# kb

id: georgian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Georgian National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:38.506354+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: georgian-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) (Georgian: საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია, romanized: sakartvelos metsnierebata erovnuli ak'ademia) is the main learned society of Georgia. It was named the Georgian SSR Academy of Sciences until November 1990. The Academy coordinates scientific research in Georgia and develops relationships with the academies and scientific centers of foreign countries. == History == GNAS was established in February 1941, in Tbilisi. It integrates 9 scientific research institutions of the Georgian branch of the All-Soviet Academy of Sciences, as well as the Georgian National Museum, the Geological Institute, the I. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, etc., a total of 14 scientific research institutions, covering linguistics, physiology, mathematics, botany, geology and other fields, divided into the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and the Department of Social Sciences. The founder Academicians of the Academy were Giorgi Akhvlediani (linguistics), Ivane Beritashvili (physiology), Arnold Chikobava (Ibero-Caucasian languages), Giorgi Chubinashvili (arts), Simon Janashia (history), Alexander Janelidze (geology), Korneli Kekelidze (philology), Niko Ketskhoveli (botany), Tarasi Kvaratskhelia (subtropical cultures), Niko Muskhelishvili (mathematics, mechanics; first President of the Academy), Ilia Vekua (mathematics; second President of the Academy), Akaki Shanidze (linguistics), Alexander Tvalchrelidze (mineralogy), Dimitri Uznadze (psychology), Kiriak Zavriev (constructive mechanics) and Philip Zaitsev (zoology).


id: german-academy-of-sciences-at-berlin-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin-0.md
category: reference
title: German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:39.908255+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-academy-of-sciences-at-berlin-20260505-0
summary:
The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, German: Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (DAW), in 1972 renamed the Academy of Sciences of the GDR (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, abbreviated to AdW), was the most eminent research institution of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR). The DAW was the continuation of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (founded as Brandenburg Society of Sciences in 1700 by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz), which after end of war 1945 adapted to new conditions and therefore had performed denazification, changed its structure, its statute and its name. It was then reopened 1946 in the Eastern Sector of Berlin by the Russian military government SMAD. The academy was a learned society (scholarship society), in which awarded membership via election constituted scientific recognition. Unlike other academies of science, the DAW was also the host organization of a scientific community of non-academic research institutes. Upon German reunification, the Academy's learned society was dissociated from its research institutes and any other affiliates and eventually dissolved in 1992. Since 1993, activities of the AdW's members and college have been continued by the newly established Leibniz Scientific Society (Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften). The AdW's pending and unfinished research projects and holdings were


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-0.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (German: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina – Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften), in short Leopoldina, is the national academy of Germany, and is located in Halle (Saale). Founded on 1 January 1652, based on academic models in Italy, it was originally named the Academia Naturae Curiosorum until 1687 when Emperor Leopold I raised it to an academy and named it after himself. It was since known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared to be Germany's National Academy of Sciences. == History == The Leopoldina was founded in the imperial city of Schweinfurt on 1 January 1652 under the Latin name Academia Naturae Curiosorum, sometimes translated into English as "Academy of the Curious as to Nature." It was founded by four local physicians – Johann Laurentius Bausch, the first president of the society, Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Metzger, and Georg Balthasar Wohlfarth; and was the only academy like it at the time making it the oldest academy of science in Germany. The archives of Leopoldina are some of the oldest in the world based on the fact that the records date back to the 17th


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-1.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
At first, the society conducted its business by correspondence and was located wherever the president was working., pp. 8–9 After Schweinfurt, the Academy was rooted in many places before it was permanently located in Halle in 1878. Following Schweinfurt in chronological order: Nuremberg, Augsburg, Altdorf, Erfurt, Halle, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bonn, Breslau (currently Wrocław, Poland), Jena, Dresden, and finally Halle., pp. 8–9 There were many efforts during years of national prosperity to elevate the Academy to the status of a 'national institute,' but all such early efforts failed. In those times the Academy was not on the nation's agenda at a political or academic level. Later, however, its members began to enrich the Academy with an obligation to be present at its proceedings so as to improve their public standing. Thus they began to hold regular monthly meetings, even in the challenging conditions of 1924,, pp. 8–9 which had to be attended by all local members. When Adolf Hitler became Germany's Chancellor in 1933, the Leopoldina started to exclude its Jewish members. Albert Einstein was the first victim because of public pressure. In 1938 there followed a declaration to the Nazi government that all Jewish members had been excluded, while in


id: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina-2.md
category: reference
title: German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:41.175718+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: german-national-academy-of-sciences-leopoldina-20260505-0
summary:
Three quarters of the members are from German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and one quarter from about 30 other nations. The election to membership of the Leopoldina is the highest academic honour awarded by an institution in Germany. Some laureates are also fellows of the Leopoldina. Among the most noted of fellows are for instance: Christian Ludwig Brehm Adolf Butenandt James B. Conant Manfred Eigen Albert Einstein (excluded 1933 for being Jewish) Gerhard Ertl Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Ernst Haeckel Otto Hahn Theodor W. Hänsch Paula Hertwig Joseph Lister Alexander Oparin Wilhelm Ostwald Max Planck Carl Friedrich von Weizäcker Members might also attribute discoveries and success to the academy. For example, the asteroid 893 Leopoldina is named in its honour. == Leadership == At the head of the Academy there is a Presidium, elected by the Senate, consisting of the President, acting as the chair, four Vice Presidents, and other members at large. These position terms are five years long and can only be held twice by the same person. The Senate of the Academy currently consists of 39 members representing different sections and disciplines of science, as well as representatives from Switzerland and Austria. Senate members serve for four


id: hellenic-agricultural-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Agricultural_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Hellenic Agricultural Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Agricultural_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:42.433480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hellenic-agricultural-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Hellenic Agricultural Academy, also known as HAA (Greek: Ελληνική Γεωργική Ακαδημία), is an independent, non-profit Greek scientific organization (academy) based in Athens at the Agricultural University of Athens. It is active in the scientific fields of agronomy and forestry, biotechnology, veterinary medicine and animal science, food sciences and nutririon, ecology and natural environment, and agricultural economics. == History == The Hellenic Agricultural Academy was founded in 2000 by a group of scientists representing a wide range of disciplines, including agricultural sciences, forestry, veterinary medicine, food technology, and environmental sciences. Following its establishment, the academy joined the Union of European Academies for Sciences applied to Agriculture, Food and Nature (UEAA). Since 2001, it has been a full member of the UEAA, a pan-European network of academies that promotes scientific research and cooperation on issues related to agriculture, food, and the environment. The UEAA supports networking among scientists at the European level and the exchange of knowledge among its member states. For the 2024–2026 term, President of the HAA is Dr. Sophia Efstratoglou, Emerita Professor at the Agricultural University of Athens, and Vice President is Dr. Georgios-Ioannis Nychas, Emeritus Professor at the Agricultural University of Athens. == Core purpose and mission


id: historical-and-literary-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_and_Literary_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Historical and Literary Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_and_Literary_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:43.743201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: historical-and-literary-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Historical and Literary Society, (Polish: Towarzystwo Historyczno-literackie, French: Société historique et littéraire polonaise – SHLP) a successor organisation to the Literary Society, was founded in Paris in 1832 as a Polish political and cultural association by a group that included Alexandre Walewski, Napoleon's natural son and future minister of foreign affairs of Napoleon III. Its founding chairman was Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and from 1861, his son, Wladyslaw Czartoryski. The society's original aim was "to collect and publicise materials relating to the former Kingdom of Poland, its current circumstances and future prospects, in the context of maintaining and encouraging in the opinion of nations the sympathy they have directed towards Poland. It found not only sympathy but support and practical assistance in the higher échelons of French society. It is co-owner of the Polish Library in Paris. == History == The society was called into being by the first wave of Polish émigrés fleeing the aftermath of the collapse of the November uprising in partitioned Poland. The society's charter was signed on 29 April 1832. Among its original founding members were Józef Bem, Teodor Morawski, Ludwik Plater, Andrzej Plichta, Jan Nepomucen Umiński. Among influential French supporters were the part Scots,


id: hungarian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Hungarian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:27:45.060294+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hungarian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲoʃ ˈɒkɒdeːmijɒ], MTA) is Hungary's foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The academy's primary functions include the advancement of scientific knowledge, the dissemination of research findings, the support of research and development, and the representation of science in Hungary both domestically and around the world. == History == The origins of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences date back to 1825, when Count István Széchenyi offered one year's income from his estate to establish a Learned Society. He made this offer during a session of the Diet in Pressburg (Pozsony, now Bratislava), then the seat of the Hungarian Parliament. Inspired by his gesture, other delegates soon followed suit. The Society's mission was defined as the development of the Hungarian language and the promotion of sciences and the arts in the Hungarian language. It was officially named the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1845. The academy's central building, designed in the Renaissance Revival architecture by architect Friedrich August Stüler, was inaugurated in 1865. == Sections == Within the academy, scientific sections are organized according


id: imperial-mexican-academy-of-science-and-literature-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature-0.md
category: reference
title: Imperial Mexican Academy of Science and Literature
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:01.849574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: imperial-mexican-academy-of-science-and-literature-20260505-0
summary:
The Imperial Academy of Science and Literature (Academia Imperial de Ciencias y Literatura) was founded by Emperor Maximilian under the Second Mexican Empire by a decree published on April 10, 1865, with the aim of promoting and protecting the activities of professional academics. It was to be composed of three departments: science and mathematics, philosophy and history, and philology and literature. José Fernando Ramírez was named president and named to the philosophy and history department. To the science and mathematics department was named Leopoldo Río de la Loza, Miguel F. Jiménez, head of the school of medicine, Joaquin de Mier y Teran professor of mathematics at the College of Mining, and Antonio del Castillo. To the philosophy and history department were named the lawyers Pascual Almazan, Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, and the lawyer Manuel Orozco y Berra. To the philology and literature department were named Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Jose Maria Barcena, Francisco Pimentel and José María Lacunza. The academy was inaugurated on July 6 in the grand ballroom of Chapultepec Castle in the presence of both the Emperor and the Empress. Maximilian gave a speech highlighting government efforts to improve the technology of the nation including in the fields of agriculture,


id: national-academy-of-sciences-india-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences, India
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:03.071948+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-india-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences, India, also known as NASI, was established in 1930 and is the oldest science academy of India. It is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Prof. Meghnad Saha was the founder president. == Fellows == Sneh Bhargava Suddhasatwa Basu Sudha Bhattacharya Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah Vinod Krishan Suhas S. Joshi Neelam Sangwan Rajender Singh Sangwan Ram Parikshan Roy == Publications == Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India was a peer-review scientific journal established in 1930. It split in two parts in 1942. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences The academy also publishes National Academy Science Letters. NASI published the Proceedings of NASI, Sec. A & B, each in IV parts and National Academy Science Letters in VI parts, in collaboration with the Springer Nature, every year. National Academy Science Letters received Impact Factor (IF) as 1.2 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; about 1200 papers were received from thirty countries/regions every year. PNASI, Sec. A received Impact Factor (IF) as 0.80 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; and about 450 papers were received from twenty-five countries/regions every year. The


id: indian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:04.337906+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore was founded by Indian Physicist and Nobel Laureate C. V. Raman, and was registered as a society on 27 April 1934. Inaugurated on 31 July 1934, it began with 65 founding fellows. The first general meeting of Fellows, held on the same day, elected Raman as president, and adopted the constitution of the Academy. == Objectives == The aims of the Academy are to: Promote progress in pure and applied branches of science. Encourage important research in various branches of science. Represent the scientific work of India internationally. Publish work relating to scientific research initiated by the Academy, Provincial Academies, Universities and Government Scientific Institutions. Organise meetings of Committees and Conferences to discuss papers submitted to the Academy. Advise Government and other bodies on scientific and other matters referred to the Academy. == Publications == The first issue of the Academy Proceedings appeared in two sections in July 1934. They were split into two in July 1935 – one part devoted to physical sciences and the other to life sciences. In 1973 the Academy's publications were further split into several journals aimed as specific scientific disciplines. Since 1978 the Academy has published a monthly


id: indian-national-science-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Indian National Science Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:05.620222+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indian-national-science-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is a national academy in New Delhi for Indian scientists in all branches of science and technology. In 2015 INSA has constituted a junior wing for young scientists in the country named Indian National Young Academy of Sciences (INYAS) in line with other national young academies. INYAS is the academy for young scientists in India as a national young academy and is affiliated with Global Young Academy. INYAS is also a signatory of the declaration on the Core Values of Young Academies, adopted at World Science Forum, Budapest on 20 November 2019. Prof.Shekhar C. Mande is the serving president (2026-present). == History == The origins of INSA can be traced back to the founding of National Institute of Sciences in India (NISI) in the year 1935 in Calcutta (now Kolkata). The basic objective was and continues to be to promote, nurture and safeguard the interests of sciences and scientists. The NISI was recognized by the Government of India, as a Premier National Scientific Society. NISI moved to its present premises in Delhi in 1951. A Government of India's decision in 1968 mandated INSA to represent India in all the international science fora. In 1970,


id: indonesian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Indonesian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:06.862893+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: indonesian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Indonesian Academy of Sciences (Indonesian: Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (AIPI)) is an independent nonstructural Indonesian institution that was formally regulated and established in 1990, formed in 1956 as Indonesian Assembly of Sciences (Majelis Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, MIPI) then restructured in 1967 to become Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), to assemble leading Indonesian scientists for the purposes of giving opinions, suggestions, and considerations on their own initiatives and/or requests regarding the mastery, development, and utilization of science and technology for the national government and its citizen. == External links == AIPI's official website


id: institute-of-history-of-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of History of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:08.086747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-history-of-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Abbasgulu Bakikhanov of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a scientific research institute affiliated with ANAS. == History == Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences of History and Ethnology Institute was established in 1935 as an independent History, Archeology and Ethnography Institute which was subject to Azerbaijani Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The institute has been operating since 1936. Within the structure of USSR Academy of Sciences’ Azerbaijani branch, the institute started function as a separate scientific research institution since 1940. When the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences was organized in 1945 the History Institute was incorporated into its structure as an independent scientific institution. Later, in 1951, the Institute of History was transformed into the Institute of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR and in 1956, after the creation of the Philosophy Sector affiliated with EA of Azerbaijan, it again began to function as an independent institute. In 1974, the Archeology and Ethnography Sector was established which initially operated as dependent bodies on History Institute, but since 1993, it has become a body. == Heads of the institute == The Institute of History and


id: institute-of-physics-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:09.274097+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-physics-azerbaijan-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Physics of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a research institution that is part of the structure of Physical, Mathematical and Technical Sciences Department of the National Academy of Sciences. The director of the institute is academician Nazim Mammadov. The institute is located in Baku city. == History == In 1945, the Institute of Physics and Mathematics was established on the basis of the physics sector of the Azerbaijani branch of the Transcaucasian section of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1959, Institute of Physics and Mathematics were reorganized and became 2 independent institutes: Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics and Institute of Physics. The first chairman of the department was academician İ.Q.Yesman. In 1950-1954, the department was headed by academician Y.Mammadaliyev. Between 1954 and 1957, academician M. Naghiyev took this position and served as academician-secretary (it shortly before had replaced "chairman" position). From 1957 to 1993, the director of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics, and then the Institute of Physics, was Academician Hasan Abdullayev. == Structure == The following sectors exist within the structure of Institute; Independent Trade Union, Women Council, Council of Young Scientists and Specialists, Information Sector, Interdisciplinary Sector, Innovation Sector and General


id: iraqi-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Iraqi Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:10.487333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iraqi-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Iraqi Academy of Sciences (Arabic: المجمع العلمي العراقي) is an academy in Baghdad founded in 1947 for the purpose of developing and regulating the Arabic language in Iraq and the Arab World. The Academy also has two other departments to regulate and develop Kurdish and Aramaic (Syriac) in Iraq; those two departments were founded in 1963. It was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The current president is Mohammed Husayn Al Yaseen, professor of Arabic at University of Baghdad. == See also == List of language regulators == References == == External links == Homepage in Arabic


id: israel-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities-0.md
category: reference
title: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:11.728636+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: israel-academy-of-sciences-and-humanities-20260505-0
summary:
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, based in Jerusalem, was established in 1961 by the State of Israel to foster contact between Israeli scholars in the sciences and humanities and create a think tank for advising the government on research projects of national importance. Its members include many of Israel's most distinguished scholars. The offices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities are located next door to the official residence of the President of Israel and the Council for Higher Education in Israel in Albert Einstein Square in Jerusalem. In the sciences, the Academy funds projects on the geology, flora, and fauna of Israel, and facilitates the participation of Israeli scientists in research at international projects, such as high-energy physics at CERN and synchrotron radiation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Israel has the highest concentration of scientists and engineers in the world. The academy funds a number of prestigious awards in the sciences including the Alon Prize. In the humanities, research is funded into the study of the Tanakh and Talmud, Jewish history, Jewish philosophy, Jewish art, and the Hebrew language, as well as Hebrew prose and poetry. The Academy administers the Einstein Fellowships fund, which fosters relations


id: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-0.md
category: reference
title: Accademia dei Lincei
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
summary:
The Accademia dei Lincei, anglicised as the Lincean Academy, was an Italian accademia active from 1603 to 1651. It was established in Rome in 1603 by Federico Cesi, and was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the acuity that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. Cesi died in 1630, and the academy was dissolved in or before 1651. During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Papal States and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, established in 1936, claims this heritage as the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynx-Eyed"), founded in 1847, descending from the first two incarnations of the academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns. == First Accademia == The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from Rome) who was passionately interested in natural history – particularly botany. Cesi's father disapproved


id: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-1.md
category: reference
title: Accademia dei Lincei
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-dei-lincei-20260505-0
summary:
=== Members === Federico Cesi – founder Giovanni Demisiani – Greek theologian, chemist, mathematician, coined name "telescope" Anastasio de Filiis – polymath Johannes van Heeck – Dutch physician Giambattista della Porta – Italian scholar, polymath and playwright Adam Elsheimer – German artist Johann Faber – German physician and botanist, coined name "microscope" Galileo Galilei – Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath Francesco Stelluti – mathematician Nicola Antonio Stigliola – Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor Luca Valerio – Italian mathematician Giovanni Ciampoli – poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII Virginio Cesarini – poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII == Accademia re-foundation == In 1801, Abbot Feliciano Scarpellini and Gioacchino Pessuti, with the patronage of Francesco Caetani, founded the Accademia Caetani which took the name of Accademia dei Lincei. The period from 1801 to 1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s. During the French domination of the Accademia,


id: accademia-nazionale-delle-scienze-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze-0.md
category: reference
title: Accademia nazionale delle scienze
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:14.186387+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: accademia-nazionale-delle-scienze-20260505-0
summary:
The Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze (lit. 'National Academy of the Sciences'), or more formally L'Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL, and also called the Accademia dei XL (lit. 'Academy of the Forty'), is Italy's national academy of science. Its offices are located within the Villino Rosso, at the corner of via L. Spallanzani and via Siracusa, Villa Torlonia, Rome. The academy promotes progress in mathematics, physics, and natural sciences; organizes meetings; publishes journals; establishes consultative committees for governmental agencies; and awards scientific prizes. The academy contains 40 fellows and a variable number of "fellows in excess" who are age 70 and above, and who have been fellows for at least five years. It also contains 25 foreign members. == History == The academy was founded in 1782 in Verona as the Società Italiana, comprising 40 scientists from various parts of Italy. The idea of forming an academy comprising the leading Italian scientists was put forward in 1766 by the mathematician Antonio Maria Lorgna. By 1781 he had received the support of Alessandro Volta, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich and others. In the following year the academy was created as the Società Italiana, with forty members representing the most important


id: istituto-lombardo-accademia-di-scienze-e-lettere-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere-0.md
category: reference
title: Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:15.427341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: istituto-lombardo-accademia-di-scienze-e-lettere-20260505-0
summary:
The Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere is an Italian academy founded by Napoleon in 1797. At the time of the foundation the Istituto was an institution of the Cisalpine Republic and its name was Istituto Nazionale della Repubblica Cisalpina. The first location of the Istituto was Bologna and the academy was bound to include no more than 60 members. The first 31 were appointed by Napoleon in 1802 and the first president was Alessandro Volta, who started serving in 1803. The Istituto was concerned with Natural Sciences, Political Sciences and Arts. Upon requests of its members, in 1810 Napoleon changed the name of the Istituto in Istituto Reale di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Its new location was Palazzo Brera in Milan, where it is still located nowadays. Additional sections were then added in Bologna, Verona, Padua and Venice. At Napoleon's fall the Istituto passed under the administration of the Austrian government and then, since 1859 until 1935, under the administration of the Italian government. From 1935 the Istituto is a private no profit association. In 1959 Istituto Lombardo moved to a new location, Palazzo Landriani, where are now located the library and the archive, many storages and the


id: royal-academy-of-italy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academy of Italy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:16.617048+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academy-of-italy-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academy of Italy (Italian: Reale Accademia d'Italia) was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree, but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was effectively dissolved in 1943 with the fall of Mussolini, and was finally suppressed on 28 September 1944. All of its functions and assets, including the Villa Farnesina, were passed to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Until 25 April 1945 it continued some activity in the Villa Carlotta on Lake Como near Tremezzo in Lombardy. The declared purpose of the academy was "to promote and coordinate Italian intellectual activity in the sciences, the humanities, and the arts, to preserve the integrity of the national spirit, according to the genius and tradition of the race, and to encourage their diffusion [abroad]". == Structure and history == The Academy was modelled upon the prestigious French Academy. The Academy selected sixty Italians chosen for their scientific, literary, and artistic achievements. Those sixty members were divided into four groups of fifteen, representing the physical sciences, moral sciences (including history), arts, and letters (literature). Politically the Academy served to unify and strengthen the Fascist regime's hold on intellectual


id: japan-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: Japan Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:17.869026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: japan-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The Japan Academy (Japanese: 日本学士院, Nihon Gakushiin) is an honorary organisation and science academy founded in 1879 to bring together leading Japanese scholars with distinguished records of scientific achievements. The Academy is currently an extraordinary organ of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology with its headquarters located in Taito, Tokyo, Japan. Election to the Academy is considered the highest distinction a scholar can achieve, and members enjoy life tenure and an annual monetary stipend. == History == In 1873, Meiroku-sha (Meiroku Society) was founded. The main people of Meiroku-sha involved in Meiroku-sha were from Kaiseijo (later transformed into University of Tokyo) and Keio Gijuku. In an effort to replicate the institutional landscape found in many Western nations, the leaders of the Meiji government sought to create a national academy of scholars and scientists modelled to the British Royal Society. In 1879, Nishi Amane was made the head of what was then called the Tokyo Academy. In 1906, it was renamed the Imperial Academy, and in 1947 it was renamed the Japan Academy. == Prizes awarded == The Imperial Prize and Japan Academy Prize are awarded to persons who have achieved notable research landmarks or who have authored


id: kazakhstan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:19.093553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kazakhstan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) is the highest scientific organization of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Academy of Sciences was founded on 1 June 1946 on the basis of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The central office is located in Almaty. It is a state institution that joins active members (academicians), corresponding members, and leading scientists of Kazakhstan. The main activities of the Academy are scientific research, analysis and forecasting of the development of science, priorities of science development and scientific personnel training, support, formation, and coordination of scientific programs, promotion of international cooperation, innovation and investment in science-based development. Areas of research include earth sciences, mathematics, computer science, physics, remote sensing and space technologies, chemistry, new materials, biologically active substances, biochemistry and physiology of plants, botany, soil sciences, social sciences and humanities. The incumbent president (as of 2022) is Professor Murat Zhurinov. == History of Academy == The first scientific institutions appeared in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. At the first stage, these were agricultural institutions that was conducting research on seed variety. === Kazakh


id: kyrgyz-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:20.329787+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kyrgyz-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences (official name: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan), (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук илимдер академиясы), originally part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was established as an independent entity by government decree in December 1993. The aims of the academy are to carry out research in natural, engineering, and social sciences, to train scientists in all fields of knowledge, to advise the government in matters of scientific policy, and to disseminate knowledge. The academy defines the research topics in the national research institutions, coordinates basic research funded by the state, participates in international organizations, and organizes symposia and conferences to discuss scientific issues and coordinate research. As of 2008, there are 37 academicians, 57 corresponding members, and 7 foreign members. Academician Kanat Abdrakhmatov was elected to a position as the new president of the Academy on 28 November 2022. == History == The history of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences begins in 1943 when Kyrgyz Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. It included institutes of geology, biology, chemistry, language, and history. An increasing potential of the branch resulted in establishing the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR by a


