subject matter includes essays on anthropology, cybernetics, psychiatry, and epistemology. It was originally published by Ballantine Books in 1972 (republished 2000 with foreword by Mary Catherine Bateson). == Part I: Metalogues == The book begins with a series of metalogues, which take the form of conversations with his daughter Mary Catherine Bateson. The metalogues are mostly thought exercises with titles such as "What is an Instinct" and "How Much Do You Know." In the metalogues, the playful dialectic structure itself is closely related to the subject matter of the piece. DEFINITION: A metalogue is a conversation about some problematic subject. This conversation should be such that not only do the participants discuss the problem but the structure of the conversation as a whole is also relevant to the same subject. Only some of the conversations here presented achieve this double format. Notably, the history of evolutionary theory is inevitably a metalogue between man and nature, in which the creation and interaction of ideas must necessarily exemplify evolutionary process. Why Do Things Get in a Muddle? (01948, previously unpublished) Why Do


id: systemantics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics-0.md
category: reference
title: Systemantics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:54.605255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: systemantics-20260505-0
summary:
General Systemantics (retitled to Systemantics in its second edition and The Systems Bible in its third) is a systems engineering treatise by John Gall in which he offers practical principles of systems design based on experience and anecdotes. It is offered from the perspective of how not to design systems, based on system engineering failures. The primary precept of the treatise is that large complex systems are extremely difficult to design correctly despite best intentions, so care must be taken to design smaller, less-complex systems and to do so with incremental functionality based on close and continual touch with user needs and measures of effectiveness. == History == The book was initially self-published after Gall received rejection letters from 30 publishers. After several reviews in academic journals, it was picked up by Quadrangle–The New York Times Book Company, who published it in 1977. A condensed version was also published in The New York Times prior to the book's publication. == Title origin == The term systemantics is a commentary on prior work by Alfred Korzybski called general semantics which conjectured that all systems failures could be attributed to a single root cause – a failure to communicate. Gall observes that,


id: systemantics-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics-1.md
category: reference
title: Systemantics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemantics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:54.605255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: systemantics-20260505-0
summary:
=== Elementary systems functions === A complex system cannot be "made" to work. It either works or it does not. A simple system, designed from scratch, sometimes works. Some complex systems actually work. A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that works. A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be patched up to make it work. One has to start over, beginning with a working simple system. === Advanced systems functions === The Functional Indeterminacy Theorem (F.I.T.): in complex systems, malfunction and even total non-function may not be detectable for long periods, if ever. The Newtonian Law of Systems Inertia: a system that performs a certain way will continue to operate in that way regardless of the need or of changed conditions. Systems develop goals of their own the instant they come into being. Intrasystem goals come first. === System failure === The Fundamental Failure-Mode Theorem (F.F.T.): complex systems usually operate in a failure mode. A complex system can fail in an infinite number of ways. (If anything can go wrong, it will; see Murphy's law.) The mode of failure of a complex system cannot ordinarily be predicted from


id: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Turning Point (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:55.878831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture is a 1982 book by Fritjof Capra, in which the author examines perceived scientific and economic crises through the perspective of systems theory. == Summary == Capra outlines and traces the history of science and economics, highlighting flaws in the Cartesian, Newtonian, and reductionist paradigms which have come to light in the context of contemporary empirical understanding of the physical sciences. He writes that these paradigms are now inadequate to guide human behavior and policy with regard to modern technology and ecology, then argues that society needs to develop the concepts and insights of holism and systems theory to solve its complex problems. His argument is clearly and strongly expressed, for a wide readership, presuming no prior knowledge of any branch of the sciences. For physicists the book is an instructive guide to why and how today's new science may affect tomorrow's society. For non-scientists it will provide a rare insight into the world of scientific endeavours; for all readers alike this will be a useful synthesis of the histories of all branches of qualitative and quantitative enquiry. == Overview == === PART I: Crisis and Transformation === This section introduces


id: the-turning-point-book-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)-1.md
category: reference
title: The Turning Point (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:56:55.878831+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-turning-point-book-20260505-0
summary:
==== The Passage to the Solar Age ==== In the final chapter, Capra concludes that while the revolution is occurring, the decaying culture refuses to compromise, clinging to old notions with increasing tenacity; and the dominant social institutions will not relinquish their leadership roles to the new cultural forces. Capra argues that these institutions will, however, inevitably collapse, while the developing culture will continue to rise and finally take over as the dominant culture. As the turning point advances, he says, the awareness that large-scale evolutionary changes cannot be halted by short-term political manipulation gives us the most optimism for the future. == Reception == A review by Catherine Twomey Fosnot, published by the journal Educational Communication and Technology, stated that Capra's book says nothing regarding education. Yet, due to the fact that it offers a vastly different, contemporary physicist's view of technology, it has the potential of becoming a ‘turning point’. James Connolly of the Bethlehem University Journal expressed in his review that there was a certainty that some individuals would be will be tempted cynically to reflect that they have heard of previous books offering survival mechanisms to humanity, when picking up The Turning Point. However, given the


id: about-time-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: About Time (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Time_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:06.308265+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: about-time-book-20260505-0
summary:
About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution (ISBN 978-0-684-81822-1), published in 1995, is the second book written by Paul Davies, regarding the subject of time. His first book on time was his The Physics of Time Asymmetry (1977)(ISBN 0-520-02825-2). The intended audience is the general public, rather than science academics. About Time explores selected mysteries of spacetime, following on from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which Davies believes does not fully explain time as humans experience it. The author explains Important though Einstein's time turned out to be, it still did not solve "the riddle of time". The book delves into the nature of metaphysics, time, motion and gravity, covering a wide range of aspects surrounding the current cosmological debate, across 283 pages in great detail. It includes an index, a bibliography, and numerous diagrams. == See also == Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime Sense of time The Mind of God How to Build a Time Machine, 2002 fiction book by the same author == References ==


id: adam-s-curse-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam's_Curse-0.md
category: reference
title: Adam's Curse
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam's_Curse
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:07.473261+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adam-s-curse-20260505-0
summary:
Adam's Curse: A Future Without Men (also known as Adam's Curse: A Story of Sex, Genetics, and the Extinction of Men) is a 2003 book by Oxford University human genetics professor Bryan Sykes expounding his hypothesis that with the declining sperm count in men and the continual atrophy of the Y chromosome, within approximately 125,000 years men shall become extinct. Sykes thinks one of the options for humanity's survival is unisex reproduction by females: female eggs fertilised by the nuclear X chromosomes of another female and implanted using in vitro fertilisation methods. He also introduces the possibility of moving the SRY and associated genes responsible for maleness and male fertility to another chromosome, which he refers to as "the Adonis chromosome", engendering fertile males with an XX karyotype. == Reception == BBC News reported in 2012 that a US study in Nature suggests the genetic decay has all but ended and that "The conclusion from these comparative studies is that genetic decay has in recent history been minimal, with the human chromosome having lost no further genes in the last six million years, and only one in the last 25 million years." In a review for the Journal of Clinical


id: adding-a-dimension-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_a_Dimension-0.md
category: reference
title: Adding a Dimension
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding_a_Dimension
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:08.669199+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: adding-a-dimension-20260505-0
summary:
Adding a Dimension is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the third of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1964. == Contents == Part I: Mathematics T-Formation (August 1963) One, Ten, Buckle My Shoe (December 1962) Varieties of the Infinite (September 1959) A Piece of Pi (May 1960) Tools of the Trade (September 1960) The Imaginary that Isn't (March 1961) Pre-Fixing It Up (November 1962) Part II: Physics The Rigid Vacuum (April 1963) The Light that Failed (June 1963) The Light Fantastic (August 1962) Part III: Chemistry Slow Burn (October 1962) You, Too, Can Speak Gaelic (March 1963) Part IV: Biology The Lost Generation (February 1963) He's Not My Type (January 1963) Part V: Astronomy The Shape of Things (September 1962) Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star (October 1963) Part VI: General The Isaac Winners (July 1963) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com Adding a Dimension at The Thunder Childv Adding a Dimension title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database


id: the-age-of-em-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Em-0.md
category: reference
title: The Age of Em
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Em
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:09.870865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-age-of-em-20260505-0
summary:
The Age of Em: Work, Love and Life when Robots Rule the Earth is a 2016 nonfiction book by Robin Hanson. == Summary == The book explores the implications of a future world in which researchers have not created artificial general intelligence but have learned to copy humans onto computers, creating "ems," or emulated people, who quickly come to outnumber the real ones. There have been three human eras so far, based on foraging, farming, and industry. The next era is likely to arise from artificial intelligence in the form of brain emulations, sometime in the next century or so. This book paints a detailed picture of this new era. The book's main scenario proposes that in about a hundred years from now, human brains will be scanned at "fine enough spatial and chemical resolution," and combined with rough models of signal-processing functions of brain cells, "to create a cell-by-cell dynamically executable model of the full brain in artificial hardware, a model whose signal input-output behavior is usefully close to that of the original brain." == Reception == Seth Baum reviewed the book in Futures. He commended the book for bringing a social science perspective, for the detail it gives,


id: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: Aid on the Edge of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_on_the_Edge_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:11.045498+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: aid-on-the-edge-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
Aid on the Edge of Chaos is a 2013 book on applying science and innovation to international development, published by Oxford University Press and written by global development and humanitarian expert Ben Ramalingam. == Synopsis == The book focuses on the need to improve foreign aid and the value of complex systems science and research for how global international aid efforts should be designed, implemented and evaluated. == Critical reception and influence == Described in a leading development journal as 'one of the most lauded contributions to recent mainstream development thinking', Aid on the Edge of Chaos has been endorsed by many top scientists and international leaders, including four Nobel Laureates in Medicine, Economics and Chemistry and the heads of Red Cross and United Nations as well as many NGO leaders. It has been positively reviewed by various press outlets, including The Economist, the Financial Times, The Guardian, New Scientist, Nature, Lancet, Harvard Business Review and the British Medical Journal. It was also the focus of an interview feature with the author in Huffington Post. Aid on the Edge of Chaos was the subject of a public lecture by Ben Ramalingam at the Royal Society of Arts, London, in December


id: annals-of-the-former-world-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World-0.md
category: reference
title: Annals of the Former World
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:12.236712+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: annals-of-the-former-world-20260505-0
summary:
Annals of the Former World is a book on geology written by John McPhee and published in 1998 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. The book presents a geological history of North America, and was researched and written over the course of two decades beginning in 1978. It consists of a compilation of five books, the first four of which were previously published as Basin and Range (1981), In Suspect Terrain (1983), Rising from the Plains (1986), and Assembling California (1993), plus a final book, Crossing the Craton. A narrative table of contents provides an overview of the project, which largely consisted of a series of road journeys by McPhee across the North American continent in the company of noted geologists. In 2023, the composers and artists John P. Hastings and Benjamin Mayock completed a visual and audio translation of the book entitled The Former World. == References == == External links == Annals of the Former World at Open Library Archived copy of Annals of the Former World, formerly on John McPhee's website New York Times Book Review, July 5, 1998


id: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ape-Man Within
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ape-Man_Within
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:13.461251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ape-man-within-20260505-0
summary:
The Ape-Man Within is a 1995 science book by L. Sprague de Camp, published in hardcover by Prometheus Books. == Summary == The book undertakes to demonstrate how humankind's self-inflicted problems are rooted in its evolutionary past, with primitive survival traits appropriate to ancestral primates who were organized in small, foraging bands still manifesting in modern societies as competitive, adversarial behavior. == Contents == 1. Darwinian Man 2. Our Handy Kin 3. The Noble Savage 4. The Breeds of Man 5. The Phantom Aryans 6. Race and Power 7. Goat Island 8. What Makes Us Tick? 9. "And Hate Alone Is True" 10. Conclusions Notes Bibliography == Reception == De Camp's approach to his subject has been criticized for oversimplification and inaccuracy in matters of detail. == Notes == == External links == "The Ape-Man Within by L. Sprague de Camp – Book Review" - a positive book review by Tudor Vieru "Darwinism made too simple" - a negative book review by Jeffrey McKee


id: the-applicability-of-mathematics-in-science-indispensability-and-ontology-20260505-0
category: reference
title: The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology
tags: science, encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:14.689034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-applicability-of-mathematics-in-science-indispensability-and-ontology-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Applicability_of_Mathematics_in_Science:_Indispensability_and_Ontology-0.md

summary:
The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology is a 2012 book on the philosophy of mathematics by Sorin Bangu. It argues for an improved form of indispensability argument based on a Quinean-inspired naturalism and confirmational holism, as well as a position he calls "posit realism". It also explores the applications of mathematics in scientific discovery and explanation. == References ==

source_url:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Applicability_of_Mathematics_in_Science:_Indispensability_and_Ontology


id: area-51-the-dreamland-chronicles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles-0.md
category: reference
title: Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:15.847703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: area-51-the-dreamland-chronicles-20260505-0
summary:
Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles is a 1997 non-fiction book about Area 51 in Nevada by David Darlington. == Reception == A review in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists called the book "a real service" for readers interested in the early history of the site, but also scolded the author for entertaining "alien seekers, the tragically abducted, and self-appointed aliens ... saucer nuts" whose record "drown[s] out any legitimate inquiry into how much secrecy and how large a restricted compound the government needs to conduct black-budget activities". The A.V. Club called it "a definitive work on the place and its hold on our collective psyche" and "wonderfully even-handed" towards Ufologists who speculate about "the physically impossible". == References == David Bowman (18 December 1997), "David Bowman reviews 'Area 51' by David Darlington", Salon.com == External links == Book discussion with the author, C-SPAN, December 17, 1997


id: bending-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Bending Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:17.077756+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bending-science-20260505-0
summary:
Bending Science: How special interests corrupt public health research is a 2008 book by Thomas O. McGarity and Wendy E. Wagner, published by Harvard University Press. Bending Science explores the ways that science is manipulated in the process of making public policy and the law. It has been called a "fascinating and troubling investigation." The authors present a collection of case studies, undertaken largely by industry and designed to distort the scientific process. Thomas McGarity and Wendy Wagner are both University of Texas law professors. == See also == List of books about the politics of science == References ==


id: the-big-book-of-mischief-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Book_of_Mischief-0.md
category: reference
title: The Big Book of Mischief
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Book_of_Mischief
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:18.253155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-big-book-of-mischief-20260505-0
summary:
The Big Book of Mischief (TBBOM) is a book by David Richards. This manual describes the process of creating and detonating a wide variety of explosives. The end products include dry ice bombs and nitroglycerin. Construction of the devices described in the book is generally illegal, in addition to being highly dangerous. According to the file's revision information, a version of TBBOM, then known as The Terrorist's Handbook (by The Jolly Roger), was compiled between 1987 and 1989. The more familiar version, built on the Handbook and other underground BBS text resources, was first posted in the early morning of August 8, 1990, as The Complete Terrorist Today. It assumed its final title with the March 31, 1991, revision. The most common edition of TBBOM is the 1.5 release (1993). In 2018, a British teenager was sent to youth custody for four years and eight months after admitting that he had downloaded the book to his phone. == See also == The Anarchist Cookbook E for Ecstasy == References ==


id: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule-0.md
category: reference
title: The Billion-Dollar Molecule
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion-Dollar_Molecule
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:19.425522+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-billion-dollar-molecule-20260505-0
summary:
The Billion-Dollar Molecule is a book by journalist Barry Werth about the founding and early research efforts of the American biotechnology company Vertex Pharmaceuticals, which was founded in 1989 by Joshua Boger and was among the first biotechnology companies to adopt an explicit strategy of rational drug design as opposed to techniques based on combinatorial chemistry. This book is notable as an inside look at a biotechnology company, and the stresses and marketing pressures on funding research into drug design. This book is a mixture of finance and technology. In February, 2014, Barry Werth published a follow-on book, The Antidote, that looks at Vertex 20 years later after his original effort. == References ==


id: binas-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Binas (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binas_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:20.616565+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: binas-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Binas (Often written as BiNaS or BINAS) is a Dutch science reference work (a handbook) for the higher levels of secondary school, consisting largely of tables and formulas. The name stands for biologie, natuurkunde, scheikunde (biology, physics, chemistry). It is compiled by NVON (Dutch Association for Education in the Natural Sciences) and has been published by Noordhoff Uitgevers since it became the standard reference work allowed at the central examinations in 1975. An English version of the Binas is also available. == Contents == The Binas is divided into five chapters: general, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Each chapter consists of multiple tables, each with specific information. These tables can be short or can span up to a few pages. To find information, students can use the alphabetical register in the back. The Binas does not make use of page numbers, but instead the register refers you to a table number. General. This chapter contains an extensive overview of units of measurement and quantities in the International System of units. This chapter continues in the back of the Binas with safety and environment. Physics. The contents of this chapter include physical constants, physical properties of materials, and isotopes. Additionally,


id: black-holes-wormholes-and-time-machines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes,_Wormholes_and_Time_Machines-0.md
category: reference
title: Black Holes, Wormholes and Time Machines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes,_Wormholes_and_Time_Machines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:21.780263+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: black-holes-wormholes-and-time-machines-20260505-0
summary:
Black Holes, Wormholes and Time Machines is a book by physicist Jim Al-Khalili, published in 1999. Al-Khalili talks about a range of modern science topics, from geometry to the theory of relativity. == References ==


id: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Schulman_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:23.032213+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-briefer-history-of-time-schulman-book-20260505-0
summary:
A Briefer History of Time is a science humor book by American astronomer Eric Schulman. In it, Schulman presents humorous summaries of what he claims are the fifty-three most important events since the beginning of time. The title and cover are a parody of Stephen Hawking's book A Brief History of Time. Coincidentally, Hawking later wrote a "sequel" entitled A Briefer History of Time. Hawking's publisher Bantam Books was aware that the title had already been used in a popular science book, but proceeded anyway, stating, "The other book was published six years ago, and Professor Hawking is an international figure." In 2004, the author released the book under a creative commons license, CC BY-NC-ND 1.0, as a free download on his website. == Description == Schulman's book is intended to be both humorous and educational. It explores why, even though the Universe is expanding, finding a parking space does not get any easier. Furthermore, the book contains a pulp version of the origin of life ("It was a dark and stormy night. In the shallow tide pool, a nucleic acid base collided with a sugar molecule. An amino acid sank beneath the murky depths . . . ."). ==


