# kb

id: list-of-muisca-museum-collections-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_museum_collections-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Muisca museum collections
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_museum_collections
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:46.012665+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-muisca-museum-collections-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of museum collections pertaining to the Muisca. Most of the Muisca artefacts are housed in the Gold Museum, Bogotá, the museum with the most golden objects in the world. Other findings are in the Archaeology Museum in Sogamoso and in the Archaeology Museum of Pasca. Few artefacts are on display outside Colombia. Most of the objects outside Colombia are tunjos; small offer pieces part of the Muisca religion. == Muisca museum collections == == See also == List of Muisca research institutes List of Muisca scholars Muisca == References ==


id: list-of-national-treasures-of-japan-archaeological-materials-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(archaeological_materials)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(archaeological_materials)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:48.633608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-national-treasures-of-japan-archaeological-materials-20260505-0
summary:
The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897. The definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. These archaeological materials adhere to the current definition, and have been designated national treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their "especially high historical or artistic value". The list presents 52 materials or sets of materials from ancient to feudal Japan, spanning a period from about 4,500 BC to 1361 AD. The actual number of items is more than 52 because groups of related objects have been combined into single entries. Most of the items have been excavated from tombs, kofun, sutra mounds or other archaeological sites. The materials are housed in museums (34), temples (9), shrines (8) and a university (1) in 27 cities of Japan. The Tokyo National Museum houses the greatest number of archaeological national treasures, with 7 of the 52. The Japanese Paleolithic marks the beginning of human habitation in Japan. It is generally accepted that human settlement did not occur before


id: list-of-national-treasures-of-japan-archaeological-materials-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(archaeological_materials)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(archaeological_materials)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:48.633608+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-national-treasures-of-japan-archaeological-materials-20260505-0
summary:
== Statistics == All of the 52 National Treasures are presently located in Japan; two were discovered in China and three were found in Japan, but the exact locations of their excavation sites is unknown. The excavation sites of the remaining 46 treasures are contained in the following table. == Usage == The table's columns (except for Details and Image) are sortable by pressing the arrow symbols. Name: name of the national treasure as registered in the Database of National Cultural Properties Details: more information about the object such as size and type of items (if the national treasure comprises more than one item) Date: period and year of the item; column entries sort by year or start year of a period if only a period is known Excavation site: "site-name town-name prefecture-name"; column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name site-name" Present location: "temple/museum/shrine-name town-name prefecture-name"; column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name temple/museum/shrine-name" Image: picture of the national treasure or of the excavation site == Treasures == == See also == Nara Research Institute for Cultural Properties Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties Independent Administrative Institution National Museum == Notes == == References == == Bibliography ==


id: list-of-neanderthal-sites-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neanderthal_sites-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Neanderthal sites
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neanderthal_sites
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:49.860406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-neanderthal-sites-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of archeological sites where remains or tools of Neanderthals were found. == Europe == === Belgium === Schmerling Caves, Engis Naulette Scladina Spy-sur-l'Orneau Veldwezelt-Hezerwater === France === Vaucluse, Bau de l'Aubesier Biache-Saint-Vaast Bruniquel Cave Châtelperron Combe Grenal Eguisheim Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure La Chaise La Chapelle-aux-Saints La Ferrassie La Quina Le Moustier Le Regourdou Lussac-les-Châteaux, Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve Moula-Guercy Saint-Césaire === Germany === Ehringsdorf Neanderthal 1, Neander Valley Salzgitter-Lebenstedt === Netherlands === Krijn, Northsea shore === United Kingdom === Bontnewydd, Llanelwy (Wales) Creswell Crags (England) La Cotte de St Brelade (Jersey, Channel Islands) Lynford Quarry (England) Swanscombe Heritage Park (England) === Spain === Abrigo de la Quebrada (Valencian Community) L'Arbreda Atapuerca Mountains Axlor Banyoles (Catalonia) Carihuela (Andalucia) Cova Foradà (Valencian Community) Cova Negra (Valencian Community) Cueva de Bolomor (Valencian Community, Spain) Cueva Negra (Region of Murcia) El Salt (Valencian Community) Roca dels Bous (archaeological site) Sidrón Cave (Asturias) Sima de las Palomas (Region of Murcia) Zafarraya (Granada) Cova del Gegant (Sitges) === Portugal === Furninha cave Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Leiria) Figueira Brava (Arrabida Mountains) === Gibraltar === Neanderthals of Gibraltar === Italy === Monte Circeo Saccopastore Altamura Guattari Cave === Croatia === Krapina Neanderthal site


id: list-of-neolithic-settlements-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_settlements-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Neolithic settlements
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_settlements
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:51.405825+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-neolithic-settlements-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of human Neolithic settlements sorted in chronological order. == See also == Copper Age state societies Neolithic Revolution List of Mesolithic settlements == References ==


id: list-of-paleolithic-sites-in-china-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Paleolithic sites in China
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:52.749553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-paleolithic-sites-in-china-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Paleolithic sites in China. They are sorted in chronological order from dated earliest to latest: == List == == See also == History of China Prehistory of China List of Bronze Age sites in China List of Neolithic cultures of China List of inventions and discoveries of Neolithic China == Notes and references ==


id: list-of-archaeological-periods-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods-0.md
category: reference
title: List of archaeological periods
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:54.018044+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-archaeological-periods-20260505-0
summary:
The names for archaeological periods vary enormously from region to region. This is a list of the main divisions by continent and region. Dating also varies considerably and those given are broad approximations across wide areas. The three-age system has been used in many areas, referring to the prehistorical and historical periods identified by tool manufacture and use, of Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. Since these ages are distinguished by the development of technology, it is natural that the dates to which these refer vary in different parts of the world. In many regions, the term Stone Age is no longer used, as it has been replaced by more specific geological periods. For some regions, there is need for an intermediate Chalcolithic period between the Stone Age and Bronze Age. For cultures where indigenous metal tools were in less widespread use, other classifications, such as the lithic stage, archaic stage and formative stage refer to the development of other types of technology and social organization. Historical periods denotes periods of human development with the advantage of the development of writing. Written records tend to provide more socio-political insight into the dominant nations, and hence allow categorization according to


id: list-of-archaeological-periods-mesoamerica-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Mesoamerica)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Mesoamerica)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:55.895279+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-archaeological-periods-mesoamerica-20260505-0
summary:
The chronology of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica is usually divided into the following eras: == Five Stage Classification == One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases. These are: The Lithic stage The Archaic stage The Formative stage The Classic stage The Post-Classic stage == Tabular list == == See also == Archaeogenetics Archaeology of the Americas History of the Americas Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas List of archaeological periods – parent page List of archaeological periods (North America) List of pre-Columbian cultures Mesoamerican chronology == References == Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-89888-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)


id: list-of-archaeological-periods-north-america-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of archaeological periods (North America)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:57.220127+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-archaeological-periods-north-america-20260505-0
summary:
North American archaeological periods divide the history of pre-Columbian North America into successive named eras or periods, from the earliest known human habitation through to the early Colonial period which followed the European colonization of the Americas. == Stage classification == One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods and cultures was established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book, Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, only three of which applied to North America. The use of these divisions has diminished in most of North America due to the development of local classifications with more elaborate breakdowns of times. 1. The Paleo-Indian stage and/or Lithic stage 2. The Archaic stage 3. The Formative stage – at this point, the North American classifications system differs from the rest of the Americas. For more details on the five major stages, still used in Mesoamerican archaeology, see Mesoamerican chronology and Archaeology of the Americas. == Table of archaeological periods North America == == Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley == == See also == Archaeogenetics Archaeological culture Archaeology of the Americas List of archaeological periods Genetic history


id: list-of-archaeological-periods-levant-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Levant)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of archaeological periods (Levant)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Levant)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:58.489681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-archaeological-periods-levant-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a refined list of Levantive archeological periods, expanded from the basic three-age system with finer subdivisions and extension into the modern historical period (note: "BP" = "Before Present"). The particular dates selected as the boundary between ages, as well as the period names for the historical era, are specific to Levantine archaeology and therefore are most accurate for that context. Beginning and ending dates of prehistoric ages are based on the introduction and prevalence of certain technologies, which varied from culture to culture; similarly, historical eras are named after cultures in the area of influence in which the Levant was included. However, archaeologists studying other regions have sometimes found it useful to use the same or a similar system of eras for their topics of research (particularly for prehistoric eras), and thus this list can be used to represent the archaeological periods of areas more general than the Near East. == See also == History of the ancient Levant List of archaeological excavations by date List of archaeological periods - parent page Time periods in the Palestine region == References == "BAESL Archaeological Period Codes". Stewart Library at Weber State University; adapted from The New Encyclopedia of


id: list-of-pre-columbian-cultures-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures-0.md
category: reference
title: List of pre-Columbian cultures
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:52:59.776586+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-pre-columbian-cultures-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of pre-Columbian cultures. == Cultural characteristics == Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC). Watson Brake is considered the oldest, multiple mound complex in the Americas, as it has been dated to 3500 BC. It and other Middle Archaic sites were built by pre-ceramic, hunter-gatherer societies. They preceded the better known Poverty Point culture and its elaborate complex by nearly 2,000 years. The Mississippi Valley mound-building tradition extended into the Late Archaic period, longer than what later southeastern mound building dependent on sedentary, agricultural societies.(Russo, 1996:285) Some of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th – early 16th centuries), and are known only through archaeological investigations or oral history from nations today. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Olmec, Maya, Mixtec, and Nahua had their own written records. However, most Europeans of


id: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-1-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1-0.md
category: reference
title: List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:01.309116+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-1-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 1 near Qumran. == Description == Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The initial discovery, by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa, took place between November 1946 and February 1947. The shepherds discovered seven scrolls housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the Qumran site and took them back to the camp to show to his family. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process. The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 at Qumran are the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsab), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), and the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen). One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the British Museum. == List of manuscripts == Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea


id: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_2-0.md
category: reference
title: List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_2
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:02.675410+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-2-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 2 near Qumran. The cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts of Dead Sea Scrolls, including fragments of Jubilees and the Wisdom of Sirach written in Hebrew. == Description == Wadi Qumran Cave 2 was discovered in February 1952 and soon the Bedouin people discovered 30 fragments in it. The cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts of Dead Sea Scrolls, including fragments of Jubilees and the Wisdom of Sirach written in Hebrew. == List of manuscripts == Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published. == See also == Biblical manuscripts Septuagint manuscripts List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts == References == == Bibliography == Fitzmyer,


id: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-3-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3-0.md
category: reference
title: List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:04.144411+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-3-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 3 near Qumran. == Description == Wadi Qumran Cave 3 was discovered on 14 March 1952 by the ASOR team. The cave initially yielded fragments of Jubilees and the Copper Scroll. == List of manuscripts == Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published. == See also == Biblical manuscripts Septuagint manuscripts List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts == References == == Bibliography == Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419. == External links == A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls by David Washburn, 2002 Textual Criticism: Recovering


id: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-4-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4-0.md
category: reference
title: List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:05.561729+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-4-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 4 near Qumran. Cave 4 is by far the most productive of all Qumran Caves, producing ninety percent of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot, as well as fragments from a scroll containing Exodus and Genesis written in paleo-hebrew. == Description == Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, Roland de Vaux, and Józef Milik. Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed, they are labeled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of the Qumran Caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran Caves, producing ninety percent of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot, as well


id: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-11-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11-0.md
category: reference
title: List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:06.797625+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-manuscripts-from-qumran-cave-11-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 11 near Qumran. == Description == Wadi Qumran Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded 21 texts of Dead Sea Scrolls, some of which were quite lengthy. The Temple Scroll, so called because more than half of it pertains to the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem, was found in Cave 11, and is by far the longest scroll. It is now 26.7 feet (8.15 m) long. Its original length may have been over 28 feet (8.75 m). The Temple Scroll was regarded by Yigael Yadin as "The Torah According to the Essenes". On the other hand, Hartmut Stegemann, a contemporary and friend of Yadin, believed the scroll was not to be regarded as such, but was a document without exceptional significance. Stegemann notes that it is not mentioned or cited in any known Essene writing. Found also in Cave 11 was the Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll, and an eschatological fragment about the biblical figure Melchizedek (11Q13). Cave 11 also produced a copy of Jubilees. According to former chief editor of the DSS editorial team John Strugnell, there are at least four privately owned scrolls from Cave


id: list-of-roman-hoards-in-great-britain-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_hoards_in_Great_Britain-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Roman hoards in Great Britain
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_hoards_in_Great_Britain
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:08.132405+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-roman-hoards-in-great-britain-20260505-0
summary:
The list of Roman hoards in Britain comprises significant archaeological hoards of coins, jewellery, precious and scrap metal objects and other valuable items discovered in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) that are associated with period of Romano-British culture when Southern Britain was under the control of the Roman Empire, from AD 43 until about 410, as well as the subsequent Sub-Roman period up to the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. It includes both hoards that were buried with the intention of retrieval at a later date (personal hoards, founder's hoards, merchant's hoards, and hoards of loot), and also hoards of votive offerings which were not intended to be recovered at a later date, but excludes grave goods and single items found in isolation. Most Roman hoards are composed largely or entirely of coins, and are relatively common in Britain, with over 1,200 known examples. A smaller number of hoards, such as the Mildenhall Treasure and the Hoxne Hoard, include items of silver or gold tableware such as dishes, bowls, jugs and spoons, or items of silver or gold jewellery. == List of hoards == == See also == List of hoards in Britain List of Bronze Age hoards in Britain