id: latvian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Latvian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:21.591374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: latvian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Latvian Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Latviensis) is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the country's foremost scientists. The academy was founded as the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija). It is located in Riga. The current president of the academy is Ivars Kalviņš. == Building == The Academy of Sciences edifice was built after World War II, between 1951 and 1961, collecting the necessary financing from the newly established kolkhozes in Latvia and – as further expenses increased, collecting the finances as "voluntary donations" deducted from the salaries of the Latvian rural population. The building is decorated with several hammer and sickle symbols as well as Latvian folk ornaments and motifs. The spire was originally decorated with a wreath and a five pointed star, which was removed after Latvia regained independence in 1991. Being 108 metres (354 ft) tall, it was the first skyscraper in the republic and was the tallest building until the construction of the Swedbank Headquarters in Latvia (121 metres, 397 ft), and at the time, one of the highest reinforced concrete buildings in the world. The building, designed by Osvalds


id: lebanese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lebanese Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:22.788041+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lebanese-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Lebanese Academy of Sciences, known officially by its French name Académie des Sciences du Liban (ASL), is a learned society dedicated to promoting the growth, invigoration, and dissemination of the sciences in Lebanon, and to fostering a world-class scientific culture in the country. The ASL was recognized by a decree of the Government of the Republic of Lebanon in August 2007. == Mission == According to its charter, the ASL aims to Provide independent advice and guidance to governmental and private institutions on matters of scientific research and education. Encourage, initiate and aid research and educational programs in the sciences. Help the dissemination and promulgation of the results of scientific research. Facilitate the exchange of ideas and results with similar institutions around the world. Bestow awards and honors on distinguished scientists. Exhort young Lebanese men and women to consider careers in the sciences. Strengthen the links between the sciences and society by addressing the needs of the population, public health, the economy and the environment. == History == The formation of the ASL was shepherded by the French Academy of Sciences, which also hosted the first meeting of the ASL in Paris on June 27, 2008. The first meeting


id: lithuanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:24.125974+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lithuanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences or LMA (Lithuanian: Lietuvos mokslų akademija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Lithuaniae) is a state-funded independent organization in Lithuania dedicated for science and research. Its mission is to mobilize prominent scientists and initiate activities that would strengthen the welfare of Lithuania and contribute to the scientific, social, cultural and you economic development of the country. == History == The idea of establishing the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was proposed in 1773 by Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt and other members of Vilnius University in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but it was not implemented due to wars and conflicts in the region. The idea of an independent institution for science and research was revived during the Lithuanian National Revival with the main proponents of it being the members of the Lithuanian Scientific Society, including Jonas Basanavičius and Jonas Šliūpas. However, the implementation began only in 1939, initially with the establishment of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. The institute was a basis of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences which was formally established on 16 January 1941. Its first president was Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius. On 9 June 1988, the Sąjūdis movement was started from the Academy’s conference hall. In 1989, the


id: macedonian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:25.351190+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: macedonian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Macedonian: Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, МАНУ, romanized: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, MANU) is an academic institution in North Macedonia. == History == The Academy of Sciences and Arts was established by the Socialist Republic of Macedonia's assembly on 23 February 1967 as the highest scientific, scholarly and artistic institution in the country with the aim of monitoring and stimulating the sciences and arts. The Academy's objectives are to survey the cultural heritage and natural resources, to assist in the planning of a national policy regarding the sciences and arts, to stimulate, co-ordinate, organize and conduct scientific and scholarly research and to promote artistic achievement, especially where particularly relevant to North Macedonia. In 2009, MANU published the Macedonian Encyclopedia, a scientific encyclopedia of North Macedonia. The issuance of the encyclopedia caused a serious protest due to its content, and its authors have been subjected to severe criticism. Such reactions arose in the neighboring Greece, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Albania. It was urgently withdrawn. The reason behind this was political pressure from US and UK diplomats. In February 2021 the members of the MANU requested that the recent Law proposal for the


id: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias) is a non-profit organization comprising over 1800 Mexican scientists, attached to various institutions in the country, as well as a number of foreign colleagues, including various Nobel Prize winners. == Principles and mission == To maintain its independent status To serve as a spokesman for the scientific community with society and the Mexican state To advocate quality, professionalism and honesty in scientific research, training and dissemination To foster the development and consolidation of the Mexican scientific community To ensure that the aim of the production, implementation and dissemination of scientific knowledge is always to develop the creative and intellectual capacities of individuals and society == Objectives == To group together the most outstanding researchers in Mexico in the various areas of science and to promote public recognition of their work To encourage scientific research, training and dissemination in Mexico To advocate the fullest utilization of Mexican researchers' production To seek national and international recognition of Mexican scientists To promote and direct exchange with scientific organizations and communities in other countries == Executive Board of Directors == According to AMC's statutes, the Directive Council is responsible for supervising and managing all the


id: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Computers for Children and Youth Since 1987, the purpose of this program has been to support the teaching of computer use through workshops aimed at primary school children. The workshops are held in various Mexican public libraries throughout the country and in the metropolitan area. In 2004, these workshops were attended by 37,228 children at 111 libraries in 12 Mexican states as well as in the Federal District. Secondary school students are given a workshop to improve their grasp of mathematics, based on the program The Geometer's Sketchpad. Mathematics Teaching Program Created in 1999, this program seeks to undertake activities to support mathematics teaching. It has focused on the production of teaching material to be used in projects to disseminate the free Computer Program for children and youth. It also undertakes studies on the problems that affect the formal teaching of mathematics in elementary and middle school. Some examples of math teaching can be seen at www.puemac.matem.unam.mx Scientific Research Summer The Scientific Research Summer was created in 1990. The Summer is a short period of residence (June–August) for university students wishing to pursue a scientific career at Mexico's most prestigious research centers and laboratories. In 2004, applications were received from


id: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: Mexican Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mexican-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Communication and Dissemination == AMC has a Communication and Dissemination Department that promotes activities, announcements, awards and meetings through press conferences, the written press and radio. News Web Site The News Page provides information on the activities of AMC and similar institutions as well as useful data on science and technology for the Mexican media. Ciencia Journal Founded over 50 years ago, Ciencia is a quarterly review with a print run of 6,000 aimed at members of the scientific community, higher education and research institutes and all professionals wishing to keep abreast of scientific advances, scientific planning and policy and human resource training. Publications To date, the Academia has published over 50 publications including studies and projects on various topics. == Collaboration with national organizations == AMC maintains crucial links with various government organizations, by actively participating in the discussion, evaluation and organization of major national forums. Likewise, the Academia serves as a consultant for the Congress of the Union, particular the Science and Technology Commissions of the Chambers and Deputies and Senators. It also collaborates closely with other equally important organizations including the following: National Council of Science and Technology Ministry of Public Education Scientific and Technological Advisory


id: academy-of-sciences-of-moldova-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Sciences of Moldova
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:27.803271+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-sciences-of-moldova-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Romanian: Academia de Științe a Moldovei), established in 1961, is the main scientific organization of Moldova and coordinates research in all areas of science and technology. Ion Tighineanu has been the president of the Academy of Sciences since 9 April 2019. == History == As early as June 1946, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to establish the Moldovan Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Chisinau. In October 1949, the research base was transformed into the Moldavian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The grand opening of the Academy took place on August 2, 1961. A meeting of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova in September 1994 confirms the reasoned scientific opinion of philologists that the correct name of the state language of Moldova is Romanian. Since September 2009, the University at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova has been operating in the country. In October 2017, President Igor Dodon signed a law that provides for the reform of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. == Organization and departments == Management President: Ion Tighineanu Vice Presidents: Eva Gudumac, Svetlana Cojocaru and Ion Hadârcă. Chief Scientific Secretary: Liliana


id: montenegrin-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:29.075813+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: montenegrin-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Црногорска академија наука и умјетности, ЦАНУ; Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, CANU) is the most important scientific institution of Montenegro. == History == It was founded in 1973 as the Montenegrin Society for Science and Arts (Црногорско друштво за науку и умјетност, Crnogorsko društvo za nauku i umjetnost) and adopted its current name in 1976. It currently has 40 members (academicians) in three departments: natural sciences, humanities and arts. The CANU has often been considered and described as a pro-Serbian institution in Montenegro, as the academy' posits the Serb ethnic origin of the Montenegrins. In opposition to this, a splinter group of intellectuals had formed the Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts (DANU) in 1997, registered as a non-governmental organization, in an attempt to counter the official pro-Serbian academy. Amid the constitutional reforms of 2007 CANU had resisted the standardization of the Montenegrin literary standard supporting the interpretation according to which Montenegrin is a "dialect" of the Serbian language. Some of CANU's prominent members have actively participated in the campaign against Montenegro's independence in the 2006 independence referendum. CANU president Momir Đurović had in 2007 maintained contacts with members of the pro-Serbian


id: myanmar-academy-of-arts-and-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:30.319630+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: myanmar-academy-of-arts-and-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံဝိဇ္ဇာနှင့် သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်အဖွဲ့, abbreviated MAAS) is Myanmar's national academy of sciences and humanities. The academy convenes an annual research conference. MAAS also publishes a research journal, the Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science. == Leadership == MAAS' chairman is Than Oo. Its vice-chairman is Kyi Kyi Hla. == References ==


id: national-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:31.507937+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), better known by its acronym, NAMS, is a non-constitutional, non-statutory advisory body to the Government in matters related to National Health Policy and Planning and as a promoting agency for continuing medical education (CME) for medical and health professionals. It is a part of the Inter Academy Medical Panel (IAMP), a global network of medical academies. The Academy is headquartered at NAMS House, at Ansari Nagar, neighbouring the AIIMS and the ICMR House, along Mahatma Gandhi Marg, in the Indian capital of New Delhi. == Genesis == The National Academy of Medical Sciences originated as the Indian Academy of Medical Sciences, a registered society, on 21 April 1961, for the promotion of medical education and research in India. The academy, housed in NAMS House, New Delhi, started functioning when Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India inaugurated the institution on 19 December 1961. In 1963, the inaugural convocation was held at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi when Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan addressed the gathering. The Academy re-branded itself as the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) on 16 November 1979. == Governance == The Academy is governed by a council that is made up of 22


id: national-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:32.739137+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Science and Technology (abbreviated as NAST PHL) is the highest recognition and scientific advisory body of the Philippines under the Department of Science and Technology. It was created through Presidential Decree 1003-A issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1976 to honor and recognize Filipino scientists who made worthy contributions in the advancement of science and technology in the country. It also recommends individuals to be conferred the Order of National Scientist upon approval of the President of the Philippines. == History == The establishment of the National Academy of Science and Technology was a proposal of several professors from the University of the Philippines. It was endorsed by the National Science Development Board (now Department of Science and Technology) to the President of the Philippines. NAST was created through Presidential Decree 1003-A issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 6, 1976. In 1978, President Marcos named the first ten members of the academy from members of the scientific community with three of them proclaimed as National Scientist, namely: Juan S. Salcedo Jr., Alfredo C. Santos and Gregorio Y. Zara. Through Executive Order 818 in 1982, the academy was tasked to give recommendations to the


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:33.982501+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka (NASSL) is a high level, non-governmental scientific body, established in 1976, it was granted incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1988. The National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka fulfills a number of roles; promoting the dissemination of scientific knowledge, recognizing excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global cooperation, education and public engagement and recognizing outstanding contributions to the advancement of science and acting as a consultative body to the Government of Sri Lanka on all matters and activities related to the application of science and technology in national development. Scientists who have achieved excellence in their respective scientific / technological fields are nominated by Fellows of the Academy to be considered for membership. Admission to the Academy is by election following nomination and evaluation of the nominees. The membership of the NASSL was 125 in February 2012.The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves


id: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:35.258054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), previously RONAST, is an autonomous apex body established in 1982 to promote science and technology in Nepal. With the implementation of federal structure by the government of Nepal, it has opened its first provincial office at Mahendranagar. == Objectives == It has the following objectives: Advancement of science and technology Preservation and modernization of indigenous technologies. Promotion of research in science and technology. Identification and facilitation of technology. == Molecular Biotechnology Unit Laboratory == The Molecular Biotechnology Unit (previously called the Biotechnology Unit) started research at DNA level in 2002 with molecular diagnosis of Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease; commonly known as Citrus Greening Disease. Prior to this, it was engaged in research activities such as the production of disease-free planting materials of citrus through shoot tip grafting in vitro tissue culture technique, Bacillus thuringiensis based biological pesticide, Citrus Tristeza Virus diagnosis using ELISA technique and plant propagation using plant growth regulators. Activities of the unit are: PCR-based diagnosis of Citrus Huanglongbing disease in Nepal, Molecular characterization and DNA barcoding of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal, using PCR-based and DNA sequencing based molecular markers, Exploration, molecular and biotechnological characterization of medicinal plants and


id: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-1.md
category: reference
title: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:35.258054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nepal-academy-of-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
== Nepal flora project == Nepal has 6500 species of flowering plants. The botanical exploration is not yet completed and therefore, some plant species are unexplored. Realizing the need for a publication of the flora of Nepal, the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology initiated the project in collaboration with national and international institutions. Ten volumes of the Nepal Flora have been scheduled to publish by 2020 in digital and printed book version. Volume 3 including plants from Magnoliaceae to Rosaceae was published in 2011 as a first publication from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK which includes 21 families with 123 genera, 600 species, 19 sub-species, 31 varieties and 4 forma. == Solar Energy == Some activities are: Solar Radiation Monitoring and Analysis of the solar radiation in Nepal. The data will be processed to calculate the potential to exploit solar radiation to meet the energy demand of the country. Energy Auditing and Conservation in order to minimize the energy waste. Energy Auditing is the tool used for the purpose. Diversification of Solar Technology. The activity covers activities such as proliferation of knowledge on solar energy technologies, feasibility study of grid connected rooftop PV system along with mini/micro grids


id: royal-netherlands-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:36.511996+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-netherlands-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbr. KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. In addition to various advisory and administrative functions it operates a number of research institutes and awards many prizes, including the Lorentz Medal in theoretical physics, the Dr Hendrik Muller Prize for Behavioural and Social Science and the Heineken Prizes. == Main functions == The academy advises the Dutch government on scientific matters. While its advice often pertains to genuine scientific concerns, it also counsels the government on such topics as policy on careers for researchers or the Netherlands' contribution to major international projects. The academy offers solicited and unsolicited advice to parliament, ministries, universities and research institutes, funding agencies and international organizations. Advising the government on matters related to scientific research Providing a forum for the scientific world and promoting international scientific cooperation Acting as an umbrella organization for the institutes primarily engaged in basic and strategic scientific research and disseminating information == Members and organization == The members are appointed for life by co-optation. Nominations for candidate membership by


id: nigerian-academy-of-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Nigerian Academy of Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:37.821058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: nigerian-academy-of-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Nigerian Academy of Science is the official science academy of Nigeria. The academy of science was established on 18 January 1977, as an association of Nigeria's foremost scientists, but incorporated in 1986. It is the apex scientific organization in Nigeria. The Academy acts as a scientific advisor to the Federal Government of Nigeria, funds research fellowships, and scientific start-up companies. The Academy is governed by its council, which is chaired by the academy's president, according to a set of Statutes and Bye-laws. The members of council and the president are elected from, and by its Fellows. The basic members of the Academy are also elected by existing Fellows. There are currently 268 Fellows allowed to use the postnominal title FAS, with not more than 10 new Fellows appointed each year. The current president is Professor Ekanem Ikpi Braide, a professor of Parasitology. The Nigerian Academy of Science is Nigeria's national representative on such bodies as the International Science Council (ISC) – the umbrella body for all science associations and unions – and the Inter-Academy Partnership for Policy (IAP) – the umbrella body for all national science academies globally. The academy is also a member of the Network of African


id: norwegian-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-0.md
category: reference
title: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:39.060536+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: norwegian-academy-of-science-and-letters-20260505-0
summary:
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway. == History == The Royal Frederick University in Christiania was established in 1811. The idea of a learned society in Christiania surfaced for the first time in 1841. The city of Trondhjem had no university, but had a learned society, the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, established in 1760. The purpose of a learned society in Christiania was to support scientific studies and aid publication of academic papers. The idea of the Humboldt-inspired university, where independent research stood strong, had overtaken the instrumental view of a university as primarily a means to produce civil servants. The city already had societies for specific professions, for instance the Norwegian Medical Society, which was founded in 1833. However, these societies were open to both academics within medicine as well as physicians outside of academia. The learned society would be open to employed academics only, but from all academic branches. The idea did not come to immediate fruition in 1841. Money was a problem; also there were "doubts with


id: pakistan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Pakistan Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:40.264903+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pakistan-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اکادمی برائے سائنس) (abbreviated as: PAS), is a learned society of sciences, which described itself as "a repository of the highest scientific talent available in the country." Established in 1953 in Lahore, Punjab, the academy acts as a consultative forum and scientific advisor to the Pakistan government on important aspects on the affairs of all forms of science– the social and physical sciences. Regulating affairs of by its Charter and laws approved by the fellows, the academy is governed by a council that is chaired by its President. Due to its utmost importance, the fellowship of the academy is extremely restricted, only to the scholars of the high merit who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge. == History == The idea of establishing the academy was mooted in November 1947 when the first national education conference was organized by the Ministry of Education in Karachi, which was inaugurated Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan. No immediate actions were taken at that time, though the discussion to establish the academy continues between the senior scientists and the Pakistan government. After an extensive discussion took in 1948–53, the academy was


id: palestine-academy-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md
category: reference
title: Palestine Academy for Science and Technology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:41.467201+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: palestine-academy-for-science-and-technology-20260505-0
summary:
The Palestine Academy for Science and Technology (PALAST) is an academy of science headquartered in East Jerusalem, with branches in Ramallah and Gaza City, Palestine. It was founded in 1997. == References == == External links == Official website


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences or Polish Academy of Learning (Polish: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, PAU), headquartered in Kraków and founded in 1872, is one of two institutions in contemporary Poland having the nature of an academy of sciences (the other being the Polish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw). The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences is co-owner of the Polish Library in Paris. == History == The Academy traces its origins to Academy of Learning founded in 1871, itself a result of the transformation of the Kraków Learned Society, in existence since 1815. Though formally limited to the Austrian Partition, the Academy served from the beginning as a learned and cultural society for the entire Polish nation. Its activities extended beyond the boundaries of the Austrian Partition, gathering scholars from all of Poland, and many other countries as well. Some indication of how the Academy's influence extended beyond the boundaries of the Partitions came in 1893, when the collection of the Polish Library in Paris, the largest collection of Polish materials amassed by the Great Emigration, was transferred to the ownership of the Academy, and a branch was founded in Paris, though this latter step had been


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
==== Commission on Classical Philology ==== The nature of the Commission's work is to bring together representatives of various humanistic disciplines who share an interest in the study of Greco-Roman antiquity, broadly conceived, and its reception in the culture of Medieval and modern Europe. It gathers Hellenists and Latinists, specialists in history and literature, as well as linguistics (classical linguistics): Byzantinists, neo-Latinists, ancient historians, historians of ancient culture and philosophy, Patristicists, archaeologists, numismatists, specialists in ancient law (especially Roman), and scholars interested in the reception of antiquity in the culture and literature of Europe, especially Poland. The thematic scope of the Commission's activities covers virtually all areas of knowledge about antiquity. The focus of scholarly attention has been on the study of: the grammar, syntax, semantics, and stylistics of the classical languages; the types and genres of Greek literature of the classical period, especially drama, historiography, and rhetoric; Roman literature of the Augustan Age. The Commission publishes its Works, in which five volumes of assembled works on various topics have already appeared, as well as four monographs. The Commission is also actively engaged in the PAU series entitled Library of Translations from Ancient Literature, in which there have appeared so


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Sources for the history of the Polish Government-in-Exile: minutes of the meetings of the Council of Ministers. Eight volumes are planned; Volumes I-IV have already been published. History of Poland in the two decades between the world wars. A book by Janusz Pajewski on this subject has already appeared, and two more volumes are anticipated. The history and organization of Polish learning. This subject is treated in a broad program of publications and expositions. Continuation of the re-edition of Jan Długosz's History of Poland (personal grant to Marian Plezia, now held by Jerzy Wyrozumski) – completed in 2007. The publication of the acts of the Apostolic Nunciature in Poland, a project which is recommended by the Academy of Arts and Sciences (four large volumes were produced between 1915 and 1952), was being continued by the Polish Historical Institute in Rome, under the direction of Karolina Lanckorońska (20 volumes appeared). The PAU joined the project and now it is its only manager and executor, but the enterprise is still financed by the Lanckoroński Foundation (three volumes have appeared). In keeping with tradition, the Class also publishes several series of source materials for Polish history: two volumes of Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana. A


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-3.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
the first farmers and herders in the Carpathians: problems of the Neolithization of the Carpathians; adaptation of settlement from the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age to the environmental conditions of the Carpathians: the development of pastoral societies; settlement processes in late prehistory and protohistory, with particular emphasis on the early Middle Ages. The Commission's works appear in the Works of the Commission on the Prehistory of the Carpathians, the first volume of which contains the results of joint Polish-Slovak research on the earliest Linear Pottery Culture in eastern Slovakia. The second volume deals with the archaeology and natural environment of the Low Beskids mountains in the Carpathians. ==== Commission on the History and Culture of the Jews ==== This Commission's activities are focused on Jewish history and culture in Poland and Europe. It brings together scholars from various specialties who share an interest in Jewish studies. In addition to regular meetings featuring lectures and discussion, the Commission also organizes scholarly symposia. The symposium entitled Jews and Judaism in Contemporary Polish Research was an occasion of particular significance, crowned by an impressive publication of symposium materials. The series entitled Works of the Commission on the History and Culture of the


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-4.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== Natural Sciences === The PAU's Natural Sciences section brings together representatives of the biological, agricultural, and geological sciences. The lectures at the section's meetings, typically held jointly with the PAU Mathematics Section, Physics, and Chemistry, and the Medical Section, have dealt with current interdisciplinary problems in biology and earth sciences. In addition to Polish members, the lecturers have included foreign members of the Academy, such as Andrzej Bartke (Carbondale, Illinois, USA), and Otton H. Walliser (Göttingen). The section has also taken part in organizing symposia, e.g. the National Conference on Cell Biology (1996) and the International School on the Biophysics of Membrane Transport (1997). Particularly noteworthy is the study by Andrzej Falniowski, Ways and Byways in the Evolution of Mollusks (2001), which appeared in the section's series of Papers. ==== Commission on Agricultural, Forests, and Veterinary Sciences ==== The Commission's activities are focused on the organization of scientific symposia, whose materials are published either in the form of separate single-topic volumes or in the series of Works. Currently, the Commission has been working on the issues connected with Polish agriculture, forestry and animal breeding in Europe united in EU. ==== Commission on Quaternary Palaeogeography ==== This Commission was founded


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-5.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== Artistic Creativity === This section was founded in 1994, after the PAU's charter was amended to allow for its creation. The goal of the new Section was to include persons from the world of art among the members of the Academy, outstanding creators whose careers have made a significant contribution to the development of culture. The areas of artistic creativity represented in the section include literature, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, theater, and film. The section's activities were inaugurated by two lectures, one delivered by Jerzy Nowosielski, "The Growth of Consciousness in Time: Truth or Illusion?" and the other by Jan Józef Szczepański, "The Concept of Morality in Literature". The speakers at the section's meetings in recent years have also included Andrzej Wajda, Witold Cęckiewicz, Jerzy Jarocki, Stanisław Lem, Stanisław Rodziński, and Bronisław Chromy. === Independent Interdisciplinary Commissions === ==== Anthropological Commission of the PAU ==== ==== Commission on Threats to Civilization ==== This Commission is interdisciplinary in character, and is composed of members of different PAU classes, from the History and Philosophy sections to the Creative Arts section. Threats to the harmonious development of humanity should be a subject of interest and research, not only for representatives of the