id: burn-the-misunderstood-science-of-metabolism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn:_The_Misunderstood_Science_of_Metabolism-0.md
category: reference
title: Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn:_The_Misunderstood_Science_of_Metabolism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:24.184463+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: burn-the-misunderstood-science-of-metabolism-20260505-0
summary:
Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism is a 2022 book written by Herman Pontzer in which he discusses metabolism, human health and use of energy in the human body. The book examines research and proposes a constrained approach to total energy expenditure. == References ==


id: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos-0.md
category: reference
title: The Collapse of Chaos
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collapse_of_Chaos
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:25.424480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-collapse-of-chaos-20260505-0
summary:
The Collapse of Chaos: Discovering Simplicity in a Complex World (1994) is a book about complexity theory and the nature of scientific explanation written by biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart. In this book Cohen and Stewart give their ideas on chaos theory, particularly on how the simple leads to the complex, and conversely, how the complex leads to the simple, and argue for a need for contextual explanation in science as a complement to reduction. This book dovetails with other books written by the Cohen-Stewart team, particularly Figments of Reality. As with other Cohen-Stewart books, topics are illustrated with humorous science fiction snippets dealing with a fictional alien intelligence, the Zarathustrians, whom Cohen and Stewart use as metaphors of the human mind itself. == Reception == Next Generation commented, "Although the book assumes you have zero knowledge of science (and thus is a little patronizing in the early chapters), it presents the concepts of Complexity Theory as well as anything we've seen." === Additional reviews === Casti, John L. (21 July 1994). "Why is anything ever simple?" (PDF). Nature. 370 (6486): 189. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..189C. doi:10.1038/370189a0. S2CID 4317485. Regis, Ed (12 June 1994). "The World Made Easy". The New York


id: the-coming-generational-storm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Generational_Storm-0.md
category: reference
title: The Coming Generational Storm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Generational_Storm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:26.626161+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-coming-generational-storm-20260505-0
summary:
The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America's Economic Future (2004) is a book by Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns. In the Prologue on page xii, the authors say the United States was "heading into one God-awful fiscal storm, the full dimensions of which are hard to fathom." Further, they say on page xiii the book offers suggestions for United States public policy and personal finance to help deflect the "storm". Moreover, they state: We feel we have some unique insights into the demographic and economic problems facing our country based on our own research and that of other economists and financial analysts. Our goal is to leave you with a real sense of what's coming, why it's coming, when it's coming, and where national and personal economic salvation does and does not lie. "Averting America's Bankruptcy with a New New Deal", published by The Economists' Voice - February 2006, outlined some of the solutions promoted in the book.[1] Kotlikoff also discusses his book in the Tax Foundation's podcast titled "Laurence J. Kotlikoff on Long-Term Fiscal Problems in the U.S.".[2] == Table of contents == The following is a copy of the book's table of contents.


id: the-coming-global-superstorm-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm-0.md
category: reference
title: The Coming Global Superstorm
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Global_Superstorm
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:27.815448+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-coming-global-superstorm-20260505-0
summary:
The Coming Global Superstorm (ISBN 0-671-04190-8) is a 1999 book by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber, which claims that global warming might produce sudden and catastrophic climate change. The eBook was published in 2001. == Thesis == First, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic drift would generate a cordon of warm water around the North Pole, which in turn holds in a frozen mass of Arctic air. Second, if the North Atlantic drift were to shut down, that barrier would fail, releasing a flood of frozen air into the Northern Hemisphere, causing a sudden and drastic temperature shift. The book discusses a possible cause of the failure of the Gulf Stream: the melting of the polar ice caps could drastically affect the ocean salinity of the North Atlantic drift by dumping a large quantity of freshwater into the world's oceans. Bell and Strieber contend that such destabilizations have occurred before, and cite seemingly impossible engineering feats by ancient civilizations which must have been catastrophically destroyed since they do not appear in the historical record. Among their examples are the archaeological ruins of Nan Madol, which the book claims were built with exacting tolerances and extremely heavy basalt materials, necessitating a


id: the-complete-guide-to-breast-cancer-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Breast_Cancer-0.md
category: reference
title: The Complete Guide to Breast Cancer
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Breast_Cancer
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:29.045223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-complete-guide-to-breast-cancer-20260505-0
summary:
The Complete Guide to Breast Cancer is a self-help book, published by Vermilion (imprint of Penguin Random House) in 2018, and written by Trisha Greenhalgh, professor of primary health care and retired general practitioner, and Liz O'Riordan, a retired breast surgeon. The book uses their own experiences of having breast cancer and British evidence-based guidelines to educate the reader on its diagnosis, treatment and recovery period. == References ==


id: confessions-of-a-recovering-environmentalist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Recovering_Environmentalist-0.md
category: reference
title: Confessions of a Recovering Environmentalist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Recovering_Environmentalist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:30.223326+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: confessions-of-a-recovering-environmentalist-20260505-0
summary:
Confessions of a Recovering Environmentalist is a collection of essays by Paul Kingsnorth published in 2017. == Synopsis == Much of the book recounts Kingsnorth's personal history with the environmental movement and with nature. He starts the book with a description of his upbringing, his engagement with the Dongas road protest group, and with his engagement with environmentalism and journalism through his twenties. Kingsnorth then describes how he pivoted into a cynicism with mainstream environmentalism, a cynicism centered on what Kingsnorth feels is a "single-minded obsession with climate change" that "has trumped all other issues," resulting in "a curious, plastic world." He highlights some of the ways that this has occurred in England. Kingsnorth finished his book with a chapter titled The Eight Principles of Uncivilisation, which he presents as his manifesto in how to re-evaluate myths of progress and human centrality. == Reception == In his review for The Guardian, Ian Jack argues that, while Kingsnorth's depiction of environmentalism seems reductionist and unfair, the author "writes insightfully about England - presciently, too." Jack describes the book as "Kingsnorth at his plainest and most provocative," noting that the tone of the book differs significantly from that of Kingsnorth's "romantic" work


id: counting-the-eons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_the_Eons-0.md
category: reference
title: Counting the Eons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_the_Eons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:31.404115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: counting-the-eons-20260505-0
summary:
Counting the Eons is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays written by Isaac Asimov. It was the sixteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between August 1980 and December 1981. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1983. == Contents == The Earth Light as Air? (March 1981) Too Deep for Me (April 1981) Under Pressure (May 1981) The Word I Invented (October 1980) Yes! With a Bang! (June 1981) Let Me Count the Days (October 1981) Counting the Eons (November 1980) The Stars The Runaway Star (July 1981) The Dance of the Stars (August 1981) The Universe Getting Down to Basics (September 1980) And After Many a Summer Dies the Proton (September 1981) Let Einstein Be! (December 1981) Beyond Earth's Eons (December 1980) The Crucial Asymmetry (November 1981) All and Nothing (January 1981) Nothing and All (February 1981) Literature Milton! Thou Shouldst Be Living at This Hour (August 1980) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: critical-rationalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Rationalism-0.md
category: reference
title: Critical Rationalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Rationalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:32.584283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: critical-rationalism-20260505-0
summary:
Critical Rationalism: A Restatement and Defence (1994) is a book on the philosophy of science by the philosopher David Miller. Book reviews include those of John Watkins in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science and Michael Redhead in Analytic Philosophy. The book seeks to restate and extend the epistemology of Karl Popper, whose general philosophy has been termed 'critical rationalism'. The book criticizes the use of "good reasons" in general (including evidence supposed to support the excess content of a hypothesis). He argues that good reasons are neither attainable, nor even desirable. Basically, the case, which Miller calls "tediously familiar", is that all arguments purporting to give valid support for a claim are either circular or question-begging. That is, if one provides a valid deductive argument (an inference from premises to a conclusion) for a given claim, then the content of the claim must already be contained within the premises of the argument (if it is not, then the argument is ampliative and so is invalid). Therefore, the claim is already presupposed by the premises, and is no more "supported" than are the assumptions upon which the claim rests, i.e. begging the question. == References ==


id: the-dark-ground-of-spirit-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Ground_of_Spirit-0.md
category: reference
title: The Dark Ground of Spirit
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Ground_of_Spirit
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:33.809656+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-dark-ground-of-spirit-20260505-0
summary:
The Dark Ground of Spirit: Schelling and the Unconscious is a 2012 book by the philosopher Sean J. McGrath, in which the author examines how the psychoanalytical concept of the unconscious originates in German Idealism, especially the work of the German philosopher, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. == Reception == The Dark Ground of Spirit has been reviewed by David Tacey, Benjamin Berger and J. A. F. Marshall. == References ==


id: darwiniana-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwiniana-0.md
category: reference
title: Darwiniana
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwiniana
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:34.974242+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: darwiniana-20260505-0
summary:
Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism is a collection of essays by botanist Asa Gray, first published in 1876. These widely read essays both defended the theory of evolution from the standpoint of botany and sought reconciliation with theology by arguing theistic evolution — that natural selection is not inconsistent with Christianity. Gray considered natural selection to be the cause of new species, which was itself caused by some inherent power imparted in the beginning by Godhead. == Notes == == References == Gray, Asa (1876). Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton and Company (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; and by Biodiversity Heritage Library). doi:10.5962/bhl.title.19483. ISBN 978-1-108-00196-0. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Gray, Asa (1888), Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism, New York: D. Appleton and Company, retrieved 2008-02-17 Zirkle, Conway (8 May 1964). Review: "Darwiniana", Science, Vol. 144, Issue 3619, pp. 724–725. == External sources == Asa Gray (1876). Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism Miles, Sara Joan (2001), "Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, vol. 53, pp. 196–201, retrieved 2009-02-09 Darwin and design: historical essay.


id: de-natura-fossilium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium-0.md
category: reference
title: De Natura Fossilium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:36.218687+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: de-natura-fossilium-20260505-0
summary:
De Natura Fossilium is a scientific text written by Georg Bauer also known as Georgius Agricola, first published in 1546. The book represents the first scientific attempt to categorize minerals, rocks and sediments since the publication of Pliny's Natural History. This text along with Agricola's other works including De Re Metallica compose the earliest comprehensive "scientific" approach to mineralogy, mining, and geological science. == Notes == == References == == External links == Full text searchable English version and illustrations Archived 2021-05-14 at the Wayback Machine


id: the-discovery-of-grounded-theory-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Grounded_Theory-0.md
category: reference
title: The Discovery of Grounded Theory
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Grounded_Theory
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:37.428205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-discovery-of-grounded-theory-20260505-0
summary:
The Discovery of Grounded Theory is a 1967 book (ISBN 0-202-30260-1) by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss on grounded theory. After their success with Awareness of Dying, Glaser and Strauss decided to write a book on methodology. The Discovery of Grounded Theory was meant to invite and motivate people to use the newly developed methodology. Unlike later works, it does not provide much advice on how to put the theory into practice. The authors had several goals in mind when writing the book: Legitimize qualitative research. Having a reference book by established authors helped students defend qualitative studies, which were not widely accepted at the time. Criticize functionalists like Talcott Parsons, and his student Robert K. Merton, who in turn had been a teacher of Barney Glaser. Demonstrate the possibility of building theories from data, something that many qualitative researchers doubt to this day, instead choosing to stick with mere ethnographic descriptions. == References == Legewie, Heiner & Schervier-Legewie, Barbara (September 2004). "Forschung ist harte Arbeit, es ist immer ein Stück Leiden damit verbunden. Deshalb muss es auf der anderen Seite Spaß machen". Anselm Strauss interviewed by Heiner Legewie and Barbara Schervier-Legewie. Forum: Qualitative Social Research On-line Journal, 5(3), Art.


id: the-drunkard-s-walk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drunkard's_Walk-0.md
category: reference
title: The Drunkard's Walk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drunkard's_Walk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:49.753379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-drunkard-s-walk-20260505-0
summary:
The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives is a 2008 popular science book by American physicist and author Leonard Mlodinow, which became a New York Times bestseller and a New York Times notable book. == Overview == The Drunkard's Walk discusses the role of randomness in everyday events, and the cognitive biases that lead people to misinterpret random events and stochastic processes. The title refers to a certain type of random walk, a mathematical process in which one or more variables change value under a series of random steps. Mlodinow discusses the contributions of mathematical heavyweights Jacob Bernoulli, Pierre-Simon Laplace, and Blaise Pascal, and introduces basic statistical concepts such as regression toward the mean and the law of large numbers, while discussing the role of probability in examples from wine ratings and school grades to political polls. == Reception == In 2008 the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) awarded Mlodinow the Robert P. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for the book. == References ==


id: dynamical-theory-of-crystal-lattices-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_Theory_of_Crystal_Lattices-0.md
category: reference
title: Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_Theory_of_Crystal_Lattices
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:50.959273+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dynamical-theory-of-crystal-lattices-20260505-0
summary:
Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices is a book in solid state physics, authored collaboratively by Max Born and Kun Huang. The book was originally started by Born in c. 1940, and was finished in the 1950s by Huang in consultation with Born. The text is considered a classical treatise on the subject of lattice dynamics, phonon theory, and elasticity in crystalline solids, but excluding metals and other complex solids with order/disorder phenomena. J. D. Eshelby, Melvin Lax, and A. J. C. Wilson reviewed the book in 1955, among several others. The book introduces the concept of Cauchy–Born rule and Born–Huang approximation. == See also == Bibliography of Max Born Introduction to Solid State Physics == References == == External links == Book website. Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences. Oxford University Press. 5 November 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-850369-9. Retrieved 25 November 2020.


id: the-earth-after-us-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earth_After_Us-0.md
category: reference
title: The Earth After Us
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earth_After_Us
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:52.207975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-earth-after-us-20260505-0
summary:
The Earth After Us is a 2008 non-fiction book by Jan Zalasiewicz about the geological legacy that humans might one day leave behind them. The paperback version was published in 2009. == See also == The World Without Us Life After People After Man == References == == External links == BBC review Review in Science Daily Review in The Guardian


id: emergence-the-connected-lives-of-ants-brains-cities-and-software-20260505-0
category: reference
title: Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence:_The_Connected_Lives_of_Ants,_Brains,_Cities,_and_Software
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:53.412528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emergence-the-connected-lives-of-ants-brains-cities-and-software-20260505-0
file:
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence:_The_Connected_Lives_of_Ants,_Brains,_Cities,_and_Software-0.md

summary:
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software is a book written by media theorist Steven Berlin Johnson, published in 2001. Early review drafts had the subtitle “What the New Science Can Teach Us About Our Minds, Our Communities, and Ourselves” instead of the “Connected lives…” == Report == == Quote == “The whole is sometimes smarter than the sum of its parts.” == Achievements == The New York Times — Notable book Voice Literary Supplement – Top25 books of the year Esquire Magazine – Best book of the year == References ==


id: emergency-this-book-will-save-your-life-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency:_This_Book_Will_Save_Your_Life-0.md
category: reference
title: Emergency: This Book Will Save Your Life
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency:_This_Book_Will_Save_Your_Life
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:54.585866+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emergency-this-book-will-save-your-life-20260505-0
summary:
Emergency: This Book Will Save Your Life (published as Emergency : One Man's Story Of A Dangerous World And How To Stay Alive In It by Canongate) is a 2009 book on survivalist preparedness by Neil Strauss. In the book, the author gains citizenship of the island nation of St. Kitts, visits a ranch called Gunsite to learn to shoot, and learns techniques for tracking and surviving in the wilderness. Comics are used as illustrations throughout the book, detailing survival techniques. The book culminates with author responding to the disaster site of 2008 Chatsworth train collision as an emergency search and rescue team member. == See also == Survival kit Survival skills == References ==


id: encyclopedia-of-analytical-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Analytical_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:55.981998+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-analytical-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry is an English-language multi-volume encyclopedia published by John Wiley & Sons. It is a comprehensive analytical chemistry reference, covering all aspects from theory and instrumentation through applications and techniques. Containing over 600 articles and over 6500 illustrations the 15-volume print edition published in 2000. The encyclopedia has been available online since the end of 2006. == References == == External links == Publisher description of the print version http://eu.wiley.com Online Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com


id: encyclopedia-of-reagents-for-organic-synthesis-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis-0.md
category: reference
title: Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Reagents_for_Organic_Synthesis
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:57.267104+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: encyclopedia-of-reagents-for-organic-synthesis-20260505-0
summary:
The Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis is published in print and online by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The online version is also known as e-EROS. The encyclopedia contains a description of the use of reagents used in organic chemistry. The eight-volume print version includes 3500 alphabetically arranged articles and the online version is regularly updated to include new reagents and catalysts. == References == == External links == e-EROS: Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. 2001. doi:10.1002/047084289X. hdl:10261/236866. ISBN 9780470842898. Print version


id: energy-and-power-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Power-0.md
category: reference
title: Energy and Power
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Power
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:58.475172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: energy-and-power-20260505-0
summary:
Energy and Power is a 1962 science book for children by L. Sprague de Camp, illustrated by Weimer Pursell and Fred Eng, published by Golden Press as part of The Golden Library of Knowledge Series. It has been translated into Portuguese and Spanish. The title blurb summarizes the content as "How man uses animals, wind, water, heat, electricity, chemistry, and atoms to perform work." == Notes ==


id: eternity-our-next-billion-years-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity:_Our_Next_Billion_Years-0.md
category: reference
title: Eternity: Our Next Billion Years
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity:_Our_Next_Billion_Years
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:57:59.728621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eternity-our-next-billion-years-20260505-0
summary:
Next Billion is a non-fiction book which speculates about the future of mankind written by science writer Michael Hanlon. The book is a combination of non-fiction discussions based on science about what the future might look like, interspersed with more imaginative guesses about what life will look like thousands, and millions of years in the future. Eternity was published on November 25, 2008 by Palgrave Macmillan as part of the Macmillan Science series. == Reception == Critical reception has been mixed. The SF Site gave a positive review and commented that the book was well suited to general audiences and was a good primer for people looking for an introduction to the book's themes. Michael Brooks was more critical of the work, as he felt that it "covers some fascinating ground, but remains only superficially interesting, an hors d'oeuvre rather than the main course. Faced with the prospect of eternity, that's not enough to satisfy." The Globe and Mail was also mixed in their opinion, writing "At its best, Hanlon's book offers the fascination and sense of wonder of good science fiction. At its worst, it reads like an earnest United Nations report on the challenges to be overcome in