id: list-of-archaeological-and-artistic-sites-of-sardinia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_and_artistic_sites_of_Sardinia-0.md
category: reference
title: List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_and_artistic_sites_of_Sardinia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:09.440038+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-archaeological-and-artistic-sites-of-sardinia-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia, Italy: Acquafredda near Siliqua, castle, 13th century Aiodda near Nurallao-Nuragus, Giants' Tomb Albucciu near Olbia-Arzachena, nuraghe Alghero Anghelu Ruju near Alghero Ozieri, necropolis Antas near Fluminimaggiore, temple Ardara, Romanesque church of Santa Maria del Regno Argentiera carbon mines, ghost villages, industrial architecture Asoru near Muravera, nuraghe Arrubiu Assemini Catalan Gothic church, 16th century, Byzantine oratorio, 10th century Barumini nuragic palace and village (*Su Nuraxi), Catalan church 15th century, Catalan Gothic villa Benetutti church, 15th century, paintings Biristeddi Giants Tomb Bisarcio Romanesque church Bonarcado church 11th century Bonorva nuragic temple, nuragic tombs, Carthaginian fort, medieval village, church 16th century Bonu Ighinu, cave Borore Bosa Brodu Bulzi Burghidu, nuraghe Cabu Abbas Cagliari Cala Domestica Campu Luntanu Carbonia Castelsardo Coddu Vecchiu, Giants Tomb Cornus Dolianova Domu de Orgia Domu s Orku Friarosu Fonte e Mola Funtana Cuverta Genna Maria Genna Salixi Genoni Gergei Gesturi Golgo Gonnostramatza Iglesias Is Concias Is Paras, nuraghe Izzana, nuraghe Kukkuru Nuraxi Laconi Li Muri Losa, nuraghe Lugherras, nuraghe Macomer Madau Mandra Antine Massama Milis Molafa Monte Arci Monte d'Accoddi Monte Sirai A fortified hilltop town founded in the 8th century BC Montessu Montevecchio Moseddu Nora Nugoro Nuxis


id: list-of-stone-circles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stone_circles-0.md
category: reference
title: List of stone circles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stone_circles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:10.776806+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-stone-circles-20260505-0
summary:
This is an incomplete photographic list of stone circles. == Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands == Aubrey Burl's gazetteer lists 1,303 stone circles in Britain, Ireland and Brittany (France). Most of these are found in Scotland, with 508 sites recorded. There are 343 on the island of Ireland; 316 in England; 81 in Wales; 49 in Brittany (France); and 6 in the Channel Isles. === Channel Islands === Aubrey Burl records six sites in the Channel Islands, four on Guernsey and two on Jersey. All six are Cist-in-Circle monuments, which are influenced by chambered tomb design. Their relationship with the stone circle tradition of Britain, Ireland and Brittany is unclear. === England === ==== South East England ==== There are no ancient stone circles in Kent or Sussex. ==== East Midlands ==== ===== Derbyshire ===== ==== Yorkshire and the Humber ==== ==== North East England ==== ==== North West England ==== ===== Cumbria ===== ==== Lancashire ==== ==== West Midlands ==== ==== Shropshire ==== Whetstone Circle, partial circle as stones removed for local building Hoarstone Circle, utilised for local wedding celebrations ==== South West England ==== ===== Cornwall ===== ===== Devon ===== ===== Dorset ===== ===== Somerset ===== =====


id: list-of-tells-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tells-0.md
category: reference
title: List of tells
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tells
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:12.068553+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tells-20260505-0
summary:
In archaeology, a tell, or tel (Hebrew: תֵּלArabic: تَل, tall, 'hill' or 'mound'), is an artificial mound formed from the accumulated refuse or deposits of people living on the same site for hundreds or thousands of years. A classic tell looks like a low, truncated cone with sloping sides and can be up to 30 metres high. Tells are most commonly associated with the archaeology of the ancient Near East, Southeast Europe (Bulgaria and Greece), also reaching Central Asia and West Africa. Within the Near East, they are concentrated in less arid regions, including Upper Mesopotamia, the Southern Levant, Anatolia and Iran. == Azerbaijan == == Bulgaria == == Egypt == == Gaza Strip == == Iran == == Iraq == == Israel == == Jordan == == Lebanon == == Syria == == Turkey == == United Arab Emirates == == West Bank == == See also == Tell (archaeology) List of tells in Lebanon The archaeological hills in Erbil == References ==


id: list-of-earliest-tools-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earliest_tools-0.md
category: reference
title: List of earliest tools
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earliest_tools
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:13.408128+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-earliest-tools-20260505-0
summary:
The following table attempts to list the oldest-known Paleolithic and Paleo-Indian sites where hominin tools have been found. It includes sites where compelling evidence of hominin tool use has been found, even if no actual tools have been found. Stone tools preserve more readily than tools of many other materials. So the oldest tools that we can find in many areas are going to be stone tools. It could be that these tools were once accompanied by, or even preceded by, non-stone tools that we cannot find because they did not preserve. Similarly, hard materials like bone or shell are more likely than softer materials to leave discernible cut marks on bone. Bamboo has been shown to leave cut marks on bone that are harder to see than cut marks by stone. So the earliest evidence of tool use that we are likely to find are often cut marks made on bone by stone or shell tools. Therefore, it should not be assumed that the items on this list represent the earliest uses of tools in each area, but rather the earliest uses of tools that have been found. Because it focuses on only the earliest evidence of tools, and


id: list-of-tumuli-in-serbia-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tumuli_in_Serbia-0.md
category: reference
title: List of tumuli in Serbia
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tumuli_in_Serbia
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:14.556069+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tumuli-in-serbia-20260505-0
summary:
This is a detailed list of tumuli (barrows) in Serbia, ranging from the prehistoric times to the Middle Ages. Mrčajevci, several prehistoric tumuli Bukovac, Illyrian tumuli and necropolis Five prehistoric tumuli in the Morava valley. Serbian tumuli in Ravna Gora. Kinđa == References ==


id: list-of-early-inscriptions-in-vietnam-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_inscriptions_in_Vietnam-0.md
category: reference
title: List of early inscriptions in Vietnam
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_inscriptions_in_Vietnam
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:15.805887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-early-inscriptions-in-vietnam-20260505-0
summary:
The list of early inscriptions in northern Vietnam comprises a list of the corpus of known inscriptions written in Chinese language and Vietnamese language mostly using chữ Hán and few using chữ Nôm from c. 300s to 1230s found in northern Vietnam. == Chinese period (c. 0–900 AD) == == Postclassic – Early Đại Việt period (900–1230) == == Footnotes == === References ===


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-0.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
This glossary of astronomy is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to astronomy and cosmology, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. Astronomy is concerned with the study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth. The field of astronomy features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of sophisticated terminology. == A == A-type main-sequence star In the Harvard spectral classification system, a class of main-sequence star having spectra dominated by Balmer absorption lines of hydrogen. Main-sequence stars of spectral class A are typically blue-white or white in color, measure between 1.4 and 2.1 times the mass of the Sun, and have surface temperatures of 7,600–10,000 kelvin. absolute magnitude A measure of a star's absolute brightness. It is defined as the apparent magnitude the star would show if it were located at a distance of 10 parsecs, or 32.6 light-years. accretion disk A roughly circular mass of diffuse material in orbit around a central object, such as a star or black hole. The material is acquired from a source external to the central object, and friction causes it to spiral inward towards the object. active galactic nucleus (AGN) A compact region in the center


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-1.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
asteroid belt The circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter that is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped small Solar System bodies ranging in size from dust particles to asteroids and minor planets. The asteroid belt is often called the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in other parts of the Solar System. astrobiology Also exobiology. An interdisciplinary field that studies the origins, evolution, distribution, and future of living systems in the universe, encompassing research on organic compounds in space, abiogenesis and extreme-environment adaptation on Earth, the habitability of extrasolar planets, the possible existence of extraterrestrial life, and how humans might be able to detect extraterrestrial biosignatures, among other topics. astrodynamics See orbital mechanics. astrogeology Also planetary geology. A field that studies the geology of solidified bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Investigations are centered around the composition, structure, processes, and history of these objects. astrometric binary A type of binary system where evidence for an unseen orbiting companion is revealed by periodic gravitational perturbation of the visible component. See also spectroscopic binary. astrometry The branch of astronomy that involves


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-2.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
barycenter The common center of mass about which any two or more bodies of a gravitationally bound system orbit. The barycenter is one of the foci of the elliptical orbit of each body participating in the system; its location is strongly influenced by the mass of each body and the distances between them. For example, in a planetary system where the mass of the central star is significantly larger than the mass of an orbiting planet, the barycenter may actually be located within the radius of the star, such that the planet appears to orbit the star itself, though both bodies actually orbit the shared barycenter. baryogenesis The process by which the class of subatomic particles known as baryons were generated in the early Universe, including the means by which baryons outnumber antibaryons. Big Bang The prevailing cosmological model for the origin of the observable universe. It depicts a starting condition of extremely high density and temperature, followed by an ongoing expansion that led to the current conditions. binary star A star system consisting of exactly two stars orbiting around their common barycenter. The term is often used interchangeably with double star, though the latter can also refer to an


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-3.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
comet A relatively small, icy body that displays extended features when it approaches the Sun. The energy from the Sun vaporizes volatiles on a comet's surface, producing a visible coma around the cometary body. Sometimes a comet can produce a long tail radiating away from the Sun. commensurability A property of two objects orbiting the same body whose orbital periods are in a rational proportion. For example, the orbital period of Saturn around the Sun is very nearly 5/2 the orbital period of Jupiter. common proper motion A term used to indicate that two or more stars share the same motion through space, within the margin of observational error. That is, either they have nearly the same proper motion and radial velocity parameters, which may suggest that they are gravitationally bound or share a common origin, or they are known to be gravitationally bound (in which case their proper motions may be rather different but average to be the same over time). compact star Also compact object. Any astronomical body with a very high mass relative to its radius, compared to most ordinary atomic matter. The term typically refers to very high-density objects such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, and


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-4.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
detached object Also distant detached object and extended scattered disc object. A dynamical class of minor planet in the outer reaches of the Solar System whose point of closest approach to the Sun is so distant that the object is only moderately or weakly affected by the gravitational influence of Neptune and the other known planets, such that it appears to be "detached" from the rest of the Solar System. Detached objects are thus distinct from other populations of trans-Neptunian objects, such as cubewanos and scattered disc objects. direct motion See prograde motion. diurnal motion The apparent motion of an astronomical object (e.g. the Sun, a planet, or a distant star) around the two celestial poles in the Earth's night sky over the course of one day. Diurnal motion is caused by Earth's rotation about its own axis, such that every object appears to follow a circular path called the diurnal circle. double star Any pair of stars which appear near each other on the celestial sphere, either because the two stars coincidentally lie along nearly the same line of sight from the Earth, though they are in fact physically distant from each other, or because the two stars are


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-5.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
equinox Either of the two precise times of year when the imaginary plane of the Earth's equator, extended indefinitely in all directions, passes through the center of the Sun (i.e. the two points at which this plane intersects the plane of the ecliptic); or, equivalently, when the Sun's apparent geocentric longitude is either 0 degrees or 180 degrees. The two equinoxes, known as the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox, occur on or near March 20 and September 22 each year. On the day of an equinox, the center of the visible Sun appears to be directly above the equator, and the durations of day and night are approximately equal all over the planet. Compare solstice. escape velocity The minimum speed that must be achieved for a free, non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body, i.e. to achieve an infinite distance from it; more generally, escape velocity is the speed at which the sum of an object's kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy is equal to zero. It is a function of the mass of the body and of the distance between the object and the body's center of mass. An object which has achieved


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-6.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
galactic anticenter The direction in space that is directly opposite the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, as viewed from Earth; considered as a point on the celestial sphere, the Milky Way's anticenter is in the constellation Auriga. Galactic Center The rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy, consisting of a supermassive black hole of 4.100 ± 0.034 million solar masses. It is approximately 8,200 parsecs (27,000 ly) away from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, and Scorpius, where the Milky Way appears brightest. galactic coordinate system galactic corona galactic nucleus Also galactic core or galactic center. The region at the center of a galaxy, usually home to a very dense concentration of stars and gas. It almost always includes a supermassive black hole which, when active, can generate a much higher luminosity in a compact region than its surroundings. This excess luminosity is known as an active galactic nucleus, and the brightest such active galaxies are known as quasars. galactic period Also galactic year or cosmic year. The time a given astronomical object within a galaxy takes to complete one orbit around the galactic center. Estimates of the duration of one revolution of the Solar System


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-7.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
gravitational lens Any very large distribution of mass, such as a galactic cluster, which can bend passing light from a distant source by a noticeable degree. The effect, known as gravitational lensing, can make background objects appear to an observer to take on a ring or arc shape. gravitational-wave astronomy A branch of observational astronomy which analyzes minute distortions in the curvature of spacetime known as gravitational waves to collect observational data about astronomical objects and events such as neutron stars, black holes, supernovae, and the Big Bang. == H == H II region An ionized nebula powered by young, massive O-type stars. Ultraviolet photons from these hot stars ionize gas in the surrounding environment, and the nebular gas shines brightly in spectral lines of hydrogen and other elements. Because O-type stars have relatively short lifetimes (typically a few million years), the presence of an H II region indicates that massive star formation has taken place recently at that location. H II regions are often found in the arms of spiral galaxies and in star-forming irregular galaxies. heliocenter The precise geometric center of the Earth's Sun, i.e. the arithmetic mean position of all points within the approximate spheroid that is


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-8.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
interstellar reddening An effect produced by the incremental absorption and scattering of electromagnetic energy from interstellar matter, known as extinction. This effect causes more distant objects such as stars to appear redder and dimmer than expected. It is not to be confused with the separate phenomenon of redshift. invariable plane Also Laplace's invariable plane or the Laplace plane. The imaginary plane passing through the barycenter of a planetary system and perpendicular to its angular momentum vector, and which may be regarded as the weighted average of all planetary orbital and rotational planes comprising the system. ionosphere irregular galaxy irregular moon A natural satellite following a distant, inclined, and often eccentric and retrograde orbit about its primary. Irregular moons are thought to be captured from other orbits, as opposed to regular moons, which are thought to form in situ. isochrone A curve on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram that represents the evolutionary positions of stars having the same age but differing masses. This is in contrast to an evolutionary track, which is a plot of stars having the same mass but differing ages. In fact, multiple evolutionary tracks can be used to build isochrones by putting curves through equal-age points along the tracks.