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-6.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
==== Commission on European Matters ==== This Commission, formed in 2003, is engaged—as its name indicates—into the issues related to European matters and especially the Poland's, and Kraków's, place and role in Europe. Several ongoing works (and mainly open sessions) have been already organised and all of them focused on various aspects of Poland's participation in European Union. The exemplary subjects listed below (lectures or introductions to discussions during the Commission's meetings) are brief but accurate summary of the most important issues: Constitution Treaty of the European Union by Edmund Wittbrodt, Europe Seeking for its Symbols. History and Meaning of the European flag by Krzysztof Kowalski, Being a European – what does it mean? by Zdzisław Mach and Piotr Sztompka, Is it worth dying for Nice? by Wojciech Słomczyński and Karol Życzkowski. The Commission have worked on—and still is planning to do so—education and science matters (i.e. Polish studies on European Matters faculties, role of universities in today's Europe, scientific and educational policies in Poland and Europe, financing of scientific research works, various organisational aspects of scientific activities in a European scale, European scientific associations' undertakings etc.) Altogether with the Commission on the History of Science, the Commission for European


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-7.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== The Academic Library of the PAU and PAN === The Academic Library of the PAU and the PAN has been in the structure of the PAU since 1 January 2000. Its origins go back to the 19th century and to the Kraków Learned Society. Until 1952 it functioned as the Library of the Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1872) and of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1920), and starting from 1953 as an independent unit of the Polish Academy of Sciences. As a result of the agreement between the PAN and the PAU concluded on 20 October 1999, the Library became an institution managed by the PAU. The Library numbers ca. 660,000 volumes and inventory units, including nearly 144,250 volumes and inventory units of special collections, which comprise nearly 13,700 old prints, about 13,000 manuscripts and over 96,000 graphics and drawings. The Library exchanges publications with more than 1,000 institutions in 77 countries, publishes its "Annual" (of a volume of c.a. 50 publisher's sheets), prepares and successively issues catalogues of its collections, and is engaged in gathering and providing information, for instance on didactics in tertiary education institutions in Kraków. The Library has its own


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-8.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== International Cooperation === Since its foundation, the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences has been actively involved in cooperation with foreign institutions and activities on the international forum. Already in the 19th century the Academy initiated archival expeditions to study sources from the history of Poland (among other the so-called Roman Expedition to Vatican Archives connected with its opening in 1881), and sent its representatives to international congresses. In 1898, the Academy of Arts and Sciences became the owner of the Polish Library in Paris and opened a scientific station there. The Academy's library in Kraków carried on a broad exchange of publications from the very beginning. In 1921, the PAU became a founding member of the Union Académique Internationale (UAI). After its activities were resumed, the PAU's membership in the UAI was renewed in 1993, and the PAU began to take part in the research and publication projects of this organization. The publication of the Polish series of the "Corpus vasorum antiquorum" (CVA) was completed with volume 10, devoted to Cypriot pottery from the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw. The Kraków sheet in the "Tabula Imperii Romani" (TIR) was worked out and published, and the material


id: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-9.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
=== Prizes === The PAU awards prizes for outstanding research achievements. These include the following: The Nicholas Copernicus Prize, funded by the City of Kraków by a resolution of the City Council passed on 9 July 1993, in conjunction with the foundation act of the Municipal Commune of 18 February 1973. By tradition, the PAU awards this Prize every year in the fields of astronomy, earth sciences, economy, natural philosophy, medicine, military defense sciences, and law. In 1995, for the first time since the revival of the PAU, six Prizes were awarded. The Marian Mięsowicz Prize awarded every two years for outstanding achievements in the field of physics. The Prize, funded by institutes of physics working in Kraków, was awarded for the first time in 1997. The Tadeusz Browicz Prize, awarded annually since 1998 for outstanding achievements in the field of medicine. To date, the prizes have been funded by the Pliva pharmaceutical company in Kraków, Novartis Poland, and the School of Medicine in English at the Jagiellonian University's Collegium Medicum. In June 2003, the Marian Kukieł Prize for outstanding achievements in the field of military history was awarded for the first time. Prof. Leszek Suski, Gen. Marian Kukie's copyright


id: polish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Polish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:44.069229+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: polish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored national academy of sciences and institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars and a network of research institutes. It was established in 1951, during the early period of the Polish People's Republic following World War II. == History == The Polish Academy of Sciences was established by the merger of earlier science societies, including the Polish Academy of Learning (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, abbreviated PAU), with its seat in Kraków, and the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning (Science), which had been founded in the late 18th century. The Polish Academy of Sciences functions as a learned society acting through an elected assembly of leading scholars and research institutions. The Academy has also, operating through its committees, become a major scientific advisory body. Another aspect of the Academy is its coordination and overseeing of numerous (several dozen) research institutes. PAN institutes employ over 2,000 people and are funded by about a third of the Polish government's budget for science. == Leadership == The Polish Academy of Sciences is led


id: lisbon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Lisbon Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:45.330025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lisbon-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon (Portuguese: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Portugal's most prestigious scientific authorities and the official regulator of the Portuguese language in Portugal, through its Class of Letters. == History == The academy was founded on 24 December 1779 in Lisbon, Portugal, by João Carlos de Bragança, Duke de Lafões, who served as the academy's first President, and José Correia da Serra, who served as its first secretary-general. Domenico Vandelli was among its mentors and early organizers. It inherited several archives from its direct predecessor the Royal Academy of Portuguese History (Academia Real da História Portuguesa), which had been functioning since 1720 and stopped in 1776. This society had been meeting informally since 1717, under the sponsorship of the 4th Count of Ericeira, until its approval by King John V and receiving royal patronage. The academy received royal patronage under Queen Maria I of Portugal in 1783, bestowing the title of Royal Academy of Sciences (Real Academia das Ciências) unto the institution. The seat of the academy in Lisbon


id: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Prussian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer. In the 18th century, when French was the language of science and culture, it was a French-language institution. == Origins == Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, Germany founded the Academy under the name of Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften ("Electoral-Brandenburger Society of Sciences") upon the advice of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was appointed president. Unlike other Academies, the Prussian Academy was not directly funded out of the state treasury. Frederick granted it the monopoly on producing and selling calendars in Brandenburg, a suggestion from Leibniz. As Frederick was crowned "King in Prussia" in 1701, creating the Kingdom of Prussia, the Academy was renamed Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). While other Academies focused on a few topics, the Prussian Academy was the first to teach both sciences and humanities. In 1710, the Academy statute was set, dividing the Academy into two sciences and two humanities classes. This was not changed until 1830, when the physics-mathematics and


id: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: Prussian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: prussian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable members == Christoph Ludwig von Stille 1696–1752, curator Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, founding president 1700 Jacob Paul von Gundling Dimitrie Cantemir, foreign member 1714 Gassen von Stein, Vice President, Doctor and member; 1732 Leonhard Euler 1741–1766 Montesquieu, foreign member 1746 Voltaire, c. 1750 Denis Diderot, foreign member 1751 Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow, Lieutenant General, 30 November 1753 Johann Heinrich Lambert, c. 1763 Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1766–1786 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, foreign member 1769 Immanuel Kant, foreign member 1786 Heinrich Friedrich von Diez, honorary member 1814 Friedrich Schleiermacher, proper member 1810 Hermann von Helmholtz, corresponding member 1857; foreign member 1870; proper member 1871 Heinrich von Wild, corresponding member, 1881. Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, proper member 1893 Max Planck, proper member 1894 William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Friedrich Max Müller, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Josiah Willard Gibbs, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Henry Augustus Rowland, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) William James, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) Alexander Stuart Murray, corresponding member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy)


id: romanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Romanian Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:47.822091+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: romanian-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Romanian Academy of Sciences was an institution established in Romania by a group of 26 scientists, dissatisfied with the imperfect organization of the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, which was left in the background, with only 12 seats to represent all sciences. == Short history == On March 29, 1935, the institution, which was established de facto on March 11, 1935, received legal personality. According to the statute, the purpose of the Romanian Academy of Sciences was to encourage and guide the scientific creation by: a) facilitating the networking of the researchers in various pure and applied scientific specialties and circulation of their research results through communications, reports, publications, exhibitions, etc. b) stimulating research through awards for valuable works, by subsidizing etc. c) scientific initiation of the staff of the special institutions that depend to the Academy of Sciences. To this end, finally, the Romanian Academy of Sciences set the number of full members to be 120, with up to 12 members of each of the 10 sections: 1.Section of Mathematics and Astronomy; 2.Section of Physics; 3.Section of Chemistry; 4.Section Biology (Zoology, Botany, Physiology); 5.Section of Applied Biology; 6.Section of Geology, Mineralogy and Geography; 7.Section of Military Science


id: royal-national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:49.007975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal National Academy of Medicine (Spanish: Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, RANM) is a Spanish institution dedicated to the study, research and promotion of the medical sciences. It's motto is Ars cum natura ad salutem conspirans, "Art collaborating with nature for health". Since 2020, the president of the RANM is Eduardo Díaz-Rubio García and former president Manuel Díaz-Rubio García acts as honorary president since 2012. == History == The origins of the Royal National Academy of Medicine date back to the summer of 1733, when doctors, surgeons and pharmacists from Madrid met to discuss medical topics. A year later, on September 13, 1734, King Felipe V approved a royal decree formally creating the Academy of Medicine of Madrid and, after receiving royal protection, acquired the title of "royal". In the 19th century, during the Ominous Decade, the government ordered its closure, although it only lasted four years. After the death of King Ferdinand VII, during the reign of his daughter, Isabella II, greater freedom of thought and science was allowed, and in 1861 new statutes renamed it as the "Royal National Academy of Medicine", a name that survives to this day. With the creation of the Institute of Spain


id: royal-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society of Edinburgh
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:50.200940+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-of-edinburgh-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established in 1783. As of 2021, there are around 1,800 Fellows. The Society covers a broader range of fields than the Royal Society of London, including literature and history. The Fellowship includes people from a wide range of disciplines: science and technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business, and public service. == History == At the start of the 18th century, Edinburgh's intellectual climate fostered many clubs and societies (see Scottish Enlightenment). Though there were several that treated the arts, sciences and medicine, the most prestigious was the Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Medical Society of Edinburgh, co-founded by the mathematician Colin Maclaurin in 1731. Maclaurin was unhappy with the specialist nature of the Medical Society, and in 1737 a new, broader society, the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences and particularly Natural Knowledge, was split from the specialist medical organisation, which then went on to become the Royal Medical Society. The cumbersome name was changed


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Latin: Academia Scientiarum et Artium Serbica; Serbian: Српска академија наука и уметности, САНУ, romanized: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, SANU) is a national academy and the most prominent academic institution in Serbia, founded in 1841 as Society of Serbian Letters (Serbian: Друштво србске словесности, ДСС, romanized: Društvo srbske slovesnosti, DSS). The Academy's membership has included Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić, Leopold Ružička, Vladimir Prelog, Glenn T. Seaborg, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and Peter Handke as well as, Josif Pančić, Jovan Cvijić, Branislav Petronijević, Vlaho Bukovac, Mihajlo Pupin, Nikola Tesla, Milutin Milanković, Mihailo Petrović-Alas, Mehmed Meša Selimović, Danilo Kiš, Paja Jovanović, Dmitri Mendeleev, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Jacob Grimm, Antonín Dvořák, Henry Moore and many other scientists, scholars and artists of Serbian and foreign origin. == History == === Predecessors === The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences (Serbian: Српска краљевска академија, СКА, romanized: Srpska kraljevska akademija, SKA) was the successor to the Serbian Learned Society (Serbian: Српско учено друштво, СУД, romanized: Srpsko učeno društvo, SUD) with which it merged in 1892 and accepted its members as its own either regular or honorary members, its tasks and its place in scientific and cultural life. The same


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-1.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
Affirmed architect of domestic architecture Кonstantin Jovanović was hired to make the design in 1900. It was the first project in a row which remained unrealized: starting from the plea to eminent architectures Аndra Stevanović, Nikola Nestorović, Milan Kapetanović and Dragutin Đorđević, to make the preliminary designs, through the unsuccessful announcement of the public competition, until the attempt to form the project resembling the building of Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts from Zagreb and new designs of an architect Konstantin Jovanović. At the same time, with the attempts to obtain the adequate design, the interest of the three institutions for the construction of the common building was not constant. Dealing with the problem of permanent location, in 1908 SRA got to use the space in the building of Sima Igumanović endowment at 15 Brankova Street. After more than two decades of attempting to obtain its own building, the Presidency of SRA, by the end of 1910 decided to entrust the design to Dragutin Đorđević and Andra Stevanović. The cornerstone was laid on 27 March 1914, by the Crown Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević in the presence of the academics and the Ministers of Construction and Education. The construction works were assigned


id: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-2.md
category: reference
title: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: serbian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The building was officially and solemnly opened on 24 February 1952, when the Academy finally and permanently moved in into the building. In 1967, Samojlov did the design for the adaptation of the gallery on the corner of Knez Mihailova and Vuka Karadžića streets. Perfectly composed interior left room for additional improvement during the next couple of years, so that until today it has been enriched by our eminent artists. The glass gaps of the final collimation line in the entrance hall were replaced by the stained glass done in 2000, after the drawings by Branko Miljuš, whereas the stained glass windows in the Congress Hall and in the foyer in front of the hall were made after the design of the academic Mladen Srbinović in 2005. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, as the most significant scientific institution in Serbia, gave the biggest contribution to the improvement of the scientific thought, gathering many prominent names of Serbian, Yugoslav and world science and artistic creation. Its building, built at one of the most representative locations of Belgrade urban space, with its architecture makes the inevitable part of the evaluation of, not only local, but also national construction heritage for almost


id: shahmardan-yesenov-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov-0.md
category: reference
title: Shahmardan Yesenov
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:52.830706+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: shahmardan-yesenov-20260505-0
summary:
Shakhmardan Yessenov (August 5, 1927, Bala-Bi village, Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region – August 24, 1994, Almaty) was a Kazakhstani scientist and statesman, Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR (1961–1967, 1974–1978), Academician of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967), President of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967–1974), Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy (1970). == Biography == Shakhmardan Yessenov was born in the village of Bala Bi (Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region) on August 5, 1927. He graduated from Qyzylorda Teacher Training College in 1944. In 1949 completed his training as a mining geological engineer at the Kazakh Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (now Satbayev National Technical University). During his 11 years of work in Jezkazgan, rose from a regular geologist to the Chief Geologist and Chief Engineer of Jezkazgan Comprehensive Geological Survey Expedition. Yessenov's talents propelled his career and in 1960 he became Deputy Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR, and Minister the next year at the age of 33, thus becoming the youngest ever Minister in the USSR. When large deposits of oil and gas were discovered in the Mangyshlak Peninsula in 1962, Khrushchev had the idea of handing the region over to Azerbaijan or Turkmenistan, citing republics substantial


id: slovenian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md
category: reference
title: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:54.114627+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: slovenian-academy-of-sciences-and-arts-20260505-0
summary:
The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovene: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti (SAZU)) is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members of the academy. == Cultural significance == Established in 1938, the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts (SAZU) is the supreme national institution for science and the arts. It associates scientists and artists who have been elected as its members for their outstanding achievements in the field of sciences and arts. It cultivates, encourages and promotes sciences and arts and, through its activities, contributes to the development of scientific thought and creativity in the arts, particularly by: addressing basic issues of sciences and arts; participating in establishing the policies of research activities and creativity in arts; giving appraisals, proposals and opinions on the position, development and promotion of sciences and arts and on the organisation of research activities and creativity in the arts; organising research work, also in co-operation with universities and other research institutions, particularly in the fields which are important for the awareness of and gaining insight into the natural and cultural heritage of the Slovene nation and for the development


id: academy-of-science-of-south-africa-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Science of South Africa
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:55.384949+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-science-of-south-africa-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) is the national science academy in South Africa. It was started in 1996, and encompasses all fields of scientific work. Its legal foundation is the Academy of Science of South Africa Act, Act 67 of 2001, which came into operation in May 2002. The ASSAf was inaugurated in March 1996 by the former President of South Africa and patron of the academy, Nelson Mandela. In 2021, the academy had 632 members. == History == For about one century, the national science 'academy' comprised two separate institutions – the Royal Society (from the UK) and the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (SAAWK). SAAWK had an Afrikaans-language focus and was heavily supported by South African business. Based in Pretoria, it was established in 1909 and was the national academy (the statute was passed in 1950) until democracy in 1994. It was structured in two 'faculties': human and natural sciences, with a journal for each. While it still awards numerous medals and prizes, it is no longer recognised as the national science academy of South Africa. With the dawn of democracy in the early 1990s, it was realised that a new model was required.


id: national-academy-of-sciences-of-the-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:56.746554+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-of-the-republic-of-korea-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국학술원), is the senior national organization of distinguished South Korean scientists and scholars. It was founded to promote learning and research in all areas of sciences by conferring membership and preferential treatment to those who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of sciences and learning. The Academy consists of 150 Fellows who are selected by their peers for their contributions to the sciences and education. == Overview == The National Academy of Sciences was inaugurated on July 17, 1954, and entrusted with the duty of promoting the development of sciences, and of facilitating the development of national culture. Founded on the legal basis of Culture Protection Act promulgated on August 7, 1952, the National Academy of Sciences initially comprised 50 members. On March 25, 1954, fifty members were selected from around the nation : twenty-five from the humanities and social sciences, and twenty-five from the natural sciences. Thirty-four years later, on December 31, 1988, the Culture Protection Act of 1952 was replaced by the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea Act. The ceiling of membership is 150. The present Academy members total 134 as of


id: royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:57.939504+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-academy-of-exact-physical-and-natural-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences (Spanish: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales) is an academic institution and learned society that was founded in Madrid in 1847. It is dedicated to the study and research of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and related sciences. == History == The forerunner of the modern Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Mathematics, was created in Madrid in 1582, during the reign of Philip II. It evolved from the environment of cooperation among the cosmographers, architects and civil engineers that served the monarch, and also involved prominent artillery experts and military engineers. The initiative was motivated by an interest that existed in the Spain of the late sixteenth century in promoting the teaching of mathematics with an eye to its practical applications in areas as diverse as mercantile calculation, cosmography, astrology on one hand, and the art of navigation and specific problems relating to military skills and construction techniques on the other. The idea of founding the Academy of Mathematics originated with Juan de Herrera, who was also its first director (1583–1597). It was founded in Lisbon in accordance with documents issued on December 25, 1582, and began functioning


id: royal-swedish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:28:59.240878+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-swedish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Swedish: Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien) is one of the royal academies of Sweden. Founded on 2 June 1739, it is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization that takes special responsibility for promoting natural sciences and mathematics and strengthening their influence in society, whilst endeavouring to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines. The goals of the academy are: To be a forum where researchers meet across subject boundaries, To offer a unique environment for research, To provide support to younger researchers, To reward outstanding research efforts, To communicate internationally among scientists, To advance the case for science within society and to influence research policy priorities To stimulate interest in mathematics and science in school, and To disseminate and popularize scientific information in various forms. Every year, the academy awards the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize, the Sjöberg Prize and several other awards. The academy maintains close relations with foreign academies, learned societies and international scientific organizations and also promotes international scientific cooperation. The Academy of Sciences is located within the Stockholm region's Royal National City Park. == Prizes == ===


id: naturforschende-gesellschaft-in-z-rich-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich-0.md
category: reference
title: Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:00.501233+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: naturforschende-gesellschaft-in-z-rich-20260505-0
summary:
The Society of Natural Sciences in Zurich (Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich) is a society founded in 1746 for the promotion of natural sciences. It was founded by Johannes Gessner and other citizens in Zurich as the Physicalische Societät and is one of the oldest scientific societies in both Switzerland and the German-speaking world. As of 2025, there were around 475 members, and the president is Fritz Gassmann. Within the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences, the NGZH is a member organisation of the Natural Sciences Platform. == History == In the Age of Enlightenment, people devoted themselves to the then flourishing natural sciences, i.e., in addition to physics, also mathematics, technology, agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, and especially natural history (which included descriptive natural sciences such as zoology, botany, meteorology, geology, geography, and astronomy). Zurich citizens tended to expand and complete their academic studies at foreign universities. The local university, the Carolinum at the Grossmünster, enjoyed great prestige for philology, philosophy, and theology—and increasingly also for the full professorship (then canon) of physics and mathematics established in 1558. But the academics who returned home lacked "collaborative scientific work, mutual stimulation, and the exchange of ideas." Thus, they came across " to doctor and


id: swiss-academies-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:01.789873+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-academies-of-arts-and-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is a Swiss organization that supports and networks the sciences at a regional, national and international level. They are designated by the Federal Act to Promote Research and Innovation to promote research together with the Swiss National Science Foundation. Its current president is Yves Flückiger. The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is an association of four distinct Swiss academies of different kinds: Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences (SCNAT); Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (SAMW); Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAGW); Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW). == Overview == The two Centres for Excellence TA-SWISS and Fondation Science et Cité are also member of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. Forums and platforms allow the academy to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to various topics, and to strengthen the disciplinary national and international network. The academy also coordinates the sciences among the universities in Switzerland, while cooperating with institutions for the promotion of research, such as the Swiss National Science Foundation. At a regional level, too, scientific topics are brought to the attention of a large public. This task has been assumed by the cantonal and regional associations, which organise


id: swiss-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Swiss Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:02.977106+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swiss-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT) is a Swiss national association founded in 1815. In German, French and Italian (the official languages of Switzerland) the name is Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz, Académie suisse des sciences naturelles, and Accademia svizzera di scienze naturali respectively. The Swiss Academy of Sciences is part of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, and awards the annual Prix Schläfli. In 2015 the SCNAT network included over 35,000 experts in over 130 societies in all cantons. The 2021 president is Philipp Moreillon. == See also == Academy of sciences Life Sciences Switzerland Science and technology in Switzerland == Notes and references == == External links == Official website


id: academia-sinica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-0.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
Academia Sinica (AS; Latin: Academia Sinica, lit. 'Chinese Academy'; Chinese: 中央研究院; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Yánjiùyuàn) is the national academy of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Headquartered in Nangang, Taipei, it conducts research in mathematics, physical sciences, life sciences, humanities, and social sciences. The academy was founded in Nanjing, China, in 1928, and was re-established in Taiwan in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War. As an educational institute, it provides PhD training and scholarship through its English-language Taiwan International Graduate Program in biology, agriculture, chemistry, physics, informatics, and earth and environmental sciences. Membership in Academia Sinica is determined through the election of academicians. An academician of Academia Sinica is the highest academic honor in the country. The current president of the academy since 2016 is James C. Liao, an expert in metabolic engineering, systems biology and synthetic biology. == History == === Founding and early years === Academia Sinica was established in April 1928 in the capital city of Nanking by the National Government of the Republic of China as the country's highest research organization. Its name is a Latin title whose literal meaning is "Chinese Academy". The academy's first president was the philosopher Cai Yuanpei and its first director-general was the


id: academia-sinica-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-1.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
The Convocation of Academia Sinica consists of 281 academicians, including 105 domestic and 176 overseas appointed scientists. Seven academicians of Academia Sinica are Nobel laureates. Academician membership is an honorary lifetime privilege without remuneration. They do not necessarily perform research or reside at the Academia Sinica campus. According to their own expertise, academicians are grouped into three divisions: Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities. A maximum number of ten new members is allocated to each of the three divisions during the biennial convocation. The eligibility of the academicians is not restricted to the residents of Republic of China (Taiwan) citizens. More than half of the academicians are overseas scholars and scientists. At the convocation, the academicians elect new academicians and honorary academicians, and elect members to the Council of Academia Sinica. The convocation can also recommend policies to the government on academic research. The academicians also have responsibilities to carry out research at the government's request, although the government has never requested any task. == Academicians == Academicians are elected every two years, with nominations open in July and ending in October. Outcome of election to academicians are publicly announced in July the following year.