id: evil-genes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Genes-0.md
category: reference
title: Evil Genes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Genes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:00.958379+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: evil-genes-20260505-0
summary:
Evil Genes is a book by Barbara Oakley, a systems engineer, about the neurological and social factors contributing to chronic antisocial behavior. The text was published on October 31, 2008, by Prometheus Books. The book has earned both praise and criticism for its treatment of what Oakley considers gaps in psychological research surrounding "successfully sinister" individuals—those who show subclinical symptoms of personality disorders, and who are often found in positions of authority in politics, religion, business, and academia. == See also == Psychopathy The Mask of Sanity Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work The Psychopath Test == References == == Further reading == Erich Fromm: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness == External links == Official website


id: fact-and-fancy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_and_Fancy-0.md
category: reference
title: Fact and Fancy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_and_Fancy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:02.168304+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fact-and-fancy-20260505-0
summary:
Fact and Fancy is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the first in a series of books collecting his essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, and Asimov's second book of science essays altogether (after Only a Trillion). Doubleday & Company first published it in March 1962. It was also published in paperback by Pyramid Books as part of The Worlds of Science series. After he had written 200 essays for Fantasy and Science Fiction (out of 399 in the end), Asimov wrote of them "To this day I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment I get." The only essay that did not appear in Fantasy and Science Fiction was "Our Lonely Planet", which first appeared in Astounding Science Fiction. == Contents == Part I: The Earth and Away "Life's Bottleneck" (April 1959) "No More Ice Ages?" (January 1959) "Thin Air" (December 1959) "Catching Up with Newton" (December 1958) "Of Capture and Escape" (May 1959) Part II: The Solar System "Catskills in the Sky" (August 1960) "Beyond Pluto" (July 1960) "Steppingstones to the Stars" (October 1960) "The Planet of the Double Sun"


id: false-dawn-the-delusions-of-global-capitalism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Dawn:_The_Delusions_of_Global_Capitalism-0.md
category: reference
title: False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Dawn:_The_Delusions_of_Global_Capitalism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:03.354320+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: false-dawn-the-delusions-of-global-capitalism-20260505-0
summary:
False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism is a 1998 book by English political philosopher John Gray, in which he argues that free-market globalization is unstable and is in the process of collapsing. In chapter one Gray groups together thinkers such as John Locke and Karl Marx on the basis of striving for an Enlightenment Utopia in which "a diversity of cultures ... [is] a stage to a universal civilization." Specific efforts to impose a "universal civilization" included Victorian-era England, the Soviet Union and, currently, the United States as "the last great power to base its policies on this enlightenment thesis", such as with the Washington Consensus. A 2002 edition includes a foreword that relates the themes of False Dawn to the 11 September 2001 attacks and the new US military posture that led to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Gray notes how the economic shock therapy in post-communist nations has resulted in "the resources of the vast Soviet war machine ... [being] sold to the highest bidder ... [including] non-state forces that were waging unconventional war ... [such as] terrorist networks." Also, the resource-scarcity from global industrialization is contributing to resource wars and a revival of the Great Game.


id: far-as-human-eye-could-see-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_as_Human_Eye_Could_See-0.md
category: reference
title: Far as Human Eye Could See
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_as_Human_Eye_Could_See
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:04.610605+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: far-as-human-eye-could-see-20260505-0
summary:
Far as Human Eye Could See: Essays on Science (published 1987) is a collection of science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov, short works which originally appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (F&SF), these being first published between November 1984 and March 1986. == Contents == (with date of original publication): Part One: Physical Chemistry "Made, Not Found" (December 1984) "Salt and Battery" (February 1985) "Current Affairs" (March 1985) "Forcing the Lines" (April 1985) "Arise, Fair Sun!" (May 1985) Part Two: Biochemistry "Poison in the Negative" (July 1985) "Tracing the Traces" (August 1985) "The Goblin Element" (September 1985) "A Little Leaven" (October 1985) "The Biochemical Knife-Blade" (November 1985) Part Three: Geochemistry "Far, Far Below" (January 1985) Part Four: Astronomy "Time is Out of Joint" (February 1986) "The Discovery of the Void" (December 1985) "Chemistry of the Void" (January 1986) "The Rule of Numerous Small" (June 1985) "Superstar:" (March 1986) " Far as Human Eye Could See" (November 1984) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: fat-so-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT!SO-0.md
category: reference
title: FAT!SO?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT!SO?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:05.805100+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fat-so-20260505-0
summary:
FAT!SO?: Because You Don't Have To Apologize For Your Size! is an American non-fiction book by fat activist Marilyn Wann, published in 1998 by Ten Speed Press. The book was followed a website of the same name created by Wann. == Critical reception == Salon, "Reading "Fat!So?" probably won't make you love your body. But it might inspire you to hate it a little bit less."" == References == == External links == FAT!SO? at the Internet Archive


id: finger-prints-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Prints_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Finger Prints (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Prints_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:06.991129+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: finger-prints-book-20260505-0
summary:
Finger Prints is a book published by Francis Galton through Macmillan in 1892. It was one of the first books to provide a scientific footing for matching fingerprints and for later acceptance in courts. He collected information from a number of people and recorded their backgrounds, financial situations, likes and dislikes, health, etc. on a large scale. By that time, it was known that the fingerprints of different people were different. He collected fingerprints of a large number of people and invented a method of their classification. Using statistical methods he showed that the possibility of fingerprints of two different people being identical is nearly zero. This result made it possible to identify a person from his fingerprints. This method of identifying criminals was accepted in the judiciary. == References == == External links == The text and high resolution scans of this book


id: flying-saucers-from-outer-space-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucers_from_Outer_Space-0.md
category: reference
title: Flying Saucers from Outer Space
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucers_from_Outer_Space
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:08.132595+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: flying-saucers-from-outer-space-20260505-0
summary:
Flying Saucers from Outer Space is a non-fiction book published in 1953 by Donald Keyhoe about unidentified flying objects (UFOs). == Adaptation == In 1956 a science-fiction film credited as "suggested by" the book was made under the title Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, also known as Invasion of the Flying Saucers. The working titles of the film were Attack of the Flying Saucers, Invasion of the Flying Saucers and Flying Saucers from Outer Space. In a letter contained in the film's production file at the AMPAS Library, blacklisted screenwriter Bernard Gordon stated that he wrote the screenplay for this picture using the pseudonym Raymond T. Marcus. == See also == The Flying Saucers Are Real (1950) The Flying Saucer Conspiracy (1955) == References == == Notes == == External links == Flying Saucers from Outer Space on line version at NICAP


id: foundations-of-the-science-of-knowledge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_the_Science_of_Knowledge-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundations of the Science of Knowledge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_the_Science_of_Knowledge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:09.285559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundations-of-the-science-of-knowledge-20260505-0
summary:
Foundations of the Science of Knowledge (German: Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre) is a 1794/1795 book by the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Based on lectures he had delivered as a professor of philosophy at the University of Jena Fichte created his own system of transcendental philosophy in this book. == Ideas == Science of Knowledge first established Fichte's independent philosophy. The contents of the book, divided into eleven sections, were crucial in the way the thinker grounded philosophy as – for the first time – a part of epistemology. In this book Fichte also claimed that an "experiencer" must be tacitly aware that he is experiencing in order to lead to "noticing". This articulated his view that an individual's experience is essentially the experiencing of the act of experiencing so that his so-called "Absolutely Unconditioned Principle" of all experience is that "the I posits itself". == Reception == In 1798 the German romantic Friedrich Schlegel identified the Wissenschaftslehre together with the French Revolution and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, as "the most important trend-setting events (Tendenzen) of the age." Michael Inwood believes that the work is close in spirit to the works of Edmund Husserl, including Ideas (1913)


id: from-earth-to-heaven-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Earth_to_Heaven-0.md
category: reference
title: From Earth to Heaven
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Earth_to_Heaven
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:10.489038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: from-earth-to-heaven-20260505-0
summary:
From Earth to Heaven is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the fifth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1966. == Contents == "Harmony in Heaven" (F&SF, February 1965) "Oh, East is West and West is East—" (March 1965) "The Certainty of Uncertainty" (April 1965) "To Tell a Chemist" (May 1965) "Future? Tense!" (June 1965) "Exclamation Point!" (July 1965) "Behind the Teacher's Back" (August 1965) "Death in the Laboratory" (September 1965) "The Land of Mu" (October 1965) "Squ-u-u-ush!" (November 1965) "Water, Water, Everywhere—" (December 1965) "The Proton-Reckoner" (January 1966) "Up and Down the Earth" (February 1966) "The Rocks of Damocles" (March 1966) "The Nobelmen of Science" (April 1966) "Time and Tide" (May 1966) "The Isles of Earth" (June 1966) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: fundamentals-of-biochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Fundamentals of Biochemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:11.648724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fundamentals-of-biochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level is a biochemistry textbook written by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet and Charlotte W. Pratt. Published by John Wiley & Sons, it is a common undergraduate biochemistry textbook. As of 2024, the book has been published in 6 editions. == References ==


id: fundamentals-ten-keys-to-reality-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals:_Ten_Keys_to_Reality-0.md
category: reference
title: Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals:_Ten_Keys_to_Reality
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:12.880874+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fundamentals-ten-keys-to-reality-20260505-0
summary:
Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality (2021) is a popular science book about advanced physics by Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek. According to the author: This is a book about fundamental lessons we can learn from the study of the physical world. ... Here I've tried to convey the central messages of modern physics as simply as possible, while not compromising accuracy. ...I've selected ten broad principles as my fundamentals. Each forms the theme of one chapter. In the body of each chapter, I explain and document that chapter's theme from different perspectives, and then make some informed guesses about its future developments. == Part I. What There Is (chapters 1–5) == Chapter 1. There's Plenty of Space Chapter 2. There's Plenty of Time Chapter 3. There Are Very Few Ingredients Chapter 4. There Are Very Few Laws Chapter 5. There's Plenty of Matter and Energy == Part II. Beginnings and Ends (chapters 6–10) == Chapter 6. Cosmic History is an Open Book Chapter 7. Complexity Emerges Chapter 8. There's Plenty More to See Chapter 9. Mysteries Remain Chapter 10. Complementarity Is Mind-Expanding == Reception == Wilczek manages to convey advanced physics without overtaxing lay readers with complexities and knotty concepts, and


id: the-future-of-humanity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Humanity-0.md
category: reference
title: The Future of Humanity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Humanity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:14.080921+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-future-of-humanity-20260505-0
summary:
The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond Earth is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book was initially published on February 20, 2018, by Doubleday. The book was on The New York Times Best Seller list for four weeks. == Background == Kaku discusses the future and survival of the human species and discusses topics such as terraforming Mars and interstellar travel. Given that it may take centuries to reach the closest suns and exoplanets, Kaku also explores alternative paths to ensure the survival of humanity, including the possibility of genetic engineering and transferring human consciousness into non-biological machines. == Reception == Kirkus Reviews described Kaku's views as "[a]lways optimistic" and that "Kaku delivers a fascinating and scattershot series of scenarios in which humans overcome current obstacles without violating natural laws to travel the universe." The New York Times praised Kaku for being "adept at drawing from the lexicon of popular science fiction" and noted that "the strength of Kaku's writing is knowing which science fiction ideas are worth following". == References == == External links == Michio Kaku's official website Booksite (part of Michio Kaku's website)


id: the-future-of-the-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_the_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Future of the Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_the_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:15.267014+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-future-of-the-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book was initially published on February 25, 2014 by Doubleday. In 2015 the book was translated into Hebrew. == Overview == The book discusses various possibilities of advanced technology that can alter the brain and mind. Looking into things such as telepathy, telekinesis, consciousness, artificial intelligence, and transhumanism, the book covers a wide range of topics. In it, Kaku proposes a "spacetime theory of consciousness". Similarly to Ray Kurzweil, he believes the advances in silicon computing will serve our needs as opposed to producing a generation of robot overlords. == Reception == On March 16, 2014, The Future of the Mind made number one on The New York Times Bestseller list. == References == == External links == Michio Kaku's official website Booksite


id: a-general-view-of-positivism-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism-0.md
category: reference
title: A General View of Positivism
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:16.434722+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-general-view-of-positivism-20260505-0
summary:
A General View of Positivism (French: Discours sur l'ensemble du positivisme) is an 1848 book by the French philosopher Auguste Comte, first published in English in 1865. A founding text in the development of positivism and the discipline of sociology, the work provides a revised and full account of the theory Comte presented earlier in his multi-part The Course in Positive Philosophy (1830–1842). Comte outlines the epistemological view of positivism, provides an account of the manner by which sociology should be performed, and describes his law of three stages. == See also == Religion of humanity Sociological positivism == References == Comte, A.; Bridges, J.H. (tr.), A General View of Positivism; Trubner and Co., 1865 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00064-2) == External links == A General View of Positivism at Standard Ebooks A General View of Positivism public domain audiobook at LibriVox


id: global-catastrophic-risks-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Catastrophic_Risks_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Catastrophic Risks (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Catastrophic_Risks_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:17.614821+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-catastrophic-risks-book-20260505-0
summary:
Global Catastrophic Risks is a 2008 non-fiction book edited by philosopher Nick Bostrom and astronomer Milan M. Ćirković. The book is a collection of essays from 26 academics written about various global catastrophic and existential risks. A paperback version was published in 2011. == Content == The risks covered by the book include both anthropogenic (man made) risks and non-anthropogenic risks. Anthropogenic: artificial general intelligence, biological warfare, nuclear warfare, nanotechnology, anthropogenic climate change, global warming, stable global totalitarianism Non-anthropogenic: asteroid impacts, gamma-ray bursts The book also addresses overarching issues such as policy responses and methods for predicting and managing catastrophes. == See also == The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity (book) Our Final Hour (book) == References ==


id: global-neighborhood-watch-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Neighborhood_Watch-0.md
category: reference
title: Global Neighborhood Watch
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Neighborhood_Watch
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:18.808348+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: global-neighborhood-watch-20260505-0
summary:
"Global Neighborhood Watch" is an article by Neal Stephenson that appeared in Wired Magazine in 1998. In it he proposes a specific plan for using information technology to fight crime. According to Stephenson, he is no longer pursuing the idea. == References == == External links == Wired article 1995 interview with Neal Stephenson regarding "Global Neighborhood Watch" Alternative source for the text of the article


id: the-god-equation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_Equation-0.md
category: reference
title: The God Equation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_Equation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:19.953476+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-god-equation-20260505-0
summary:
The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. The book was initially published on April 6, 2021, by Doubleday. The book debuted at number six on The New York Times nonfiction best-seller list for the week ending April 10, 2021. == Overview == Kaku explores the history of unification theories of physics starting with Newton's law of universal gravitation which unified our experience of gravity on Earth and the motions of the celestial bodies to Einstein's general relativity and quantum mechanics and the Standard Model. He dubs the final Grand Unified Theory and quantum gravity The God Equation with an 11-dimensional string theory as the only self-consistent theory that seems to fit the bill. == References ==


id: great-mambo-chicken-and-the-transhuman-condition-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mambo_Chicken_and_the_Transhuman_Condition-0.md
category: reference
title: Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mambo_Chicken_and_the_Transhuman_Condition
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:21.207518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: great-mambo-chicken-and-the-transhuman-condition-20260505-0
summary:
Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition is a non-fiction book copyright 1990 by Ed Regis, an American author and educator, that presents a lighthearted look at scientific visionaries planning for a future with "post-biological" people, space colonization, nanotechnology, and cryonics. The book emphasizes the personality and projects of Robert Truax, Eric Drexler, Gerard K. O'Neill, Chris Langton, Freeman Dyson, Hans Moravec, Ralph Merkle, Robert Forward, Keith Henson, Carolyn Meinel, Gary Hudson, Saul Kent, and a number of others. == External links == Book PDF. == References ==


id: hacking-matter-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_Matter-0.md
category: reference
title: Hacking Matter
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_Matter
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:22.382111+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hacking-matter-20260505-0
summary:
Hacking Matter is a 2003 book by Wil McCarthy. It deals with "programmable matter" (like colloidal films, bulk crystals, and quantum dots) that, he predicts, will someday be able mimic the properties of any natural atom, and ultimately also non-natural atoms. McCarthy predicts that programmable matter will someday change human life profoundly, and that its users will have the ability to program matter itself - to change it, from a computer, from hard to soft, from paper to stone, from fluorescent to super-reflective to invisible. In his science fiction, he calls this technology "Wellstone". The book includes interviews with researchers who are developing the technology, describes how they are learning to control its electronic, optical, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties, and speculates on its future development. == References == == External links == Book home page, includes free PDF version. Ultimate Alchemy. This article in Wired 9.10 was expanded into this book. "Beyond the Periodic Table: Artificial Atoms and Programmable Matter", Analog Science Fiction, Jan 2002


id: handbook-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Electrochemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of Electrochemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Electrochemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:23.597944+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-electrochemistry-20260505-0
summary:
The Handbook of Electrochemistry, edited by Cynthia Zoski, is a sourcebook containing a wide range of electrochemical information. It provides details of experimental considerations, typical calculations, and illustrates many of the possibilities open to electrochemical experimentators. The book has five sections: Fundamentals, Laboratory Practical, Techniques, Applications, and Data - and each contains a series of entries by a range of scholars. == References == == External links == Elsevier's page for the Handbook of Electrochemistry


id: handbook-of-porphyrin-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Porphyrin_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Handbook of Porphyrin Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Porphyrin_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:24.811567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: handbook-of-porphyrin-science-20260505-0
summary:
Published by World Scientific, the Handbook of Porphyrin Science: With Applications to Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science, Engineering, Biology and Medicine is a multi-volume reference set edited by scientists Karl Kadish, Kevin Smith and Roger Guilard. The first ten volumes were published in 2010 and the 46th volume was published in 2022. Topics covered include: Developments in Supramolecular Chemistry Based on Porphyrins and Related Systems Involvement of Porphyrins and Related Systems in Catalysis Phototherapy, Radioimmunotherapy and Imaging Advances in Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines and Related Systems Heme Proteins The current work stems from World Scientific's Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (JPP) and from the research interests of the three editors and hundreds of authors who have presented the results of their research in this society-run journal since its founding in 1997. == References == == External links == "Karl Kadish at University of Houston". Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. "The Handbook of Porphyrin Science at World Scientific". Archived from the original on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2009-08-19.