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-9.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
luminosity The total amount of energy emitted per unit time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical object. In SI units, luminosity is measured in joules per second or watts, and is often given in terms of astronomical magnitude. Luminosity is related to but distinct from visual brightness. lunar Of or relating to the Earth's Moon. lunar phase Also Moon phase. The shape of the portion of the Moon that is illuminated by direct sunlight as viewed from Earth. This shape is referred to as a phase because it gradually changes in a regular cycle over the course of a synodic month: as the orbital positions of the Moon around Earth and Earth around the Sun change, the visibility of the side of the Moon that constantly faces Earth alternates between completely illuminated (known as a full moon) and completely darkened by the Moon's own shadow (known as a new moon). There are also intermediate phases, during which the visible side may be only partially sunlit, e.g. when the Moon appears as a crescent. During the part of the lunar cycle in which the illuminated portion is growing larger, the Moon is said to be waxing; when the illuminated portion


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-10.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
micrometeorite A very small meteorite that has survived its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon, usually ranging in size from 50 μm to 2 mm. Micrometeorites are a major component of cosmic dust. micrometeoroid A very small meteoroid, usually weighing less than one gram. If it survives to reach a planetary surface, it is then termed a micrometeorite. microvariable A stellar object such as a variable star that undergoes very small variations in luminosity, in which the amplitude of the fluctuations amounts to just a few thousandths of a magnitude. Detecting microvariability typically requires a sufficient number of observations to rule out random error as a source. Milky Way 1. The barred spiral galaxy that includes the Earth's Solar System. The name describes the galaxy's appearance from the Earth: a hazy band of light visible in the night sky, formed from billions of stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The Milky Way Galaxy has a diameter of 100,000–200,000 light-years and is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and at least that number of planets. The Solar System is located on the inner edge of one of the Milky Way's


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-11.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
neutrino A type of elementary particle, electrically neutral and with an extremely small rest mass, that interacts with other particles only via the weak interaction and the gravitational interaction. Neutrinos therefore typically pass through normal matter unimpeded and undetected. neutron star A type of compact star that is composed almost entirely of neutrons, which are a type of subatomic particle with no electrical charge. Typically, neutron stars have a mass between about 1.35 and 2.0 times the mass of the Sun, but with a radius of only 12 km (7.5 mi), making them among the densest known objects in the universe. New General Catalogue (NGC) night sky The appearance of the Earth's sky at nighttime, when the Sun is below the horizon, and more specifically when clear weather and low levels of ambient light permit visibility of celestial objects such as stars, planets, and the Moon. The night sky remains a fundamental setting for both amateur and professional observational astronomy. non-inclined orbit Any orbit that is coplanar with a specified plane of reference, such that the orbital inclination is 0 degrees for prograde orbits and 180 degrees for retrograde ones. nova nuclear star cluster (NSC) A compact and dense concentration


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-12.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
orbital inclination The tilt of an object's orbit around an astronomical body, expressed as the angle between the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object and a specified plane of reference. orbital mechanics orbital node One of two points at which the plane of an orbit intersects a specified plane of reference to which it is inclined; in some contexts, the two nodes may be distinguished as the ascending node and the descending node. A non-inclined orbit, which is coplanar with the reference plane, has no nodes. orbital period Also revolution period. The time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object. For objects in the Solar System, the orbital period is often referred to as the sidereal period. orbital plane The imaginary geometric plane defined by the orbit of an astronomical body around its primary. The Earth's orbital plane, which defines the ecliptic, is commonly used as a plane of reference for the orbits of other objects in the Solar System. orbital resonance The situation that occurs when two or more orbiting bodies exert regular, periodic gravitational influences on each other such that one or more of their orbital parameters (e.g. eccentricity,


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-13.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
plane of the sky An imaginary plane that is perpendicular to the line of sight. Typically this is used as a reference plane for determining the inclination of an orbital plane of a distant star system. planemo See planetary-mass object. planet A type of astronomical body orbiting the Sun, which is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity (but not massive enough to achieve thermonuclear fusion) and has cleared its neighbouring region of all planetesimals. The term exoplanet is used in reference to a planet-like object that is not orbiting the Sun. planetary Of or relating to a planet or planets. planetary body Also planetary object. Any secondary body that is geologically differentiated or in hydrostatic equilibrium and therefore has a planet-like geology, such as a planet, dwarf planet, or other planetary-mass object, but excluding smaller objects such as planetesimals. planetary differentiation The process of separating out different constituents of a planetary body, causing it to develop compositionally distinct layers (such as a metallic core). planetary nebula A type of emission nebula formed from a glowing shell of expanding plasma that has been ejected from a red giant star late in its life. The name derives from their


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-14.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
radial velocity The velocity of an object along the line of sight to the observer, which in astronomy is usually determined via Doppler spectroscopy. Positive values are used to indicate a receding object. An object such as a star can undergo changes in its radial velocity because of the gravitational perturbation of another body, or because of radial pulsations of its surface. The latter, for example, occurs with a Beta Cephei variable star. radio astronomy The subfield of astronomy that studies astronomical objects at radio frequencies, using large radio antennas known as radio telescopes. radio source Any astronomical object that emits strong radio waves into space. These objects are the basis for radio astronomy. red-giant branch A conspicuous trail of enlarged red stars found on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for a typical globular cluster. It begins at the main-sequence turnoff point and extends toward the higher luminosity and lower temperature range until reaching the red-giant tip. This branch consists of older stars that have evolved away from the main sequence but have not yet initiated helium fusion in their core region. redshift An increase in the wavelength, and a corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation. reference


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-15.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
semi-diameter The angle at the position of an observer subtended by the equatorial radius of the Sun, the Moon, or a planet. semi-major axis Also major semi-axis. One half of the longest diameter (the major axis) of an ellipse. It is expressed in units of length and often used to give a physical dimension to a two-body elliptical Kepler orbit, such as for a binary star system or star–planet system. When the distance between the orbiting bodies is unknown, the semi-major axis may be given as an angle. September equinox Also southward equinox. The precise time of year on Earth when the Sun appears to cross the celestial equator, while generally trending southward at each zenith passage. It represents the moment at which the North Pole of the Earth begins to tilt away from the Sun, and typically occurs on or near September 22 each year. It is the autumnal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and the vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. Contrast March equinox. sidereal day The rotation period of an object (e.g. the Earth) with respect to the distant fixed stars of its own celestial sphere (rather than to its primary star, e.g. the Sun), measured as


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-16.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
solar radius (R☉) A standard unit of distance equal to the radius of the Earth's Sun (typically measured from the Sun's center to the layer in the photosphere at which the optical depth equals 2/3), or approximately 695,700 kilometres (432,300 mi). It is commonly used to express the radii of other stars and astronomical objects relative to the Sun. solar storm See geomagnetic storm. solar spicule A dynamic jet of plasma in the Sun's chromosphere, about 300 km in diameter. Solar System The gravitationally bound planetary system of the Earth's Sun and all of the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly, including the eight true planets, five dwarf planets, and numerous small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, comets, and natural satellites. solar time The calculation of the passage of time based on the diurnal motion of the Sun in the Earth's sky. The fundamental unit of solar time is the solar day, i.e. the time interval between two successive returns of the Sun to the local meridian, as viewed from a given location on the Earth's surface. Because the duration of this interval changes during the Earth's orbit around the Sun, apparent solar time is distinguished from


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-17.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
stellar envelope 1. The region within the volume of a star that transports energy from the stellar core to the stellar atmosphere; or another name for the stellar atmosphere itself. 2. The common envelope of gases encompassing a binary star system. stellar evolution stellar evolution model Also simply stellar model. An astrophysical model of a star's stellar evolution over time based upon its mass and chemical composition. stellar magnetic field A magnetic field generated by the convective motion of plasma inside a star, responsible for phenomena such as starspots and coronal loops. Even when a dynamo no longer exists, a fossil magnetic field may persist from an earlier epoch of stellar evolution. stellar parallax stellar remnant submillimetre astronomy The subfield of astronomy that studies astronomical objects detectable at submillimetre wavelengths (i.e. terahertz radiation). subsatellite Any natural or artificial satellite that orbits another natural satellite, i.e. "a moon of a moon". substellar object Also substar. An astronomical object whose mass is smaller than the smallest mass at which the fusion of hydrogen nuclei can be sustained (equivalent to approximately 0.08 solar masses), including brown dwarfs and some stellar remnants, as well as certain planetary-mass objects. Sun The star occupying the center


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-18.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
theoretical astronomy A branch of astronomy that uses analytical and computational models based on principles from physics and chemistry to describe, explain, and model the properties of astronomical objects and phenomena, with the ultimate goal of accurately predicting the observable or testable consequences of those models. thick disk population One of the structural components of about 2⁄3 of all disk galaxies, including the Milky Way. thin disk population The layer of the Milky Way galaxy where the spiral arms are found and where most of the star formation takes place. It is about 300–400 parsecs (980–1,300 light-years) deep and centered on the galactic plane. Stars belonging to this population generally follow orbits that lie close to this plane. This is in contrast to members of the thick disk population and halo stars. tidal braking Also tidal acceleration. The transfer of momentum between an astronomical body and an orbiting satellite as the result of tidal forces. This can cause changes in the rotation periods for both bodies as well as modification of their mutual orbit. A satellite in a prograde orbit will gradually recede from its primary while slowing the rotation rate of both bodies. tidal force Also tide-generating force. The


id: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy-19.md
category: reference
title: Glossary of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:17.709555+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: glossary-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
universe 1. The entirety of space and time and their contents, including galaxies, stars, planets, all other forms of matter and energy, and the physical laws and constants that describe them. When not otherwise qualified, "the universe" usually refers to the entire universe, whose spatial extent is unknown because it is not directly measurable; this is distinguished from the observable universe, whose size it is possible to measure. 2. One of many hypothetical parallel universes which exist as causally disconnected constituent parts of a larger multiverse, which itself comprises all of space and time and their contents. == V == variable star Any star that is observed to vary in brightness. This variation may be periodic, with one or more cycles that last hours, days, months, or even years. Some stars vary in an irregular manner, while others undergo cataclysmic changes in brightness. Other forms of variability are intrinsic changes to the star's radial velocity or its profile of spectral lines. velocity dispersion The statistical dispersion of velocities about the mean velocity for a group of objects, such as stars in a globular cluster or galaxies in a galactic cluster. This value can be used to derive the combined mass


id: outline-of-astronomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:19.119580+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy: Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astronomy also intersects with biology, as astrobiology, studying potential life throughout the universe. == Nature of astronomy == Astronomy can be described as all the following: An academic discipline: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals. A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies it A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods. A branch or field of space science A hobby or part-time pursuit for the satisfaction of personal curiosity or appreciation of beauty, the latter especially including astrophotography. == Branches == Astrobiology – studies the advent and evolution of biological systems in the universe. Astrophysics (outline) – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the


id: outline-of-astronomy-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:19.119580+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
=== Stars and stellar objects === Compact object Fixed stars ==== Stars ==== ==== Variable stars ==== ==== Supernovae ==== ==== Black holes ==== === Constellations === Constellation Constellation family ==== The 88 modern constellations ==== ==== Constellation history ==== ===== The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD ===== ===== The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries ===== ===== Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis ===== === Clusters and nebulae === === Galaxies === Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy Magellanic Clouds Quasar === Cosmology === === Space exploration === See: Outline of space exploration == Organizations == === Public sector space agencies === Space agencies ==== Africa ==== ===== North Africa ===== Algerian Space Agency National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences Egypt Remote Sensing Center Royal Centre for Remote Sensing National Remote Sensing Center ===== Sub-Saharan ===== National Space Research and Development Agency South African National Space Agency ==== North America ==== Agencia Espacial Mexicana Canadian Space Agency NASA United States Department of Defense National Reconnaissance Office United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command United States Space Command United States Space Force ==== South America ==== Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales Brazilian Space


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
This is a compilation of initialisms and acronyms commonly used in astronomy. Most are drawn from professional astronomy, and are used quite frequently in scientific publications. A few are frequently used by the general public or by amateur astronomers. The acronyms listed below were placed into one or more of these categories: Astrophysics terminology – physics-related acronyms Catalog – collections of tabulated scientific data Communications network – any network that functions primarily to communicate with spacecraft rather than performing astronomy Data – astrophysical data not associated with any single catalog or observing program Celestial object – acronyms for natural objects in space and for adjectives applied to objects in space Instrumentation – telescope and other spacecraft equipment, particularly detectors such as imagers and spectrometers Meeting – meetings that are not named after organizations Observing program – astronomical programs, often surveys, performed by one or more individuals; may include the groups that perform surveys Organization – any large private organization, government organization, or company Person – individual people Publication – magazines, scientific journals, and similar astronomy-related publications Software – software excluding catalogued data (which is categorized as "catalog") and scientific images Spacecraft – any spacecraft except space telescopes Telescope – ground-based


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-1.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== A == A&A – (publication) Astronomy & Astrophysics, a European scientific journal A4E – (organization) Astronomers for Planet Earth AAA – (organization) Amateur Astronomers Association of New York AAO – (organization) Australian Astronomical Observatory (prior to 1 July 2010: Anglo-Australian Observatory) AAS – (organization) American Astronomical Society AAT – (telescope) Anglo-Australian Telescope AAVSO – (organization) American Association of Variable Star Observers ABBA – ADC Backend For Bolometer Array ABRIXAS – (observing program) A BRoadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey AC – (catalog) Catalogue Astrographique ACE – (spacecraft) Advanced Composition Explorer ACIS – (instrumentation) Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer, an instrument on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory ACM – (meeting) Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors ACP – (instrumentation) – Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser, an instrument on the Huygens probe ACS – (instrumentation) Advanced Camera for Surveys, an instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope ACT - Atacama Cosmology Telescope, a cosmological millimeter-wave telescope located on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in the north of Chile. ACV – (celestial object) Alpha Canes Venatici, a class of rotating variable stars with strong magnetic fields named after Alpha Canum Venaticorum (Cor Caroli), the archetype for the class ACYG – (celestial object) Alpha CYGni, a class of rotating


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-2.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== B == B – (catalog) Barnard catalog BAA – (organization) British Astronomical Association BAAS – (publication) Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society BAC – (catalog) Bordeaux Astrographic Catalog BAO – (astrophysics terminology) baryon acoustic oscillations BAO – (organization) Beijing Astronomical Observatory BASIS – (observing program) Burst and All Sky Imaging Survey BAT – (instrumentation) Burst Alert Telescope, an instrument on SWIFT BATC – (observing program) Beijing-Arizona-Taiwan-Connecticut, the name of a multi-wavelength sky survey BATSE – (instrument) Burst and Transient Source Experiment, an instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory BATTeRS – (telescope) Bisei Asteroid Tracking Telescope for Rapid Survey BB – (astrophysics terminology) Black body BBXRT – (telescope) Broad Band X-Ray Telescope BCD – (celestial object) Blue compact dwarf BCD – (software) Basic calibrated data, data produced after basic processing BCEP – (celestial object) Beta CEPhei, a class of pulsating variable stars for which Beta Cephei is the archetypal object also BCE BCG – (celestial object) Blue compact galaxy, another name for a blue compact dwarf, also bright central galaxy BCG – (celestial object) Brightest Cluster Galaxy, the brightest galaxy in a cluster of galaxies BCVS – (catalog) Bibliographic Catalogue of Variable Stars BD – (catalog) Bonner Durchmusterung BD –