id: academia-sinica-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-2.md
category: reference
title: Academia Sinica
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academia-sinica-20260505-0
summary:
Since 2002, Academia Sinica set up the Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), open to local and international students for PhD programs. All courses at TIGP are conducted in English. Students can choose their advisor among a faculty selected for the program out of outstanding researchers and professors appointed at Academia Sinica or at one of the partner universities (or both). Currently, admittance to the programme guarantees a monthly stipend of 40,000 NTD, roughly $1,200 or €1,150 in their first year and up to 50,000 NTD, roughly $1,500 or €1,400 in their third year. The TIGP offers PhD programs only in selected disciplines agreed upon by Academia Sinica and its national research universities partners. The program offers doctoral degrees in highly interdisciplinary areas in the physical sciences, applied sciences, engineering, biological and agricultural sciences, health and medical sciences, humanities and social sciences. As of March 2017, Academia Sinica administers 13 such programs with degrees issued from partner universities: Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Molecular Science and Technology Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Bioinformatics Molecular and Cell Biology Nano Science and Technology Molecular Medicine Earth System Science Biodiversity Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Social Network and Human-Centered Computing Artificial Intelligence


id: tajik-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Tajik Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:05.442630+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tajik-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan incorporates 20 research institutes and three territorial groupings: the Pamir Branch in the eastern part of the country (with 2 institutes), the Khujand Scientific Center in the north, and the Khatlon Scientific Center in the south-west. The Academy is organized in three thematic divisions: physico-mathematical, chemical, and geological sciences; biological and medical sciences; humanities and social sciences. The incumbent president is Academician M.I. Ilolov, elected in 2005. Originally a part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the Tajik Academy of Sciences was established in 1951 as the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR, designated the highest scientific body in Tajik SSR and since 1991 in the Republic of Tajikistan. == Notes == == External links == Official website (in English, Russian, and Tajik) Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR in Big Soviet Encyclopedia, online edition (in Russian) H. Borjian, Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online


id: technical-sciences-academy-of-romania-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania-0.md
category: reference
title: Technical Sciences Academy of Romania
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:06.646430+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: technical-sciences-academy-of-romania-20260505-0
summary:
The Technical Sciences Academy of Romania was created on 17 October 1997, when its 27 founding members decided to revive the former Romanian Academy of Sciences, which had been disestablished in 1948, being merged into the Academy of the Romanian Popular Republic. == Short history == On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. The first bylaws of the Academy were drafted by Radu Voinea, Florin Teodor Tănăsescu, Mihai Mihăiță and Mircea Stelin Petrescu, The Decision of the Romanian Government No. 807/21.06.2006, recognized ASTR as an organization of public utility. In 2008, the Romanian Parliament discussed the functions of the Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, elevating it to national forum of scientific consecration of personalities in the field of engineering, of debates and initiatives for the promotion and development of research, technical creation and engineering education, by an appropriate change in the academy's purpose. The law was discussed and approved by the Chamber of Deputies of the Romanian Parliament on 8 October 2008, and


id: turkish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Turkish Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:07.877791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: turkish-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Turkish Academy of Sciences (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi – TÜBA) is an autonomous scholarly association aimed at promoting scientific activities in Turkey. Although it is attached to the office of the Presidency and is largely funded by the government, it maintains financial and administrative autonomy. The academy is headquartered in Ankara. In addition to conferring awards and fellowships to distinguished scientists, the academy is also responsible with determining scientific priority areas and proposing policies and needed changes in legislation to the government. The implementation and management of actual research programmes is carried out by TÜBİTAK. Traditionally, the academy elected its own members, but beginning in November 2011 one third of the members are assigned by the Council of Ministers and one third are assigned by TÜBİTAK. Rest of the members are elected by the owners of the academy. As a response, 70 of the existing members of the academy resigned and founded another association, the Science Academy Society of Turkey. TÜBA is a member of the International Council for Science. == History == The Turkish Academy of Sciences, was officially established in 1993 as an independent national academy encompassing all fields of science. This culmination was the result of


id: uganda-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Uganda National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:09.173223+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uganda-national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
Uganda National Academy of Sciences is a nonprofit, scientific organization in Uganda, that brings together scientists from the behavioral, biological, physical and social sciences. These scientists work together to promote excellence in sciences by "offering independent, evidence-based advice for the prosperity of Uganda", according to the academy's brochure. == Location == The headquarters of Uganda National Academy of Science are at A4 Lincoln House, Makerere University, in Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The coordinates of the academy headquarters are 0°19'56.0"N, 32°34'11.5"E (Latitude:0.332222; Longitude:32.569861). == Overview == The Uganda National Academy of Science is an autonomous organization of diverse leaders in various fields of science, who aspire to use merit-based science to inform Uganda's development. == History == The academy was founded on 20 October 2000. As of 2018, the organisation had over 120 registered members, of whom 65 were Fellows of the academy. == Fellows == The following are some of the Fellows of the Uganda National Academy of Science: James Ntambi: professor of biochemistry and of nutritional sciences, at the University of Wisconsin, Madison Harriet Mayanja-Kizza: professor of medicine and dean of Makerere University School of Medicine. Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: professor of economics, Makerere University. Chancellor of the International University of


id: uk-young-academy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy-0.md
category: reference
title: UK Young Academy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:10.403914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: uk-young-academy-20260505-0
summary:
The UK Young Academy (UKYA) is a national interdisciplinary membership organisation that brings together UK-based early career researchers, professionals and innovators from a wide range of sectors, enabling them to collaborate to make a positive difference in the UK and globally. Its work programmes include member-led activities and initiatives that work to address the challenges the world is facing at a national and international level. == Launch == The Royal Society launched the academy in June 2022, in collaboration with six other academies across the UK and Ireland: British Academy Academy of Medical Sciences Learned Society of Wales Royal Academy of Engineering Royal Irish Academy Royal Society of Edinburgh The Royal Society solicited applications for membership. == Operation == The UK Young Academy is initially operating under the auspices of the Royal Society, and it became the 50th organisation to join the global initiative of Young Academies. Its founding cohort of 67 members started in January 2023. The second cohort of 32 were announced in March 2024. Membership is free, through a competitive selection process, and lasts for five-year terms. An Executive Group, comprising elected representatives of the membership, forms the leadership team and works with members to implement the


id: academy-of-technological-sciences-of-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:11.605713+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: academy-of-technological-sciences-of-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
The Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine (ATS of Ukraine, ATSU) is a Ukrainian national academy, a public organization aiming at the consolidation of the intellectual and industrial-technological potential of applied scientists, technologists, and other experts in Ukraine. == History == ATSU was founded in 1991 at the initiative of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The constituent assembly included a group of leading applied scientists and experts on technologies representing the scientific, industrial and military-industrial structure of Ukraine. The founding body included Ajzenberg J., Aleksandrov M. Gassanov L., Gerasimenko S., Gorbulin V., Dovgopoliy A., Kljuchnikov A., Konoplev I., Kornilov I., Krivulko V., Kuchma L., Matveev M., Morozov A., Pavlovskiy M., Parhomenko V., Petrov V., Piljushenko V., Ribinok V., Seminozhenko V., Skljarov V., Solovev Y., Tonkal V., Chujko A., Haber N and Shpak A. == Members == The ATSU has two-tier membership: Acting (Full) Members (Academicians), and Corresponding Members. There is also an additional membership category for Foreign Members. There are currently 130 acting members (academicians), 125 correspondent members, two candidates for membership, and also 19 foreign acting members and seven foreign correspondent members from the US, Canada, Germany, Korea, Turkey, Russian Federation, Israel, Azerbaijan, Sweden,


id: epidemiological-society-of-london-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London-0.md
category: reference
title: Epidemiological Society of London
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:12.820307+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: epidemiological-society-of-london-20260505-0
summary:
The Epidemiological Society of London was a British medical society founded in 1850 with the objective of investigating the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic disease. In 1907 it merged with the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London and became a part of the Royal Society of Medicine as the Epidemiological Section and then Epidemiology and Public Health section. == History == Following a severe outbreak of cholera in England in 1831-32 a London physician, J.H.Tucker, proposed in a letter to the Lancet that a society should be formed to specifically study epidemics. The first meeting of the Epidemiological Society of London took place on 6 May 1850 in Hanover Square, London. At a follow-up meeting in July, chaired by Sir Astley Cooper, a constitution was agreed and officers appointed. Benjamin Guy Babington, a Guy's Hospital physician, was elected as the first president of the society, whose agreed objectives were: to institute rigid examination into the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic diseases to institute...original and comprehensive researches into the nature and laws of disease to communicate with government and legislature on matters connected with


id: royal-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Royal Society, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2020, there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 73 new fellows appointed each year from a pool of around 800 candidates. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Up to 24 new foreign members are appointed each year (from the same pool of 800)


id: royal-society-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-1.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
On 28 November 1660, which is considered the official foundation date of the Royal Society, a meeting at Gresham College of 12 natural philosophers decided to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning". Amongst those founders were Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, William Brouncker and Robert Moray. At the second meeting, Sir Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings, and a royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the "Royal Society of London", with Lord Brouncker serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge"; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society. The society's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their subject area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The society also published an English translation of Essays of


id: royal-society-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-2.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded; with a small number of scientific "greats" compared to other periods, little of note was done. In the second half, it became customary for His Majesty's Government to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice, something that, despite the non-partisan nature of the society, spilled into politics in 1777 over lightning conductors. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, while Benjamin Wilson invented blunted ones. During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use, opponents of Franklin's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British, and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society's president, Sir John Pringle. During the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues. The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death


id: royal-society-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-3.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions. The same year, Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes, which was deeply critical of the society. The scientific Fellows of the society were spurred into action by this, and eventually James South established a Charters Committee "with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of Fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937. As of 2024, 85 Fellows and 24 Foreign Members are elected each year. This had a number of effects on the society: first, the society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced—between the years 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose


id: royal-society-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-4.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
The blazon for the coat of arms of the Royal Society is in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England, and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions: supporters two white hounds gorged with crowns, with the motto of nullius in verba. John Evelyn, interested in the early structure of the society, had sketched out at least six possible designs, but in August 1662 Charles II told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society "now resolv'd that the armes of the Society should be, a field Argent, with a canton of the armes of England; the supporters two talbots Argent; Crest, an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England, viz. 3 lions. The words Nullius in verba". This was approved by Charles, who asked Garter King of Arms to create a diploma for it, and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president, council and fellows of the


id: royal-society-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-5.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
=== Council === The council is a body consisting of 20 to 24 fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, two secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from life sciences—and the foreign secretary), one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows. The council is tasked with directing the society's overall policy, managing all business related to the society, amending, making or repealing the society's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society's possessions and estates. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot, and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year. The council may establish (and is assisted by) a variety of committees, which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists. Under the charter, the president, two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society. The current officers are: President: Sir Paul Nurse Treasurer: Jonathan Keating Biological Secretary: Sir David Baulcombe Physical Secretary: Sheila Rowan Foreign Secretary: Sir Mark Walport and Alison Noble (jointly) === President === The president of the Royal Society is the head of both the society and the council. The details for the presidency were set out in the


id: royal-society-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-6.md
category: reference
title: Royal Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: royal-society-20260505-0
summary:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (mathematics and the physical sciences) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (biological sciences) Proceedings of the Royal Society A Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biology Letters Open Biology Royal Society Open Science Journal of the Royal Society Interface Interface Focus Notes and Records Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society The society introduced the world's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665, Philosophical Transactions, and in so doing originated the peer review process now widespread in scientific journals. Its founding editor was Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary. It remains the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world. It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and, since 1886, has been divided into two parts; A, which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences, and B, which deals with the biological sciences. Proceedings of the Royal Society consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts. Biology Letters publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005. Journal of the Royal Society Interface publishes cross-disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences, while


id: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), known as the Institute of Medicine until 2015, is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization (though created by and mostly funded by the US government). The National Academy of Medicine is a part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). Operating outside the framework of the United States federal government, it relies on a volunteer workforce of scientists and other experts, operating under a formal peer-review system. As a national academy, the organization annually elects new members with the help of its existing members; the election is based on the person's distinguished and continuing achievements in a relevant field as well as for their willingness to actively participate. == History == The institute was founded in 1970, under the congressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences as the Institute of Medicine. On April 28, 2015, NAS membership voted in favor of reconstituting the membership of the IOM as a new National Academy of Medicine and establishing a new division on health and medicine within the NRC that has the


id: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Notable members, past and present == Harold Amos, microbiologist and professor Nancy Andrews, Dean of Duke University School of Medicine Andrea Baccarelli, Professor and Chair of Environmental Health Sciences at Columbia University and President of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology. Elizabeth Blackburn, biologist and winner of 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for co-discovery of telomerase Patricia Flatley Brennan, Director of the National Library of Medicine Emery N. Brown, statistician, neuroscientist, and anesthesiologist, Director of the Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology Namandjé Bumpus, pharmacologist and the Chief Scientist of the Food and Drug Administration Atul Butte, pediatrician and scientist at the University of California, San Francisco Robert Califf, cardiologist, FDA Deputy Commissioner Ben Carson, columnist and retired American neurosurgeon, former director of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital Anthony Cerami, pioneering medical researcher Dennis S. Charney, dean of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City Sarah Cleaveland, veterinary epidemiologist Jewel Plummer Cobb, cell biologist and President of California State University, Fullerton, 1981–90 Francis Collins, geneticist, leader in the Human Genome Project and Director of National Institutes of Health Jim Collins, synthetic biology pioneer and MacArthur genius Toby Cosgrove, cardiothoracic surgeon, inventor, and


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field in the United States. Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Congress legislated and President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress (1863) establishing the National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted nongovernmental institution, created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology [and] to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department." This objective gave the academy the purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of the federal government—rather than serving a single branch or


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The act states:[T]he Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States.The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in Civil War as the Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts. However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until the establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century. In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members. In 2013, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the Gettysburg Address in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing NAS in that same year, which had the long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish


id: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md
category: reference
title: National Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
General Membership of the National Academy of Sciences (including international members) John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research, formerly NAS Award for Initiatives in Research NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing NAS Award for Scientific Discovery Public Welfare Medal Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research National Academies Communication Award, with other national academies Astronomy/Astrophysics Henry Draper Medal J. Lawrence Smith Medal James Craig Watson Medal Behavioral/Social Sciences Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences William and Katherine Estes Award, formerly the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War Troland Research Awards Biology and Medicine Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal Richard Lounsbery Award Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal NAS Award in Molecular Biology NAS Award in the Neurosciences Pradel Research Award Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology Chemistry NAS Award in Chemical Sciences NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society Earth and Environmental Sciences Alexander Agassiz Medal Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal Mary Clark Thompson Medal NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth


id: ussr-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:19.828394+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ussr-academy-of-medical-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Russian: Акаде́мия медици́нских нау́к СССР) was the highest scientific and medical organization founded in the Soviet Union founded in 1944. Its successor is the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences founded in 1992, and is a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2013. == Presidents of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences == from 1944 to 1946 – Nikolay Burdenko from 1946 to 1953 – Nikolay Anichkov from 1953 to 1960 – Aleksandr Bakulev from 1960 to 1968 and from 1977 to 1987 – Nikolay Blokhin from 1968 to 1977 – Vladimir Timakov from 1987 to 2006 – Valentin Pokrovsky from 2006 to 2011 – Mikhail Davydov from 2011 to 2013 – ru:Дедов, Иван Иванович == Past and current members == Alexander Gavrilenko (2004) Anatoly Pokrovsky Galina Savelyeva Andrei Snezhnevsky Mikhail Chumakov == References ==


id: zimbabwe-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:21.041590+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zimbabwe-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences (ZAS) is a national academy of sciences in Zimbabwe, formed in 2004 by the Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ). It addresses subjects such as tropical resources, ecology, and environmental and climate studies. The academy is affiliated with the InterAcademy Partnership and the Network of African Science Academies. == History == ZAS was established in October 2004 after the RCZ conducted a study of global science academies. The RCZ held discussions with existing professional bodies to discuss the need for a national science academy in Zimbabwe. The formation of ZAS was supported by policymakers consulted by the foundation committee. By 2005, ZAS had 10 fellows and 25 members, making a total of 35 scientists. The academy was seeking funding from various sources, including the government, the private sector, and international donors. == Objectives == ZAS's objectives include promoting scientific research in Zimbabwe and the region, providing advice on science-related issues, fostering cooperation among scientists and scientific institutions, recognising contributions to science and society, and disseminating scientific knowledge. == Activities == ZAS conducts activities to achieve its objectives, such as organising scientific events, publishing scientific literature, participating in scientific networks, providing scientific advice, recognising scientists and researchers


id: science-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-0.md
category: reference
title: Science park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-park-20260505-0
summary:
A science park, also referred to as a research park, technology park, technopark, technopolis, technopole, or a science and technology park (STP), is a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms. These parks are affiliated with a university, government, or private research body based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance. The primary objective of this affiliation is to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, promote innovation, transfer technology, and progress research outcomes to viable commercial products. Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development, stimulating the formation of new high-technology firms, attracting foreign investment, and promoting exports. == Background == The world's first university research park, Stanford Research Park was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto. Another early university research park was Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, which was launched in 1959. In 1969, Pierre Laffitte founded the Sophia Antipolis Science Park in France. Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of "cross-fertilisation" where individuals could benefit mutually by the exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture, science and the arts. Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global


id: science-park-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-1.md
category: reference
title: Science park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-park-20260505-0
summary:
== Definitions == The Association of University Research Parks (AURP), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America. It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting the university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region." The International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP), the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions. To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-0.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of science park, technology parks and biomedical parks of the world, organized by continent. == Asia == === China === ==== Mainland China ==== Shanghai Pudong Software Park (Shanghai) Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park (aka Zhangjiang Drug Valley) (Shanghai) Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park (Shenzhen) Suzhou BioBay (Suzhou) Suzhou Industrial Park (Suzhou) Zhongguancun (aka Beijing Zhong-guan-cun Life Science Park) (Beijing) ==== Hong Kong ==== Cyberport Hong Kong Science Park === India === Genome Valley Alexandria Knowledge Park Alexandria Center for Science and Innovation IKP Knowledge Park Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park IITB Aspire, Mumbai Life Science Hub, Mumbai IIT Madras Research Park IIT Bhubaneswar Research & Entrepreneurship Park National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, Trivandrum Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala, Trivandrum KIIT Technology Business Incubator Electropreneur Park Bhubaneswar O Hub Bhubaneswar City Knowledge Innovation Cluster CSRI-IMMT InTEC & CRTDH IIT Hyderabad Research Park and Incubation Park ( Both are different areas ) === Indonesia === Bandung Techno Park Cimahi Techno Park Solo Techno Park === Iran === Isfahan Science and


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-1.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
=== Portugal === Avepark (Caldas das Taipas) Biocantpark (Cantanhede) Brigantia Eco Park (Bragança) Coimbra iParque Feirapark (Porto) Gaia Park (Vila Nova de Gaia) iParque (Coimbra) Instituto Pedro Nunes (Coimbra) Lispólis (Lisbon) Madan Parque de Ciência (Caparica) Madeira Tecnopólo (Funchal) Óbidos Terra Digital (Óbidos) Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade do Porto (Porto) Parque Tecnológico da Mutela (Almada) Polo Tecnológico do Algarve (Faro) Portuspark (Porto) Parkurbis (Covilhã) Régia-Douro Park (Vila Real) Sanjotec (São João da Madeira) Tecmaia (Maia) Tagos Valley (Abrantes) Taguspark (Oeiras) === Russia === ==== Research parks ==== SPbU Research Park (Saint Petersburg) ==== Technological parks ==== High Technology park IT Park Dubna Technopark Khanty-Mansiisk Technopark Novosibirsk Technopark Sarov Technopark IDEA Innovative Technopark in Tatarstan ==== Special economic zones of technical innovation type ==== Dubna SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Saint Petersburg SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Tomsk SEZ of Technical Innovation Type Zelenograd SEZ of Technical Innovation Type ==== Innovation centers ==== Skolkovo Innovation Center === Slovakia === Vedecko-technologicky park Žilina (Žilina) Comenius University Science Park (Bratislava) === Spain === Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya (Bilbao) Parc de Recerca UAB (Barcelona) Barcelona Science Park (Barcelona) Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (Barcelona) Parc Tecnològic del Vallès (Barcelona) Tecnológico de Boecillo


id: list-of-research-parks-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-2.md
category: reference
title: List of research parks
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-parks-20260505-0
summary:
==== Ohio ==== Miami Valley Research Park, Kettering - in the Greater Dayton area Mound Advanced Technology Center Miamisburg, OH Russ Research Center, Beavercreek, Ohio - in the Greater Dayton area Science & Technology Campus Corporation, Columbus, Ohio ==== Oregon ==== Riverfront Research Park, University of Oregon ==== Pennsylvania ==== University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center (U-PARC), Harmarville Pittsburgh Technology Center, Pittsburgh Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, West Mifflin University City Science Center, Philadelphia Innovation Park, State College, Pennsylvania Spring House Innovation Park, Spring House, Pennsylvania in Lower Gwynedd ==== South Carolina ==== Clemson ICAR International Center for Automobile Research, Greenville, South Carolina Clemson University Innovation Campus and Technology Park (CUICAT), Anderson, South Carolina The University of South Carolina's Innovista next to The Vista District in downtown, Columbia, South Carolina. Carolina Research Park, Columbia, SC. ==== South Dakota ==== South Dakota State University Innovation Campus Research Science Technology Park (Brookings) ==== Texas ==== Baylor Research and Innovation Collaborative (Waco) Research Forest (The Woodlands) Rice University-The Ion (Houston) Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio) Texas A&M University Research Park (College Station) Texas Research Park (San Antonio) University of Houston Technology Bridge (Houston) University of North Texas Research Park (Denton) Texas State University Science,


id: bandung-techno-park-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park-0.md
category: reference
title: Bandung Techno Park
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:25.253399+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bandung-techno-park-20260505-0
summary:
The Bandung Techno Park (BTP) is a technology park located in the Bandung Technoplex area, West Java. It was established on January 19, 2010, in collaboration with the quadruple helix model between the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University), the Ministry of Industry, and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. It is one of the oldest techno parks in Indonesia by housed startup companies in the technology sector. == History == In 2007, the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University) established a Technical Implementation Unit of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesian: Unit Pelaksana Teknis Teknologi Informasi Komunikasi) to develop startups in the field of technology. The activities of this unit are supported by the Ministry of Industry and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. IT Telkom was entrusted by the Ministry of Industry to develop the Telecommunications Design Center (Indonesian: Pusat Desain Telekomunikasi or PDT) in 2009, which then formed an advanced part of the business incubator in 2010. It was inaugurated at the Telkom Institute of Technology Learning Center Building on January 12, 2010, which was also groundbreaking for the establishment of the Bandung Techno Park in the IT Telkom campus


id: campus-tec-guatemala-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala-0.md
category: reference
title: Campus TEC Guatemala
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_TEC_Guatemala
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:41.591459+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: campus-tec-guatemala-20260505-0
summary:
Campus TEC Guatemala is a technology park located in Guatemala City. It is the first technology park in the Central American region. The Park is located in the center of the city in zone 4 in area known as "Cuatro Grados Norte" that is part of the technology corridor the local government is implementing in the city. It currently includes over 100 high-tech local companies that mostly have been doing business overseas mainly in the United States, Europe and other countries in Latin America. Campus TEC is also endorsed by the government by collaborating with the Competitivity agenda for the Guatemalan government. == Incubator and business accelerator == The incubator aims at enterprises interested in an export oriented scheme for undertaking Software Development /Information Technology enabled services including data communication links or in the form of physical exports, services and rendering consultancy services and software development. It also includes an area allocated for companies interested in manufacturing electronic hardware equipment/components or any other activity within the ICT sector. The services offered by Campus TEC include: Project outsourcing Software development System integration, consulting and implementation Software reengineering and maintenance Translation, draw back and implementation of software products Internet product and services


id: tehnopol-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol-0.md
category: reference
title: Tehnopol
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnopol
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:42.765617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tehnopol-20260505-0
summary:
Tehnopol (also Tallinn Technology Park) is science and business park in Tallinn, Estonia. Tehnopol is the biggest science park in the Baltic states. One of the main goal for Tehnopol is to help startup and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to grow faster. Tehnopol's history began in 1998 when Tallinn University of Technology Innovation Centre Foundation was established. The goal of the foundation was to establish Tallinn Technology Park. In 2001, the park was established. Tehnopol is home for companies like Skype, Cybernetica, Starship Technologies, Ektaco, and SMIT. In total, over 200 companies are located in Tehnopol. == References == == External links == Official website