id: houben-weyl-methods-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houben-Weyl_Methods_of_Organic_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Houben-Weyl Methods of Organic Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houben-Weyl_Methods_of_Organic_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:26.052107+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: houben-weyl-methods-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Houben-Weyl Methods of Organic Chemistry (Ger. Methoden der Organischen Chemie) established in 1909 by the German chemist Theodor Weyl, is a classic chemistry text. It consisted initially of two volumes and covered literature published as early as 1834. Heinrich J. Houben revised and reissued it in 1913. It is considered one of the most significant resources for chemists. Up to the 4th edition the work was published in German by Thieme from 1952 to 1987, with supplementary volumes published between 1982 and 1999, some of them (from 1990 on) in English. It consists of 16 volumes, some of which are further divided. Overall, the 4th edition consists of 90 individual books. A new English-language edition was published by Thieme from 2000 to 2010 as Science of Synthesis in 48 volumes. It is constantly updated. == References ==


id: how-not-to-die-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Not_to_Die_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: How Not to Die (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Not_to_Die_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:27.252991+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: how-not-to-die-book-20260505-0
summary:
How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease is a book by Michael Greger, M.D. with Gene Stone, published in 2015 that argues for the health benefits of a whole food plant-based diet. The book was a New York Times Best Seller. In it, Greger defines a plant-based diet as, "an eating pattern that minimizes the intake of meat, eggs, dairy, and processed junk and maximizes consumption of whole plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes (beans, split peas, chickpeas, and lentils), whole grains, nuts and seeds, mushrooms, and herbs and spices.” == Structure == Part 1 of the book consists of 15 chapters. Each chapter is focused on one of the 15 leading causes of death in the United States, and how a whole foods plant-based diet reduces the risk of dying from each cause. Part 2 of the book focuses on the "daily dozen," a list of specific plant based ingredients that Greger suggests improve health and longevity. The daily dozen recommends the following daily portions: 3 servings of beans 1 serving of berries 3 servings of other fruits 1 serving of cruciferous vegetables 2 servings of greens 2 servings of other


id: how-we-decide-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_We_Decide-0.md
category: reference
title: How We Decide
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_We_Decide
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:28.427384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: how-we-decide-20260505-0
summary:
How We Decide is a 2009 book by journalist Jonah Lehrer, that provides biological explanations of how people make decisions and offers suggestions for making better decisions. It is published as The Decisive Moment: How the Brain Makes Up Its Mind in the United Kingdom. On March 1, 2013, following revelations that Lehrer had been caught in numerous falsifications in his books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt announced the book was taken "off sale" after an internal review. == Summary == Sections/chapters of the book are titled as follows: Introduction The Quarterback in the Pocket The Predictions of Dopamine Fooled by a Feeling The Uses of Reason Choking on Thought The Moral Mind The Brain Is an Argument The Poker Hand Coda == See also == Similarly themed books include: Proust Was a Neuroscientist Imagine: How Creativity Works Made to Stick Microtrends Think!: Why Crucial Decisions Can't Be Made in the Blink of an Eye Thinking, Fast and Slow Thinking Strategically == References == == External links == Powells books references commercial reviews Los Angeles Times review Time Magazine review “And Now Jonah Lehrer’s Second Book Is Being Pulled From Stores” “Publisher Pulls Jonah Lehrer’s ‘How We Decide’ From Stores”


id: ideas-on-the-nature-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_on_the_Nature_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Ideas on the Nature of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_on_the_Nature_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:29.597689+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ideas-on-the-nature-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Ideas on the Nature of Science is a book by Canadian author and radio producer David Cayley. It is a compilation of his conversations that took place during the CBC Radio series "How to Think About Science" for the program Ideas. == External links == How to Think About Science


id: the-illustrated-guide-to-the-elements-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_Guide_to_the_Elements-0.md
category: reference
title: The Illustrated Guide to the Elements
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_Guide_to_the_Elements
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:30.804453+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-illustrated-guide-to-the-elements-20260505-0
summary:
The Illustrated Guide to the Elements is a book by Jenna Whyte. Published in 2012, the book features factual information about all the chemical elements with drawings to illustrate the information. There was mention of a sequel. == References ==


id: imagine-how-creativity-works-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine:_How_Creativity_Works-0.md
category: reference
title: Imagine: How Creativity Works
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine:_How_Creativity_Works
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:32.041436+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imagine-how-creativity-works-20260505-0
summary:
Imagine: How Creativity Works is the third non-fiction book by Jonah Lehrer, published in 2012. It explores brain science, and creativity and its social aspects. By July 2012, the book had been recalled by its publisher due to factual inaccuracies. == Fabrication of quotations == In July 2012, Lehrer acknowledged that he fabricated some quotes attributed to Bob Dylan. Sale of the electronic book as well as physical shipment of the book has been halted. In an article on August 10, Steve Myers alleged that quotes from magician Teller, of the performance duo Penn and Teller, were fake, after a fan saw a discrepancy in previous quotes from Teller from an article in 2009 in Wired magazine, also by Lehrer. Teller confirmed that the quotes from the Wired article in 2009 were accurate, while the ones from Imagine: How Creativity Works were not. == See also == How We Decide Proust Was a Neuroscientist == References == == External links == The New York Times review The Guardian review The New Republic review Roberts, Russ (June 11, 2012). "Jonah Lehrer on Creativity and Imagine". EconTalk. Library of Economics and Liberty.


id: the-inevitable-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inevitable_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Inevitable (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inevitable_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:33.218383+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-inevitable-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Inevitable is a 2016 nonfiction book by Kevin Kelly that forecasts the twelve technological forces that will shape the next thirty years. == Summary == According to Kelly, much of what will happen in the next thirty years is inevitable. The future will bring with it even more screens, tracking, and lack of privacy. In the book he outlines twelve trends that will forever change the ways in which we work, learn and communicate: The chapters are organized by these forces. Becoming: Moving from fixed products to always upgrading services and subscriptions Cognifying: Making everything much smarter using cheap powerful AI that we get from the cloud Flowing: Depending on unstoppable streams in real time for everything Screening: Turning all surfaces into screens Accessing: Shifting society from one where we own assets to one where instead we will have access to services at all times Sharing: Collaboration at mass scale. Kelly writes, "On my imaginary Sharing Meter Index we are still at 2 out of 10." Filtering: Harnessing intense personalization in order to anticipate our desires Remixing: Unbundling existing products into their most primitive parts and then recombining in all possible ways Interacting: Immersing ourselves inside our computers to


id: infinite-in-all-directions-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_in_All_Directions-0.md
category: reference
title: Infinite in All Directions
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_in_All_Directions
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:34.393838+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: infinite-in-all-directions-20260505-0
summary:
Infinite In All Directions (1988) is a book on a wide range of subjects, including history, philosophy, research, technology, the origin of life and eschatology, by theoretical physicist Freeman Dyson. The book is based on the author's Gifford Lectures delivered in Aberdeen in 1985. Infinite in All Directions can roughly be summarized as a treatise on the universe and humanity's role and its responsibilities. The lectures were given in two series, and this book is accordingly divided into two parts. Part 1 is about life as a scientific phenomenon, about our efforts to understand the nature of life and its place in the universe. Part 2 is about ethics and politics, about the local problems introduced by our species into the existence of life on this planet. Freeman Dyson is Professor of Physics at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced Study. That is a title, not a recommendation. What recommends him is his ability to communicate, not merely the interest of science and its application to human activities of every kind, but the sheer delight he takes in the universe. He loves diversity. Frequently throughout the book a passage will reveal his pleasure at being alive and seeing and thinking. He has


id: information-the-new-language-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information:_The_New_Language_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Information: The New Language of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information:_The_New_Language_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:35.566710+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: information-the-new-language-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Information: The New Language of Science is a 2003 book by Hans Christian von Baeyer, Chancellor Professor of Physics at the College of William and Mary, examining contemporary information science. == References ==


id: inorganic-syntheses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_Syntheses-0.md
category: reference
title: Inorganic Syntheses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_Syntheses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:36.777842+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: inorganic-syntheses-20260505-0
summary:
Inorganic Syntheses is a book series which aims to publish "detailed and foolproof" procedures for the synthesis of inorganic compounds. Although this series of books are edited, they usually are referenced like a journal, without mentioning the names of the checkers (referees) or the editor. A similar format is usually followed for the series Organic Syntheses. == Volumes == == See also == Organic Syntheses == References ==


id: intelligent-thought-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Thought-0.md
category: reference
title: Intelligent Thought
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Thought
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:38.052715+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: intelligent-thought-20260505-0
summary:
Intelligent Thought: Science Versus the Intelligent Design Movement is a 2006 book edited by John Brockman and published by Vintage Books. The book is a series of essays which discuss the idea that natural selection and evolution helps explain the world better than intelligent design. The contributors are Daniel Dennett, Scott Atran, Steven Pinker, Nicholas Humphrey, Tim White, Neil Shubin, Marc Hauser, Richard Dawkins, Jerry Coyne, Leonard Susskind, Frank Sulloway, Lee Smolin, Stuart A. Kauffman, Seth Lloyd, Lisa Randall, and Scott Sampson. == Notes == == See also == List of scientific societies rejecting intelligent design


id: introduction-to-mathematical-philosophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy-0.md
category: reference
title: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:39.245893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: introduction-to-mathematical-philosophy-20260505-0
summary:
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book (1919 first edition) by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within the foundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics and no prior experience with the mathematical logic it deals with. Accordingly, it is often used in introductory philosophy of mathematics courses at institutions of higher education. == Background == Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy was written while Russell was serving time in Brixton Prison due to his anti-war activities. == Contents == The book deals with a wide variety of topics within the philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic including the logical basis and definition of natural numbers, real and complex numbers, limits and continuity, and classes. == Editions == Russell, Bertrand (1919), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, George Allen & Unwin. (Reprinted: Routledge, 1993.) Russell, Bertrand (1920), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin / NY: Macmillan, Second Edition, reprintings 1920, 1924, 1930. == See also == Principia Mathematica The Principles of Mathematics Logicism == Footnotes == == External links == Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy at Project Gutenberg


id: the-invisible-gorilla-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Gorilla-0.md
category: reference
title: The Invisible Gorilla
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Gorilla
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:40.443677+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-invisible-gorilla-20260505-0
summary:
The Invisible Gorilla is a non-fiction book published in 2010, co-authored by Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons. The title of this book refers to an earlier research project by Chabris and Simons revealing that people who are focused on something can easily overlook something else. To demonstrate this effect, they created a video of students passing a basketball between themselves. Viewers asked to count the number of times the players with the white shirts pass the ball often fail to notice a person in a gorilla suit who appears in the center of the image (see Invisible Gorilla Test), an experiment described as "one of the most famous psychological demos ever". Simons and Chabris were awarded an Ig Nobel Prize for the Invisible Gorilla experiment. == See also == Attention Attentional control Change blindness Inattentional blindness Invisible ships == References == == External links == The video on Daniel Simons' YouTube channel on YouTube


id: kaye-and-laby-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_and_Laby-0.md
category: reference
title: Kaye and Laby
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_and_Laby
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:41.612068+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kaye-and-laby-20260505-0
summary:
Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants and Some Mathematical Functions is a scientific reference work. First compiled and published in 1911 by the physicists G. W. C. Kaye and T. H. Laby, it is more commonly known as Kaye and Laby. It is a standard textbook for scientists and engineers. The final print edition was the 16th in 1995, after which the entire content was made available online in association with the National Physical Laboratory. The online version was removed on 21 May 2019, the day after the revision of the SI. An archived version is still available online, but is no longer maintained, and does not have the updated values of physical constants. == References == == External links == Kaye and Laby online About Kaye and Laby History of Kaye and Laby


id: kirk-s-fire-investigation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk's_Fire_Investigation-0.md
category: reference
title: Kirk's Fire Investigation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk's_Fire_Investigation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:42.825782+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kirk-s-fire-investigation-20260505-0
summary:
Kirk's Fire Investigation by David J. Icove and Gerald A. Haynes has long been regarded as the primary textbook in the field of fire investigation. It is currently in its 8th edition (published in 2017, ISBN 978-0134237923). The book is now in close accordance to the 2017 Edition of NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation; the 2014 Edition of NFPA 1033, Standard for Professional Guidelines for Fire Investigators; and the model curriculum of the Fire Emergency Service Higher Education (FESHE). The title refers to Paul Leland Kirk (1902–1970), the author of the original text Fire Investigation that was the basis for Kirk's Fire Investigation. "Kirk's Fire Investigation," a seminal guide that continues to serve as an essential resource for fire investigators around the globe, reflecting the ongoing relevance of Kirk's foundational insights and methodologies in the field. == References ==


id: the-large-the-small-and-the-human-mind-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind-0.md
category: reference
title: The Large, the Small and the Human Mind
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:44.079005+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-large-the-small-and-the-human-mind-20260505-0
summary:
The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind is a popular science book by British theoretical physicist Roger Penrose. The book was published by Cambridge University Press in 1997. == Overview == The book includes criticism of his work on physics and consciousness by Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking. The book was preceded by The Emperor's New Mind, published in 1989, and Shadows of the Mind, published in 1994. == References ==


id: the-left-hand-of-the-electron-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_the_Electron-0.md
category: reference
title: The Left Hand of the Electron
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_the_Electron
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:45.291140+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-left-hand-of-the-electron-20260505-0
summary:
The Left Hand of the Electron is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov, first published by Doubleday & Company in 1972. It was the ninth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The title comes from the topic of the first section which deals with chirality of electroweak interactions and chirality of organic compounds and the possible connection between the two. Other essays in this book concern the effect of electron-spin direction on molecular structure e.g. the "Inverse Sugar" (similar to Inverted sugar syrup) in honey with philosophical reflections on the minority of left handedness in general. == Chapters == A — The Problem of Left and Right 1 — Odds and Evens 2 — The Left Hand of the Electron 3 — Seeing Double 4 — The 3-D Molecule 5 — The Asymmetry of Life B — The Problem of Oceans 6 — The Thalassogens 7 — Hot Water 8 — Cold Water C — The Problem of Numbers and Lines 9 — Prime Quality 10 — Euclid's Fifth 11 — The Plane Truth D — The Problem of the Platypus 12 —


id: let-there-be-light-smith-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Light_(Smith_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Let There Be Light (Smith book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Light_(Smith_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:46.506275+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: let-there-be-light-smith-book-20260505-0
summary:
Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmology and Kabbalah, a New Conversation Between Science and Religion is a book by Howard Smith, an astrophysicist. The book, published in 2006, was written for the layperson. It discusses using simple language basic concepts in modern cosmology and Kabbalah (a form of Jewish mysticism), the creation of the universe from nothing via the Big Bang, general relativity, dark matter, cosmic acceleration, quantum mechanics, and free will, among other topics. The book attempts to clearly explains these subjects, and uses them to try to illustrate how religion and science together can enrich one's spiritual and intellectual life. == References == Cohen G. Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmology and Kabbalah-A New Conversation between Science and Religion. Booklist. 2006;103(5):7. Accessed June 7, 2025. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=23260093&lang=ru&site=eds-live&scope=site Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmology and Kabbalah--A New Conversation between Science and Religion. Publishers Weekly. 2006;253(36):51. Accessed June 7, 2025. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=22352168&lang=ru&site=eds-live&scope=site == Bibliography == Howard Smith (2006). Let there be light: modern cosmology and Kabbalah : a new conversation between science and religion. New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-548-3. == External links == Book website


id: life-and-energy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Energy-0.md
category: reference
title: Life and Energy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Energy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:47.746339+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: life-and-energy-20260505-0
summary:
Life and Energy is a 1962 book by Isaac Asimov. It is about the biological and physical world, and their contrasts and comparisons. Thus the book is divided into two sections, which is separated by further sub-sections (i.e. chapters): 1) energy; 2) body. In order to accomplish its goal, the book starts with "layman" discussions about energy and how these can be used to single out human from other living systems, or even living systems from non-living matter, what differentiates a rock from an oyster, and finishes with advanced concepts, how living systems are able to "produce" energy. == First Chapters: Energy == The first chapters covers the common questions of the distinctions between living and inanimate objects. == Following Chapters == Asimov then explains in a step by step manner about the physical world first through slow, but interesting chapters. He writes about the effect and major role of the evolution and advance of man by fire and heat, he tells about thermodynamics (and its laws), he recollects the thoughts of previous scientists, and their painstaking works, and finally, the quantum theory and radiation, which has revolutionised physics and technology. An explanation of electricity and basic chemistry laws and


id: life-in-the-twenty-first-century-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-0.md
category: reference
title: Life in the Twenty-First Century
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_the_Twenty-First_Century
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:48.970778+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: life-in-the-twenty-first-century-20260505-0
summary:
Life in the Twenty-First Century is a Penguin Special book, published in Great Britain in 1960. It features predictions by 29 Soviet scientists concerning technology and science. It was edited by M Vassilev and S Gouschev. The English translation was performed by R J Watson and H E Crowcroft. The original British hardback was published by Souvenir Press in London in the same year as the Penguin edition. == References == http://www.worldcat.org/title/life-in-the-twenty-first-century-the-fantastic-world-of-the-immediat-future-as-predicted-by-29-of-russias-leading-scientists/oclc/490906094