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-3.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== C == C – First Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources, 2C (Second Cambridge Catalog), 3C (Third Cambridge Catalog)... CADC – (organization) Canadian Astronomy Data Centre CAHA – (organization) Centro Astronómico Hispano Alemán, a German-Spanish Astronomical Centre CANDELS – (survey) Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey or Cosmic Assembly and Dark Energy Legacy Survey CANTAR - (telescope) Colombian Antarctic Telescope for 21-cm Absorption during Reionization CAPS – (instrumentation) Cassini Plasma Spectrometer, an instrument on the Cassini spacecraft CARA – (organization) California Association for Research in Astronomy CANGAROO – Collaboration between Australian and Nippon for a Gamma Ray Observatory CARA – (organization) Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica CASCA – (organization) Canadian Astronomical Society / Société canadienne d'astronomie (the name is officially bilingual) CARMA – an array CASS – (organization) Center for Advanced Space Studies CASS – (organization) Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, an interdisciplinary research unit at UC San Diego CBAT – (organization) Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams CBE – Collisionless Boltzmann Equation CBR – (celestial object) cosmic background radiation CC – (celestial object) candidate companion, a newly detected observed object that initially appears to orbit another celestial object CCD – (instrumentation) Charge-coupled device CCD – (astrophysics terminology)


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-4.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== D == DAO – (organization) Dominion Astrophysical Observatory DCEP – (celestial object) Delta CEPhei, a class of Cepheids named after Delta Cephei, the archetype for the class DDEB – (celestial object) double-lined eclipsing binary DENIS – (observing program/catalog) DEep Near Infrared Survey DENIS-P – (catalog) DEep Near Infrared Survey, Provisory designation [or also known as DNS]. DES – (observing program) Dark Energy Survey DESI - (observing program) Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument DEC – Declination DES – (observing program) Deep Ecliptic Survey DIB – (celestial object) diffuse interstellar band, an absorption feature in stellar spectra with an interstellar origin DIRBE – (instrumentation) Diffuse InfraRed Background Experiment, a multiwavelength infrared detector used to map dust emission DISR – (instrumentation) – Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer, an instrument on the Huygens probe DMR – (instrumentation) Differential Microwave Radiometer, a microwave instrument that would map variations (or anisotropies) in the CMB DM – dark matter, the unidentified non-baryonic matter DN – (celestial object) Dwarf nova DNS – (celestial object) double neutron star, another name for a binary neutron star system. [Caution: Do not confuse with DNS relating to DENIS – Deep Near Infrared Survey]. DOG – (celestial object) dust-obscured galaxy, a galaxy with an unusually


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-5.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== F == FAME – (telescope) Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer FASTT – (telescope) Flagstaff Astrometric Scanning Transit Telescope FBOT - (celestial object) Fast blue optical transient FCC – (catalog) Fornax Cluster Catalog, a catalog of galaxies in the Fornax Cluster FEB – (celestial object) falling-evaporating body, a solid planetary object that is being evaporated by the stellar wind FGS – (instrumentation) fine guidance sensors, an instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope FHST – (instrumentation) Fixed Head Star Trackers, an instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope FIR – (astrophysics terminology) far infrared FIRST – (observing program) Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters, a radio survey of the sky with the Very Large Array FIRST – (telescope) Far InfraRed and Submillimeter Space Telescope, an older name for the Herschel Space Observatory FIRAS – (Instrumentation) Far-InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer FIRE – (simulation project) Feedback in Realistic Environments, a project to simulate galaxy formation with detailed feedback processes included FITS – (software) Flexible Image Transport System, the format commonly used for scientific astronomy images FLAMES – (instrumentation) Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph, instrument on the VLT FLOAT – (telescope) Fibre-Linked Optical Array Telescope FLWO – (telescope) Fred L. Whipple Observatory FMO –


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-6.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== G == G – (catalog) Giclas, a catalog of nearby stars GAIA – (telescope) Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics, a space telescope that is used to make high-precision measurements of stars GALEX – (telescope) Galaxy Evolution Explorer, an ultraviolet space telescope GALEXASC – GALaxy Evolution eXplorer all-sky catalog GASP – (software) Guide star Astrometric Support Package GAT – (catalog) AO (Gatewood+), catalog of G. Gatewood's observations GBM – (instrumentation) Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor, a set of gamma ray detectors on the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope GBT – (telescope) Green Bank Telescope GC – (catalog) General Catalog, a catalog of clusters, nebulae, and galaxies created by John Herschel and now superseded by the New General Catalogue, also globular cluster GCAS – (celestial object) Gamma CASsiopeiae, a class of eruptive variable stars named after Gamma Cassiopeiae, the archetype for the class GCMS – (instrumentation) – Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer, an instrument on the Huygens probe also GC/MS GCN – (organization) GRB Coordinates Network GCR – (astrophysics terminology) galactic cosmic rays GCVS – (catalog) the General Catalog of Variable Stars GD – (catalog) Giclas Dwarf, a catalog of white dwarf GDS – (celestial object) Great Dark Spot, a transient feature in the


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-7.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== H == HAeBe – (celestial object) Herbig AeBe star, a type of pre-main-sequence star with strong spectral emission lines HAe – (celestial object) Herbig Ae star HBe – (celestial object) Herbig Be star HALCA – (telescope) Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy, a satellite that is part of the VLBI Space Observatory Program, a Japanese radio astronomy project HAO – (organization) high-altitude observatory HARPS – (instrumentation) High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, a high-precision spectrograph installed on the ESO 3.6 m Telescope HASI – (instrumentation) Huygens Atmosphere Structure Instrument, an instrument on the Huygens probe HB – (celestial object) horizontal branch, a type of evolved red giant star in which helium is burned in the core and hydrogen is burned in a shell around the core HBRP – (celestial object) High-magnetic field radio pulsar HBV – (catalog) Hamburg–Bergedorf Variables, a catalog of variable stars HBMM – (astrophysics terminology) Hydrogen-burning minimum mass HCG – Hickson Compact Group HCO – (organization) Harvard College Observatory HCS – (celestial object) heliospheric current sheet, the boundary where the polarity of the Sun's magnetic field changes direction HD – (catalog) Henry Draper, a catalog of stars HDE – (catalog) Henry Draper Extension, a catalog


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-8.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== I == IAC – (organization) Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias IAPPP – (organization) International Amateur/Professional Photoelectric Photometry IAS – (organization) Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale IASY – (observing program) International Active Sun Year, the name given to a series of coordinated Sun-related observational programs performed in 1969 and 1971 IAU – (organization) International Astronomical Union IAUC – (publication) IAU Circular IAYC – (meeting) International Astronomical Youth Camp IBAS – (instrumentation) – INTEGRAL Burst Alert System, an instrument on the INTEGRAL satellite IBIS – (instrumentation) – Imager on Board the INTEGRAL Satellite, an instrument on the INTEGRAL satellite IBVS – (publication) Information Bulletin on Variable Stars IC – (catalog) Index Catalog IC – (celestial object) Intracluster, either the regions between stars in star clusters or the region between galaxies in galaxy clusters IC - IceCube Neutrino Observatory a.k.a. IceCube, a neutrino observatory at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica ICE – (spacecraft) International Comet Explorer ICM – (celestial object) intracluster medium, is the superheated gas present at the center of a galaxy cluster ICQ – (publication) International Comet Quarterly ICRF – (astrophysics terminology) International Celestial Reference Frame, a coordinate system based on radio sources used to define the locations of


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-9.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== J == Janskys – (publication) Green Bank Observatory JAC – (publication) Japan Astronomical Circular JAC – (organization) Joint Astronomy Centre, the organization that operates the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope and the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope JAPOA – (organization) Japan Amateur Photoelectric Observers Association JAXA – (organization) Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency JBO – Jodrell Bank Observatory, a radio observatory in England. JCMT – (telescope) James Clerk Maxwell Telescope JD – (astrophysics terminology) Julian Date, an alternative time commonly used in astronomy JET-X – (telescope) Joint European Telescope for X-ray astronomy JGR – (publication) Journal of Geophysical Research JILA – (organization) formerly Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics JIVE – Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe JKT – (telescope) Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope JPL – (organization) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a research center associated with NASA JSGA – (telescope/organization) Japan SpaceGuard Association, a Japanese telescope used to track near-Earth asteroids and space junk JWST – (telescope) James Webb Space Telescope, an infrared space telescope == K == KAIT – (telescope) Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope KAO – (telescope) Kuiper Airborne Observatory KBO – (celestial object) Kuiper belt object KCAO – (organization) Kumamoto Civil Astronomical Observatory KIC – (catalog) Kepler Input Catalog, a catalog of stars


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-10.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== L == L – (astrophysics terminology) Lagrange, Lagrange points L – (catalog) Luyten, a catalog of proper motion measurements of stars LAD-C – (instrumentation) Large Area Debris Collector, a canceled program that was to collect and catalog low orbital dust on the International Space Station LAEFF – (organization) Laboratorio de Astrofisica Espacial y Fisica Fundamental, a Spanish astronomy research organization LAL – (catalog) LALande, a historical catalog of stars LAMOST – (telescope) Large sky Area Multi-Object fiber Spectroscopic Telescope LANL – (organization) Los Alamos National Laboratory LASCO – (instrumentation) Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph, an instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Laser – (instrumentation) light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LAT – (instrumentation) Large Area Telescope, on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope LBN – (catalog) Lynds Bright Nebula, a catalog of bright nebulae LBG - (celestial object) Lyman Break Galaxy, a galaxy identified using the Lyman-break selection technique LBNL – (organization) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LBT – (telescope) Large Binocular Telescope LBV – (celestial object) luminous blue variable, a type of very bright variable star LCDM – (astrophysics terminology) Lambda cold dark matter, any model for structure formation in the universe that includes dark energy also ΛCDM


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-11.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== M == MARVEL – (project) Multi-object Apache Point Observatory Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey, a NASA-funded project to search for exoplanets M – (catalog) Messier M – (celestial object) Mira, a class of long period pulsating variable stars named after Mira, the archetype for the class MAC – (observing program) Multi-instrument Aircraft Campaign, a program to study the cometary dust from the Leonids meteor showers MACHO – (celestial object/observing program/catalog) MAssive Compact Halo Object, an object in the Milky Way's halo thought to comprise part of the galaxy's dark matter; also a survey to detect these sources through gravitational lensing and the catalog of sources detected by the survey MACS – (catalogue) Magellanic Catalogue of Stars MAGIC – (telescope) Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov telescope MALT – Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team – including [1] and MALT45 MAP – (telescope) Microwave-background Anisotropy Probe, an older name for the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe MASER – (astrophysics terminology) microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, microwave emission that is similar to the optical emission from a laser MAVEN – Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN MBA – (celestial object) main belt asteroid MBH – (celestial object) massive black hole MCG – (catalog) Morphological


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-12.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== N == N – (celestial object) nova NACA – (organization) National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics, the older name for NASA NAMN – (organization) North American Meteor Network NAOJ – (organization) National Astronomical Observatory of Japan NAS – (organization) Norsk Astronomisk Selskap, the Norwegian name for the Norwegian Astronomical Society NASA – (organization) National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASDA – (organization) NAtional Space Development Agency NBS – (organization) National Bureau of Standards, an older name for the National Institute of Standards and Technology NCT – (telescope) Nuclear Compton Telescope – a balloon-borne soft gamma-ray (0.2-15 MeV) telescope. NEAP – (spacecraft) Near Earth Asteroid Prospector, a space probe used to study a near-Earth asteroid NEAR – (spacecraft) Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous, a space probe used to study a near-Earth asteroid NEAT – (observing program) Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking NED – (software) NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database NEO – (celestial object) Near-Earth object also NEA – (celestial object) Near-Earth asteroid NEID - (instrumentation) a nested acronym for NN-EXPLORE Exoplanet Investigations with Doppler Spectroscopy, and it gets its name from the Tohono O'odham word meaning "to see" NEMP – (celestial object) nitrogen-enhanced metal-poor star, a type of carbon star with high amounts of nitrogen NEODyS –


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-13.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== P == P60 – (telescope) Palomar 60-inch telescope PA – (astrophysics terminology) Position Angle PACS - (instrumentation) Photodetecting Array Camera and Spectrometer, a Herschel imaging camera and low resolution spectrometer PAH – (astrophysics terminology) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAMELA – (telescope) Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics, a space telescope used to study cosmic rays Pan-STARRS – (telescope) Panoramic Survey Telescope And Rapid Response System PASJ – (publication) Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan PBH — (cosmological object) Primordial black hole PASP – (publication) Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific PCA – (instrumentation) Proportional Counter Array, an X-ray detector on the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer PCAS – (observing program) Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey PDBI – (telescope) Plateau de Bure Interferometer, a radio telescope PDR – a photodissociation region or photon-dominated region (both terms are used synonymously); a region in the neutral ISM in which far-ultraviolet photons dominate the heating and chemistry PDS – is a distributed data system that NASA uses to archive data collected by Solar System missions. PEP – (instrumentation) PhotoElectric Photometry, an observing technique using photometers PEPE – (instrumentation) Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration, an instrument on Deep Space 1 PGC – Principal