id: agricultural-and-food-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Agricultural and Food Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Food_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:45.391868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agricultural-and-food-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) was a British Research Council responsible for funding and managing scientific and technological developments in farming and horticulture. == History == The AFRC was formed in 1983 from its predecessor, the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). It was replaced by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) as a result of government reorganisation in 1994. At that time, Sir William Henderson who was secretary to the AFRC claimed that "agriculture was a success story" hence the AFRC could be closed and a new vision for research was envisaged in the creation of the BBSRC. With this shift in emphasis, there also followed the closure of several educational and research organisations as for example the internationally renowned Wye College. == References ==


id: ahrc-esrc-religion-and-society-programme-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHRC/ESRC_Religion_and_Society_Programme-0.md
category: reference
title: AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHRC/ESRC_Religion_and_Society_Programme
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:46.581226+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ahrc-esrc-religion-and-society-programme-20260505-0
summary:
The AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme was a five-year strategic research initiative funded by two UK research councils: the Arts and Humanities Research Council and the Economic and Social Research Council, running from 2007 to 2012. It funded 75 projects across UK universities investigating various aspects of the complex relationships between religion and society, both historical and contemporary. == Research == Research supported includes the website "British Religion in Numbers", providing statistics on religion in Britain led by Professor David Voas at Manchester University. Other work includes Professor Kim Knott at Leeds University's restudy of British media coverage of religion and spirituality and an investigation of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh shrine practices across the Punjab led by Dr Tej Purewal, also at Manchester. Phase 2 of the Programme focused on Youth and Religion specifically, supporting projects like Dr Basia Spalek at Birmingham University's research into police partnerships with young Muslims. The Religion and Society Programme is hosted at Lancaster University, and directed by Professor Linda Woodhead helped by Dr Rebecca Catto (Research Associate) and Peta Ainsworth (Administrator). The Programme helps to organize various events such as a day at the British Library asking ‘Where next for religion in the public


id: british-colonial-research-committee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee-0.md
category: reference
title: British Colonial Research Committee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonial_Research_Committee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:47.750966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: british-colonial-research-committee-20260505-0
summary:
The British Colonial Research Committee (or the Colonial Research Council after 1947) was an advisory organisation of the British state which existed between 1942 and 1959. 16 volumes consisting of the archives of this body are kept at The National Archive. It was established under Lord Hailey. The Committee was established in June 1942 to offer advice on how the Secretary of State for the Colonies should spend funds allocated by the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940. Its role was to co-ordinate research of various sub-committees and cover any areas which came to light beyond the purview of these sub-committees. It was also inspired by the Institut Francais de l'Afrique Noire to establish regional research institutes located in colonial countries. After February 1948 This work was taken over by the Colonial Research Council. This in turn was dissolved in 1959 and replaced by the Overseas Research Council, who advised the Committee of the Privy Council on Overseas Research. The Committee established a series of more focused committees: Colonial Social Science Research Council (1944) == References ==


id: centre-for-chronic-disease-control-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for Chronic Disease Control
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Chronic_Disease_Control
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:48.964293+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-chronic-disease-control-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC) is a non-profit organization recognized by the Government of India, established in 2000, working to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in India and low- and middle-income countries. It is a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for surveillance, capacity building, and translational research in cardio-metabolic diseases and an Indian Council of Medical Research collaborating centre for excellence in recognition of commendable achievements in biomedical research. == Collaborations == CCDC has collaborated with many national and international organizations, some of them are as follows: World Health Organization All India Institutes of Medical Sciences Indian Council for Medical Research Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Imperial College, London Emory University India Health Fund Ashoka University == Work and Impact == CCDC has conducted over 100 research projects, 15 clinical trials, published more than 1000 works, and impacted over 1 million people. It has trained a vast range of specialists over the years. CCDC has been actively identifying and developing innovative solutions to ensure equity in digital healthcare. It is improving the quality and access to specialist healthcare for marginalized populations living in remote areas, employing innovative digital solutions.


id: colonial-social-science-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Colonial Social Science Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Social_Science_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:50.220200+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: colonial-social-science-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Colonial Social Science Research Council (CSSRC) was an expert panel established in the United Kingdom in 1944 under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940 in order to advise the Secretary of State for the Colonies on research funding in sociology and anthropology relating to colonial development. In 1949 it was chaired by Alexander Carr-Saunders and its members consisted of Frank Debenham, Raymond Firth, Harry Hodson, Margery Perham, Arnold Plant, Margaret Helen Read, Godfrey Thomson, and Ralph Lilley Turner. == References == == Further reading == Mills, David (2002). "British Anthropology at the End of Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Colonial Social Science Research Council, 1944-1962". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines. 6 (1/6): 161–188. doi:10.3917/rhsh.006.0161.


id: council-for-the-central-laboratory-of-the-research-councils-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils-0.md
category: reference
title: Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Central_Laboratory_of_the_Research_Councils
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:52.430192+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: council-for-the-central-laboratory-of-the-research-councils-20260505-0
summary:
The Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) was a UK government body that carried out civil research in science and engineering. On 1 April 2007 CCLRC merged with PPARC to form the Science and Technology Facilities Council. == Activities == The CCLRC was created on 1 April 1995 as a non-departmental public body from the laboratories of the previous Science and Engineering Research Council including 1942 staff and an annual turnover of £106 million which had temporarily been controlled by the EPSRC. It operated at three locations: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near Didcot in Oxfordshire, incorporating the ISIS neutron source Daresbury Laboratory. at Daresbury in Cheshire Chilbolton Observatory, near Stockbridge in Hampshire The Diamond Light Source, was developed by the CCLRC at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and established as an independent company. The CCLRC was established: a) to promote high quality scientific and engineering research by providing facilities and technical expertise in support of basic, strategic and applied research programmes; b) to support the advancement of knowledge and technology, thereby contributing to the economic competitiveness of Our United Kingdom and the quality of life; c) to provide advice, disseminate knowledge, and promote public understanding in the fields


id: czech-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Czech Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:53.768574+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: czech-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Czech Science Foundation (GACR) was established in 1993 as an independent public organisation supporting basic research in the Czech Republic. On the basis of calls for proposals and a public competition, the Czech Science Foundation provides financial support for both experienced and young and early-stage researchers. It also funds international projects on a bilateral basis in cooperation with several partner agencies as well as projects carried out within international research programmes. It is one of two major government-supported research funding agencies in the Czech Republic, the other being the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TAČR). == GACR goals == To provide financial support for projects in basic research with a high potential for achieving world-class results. To promote and enhance international scientific cooperation in basic research. To help create attractive conditions for the professional development of young and early-stage researchers. To ensure that entrusted funds are used as effectively as possible to the benefit of the Czech and international scientific community. To create, within existing laws, the best possible conditions for the administration of project proposals and awarded projects. == GACR structure == The GACR authorities are the President, Presidium, Scientific Advisory Board and Supervisory Board. The Presidium


id: european-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: European Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:54.992830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The European Research Council (ERC) is a public body for funding of scientific and technological research conducted within the European Union (EU). Established by the European Commission in 2007, the ERC is composed of an independent Scientific Council, its governing body consisting of distinguished researchers, and an Executive Agency, in charge of the implementation. It forms part of the framework programme of the union dedicated to research and innovation, Horizon 2020, preceded by the Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7). The ERC budget is over €13 billion from 2014 – 2020 and comes from the Horizon 2020 programme, a part of the European Union's budget. Under Horizon 2020 it is estimated that around 7,000 ERC grantees will be funded and 42,000 team members supported, including 11,000 doctoral students and almost 16,000 post-doctoral researchers. The ERC awards to individuals are widely considered to be either among the most, or else the most prestigious grant for academics in Europe. Researchers from any field can compete for the grants that support pioneering projects. The ERC competitions are open to top researchers also from outside the union. The average success rate is about 12%. Five ERC grantees have won Nobel Prizes. Grant applications are assessed


id: european-research-council-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council-1.md
category: reference
title: European Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:54.992830+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Scientific Council is supported operationally by the European Research Council Executive Agency (ERCEA), based in Brussels. The implementing pillar of the ERC, the ERC Executive Agency (ERCEA), is responsible for supporting the peer review process, implementing the ERC strategy as set by the ScC, executing all financial operations and communicating about the ERC. The ERCEA is currently headed by the Director, Laurence MOREAU. It employs some 500 staff of which more than 50 hold PhDs. The fact that most Scientific staff hold a PhD, have done post-docs and/or have been academics reinforces the feeling among panellists and the Scientific Community as a whole that ERC Schemes are implemented by scientists understanding the pitfalls and hurdles of Research and who are constantly working to better their procedures in order to simplify the application as well as the granting processes, hand in hand with their colleagues from financial units. ==== Steering Committee ==== There is also a five-member ERCEA Steering Committee, chaired by the European Commission's Director-General for Research and Innovation, two ScC members, and two Commission officials. === Measures to ensure an integrated institution === To create an integrated institution consisting of the ScC and the ERCEA, two integrative mechanisms


id: inapl-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL-0.md
category: reference
title: INAPL
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAPL
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:56.171780+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: inapl-20260505-0
summary:
The National Institute of Anthropology and Latin American Thought (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, abbrevriated INAPL) is an Argentine government agency dedicated to preserving national cultural and archeological heritage. It is a part of Secretariat of Culture. The institute has been involved in multiple projects. Among these are the preservation of rock art sites including Cueva de las Manos and the study of HMS Swift, a British ship that sank off the coast of Puerto Deseado in 1770. It also runs the National Museum of Man in Argentina. == Organization == The INAPL is a government agency of Argentina, and is part of the Argentina's secretariat of culture. == Mission and function == The INAPL is dedicated to preserving national cultural and archeological heritage. As such, the primary focus of the institute is the documentation, preservation, and recovery of cultural heritage, be it physical or non-physical. The institute carries out research in the areas of archaeology, anthropology, and folklore. In keeping with their mission, they also give recommendations and alternative proposals on regional economic and socio-cultural development. One of the programs of the INAPL is to preserve rock art sites and save them from deterioration and destruction.


id: joint-european-disruptive-initiative-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative-0.md
category: reference
title: Joint European Disruptive Initiative
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Disruptive_Initiative
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:57.362450+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: joint-european-disruptive-initiative-20260505-0
summary:
The Joint European Disruptive Initiative (JEDI) is a European funding agency aiming at promoting disruptive technologies. It funds innovation in different "missions" (environment and energy, healthcare, education, digital, space, and oceans), with the goal of bringing "Europe in a leadership position in breakthrough technologies". It organizes scientific competitions focused on disruptive technologies. JEDI also makes policy recommendations to strengthen European technology sovereignty. As of 2024, JEDI was funding the projects of over 6,000 researchers in 29 countries across Europe and the world. It is operated independently from any European governments with funding from foundations, companies, individuals and public institutions. JEDI was inspired by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), the technology research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense. JEDI calls itself a "precursor" to a European advanced research projects agency. == Research on COVID-19 == The Joint European Disruptive Initiative launched its first "Darpa-type GrandChallenge" on COVID-19 on May 5, 2020. The competition consisted in screening "billions of molecules with blocking interactions on SARS-CoV-2" to develop a drug against the coronavirus — with each participant having to use at least three different calculation methods for the simulations. The foundation claims to have had approximately 54 billions


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), also known as the National Academies, is a congressionally chartered organization that serves as the collective scientific national academy of the United States. The name is used interchangeably in two senses: (1) as an umbrella term or parent organization for its three sub-divisions that operate as quasi-independent honorific learned society member organizations known as the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM); and (2) as the brand for studies and reports issued by the unified operating arm of the three academies originally known as the National Research Council (NRC). The National Academies also serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government. The National Research Council, National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Medicine began as activities of the National Academy of Sciences until they were reorganized in 2015 into units of the current National Academies while maintaining the charter status and corporate successorship of the original National Academy of Sciences. Now jointly governed by all three academies, the NRC produces some 200 publications


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Program units == The program units, formerly known as the National Research Council, are collectively the operating arm of the three academies for the purpose of providing objective policy advice. Although separately chartered (see above), it falls legally under the overall charter of the National Academy of Sciences, whose ultimate fiduciary body is the NAS Council. In actual practice, the NAS Council delegates governing authority to a Governing Board of the National Research Council that is chaired jointly by the presidents of the three academies, with additional members chosen by them or specified in the charters of the academies. Under this three-academy umbrella, the program units produce reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine. There are seven major divisions: Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division of Earth and Life Studies, Division of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Health and Medicine Division, Policy and Global Affairs Division, Transportation Research Board, and the Gulf Research Program. === Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (DBASSE) === ==== Units of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education ==== Source: Board on Children, Youth, and Families (BCYF) Board on


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
== Study process == The National Academies attempt to obtain authoritative, objective, and scientifically balanced answers to difficult questions of national importance. Top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in academies membership) are enlisted to address the scientific and technical aspects of some of society's problems. These experts are volunteers who serve on study committees that are convened to answer specific sets of questions. All committee members serve without pay. NASEM does not perform original research; rather it provides independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized. Study committees gather information from many sources in public meetings but deliberate in private in order to avoid political, special interest, and sponsor influence. All reports go through an extensive external review facilitated by the internal Report Review Committee (also consisting of members from the NAS, NAE, and NAM). Through this study process, the National Academies produce around 200 reports each year. Recent reports


id: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md
category: reference
title: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:58.617592+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
... as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. One of the report's main concerns is that a growing percentage of recently published research turns out to be not reproducible due in part to inadequate support of standards of transparency in many fields as well as to various other detrimental research practices. == Other programs == The Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship is an annual program for recent graduate students to spend three months working in the National Academies. The Academies also administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum in downtown Washington until its closing in 2017; the Museum has since been replaced by LabX, a program of online resources and nationwide public events that aim to increase awareness of scientific and evidence-based solutions to community problems. == Revenue == The National Academies do not receive direct appropriations from the federal government; instead their revenue


id: national-research-council-italy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council (Italy)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:29:59.804443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-italy-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council (Italian: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR) is the largest research council in Italy. As a public organisation, its remit is to support scientific and technological research. Its headquarters are in Rome. == History == The institution was founded in 1923. The first president was Vito Volterra, succeeded by Guglielmo Marconi. The process of improvement of the national scientific research, through the use of specific laws, (see Law 59/1997), affects many research organisations, and amongst them is CNR, whose "primary function is to carry on, through its own organs, advanced basic and applied research, both to develop and maintain its own scientific competitiveness, and to be ready to take part effectively in a timely manner in the strategic fields defined by the national planning system". On 23 December 1987, CNR registered the first Italian internet domain: cnr.it == Reorganisation == With the issuing of the legislative decree of 30 January 1999, n. 19, which defines "The reorganisation of the National Research Council" the central role of CNR in the Italian research system was confirmed. In particular CNR is defined (see Article 1 of the above-mentioned decree 19/1999) as a "national research organisation, with general scientific competence and


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council Canada (NRC; French: Conseil national de recherches Canada) is the primary national agency of the Government of Canada dedicated to science and technology research and development. It is the largest federal research and development organization in Canada. The Minister of Industry is responsible for the NRC. == Mandate == NRC is an agency of the Government of Canada, and its mandate is set out in the National Research Council Act. Under the Act, the NRC is responsible for: Undertaking, assisting or promoting scientific and industrial research in fields of importance to Canada; Providing vital scientific and technological services to the research and industrial communities; Investigating standards and methods of measurement; Standardization and certification of scientific and technical apparatus and materials; Operating and administering Canadian astronomical observatories; Establishing, operating and maintaining a national science library; and Publishing and distributing scientific and technical information. Approximately 4200 people across Canada are employed by the NRC. In addition, the NRC also employs guest workers from universities, companies, and public and private-sector organizations. == History == === Formation during World War I === The National Research Council was established as the Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in June


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-1.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
=== 21st century === From 1994 to 2004, the NRC was led by Arthur Carty whose "energetic leadership and clear vision have made the Council a major player in the development and expansion of new frontiers of scientific exploration." In 2004, Carty was chosen by Prime Minister Paul Martin to serve as the first National Science Advisor of Canada. He was succeeded at NRC by Pierre Coulombe. In April 2010, John McDougal was appointed President of the NRC by the Harper government The tenure of John McDougall was marked by budget cuts and controversies (see "Controversies" below). Under his, and Minister of State (Science and Technology) Gary Goodyear's leadership, the NRC became a "toolbox for industry" with dented basic-research infrastructure, according to a former Clerk of the Privy Council. In 2015, Kirsty Duncan was installed as Minister of Science in the new Trudeau government. The focus of the NRC shifted toward partnerships with private and public-sector technology companies, both nationally and internationally. John McDougall left suddenly in 2016 and Iain Stewart became the new President of the NRC. In August 2020 under Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry Navdeep Bains and President Iain Stewart, the NRC announced it was building


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-2.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
=== Harper government budget cuts and muzzling of scientists === Under the tenure of Prime Minister Stephen Harper from 2006 until 2015, Canadian Government research organizations began to restrict the ability of government scientists to communicate with the public. In 2010, the Minister of State for Science and Technology Gary Goodyear appointed John McDougall, a former President and CEO of the Alberta Research Council petroleum engineer, as President of the NRC. His appointment was followed by several controversies. In 2011, McDougall began to oversee a change in research focus away from basic research and towards industry-relevant research. This included the development of multiple programs which shifted the research budget out of existing projects and into a number of focused programs. In 2012, National Research Council environmental scientists "were barred from discussing their work on snowfall with the media." In 2012, the Harper government introduced the budget implementation bill (C-38) entitled "Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act Bill". Environmental groups argued that science was being gutted and silenced to open the way for development in ecologically sensitive areas in the north. In June 2012, the federal opposition made a motion in parliament, That, in the opinion of the House, Canadian scientific


id: national-research-council-canada-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada-3.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:01.053743+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-canada-20260505-0
summary:
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian Science Publishing Canadian Space Agency Communications Security Establishment Defence Research and Development Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council == See also == National Research Council Time Signal List of aerospace flight test centres Science and technology in Canada Herbert Yardley – American cryptologist who help establish the Examination Unit in 1941 William Arthur Steel – headed radio laboratory at the NRC in the 1930s == References == === Citations === === Sources === Alexander, Jane (24 November 2011), Research Council grants help Uxbridge businesses develop new technologies, The Uxbridge Cosmos "House of Commons Debates, 41st Parl, 1st Sess, No 134, 5 June 2012 at 8815", Enviro-Hansard, 5 June 2012, archived from the original on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 "John R. McDougall: Ex-officio Advisor for Genome Canada", Genome Canada, 2014, archived from the original on 12 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014 "Transforming the National Research Council", Government of Canada, n.d., archived from the original on 26 May 2013, retrieved 12 January 2013 Hoag, Hannah (21 April 2011), "Canadian research shift makes waves", Nature, 472 (7343): 269, Bibcode:2011Natur.472..269H, doi:10.1038/472269a, PMID 21512543 "Working Together: Innoventures Canada WORKING


id: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research Council of Sri Lanka (NRC) is a funding agency in Sri Lanka, providing financial assistance to public sector scientists. It was established as a statutory body through an act of parliament in 2016 by the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The NRC aims to foster and facilitate research in the fields of science and technology. The objective of the NRC is to build a strong and dynamic scientific and technological community in Sri Lanka and to support research initiatives in higher education institutions, public sector research institutes, and other government institutes to address national needs. The NRC also seeks to engage the private sector in enhancing research efforts in science and technology. The National Research Council of Sri Lanka is an institute under the Ministry of Technology. == History == The National Research Council of Sri Lanka (NRC) was established by President Chandrika Kumaratunga on April 20, 1999, with Aries Kovoor appointed as the founding chairman. In July 2007, President Mahinda Rajapaksa formalized the NRC's establishment as a Special Agency through a warrant issued under Article 33 of the Constitution by exercising the powers vested in him, with Eric Karunanayake appointed as chairman.


id: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-1.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
== Grants == Source: Target Oriented Multidisciplinary Research Grants (TO Grants) The NRC recognizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing complex problems and advancing the understanding of various fields. In 2013, the NRC, in alignment with the Ministry of Technology & Research, launched a program aimed at promoting such an approach by inviting pre-proposals from public scientific research and development organizations, universities, and other research groups. The Target-Oriented Multi-Disciplinary research grants focus on solving nationally relevant issues related to economic development, social welfare, and environmental sustainability. These projects aim to fill major knowledge gaps and address challenges faced by the nation, with a clear path for translating research outcomes into policy, strategy, product/process development, and uptake. The NRC has identified ten thrust areas of research and has invited proposals from several priority areas associated with the National Research and Development Policy Report. The value of the grant provided to selected research projects is up to Rs. 50 million over a period of five years. Funding is highly competitive and the NRC will select the most appropriate and capable researchers with the ability to work as a team towards tangible outcomes. Once the grant is provided, these multi-center projects


id: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka-2.md
category: reference
title: National Research Council of Sri Lanka
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Sri_Lanka
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:02.306034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-council-of-sri-lanka-20260505-0
summary:
== President’s Award for Scientific Research (PASR) == Source: The National Research Council is empowered to develop and implement a recognition and award system for outstanding research and innovation in the fields of science and technology. To maintain the prestigious nature of these awards, the NRC is required to regularly review and update the selection criteria. Awards will be granted to published works, rather than individual scientists. All Sri Lankan co-authors affiliated with a Sri Lankan institution will be recognized as award recipients. The journal ranking system used to determine the best published scientific work will be source-normalized and based on weighted citations to eliminate any biases towards particular scientific disciplines. This information will be made publicly available. To emphasize the importance of research conceptualized and performed primarily in Sri Lanka, recognition will be given to research that has a significant contribution from Sri Lankan scientists working in the country. In addition to awards for published works, awards will also be given for patents based on innovations in science. Awards will be presented two years after the year of publication or patent granting to allow for adequate time for indexing, documentation, and any necessary retractions. Each year, the top 100


id: national-scientific-and-technical-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: National Scientific and Technical Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:03.594034+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-scientific-and-technical-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Spanish: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET) is an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in universities and institutes. == History == The National Scientific and Technical Research Council was established on 5 February 1958 by a decree of the national government. Its first director was Nobel Laureate Bernardo A. Houssay. Governed by a board independent from the federal government, it funds scientific research in three basic ways. Firstly, it gives grants for collective work to research teams of well-recognized scientists of every discipline, including social sciences and the humanities. Secondly, it has a payroll of about 6,500 researchers and 2,500 technicians working as employees in different categories, from investigador asistente (assistant researcher) to investigador principal (main researcher). Thirdly, it grants scholarships for doctoral and post-doctoral studies to 8,500 young researchers from Argentina and other countries. == Ranking == In 2025, CONICET was ranked as the best Latin American government research institution by the Scimago Institutions Ranking and the 2nd among all research institutions in the region after the Universidade de São Paulo. CONICET holds the 125th position among the most prestigious


id: particle-physics-and-astronomy-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:04.754377+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: particle-physics-and-astronomy-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) was one of a number of research councils in the United Kingdom. It directed, coordinated and funded research in particle physics and astronomy for the people of the UK. Its head office was at Polaris House in Swindon, Wiltshire, but it also operated three scientific sites: the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) in Edinburgh, the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (ING) in La Palma and the Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC) in Hawaii. It published the Frontiers magazine three times a year, containing news and highlights of the research and outreach programmes it supports. The PPARC was formed in April 1994 when the Science and Engineering Research Council was split into several organizations; other products of the split included the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). In April 2007, it merged with the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) and the nuclear physics portion of the EPSRC to form the new Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). == Frontiers magazine == PPARC previously published a magazine called Frontiers, ISSN 1460-5600. == See also == List of astronomical societies


id: public-policy-institute-for-wales-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales-0.md
category: reference
title: Public Policy Institute for Wales
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_for_Wales
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:05.940990+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: public-policy-institute-for-wales-20260505-0
summary:
The Public Policy Institute for Wales (PPIW) was an independent policy research institution based in Cardiff, Wales. It was established in January 2014, and was co-funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Welsh Government. Its administrative base was at Cardiff University, Wales. It was a member of the UK’s What Works Network. The PPIW’s key activities included: Stimulating policy-maker demand for evidence by working directly with Ministers to identify their evidence needs and make connections across policy areas. Improving the supply of evidence by making policy-maker evidence needs know and generating independent authoritative advice and analysis. Supporting interaction between evidence suppliers and policy-makers by developing networks. Facilitating knowledge exchange between Wales, the rest of the UK and beyond. Professor Steve Martin was the Director of the PPIW. The PPIW had an independent Board of Governors, whose role it was to oversee the work of the Institute; safeguarding its independence and ensuring the quality of its work. In June 2017 the PPIW was awarded £6m by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Welsh Government to establish the Wales Centre for Public Policy (WCPP). The WCPP builds on the work of the PPIW, combining it with a