id: locationes-mansorum-desertorum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locationes_mansorum_desertorum-0.md
category: reference
title: Locationes mansorum desertorum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locationes_mansorum_desertorum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:50.108981+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: locationes-mansorum-desertorum-20260505-0
summary:
Locationes mansorum desertorum is a manuscript of Nicolaus Copernicus, written between 1516–1521. It is from ledgers handwritten by Copernicus when he was an economic administrator in Warmia. == Bibliography == Mikołaj Kopernik, S. Grzybowski, wydanie II, Książka i wiedza, Warszawa 1973. Mikołaj Kopernik i jego epoka, J. Adamczewski, Interpress, Warszawa 1972. Kopernik, astronomia, astronautyka. Przewodnik encyklopedyczny. pod red. Włodzimierza Zonna, Warszawa, PWN, 1973. The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543), Pierre Gassendi, Oliver Thill == External links == The Life of Copernicus 1473-1543


id: making-contact-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Contact_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Making Contact (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Contact_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:51.322025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: making-contact-book-20260505-0
summary:
Making Contact: A Serious Handbook for Locating and Communicating With Extraterrestrials is a book published in 1997. == Contents == Making Contact discusses all aspects of close encounters with extraterrestrials. Editor Bill Fawcett said their existence is "unquestionable". The book includes explanations of signs and symptoms of an alien abduction, such as burns, tinnitus, a metallic taste in the mouth, and double vision. Particular locations, such as Area 51 and Mexico City, are described as giving the best chance of an encounter. == Reception == == References ==


id: the-meaning-of-the-21st-century-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_21st_Century-0.md
category: reference
title: The Meaning of the 21st Century
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_21st_Century
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:52.477028+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-meaning-of-the-21st-century-20260505-0
summary:
The Meaning of the 21st Century: A Vital Blueprint for Ensuring Our Future is a 2006 nonfiction book by British technology consultant James Martin. == Synopsis == It assesses technological challenges, dangers and opportunities facing the human race. The book lists and proposes solutions for 17 interlocked upcoming "megaproblems". Topics include nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, climate change and terrorism. Martin asserts that many global problems have been worsened by past technologies, but could be addressed by new ones. For example, he advocates for "electronic brain appendages" to help think through to a solution to problems such as global warming. == Film == Martin released a film based on the book, narrated by one of his Bermudan neighbors, Hollywood actor Michael Douglas. == References == == External links == Full film


id: merck-index-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index-0.md
category: reference
title: Merck Index
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Index
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:53.694685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: merck-index-20260505-0
summary:
The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry. == History == The NFL edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations Merck & Co., forming a separate American company that continued to publish the Merck Index. In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an appendix with monographs on organic named reactions. The 15th edition was published in April 2013. Monographs in The Merck Index typically contain: a CAS registry number synonyms of the substance, such as trivial names and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature a chemical formula molecular weight percent composition a structural


id: mind-at-the-end-of-its-tether-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_at_the_End_of_Its_Tether-0.md
category: reference
title: Mind at the End of Its Tether
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_at_the_End_of_Its_Tether
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:54.891855+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mind-at-the-end-of-its-tether-20260505-0
summary:
Mind at the End of Its Tether (1945) is H. G. Wells' last book — only 34 pages long — which he wrote at the age of 78. In it, Wells considers the idea of humanity being soon replaced by some other, more advanced, species of being. He bases this thought on his long interest in the paleontological record. At the time of writing Wells had not yet heard of the atomic bomb (but had predicted a form of it in his 1914 book The World Set Free). == References == == External links == Mind at the End of Its Tether is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive


id: minerals-yearbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Yearbook-0.md
category: reference
title: Minerals Yearbook
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Yearbook
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:56.090283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: minerals-yearbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Minerals Yearbook is an annual publication from the United States Geological Survey. It reviews the mineral and material industries of the United States and other countries. The Minerals Yearbook contains statistical production data as well as information on economic and technical trends. First published in 1933, it was preceded by The Mineral Resources of the United States. == Contents == Current issues are published in three volumes: Volume I – Metals and Minerals contains chapters on around 90 commercially important mined commodities Volume II - Area Reports: Domestic reviews mineral industry of US on a per-State basis Volume III - Area Reports: International reviews world mineral industry on a per-country basis == References == == External links == Digital version of issues from 1994 to present Digitized issues 1933–1993 hosted at the University of Wisconsin Libraries


id: the-mirage-of-a-space-between-nature-and-nurture-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirage_of_a_Space_Between_Nature_and_Nurture-0.md
category: reference
title: The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirage_of_a_Space_Between_Nature_and_Nurture
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:57.292317+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mirage-of-a-space-between-nature-and-nurture-20260505-0
summary:
The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture is a book by Evelyn Fox Keller, an American historian of science, about the nature–nurture debate. It was first published in June 2010 by Duke University Press. The book is unusually short, as it is a mere 107 pages long. Furthermore, just 84 of these pages represent the actual text of the book, as opposed to its notes, index, or bibliography. == Reviews == David Moore reviewed The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture favorably in the journal Science & Education. He concluded, "For its careful analysis of the causes of the confusion that continues to keep the nature/nurture debate alive long after it has become clear that the questions motivating the debate have been ill-formed, Fox Keller’s book can be highly recommended for classroom teachers or teacher educators." Nadine Weidman of Harvard University praised the book as "concise and clearly written", concluding that it "...should be required reading for all those scientists, popularizers, and reporters whose claims for genetic causation of traits commit the very errors that [Keller's] analysis so skillfully elucidates." Similarly, John P. Jackson, Jr. of the University of Colorado Boulder commended the book for shedding


id: molecular-biotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: Molecular Biotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:58.483538+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: molecular-biotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
Molecular Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It publishes original research papers and review articles on the application of molecular biology to biotechnology. It was established in 1994 with John M. Walker as founding editor-in-chief. Prof Aydin Berenjian is the current editor-in-chief of the journal. == Abstracting and indexing == The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded PubMed/MEDLINE Scopus Inspec Embase Chemical Abstracts Service CAB International Academic OneFile AGRICOLA Biological Abstracts BIOSIS Previews EI-Compendex Elsevier BIOBASE Food Science and Technology Abstracts Global Health PASCAL == References == == External links == Official website


id: the-mysteryes-of-nature-and-art-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteryes_of_Nature_and_Art-0.md
category: reference
title: The Mysteryes of Nature and Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteryes_of_Nature_and_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:58:59.991151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-mysteryes-of-nature-and-art-20260505-0
summary:
The Mysteries of Nature and Art is a book by John Bate written in 1634. The book acts as a practical guide for amateur scientific experiments, and is divided into four sections: Water Workes; Fyer Workes; Drawing, Colouring, Painting and Engraving; and Divers Experiments. It inspired Isaac Newton during his younger years, in particular the section on fire Drakes, kites with firecrackers tied to their tails. It contains one of the earliest depictions of fireworks and their preparation to be detailed in the English language, in a similar manner to the preceding De la pirotechnia. == References == == External links == "John Bate The Mysteryes of Nature and Art" Book of the Month Special Collections Department, Library of the University of Glasgow, November 2003 Public Domain Review article about The Mysteryes of Nature and Art The mysteries of nature and art, conteined in 4 severall tretises, from the Collections at the Library of Congress.


id: a-natural-history-of-the-senses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Natural_History_of_the_Senses-0.md
category: reference
title: A Natural History of the Senses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Natural_History_of_the_Senses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:01.163768+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-natural-history-of-the-senses-20260505-0
summary:
A Natural History of the Senses is a 1990 non-fiction book by American author, poet, and naturalist Diane Ackerman. In this book, Ackerman examines both the science of how the different senses work, and the varied means by which different cultures have sought to stimulate the senses. The book was the inspiration for the five-part Nova miniseries Mystery of the Senses (1995) in which Ackerman appeared as the presenter. “What is most amazing is not how our senses span distance or cultures, but how they span time. Our senses connect us intimately to the past, connect us in ways that most of our cherished ideas never could.” == References == == External links == New York Times Book Review A Natural History of the Senses, Reviews


id: the-next-fifty-years-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Fifty_Years-0.md
category: reference
title: The Next Fifty Years
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Fifty_Years
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:02.327763+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-next-fifty-years-20260505-0
summary:
The Next Fifty Years: Science in the First Half of the Twenty-First Century is a 2002 collection of essays by twenty-five well-known scientists, edited by Edge Foundation founder John Brockman, who wrote the introduction. The essays contain speculation by the authors about the scientific and technological advances that are likely to occur in their various fields in the first half of the 21st century. The collection is divided into two parts; the twelve essays in Part One are devoted to more theoretical speculation, whereas the thirteen essays in Part Two discuss the possible practical applications of scientific and technological advance. The contributing scientists are: Lee Smolin, The Future of the Nature of the Universe Martin Rees, Cosmological Challenges: Are We Alone, and Where? Ian Stewart, The Mathematics of 2050 Brian Goodwin, In the Shadow of Culture Marc D. Hauser, Swappable Minds Alison Gopnik, What Children Will Teach Scientists Paul Bloom, Toward a Theory of Moral Development Geoffrey Miller, The Science of Subtlety Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, The Future of Happiness Robert M. Sapolsky, Will We Still Be Sad Fifty Years from Now? Steven Strogatz, Fermi's "Little Discovery" and the Future of Chaos and Complexity Theory Stuart Kauffman, What Is Life? Richard Dawkins,


id: nine-chains-to-the-moon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Chains_to_the_Moon-0.md
category: reference
title: Nine Chains to the Moon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Chains_to_the_Moon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:03.532229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nine-chains-to-the-moon-20260505-0
summary:
Nine Chains to the Moon is a book by R. Buckminster Fuller, first published in 1938. The title refers to the observation that, when the book was written, the world population of humans (Fuller calls them "earthians"), if stood one atop another, could form chains that would reach back and forth between Earth and the Moon nine times. The book presents Fuller's overview of technological history. It proposes the author's vision of future prosperity driven by ephemeralization, Fuller's term for the process of doing more with less. Fuller believed that this would lead to ever-increasing standards of living and ever-growing population despite finite resources. Fuller uses Henry Ford's assembly line as an example of how ephemeralization can lead to better products at lower cost with no upper bound on productivity. == Editions == Fuller, R. Buckminster (1938). Nine Chains to the Moon: An Adventure Story of Thought (First ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Fuller, R. Buckminster (1963). Nine Chains to the Moon. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. OCLC 217740. Fuller, R. Buckminster (1971). Nine Chains to the Moon. New York: Anchor. Fuller, R. Buckminster (1973). Nine Chains to the Moon. London: Cape. ISBN 0-224-00800-5. == References ==


id: nomenclature-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry-0.md
category: reference
title: Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:04.740313+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nomenclature-of-organic-chemistry-20260505-0
summary:
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Blue Book, is a collection of recommendations on organic chemical nomenclature published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). A full edition was published in 1979, an abridged and updated version of which was published in 1993 as A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. Both of these are now out-of-print in their paper versions, but are available free of charge in electronic versions. After the release of a draft version for public comment in 2004 and the publication of several revised sections in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry, a fully revised edition was published in print in 2013 and its online version is also available. == See also == IUPAC Color Books Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (the Red Book) Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (the Green Book) Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the Gold Book) Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (the Orange Book) Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (the Purple Book) Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature of Properties Clinical Laboratory Sciences (the Silver Book) Biochemical Nomenclature (the White Book). == References == == External links == Searchable Internet version


id: nonscience-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonscience-0.md
category: reference
title: Nonscience
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonscience
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:05.923380+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nonscience-20260505-0
summary:
Nonscience is a 1971 book which claims to have the longest and most complex title in publishing history. Its full title is Nonscience and the Pseudotransmogrificationalific Egocentrified Reorientational Proclivities Inherently Intracorporated In Expertistical Cerebrointellectualised Redeploymentation with Special Reference to Quasi-Notional Fashionistic Normativity, The Indoctrinationalistic Methodological Modalities and Scalar Socio-Economic Promulgationary Improvementalisationalism Predelineated Positotaxically Toward Individualistified Mass-Acceptance Gratificationalistic Securipermanentalisationary Professionism, or How To Rule The World, London: Wolfe Publishing (ISBN 0-7234-0449-6). The book was updated and reissued in 2020 as Nonscience Returns by the Curtis Press. Its author Brian J. Ford pokes fun at those who conceal their lack of real expertise by using long and complicated words, whilst making the serious point that many people are fooled by these so-called experts. Some consider the book prescient, thinking that modern society, where decisions are taken by unseen experts, is much as Ford predicted. == Spanish edition == In the Spanish edition the title was rendered as Como se falsifica la Ciencia; la Nonciencia y las proclividades Reorientacionales egocentrificadas pseudotransmigrificacionalificas inheremente intracorporadas a la Redesplegamentacion Expertistica Cerebrointelecualizada, con especial referencia a la Normatividad Modaistica Cuasi-nocional, las Modilidades Metodologicas adoctrinamientisticas y el Perfeccionamientalismo Escelar Socioeconomico Promulgacionario predelineado Postitotaxativaments Hacia el Profesionalismo Seguripermanentalinicario Gratificionalistico


id: the-oceans-textbook-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oceans_(textbook)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Oceans (textbook)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oceans_(textbook)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:07.076126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-oceans-textbook-20260505-0
summary:
The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology is an oceanographic textbook by Harald Sverdrup, Martin Johnson, and Richard Fleming. Originally written in 1942, it is commonly referred to as the first oceanographic textbook and fundamental in the history of the science. Chapters of the text outline and synthesize the sub-domains of oceanography: Biological, chemical, physical, and geological oceanography. == Table of contents == Preface I. Introduction II. The Earth and the Ocean Basins III. Physical Properties of Sea Water IV: General Distribution of Temperature, Salinity, and Density V. Theory of Distribution of Variables in the Sea VI. Chemistry of Sea Water VII. Organisms and the Composition of Sea Water VIII. The Sea as a Biological Environment IX. Populations of the Sea X. Observations and Collections at Sea XI. General Character of Ocean Currents XII. Statics and Kinematics XIII. Dynamics of Ocean Currents XIV. Waves and Tides XV. The Water Masses and Currents of the Oceans XVI. Phytoplankton in Relation to Physical-Chemical Properties of the Environment XVII. Animals in Relation to Physical-Chemical Properties of the Environment XVIII. Interrelations of Marine Organisms XIX. Organic Production in the Sea XX. Marine Sedimentation Appendix Index == Reception == The text was considered of


id: of-matters-great-and-small-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Matters_Great_and_Small-0.md
category: reference
title: Of Matters Great and Small
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Matters_Great_and_Small
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:08.264840+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: of-matters-great-and-small-20260505-0
summary:
Of Matters Great and Small is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the eleventh of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, although it also includes one essay from Science Digest. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1975. == Contents == "Constant as the Northern Star" (F&SF, August 1973) "Signs of the Times" (September 1973) "The Mispronounced Metal" (October 1973) "The Figure of the Fastest" (November 1973) "The Figure of the Farthest" (December 1973) "The Eclipse and I" (January 1974) "Dance of the Luminaries" (February 1974) "The Uneternal Atoms" (March 1974) "A Particular Matter" (April 1974) "At Closest Range" (May 1974) "The Double-Ended Candle" (June 1974) "The Inevitability of Life" (Science Digest, June 1974) "As Easy as Two Plus Three" (F&SF, July 1974) "Updating the Asteroids" (August 1974) "Look Long upon a Monkey" (September 1974) "O Keen-eyed Peerer into the Future!" (October 1974) "Skewered!" (November 1974) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: of-time-and-space-and-other-things-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Time_and_Space_and_Other_Things-0.md
category: reference
title: Of Time and Space and Other Things
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Time_and_Space_and_Other_Things
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:09.427068+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: of-time-and-space-and-other-things-20260505-0
summary:
Of Time and Space and Other Things is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by Isaac Asimov. It was the fourth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1965. == Contents == C for Celeritas (F&SF, November 1959) Just Mooning Around (May 1963) Welcome, Stranger! (November 1963) Roll Call (December 1963) Round and Round and... (January 1964) The Slowly Moving Finger (February 1964) Forget It! (March 1964) A Piece of the Action (April 1964) Ghost Lines in the Sky (May 1964) The Heavenly Zoo (June 1964) Nothing Counts (July 1964) The Days of Our Years (August 1964) The Haste-Makers (September 1964) First and Rearmost (October 1964) The Black of Night (November 1964) A Galaxy at a Time (December 1964) Begin at the Beginning (January 1965) == References == == External links == Review at asimovreviews.net Asimovonline.com


id: on-a-new-organic-base-in-the-coca-leaves-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_New_Organic_Base_in_the_Coca_Leaves-0.md
category: reference
title: On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_New_Organic_Base_in_the_Coca_Leaves
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:10.618342+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-a-new-organic-base-in-the-coca-leaves-20260505-0
summary:
On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves is an 1860 dissertation written by Albert Niemann. Its title in German is Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern. The piece describes, in detail, how Niemann isolated cocaine, a crystalline alkaloid. It also earned Niemann his Ph.D., and is now in the British Library. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that, "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" — as with other alkaloids its name carried the "-ine" suffix. == References ==


id: on-a-piece-of-chalk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Piece_of_Chalk-0.md
category: reference
title: On a Piece of Chalk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Piece_of_Chalk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:11.840724+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-a-piece-of-chalk-20260505-0
summary:
On a Piece of Chalk was a lecture given by Thomas Henry Huxley on 26 August 1868 to the working men of Norwich during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. It was published as an essay in Macmillan's Magazine in London later that year. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as "organized common sense". On a Piece of Chalk was republished by Scribner in 1967 with an introduction by Loren Eiseley and illustrations by Rudolf Freund. == Reception == In 1967, Dael Wolfle of the AAAS gave a favorable review for On a Piece of Chalk, writing: That the lessons of paleontology are now so much more widely appreciated than they were when Huxley drew them from a piece of carpenter's chalk is in good measure a tribute to Huxley's genius. We have much more factual knowledge than he had, but we have no better exemplar of the art of explaining in compelling and understandable terms what science is about, nor a more vigorous example of the scientist's obligation to practice that art. In April 2015, physicist and Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg included On