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-14.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== R == RAPTOR – Rapid Telescopes for Optical Response project RA – (astrophysics terminology) Right ascension RAFGL – See AFGL. RAMBO – (celestial object) An association of brown dwarfs or white dwarfs form a dark cluster. RAS – (organization) Royal Astronomical Society RASC – (organization) Royal Astronomical Society of Canada RASS – (observing program/catalog) ROSAT All-Sky Survey, used as both a name for a survey with ROSAT and the catalogs produced from the survey RC – (celestial object) Red Clump, a type of metal-rich red giant star also RCG – red clump giant RC – (catalog) Reference Catalogue, a catalog of nearby galaxies RC2 – Reference Catalogue, 2nd edition RC3 – Reference Catalogue, 3rd edition RC – (organization/telescope) Ritchey Chretien, a manufacturer of amateur and professional telescope equipment; also the telescopes themselves RCB – (celestial object) R Coronae Borealis, a class of eruptive variable stars named after R Coronae Borealis, the archetype for the class RDI – (astrophysics terminology) radiation-driven implosion RECONS – (organization) Research Consortium on Nearby Stars, a survey of nearby stars RGB – (celestial object) red-giant branch, a star that is evolving from a main-sequence star into a red giant Can also refer to the ROSAT-Green


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-15.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== S == S82 – Stripe 82 S&T – (publication) Sky & Telescope SAAO – (organization) South African Astronomical Observatory SALT – (telescope) Southern African Large Telescope SAF – (organization) Société astronomique de France (French Astronomical Society) SAM – (astrophysics terminology) Semi-Analytic Modeling, models that draw on numerical and analytical methods to model dark matter evolution in galaxies SAO – (organization/catalog) Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the name of astrophysics research organization associated with Harvard University; also a catalog of stars SARA – (organization) Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers SAS – (software) Science Analysis Software, a software package used for processing data from the XMM-Newton Observatory SAT – (telescope) synthetic aperture telescope SAVAL – (organization) Sociedad Astronómica de Valparaíso y Viña del Mar, Chile. Amateur Astronomy. Founded in 1956. SB – (celestial object) spectroscopic binary SB1 – spectroscopic binary, single-lined spectra SB2 – spectroscopic binary, double-lined spectra SB – (astrophysics terminology) surface brightness SBIG – (organization/instrumentation) Santa Barbara Instrument Group, the name of both a company that manufactures telescope equipment and the company's products SBNC – (organization) Small Bodies Names Committee, an older name for the Committee for Small Body Nomenclature SCP – (observing program) Supernova Cosmology Project, a project to measure


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-16.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
SMA – (telescope) Submillimeter Array SMART – (spacecraft) Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology SMARTS – (organization) Small and Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory SMBH – (celestial object) super massive black hole SMC – (celestial object) Small Magellanic Cloud SME – (spacecraft) Solar Mesosphere Explorer, a spacecraft used to study the Earth's ozone layer SMEX – (spacecraft) SMall EXplorers, the name of a series of small astronomical spacecraft; also the program to develop the spacecraft SMG - (celestial object) submillimeter galaxy SMM – (telescope) Solar Maximum Mission, a solar space telescope SN – (instrumentation) signal-to-noise, the ratio of the signal from an object to the noise from the detector that measured the signal also SNR – Signal-to-nosie ratio SN – (celestial object) supernova also SNe (plural form of SN) SNAP – (telescope) SuperNova Acceleration Probe, proposed space telescope SNR – (celestial object) supernova remnant SNU – (astrophysics terminology) solar neutrino units SOARD – (software) Steward Observatory Asteroid Relational Database SOFIA – (telescope) Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, an infrared telescope currently under construction that will fly inside a modified Boeing 747 aircraft SOHO – (telescope) SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory, a solar space telescope SONEAR


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-17.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== T == T-1 – (observing program) First Jupiter Trojan survey at Mount Palomar, part of the P–L survey T-2 – (observing program) Second Jupiter Trojan survey at Mount Palomar, part of the P–L survey T-3 – (observing program) Third Jupiter Trojan survey at Mount Palomar, part of the P–L survey TABLEAUX – International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods TAC – (organization) Time Allocation Committee or Telescope Allocation Committee, a general name for a committee that awards telescope observing time TAC – (catalog) Twin Astrograph Catalog TAI – (astrophysics terminology) International Atomic Time TAMS – (astrophysics terminology) terminal-age main sequence, stars at the point in their lifetimes where they have finished burning hydrogen in their cores TAROT – (telescope) Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires TASS – (observing program) The Amateur Sky Survey TARDIS – (software) an open-source program used for numerical modelling and analysis of supernovae TAU – (spacecraft) Thousand Astronomical Unit, a spacecraft mission proposed in the 1980s that would reach 1000 AU in 50 years TCB – (astrophysics terminology) Barycentric Coordinate Time TCC – Theory of Cryptography Conference TCG – (astrophysics terminology) Geocentric Coordinate Time TDB – (astrophysics terminology) Barycentric


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-18
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-18.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== V == VBO – (organization) Vainu Bappu Observatory, located in India VBT – (telescope) Vainu Bappu Telescope, located at Vainu Bappu Observatory VCC – (catalog) Virgo Cluster Catalog, a catalog of galaxies in the Virgo Cluster VdS – (organization) Vereinigung der Sternfreunde, the German amateur astronomers society VEEGA – (astrophysics terminology) Venus-Earth-Earth Gravity Assist, the path taken by the Galileo spacecraft to reach Jupiter VeLLO – (celestial object) very-low-luminosity object VERITAS – (telescope) Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System, gamma-ray telescope in Arizona sensitive to GeV/TeV gamma rays VERA – (telescope) VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry, a Japanese radio telescope designed for studying objects in the Milky Way VHE – (astrophysics terminology) Very High Energy, gamma rays with high energies VIMOS – (instrumentation) VIsible Multi-Object Spectrograph, instrument on the VLT VIPERS – VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey an ESO Large Program VISTA – (telescope) Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy VLA – (telescope) Very Large Array, a radio telescope in New Mexico operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory VLBA – (telescope) Very Long Baseline Array, a radio telescope operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory with antennas spread across the United States VLBI – (instrumentation) very


id: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-19
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms-19.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy acronyms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_acronyms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:20.511596+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-acronyms-20260505-0
summary:
== Z == ZAHB – (celestial object) "zero-age" horizontal branch, horizontal branch stars that have just begun burning helium in their cores and hydrogen in a shell around the cores ZAMS – (celestial object) zero age main sequence, a star that has just become a main-sequence star (i.e. a star that has begun burning hydrogen in its core) ZAND – (celestial object) Z ANDromedae, a class of eruptive variable stars named after the binary star system Z Andromedae, the archetype for the class ZANDE – (celestial object) Z ANDromedae with eclipses, a subclass of ZAND stars where the stars eclipse each other ZEPLIN – (instrumentation) ZonEd proportional scintillation in liquid noble gases, a dark matter detector ZHR – (astrophysics terminology) zenith hourly rate, the maximum number of meteors per hour that may be observed during a meteor shower Z-FOURGE – (survey) The FourStar Galaxy Evolution Survey ZOA – Zone of Avoidance == See also == List of common astronomy symbols List of astronomical catalogues Glossary of astronomy Modern constellations == References == AAVSO Type List. Information retrieved on 2006-09-10 – 2006-09-11 Abbreviations and acronyms frequently used in astronomy. Information retrieved on 2006-08-28 – 2006-09-12 The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and


id: list-of-astronomers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:21.744168+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomers-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of astronomers, astrophysicists and other notable people who have made contributions to the field of astronomy. They may have won major prizes or awards, developed or invented widely used techniques or technologies within astronomy, or are directors of major observatories or heads of space-based telescope projects. == Notable astronomers == == Brief alphabetical list == === A === === B === === C === === D === === E === === F === === G === === H === === I === === J === === K === === L === === M === === N === === O === === P === === Q === Adolphe Quetelet (Belgium, 1796–1874) Ali Qushji (Ottoman, 1403–1474) M. Shahid Qureshi (Pakistan) === R === === S === === T === === U === === V === === W === === Y === === Z === == Others who influenced astronomy and astrophysics == The following is a list of people who are not astronomers but made a contribution to the field of astronomy and astrophysics. Hans Bethe (1906–2005), (physicist) Niels Bohr (1885–1962), (physicist) Andreas Cellarius (Netherlands, Germany, 1596–1665), (cartographer) Freeman Dyson (1923–2020), (physicist) Albert Einstein (1879–1955), (physicist) Karl


id: list-of-cosmologists-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmologists-0.md
category: reference
title: List of cosmologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:23.074336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cosmologists-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of people who have made noteworthy contributions to cosmology (the study of the history and large-scale structure of the universe) and their cosmological achievements. == A == Tom Abel (1970–) studied primordial star formation Roberto Abraham (1965–) studied the shapes of early galaxies Andreas Albrecht studied the formation of the early universe, cosmic structure, and dark energy Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) theorized that galactic magnetic fields could be generated by plasma currents Ralph A. Alpher (1921–2007) argued that observed proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe could be explained by the big bang model, predicted cosmic background radiation Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BC) early proponent of heliocentrism Aristotle (circa 384–322 BC) posited a geocentric cosmology that was widely accepted for many centuries Aryabhata (476–550) described a geocentric model with slow and fast epicycles == B == Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886) conveyed Aristotle's theories from Persia to Europe James M. Bardeen (1939–2022) studied the mathematics of black holes and of vacua under general relativity John D. Barrow (1952–2020) popularized the anthropic cosmological principle Charles L. Bennett (1956–) studied the large-scale structure of the universe by mapping irregularities in microwave background radiation Orfeu Bertolami (1959–)


id: list-of-cosmologists-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmologists-1.md
category: reference
title: List of cosmologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:23.074336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cosmologists-20260505-0
summary:
== K == Ronald Kantowski (1939–) discovered spatially homogeneous but anisotropic solutions to general relativity Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) pioneered heliocentrism, discovered elliptical planetary motion, attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov (1919–2021) conjectured an oscillatory model with an essential singularity for the evolution of the universe Tom W. B. Kibble (1932–2016) introduced the concept of cosmic strings Robert Kirshner (1949–) discovered the Boötes void, a large region sparsely populated with galaxies, and wrote a popular book on cosmology Edward Kolb (1951–) studied big bang cosmology including the emergence of baryons and dark matter, and wrote a popular textbook on cosmology Lawrence M. Krauss (1954–) author of popular science books on cosmology including A Universe from Nothing == L == Ofer Lahav (1959–) studied dark matter and dark energy Tod R. Lauer (1957–) catalogued massive black holes at galaxy centers and correlated their mass with other properties of the galaxies' structures Georges Henri Lemaître (1894–1966) proposed the big bang theory and the distance-redshift relation Janna Levin (1967–) seeks evidence for a bounded universe of nontrivial topology Andrew R. Liddle (1965–) studied inflationary models, wrote two books on inflation and primordial inhomogeneities Evgeny M. Lifshitz (1915–1985) conjectured an


id: list-of-cosmologists-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmologists-2.md
category: reference
title: List of cosmologists
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmologists
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:23.074336+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cosmologists-20260505-0
summary:
== S == Rainer K. Sachs (1932–2024) discovered gravitationally induced redshifts in the cosmic background radiation Carl Sagan (1934–1996) American astrophysicist, cosmologist and author Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989) invented the theory of twins, CPT-symmetric universes Allan Sandage (1936–2010) set the cosmological distance scale and accurately estimated the speed of expansion of the universe Brian P. Schmidt (1967–) used supernova data to measure the acceleration in the expansion of the universe David N. Schramm (1945–1997) was an expert on big bang theory and an early proponent of dark matter Dennis W. Sciama (1926–1999) studied many aspects of cosmology and supervised many other leading cosmologists Irving Segal (1918–1998) created chronometric cosmology with alternative explanation of redshift in spectra of distant sources Seleucus of Seleucia (c.190–c.150 BC) used tidal observations to support a heliocentric model Roman Ulrich Sexl (1939–1986) developed an ether-based theory of absolute simultaneity that is mathematically equivalent to special relativity Al-Sijzi (c. 945–1020) invented an astrolabe based on the Earth's rotation Joseph Silk (1942–) explained the homogeneity of the early universe using photon diffusion damping Willem de Sitter (1872–1934) developed a theory of dark matter with Einstein, found an expanding matterless solution to general relativity Vesto Slipher (1875–1969) performed the first


id: list-of-astronomical-instrument-makers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_instrument_makers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical instrument makers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_instrument_makers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:28.979747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-instrument-makers-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of astronomical instrument makers, along with lifespan and country of work, if available. == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == Q == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Y == == Z == == See also == History of the telescope List of largest optical reflecting telescopes List of largest optical refracting telescopes List of observatory codes List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists List of telescope types Space telescope Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology == References == == External links ==


id: list-of-astronomy-journals-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_journals-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomy journals
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomy_journals
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:31.616992+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomy-journals-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of scientific journals publishing articles in astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences. == A == == B == Baltic Astronomy Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Bulgarian Astronomical Journal Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India == C == Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy Classical and Quantum Gravity Connaissance des Temps Cosmic Research == E == Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth, Moon, and Planets Experimental Astronomy == G == General Relativity and Gravitation Geophysical Research Letters == I == Icarus International Astronomical Union Circular International Journal of Astrobiology == J == == L == Living Reviews in Solar Physics == M == Meteoritics & Planetary Science Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society == N == Nature Astronomy Nature Geoscience New Astronomy == O == The Observatory Open Astronomy Open European Journal on Variable Stars (OEJV) The Open Journal of Astrophysics (OJAp) Odessa Astronomical Publications (OAP) == P == Peremennye Zvezdy Pis’ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal Planetary and Space Science Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific == R == Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Notes of the AAS Revista Mexicana


id: kumeyaay-astronomy-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumeyaay_astronomy-0.md
category: reference
title: Kumeyaay astronomy
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumeyaay_astronomy
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:32.910887+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: kumeyaay-astronomy-20260505-0
summary:
Kumeyaay astronomy or cosmology (Kumeyaay: My Uuyow, "sky knowledge") comprises the astronomical knowledge of the Kumeyaay people, a Native American group whose traditional homeland occupies what is now Southern California in the United States and adjacent parts of northern Baja California in Mexico. A deeply rooted cosmological belief system was developed and followed by the Kumeyaay civilization based on this knowledge including the computing of time (Kumeyaay Mat’taam). The first evidence of astronomical observations and visual registration was discovered in the El Vallecito archeological zone. The "Men in a square" rupestric painting located at El Diablito area of El Vallecito depicted a square that aligns with sunlight on the Fall equinox. These paintings were made by the Kumeyaay people, possibly during nomadic travels. Kumeyaay sand paintings and rock art modeled the passage of the sun, moon, and constellations. Observation areas were made by the Kumeyaay to watch and register astronomical events. However many were destroyed by vandals before protection measures were instituted. == Astronomical objects == Hatotkeur (Spine of the Sky) – Milky Way Constellations: == See also == Cultural astronomy == References == == External links == San Diego Museum of Man Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine


id: list-of-galaxies-by-surface-brightness-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_galaxies_by_surface_brightness-0.md
category: reference
title: List of galaxies by surface brightness
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_galaxies_by_surface_brightness
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:34.084013+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-galaxies-by-surface-brightness-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of galaxies sorted by surface brightness. Surface brightness is a measure of how bright a diffuse object like a galaxy or nebula appears over its extended surface. The brightness over the entire galaxy is called apparent magnitude. == Table == The surface brightness is calculated via S = m + 2.5 log 10 ⁡ A {\displaystyle S=m+2.5\log _{10}A} . Where S {\displaystyle S} is surface brightness, m {\displaystyle m} is total magnitude, and A {\displaystyle A} is the total area in square arcseconds. Area is calculated using the formula for an ellipse; π a b {\displaystyle \pi ab} , where a {\displaystyle a} is the semi-major axis and b {\displaystyle b} is the semi-minor axis. Each axis is half of the dimension, because each dimension is the entire length/height but the axis is only the length/height to the centre, this combined with the symmetry of an ellipse means that half the dimension is the axis. Combining this with the original formula we get: S = m + 2.5 log 10 ⁡ ( π a 2 b 2 ) {\displaystyle S=m+2.5\log _{10}(\pi {\frac {a}{2}}{\frac {b}{2}})} , which simplifies to S = m + 2.5 log 10 ⁡


id: list-of-discoverers-of-messier-objects-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discoverers_of_Messier_objects-0.md
category: reference
title: List of discoverers of Messier objects
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discoverers_of_Messier_objects
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:35.351196+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-discoverers-of-messier-objects-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of each Messier object, Its Discovery Year and its first discoverer who published/recorded their findings. Most of the Messier Objects were discovered between the years 1654 and 1782 AD, amongst some outliers. == References ==