id: research-council-for-complementary-medicine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council for Complementary Medicine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_for_Complementary_Medicine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:07.101621+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-for-complementary-medicine-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council for Complementary Medicine (RCCM) is a charitable organisation (UK Registered Charity Number 1146724) founded in 1983 to develop and promote good quality research into alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) and enhance evidence-based medicine in this area. The RCCM works with the complementary therapy professions and CAM researchers to promote safe and effective integrative and personalised medicine, and to promote the development of high quality research and evidence in the UK into complementary and alternative medicine. As the burden of complex chronic disease increases more people are turning to alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) and need guidance in making their healthcare choices. CAM is used by at least a quarter of the population of the UK. The research evidence base is limited at present. The ever increasing cost of chronic disease will require government and society to make decisions on the cost-effectiveness of the available health care options. Such decisions are best informed by evidence and currently accepted standards of care. A greater evidence base for CAM should facilitate wider availability of access to safe and effective complementary therapies within the National Health Service and across the UK, in order to help in preventing disease and improvinghealth. The


id: research-council-of-norway-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council of Norway
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:08.310124+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-of-norway-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council (also the Research Council of Norway; Norwegian: Norges forskningsråd) is a Norwegian government agency that funds research and innovation projects. On behalf of the Government, the Research Council invests NOK 11.7 billion (2022) annually. The Research Council is responsible for promoting basic and applied research and innovation. This is done by managing research funding and by advising the authorities on research policy, among other things through proposals for the research budget in the National Budget. The Research Council works to promote international research and innovation cooperation, and has a number of schemes to mobilise Norwegian applicants for the EU Research and Innovation Programme. Other tasks include creating meeting places for researchers, trade and industry, public administration, public actors and other users of research. The Research Council was established in 1993 through the merging of five different previously created research councils. The Research Council has approximately 360 employees (2023). It has local representatives in nine different regions of Norway. Since 23 June 2014, the Research Council's main office is located just outside of Oslo. == Background == There were five predecessors of the council, each established as independent councils related to their own areas of interest: science and


id: science-and-engineering-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Science and Engineering Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:09.457637+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: science-and-engineering-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) and its predecessor the Science Research Council (SRC) were the UK agencies in charge of publicly funded scientific and engineering research activities, including astronomy, biotechnology and biological sciences, space research and particle physics, between 1965 and 1994. == History == The SERC also had oversight of: the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO) the Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE) the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) the Daresbury Laboratory From its formation in 1965 until 1981 it was known as the Science Research Council (SRC). The SRC had been formed in 1965 as a result of the Trend Committee enquiry into the organisation of civil science in the UK. Previously the Minister for Science had been responsible for various research activities in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) and more loosely with a variety of agencies concerned with the formulation of civil scientific policy. One of the main problems addressed by the enquiry was how to decide the priorities for government funding across all areas of scientific research. Previously this task had been the responsibility of the Treasury without direct scientific advice. The other Research Councils formed in 1965 were: the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)


id: swedish-research-council-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council-0.md
category: reference
title: Swedish Research Council
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Research_Council
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:10.751594+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: swedish-research-council-20260505-0
summary:
The Swedish Research Council (Swedish: Vetenskapsrådet) is a Government agency in Sweden established in 2001, with the responsibility to support and develop basic scientific research. Its objective is for Sweden to be a leading nation in scientific research. The agency has three main functions: To distribute government funding for basic research To advise the government on issues related to scientific research To communicate science and scientific research to the general public == See also == Open access in Sweden == References == == External links == Swedish Research Council - Official site


id: transportation-research-board-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board-0.md
category: reference
title: Transportation Research Board
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:11.939785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: transportation-research-board-20260505-0
summary:
The Transportation Research Board (TRB) is a division of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). TRB's mission is to mobilize expertise, experience, and knowledge to anticipate and solve complex transportation-related challenges. Committees, researchers, and staff are focused on advancing resilient infrastructure, exploring transformative technologies, and protecting the public’s health and safety. The board publishes research via four cooperative research programs and through consensus studies, which may be requested by the U.S. Congress. As one of seven major divisions of the NASEM, TRB research is objective and interdisciplinary. TRB hosts nearly 200 standing technical committees that address specific aspects of transportation, and the TRB Annual Meeting attracts thousands of transportation professionals. == History == The Transportation Research Board was established in 1920 as the "National Advisory Board on Highway Research" and changed its name to the "Highway Research Board" from 1925 until 1974, when it was renamed again as the "Transportation Research Board." It has commissioned ad hoc research since 1950, become more involved in multimodal transport in the 1960s, and continues to research across various transportation modes. == Activities and organization == TRB's varied activities annually draw on over 8,000 engineers, planners, scientists, academics, and other


id: agence-nationale-de-la-recherche-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche-0.md
category: reference
title: Agence nationale de la recherche
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_la_recherche
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:13.514185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: agence-nationale-de-la-recherche-20260505-0
summary:
The Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, fr: National Agency for Research) is a French institution tasked with funding scientific research. It was founded on 7 February 2005 as a groupement d'intérêt public, and has acquired the status of établissement public à caractère administratif on 1 August 2006. The ANR funds scientific teams, both public and private, in the form of short-term research contracts. Its budget was 350 million Euros in 2005, rose to 955M€ in 2009 but then fell to 703M€ in 2019. The ANR was supervised by Jacques Stern from 2007 until 2010 and by Eva Pebay-Peyroula since 2010. == Notes and references == == External links == Official site


id: alexander-von-humboldt-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:14.725078+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: alexander-von-humboldt-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (German: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung) is a foundation that promotes international academic cooperation between scientists and scholars from Germany and abroad. Established by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, it is funded by the Federal Foreign Office, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and other national and international partners. == Description == Annually, the Foundation grants over 700 competitive research fellowships and awards, primarily to academics in the natural sciences, mathematics and the humanities. These enable scientists and scholars from around the world to conduct research in Germany, collaborating with a host and partner of their choosing. In addition, the Foundation funds German scholars through the Feodor Lynen Fellowships, allowing them to pursue research projects worldwide with a host and partner who must have previously held an Alexander von Humboldt fellowship. The fellowships and awards include significant prizes, such as the Alexander von Humboldt Professorship and Sofia Kovalevskaya Awards. Fellowships and awards from the Foundation are considered among the most prestigious and generous in Germany. Its alumni network, comprising over 26,000 Humboldtians in more than 140 countries, including 57 Nobel laureates, is the foundation's greatest


id: all-species-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: All Species Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:15.901853+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: all-species-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The All Species Foundation (stylized as ALL Species Foundation) was an organization aiming to catalog all species on Earth by 2025 through their All Species Inventory initiative. The project was launched in 2000 by Kevin Kelly, Stewart Brand and Ryan Phelan. Along with other similar efforts, the All Species Foundation was promoted as an important step forward in expanding, modernizing and digitizing the field of taxonomy. The Foundation started with a large grant from the Schlinger Foundation but had difficulty finding continued funding. In 2007 the project ceased activity and "[handed] off [its] mission to the Encyclopedia of Life". The All Species Foundation received some critique for its approach to defining and identifying species. An open letter expressed concern over the species problem, a fundamental issue in taxonomy of what exactly defines a species. The letter argued that failing to acknowledge and account for this fundamental issue could undermine the use of the database for conservation and biodiversity preservation. == See also == Catalogue of Life Encyclopedia of Life Earth BioGenome Project Open Tree of Life Tree of Life Web Project Wikispecies == References ==


id: bertarelli-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Bertarelli Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:17.077206+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: bertarelli-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Bertarelli Foundation is a private foundation founded by the Bertarelli family; brother and sister Ernesto and Dona Bertarelli, who are co-Chairs of the Foundation, and their mother, Maria Iris Bertarelli. It was established in 1998 in memory of Fabio Bertarelli and is based in Gstaad, Switzerland. For ten years, the Bertarelli Foundation focused on promoting an understanding of infertility, especially multiple gestations. This reflected the work of the family’s business, Ares-Serono, in the field, including its development of influential infertility treatment Pergonal. Following the sale of Serono, the Bertarelli Foundation refocused its activities onto the fields of marine conservation and neuroscience research, as well as projects in their local communities. The Foundation has a sister organisation in Italy, the Fondazione Bertarelli, which promotes cultural activities in Tuscany, where the family’s Collemassari wine estate is located. == Activities == === Marine conservation === The Bertarelli Foundation is active in the creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), both in terms of providing material support and in terms of advocacy. In 2010 it worked with the British Government to provide the financial backing to enable the designation of the Chagos Marine Protected Area in the British Indian Ocean Territory. In 2012, the


id: centre-for-high-north-logistics-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics-0.md
category: reference
title: Centre for High North Logistics
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_High_North_Logistics
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:18.223720+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: centre-for-high-north-logistics-20260505-0
summary:
Centre for High North Logistics (CHNL, Norwegian: Senter for nordområdelogistikk) is a Norwegian foundation which works to investigate ways to develop logistics solutions in the Arctic region. Among the aims of the centre is that of collecting information to facilitate an opening up of the Northern Sea Route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The administration of the center is located in Kirkenes on the north-eastern Barents Sea coast of Norway. == Organization == The Centre for High North Logistics was founded on 27 May 2009, subsuming its precursor organization which was established in 2008 and administered by Bodø University College. The leadership of the foundation includes Felix Tschudi (Tschudi Shipping Company) as chairman of the board and Tom Tjomsland (Norwegian Shipowners' Association), Frode Mellemvik (Bodø University College) and Jon Rysst (Det Norske Veritas) as board members. Tschudi's board membership is guaranteed by the foundation's establishing charter. The foreign ministry has a permanent seat on the board as observer. These four organizations also constitute the founders of the Centre for High North Logistics. The foundation is organized as a 5-year project scheduled to end by 2013. In January 2011 the status of the foundation was changed from an


id: ciberobn-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn-0.md
category: reference
title: Ciberobn
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberobn
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:19.473151+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: ciberobn-20260505-0
summary:
The Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición: CIBERObn) is a public research consortium which was founded on November 28, 2006 financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN). The CIBERObn gathers 31 investigation groups from different Spanish Hospitals, Universities and Research Centres. Its mission is to promote a better knowledge about the mechanisms contributing to obesity development in order to reduce its incidence and prevalence, as well as its complications, in addition to nutrition-related diseases. The CIBERObn is structured into 8 scientific programs intended to increase the collaboration between researchers, to strengthen synergies and to boost new research lines. Programs are as follows: Nutrition: effects of different types of diet and nutrients on human health. Adipobiology: identification of new signals released by the adipose tissue which are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Obesity and Cancer: role of those proteins associated with cell cycle on metabolic control and obesity development. Obesity and Cardiovascular risk: hemodynamic, metabolic and inflammatory factors associated to cardiac and vascular diseases in obesity. Neurocognitive and Environmental Factors: environmental and


id: cireq-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIREQ-0.md
category: reference
title: CIREQ
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIREQ
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:20.665868+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: cireq-20260505-0
summary:
Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Économie Quantitative (CIREQ; French for "Center for Interuniversity Research in Quantitative Economics") is a research center devoted to economics and quantitative analysis. CIREQ is financed by the Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture (FQRSC) and by the Université de Montréal, McGill University, and Concordia University. The Center organizes conferences, workshops, and seminars. It also hosts, via visiting scholar programs, international researchers every year, for periods from one to several weeks. == References ==


id: consejo-nacional-de-humanidades-ciencias-y-tecnolog-as-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_Tecnologías-0.md
category: reference
title: Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Humanidades,_Ciencias_y_Tecnologías
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:21.781025+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: consejo-nacional-de-humanidades-ciencias-y-tecnolog-as-20260505-0
summary:
The Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias, y Tecnologías (Spanish for National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies; abbreviated CONAHCYT) was Mexico's entity in charge for the promotion of science and technology from 1970 to 2024. As a federal agency of Mexico, it was responsible for setting government policies on research and technological development, establishing public research centers, and funding scientific laboratories, research projects and postgraduate studies. In 2025, President Claudia Sheinbaum promoted the agency to the level of secretariat (i.e. ministry or department): the Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación. == Programs == CONAHCYT granted scholarships for graduate studies (masters and doctoral) in Mexico for programs that have been recognized by CONAHCYT in the Registry of Quality Graduate Programs (abbreviated PNPC in Spanish). CONAHCYT also granted scholarships for Mexican nationals to pursue graduate studies in foreign countries. CONAHCYT also provided funding for postdoctoral positions and sabbatical leaves. CONAHCYT also administered the National System of Researchers (abbreviated as SNI, in Spanish), a national network promoting high quality scientific research. Membership to the system and the level assigned (candidate, I, II, III, emeritus) dependents on scientific productivity and is evaluated by peer committees. Members of SNI, both Mexican and foreign, receive


id: crs4-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4-0.md
category: reference
title: CRS4
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS4
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:22.962472+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: crs4-20260505-0
summary:
CRS4, also known as Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (Italian: Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna), is an interdisciplinary research center, founded by the Sardinia Autonomous Region on November 30, 1990. Since 2003, the center is located in the Technology Park of Sardinia, in the Comune of Pula. Several companies and research groups have chosen to establish their activities on this campus, giving rise to a thriving R&D community. CRS4 is a private research center, but its shareholder is a regional agency: Sardegna Ricerche. The center, initially headed by the Nobel Prize in Physics Carlo Rubbia (1990 to 1999), has had the following Presidents: Nicola Cabibbo (2000 to 2003), Carlo Rubbia (2003 to 2006), Paolo Zanella (2006 to 2014), Luigi Filippini (2014 to 2017), Annalisa Bonfiglio (2017 to 2020). Giacomo Cao, Sole Administrator (2020). A young graduate student, Antonio Ticca, during his stage at CRS4 made the first Italian Website (www.crs4.it) in August 1993 (this is the real date, not the one cited in the press article), and with Francesco Ruggiero collaborated to the creation of the first European web newspaper in 1994 (L'Unione Sarda) and to one of the first and largest


id: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Dieter Schwarz Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:24.147115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Dieter Schwarz Stiftung is a non-profit limited liability company (gemeinnützige GmbH) that is financed, through Schwarz Beteiligungs GmbH, from distributions of the two companies Lidl Stiftung and Kaufland Stiftung (both part of the Schwarz Group). The registered office of the companies of the Schwarz Group is in Neckarsulm. The main focus of the Dieter Schwarz Stiftung's activities is in neighboring Heilbronn. The management of the gGmbH consists of the former President of the Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Reinhold R. Geilsdörfer (chairman), Gunther Friedl and Bärbel G. Renner. Chairman of the shareholders’ meeting is the former Rector of the University of Mannheim and former Minister of Science of Baden-Württemberg Peter Frankenberg. == History == In November 1999, Dieter Schwarz founded the foundation named after him, among other things to promote education, science, research and entrepreneurship. On 1 July 2002, the “Akademie für Information und Management Heilbronn-Franken” (aim) was established from the IHK continuing education center under managing director Harald Augenstein, based in Ferdinand-Braun-Straße in Heilbronn. Its goals were to improve young people's ability to train and study and to facilitate and support parents re-entering the workforce after a family phase. From the outset, aim has been supported by the Dieter


id: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Dieter Schwarz Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schwarz_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:24.147115+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: dieter-schwarz-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
=== Former === Dieter Schwarz Endowed Chair for General Business Administration, E-Business and E-Government – University of Mannheim Endowed Visiting Professorship Dieter Schwarz Foundation Visiting professor of International Retail Management – University of Mannheim Endowed Professorship for Distribution Logistics and Merchandise Management – Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Mosbach Endowed Professorship for Retail and Leadership – Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Mosbach Endowed Chair for Design Engineering – Heilbronn University Endowed Professorship for International Trade and E-Commerce – Reutlingen University Chair of Business Informatics of E-Business – Leipzig Graduate School of Management Chair of Business Ethics – Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg International University in Germany, Bruchsal (university closed due to insolvency) German Graduate School of Management and Law == Criticism == The foundation's engagement in higher education has also been viewed critically with regard to possible influence on higher education policy in the state of Baden-Württemberg. The planned establishment of a branch campus of the Bavarian TU Munich in Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, was also the subject of political discussions in the Baden-Württemberg state parliament. The managing director Reinhold Geilsdörfer has also been controversial: while serving as acting president of DHBW, he was already active for the organization. In connection with the establishment of


id: fondazione-sigma-tau-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau-0.md
category: reference
title: Fondazione Sigma-Tau
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Sigma-Tau
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:25.307384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fondazione-sigma-tau-20260505-0
summary:
Fondazione Sigma-Tau is an institution that aims to promote and share scientific knowledge and interdisciplinary dialogue between branches of learning. It was created as a charitable organization and is recognized by law with Presidential Decree No. 648 of 4 August 1986. Chaired by Silvia Cavazza, Sigma-Tau acts as a national and international point of reference for research development and cultural debate. The foundation also promotes the since the progress of science by introducing the concepts of globality and complexity of the human science. Fondazione Sigma-Tau fosters outreach and development activities, such as seminars, conferences, lectures, round tables and events, in collaboration with universities, research institutes, and the world of culture and science. == Projects == Since 1989, Fondazione Sigma-Tau has launched important projects and many conferences and meetings from which a vast number of publications have arisen, such as the volumes published by Bari based Editore Laterza, from the Lezioni Italiane (Italian Lessons) cycle, and the proceedings from SpoletoScienza in particular. Founded in 1989 by Claudio Cavazza, SpoletoScienza is the scientific section of the Festival dei Due Mondi. == References ==


id: foundation-for-polish-science-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Polish Science
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Polish_Science
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:26.462280+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-polish-science-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation For Polish Science (Polish: Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP) is an independent, non-profit organisation which aims to improve research opportunities in Poland, and to provide assistance and support to the scientific community there. It was established in 1990 and registered in 1991. The FNP supports research groups as well as individual scientists by awarding grants, and scholarships, and prizes such as the Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science. The FNP's efforts are widely regarded as crucial in transforming Polish science after 1989. == Programs == The FNP offers scholarships and grants for outstanding researchers in various career stages, regardless of citizenship. These programs include the following: The Prize of the Foundation, also known as The Polish Nobel Prize – the most important scientific prize in Poland, which is awarded in four fields: Life sciences, Chemistry and material science, Mathematics, physics and engineering, as well as humanities and social sciences. Each recipient gets 200,000 zł (about $65,000). The Polish-American Scientific Award – a common undertaking between the Foundation for Polish Science and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Polish-German scientific award Copernicus - offered jointly by FNP and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Mistrz Homing Plus -


id: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:28.506702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS) is a nonprofit scientific research institute in Zurich, Switzerland, established in 1999. IT'IS has links to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich) and the global wireless communications industry (e.g., the Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF) and GSMA), and has received research support from Swiss, European, and U.S. funding agencies. IT'IS participates in working groups of international standards organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA), contributes to the formulation of safety standards for wireless industries, and advises regulatory agencies regarding the biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) energy. Researchers at the IT'IS Foundation use computational life sciences to study applications of EM energy in wireless information technologies and medicine. IT'IS develops tools and methods used by medical-technical industries and manufacturers of wireless devices to assess the absorption of EM fields by living tissue. IT'IS employs 52 people and shares facilities in Zurich with other members of the Zurich43 (Z43) alliance, which includes the commercial R&D units Schmidt & Partner Engineering AG (SPEAG), Zurich MedTech AG (ZMT), and TI Solutions AG. == History ==


id: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society-1.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_on_Information_Technologies_in_Society
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:28.506702+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-research-on-information-technologies-in-society-20260505-0
summary:
=== 2010−2019 === In 2010, the IT'IS Foundation was featured in Technoscope, the "technical magazine for youth and the youthful" of The Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW), an independent organization for the promotion of the engineering sciences. A 2010 IT'IS publication on human exposure to EM fields from energy saving light bulbs was part of a report on the safety of fluorescent bulbs aired by the Canadian investigative newsmagazine television program 16:9 The Bigger Picture. The IT'IS Foundation added a group of child anatomical computational phantoms, called the Virtual Classroom, to the Virtual Family in 2010. The library of computational phantoms was extended by the addition of Glenn (an elderly male model) and Fats (an obese male model) and was renamed the Virtual Population (ViP). The FDA and IT'IS developed a multimodal imaging-based detailed anatomical (MIDA) model of the human head and neck, which includes representations of eyes, ears, and deep brain structures, as well as several muscles, bones and skull layers, arteries and veins, cranial nerves, and salivary glands. The models are freely available for use in non-commercial projects by research groups around the world. IT'IS uses computational physics in precision medicine applications, and was funded in 2010


id: foundation-for-the-study-of-cycles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles-0.md
category: reference
title: Foundation for the Study of Cycles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Cycles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:29.674011+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: foundation-for-the-study-of-cycles-20260505-0
summary:
The Foundation for the Study of Cycles (FSC) is an international nonprofit organization that fosters, promotes, and conducts scientific research in respect to rhythmic and periodic fluctuations in any branch of science. It was incorporated on January 10, 1941 by Edward R. Dewey. It is currently under the directorship of Dr. Richard Smith. FSC published the Cycles Magazine from 1950 until 1997. In 2020, FSC relaunched the magazine as a quarterly publication. All FSC members are provided access to Cycles App, which according to the foundation, is "a tool that can decode cycles and apply cyclic analysis to detect dominant cycles in any dataset." The FSC has been backed over the years by notable investors, like W. Clement Stone, Fidelity Investments, Coleman Co., and Paul Tudor Jones. == See also == == Footnotes == == References == Huntington, Ellsworth (1943). "The Foundation for the Study of Cycles". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 36 (2): 335–336. doi:10.1093/aesa/36.2.335. Sollberger, Arne (1978). "In memoriam Edward Russell Dewey (1895–1978)". Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research. 9 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1080/09291017809359618 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Tromp, Solco W. (1978). "In memoriam Professor Edward R. Dewey 1895–1978". International Journal of Biometeorology. 22 (3): 161–162.