id: on-the-connexion-of-the-physical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:13.016523+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: on-the-connexion-of-the-physical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, by Mary Somerville, is one of the best-selling science books of the 19th century. The book went through many editions and was translated into several European languages. It is considered one of the first popular science books, containing few diagrams and very little mathematics. It describes astronomy, physics, chemistry, geography, meteorology and electromagnetism as they were scientifically understood at the time. In an anonymous review of the book in the March 1834 issue of The Quarterly Review, later attributed to William Whewell, the term "scientist" appeared in print as a proposed collective name for investigators of the material world. == Review and the term "scientist" == In the review, the reviewer wrote: A curious illustration of this result may be observed in the want of any name by which we can designate the students of the knowledge of the material world collectively. We are informed that this difficulty was felt very oppressively by the members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at their meetings at York, Oxford, and Cambridge, in the last three summers. There was no general term by which these gentlemen could describe themselves with reference to their


id: open-skies-closed-minds-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Skies,_Closed_Minds-0.md
category: reference
title: Open Skies, Closed Minds
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Skies,_Closed_Minds
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:14.188811+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: open-skies-closed-minds-20260505-0
summary:
Open Skies, Closed Minds, a book on ufology, expresses the views of Nick Pope, a former UFO investigator with the British Ministry of Defence (MOD). The book provides an overview of the UFO phenomenon, with the emphasis on Pope's three-year tour of duty as the Ministry of Defence's UFO desk officer. It examines a number of well-known UFO cases, including the Roswell crash and the Rendlesham Forest Incident, as well as a number of less well-known cases from the MOD's UFO case-files. Pope also discusses the politics surrounding the way in which those within government and the military view UFO phenomena. == References ==


id: operation-trojan-horse-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trojan_Horse_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Operation Trojan Horse (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trojan_Horse_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:15.337827+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: operation-trojan-horse-book-20260505-0
summary:
Operation Trojan Horse (or UFOs: Operation Trojan Horse) is a book published in 1970 by John Keel. The book was reprinted in 1996 with minor additions. It presents the results of Keel's research on UFOs and similar phenomena. == Overview == Keel, who died in 2009, was a ufologist. According to The Daily Telegraph, "In his much-acclaimed second book, UFOs: Operation Trojan Horse, Keel suggested that many aspects of modern UFO reports, including humanoid encounters, often paralleled ancient folklore and religious visions, and directly linked UFOs with elemental phenomena." The book presents Keel's theory that UFOs are a phenomenon produced by "ultraterrestrials", beings who are able to manipulate matter and our senses, and who in the past manifested themselves as fairies, demons, and so on. Keel explains the title of the book saying, "Our skies have been filled with 'Trojan horses' throughout history, and like the original Trojan horse, they seem to conceal hostile intent." == See also == The Book of the Damned, 1919, a similar book by Charles Fort == References ==


id: the-origins-of-virtue-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_of_Virtue-0.md
category: reference
title: The Origins of Virtue
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_of_Virtue
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:16.520238+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-origins-of-virtue-20260505-0
summary:
The Origins of Virtue is a 1996 popular science book by Matt Ridley, which has been recognised as a classic in its field. In the book, Ridley explores the issues surrounding the development of human morality. The book, written from a sociobiological viewpoint, explores how genetics can be used to explain certain traits of human behaviour, in particular morality and altruism. Starting from the premise that society can, on a simplistic level, be represented as a variant of the prisoner's dilemma, Ridley examines how it has been possible for a society to arise in which people choose to cooperate with others, rather than "defect" and act purely in their own self-interest. Ridley examines the history of different attempts to explain the fact that humans in society do not defect, looking at various computer generated models that have been used to explain how such behaviour could arise. In particular, he looks at systems based on the idea of Tit-for-tat, a program developed by Canadian professor Anatol Rapoport, where members of the group only cooperate with those who also cooperate, and exclude those who do not. This results in the optimum solution to the dilemma being to cooperate, allowing altruistic behaviour to


id: our-malady-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Malady-0.md
category: reference
title: Our Malady
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Malady
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:17.728534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: our-malady-20260505-0
summary:
Our Malady: Lessons in Liberty from a Hospital Diary is a 2020 book by Timothy Snyder. In it, Snyder explores the problems faced by the medical care in the United States. == Background == In December 2019, Timothy Snyder fell seriously ill with abdominal pain and was admitted to a hospital in Munich. The diagnosis of appendicitis was missed. Two weeks later, he had an appendectomy in Connecticut and was discharged after 24 hours. Following another medical misdiagnosis in Florida he developed sepsis and was treated 26 days later in New Haven with a liver abscess. While recuperating from this illness through the coronavirus pandemic he wrote the book about the problems of the for-profit health care system in the USA, and the coronavirus response so far. == Overview == The Prologue "Solitude and Solidarity" is followed by an Introduction "Our Malady". Lesson 1 is entitled "Healthcare is a human right. Here, Snyder explains the history of health care as a human right after the fall of the Third Reich where it arose in Postwar Europe, but was not codified in the United States. In Lesson 2 : "Renewal begins with children" he compares childbirth in Austria and the US


id: out-of-control-kelly-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Control_(Kelly_book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Out of Control (Kelly book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Control_(Kelly_book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:18.977757+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: out-of-control-kelly-book-20260505-0
summary:
Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World (ISBN 978-0201483406) is a 1992 book by Kevin Kelly. Major themes in Out of Control are cybernetics, emergence, self-organization, complex systems, negentropy and chaos theory. The book can be seen as a work of techno-utopianism. == Summary == The book's central theme is that several fields of contemporary science and philosophy point in the same direction: intelligence is not organized in a centralized structure but is much more like a beehive composed of small, simple components. Kelly applies this view to bureaucratic organizations, intelligent computers, and the human brain. == Reception == Although the book was not widely reviewed upon its initial release in 1992, it gained visibility, was reviewed, and was extensively cited in subsequent years. Reviews often discussed Kelly's hive-mind analogy as a metaphor for the New Economy. Reviewers have called the book a "mind-expanding exploration" (Publishers Weekly) and "the best of an important new genre" (Forbes ASAP). Critics of the book have contended that its position precludes a critical approach to politics and social power. == References == == Further reading == The book's homepage (includes the complete book online)


id: out-of-the-everywhere-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Everywhere-0.md
category: reference
title: Out of the Everywhere
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Everywhere
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:20.185532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: out-of-the-everywhere-20260505-0
summary:
Out of the Everywhere is a 1990 collection of seventeen scientific essays written by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov and originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. The book's title comes from the opening lines of George Macdonald's poem "Baby": "Where did you come from, baby dear?" "Out of the everywhere into here." == Contents == Part I: Astronomy "The Very Error of the Moon" (October 1987) "Asking the Right Question" (November 1987) "Out of the Everywhere" (November 1988) "Into the Here" (December 1988) Part II: Humanity "The Road to Humanity" (December 1987) "Standing Tall" (January 1988) "The Longest River" (July 1988) "Is Anyone Listening" (June 1988) Part III: Radiation "The Unrecognized Danger" (February 1988) "The Radiation That Wasn't" (March 1988) Part IV: Magnetism "Iron, Cold Iron" (April 1988) "From Pole to Pole" (May 1988) Part V: Fuel "The Fire of Life" (August 1988) "The Slave of the Lamp" (September 1988) "The Horse Under the Hood" (October 1988) Part VI: Time "The Unforgiving Minute" (January 1989) Part VII: Something Extra "A Sacred Poet" (September 1987) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: pioneers-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Pioneers of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:21.442651+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pioneers-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
Pioneers of Science (Turkish: Bilimin öncüleri) (ISBN 9786055888039) is a book by Cemal Yıldırım which has run to 22 editions. The book explains the scientific method with anecdotes from significant figures in scientific history such as Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and Marie Curie. == References ==


id: the-planet-that-wasn-t-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planet_That_Wasn't-0.md
category: reference
title: The Planet That Wasn't
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planet_That_Wasn't
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:22.612762+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-planet-that-wasn-t-20260505-0
summary:
The Planet That Wasn't is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the twelfth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. These essays were first published between December 1974 and April 1976. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1976. == Contents == "Star In The East" (F&SF, December 1974) "Thinking About Thinking" (January 1975) "The Rocketing Dutchmen" (February 1975) "The Bridge of the Gods" (March 1975) "The Judo Argument" (April 1975) "The Planet That Wasn't" (May 1975) "The Olympian Snows" (June 1975) "Titanic Surprise" (July 1975) "The Wicked Witch is Dead" (August 1975) "The Wrong Turning" (September 1975) "The Third Liquid" (October 1975) "Best Foot Backward" (November 1975) "The Smell of Electricity" (December 1975) "Silent Victory" (January 1976) "Change of Air" (February 1976) "The Nightfall Effect" (March 1976) "All Gall" (April 1976) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com The Planet That Wasn't at Goodreads.com


id: the-pleasure-of-finding-things-out-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_of_Finding_Things_Out-0.md
category: reference
title: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_of_Finding_Things_Out
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:23.845585+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-pleasure-of-finding-things-out-20260505-0
summary:
The Pleasure of Finding Things Out is a collection of short works from American physicist Richard Feynman, including interviews, speeches, lectures, and printed articles. Among these is his famous 1959 lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", his report on the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, and his speech on scientific integrity in which he coined the term "cargo cult science". The original foreword was written by Freeman Dyson. == References == == External links == Norman, Eric B. (2000). "Reviewed Work: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out by Richard P. Feynman". The American Biology Teacher. 62 (9): 678. doi:10.2307/4451014. JSTOR 4451014. Root-Bernstein, Robert (1999). "The Dubious Pleasure of Yet More Feynman". American Scientist. 87 (5): 462–464. JSTOR 27857907.


id: pocket-ref-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Ref-0.md
category: reference
title: Pocket Ref
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Ref
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:25.024560+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pocket-ref-20260505-0
summary:
Pocket Ref is a general-purpose pocket-sized reference book composed of various tips, tables, maps, formulas, constants and conversions, compiled by Thomas J. Glover. It is published by Sequoia Publishing, and is currently in its fourth edition at 864 pages in length, released in late 2010. It contains references, tables, and instructional guides on such varied subjects as automotive repair; carpentry and construction; chemistry and physics; computers; physical, chemical, and mathematical constants; electronics; money and measurement conversions; advanced first aid; glue, solvents, paints, and finishes; hardware; mine, mill, and aggregate; plumbing; zip codes; rope, cable, and knots; steel and metals; surveying and mapping; and various other topics. The Pocket Ref has been featured on the television series MythBusters. In the "Shop 'til You Drop" episode, Adam Savage noted that "nearly everyone" had asked him about the little black book. The book can sometimes be found imprinted with the name of a store or other third party on its front cover. Although the Pocket Ref is printed on very thin paper, its page count is still limited by the publisher's desire for it to fit in an average shirt pocket, so a more comprehensive work, at 1280 pages, DeskRef, has been published.


id: powershift-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powershift_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Powershift (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powershift_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:26.215120+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: powershift-book-20260505-0
summary:
Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century is the third book in a trilogy written by the futurist Alvin Toffler, following Future Shock (1970) and The Third Wave (1980). The hardcover first edition was published October 1, 1990. == The Trinity of Power == The combination of knowledge, wealth and force is described by Toffler as providing individuals or other entities power. Knowledge is the most powerful form of power, considering we are now living in a Knowledge-based civilization. Wealth is another form of power, and is flexible in nature, since it can be used as punishment (like a stick) or reward (as a carrot). Finally force, in lay terms violence, is noted as another element of power. It isn't as flexible as the other elements of power, since you can't exactly "take back" shooting someone or punching them in the face. However, the psychological capability that you have force available, like a cowboy or police man with a gun in his holster is often all it takes to ensure compliance. == Transformation of Elements of Power == Toffler emphasizes that any of the elements of power can be transformed from one to another such


id: quasar-quasar-burning-bright-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar,_Quasar,_Burning_Bright-0.md
category: reference
title: Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar,_Quasar,_Burning_Bright
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:27.412545+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quasar-quasar-burning-bright-20260505-0
summary:
Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the thirteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. These essays were first published between May 1976 and September 1977. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1978. Its title is derived from the first line of William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger". == Contents == "It's a Wonderful Town!" (May 1976) "Surprise! Surprise!" (June 1976) "Making It!" (July 1976) "Moving Ahead" (August 1976) "To the Top" (September 1976) "Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright" (October 1976) "The Comet That Wasn't" (November 1976) "The Sea-Green Planet" (December 1976) "Discovery by Blink" (January 1977) "Asimov's Corollary" (February 1977) "The Magic Isle" (March 1977) "The Dark Companion" (April 1977) "Twinkle, Twinkle, Microwaves" (May 1977) "The Final Collapse" (June 1977) "Of Ice and Men" (July 1977) "Oblique the Centric Globe" (August 1977) "The Opposite Poles" (September 1977) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: rapture-for-the-geeks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_for_the_Geeks-0.md
category: reference
title: Rapture for the Geeks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_for_the_Geeks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:28.572155+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rapture-for-the-geeks-20260505-0
summary:
Rapture for the Geeks: When AI Outsmarts IQ (2009) is a non-fiction book by American Law Professor Richard Dooling. The book provides an alarming window into a hypothetical future technological singularity, where machine intelligence outstrips human intelligence. The book also provides a historical review of man's relationship with machines, including dangers caused by other technologies such as nuclear weaponry. == See also == Technological singularity == References ==


id: the-rational-optimist-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rational_Optimist-0.md
category: reference
title: The Rational Optimist
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rational_Optimist
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:29.810940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-rational-optimist-20260505-0
summary:
The Rational Optimist is a 2010 popular science book by Matt Ridley, author of The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. The book primarily focuses on the benefits of the innate human tendency to trade goods and services. Ridley argues that this trait, together with the specialization linked to it, is the source of modern human civilization, and that, as people increasingly specialize in their skill sets, we will have increased trade and more prosperity. == Reception == Bill Gates praised the book for its key ideas on the importance of trade and the excessive pessimism prevalent in our society. Gates challenged the book's stance against international aid, raised questions about the author's expertise in discussing climate change, and suggested that it downplays the potential for global catastrophic risks. Ricardo Salinas Pliego praised the book as a defence of free trade and globalisation. Michael Shermer gave the book positive reviews in Nature and Scientific American before going on to present similar ideas in conference talks, and writing The Moral Arc partly in response. David Papineau praised the book for refuting "doomsayers who insist that everything is going from bad to worse". George Monbiot criticised the book in


id: rethinking-innateness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethinking_Innateness-0.md
category: reference
title: Rethinking Innateness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethinking_Innateness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:31.005297+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: rethinking-innateness-20260505-0
summary:
Rethinking Innateness: A connectionist perspective on development is a book regarding gene/environment interaction by Jeffrey Elman, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Elizabeth Bates, Mark Johnson, Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett published in 1996. It has been cited about 4,000 times in scientific articles, and has been nominated as one of the "One hundred most influential works in cognitive science from the 20th Century". == Summary == Rethinking Innateness applied insights from neurobiology and neural network modelling to brain development. It questioned whether some of the "hard nativist" positions, such as those adopted by Noam Chomsky, Steven Pinker and Elizabeth Spelke, are biologically plausible. For example, the authors challenged a claim by Pinker that children are born with innate domain-specific knowledge of the principles of grammar, by questioning how the knowledge that Pinker suggests might actually be encoded in the genes. Elman et al. argue that information concerning something as specific as grammatical rules (which they classify as propositional information) could only be encoded as pre-specified "weights" between neurons in the cortex. But they argue that evidence from a number of sources, such as brain plasticity (the ability of a brain to change its response properties during development) shows that information cannot be hard-wired


id: the-road-to-infinity-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Infinity-0.md
category: reference
title: The Road to Infinity
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Infinity
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:32.204243+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-road-to-infinity-20260505-0
summary:
The Road to Infinity is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the fourteenth of a series of books collecting Asimov's science essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It also included a list of all of Asimov's essays in that magazine up to 1979. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1979. == Contents == "The Subtlest Difference" (F&SF, October 1977) "The Sons of Mars Revisited" (November 1977) "Dark and Bright" (December 1977) "The Real Finds Waiting" (January 1978) "The Lost Art" (February 1978) "Anyone For Tens?" (March 1978) "The Floating Crystal Palace" (April 1978) "By Land and By Sea" (May 1978) "We Were the First that Ever Burst" (June 1978) "Second to the Skua" (July 1978) "Rings and Things" (August 1978) "Countdown" (September 1978) "Toward Zero" (October 1978) "Fifty Million Big Brothers" (November 1978) "Where is Everybody?" (December 1978) "Proxima" (January 1979) "The Road to Infinity" (February 1979) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com The Road to Infinity at Asimovreviews.com The Road to Infinity at Goodreads.com


id: r-mpp-encyclopedia-natural-products-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products-0.md
category: reference
title: Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp_Encyclopedia_Natural_Products
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:33.442922+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-mpp-encyclopedia-natural-products-20260505-0
summary:
The Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products is an encyclopedia of natural products written by German chemists who specialize in this area of science. It is published by Thieme Medical Publishers. == See also == Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon == References == == Further reading == == External links == Official website


id: r-mpp-s-chemistry-lexicon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon-0.md
category: reference
title: Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Römpp's_Chemistry_Lexicon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:34.687863+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: r-mpp-s-chemistry-lexicon-20260505-0
summary:
Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon (German Römpp Lexikon Chemie) is a chemical encyclopedia from Germany. Started by chemistry teacher Hermann Römpp in 1947 it has evolved to the leading chemical encyclopedia in German language. Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon contains around 64,000 entries and 215,000 links. == History == After the first five editions by Hermann Römpp, Erhard Ühlein took over editorship in 1964. He died shortly after publishing the 6th edition. The 7th and 8th edition were edited by Otto-Albrecht Neumüller. In 1988, Römpp's Chemistry Lexicon was transferred to Thieme Medical Publishers, with editorship handled by a team of authors. The 9th edition and 10th edition, the final two print editions, were published in 1992 and 1999, respectively. Since 2002 the Römpp is published online as a web encyclopedia. == Spin-offs == The editorial team has created several spinoffs, e.g. the Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products (2000) and volumes about biotechnology & genetics, environment, food chemistry, and paint & varnish. == References == == External links == Official website


id: school-of-natural-philosophy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy-0.md
category: reference
title: School of Natural Philosophy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Natural_Philosophy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:35.936590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: school-of-natural-philosophy-20260505-0
summary:
School of Natural Philosophy is an 1837 scientific textbook by Richard Green Parker. It is credited with inspiring the inventor Thomas Edison. == References == == External links == Parker's Natural And Experimental Philosophy (Electronic Historical Publications) John H. Lienhard (2006). "Parker's Philosophy". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 2071. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020.