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-0.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
A meteorite fall, also called an observed fall, is a meteorite collected after its fall from outer space, that was observed by people or automated devices. Any other meteorite is called a "find". As of May 2026, the Meteoritical Bulletin Database listed 1,273 observed falls of approved meteorites, most of which have specimens in modern collections. == Significance == Observed meteorite falls are of societal and scientific importance for several reasons: In the most energetic of events, falls are observed by many human observers, and can co-occur with dramatic consequences as seen during the Chelyabinsk meteor event, in which 1,491 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment (most injured from broken glass from the shockwave; no fatalities). Material from observed falls has not been subjected to terrestrial weathering, making the find an ideal candidate for scientific study into the dynamics of dust and small-body formation and understanding the history of solar system formation. Historically, observed falls were the most compelling evidence supporting the extraterrestrial origin of meteorites. A robust subculture of meteorite hunters has developed along with an associated market for meteorite minerals. Observed fall discoveries are currently the best data source to understand the types of meteorites


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-1.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
In April 1959 the meteorite Příbram was the first meteorite whose trajectory was tracked by multiple cameras recording the associated fireball. The Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic captured photos of the fireball using eleven widely spaced cameras. With the help of this stereo recording (through triangulation), Přibram's trajectory could be reconstructed quite accurately, aiding its recovery and also - for the very first time - enabling scientists to trace its pre-impact orbit back to the asteroid belt. Eleven years later, the fireball from the Lost City meteorite, was recorded with four cameras from the Prairie Meteorite Network operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, when it fell in Cherokee County Oklahoma, in January 1970. This was the first time a meteorite was recovered solely on the basis of photographic measurements. In 1977 the meteorite of Innisfree was discovered using photographs taken by the Meteorite Observation and Recovery Program of the National Research Council of Canada. The fall of Benešov was recorded in 1991, however the meteorite was only recovered in 2011 after the strewnfield was recalculated and metal detectors were used to search for small fragments. The meteorite of Ischgl was found by an Austria forest ranger in 1976 and


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-2.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
=== Radar detection === Weather radar has become a useful aid for locating meteorites after observed fireballs because it can detect descending fragments of the meteorite during the dark flight-phase – that is, the phase of a meteorite's descent when its speed has been slowed by atmospheric drag to the point that it no longer emits visible light and the fragments reach terminal velocity. Radar-derived echoes from falling stones can help determine whether an observed fireball event has produced meteorites large enough to be recovered on the ground. Radar data in combination with weather data can be used to reconstruct a fall's final trajectory in order to calculate a possible strewn field. This allows people searching for meteorites to focus their search efforts more efficiently than by relying only on traditional methods such as eyewitness accounts, recordings from security cameras and other video sources. Targeted searches have improved the chances to quickly collect minimally weathered specimens that are scientifically valuable for studying the composition and history of their parent bodies. The fall of the Ash Creek meteorite in February 2009 was the first time when data from weather radar was used to locate meteorites on the ground. Among the radar-enabled


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-3.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
=== Meteorite of Aegospotami === The meteorite of Aegospotami might be the earliest case of a meteorite fall, where in surviving literature an observed fall is directly linked to a recovered mass. Writing about this meteorite, the ancient Greek natural philosopher Diogenes of Apollonia - living in the 5th century BCE - is also credited as the first author to argue meteorites have an extraterrestrial origin. According to writings recorded by doxographer Aetius he established:"In addition to the visible stars, invisible stones also wander through the heavens, having no name. They frequently fall on Earth and their fire gets extinguished, like the stony star which fell in flames at Aegospotami."Ancient writers including Aristotle, Pliny the Elder and Plutarch reported that a large stone fell at Aegospotami on the Gallipoli Peninsula in the second year of the 78th Olympiad – corresponding to the year 466 BCE. The meteorite was described as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load and according to Plutarch was displayed and worshipped by the inhabitants of the Gallipoli Peninsula for several hundred years, until at least the first century AD. The object itself did not survive for modern study but the event - although


id: meteorite-fall-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall-4.md
category: reference
title: Meteorite fall
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:37.329679+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: meteorite-fall-20260505-0
summary:
==== Meteorite of Siena ==== The publication of Chladnis book at Easter 1794 happened only six weeks before the well observed and documented meteorite fall of Siena in Italy. The Siena meteorite shower of 16 June 1794 was the first in modern times to occur in the vicinity of a major European city, which at the time had a population of nearly 30,000. Hence the meteorite fall was witnessed by so many people that its authenticity was difficult to dismiss. The observed fall sparked a lively controversy involving more than half a dozen scientists. ==== Meteorite of L'Aigle ==== A decisive turning point came with the meteorite fall of L'Aigle in France in 1803 and the documentation of this event by Jean-Baptiste Biot for the French scientific establishment; his systematic collection of testimony, mapping of the strewn field, and material comparisons helped convince much of the European scientific community that meteorites are real extraterrestrial falls. === Chemical analysis of meteorites === Another step forward into the future of meteoritics was the laboratory work of British chemist Edward Charles Howard and French mineralogist Jacques Louis, Comte de Bournon. They carried out analyses of samples of recently observed falls of Benares, Siena,


id: list-of-minor-planet-discoverers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of minor planet discoverers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:39.799693+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-minor-planet-discoverers-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable minor-planet discoverers credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of one or several minor planets (such as near-Earth and main-belt asteroids, Jupiter trojans and distant objects). As of 22 October 2025, the discovery of over 800,000 numbered minor planets are credited to 2,186 astronomers, observatories, telescopes or surveys. == Discovering astronomers == The table consist of the following fields: Astronomers: links to the corresponding article about the discovering astronomer on Wikipedia. Discoveries: displays the total number of discovered and co-discovered minor planets made by the discoverer (numbered bodies only). It links to the corresponding "Discovery by..." category, which are subcategories of Category:Discoveries by astronomer. These categories do not contain discoveries for which no page on Wikipedia exists. Astronomers with only a few discoveries sometimes do not have their own discovery-category (redlinks). For those who have discovered only one single minor planet, the link in the discovery column directly points to the corresponding entry in the list of minor planets. DOB–DOD: displays the astronomer's date of birth and, if applicable, death. Name(s) at MPC: displays the name of the discoverer as used by the MPC, where the abbreviated first name is written before


id: list-of-most-massive-star-clusters-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_massive_star_clusters-0.md
category: reference
title: List of most massive star clusters
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_massive_star_clusters
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:41.216108+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-most-massive-star-clusters-20260505-0
summary:
Below are lists of the most massive known star clusters in solar masses (M☉) and sorted in descending order. == Methods for mass estimation == === Globular cluster === Globular cluster masses can be determined by observing the proper motion of nearby stars influenced by the cluster or by estimating the cluster's relaxation time. === Open clusters === The masses of open star clusters can be estimated by measuring the falloff of radial and tangential velocities of surrounding stars at a particular distance. == List == === Globular clusters === === Open clusters === == See also == List of largest star clusters == References == == External links == The young cluster RMC 136a European Southern Observatory Mayall II Messier Objects Monster Super Star Cluster Discovered In Milky Way ScienceDaily


id: list-of-neutron-stars-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neutron_stars-0.md
category: reference
title: List of neutron stars
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neutron_stars
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:42.443476+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-neutron-stars-20260505-0
summary:
Neutron stars are the collapsed cores of supergiant stars. They are created as a result of supernovas and gravitational collapse, and are the second-smallest and densest class of stellar objects. In the cores of these stars, protons and electrons combine to form neutrons. Neutron stars can be classified as pulsars if they are magnetized, if they rotate, and if they emit beams of electromagnetic radiation out of their magnetic poles. They may include soft gamma repeaters (SGR) and radio-quiet neutron stars, as well as pulsars such as radio pulsars, recycled pulsars, low mass X-ray pulsars, and accretion-powered pulsars. A notable grouping of neutron stars includes the Magnificent Seven. == List of neutron stars == === Anomalous X-ray pulsars === Anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) AXP 1E 1048-59 AXP 1E2259+586 AXP4U 0142+61 AXP 1RXS 1708–40 AXP 1E 1841–045 AXP AXJ1844-0258 AXP CXJ0110-7211 Vela X-1 4U 0352+309 Bursting Pulsar Vela Junior LMC N49 == Binary star systems == Intermediate-mass X-ray binary High-mass X-ray binaries Centaurus X-3 Circinus X-1 GX 301-2 Hercules X-1 == Related objects == Kesteven 79 PSR B1620−26 b 3C 58 Cas X-1 GW170817 Cygnus Loop Spaghetti Nebula SN 1987A Jellyfish Nebula == See also == Stellar designations and names ==


id: list-of-astronomical-observatories-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical observatories
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:43.790936+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-observatories-20260505-0
summary:
This is a partial list of astronomical observatories ordered by name, along with initial dates of operation (where an accurate date is available) and location. The list also includes a final year of operation for many observatories that are no longer in operation. While other sciences, such as volcanology and meteorology, also use facilities called observatories for research and observations, this list is limited to observatories that are used to observe celestial objects. Astronomical observatories are mainly divided into four categories: space-based, airborne, ground-based, and underground-based. Many modern telescopes and observatories are located in space to observe astronomical objects in wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the Earth's atmosphere (such as ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays) and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes. Being above the atmosphere, these space observatories can also avoid the effects of atmospheric turbulence that plague ground based telescopes, although new generations of adaptive optics telescopes have since then dramatically improved the situation on the ground. The space high vacuum environment also frees the detectors from the ancestral diurnal cycle due to the atmospheric blue light background of the sky, thereby increasing significantly the observation time. An intermediate variant is the


id: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-canada-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Canada-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical observatories in Canada
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Canada
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:45.047681+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-canada-20260505-0
summary:
== Alberta == Newbrook Observatory (disused) Oldman River Observatory, Lethbridge Astronomical Society, Lethbridge Rothney Astrophysical Observatory, University of Calgary, Priddis, Alberta Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station (historic site) Sunridge Observatory, south of Medicine Hat Telus World of Science Edmonton RASC Observatory, Edmonton Wilson Coulee Observatory, RASC Calgary Centre, De Winton, Alberta Eagle Butte Observatory, South of Dunmore == British Columbia == Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, Penticton Mount Kobau National Observatory, Mount Kobau (Never built) University of British Columbia Observatory, Vancouver (Demolished 2010) Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Victoria University of Victoria Observatory, Victoria Climenhaga Observatory, University of Victoria Gordon MacMillan Southam Observatory, H.R. Macmillan Space Centre, Vancouver Large Zenith Telescope, University of British Columbia (at Malcolm Knapp Research Forest) (Decommissioned 2014) Trottier Observatory, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby Prince George Astronomical Observatory, Prince George == Manitoba == Glenlea Astronomical Observatory, Univ. of Manitoba/RASC Winnipeg Centre, Winnipeg == New Brunswick == Université de Moncton observatory Mount Allison University Gemini Observatory Moncton High School Observatory == Newfoundland and Labrador == Grenfell Observatory == Nova Scotia == Burke-Gaffney Observatory == Ontario == Algonquin Radio Observatory, Algonquin Provincial Park Boltwood Observatory, Stittsville David Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill David Thompson Astronomical Observatory, Fort William


id: list-of-observatory-codes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of observatory codes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:47.041746+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-observatory-codes-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of observatory codes (IAU codes or MPC codes) published by the Minor Planet Center. For a detailed description, see observations of small Solar System bodies. == List == == References ==


id: list-of-astronomical-societies-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_societies-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical societies
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_societies
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:48.373414+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-societies-20260505-0
summary:
A list of notable groups devoted to promoting astronomy research and education. == International == Astronomers for Planet Earth (A4E) Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Astronomical Union (IAU) International Meteor Organization Network for Astronomy School Education The Planetary Society == Africa == Astronomical Society of Southern Africa == Asia == === Brunei Darussalam === The Astronomical Society of Brunei Darussalam (PABD) === China === Hong Kong Astronomical Society === India === Akash Mitra Mandal AstronEra Astronomical Society of India Bangalore Astronomical Society (BAS) Birla Planetarium, Chennai Confederation of Indian Amateur Astronomers IUCAA Jyotirvidya Parisanstha Khagol Mandal Khagol Vishwa Wonders of Universe Association of Friends of Astronomy, Goa === Turkey === SpaceTurk === Thailand === Astronomy Thailand === United Arab Emirates === Dubai Astronomy Group == Europe == European Astronomical Society European Association for Astronomy Education === France === Société astronomique de France Société Française d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique (SF2A) === Germany === Astronomische Gesellschaft Vereinigung der Sternfreunde === Greece === Hellenic Astronomical Society === Ireland === Irish Astronomical Society Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies === Italy === Unione Astrofili Italiani === Norway === Norwegian Astronomical Society CV-Helios Network === Poland === Polish Astronomical Society === Russia === Russian Astronomical Society (1891-1932)