id: fyssen-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Fyssen Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:30.866355+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: fyssen-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Fyssen Foundation (French: Fondation Fyssen) is a French charitable organization that was established in 1979 by Héraclios Fyssen, a wealthy industrialist who endowed his whole fortune to it. The aim of the foundation is to stimulate research into the processes underlying and leading to cognition, including work in such disciplines as ethology, paleontology, archaeology, anthropology, psychology, logic, and neuroscience. To this end, the foundation offers postdoctoral stipends to French scientists wanting to do research abroad and foreign scientists wishing to work in a French laboratory. Reports on this research are published in the foundation's journal, the Annales de la Fondation Fyssen. It also offers research grants. In addition, the foundation regularly organizes symposia and supports the publication in book form of the proceedings thereof. Finally, the foundation yearly awards an International Scientific Prize of €100,000. The topics of this prize rotate among the different fields of interest to the foundation. As of 2023, the foundation has supported over 1300 scientists with either a stipend or a research grant, awarded 43 International Scientific Prizes, and supported the publication of 45 books. == List of International Scientific Prize awardees == The following persons have received the International Scientific Prize: == References


id: hasselblad-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Hasselblad Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:32.130440+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: hasselblad-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Hasselblad Foundation was established in 1979 at the will of Victor Hasselblad, as a fully independent, not-for-profit foundation based at Götaplatsen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The main aim of the foundation is to promote research and academic teaching in the natural sciences and photography. == History == After the death of Victor Hasselblad in August 1978 it was announced by the Swedish government that he had bequeathed part of his fortune "to establish awards similar to Nobel Prizes," with the Erna and Victor Hasselblad Foundation "awarding prizes of around three million Swedish crowns ($700,000) once a year, or twice this sum every two years, to scientists in the natural sciences." At the time the sum corresponded to the annual Nobel prize awards for science and literature. The first grant, 500,000 Swedish Kronor in that instance, went to Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology's Department of Photography, then the country's only scientific research and teaching institution in the field of photography. === Erna and Victor Hasselblad Photography Center === In accord with its origin in the manufacture of innovative cameras, the Foundation also conducts its own research into photography at its Hasselblad Center, which opened in 1989, with Rune Hassner as the


id: institute-for-structural-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute for Structural Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Structural_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:33.584810+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-for-structural-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute for Structural Research (Instytut Badań Strukturalnych or IBS) is an independent scientific foundation based in Warsaw, established in 2006. The main aim of this organization is to organize and support the research increasing innovation and competitiveness of economy. The foundation inspires and carries out scientific works in the fields of: Economics Mathematics Informatics and quantitative methods Social Sciences == Management of the Institute for Structural Research (IBS) == Piotr Lewandowski – President of the Board Iga Magda – Vice President of the Board Julian Zawistowski – Chairman of the Council Paweł Kowal – Member of the Council == References == == External links == Official website


id: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Iran National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) (Persian: صندوق حمایت از پژوهشگران کشور) is an Iranian government agency that supports fundamental research and education in the fields of science, engineering, and medical science. The current director of INSF is Eaman Eftekhari (as 2019). The first director was Mohammad Farhadi, who served from 2002 to Feb 2011, followed by Nosratoallh Zargham. == Introduction == The fast development in science and technology and role of a knowledge-based economy in global changes caused some to predict that the chief rulers of the world in the future would be nations and governments which have had the greatest contribution in planning, supporting, and financing science, technology and research. As a result of the request of a group of scholars and thinkers of the university and Hozeh (religious academies) on Oct. 7th, 2003, the Supreme Leader of Iran ordered the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution to prepare the grounds for backing production of scientific software, and also to institutionalize scientific space in the country. The Council of Scientific Researches of Iran ratified the charter of the INSF on its 522nd session, 18 Feb 2003, in order to fulfill the 4th paragraph of the 3rd article of


id: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: Iran National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
arranging opportunities for the appreciation and reverence of selected researchers in accordance with other institutes responsible in this field, having active connection with relevant organizations to improve researchers' position in the society, using legal devices and strategies for propagating the culture and spirit of research entrepreneurship. === Intellectual Property === Intellectual property of the plans supported by the foundation, and their resulting achievements and reports will be defined according to the foundation's supports and the type and subject of plans. In return for financial and spiritual supports, the foundation can hold a portion or the whole intellectual property of the plan's achievements. In this regard, the foundation's general principles are: contact with internal or foreign authentic and legal centers in order to cover service needs for patenting of inventions and their intellectual property, researchers share probable material profits of their idea, as far as possible, there must be a system for patenting the ideas of those researchers who present their innovative plans to the foundation as well as for protection of their rights, if ever execution of the plans needs cooperation of several researchers, a necessary network must be established among them, preserving each one's rights. === Supportive Priorities of


id: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation-2.md
category: reference
title: Iran National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:34.730676+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: iran-national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
One of the duties for the scientific committee of the foundation is to prepare strategies to facilitate patenting the inventions and discoveries relevant to those plans which have passed their research and executive stages under support of the foundation, inside and outside the country. Since 2007 until 2018, 1075 Iranians have applied through INSF to file a patent application in USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office). Of this number of applications, 327 cases (30.4%) were approved, 240 were filed and 67 were patented and 139 inventions were obtained. See also: Intellectual property in Iran D) Supplying the research equipment needed for the research === Non-financial supports === These supports include the following: A) Introducing the researcher to research and service centers According to mutual relations between INSF and other research, higher education centers such as universities, and their agreement to use their facilities and equipment, INSF introduces the researchers to the above centers in order to use the mentioned facilities. B) Granting rewards On various occasions, some rewards will be granted to the researchers and those who have presented selected proposals. C) Scientific confirmation of the researchers D) Other administrative supports == Research Chair == In order to implement


id: israel-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Israel Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:35.932801+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: israel-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Israel Science Foundation (ISF) is a nonprofit organization that provides monetary grants for scientific research in Israel. It is the Israeli analogue of scientific funding bodies in other countries such as the US National Science Foundation, the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council or the Iran National Science Foundation. It is administered by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The foundation was created in 1972 as the Branch for Basic Research and assumed its present name in 1991. The foundation is administered by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The foundation's activities span all fields: exact sciences and technology, life sciences and medicine, and humanities and social sciences. From 2002 to 2009, the foundation was headed by Joseph Klafter. The annual budget of the science foundation is 142 million USD. The majority of ISF funding comes from the Government of Israel. The Foundation’s research grants are awarded on a competitive basis, based on indicators of scientific excellence, in various areas, and according to need. The Foundation uses a unique evaluation system to determine grant recipients. Israeli researchers from universities, research institutes, other higher education institutions, and hospitals are eligible to apply for grants.Grants are awarded for


id: microgravity-centre-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre-0.md
category: reference
title: Microgravity Centre
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity_Centre
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:37.193033+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: microgravity-centre-20260505-0
summary:
The Microgravity Centre (Centro de Microgravidade), colloquially known as the "MicroG", at PUCRS university, Porto Alegre, Brazil, was initially created as a laboratory in 1999 by Thais Russomano, as the first academic and research establishment dedicated to Space Life Sciences in Latin America. It evolved into a fully multidisciplinary centre in 2006, expanding its areas of research beyond aerospace medicine and engineering, to include pharmaceuticals, biomechanics and physiotherapy, among others. The MicroG is now an internationally recognised and leading research centre in diverse fields of knowledge, producing numerous relevant studies. Russomano remained as Coordinator of the research centre until July 2017. == Structure == The centre is a multi-disciplinary unit that brings together researchers, professors and students from many different faculties within PUCRS, including medicine, engineering, aeronautical sciences, pharmacy, biosciences, physics, informatics, sports science, odontology, physiotherapy, nursing and nutrition. The centre comprises eight research laboratories: John Ernsting Aerospace Physiology Lab Joan Vernikos Aerospace Pharmacy Lab Aerospace Engineering Lab Aerospace Biomechanics Lab Aerospace Physiotherapy Lab Aviation Research Lab eHealth Lab Imaging Lab == Projects == Each laboratory conceives and develops its own research projects in each field of interest. While most of the studies are coordinated and executed by biomedical researchers,


id: mitsubishi-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Mitsubishi Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:38.330975+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mitsubishi-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Mitsubishi Foundation (財団法人三菱財団; Zaidan Hōjin Mitsubishi Zaidan) is a Japanese organization providing grants for academic research. == History == In 1970, the Mitsubishi Group established the Mitsubishi Foundation to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the founding of the first Mitsubishi company. That foundation donates large sums of money annually to support scientific research and public-interest activities. == External links == Foundation website (in Japanese) Foundation website (in English) == References ==


id: national-research-and-development-agency-chile-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)-0.md
category: reference
title: National Research and Development Agency (Chile)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_and_Development_Agency_(Chile)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:39.498341+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-research-and-development-agency-chile-20260505-0
summary:
The National Research and Development Agency (ANID, Spanish: Agencia National de Investigación y Desarrollo) is a scientific funding agency of the government of Chile, founded on January 1, 2020. It is a part of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation. == CONICYT == CONICYT was founded in 1967 as the Chilean government agency responsible for coordinating, promoting and aiding scientific research in the country. The name is an acronym of Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica meaning "National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research". CONICYT was part of the Ministry of Education. In 2020, it became ANID. == Grant programs == ANID (or formerly as CONICYT) provides grants through several programs: FONDECYT (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development) FONDEF (Fund for the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Development) FONDAP (Financing Fund Research Centres in Priority Areas) National Fund for Research and Development in Health Regional Fund for Scientific and Technological Development Explore program == See also == Science and technology in Chile == References ==


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The United States National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about $9.9 billion (fiscal year 2023), the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing. NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the National Science Board (NSB) do not require U.S. Senate confirmation. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. == History == === Founding === The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-1.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 1940–1949 ==== Amidst growing awareness that US military capability depended on strength in science and engineering, Congress considered several proposals to support research in these fields. Separately, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sponsored creation of organizations to coordinate federal funding of science for war, including the National Defense Research Committee and the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) both from 1941 to 1947. Despite broad agreement over the principle of federal support for science, working out a consensus on how to organize and manage it required five years. The five-year political debate over the creation of a national scientific agency has been a topic for academic study, understood from a variety of perspectives. Themes include disagreements over administrative structure, patents and inclusion of social sciences, a populist-versus-scientist dispute, as well as the roles of political parties, Congress, and President Harry S. Truman. Commonly, this debate is characterized by the conflict between New Deal senator Harley M. Kilgore and OSRD head Vannevar Bush. Narratives about the National Science Foundation prior to the 1970s typically concentrated on Vannevar Bush and his 1945 publication Science—The Endless Frontier. In this report, Vannevar Bush, then head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-2.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 1950–1959 ==== In 1950 Harry S. Truman signed Public Law 507, or 42 U.S.C. 16 creating the National Science Foundation. which provided for a National Science Board of twenty-four part-time members. In 1951 Truman nominated Alan T. Waterman, chief scientist at the Office of Naval Research, to become the first Director. With the Korean War underway, the agency's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months. After moving its administrative offices twice, NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million, far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded. After the 1957 Soviet Union orbited Sputnik 1, the first ever human-made satellite, national self-appraisal questioned American education, scientific, technical and industrial strength and Congress increased the NSF appropriation for 1958 to $40 million. In 1958 the NSF selected Kitt Peak, near Tucson, Arizona, as the site of the first national observatory, that would give any astronomer unprecedented access to state-of-the-art telescopes; previously major research telescopes were privately funded, available only to astronomers who taught at the universities that ran them. The idea expanded to encompass the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, the


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-3.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
==== 1990–1999 ==== In 1990 the NSF's appropriation passed $2 billion for the first time. NSF funded the development of several curricula based on the NCTM standards, devised by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. These standards were widely adopted by school districts during the subsequent decade. However, in what newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal called the "math wars", organizations such as Mathematically Correct complained that some elementary texts based on the standards, including Mathland, had almost entirely abandoned any instruction of traditional arithmetic in favor of cutting, coloring, pasting, and writing. During that debate, NSF was both lauded and criticized for favoring the standards. In 1991 the NSFNET acceptable use policy was altered to allow commercial traffic. By 1995, with private, commercial market thriving, NSF decommissioned the NSFNET, allowing for public use of the Internet. In 1993 students and staff at the NSF-supported National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, developed Mosaic, the first freely available browser to allow World Wide Web pages that include both graphics and text. Within 18 months, NCSA Mosaic becomes the Web browser of choice for more than a million users, and sets off an exponential


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-4.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive, limited-term grants in response to specific proposals from the research community and establishing cooperative agreements with research organizations. It does not operate its own laboratories, unlike other federal research agencies, notable examples being NASA and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NSF uses four main mechanisms to communicate funding opportunities and generate proposals: dear colleague letters, program descriptions, program announcements, and program solicitations. The NSF receives over 50,000 such proposals each year, and funds about 10,000 of them. Those funded are typically projects that are ranked highest in a 'merit review' process, the current version of which was introduced in 1997. Reviews are carried out by ad hoc reviewers and panels of independent scientists, engineers, and educators who are experts in the relevant fields of study, and who are selected by the NSF with particular attention to avoiding conflicts of interest. For example, reviewers cannot work at the NSF itself, nor for the institution that employs the proposing researchers. All proposal evaluations are confidential: the proposing researchers may see them, but they do not see the names of the reviewers. The first merit review criterion is 'intellectual merit',


id: national-science-foundation-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation-5.md
category: reference
title: National Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:40.692603+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: national-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
Brussels for Europe, formerly based in Paris (established 1984; relocated to Brussels in 2015) Tokyo for East Asia, except China (established 1960) Beijing for China (established 2006) All three overseas offices were shut down in October 2018, to reflect the agency's move to a more nimble international posture. Rather than maintain dedicated offices, NSF will dispatch small teams to specific international institutions. Teams may work for up to a week on-site to evaluate research and explore collaborations with the institution. === Crosscutting programs === In addition to the research it funds in specific disciplines, the NSF has launched a number of projects that coordinate the efforts of experts in many disciplines, which often involve collaborations with other U.S. federal agencies. Examples include initiatives in: Nanotechnology The science of learning Digital libraries The ecology of infectious diseases Insect farming === National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics === NSF's National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) gathers data from surveys and partnerships with other agencies to offer official data on the American science and engineering workforce, graduates of advanced U.S. science and engineering programs, and R&D expenditures by U.S. industry. NCSES is one of the principal U.S. statistical agencies. It


id: new-york-stem-cell-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: New York Stem Cell Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stem_Cell_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:41.917439+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: new-york-stem-cell-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The New York Stem Cell Foundation, or NYSCF, is an American non-profit research institute focused on stem cell research, technology development, and funding researchers. Headquartered on the far west side of Manhattan, New York, NYSCF employs 114 scientists, technicians, engineers, and administrative and other staff, in addition to funding early career investigators and postdoctoral fellows. Since its inception, NYSCF has raised and invested more than $400 million for stem cell research. It was acquired by The Jackson Laboratory in October 2026. == Organization == === History === NYSCF was founded in New York City by Susan L. Solomon, a lawyer and entrepreneur, and Mary Elizabeth Bunzel, a former journalist, in 2005 to accelerate stem cell-based approaches to researching and treating type 1 diabetes and in response to the refusal of the administration of President George W. Bush to make a major investment in stem cell research. In 2006, NYSCF opened the NYSCF Research Institute – a 500 square foot, one-room independent laboratory located adjacent to Columbia University – as a safe-haven to conduct somatic cell nuclear transfer research through a collaboration with Columbia University and Harvard University. In 2015, NYSCF signed a 20-year lease to move its headquarters and NYSCF


id: oli-health-magazine-organization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization-0.md
category: reference
title: Oli Health Magazine Organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Health_Magazine_Organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:43.045764+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: oli-health-magazine-organization-20260505-0
summary:
Oli Health Magazine Organization (OHMO) is a non-profit scientific research organization founded in 2018. The organization focuses on promoting health education and supporting early-career researchers through training, research initiatives, and international collaboration. OHMO operates across multiple regions, including Africa, Europe, and Asia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, OHMO worked with students from Harvard Medical School to translate and disseminate public health information on COVID-19 in 26 languages. == History == OHMO was founded in 2018 by Olivier Uwishema while he was a medical student in Turkey. OHMO was formed as a non-profit organization with the aim of engaging young people in professional health education and scientific research worldwide. According to Forbes, he established the organization using savings from his monthly scholarship stipend, motivated by a lack of research mentorship opportunities for young people in low- and middle-income countries. Early in its development, the initiative faced skepticism from some academics regarding the ability of medical students to contribute to scientific research. == Activities == === COVID-19 === During the COVID-19 crisis, OHMO, in collaboration with Harvard Medical students, translated and distributed vital COVID-19 information in 26 international languages, such as English, Turkish, French, Arabic, Mandarin, Russian and Spanish among others. The collaboration


id: pearcey-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Pearcey Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearcey_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:44.218327+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: pearcey-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Pearcey Foundation is an Australian organisation dedicated to raising the profile of the Australian information technology and telecommunications industry. == History == The Pearcey Foundation was formed in 1998. It is named after Trevor Pearcey (1919–1998), an Australian engineer who led the team that created CSIRAC, Australia's first and one of the world's earliest digital computers. == Pearcy Awards == As part of its work, the Pearcey Foundation presents the Pearcey Awards each year. The Foundation awards the Pearcey Medal to the Australian who has made the most outstanding lifetime contribution to the Australian ICT industry, and each state committee makes an annual award to the ICT professional in that state who has made the most outstanding professional, innovative or business achievement in the field of ICT. Exceptional individuals are inducted into the Pearcey Hall of Fame. === Pearcey Medal === Winners of the Pearcey Medal include: 2023: David and Aidan Tudehope, founders of Macquarie Technology Group 2024: Svetha Venkatesh === Pearcey Hall of Fame === Inductees into the Pearcey Hall of Fame: 2023: David and Aidan Tudehope 2023: Jean Armstrong 2023: Richard White 2024: Svetha Venkatesh 2024: Andrew Dzurak 2024: Jan Kornweibel == References == == External links


id: quantum-communications-hub-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub-0.md
category: reference
title: Quantum Communications Hub
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Communications_Hub
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:45.396604+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quantum-communications-hub-20260505-0
summary:
The Quantum Communications Hub is a quantum technology research hub established as part of the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme. The hub is a consortium of 8 UK universities and 13 industrial partners, which received funding of £24m over a 5-year period. The hub has established techniques for quantum key distribution (QKD), and in particular the chip-scale integration of QKD, as well as developed the UK's first quantum network. == Organisation == The hub is led by the University of York and its academic partners are the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, Heriot-Watt University, the University of Leeds, Royal Holloway, University of London, the University of Sheffield and the University of Strathclyde. The Quantum Communications Hub works with 13 industrial partners including Airbus, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, ID Quantique, the UK National Physical Laboratory, and Toshiba. == Independent Coverage == Independent media have reported on experimental advances in UK quantum communications infrastructure associated with the Quantum Communications Hub, including long-distance demonstrations of quantum-secure data transmission over deployed optical fibre networks. This coverage references research activity led by Richard Penty at the University of Cambridge in the context of UK quantum network development, with further technical details documented


id: skolkovo-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Skolkovo Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:46.601738+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: skolkovo-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Skolkovo Foundation is the principal agency, as a part of VEB.RF group (ex-Vnesheconombank), responsible for the Russian Skolkovo Innovation Center, a scientific and technological center for the development and commercialization of advanced technologies. It is a non-profit organization founded in 2010 and charged by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev with creating a new science and technology development center in the Moscow suburb of Skolkovo. The Skolkovo innovation system comprises the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) established in partnership with MIT, corporate R&D centers, business incubators, private seed and venture funds, and start-up companies, as well as residential space and social infrastructure. It is a city with over 30,000 residents and employees. Skolkovo gave a grant of $780,000 to a company called Workle, which is a service that people can use to start their own Internet-based careers, in 2012. As a result, Workle increased its remote workforce by over 500 percent, according to Yekaterinburg News. The Skolkovo Foundation has offices in the United States, and U.S. allegations have been raised concerning the true intent behind their activities there. In April 2014, FBI Assistant Special Agent Lucia Ziobro wrote an unusual article in The Boston Business Journal which stated that


id: the-spaceguard-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: The Spaceguard Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:47.851377+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: the-spaceguard-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Spaceguard Foundation (SGF) is a private organization based in Frascati, Italy, whose purpose is to study, discover and observe near-Earth objects (NEO) and protect the Earth from the possible threat of their collision. The foundation is non-partisan, non-political and non-profit, and acts as the international organization grouping together the spaceguard organizations in various countries, as well as individual astronomers and organizations interested in the foundation's activities. The foundation was established in Rome in 1996. Since then, it has moved into the ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN) at Frascati. As of 2007, Italian astronomer Andrea Carusi heads the foundation. == The Spaceguard System == The Spaceguard System is a collection of observatories engaging in near-Earth objects (NEO) observations. The Spaceguard Central Node—the website of the foundation—manages the collection and provides the observatories with services which would optimize the international coordination of NEO followups. The individual observatories in the system participate in these services on a volunteer basis. As of 2007, all the observatories in the system are ground-based. == Related organizations == Spaceguard Croatia (Croatia) Spaceguard Foundation e.V. (Germany) Japan Spaceguard Association (Japan) Spaceguard UK (United Kingdom) == See also == B612 Foundation Chelyabinsk meteor Tunguska event == References


id: stiftung-benedictus-gotthelf-teubner-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner-0.md
category: reference
title: Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Benedictus_Gotthelf_Teubner
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:49.074054+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: stiftung-benedictus-gotthelf-teubner-20260505-0
summary:
The Stiftung Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner Leipzig / Dresden / Berlin / Stuttgart, in short: Teubner-Stiftung (English: Teubner Foundation), was founded on 21 February 2003 in the Haus des Buches (English: House of the Book) at Gutenbergplatz, Leipzig. == Purpose == The Teubner foundation aims to keep the memory of the work of the Saxon company founder, publisher, bookseller, book printer, typographer and Leipzig city councilor Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner alive in the public. The purpose of the foundation is to promote science and research in the sense of B.G. Teubner. == Awards == Since 2004, the foundation has been awarding the Benedictus-Gotthelf-Teubner-Förderpreis. The winners so far are: 2004: Albrecht Beutelspacher (Mathematics Gießen) 2005: Leipziger Schülergesellschaft für Mathematik (LSGM) (English: Leipzig Student Society for Mathematics) 2009: Mathematische Schülergesellschaft (MSG) (English: Mathematical Student Society) "Leonhard Euler" at the Humboldt University Berlin 2010: Erlebnisland Mathematik (English: Adventureland Mathematics) (joined project of the Department of Mathematics / TU Dresden with the Technische Sammlungen Dresden) 2011: Adam-Ries-Bund Annaberg-Buchholz 2012: Mathematical journal Die Wurzel in Jena 2015: Urania Berlin e.V. 2018: Gauss-Gesellschaft e.V. Göttingen On the 200th anniversary of the founding date of the company by BG Teubner in Leipzig on 21 February 1811, the Benedictus Gotthelf


id: united-states-israel-binational-science-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_–_Israel_Binational_Science_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:50.381026+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: united-states-israel-binational-science-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) is a grant-awarding institution that promotes collaborative research in a wide range of basic and applied scientific disciplines, established in 1972 by an agreement between the governments of the United States and Israel. Numerous scientists participating in BSF programs have won prestigious awards such as the Nobel, Lasker and Wolf prizes. The Foundation grant recipients include 43 Nobel Prize laureates, 19 winners of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, and 38 recipients of the Wolf Prize. == Funding and structure == The BSF's income is derived from interest on an endowment of $100 million which was established in equal parts by the United States and Israeli governments. The organization is governed by a Board of Governors consisting of five American and five Israeli members, appointed by their respective governments. The BSF's base of operations is in Jerusalem. == Grants == Grants are awarded on a competitive, peer-reviewed basis, a process juried by scientists from the United States, Israel and around the world. To be eligible for consideration, grant requests must be of outstanding scientific quality and demonstrate substantive collaboration between American and Israeli principal investigators. They must be for peaceful purposes and conducted


id: volkswagen-foundation-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation-0.md
category: reference
title: Volkswagen Foundation
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Foundation
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:51.501671+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: volkswagen-foundation-20260505-0
summary:
The Volkswagen Foundation (German: VolkswagenStiftung) is the largest German private nonprofit organization involved in the promotion and support of academic research. It is not affiliated to the present company, the Volkswagen Group. It was established in 1961 as Stiftung Volkswagenwerk with a portion of the confiscated assets of the Volkswagenwerk GmbH. With a capital of 2.9 billion euros, as of 2016 it is the largest German scientific foundation. Since its founding, it has distributed 4.2 billion Euros in grants for over 30,000 projects, and now funds new projects at the rate of 100 million euros per year. == References == == External links == Official website


id: zambia-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md
category: reference
title: Zambia Academy of Sciences
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:52.714914+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: zambia-academy-of-sciences-20260505-0
summary:
The Zambia Academy of Sciences (ZaAS) is a non-profit organisation that provides perspectives on scientific matters and contributes to the nation's scientific education. It includes 42 members and fellows from various scientific disciplines, including academia, public and private sectors. The academy has a draft constitution and is subject to an Act of Parliament. == History == The Zambia Academy of Sciences was established at the National Science and Technology Council offices in 2005. An interim governing council was formed and a draft constitution was prepared. The academy was registered as a Society in the same year and joined the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) in 2006. From January 2016, the academy implemented policy documents for nominating and electing members and fellows. == Membership == As of 2021, ZaAS had 42 members and fellows from fields such as agricultural and animal sciences, biological sciences, chemistry, engineering, food science, medical sciences, mineral sciences, and veterinary science. The membership includes scientists from academia, public and private sectors. The academy conducted its first induction ceremony in September 2017. The academy is in the process of being legislated by an Act of Parliament and aims to provide opinions on scientific matters and contribute to