id: science-religion-a-symposium-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Religion:_A_Symposium-0.md
category: reference
title: Science & Religion: A Symposium
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_&_Religion:_A_Symposium
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:37.147280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-religion-a-symposium-20260505-0
summary:
Science & Religion: A Symposium (1931) is a book first published in 1931, consisting of a lightly edited transcription of twelve talks broadcast on the BBC between September and December 1930. In contrast to the 1920s conflicts between science and religion in the U.S. (e.g., the Scopes trial), 1920s Great Britain experienced a concerted effort at reconciliation. These efforts bore some fruit in the early 1930s such as in BBC radio broadcasts (e.g., this text), but ultimately these efforts broke down due in part to rejection from both 1930s conservative Christians and arch secularists (e.g., H.G. Wells). The book contains a foreword by Mihajlo Pupin and twelve talks by Julian Huxley, J. Arthur Thomson, J.S. Haldane, E.W. Barnes, B. Malinowski, H. R. L. Sheppard, B. H. Streeter, C.W. O'Hara, Arthur S. Eddington, S. Alexander, W.R. Inge, and L.P. Jacks. == See also == Relationship between religion and science == References ==


id: science-and-religion-some-historical-perspectives-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Religion:_Some_Historical_Perspectives-0.md
category: reference
title: Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Religion:_Some_Historical_Perspectives
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:38.414637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-and-religion-some-historical-perspectives-20260505-0
summary:
Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives is a book on the relationship between science and religion by John Hedley Brooke. The book identifies three traditional views of the relationship between science and religion found in historical analyses: conflict, complementarity, and commonality. The book portrays all three as oversimplifications. It offers up the alternative notion of complexity, which bases the relationship between science and religion on changing circumstances where it is defined upon each particular historical situation and the actual beliefs and ideas of the scientific and religious figures involved. == Reception == The American Historical Review states that the book's bibliographic essay "identifies and … incorporates the results of virtually every significant and relevant article published in the past fifty years." == References == == Further reading == Brooke, John H. (1998). "Essays on Science And Society: Science and Religion: Lessons from History?". Science. 282 (5396): 1985–1986. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1985B. doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.1985. S2CID 159909162. == List of reviews == Cantor, Geoffrey (1992). "Science and Religion (Book Reviews)". The Times Literary Supplement (4639): 27. Howell, Kenneth J. (December 1994). "Book Review: Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. John Hedley Brooke, George Basalla". The Journal of Modern History. 66 (4): 779–782. doi:10.1086/244944. Olson, Richard; Brooke,


id: science-and-theology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Theology-0.md
category: reference
title: Science and Theology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Theology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:39.577950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-and-theology-20260505-0
summary:
Science and Theology: An Introduction is a 1998 book written by the English physicist, theologian, and Anglican priest John Polkinghorne. == References ==


id: science-fiction-and-futurology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Futurology-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Fiction and Futurology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Futurology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:40.754941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-fiction-and-futurology-20260505-0
summary:
Science Fiction and Futurology (Polish: Fantastyka i futurologia) is a monograph of Stanisław Lem about science fiction and futurology, first printed by Wydawnictwo Literackie in 1970. The official Lem website describes the book as a triple feature: an attempt to create a theory of the genre, a self-interpretation of Lem's own works, and a review of the world's science fiction, "a yet another Lem's General Theory of Everything - everything related to science fiction and its role in human knowledge acquisition". In the book, Lem reviews and classifies works of over 400 science fiction writers. The book was acutely critical of Western science fiction. As Lem wrote, "SF became a vulgar mythology of a technological civilization.... This monograph is an expression of my personal utopia, my longing for better SF, the one that should be." In the 1972 edition the criticism was somewhat softened, in particular, in the judgement of the works of Philip K. Dick. Lem confessed that his opinion about Philip K. Dick was based on limited knowledge of his works, not the best ones. == Contents == (Omitting forewords and afterwords) === Volume 1. Structures === I. The language of a literary work II. The world of


id: science-friction-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Friction_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Science Friction (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Friction_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:41.940309+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-friction-book-20260505-0
summary:
Science Friction: Where the Known Meets the Unknown is a 2004 book by Michael Shermer, a historian of science and founder of The Skeptics Society. It contains thirteen essays about "personal barriers and biases that plague and propel science, especially when scientists push against the unknown. What do we know, and what do we not know?" These include an essay relating the author's experience of a day spent learning cold reading techniques well enough to be accepted as a psychic. As well as covering skepticism and pseudoscience, Shermer discusses other topics touching on the subject of encouraging scientific thought, such as sport psychology and the writings of Stephen Jay Gould. Shermer attributes the founding of the skeptical movement to Martin Gardner's 1950 article "The Hermit Scientist" in the Antioch Review. == References == == External links == Science Friction from MichaelShermer.com


id: science-numbers-and-i-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_Numbers,_and_I-0.md
category: reference
title: Science, Numbers, and I
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_Numbers,_and_I
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:43.125259+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-numbers-and-i-20260505-0
summary:
Science, Numbers, and I is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the sixth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1968. == Contents == "Balancing the Books" (F&SF, July 1966) "BB or Not BB, That is the Question" (August 1966) "I'm Looking Over a Four-Leaf Clover" (September 1966) "Portrait of the Writer as a Boy" (October 1966) "Old Man River" (November 1966) "The Symbol-Minded Chemist" (December 1966) "Right Beneath Your Feet" (January 1967) "Impossible, That's All" (February 1967) "Crowded!" (March 1967) "A Matter of Scale" (April 1967) "Times of Our Lives" (May 1967) "Non-Time Travel" (June 1967) "Twelve Point Three Six Nine" (July 1967) "Kaleidoscope in the Sky" (August 1967) "The Great Borning" (September 1967) "Music to My Ears" (October 1967) "Knock Plastic!" (November 1967) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: scientific-perspectives-on-divine-action-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Perspectives_on_Divine_Action-0.md
category: reference
title: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Perspectives_on_Divine_Action
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:44.303945+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: scientific-perspectives-on-divine-action-20260505-0
summary:
Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action is a five volume set that represents more than a decade of scientific-theological conferences sponsored by the Vatican Observatory and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences. == Volumes == Neuroscience and the Person: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Quantum Cosmology and the Laws of Nature: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Evolutionary and Molecular Biology: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Quantum Mechanics: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, Robert John Russell (Corporate Author), Philip Clayton (Corporate Author), Kirk Wegter-McNelly (Ed), John Polkinghorne (Ed) == See also == Divine Action and Modern Science Natural theology Theophysics == References ==


id: the-scientist-as-rebel-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientist_as_Rebel-0.md
category: reference
title: The Scientist as Rebel
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientist_as_Rebel
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:45.441407+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-scientist-as-rebel-20260505-0
summary:
The Scientist as Rebel is a 2006 book by theoretical physicist Freeman Dyson. A few of the twenty-nine chapters in the book deal with the interactions of religion and science. The book is a collection of essays, prefaces, and book reviews concerning miscellaneous topics. Its title is taken from the title of an essay which originated as a November 1992 talk at a Cambridge, UK meeting of scientists and philosophers. Dyson dedicated his talk to the memory of Eric James, Baron James of Rusholme, who died in May 1992. The book's four sections—"Contemporary Issues in Science," "War and Peace," "History of Science and Scientists," "Personal and Philosophical"—contain information about the author's life, and the general tone is optimistic. He believes that biological engineering will inevitably be enlisted to enhance species or even create new ones (microbes that clean up pollution, for example) and that humans will colonize space. == References ==


id: the-secret-of-the-universe-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Universe-0.md
category: reference
title: The Secret of the Universe
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Universe
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:46.628920+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-secret-of-the-universe-20260505-0
summary:
The Secret of the Universe (1991) is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It is the twenty-second and final of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (F&SF). Asimov died in 1992. The 22 books collect 373 of Asimov's 399 essays for the magazine. == Contents == "The Cosmic Lens" (February 1989) "The Secret of the Universe" (March 1989) "The Moon's Twin" (April 1989) "The Changing Distance" (May 1989) "A Change of Air" (June 1989) "The Importance of Pitch" (July 1989) "Long Ago and Far Away" (August 1989) "The True Rulers" (September 1989) "The Nearest Star" (October 1989) "Massing the Sun" (November 1989) "What Are Little Stars Made Of?" (December 1989) "Hot, Cold, and Con Fusion" (January 1990) "Business as Usual" (February 1990) "Smashing the Sky" (March 1990) "Worlds in Order" (April 1990) "Just Say 'No'?" (May 1990) "The Salt-Producers" (June 1990) == References == == External links == Asimovreviews.net


id: a-short-history-of-the-future-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_Future-0.md
category: reference
title: A Short History of the Future
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_Future
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:47.846077+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: a-short-history-of-the-future-20260505-0
summary:
A Short History of the Future is a book by W. Warren Wagar which was first published in 1989 and underwent two substantive revisions (1992 and 1999). It is a fictitious narrative history of the ensuing two centuries, from the vantage point of the year 2200. The first version imagined a far more prominent role for the Soviet Union, which collapsed shortly after the publication. The final revision incorporates a brief section on the year 1989 as a revolutionary year. == Content == The first section deals with the present time leading up to Wagar's idea of the seminal event of the 21st century — a devastating nuclear conflict between Europe and the United States which is subsequently known as the "catastrophe. What emerges after the "catastrophe" is a socialist world government, which lasts for the next hundred years until the "small revolution" of the late 22nd century, the description of which closes the book. Central to the philosophy of the "world commonwealth government" which rises after the "catastrophe" is what Wagar calls "substantialism". Wagar once stated that what he called "substantialism" in the book was his recasting of the ideas of Jean Jaurès. == Theoretical perspectives == Each chapter


id: the-simple-plant-isoquinolines-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simple_Plant_Isoquinolines-0.md
category: reference
title: The Simple Plant Isoquinolines
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simple_Plant_Isoquinolines
date_saved: 2026-05-05T08:59:49.040246+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-simple-plant-isoquinolines-20260505-0
summary:
The Simple Plant Isoquinolines is a 2002 book written by Alexander Shulgin and Wendy Perry about isoquinoline and tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, for instance the various cyclized phenethylamine mescaline analogues found in many cactus species. It was published by Transform Press. == See also == Bibliography of Alexander Shulgin The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds (2011) PiHKAL (1991) and TiHKAL (1997) Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline Peyote § Constituents Pachycereus pringlei § Constituents and biological effects Keeper Trout == References ==


id: singularity-rising-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Rising-0.md
category: reference
title: Singularity Rising
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Rising
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:01.338115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: singularity-rising-20260505-0
summary:
Singularity Rising: Surviving and Thriving in a Smarter, Richer, and More Dangerous World is a book by James D. Miller that covers a broad spectrum of topics associated with the technological singularity, including cognitive enhancement and AI. == References ==


id: the-sirens-of-mars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Mars-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sirens of Mars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Mars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:02.476736+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sirens-of-mars-20260505-0
summary:
The Sirens of Mars is a 2020 non-fiction book by Sarah Stewart Johnson, focused on the search for life on Mars. == Content and development == The book combines elements of memoir from Johnson with the history and science of attempts to discover life on Mars. The book grew out of miscellaneous notes and observations written down by Johnson which she determined were valuable but not necessarily suitable for strictly scientific publications. == Reception == Kirkus Reviews referred to the book as a "...vivid, poetic account that leaves readers eager to see what's next in the quest to find extraterrestrial life." Hannah Wakeford, writing for BBC Sky at Night, suggested the book could have been improved with the addition of more maps and photographic material. She did, however, refer to it as "...a must-read for fans of our Martian neighbour". == See also == The Sirens of Titan, a science fiction novel by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. == References ==


id: six-degrees-the-science-of-a-connected-age-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees:_The_Science_of_a_Connected_Age-0.md
category: reference
title: Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees:_The_Science_of_a_Connected_Age
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:03.625549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: six-degrees-the-science-of-a-connected-age-20260505-0
summary:
Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age (2004 in paperback, ISBN 0-393-32542-3 and 2003 in hardcover, ISBN 0-393-04142-5) is a popular science book by Duncan J. Watts covering the application of network theory to sociology. The book covers Watts' own work on small-world networks, and continues on to cover scale-free networks, network searching, epidemics and network failures, social decision-making, thresholds in networks, and innovation in large organizations and its lack. In addition to covering the theoretical models and empirical case studies, the book also includes several stories about the character of the researchers who developed this science and their relationships with each other. The case studies used include blackouts in the North American electricity distribution network, the relationships among members of corporate boards of directors, the distribution of wealth in societies, peer-to-peer file-sharing systems, computer viruses, economic bubbles, and the 1997 Aisin fire crisis at Toyota. == See also == Social network == References == Publisher's site Book review in The Guardian (UK Newspaper)


id: social-histories-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Histories_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Social Histories of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Histories_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:04.844011+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: social-histories-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
Social Histories of Medicine is a book series from Manchester University Press which covers "all aspects of health, illness and medicine, from prehistory to the present, in every part of the world". It runs in collaboration with the Society for the Social History of Medicine and is the third series that the society has been associated with after Studies in the Social History of Medicine (1989–2009) and Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine. The editors of the current series are David Cantor and Keir Waddington. == Titles == === 2017 === Payment and Philanthropy in British Healthcare, 1918–48. George Campbell Gosling, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1432-7 The Metamorphosis of Autism: A History of Child Development in Britain. Bonnie Evans, 2017. ISBN 978-0-7190-9592-4 The Politics of Vaccination: A global history. Christine Holmberg, Stuart Blume and Paul Greenough (Eds.), 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1088-6 Leprosy and Colonialism: Suriname under Dutch rule, 1750–1950. Stephen Snelders, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1299-6 Medical Misadventure in an Age of Professionalisation, 1780–1890. Alannah Tomkins, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1607-9 Conserving Health in Early Modern Culture: Bodies and Environments in Italy and England. Sandra Cavallo and Tessa Storey (Eds.), 2017. ISBN 978-1-5261-1347-4 === 2018 === Migrant Architects of the NHS: South Asian


id: the-solar-system-and-back-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solar_System_and_Back-0.md
category: reference
title: The Solar System and Back
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solar_System_and_Back
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:06.035170+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-solar-system-and-back-20260505-0
summary:
The Solar System and Back (1970) is a collection of science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It is the seventh in a series of books reprinting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. == Contents == "Nothing" (March 1959) "The First Metal" (December 1967) "The Seventh Metal" (January 1968) "The Predicted Metal" (February 1968) "The Seventh Planet" (March 1968) "The Dance of the Sun" (April 1968) "Backward, Turn Backward—" (May 1968) "Counting Chromosomes" (June 1968) "Little Lost Satellite" (July 1968) "The Terrible Lizards" (August 1968) "The Dying Lizards" (September 1968) "Little Found Satellite" (October 1968) "The Planetary Eccentric" (November 1968) "View from Amalthea" (December 1968) "The Dance of the Satellites" (January 1969) "Uncertain, Coy, and Hard to Please" (February 1969) "Just Right" (March 1969) "The Incredible Shrinking People" (April 1969) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: something-big-is-happening-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Big_Is_Happening-0.md
category: reference
title: Something Big Is Happening
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Big_Is_Happening
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:07.182366+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: something-big-is-happening-20260505-0
summary:
"Something Big Is Happening" is an essay by Matt Shumer, an AI entrepreneur, about the impact of artificial intelligence, published in February 2026, that has since been reportedly viewed more than 80 million times and widely discussed. Shumer noted that the technology has crossed an important threshold, where AI has become capable of creating self-improving systems. Referring to one the most recent AI models, he wrote: "It was making intelligent decisions. It had something that felt, for the first time, like judgment. Like taste." Speaking to CNBC's Power Lunch, Shumer said that his "core message" is "people in the workforce should start to use and experiment with AI tools so they can understand what’s coming". Even as the essay was widely shared and discussed, the essay also elicited criticism. Paulo Carvao, in an essay published by the Forbes Magazine stated that some of his advice is sound, but added: "It reads at times like a sales pitch. He urges readers to subscribe to the most advanced AI tools. He implies that those with access to premium models will outpace those without. He frames paid AI subscriptions as a form of insurance against obsolescence." Writing in The Guardian, Dan Milmo and


id: soul-mind-body-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul,_Mind,_Body_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Soul, Mind, Body Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul,_Mind,_Body_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:08.390879+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: soul-mind-body-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
Soul, Mind, Body Medicine: A Complete Soul Healing System for Optimum Health and Vitality is a self-help book written by spiritual healer Zhi Gang Sha which provides a controversial interpretation of Traditional Chinese medicine and quantum physics. Published in 2006, within three weeks of its release the book was placed in the top five of The New York Times Best Seller list. == See also == Self-healing == References ==


id: spook-science-tackles-the-afterlife-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spook:_Science_Tackles_the_Afterlife-0.md
category: reference
title: Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spook:_Science_Tackles_the_Afterlife
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:09.562239+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: spook-science-tackles-the-afterlife-20260505-0
summary:
Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife (2005), published by W. W. Norton & Company, a nonfiction work by Mary Roach, is a humorous scientific exploration as to whether there is a soul that survives death. In Britain, the title of the book is Six Feet Over: Adventures in the Afterlife. Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife was the recipient of the Elle Reader's Prize in October 2005. Spook was also listed as a New York Times Notable Books pick in 2005, as well as a New York Times Bestseller, and it was also an October Booksense pick. == Book synopsis == Author Mary Roach investigates the possibility of an afterlife and also attempts to find and define the soul, all while using a scientific approach. The book covers these topics: Investigations of reincarnation Attempts to find the soul (by dissection, weighing, and other methods) Spiritualism, fraudulent mediums, and ectoplasm Modern mediumship, and "medium schools" Attempts to use electronic devices to communicate with the dead, including electronic voice phenomena (EVP) Other forces that make people feel haunted electromagnetic fields, infrasound, etc. Court cases involving ghosts Near-death experiences and out-of-body experiences == References == == External links == Mary Roach's website Roach talks about