id: list-of-star-forming-regions-in-the-local-group-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_star-forming_regions_in_the_Local_Group-0.md
category: reference
title: List of star-forming regions in the Local Group
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_star-forming_regions_in_the_Local_Group
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:49.564353+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-star-forming-regions-in-the-local-group-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of star-forming regions in the Milky Way Galaxy and the Local Group. Star formation occurs in molecular clouds, which become unstable to gravitational collapse, and these complexes may contain clusters of young stars and regions of ionized gas called H II regions. Stars typically form in groups of many stars, rather than in isolation. == Galactic star-forming regions == == Extragalactic star-forming regions == == See also == RCW Catalog – 1960s astronomical catalogue Sharpless catalog – Made of a list Gum catalog – Astronomical catalog of nebulae List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs == References == == External links == Simbad


id: list-of-stellar-properties-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stellar_properties-0.md
category: reference
title: List of stellar properties
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stellar_properties
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:50.724039+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-stellar-properties-20260505-0
summary:
Pages Related to Stellar properties, Pages using the word stellar in a physics context. Stellar aberration Stellar age estimation Stellar archaeology Stellar astronomy Stellar atmosphere Stellar birthline Stellar black hole Stellar cartography Stellar chemistry Stellar chonography Stellar classification Stellar cluster Stellar collision Stellar core Stellar coronae Stellar density Stellar disk Stellar distance Stellar drift Stellar dynamics Stellar engine Stellar envelope see stellar atmosphere Stellar evolution Stellar flare Stellar flux Stellar fog Stellar halo Stellar interferometer Stellar isochrone Stellar kinematics Stellar limb-darkening Stellar luminosity Stellar magnetic field Stellar magnitude Stellar mass Stellar mass black hole Stellar mass loss Stellar molecule Stellar navigation Stellar near-collision Stellar neighborhood Stellar nucleosynthesis Stellar nursery Stellar occultation Stellar parallax Stellar physics Stellar planetary Stellar population Stellar precession Stellar pulsations Stellar quake Stellar radius Stellar remnant Stellar rotation Stellar scintillation Stellar seismology Stellar spectra Stellar spheroid Stellar spin-down Stellar structure Stellar surface fusion Stellar system Stellar triangulation Stellar uplift Stellar variation Stellar vault Stellar wind Stellar wind (disambiguation) Stellar wobble Stellar X-ray astronomy Stellar-wind bubble Other Catalog of Stellar Identifications Fossil stellar magnetic field General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes Interstellar cloud Inter-stellar clouds Interstellar medium List of stellar angular diameters


id: tyson-medal-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Medal-0.md
category: reference
title: Tyson Medal
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Medal
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:54.534529+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: tyson-medal-20260505-0
summary:
The Tyson Medal is a prize awarded for the best performance in subjects relating to astronomy at the University of Cambridge, England. It is awarded annually for achievement in the examinations for Part III of the Mathematical Tripos when there is a candidate deserving of the prize. In his will, Henry Tyson made the following bequest: That the sum of three hundred pounds be paid to the Cambridge University the interest annually to be for a gold medal for the best proficient in Mathematics and Astronomy in the same way as Dr Smith's and to bear the donor's name. The value of the fund was £65,095 in 2008. == List of winners == Most of this list is from The Times newspaper archive. The winners of the prize are published in The Cambridge University Reporter. == See also == List of astronomy awards List of mathematics awards == References ==


id: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-ukraine-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Ukraine-0.md
category: reference
title: List of astronomical observatories in Ukraine
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories_in_Ukraine
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:55.774345+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-astronomical-observatories-in-ukraine-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of astronomical observatories in Ukraine: Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory Simeiz Observatory White Elephant == Radio telescopes == Giant Ukrainian Radio Telescope Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification


id: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers-0.md
category: reference
title: List of women astronomers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:58.306823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of astronomers, astrophysicists and other notable women who have made contributions to the field of astronomy. == A == Madge Adam (1912–2001), English solar astronomer Maggie Aderin-Pocock (born 1968), English space scientist Conny Aerts (born 1966), Belgian astrophysicist specializing in asteroseismology Aglaonike (c. 1st or 2nd Century BCE), ancient Greek astronomer and thaumaturge María Luisa Aguilar Hurtado (1938–2015), Peruvian astronomer Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs (1912–1954), German variable star astronomer Elizabeth Alexander (1908–1958), English geologist and physicist Leah B. Allen (1884–1973), American astronomer and educator Adelaide Ames (1900–1932), American astronomer Anja Cetti Andersen (born 1965), Danish astronomer focused on cosmic dust Necia H. Apfel (born 1930), American astronomer and educator Alice Archenhold (1874–1943), German astronomer Anne Archibald, Canadian astronomer and educator Felicitas Arias, (born 1952), Argentine astronomer and expert on geodesy Gabriella Conti Armellini (1891-1974), Italian astronomer == B == Neta Bahcall (born 1942), Israeli astrophysicist and cosmologist specializing in dark matter Odette Bancilhon (1908–1998), French astronomer Kirsten Banks Wiradjuri astronomer researching red giant stars Beatriz Barbuy (born 1950), Brazilian astrophysicist Amy Barger (born 1971), American galactic astronomer Nadine G. Barlow (1958–2020), American planetary scientist Amy Barr, American planetary geophysicist Maria A. Barucci, Italian astronomer Sarbani Basu, Indian-American


id: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers-1.md
category: reference
title: List of women astronomers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:58.306823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
summary:
Margherita Hack (1922–2013), Italian astrophysicist and first female director of Trieste's Observatory Erika Hamden, American astrophysicist and instructor Heidi Hammel (born 1960), American planetary scientist Fiona A. Harrison, American astrophysicist Marjorie Hall Harrison (1918–1986), English-born American astronomer Lisa Harvey-Smith (born 1979), British-Australian astrophysicist Margaret Harwood (1885–1979), American astronomer Martha P. Haynes (born 1951), American astronomer specialized in radio astronomy and extragalactic astronomy Martha Locke Hazen (1931–2006), American astronomer E. Ruth Hedeman (1910–2006), American solar astronomer Mary Lea Heger (1897–1983), American astronomer who studied the interstellar medium Charlene Heisler (1961–1999), Canadian astronomer Eleanor F. Helin (1932–2009), American astronomer who studied near–Earth asteroids Amina Helmi (born 1970), Argentine astronomer Amanda Hendrix (born 1968), American planetary scientist Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer Jacqueline Hewitt (born 1958), American astrophysicist Catherine Heymans (born 1978), British astrophysicist and instructor Renée Hložek (born 1983), South African cosmologist Dorrit Hoffleit (1907–2007), American astronomer Helen Sawyer Hogg (1905–1993), American-Canadian astronomer Ann Hornschemeier, American astronomer studying X-ray astronomy Joan Horvath, American aeronautical engineer and writer Nancy Houk, American astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (1921–2015), Dutch astronomer studying minor planets Margaret Lindsay Huggins (1848–1915), Irish-English scientific investigator and astronomer Carolyn Hurless (1934–1987), American astronomer and an American


id: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers-2.md
category: reference
title: List of women astronomers
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:53:58.306823+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-women-astronomers-20260505-0
summary:
Penny Sackett (born 1956), American-born Australian astronomer, educator, and manager Rita M. Sambruna, American astrophysicist studying supermassive black holes and jets Anneila Sargent (born 1942), Scottish–American astronomer specialized in star formation Ann Savage (1946–2017), British astronomer Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer and meteorologist Susan M. Scott, Australian mathematical physicist working on general relativity, gravitational singularities, and black holes. Sara Seager (born 1971), Canadian-American astronomer and planetary scientist Waltraut Seitter (1930–2007), German astronomer and instructor Muriel Mussells Seyfert (1909–1997), American astronomer Pelageya Shajn (1894–1956), Russian astronomer searching for minor planets Aomawa Shields, American astrophysicist and professor researching exoplanets Carolyn S. Shoemaker (1929–2021), American astronomer Amy Simon, American planetary scientist Charlotte Moore Sitterly (1898–1990), American astronomer who studied stellar physics Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova (1935–2001), Russian astronomer who searched for minor planets and comets Alicia M. Soderberg (1977–2025), American astrophysicist and instructor focused on supernovae Mary Somerville (1780–1872), Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath Linda Spilker (born 1955), American planetary scientist Ingrid Stairs, Canadian astronomer Denise Stephens, American astronomer and instructor Sarah Stewart-Mukhopadhyay, American planetary scientist Annapurni Subramaniam, director of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics Karlina Leksono Supelli (born 1958), Indonesian philosopher and astronomer Jean Swank, American astrophysicist studying compact objects Henrietta Hill Swope


id: lists-of-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of science and technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:00.066556+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of notable awards for specific areas of science and technology. Typically these lists give the country of the sponsoring organization, the award name, sponsor name and a description of the award criteria. Some of the awards have broad scope, or cover the intersection of different disciplines, so an award may appear in more than one list. A list of general awards for science and technology is followed by the lists of more specific awards. == General list == List of general science and technology awards == Specific lists == == Research == In July 2020, scientists reported that work honored by Nobel Prizes clusters in only a few scientific fields, with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel Prize of the 114/849 domains that science could be divided into, according to their DC2 and DC3 classification systems. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel Prizes awarded from 1995 to 2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%]). This concentration of awards may be partially due to the fact that major scientific prizes, such as the Nobel Prize, are often awarded


id: list-of-biochemistry-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biochemistry_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biochemistry awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biochemistry_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:02.524548+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biochemistry-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of biochemistry awards is an index to articles on notable awards for contributions to biochemistry, the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. The list gives the country of the organization that gives the award, but the award may not be limited to people from that country. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biology awards List of chemistry awards == References ==


id: list-of-awards-in-bioinformatics-and-computational-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_in_bioinformatics_and_computational_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards in bioinformatics and computational biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_in_bioinformatics_and_computational_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:03.761286+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-in-bioinformatics-and-computational-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The following is a list of awards in the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology. == Awards == ASBMB DeLano Award for Computational Biosciences - "to a scientist for the most accessible and innovative development or application of computer technology to enhance research in the life sciences at the molecular level" Benjamin Franklin Award for Open Access in the Life Sciences - "to an individual who has, in his or her practice, promoted free and open access to the materials and methods used in the life sciences" ISCB Innovator Award - "leading scientists who are within two decades post-degree, who consistently make outstanding contributions to the field, and who continue to forge new directions" ISCB Overton Prize - "for outstanding accomplishment to a scientist in the early to mid stage of his or her career" ISCB Accomplishment by a Senior Scientist Award - "members of the computational biology community who are more than 12 to 15 years post-degree and have made major contributions to the field of computational biology through research, education, service, or a combination of the three" Morris F. Collen Award of Excellence - "an individual whose personal commitment and dedication to biomedical informatics has made a lasting


id: list-of-biology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:04.965659+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of biology awards is an index to articles about notable awards for biology. It includes a general list and lists of ecology, genetics and neuroscience awards. It excludes awards for biochemistry, biomedical science, medicine, ornithology and paleontology, which are covered by separate lists. == General awards == === International === === Americas === === Asia === === Europe === === Oceania === == Ecology == == Genetics == Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. == Neuroscience == == See also == Competitions and prizes in biotechnology Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biochemistry awards List of biomedical science awards List of awards in bioinformatics and computational biology List of fellows of the AACR Academy List of medicine awards List of ornithology awards List of paleontology awards == References ==


id: list-of-biomedical-science-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biomedical_science_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biomedical science awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biomedical_science_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:06.191707+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biomedical-science-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of biomedical science awards is an index to notable awards for biomedical sciences, a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in health care or public health. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biology awards List of medicine awards == References ==


id: list-of-chemistry-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of chemistry awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:07.472518+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-chemistry-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of chemistry awards is an index to articles about notable awards for chemistry. It includes awards by the Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and awards by other organizations. == Awards of the Royal Society of Chemistry == The Royal Society of the United Kingdom offers a number of awards for chemistry. == Awards of the American Chemical Society == The American Chemical Society of the United States offers a number of awards related to chemistry. == Awards of the Society of Chemical Industry == The Society of Chemical Industry was established in 1881 by scientists, inventors and entrepreneurs. It offers a number of awards related to chemistry. == Other awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biochemistry awards == References ==


id: competitions-and-prizes-in-biotechnology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology-0.md
category: reference
title: Competitions and prizes in biotechnology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:08.653822+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: competitions-and-prizes-in-biotechnology-20260505-0
summary:
There exist a number of competitions and prizes to reward distinguished contributions and to encourage developments in biotechnology. == Inducement prizes == The Archon X Prize for Genomics of US$10,000,000 is to be awarded to "the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome." The Prize4Life ALS biomarker prize is a US$1,000,000 award for a reliable way of tracking progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Prize4Life ALS treatment prize is a US$1,000,000 award for a therapy that reliably and effectively extends the life of ALS mice by 25%. People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is offering a US$1,000,000 reward for a method of producing enough meat to be marketed in 10 U.S. states at a price competitive with chicken prices. Illumina iDEA Challenge to develop new visualization and data analysis techniques. == Recognition prizes == The Gotham Prize for Cancer Research was a US$1,000,000 prize awarded annually to "encourage


id: list-of-computer-science-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer science awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:09.948928+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-science-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of computer science awards is an index to articles on notable awards related to computer science. It includes lists of awards by the Association for Computing Machinery, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, other computer science and information science awards, and a list of computer science competitions. The top computer science award is the ACM Turing Award, generally regarded as the Nobel Prize equivalent for Computer Science. Other highly regarded top computer science awards include IEEE John von Neumann Medal awarded by the IEEE Board of Directors, and the Japan Kyoto Prize for Information Science. == Association for Computing Machinery == The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) gives out many computer science awards, often run by one of their Special Interest Groups. == IEEE == A number of awards are given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the IEEE Computer Society or the IEEE Information Theory Society. == Other computer science awards == == Information science awards == == Competitions == == See also == Competitive programming Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of computer-related awards List of engineering awards == References ==