id: animal-study-registry-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Study_Registry-0.md
category: reference
title: Animal Study Registry
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Study_Registry
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:55.393990+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: animal-study-registry-20260505-0
summary:
Animal Study Registry is an online registry for the preregistration of research studies involving animals. Animal Study Registry was launched in January 2019 and can be used by scientists worldwide. == History == The reproducibility of animal test results in biomedical research has been questioned repeatedly in the past. Discussions about this replication crisis have already reached the public. In clinical research, the call for transparency led to the introduction of clinical trial registries that disclose the experimental design of clinical trials before the study is conducted. In order to increase the transparency and the quality in the field of preclinical and basic research, the establishment of so-called centralized animal study registries was suggested. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), as a scientifically independent research institution, has decided to provide an international freely accessible platform for the pre-registration of studies involving animal experiments. == Goal == The causes for the replication crisis in biomedical research are being intensively discussed within the scientific community. The publication bias was identified as one main reason for the lack of reproducibility of research results. This means, only significant and novel results are published while null results are never revealed, which leads to


id: asia-pacific-network-for-global-change-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_for_Global_Change_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:56.557126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: asia-pacific-network-for-global-change-research-20260505-0
summary:
The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) is an intergovernmental network that promotes policy-oriented research and capacity-building activities related to global change in the region. APN receives financial contribution from the governments of the United States, Japan, Republic of Korea and New Zealand, with in-kind contribution from all it 22 member countries. The APN Secretariat is based in Kobe, Japan, hosted by the Hyogo Prefectural Government. == History == The history of APN dates back to the 1990 White House Conference on Science and Economics Research Related to Global Change, 17–18 April 1990, at which then US President George Bush invited countries of the world to join the United States in creating regional networks for north–south scientific cooperation at the intergovernmental level to deal with global environmental change research. Later in 1992, President Bush and then Prime Minister of Japan Kiichi Miyazawa signed the 1992 US-Japan Global Partnership Agreement, which, among other things, reaffirmed and strengthened Japan-US commitment to global change research. Discussions along these lines ultimately resulted in the establishment of three global change research networks: ENRICH for Europe and Africa, APN for Asia and the Pacific, and IAI for the Americas. APN was formally launched in 1996


id: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-0.md
category: reference
title: Association for Research into Crimes against Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:57.789272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-0
summary:
The Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA) is a non-governmental civil society organisation (CSO) that conducts scholarly research and training in the field of combating cultural property crime. Established in 2009, ARCA was created to address gaps in the international legal framework related to art and antiquities crimes. It was founded by Noah Charney, an art historian, art crime expert, and published author. Internationally recognized for its work in the specialized field of art crime research, ARCA's affiliate researchers are frequently interviewed by the press and invited to provide commentary on criminal incidents impacting the art market. They also offer insights on cases where art crimes intersect with other forms of criminality, such as money laundering, organized crime, and terrorist financing. The Association's work has been recognized by both governmental and non-governmental institutions as a valuable resource for understanding and interpreting art crimes. To support this mission, ARCA maintains collaborative relationships with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations through cooperation agreements with international bodies, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), and the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Observatory of Illicit Traffic. == History and activities ==


id: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art-1.md
category: reference
title: Association for Research into Crimes against Art
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Research_into_Crimes_against_Art
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:57.789272+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: association-for-research-into-crimes-against-art-20260505-0
summary:
=== Sponsorship and outreach === When funding allows, ARCA has sponsored the documentation and exploration of new methodologies, approaches, and interactions focused on art and antiquities crime, as well as efforts toward its mitigation. In 2012, the Association awarded its Writer's Residency to Dr. Laurie Rush, a U.S.-based archaeologist and Cultural Resource Manager at Fort Drum. Dr. Rush advocates for Cultural Property Protection as a force multiplier in stability operations within the military. During her summer residency with ARCA, she was introduced to officers from Italy's Carabinieri art crime police unit, who, in turn, authorized the first English-language book highlighting the work of the Italian military's Carabinieri Command for the Protection of Cultural Property. Since 2010, the Association has hosted its eponymous international art crime conference in Amelia, Italy. This event is designed for academic researchers, provenance researchers, law enforcement officials, museum professionals, legal experts, and public prosecutors who are addressing the ethical and legal complexities of art and antiquities crime and cultural property protection. In 2016, a weekend-long conference forum focused on the concept of Cultural Rights and Value Education. In 2018, the event emphasized art crimes committed during incidents of asymmetrical warfare in the Middle East and featured


id: blitzortung-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung-0.md
category: reference
title: Blitzortung
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzortung
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:30:59.041227+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: blitzortung-20260505-0
summary:
Blitzortung (German for "lightning direction-finding", German pronunciation: [ˈblɪtsˌɔʁtʊŋ]) is an informal, non-commercial group of citizen scientists supported by professional scientists. Active since 2005, station operators manage a worldwide network of ~1800 active VLF radio wave receiver stations in 83 countries. When lightning strikes, it generates electromagnetic waves called whistlers, which the receiver/detector stations use to determine the location of lightning strikes based on time-of-flight detector measurements. The only compensation that station operators receive is free access to the raw data of all stations. The data is processed by various websites using geoinformatics methods and made available on the Internet as a map display. == Targets == The goal of Blitzortung.org is worldwide lightning detection with many inexpensive receiving stations. According to the website, such a station costs a maximum of $355 to build yourself. According to its own presentation, the interest group is "primarily aimed at private individuals with an interest in meteorology and expertise in the field of electrical and computer technology." There is no formal organisation behind it, there are no contracts and no fees or contributions are charged. The work is for personal edification only and is purely a hobby. == Structure of the measuring stations ==


id: emerge85-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85-0.md
category: reference
title: Emerge85
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerge85
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:00.208254+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: emerge85-20260505-0
summary:
Emerge85, originally known as The Johns Hopkins SAIS-Delma Institute Partnership on Geo-Economic Multiplicity, is a research partnership between the Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and the UAE-based Delma Institute. The partnership is co-located in Washington, D.C., and Abu Dhabi. Its stated purpose is to explore change and the rising importance of emerging markets, with emphasis on stories that challenge the economic status quo and reshape the global landscape. Recurring themes include urbanization, increased connectivity, and the global middle class. The partnership derives its name from the 85% of the world's population living in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. == History == emerge85 was founded in April 2016 and launched to the public at an event hosted by Vali Nasr, the dean of SAIS, on October 4, 2016. A year later in October 2017, emerge85 was an official partner at the fourth ALN Annual International Conference in Dubai, which explored economic opportunities between Africa and the Persian Gulf region. It also partnered with The Milken Institute for its 2018 MENA Summit in Abu Dhabi in February 2018, where Al Gergawi moderated a panel discussion on food security in the Middle East,


id: equality-labs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs-0.md
category: reference
title: Equality Labs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Labs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:01.397516+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: equality-labs-20260505-0
summary:
Equality Labs is a South-Asian Ambedkarite organisation co-founded by Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Aruna Sanghapali and Valli Karunakaran in 2015. The organisation focuses on addressing caste discrimination within the South Asian diaspora and has conducted significant research on the issue. They released a groundbreaking report in 2016, presenting the first-ever survey on caste and caste discrimination in the US. Equality Labs has actively advocated for marginalized communities, shedding light on pervasive caste discrimination experienced by Dalits and other marginalized groups, including on college campuses. Additionally, they have conducted research on hate speech and disinformation on platforms like Facebook India, calling for stronger content moderation policies to address targeted hate speech against marginalized communities. == Background == In 2016, Equality Labs conducted the first survey on caste discrimination in the United States, exposing the extent to which the South Asian diaspora in America is affected by this issue. According to the report, a considerable number of Dalits (those who are deemed "untouchable" in the caste system) face prejudice and violence as a result of their caste, both at employment and in K-12 school. In partnership with Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal's office, Equality Labs and its partners arranged the first congressional briefing on caste discrimination


id: eurocris-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS-0.md
category: reference
title: EuroCRIS
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCRIS
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:02.608384+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: eurocris-20260505-0
summary:
euroCRIS is an international not-for-profit association founded in 2002 in order to bring together experts on research information management and research information management systems (CRIS). The euroCRIS Office is located in Nijmegen (Netherlands). euroCRIS maintains the CERIF standard (for Common European Research Information Format) to enable CRIS system interoperability. CERIF is endorsed by the European Commission and is developed and maintained by the CERIF Task Group of euroCRIS. The mission of euroCRIS is to foster cooperation and knowledge-sharing across the worldwide research information community and to promote interoperability of research information through the CERIF standard. Additional areas of activity also include – among others – the uptake of CRIS systems by various stakeholders, research information infrastructures on an institutional, regional, national and international level, best practices in system interoperability and the use and implementation of standards in CRIS such as identifiers, formats, semantics, (controlled) vocabularies, etc. A key instrument for the community-driven information exchange are the international events regularly organised by euroCRIS. These include the biennial CRIS Conferences and the biannual Membership Meetings. The outputs arising from all these events are systematically archived in the euroCRIS open access repository based on a DSpace-CRIS software platform. In 2020 the organization took


id: european-association-for-research-on-learning-and-instruction-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction-0.md
category: reference
title: European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_for_Research_on_Learning_and_Instruction
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:03.912849+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: european-association-for-research-on-learning-and-instruction-20260505-0
summary:
The European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI) was founded at Leuven University (Belgium) in 1985 to support research in the field of learning and instruction. The association's main activities include a Biennial, international Conference, support of research groups such as SIGs, E-CER and EFGs and journal outlets for educational researchers in Europe. This non-profit membership association has about 2,500 members from over 60 countries, both European and beyond. The five best represented countries within EARLI's membership are Germany, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States and Finland. Researchers can join the association through annual membership. On top of their general membership, EARLI supports several Special Interest Groups (SIG). These SIGs allow a smaller group of EARLI members to discuss specific educational themes. The main goal of the SIGs is to improve communication between researchers active in a similar field. Each SIG is governed by two coordinators who are assisted by a Junior Coordinator. Since the foundation of EARLI in 1985, 27 SIGs have been formed, covering a wide range of educational topics. EARLI's sister organisation EAPRIL was formally founded in 2009 to "make practice and research in lifelong learning interact, collaborate and benefit from each other's strength." ==


id: freedom-house-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-0.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
Freedom House is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights. Freedom House was founded in October 1941, with Wendell Willkie and Eleanor Roosevelt serving as its first honorary chairpersons. Most of the organization's funding comes from the U.S. State Department and other government grants. It also receives funds from various semi-public and private foundations, as well as individual contributions. The organization's annual Freedom in the World report assesses each country's degree of political freedoms and civil liberties. Another key annual report, Freedom on the Net, is Freedom House's annual survey and analysis of internet freedom around the world. While often cited by political scientists, journalists, and policymakers, the organization's democracy indices have received criticism. Between the 1970s and 2000s, critics predominately alleged that the organization was biased towards American interests due to government funding; others criticized the organization's reliance on democratic indices created near-exclusively by Raymond Gastil. In 2018, the rankings were criticized by National Review, a conservative magazine, for its perceptions of the NGO being "anti-conservative". == History == Freedom House was incorporated October 31, 1941. Among its founders were Eleanor Roosevelt, Wendell


id: freedom-house-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-1.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
== Organization == Freedom House is a nonprofit organization with approximately 300 staff members worldwide. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., it has field offices in about a dozen countries, including Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Jordan, Mexico, and also countries in Central Asia. Freedom House states that its board of trustees is composed of "business and labor leaders, former senior government officials, scholars, writers, and journalists". All board members are current residents of the United States. Past members of the organization's board of directors include Kenneth Adelman, Farooq Kathwari, Azar Nafisi, Mark Palmer, P. J. O'Rourke and Lawrence Lessig, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Samuel Huntington, Mara Liasson, Otto Reich, Donald Rumsfeld, Whitney North Seymour, Paul Wolfowitz, Steve Forbes and Bayard Rustin. === Funding === According to their 2022 financial statement and independent auditors' report, Freedom House reported $93,705,255 of total revenue: Federal grants – $79,606,961 International public agencies – $1,055,339 ($3,826,812 with donor restrictions) Corporations and foundations – $1,873,651 ($5,849,073 with donor restrictions) Individual contributions – $1,487,190 Net assets released from restrictions – $2,901,964 Freedom House's total expenses in 2022 were $85,530,680. == Reports == === Freedom in the World === Since 1973, Freedom House publishes an annual report, Freedom in the World,


id: freedom-house-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-2.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
=== Academic commentary === According to one study, Freedom House's rankings "overemphasize the more formal aspects of democracy while failing to capture the informal but real power relations and pathways of influence ... and frequently lead to de facto deviations from democracy." States can therefore "look formally liberal-democratic but might be rather illiberal in their actual workings" Academic Wenfang Tang observes that Freedom House reports use criteria developed by Western elites. A study comparing Freedom House rankings with the World Values Survey data measuring respondent's perceptions of freedom in their countries found no statistically significant correlation between the Freedom House measures of freedom and subjective feelings of freedom. According to Tang, Freedom House rankings exaggerate the differences between liberal and non-liberal countries, observing for example that Freedom House scores China near zero, but Chinese survey respondents report a higher level of freedom than do survey respondents in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Tang also observes that Freedom House's rating of China as a near zero for human rights conflicts with the seventh wave (2017-2022) World Values survey data indicating that 72% of Chinese are satisfied with the state of human rights in their country. === Cuban, Sudanese, and Chinese


id: freedom-house-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House-3.md
category: reference
title: Freedom House
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:05.082966+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: freedom-house-20260505-0
summary:
=== Alleged partiality toward Uzbekistan === Craig Murray, the British ambassador to Uzbekistan from 2002 to 2004, wrote that the executive director of Freedom House told him in 2003 that the group decided to back off from its efforts to spotlight human rights abuses in Uzbekistan, because some Republican board members (in Murray's words) "expressed concern that Freedom House was failing to keep in sight the need to promote freedom in the widest sense, by giving full support to U.S. and coalition forces". Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan at the time included the killing of prisoners by "immersion in boiling liquid", and by strapping on a gas mask and blocking the filters, Murray reported. Jennifer Windsor, the executive director of Freedom House in 2003, replied that Murray's "characterization of our conversation is an inexplicable misrepresentation not only of what was said at that meeting, but of Freedom House's record in Uzbekistan ... Freedom House has been a consistent and harsh critic of the human rights situation in Uzbekistan, as clearly demonstrated in press releases and in our annual assessments of that country". === Criticism from American conservatives === In the 2010s, a number of American conservative institutions have accused Freedom


id: galicia-biological-mission-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission-0.md
category: reference
title: Galicia Biological Mission
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_Biological_Mission
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:06.312335+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: galicia-biological-mission-20260505-0
summary:
The Biological Mission of Galicia is a centre of the Higher Council for Scientific Research located in the civil parish of Salcedo in the municipality of Pontevedra in Spain. It is the oldest research institute of the Higher Council for Scientific Research in Galicia and the oldest agricultural research institute in Spain. == History == The Biological Mission of Galicia was created by the Council for the Extension of Scientific Studies and Research in April 1921. Its first headquarters was the Veterinary School of Santiago de Compostela, directed by Cruz Gallástegui. The mission remained in Santiago de Compostela until 1926, when the veterinary school disappeared. In 1927, the Provincial Council of Pontevedra offered a new location to the Biological Mission, which moved in 1928 first to the La Tablada estate in Campolongo and later to the palace that belonged to Archbishop Malvar in Salcedo, the Pazo de Gandarón, where it has remained to this day. From 1930 onwards, the institution's activities focused on the genetic improvement of maize, the variety of chestnut trees resistant to dyeing and the promotion in Spain of the English Large White pig breed. Between 1940 and 1950, the Mission consolidated its first lines of research


id: google-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: Google Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:07.576269+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: google-research-20260505-0
summary:
Google Research (also known as Research at Google) is the research division of Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.. According to its official website, Google Research publishes findings, releases open-source software, and applies research results within Google products and services as well as within the wider scientific community. == Notable contributions == The 2017 landmark paper Attention Is All You Need, which introduced the Transformer architecture, which has subsequently been used to build modern large language models. Advances in neural machine translation powering Google Translate. Time series forecasting. Development of scalable learning systems and infrastructure for large-model training. Flood forecasting. Research into computational discovery via Google Accelerated Science including demonstrating the first below-threshold quantum calculations. == See also == Google AI Google Brain Google DeepMind == References == == External links == Official website Google AI portal


id: guild-of-european-research-intensive-universities-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities-0.md
category: reference
title: Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:08.734808+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: guild-of-european-research-intensive-universities-20260505-0
summary:
The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities (also called The Guild) is a university network founded in 2016. It currently comprises 23 of Europe's research-intensive universities in 17 countries. The Guild released a series of position papers as part of the European Commission's consultation for Horizon 2020, Horizon Europe and the next Framework Programme (FP10). Its current Chair is Anders Hagfeldt, Vice-Chancellor Uppsala University, in Sweden. == Members == Since 2025, the group is made up of the following universities: == See also == List of higher education associations and alliances == References ==


id: institute-of-bioinformatics-bengaluru-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Bioinformatics,_Bengaluru
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:09.927834+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-bioinformatics-bengaluru-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Bioinformatics, often referred to as IOB, is an Indian not-for-profit academic research organization based in Bangalore, India. It is involved in research in the fields of bioinformatics, multi-omics, systems biology and neurological disorders. In 2002, the institute was set up by The Genomics Research Trust and the Johns Hopkins University of Baltimore, Maryland. This organization is recognized as a 'Scientific and Industrial Research Organization' (SIRO) of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India. Renowned Proteomicist Akhilesh Pandey, Professor at Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine of Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, USA is the Founding and current Director of IOB, and eminent Proteomicist Ravi Sirdeshmukh, Founder President of the 'Proteomic Society of India' is the current Associate Director of IOB. == Databases developed by IOB == Human Protein Reference Database (in collaboration with the Pandey Lab, Johns Hopkins University) Human Proteinpedia NetPath India Cancer Research Database Human Proteome Map Plasma Proteome Database Pancreatic Cancer Database Resource of Asian Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases == Funding Agencies == IOB receives grants and fundings from various national and international funding agencies. === National funding agencies === Council of Scientific and Industrial Research University Grants


id: international-society-for-cultural-and-activity-research-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research-0.md
category: reference
title: International Society for Cultural and Activity Research
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Cultural_and_Activity_Research
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:11.110763+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: international-society-for-cultural-and-activity-research-20260505-0
summary:
The International Society for Cultural and Activity Research (ISCAR) was founded in 2002 by the merging of the International Society for Cultural Research and Activity Theory and the Conference for Sociocultural Research. It is focused on sociocultural theory, and its application to practice. == External links == Official Website


id: list-of-r-d-laboratories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories-0.md
category: reference
title: List of R&D laboratories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R&D_laboratories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:12.304480+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-r-d-laboratories-20260505-0
summary:
== Private research laboratories == == University research laboratories == == Public research laboratories == == See also == United States Department of Energy National Laboratories List of United States federal research and development agencies Federally funded research and development centers Apple Advanced Technology Group – discontinued in 1997 Intel Architecture Labs – discontinued in the 2000s NASA facilities Intel Research Lablets Engineering Research Centers Networking and Information Technology Research and Development National Nanotechnology Initiative National Research and Development Agency (Japan) List of research stations in the Arctic List of university artificial intelligence research centers List of software developed at universities Research stations in Antarctica UK Research and Innovation CERN openlab List of robotics companies List of United States college laboratories conducting basic defense research == References ==


id: mandat-international-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International-0.md
category: reference
title: Mandat International
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_International
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:13.524482+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: mandat-international-20260505-0
summary:
Mandat International, also known as the International Cooperation Foundation, is an international non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland with consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the UNDPI, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Mandat International is established as an independent foundation that aims at promoting international cooperation with a focus on research, international law, and sustainable development. It develops its own projects, while ensuring its complete independence from any religious or political influence. It also supports academic freedom. == History == Mandat International was established as an organisation in 1995 and developed diverse projects and conferences in relation with the UN. Since then, it has been actively supporting international cooperation and conferences, and has participated in several international research projects. == Description == Mandat International is a member of the Internet of Things International Forum and supports international conferences such as the IoT Week, Digital Around the World, and the Privacy Symposium. == References == [1] == External links == Official website International Declaration on the Internet of Things for Sustainable Development, approved June 9, 2017


id: midwestern-prevention-project-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project-0.md
category: reference
title: Midwestern Prevention Project
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Prevention_Project
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:14.748703+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: midwestern-prevention-project-20260505-0
summary:
The Midwestern Prevention Project was a research project funded in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, and the Lilly Endowment. It evaluated a community-wide effort at preventing alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among adolescents. The program included school, community/policy, parent, and mass media components. == References ==


id: provincial-research-organization-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization-0.md
category: reference
title: Provincial research organization
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_research_organization
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:16.034559+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: provincial-research-organization-20260505-0
summary:
Provincial research organizations (PROs) are Canadian provincial government initiatives to promote research and development and adoption of technology in their respective provinces. The first PRO in Canada was the Alberta Research Council. Statistics Canada reports on the activities of PROs. PROs focus on applied research and technical services and generally specialize in industry sectors that are native to their provinces. Because they play an important role in growing and sustaining industry, they are considered a key component of provincial economic development strategies. PROs are also consulted by the government for innovation and economic development policy input. PROs are sustained through the combination of provincial grants and fees for services. PROs have been established in Canada as follows: Alberta Research Council (1921) Ontario Research Foundation (1928) British Columbia Research Council (1944) and now the BC Innovation Council Nova Scotia Research Foundation (1946) Saskatchewan Research Council (1947) New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council (1962) Manitoba Research Council (1963) Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec (1969) In 2009, Newfoundland and Labrador formed the Newfoundland and Labrador Research and Development Council. == References == == External links == Alberta Research Council BC Innovation Council Saskatchewan Research Council New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council Centre


id: quatuor-coronati-lodge-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge-0.md
category: reference
title: Quatuor Coronati Lodge
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:17.741755+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: quatuor-coronati-lodge-20260505-0
summary:
Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076 is an UGLE-chartered lodge that meets at Freemasons' Hall, London. Its purpose since its founding in 1886 has been to replace the speculative and romantic histories of Freemasonry with a new standard of evidence-based, academic inquiry. The lodge publishes an annual journal, ARS Quatuor Coronatorum, and has a global membership group, the Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle (QCCC). == Name and symbolism == The name Quatuor Coronati is Latin for the "Four Crowned Ones" and refers to the Four Crowned Martyrs (Santi Quattro Coronati). The legend, which exists in several versions, concerns a group of Christian stonemasons during the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian. When commanded to carve a statue of the pagan god Asclepius, they refused on the grounds that their faith forbade the creation of idols. For this act of defiance, they were martyred. Their story is recorded in the Regius Poem (c. 1390), one of the oldest Masonic documents, and they became the traditional patron saints of stonemasons' guilds in medieval Europe. == History == === The imaginative school === The impetus for the lodge's formation arose from a deep dissatisfaction with the state of Masonic historiography in the 19th century. The prevailing


id: research-council-on-structural-connections-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Council on Structural Connections
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_on_Structural_Connections
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:18.921205+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-council-on-structural-connections-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) is a research organization focused on bolted structural connections. Their technical standard on this subject is cited in the US steel design code. Prior to 1980, the organization was known as the Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints (RCRBSJ). It was formed in 1947 to develop specifications for connections with high-strength bolts. At that time, high-strength structural steel rivets were common in buildings and bridges, but bolts were expected to be safer, quicker, and more economical if technical equivalence could be demonstrated. The council's first Specification identified ASTM A325 bolts as one-to-one replacements for ASTM A141 rivets. == References ==


id: research-data-alliance-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance-0.md
category: reference
title: Research Data Alliance
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance
date_saved: 2026-05-05T10:31:20.105333+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: research-data-alliance-20260505-0
summary:
The Research Data Alliance (RDA) is a global research community-driven organization started in 2013 by the European Commission, the US National Science Foundation and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Australian Department of Innovation. Its mission is to build the social and technical bridges to enable open sharing and re-use of data. The RDA vision is researchers and innovators openly sharing and resuing data across technologies, disciplines, and countries to address the grand challenges of society. In its initial years, the RDA was major recipient of support in the form of grants from its constituent members' governments. Since 2017, the RDA is sustained by its Organisational and Regional members. As of March 2025, the RDA has over 15,000 individual members from over 150 countries. == Structure == The RDA's main vehicle for outputs are 18-month long working groups that generate recommendations aimed at the RDA community. In addition to working groups, interest groups with no fixed lifetime can produce either informal or "supported" outputs which carry some degree of RDA endorsement. == Meetings == The RDA organises two major plenary conferences a year that are often co-located within other international data sharing initiatives such as the 12th RDA