id: the-stars-in-their-courses-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stars_in_Their_Courses-0.md
category: reference
title: The Stars in Their Courses
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stars_in_Their_Courses
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:10.765251+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-stars-in-their-courses-20260505-0
summary:
The Stars in Their Courses is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer Isaac Asimov. It is the eighth in a series of books collecting his essays from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (May 1969 to September 1970). Doubleday & Company first published the collection in 1971. == Contents == Introduction Part A: Astronomy "The Stars in their Courses" "The Lop-sided Sun" "The Lunar Honor-roll" "Worlds in Confusion" Part B: Physics "Two at a Time" "On Throwing a Ball" "The Man Who Massed the Earth" "The Luxon Wall" "Playing the Game" "The Distance of Far" Part C: Chemistry "The Multiplying Elements" "Bridging the Gaps" "The Nobel Prize That Wasn't" Part D: Sociology "The Fateful Lightning" "The Sin of the Scientist" "The Power of Progression" "My Planet, 'tis of Thee—" == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: the-subatomic-monster-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Subatomic_Monster-0.md
category: reference
title: The Subatomic Monster
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Subatomic_Monster
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:11.933532+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-subatomic-monster-20260505-0
summary:
The Subatomic Monster (1985) is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the eighteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between June 1983 and October 1984. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1985. == Contents == "The Properties of Chaos" (June 1983) "Green, Green, Green is the Color ..." (July 1983) "What Truck?" (August 1983) "Where All the Sky is Sunshine" (September 1983) "Updating the Satellites" (October 1983) "More Thinking about Thinking" (November 1983) "Arm of the Giant" (December 1983) "The World of the Red Sun" (January 1984) "The Subatomic Monster" (February 1984) "Love Makes the World Go Round!" (March 1984) "E Pluribus Unum" (April 1984) "Up We Go" (May 1984) "The Two Masses" (June 1984) "The Victorious General" (July 1984) "Coming Full Circle" (August 1984) "The Different Years of Time" (September 1984) "The Different Years of the Universe" (October 1984) == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: the-sun-shines-bright-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Shines_Bright_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: The Sun Shines Bright (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Shines_Bright_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:13.143819+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-sun-shines-bright-book-20260505-0
summary:
The Sun Shines Bright is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the fifteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1981. == Contents == The Sun Out, Damned Spot! The Sun Shines Bright The Noblest Metal of Them All The Stars How Little? Siriusly Speaking Below the Horizon The Planets Just Thirty Years The Moon A Long Day's Journey The Inconstant Moon The Elements The Useless Metal Neutrality! The Finger of God The Cell Clone, Clone of My Own The Scientists Alas, All Human The People The Unsecret Weapon More Crowded! Nice Guys Finish First! == Reception == Dave Langford reviewed The Sun Shines Bright for White Dwarf #44, and stated that "Each essay presents some interesting insight or viewpoint, usually scientific; most of them, alas, are padded and smothered with great wads of facts, statistics and numbers in general, the result being relatively dull." == Reviews == Review by David Langford [as by Dave Langford] (1983) in Paperback Inferno, Volume 7, Number 1 == References == == External links == Asimovonline.com


id: thank-god-for-evolution-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_for_Evolution-0.md
category: reference
title: Thank God for Evolution
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_for_Evolution
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:14.370816+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: thank-god-for-evolution-20260505-0
summary:
Thank God for Evolution is a book by Michael Dowd that argues for a marriage of science and religion within an evolutionary paradigm. It was published by Council Oak Books in November 2006 and acquired in spring 2007 by Viking Penguin. In the book and in his sermons, Dowd presents evolution as a sacred epic of emerging complexity that can be seen as "14 billion years of grace." == References ==


id: to-be-a-machine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_a_Machine-0.md
category: reference
title: To Be a Machine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_a_Machine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:15.559417+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: to-be-a-machine-20260505-0
summary:
To Be a Machine: Adventures Among Cyborgs, Utopians, Hackers, and the Futurists Solving the Modest Problem of Death is a 2017 nonfiction book by Slate columnist and literary journalist Mark O'Connell, his debut work. Published by Granta, the book is a breezy, but skeptical, gonzo-journalistic tour of transhumanism and radical life extension. It chronicles O'Connell's travels around the world to interview prominent transhumanists. == Description == Interviewees range from mainstream figures, such as computer scientist Stuart J. Russell, to more colorful individuals, such as Zoltan Istvan, who ran for the American Presidency on the "Immortality Ticket". Much of the book focuses on radical life extension (the desire to engineer immortality); in addition, O'Connell visits a group of "grinders" in Pittsburgh who surgically implant sensors into themselves. O'Connell makes it clear that he personally chooses to reject transhumanist philosophy, stating that his child playing horsy with his wife could not be "rendered in code... Their beauty was bodily, in the most profound sense, in the saddest and most wonderful sense." The book also examines existential risk from artificial general intelligence, the fear that superintelligent machines will destroy the human race. An oversimplified example would be a machine that is asked to


id: tomorrowland-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Tomorrowland (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:16.791880+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tomorrowland-book-20260505-0
summary:
Tomorrowland: Our Journey from Science Fiction to Science Fact is a 2015 nonfiction book by science journalist Steven Kotler and published by Amazon Publishing. == Content == The book is composed of a series of essay articles that were published by Kotler in various online news publications, including The New York Times, The Atlantic, and Discover. There are sixteen chapters made up of the same number of articles, each dealing with a different topic of technological innovation in a variety of fields. == Critical reception == Kirkus Reviews praised Kotler for not just presenting the technological innovations themselves, but also focusing on the "obsessive people behind the science" and how his insight into their work encompasses a "range from humane and gripping stories of redemption to indifferent research scientists unsure if their developments will even make the world a better place". Library Journal reviewer Talea Anderson also noted the introduction of each essay and discussed technology focusing on "presenting the array of often quirky inventors and early adopters who have engaged with it" and ultimately recommended the book for readers of popular science. In a separate review in Library Journal of the audiobook, reviewer Lisa Youngblood recommended the book and


id: the-tragedy-of-the-moon-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_the_Moon-0.md
category: reference
title: The Tragedy of the Moon
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_the_Moon
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:17.970709+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-tragedy-of-the-moon-20260505-0
summary:
The Tragedy of the Moon is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the tenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between March 1972 and July 1973. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1973. == Contents == A — About the Moon 1 — The Tragedy of the Moon 2 — The Triumph of the Moon 3 — Moon Over Babylon 4 — The Week Excuse B — About Other Small Worlds 5 — The World Ceres 6 — The Clock in the Sky C — About Carbon 7 — The One and Only 8 — The Unlikely Twins D — About Micro-organisms 9 — Through The Microglass 10 — Down From The Amoeba 11 — The Cinderella Compound E — About the Thyroid Gland 12 — Doctor, Doctor, Cut My Throat F — About Society 13 — Lost in Non-Translation 14 — The Ancient and the Ultimate 15 — By The Numbers G — And (You Guessed It!) About Me 16 — The Cruise And I (July 1973) 17 — Academe And I ==


id: trait-de-documentation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traité_de_Documentation-0.md
category: reference
title: Traité de Documentation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traité_de_Documentation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:19.153786+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: trait-de-documentation-20260505-0
summary:
Traité de documentation: le livre sur le livre, théorie et pratique is a landmark book by Belgian author Paul Otlet, first published in 1934. == Legacy == The book is considered a landmark in the history of information science, with concepts predicting the rise of the World Wide Web and search engines. In [Otlet's] most famous publication of 1934, Traité de Documentation, he wrote of a desk in the form of a wheel from which different projects (workspaces) could be switched as they rotated — foreshadowing the multiple desktops and tabs of contemporary computer interfaces. Inspired by the arrival of radio, phonograph, cinema, and television, Otlet also posited that there were as yet many “inventions to be discovered,” including the reading and annotation of remote documents and computer speech. == See also == Mundaneum Traité de documentation on Wikisource. == References == == External links == Traité de documentation at the Internet Archive Paul Otlet, Pioneer of Information Management Traité de documentation : le livre sur le livre, théorie et pratique at Google Books Internet Dreamers: Paul Otlet “The Web That Wasn’t” and “Augmenting Human Intellect” Internet Visionary Paul Otlet: Networked Knowledge, Decades Before Google


id: tyrocinium-chymicum-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrocinium_Chymicum-0.md
category: reference
title: Tyrocinium Chymicum
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrocinium_Chymicum
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:20.364378+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tyrocinium-chymicum-20260505-0
summary:
Tyrocinium Chymicum was a published set of chemistry lecture notes started by Jean Beguin in 1610 in Paris, France. It has been cited as the first chemistry textbook (as opposed to that for alchemy). Many of the preparations were pharmaceutical in nature. The work was initially written to teach chemistry to apothecaries and medical practictioners, written by Beguin to avoid having to dictate text to his students during lectures. It was later said by Martin Lister to be "the most influential and popular chymical textbook published in the first half of the seventeenth century". == References == == External links == Antonio Clericuzio, Chemical Textbooks in the Seventeenth Century Tyrocinium Chymicum (1643)


id: the-ufo-files-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Files-0.md
category: reference
title: The UFO Files
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Files
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:21.562959+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ufo-files-20260505-0
summary:
The UFO Files: The Inside Story of Real-Life Sightings, published by The National Archives in 2009, is an official history of British UFO reports. The author, David Clarke, is a senior lecturer in journalism at Sheffield Hallam University. The book delves into the United Kingdom's historical relationship with unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and the public's fascination with extraterrestrial phenomena. The book includes a detailed analysis of declassified UFO files from the Ministry of Defence, covering a period from the 1950s to the early 2000s. Topics include alleged UFO sightings, official investigations, and the Ministry of Defence evolving stance on the potential threat posed by UFOs. Notable cases, such as the Rendlesham Forest Incident and the Battle of Los Angeles, are explored within the context of public fear and Cold War paranoia. David Clarke frames this narrative with skepticism, adding emphasis on the role of social and cultural factors in shaping UFO myths. His work is grounded in journalism and archival research, drawing connections between UFO phenomena and broader issues like government transparency and public trust in official institutions. The book was published during an international wave of UFO document declassification, coinciding with similar efforts by the United States, Canada, and


id: the-ultimate-experiment-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Experiment-0.md
category: reference
title: The Ultimate Experiment
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Experiment
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:22.800343+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-ultimate-experiment-20260505-0
summary:
The Ultimate Experiment: Man-Made Evolution is a 1977 book by science writer Nicholas Wade about the then-new and controversial field of recombinant DNA research ("gene splicing"), much of it drawn from his earlier news and commentary as a writer for Science. An updated edition with a new chapter was published in 1979. == Citations ==


id: van-nostrand-s-scientific-encyclopedia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia-0.md
category: reference
title: Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nostrand's_Scientific_Encyclopedia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:24.038955+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: van-nostrand-s-scientific-encyclopedia-20260505-0
summary:
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia is an encyclopedia published in the United States. Currently in a three volume 10th edition, it was published in two volumes for editions 6 to 9. The 8th edition is available as two CD ROMs. The first edition was published in 1938 by the D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. From about 1976 the encyclopedia was published by the Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. From the late 1990s it was published by John Wiley and Sons and by Wiley-Interscience. More than 4,000 pages long, the work provides a thorough scientific reference, while establishing a midpoint between massive multi-volume science encyclopedias and handheld reference books. This work is sometimes compared to the McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. == References ==


id: view-from-a-height-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Height-0.md
category: reference
title: View from a Height
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Height
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:25.280173+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: view-from-a-height-20260505-0
summary:
View from a Height is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the second of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, written between 1959 and 1962. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1963. The book received a review in Science Magazine. and The American Biology Teacher. The collection includes the essay "By Jove!", the source of the Asimov misquote describing the Solar System (besides the Sun) as "Jupiter plus debris". The actual quote is "4 planets plus debris". == Contents == Part I: Biology "That's About the Size of It" (October 1961) "The Egg and Wee" (June 1962) "That's Life!" (March 1962) "Not as We Know It" (September 1961) Part II: Chemistry "The Element of Perfection" (November 1960) "The Weighting Game" (April 1962) "The Evens Have It" (August 1961) Part III: Physics "Now Hear This!" (December 1960) "The Ultimate Split of the Second" (August 1959) "Order! Order!" (February 1961) "The Modern Demonology" (January 1962) "The Height of Up" (October 1959) Part IV: Astronomy "Hot Stuff" (July 1962) "Recipe for a Planet" (July 1961) "The Trojan Hearse" (December 1961) "By Jove!" (May


id: war-of-the-worldviews-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worldviews-0.md
category: reference
title: War of the Worldviews
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worldviews
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:26.426054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: war-of-the-worldviews-20260505-0
summary:
War of the Worldviews: Science vs. Spirituality is a book written by Deepak Chopra and Leonard Mlodinow, which was published in 2011, and is a debate between views on science and spirituality. == Premise == The book is written as a series of essays by each author on a mutually-agreed-upon list of 18 questions. The science worldview is represented by Mlodinow and the spirituality worldview is represented by Chopra. Each presents his side which is followed by the other person's rebuttal. == Overall == Mlodinow suggests that "the universe operates according to laws of physics while acknowledging that science does not address why the laws exist or how they arise". Chopra says that "the laws of nature as well as mathematics share the same source as human consciousness". == See also == The Tao of Physics == References ==


id: werner-s-nomenclature-of-colours-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner's_Nomenclature_of_Colours-0.md
category: reference
title: Werner's Nomenclature of Colours
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner's_Nomenclature_of_Colours
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:27.601885+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: werner-s-nomenclature-of-colours-20260505-0
summary:
Werner's Nomenclature of Colours (1814/1821) is an illustrated colour manual authored by Scottish botanical illustrator Patrick Syme. Containing painted colour swatches, the book was based on the colour system compiled by mineralogist Abraham Gottlob Werner. First published in 1814, Werner's Nomenclature was used by Charles Darwin in his scientific observations on the voyage of HMS Beagle. The publication was influential among nineteenth-century colour theorists, artists and decorators, and can be viewed as a predecessor of modern named colour systems such as Pantone. The colours are illustrated and described, and examples shown of their use in ornithological plates in The Anatomy of Colour by Patrick Baty. == References == == External links == Online edition Scanned book (1821)


id: what-is-this-thing-called-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: What Is This Thing Called Science?
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_This_Thing_Called_Science?
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:28.772373+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: what-is-this-thing-called-science-20260505-0
summary:
What Is This Thing Called Science? (1976) is a best-selling textbook by Alan Chalmers. == Overview == The book is a guide to the philosophy of science which outlines the shortcomings of naive empiricist accounts of science, and describes and assesses modern attempts to replace them. The book is written with minimal use of technical terms. What Is This Thing Called Science? was first published in 1976, and has been translated into many languages. == Editions == What Is This Thing Called Science?, Queensland University Press and Open University Press, 1976, pp. 157 + xvii. (Translated into German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and Chinese.) What Is This Thing Called Science?, Queensland University Press, Open University Press and Hackett, 2nd revised edition (6 new chapters), 1982, pp. 179 + xix. (Translated into German, Persian, French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Portuguese, Polish and Danish, Greek and Estonian.) What Is This Thing Called Science?, University of Queensland Press, Open University press, 3rd revised edition, Hackett, 1999. (Translated into Korean.) What Is This Thing Called Science?, University of Queensland Press, Open University press, 4th edition, 2013. == See also == The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by Thomas Kuhn The Logic of Scientific Discovery,


id: whitewash-book-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_(book)-0.md
category: reference
title: Whitewash (book)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_(book)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:30.010551+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: whitewash-book-20260505-0
summary:
Whitewash: The Story of a Weed Killer, Cancer, and the Corruption of Science is a 2017 non-fiction book by American investigative journalist, and former senior Reuters correspondent, Carey Gillam. It was published October 10, 2017 by Island Press, a nonprofit, environmental publisher. Whitewash details how corporate interests influence the science behind American agriculture, allowing the potentially cancer-causing Monsanto herbicide glyphosate to be used liberally throughout the industry. The book contains accounts from farm families with cancers they believe were caused by glyphosate, and scientists whose reputations were impugned for publishing writings that challenged "business interests". Whitewash won the 2018 Rachel Carson Book Award from the Society of Environmental Journalists as well as "Outstanding Book of the Year" from the Independent Publisher Book Awards 2018. It has been translated into Dutch and into Chinese for publication in Taiwan. == References ==


id: why-we-nap-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Nap-0.md
category: reference
title: Why We Nap
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Nap
date_saved: 2026-05-05T09:00:31.270429+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: why-we-nap-20260505-0
summary:
Why We Nap: Evolution, Chronobiology, and Functions of Polyphasic and Ultrashort Sleep is a 1992 book edited by Claudio Stampi, sole proprietor of the Chronobiology Research Institute. It is frequently mentioned by "polyphasic sleepers", as it is one of the few published books about the subject of systematic short napping in extreme situations where consolidated sleep is not possible. According to the book, in a sleep deprived condition, measurements of a polyphasic sleeper's memory retention and analytical ability show increases as compared with monophasic and biphasic sleep (but still a decrease of 12% as compared with free running sleep). According to Stampi, the improvement is due to an extraordinary evolutionary predisposition to adopt such a sleep schedule; he hypothesizes this is possibly because polyphasic sleep was the preferred schedule of ancestors of the human race for thousands of years prior to the adoption of the monophasic schedule. According to EEG measurements collected by Dr. Stampi during a 50-day trial of polyphasic ultrashort sleep with a test subject and published in his book Why We Nap, the proportion of sleep stages remains roughly the same during both polyphasic and monophasic sleep schedules. The major differences are that the ratio of lighter