id: list-of-computer-related-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-related_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of computer-related awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-related_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:11.260204+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-computer-related-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of computer-related awards is an index to articles about notable awards given for computer-related work. It excludes computer science awards and competitions, video game awards and web awards, which are covered by separate lists. == Hardware == == Open source / freeware / shareware == == Security == == Programming == == Applications == == Scholarship == == Other == == See also == Lists of awards List of computer science awards Lists of science and technology awards List of engineering awards == References ==


id: list-of-earth-sciences-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earth_sciences_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of earth sciences awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earth_sciences_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:12.597443+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-earth-sciences-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of earth sciences awards is an index to articles on notable awards for earth sciences, or natural science related to the planet Earth. It includes awards for meteorology, oceanography and paleontology, but excludes awards for environmental science, geography, geology and geophysics, which are covered by separate lists. == General == == Meteorology == == Oceanography == == Paleontology == == See also == Lists of awards List of environmental awards List of geography awards List of geology awards List of geophysics awards == References ==


id: vladimir-v-tikhomirov-history-of-geology-award-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_V._Tikhomirov_History_of_Geology_Award-0.md
category: reference
title: Vladimir V. Tikhomirov History of Geology Award
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_V._Tikhomirov_History_of_Geology_Award
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:13.849374+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: vladimir-v-tikhomirov-history-of-geology-award-20260505-0
summary:
Vladimir V. Tikhomirov History of Geology Award is a geological and historical medal of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). It is the only international award for scientific contributions and achievements in the field of history of geological sciences. == History == Named in honor of the Soviet historian of geology Vladimir Vladimirovich Tikhomirov (1915–1994) — the organizer and first president of the International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) in 1967. Nominations for the award are made by the International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO), approved by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). In 2012, the medal was established by the International Union of Geological Sciences for work on the history of geology. The medal is made of bronze. Since 2020, the medal with a diameter of 10 cm is made of Armenian obsidian. == Awards == The medal is awarded every four years during the International Geological Congress. Throughout history, the medal has been awarded to: 2012 — Hugh Torrens, United Kingdom 2016 — Martin J. S. Rudwick, United Kingdom 2020 — David Branagan (Branagan David Francis (1930–2022)), Australia 2024 — Kenneth L. Taylor United States == References == == Links


id: list-of-engineering-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of engineering awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:15.159519+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-engineering-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of engineering awards is an index to articles about notable awards for achievements in engineering. It includes aerospace engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, structural engineering and systems science awards. It excludes computer-related awards, computer science awards, industrial design awards, mechanical engineering awards, motor vehicle awards, occupational health and safety awards and space technology awards, which are covered by separate lists. The list is organized by the region and country of the organizations that sponsor the awards, but some awards are not limited to people from that country. == International == == Africa == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == List of computer science awards List of computer-related awards List of mechanical engineering awards List of motor vehicle awards List of space technology awards Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards == References ==


id: list-of-environmental-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of environmental awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:16.531419+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-environmental-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of environmental awards is an index to articles about notable environmental awards for activities that lead to the protection of the natural environment. The list is organized by the region and country of the organization that sponsors the award. The awards may be open to the global community or limited to a particular country or field of work. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards == References ==


id: list-of-geology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:19.172502+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of geology awards is an index to articles on notable awards for geology, an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. The list is organized by region and country of the organization that sponsors the award, but awards are not always restricted to people from that country. See list of earth sciences awards for awards for earth sciences in general, and for other branches of earth science. == Americas == === Canada === === Chile === === United States === == Europe == == Other regions == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of earth sciences awards List of geography awards List of geophysics awards == References ==


id: list-of-geophysics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysics_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of geophysics awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysics_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:20.441149+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-geophysics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of geophysics awards is an index to articles on notable awards for contributions to geophysics, the branch of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The list gives the country of the organization that sponsors the award, but the awards are not necessarily limited to people from that country. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of earth sciences awards == References ==


id: list-of-ieee-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of IEEE awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:21.672084+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ieee-awards-20260505-0
summary:
Through its awards program, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers recognizes contributions that advance the fields of interest to the IEEE. For nearly a century, the IEEE Awards Program has paid tribute to technical professionals whose exceptional achievements and outstanding contributions have made a lasting impact on technology, society and the engineering profession. The IEEE Medals and IEEE Technical Field Awards are institution-level awards. They are considered more prestigious than IEEE Society level awards and are administered by IEEE Awards Board. Each year, the IEEE Board of Directors approved the winners of these prestigious medals and awards at their annual board meeting. An IEEE Honors Ceremony is organized and held in New York each year to present the medals and awards to the recipients. Funds for the awards program, other than those provided by corporate sponsors for some awards, are administered by the IEEE Foundation. == IEEE Medals == IEEE top medal and highest honor IEEE Medal of Honor Medals not specific to a technology field IEEE Edison Medal (IEEE's principal medal for a meritorious career) IEEE Founders Medal (for leadership, planning, and administration) IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal (for carbon-based materials research) IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal


id: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards-0.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Physics Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:22.878599+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
The Institute of Physics (IOP) awards numerous prizes to acknowledge contributions to physics research, education and applications. It also offers smaller specific subject-group prizes, such as for PhD thesis submissions. == Bilateral awards == The Max Born Medal and Prize is awarded yearly by the German Physical Society and the Institute of Physics in memory of the German physicist Max Born. The prize recognizes "outstanding contributions to physics" and is awarded to physicists based in Germany and in the UK or Ireland in alternate years. The Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize is awarded jointly by the French and British Physical Societies for distinguished work in any aspect of physics that is ongoing or has been carried out within the 10 years preceding the award. The Harrie Massey Medal and Prize is awarded biennially jointly by the Institute of Physics and by The Australian Institute of Physics. The Giuseppe Occhialini Medal and Prize is awarded to physicists in alternating years who work in Italy (even dated years) or the UK or Ireland (odd dated years). == Business awards == The Katharine Burr Blodgett Medal and Prize is a gold medal awarded annually for outstanding contributions to the organisation or applications of


id: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards-1.md
category: reference
title: Institute of Physics Awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:22.878599+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: institute-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
== Service to the IOP awards == The President's Medal can be given to both physicists and non-physicists who have provided meritorious services in various fields of endeavour which were of benefit to physics in general and the Institute in particular. The Phillips Award is awarded for distinguished service to the Institute of Physics. == Special Interest Group Prizes and Awards == Many of the Institute's special interest groups—sub-groups of the organisations members working in, or with an interest in, a specific area or sub-discipline—award prizes, typically annually. These include: The IOP Astroparticle Physics Group Early Career Prize, awarded on odd-numbered years to early-career researchers working at an institution in the UK and Ireland in the area of astroparticle physics who 'have five years or less postdoctoral experience (allowing for career breaks)'. The John Chubb Award, from the Dielectrics and Electrostatics Group for 'outstanding contributions to experimental electrostatics by early career researchers'. The Mansel Davies Award from the Dielectrics and Electrostatics Group is for 'outstanding contributions to dielectrics by early career researchers'. The High Energy Particle Physics Group Prize, awarded to 'an early career researcher for outstanding contributions to particle physics research'. The Liquids and Complex Fluids Early Career Award,


id: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-jennifer-doudna-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jennifer_Doudna-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jennifer_Doudna
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:24.177177+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-jennifer-doudna-20260505-0
summary:
This list of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna comprehensively shows the awards, honors, honorary degrees, fellowships and other recognition received by Jennifer Doudna, an American biochemist at the University of California, Berkeley. She has received many prestigious awards and fellowships for her numerous contributions to biochemistry and genetics, and is most famous for her work on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing." == Awards == 1996 Beckman Young Investigators Award 1999 NAS Award for Initiatives in Research 2000 Alan T. Waterman Award for innovative research that led to the development of a technique that facilitates crystallization of large RNA molecules; for determining the crystal structures of catalytic RNA molecules and an RNA molecule that forms the ribonucleoprotein core of the signal recognition particle; and for deciphering structural features of those molecules that permit a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis of RNA function in both catalysis and protein synthesis. 2001 Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society 2013 Inaugural recipient of the Mildred Cohn Award in Biological Chemistry from the American Society for Biochemistry and


id: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:25.509495+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-0
summary:
Katalin Karikó is a Hungarian–American biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy. Karikó laid the scientific groundwork for mRNA vaccines and received numerous awards, honors, degrees and other distinctions, including the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Katalin Karikó who works at the University of Pennsylvania is credited with one of the most important scientific discoveries of the 21st century. Her development of Messenger RNA-based technology and the two most effective vaccines based on it, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna, paved the way for the effective fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Her discovery also holds promise for future cures for many other diseases. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced on 2 October 2023 that the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for the development of mRNA technology. The Nobel Prize in Medicine has been awarded to 227 scientists since 1901, with Katalin Karikó being the thirteenth woman to receive the prize. Together with her, and Ferenc Krausz, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics the next day, the number of Hungarian Nobel


id: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó-1.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karikó
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:25.509495+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honors-received-by-katalin-karik-20260505-0
summary:
=== Honorary degrees in 2021 === University of Szeged | Duke University | Drew Weissman, Ken Jeong, Mary Schmidt Campbell | Humanitas University of Milan | === Honorary degrees 2022 === Eötvös Loránd University Budapest | Radboud University | Rockefeller University | Anthony Fauci, Lulu C. Wang | Tel Aviv University | Cornelia Bargmann, Sir Michael Victor Berry, Barbara Engelking, Eric J. Gertler, James S. Gertler, Bernd Friedrich Huber, Jodi Kantor, Solomon Lew, Jehuda Reinharz, Jürgen Renn | Université libre de Bruxelles | University of Geneva | Susan M. Gasser, Susan Goldin-Meadow, Ananya Roy | Yale University| Caroline Shaw, Krista Tippett, Madeleine Albright, James Clyburn, Jill Lepore, Myron Thompson, Jean Bennett, Drew Weissman, Orlando Patterson | === Honorary degrees 2023 === Brandeis University | University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork (UCC) | Harvard University | David Levering Lewis, Michael Mullen, Jennifer Doudna, Hugo Noé Morales Rosas, Tom Hanks | Princeton University | Lynn A. Conway, Arcadio Díaz-Quiñones, Rhiannon Giddens, Suzan Shown Harjo | Rutgers University | Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) | === Honorary degrees 2024 === New York University (NYU) | State University of New York | === Honorary degrees 2025 === Medical University of


id: marconi-prize-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Prize-0.md
category: reference
title: Marconi Prize
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Prize
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:26.659065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: marconi-prize-20260505-0
summary:
The Marconi Prize is an annual award that the Marconi Society gives for outstanding achievements and advancements in communications (radio, mobile, wireless, telecommunications, data communications, networks, the Internet, etc.). Prizewinners receive in-person recognition from distinguished colleagues and other guests as well as a work of sculpture at the Marconi Society's annual symposium and gala. == Criteria == The Marconi Prize is awarded based on the candidate’s contributions in the following areas: The significance of the impact of the nominee’s work on widely-used technology. The scientific importance of the nominee’s work in setting the stage for, influencing, and advancing the field beyond the nominee’s own achievements. The nominee’s contributions to innovation and entrepreneurship by introducing completely new ideas, methods, or technologies. These may include forming, leading, or advising organizations, mentoring students on moving ideas from research to implementation, or fostering new industries/enabling scale implementation. The social and humanitarian impact of the nominee’s contributions to the design, development, and/or deployment of new communication technologies or communications public policies that promote social development and/or inclusiveness. == Marconi Fellowships == Marconi Prize recipients are also named Marconi Fellows. The foundation and the prize are named in honor of Guglielmo Marconi, a Nobel laureate and


id: list-of-mathematics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mathematics awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:27.872119+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mathematics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of mathematics awards contains articles about notable awards for mathematics. The list is organized by the region and country of the organization that sponsors the award, but awards may be open to mathematicians from around the world. Some of the awards are limited to work in a particular field, such as topology or analysis, while others are given for any type of mathematical contribution. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == References == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards


id: list-of-mechanical-engineering-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mechanical_engineering_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of mechanical engineering awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mechanical_engineering_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:29.230658+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-mechanical-engineering-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of mechanical engineering awards is an index to articles about notable awards for mechanical engineering. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of engineering awards == References ==


id: list-of-medicine-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medicine_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of medicine awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medicine_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:30.428469+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-medicine-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of medicine awards is an index to articles about notable awards for contributions to medicine, the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The list is organized by region and country of the organization giving the award, but the awards may be available to people from around the world. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == === United Kingdom === == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of biomedical science awards List of psychology awards Competitions and prizes in biotechnology == References ==


id: list-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of physics awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:31.702123+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-physics-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of physics awards is an index to articles about notable awards for physics. The list is organized by region and country of the organization that gives the award. Awards are not necessarily restricted to people from the country of the award giver. == International == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards == References ==


id: list-of-general-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_science_and_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of general science and technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_science_and_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:32.925813+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-general-science-and-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of general science and technology awards is an index to articles about notable awards for general contributions to science and technology. These awards typically have broad scope, and may apply to many or all areas of science and/or technology. The list is organized by region and country of the sponsoring organization, but awards are not necessarily limited to people from that country. == International == == Africa == == Americas == == Asia == == Europe == == Oceania == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of years in science == References ==


id: list-of-science-communication-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communication_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of science communication awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communication_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:34.156058+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-science-communication-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of science communication awards is an index of articles about notable awards for science communication, including journalism and books. The list is organized by the country of the sponsoring organization, although awards may not be restricted to people in that country. == List == == See also == Lists of awards List of journalism awards List of writing awards#Science writing awards List of education awards == References ==


id: list-of-space-technology-awards-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_technology_awards-0.md
category: reference
title: List of space technology awards
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_technology_awards
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:35.401733+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-space-technology-awards-20260505-0
summary:
This list of space technology awards is an index to articles about notable awards related to space technology. This includes awards for development of spacecraft, satellites, space stations, and support infrastructure, equipment, and procedures. The list shows the country of the sponsoring organization, but awards are not necessarily limited to people or organizations based in that country. == Awards == == See also == Lists of awards Lists of science and technology awards List of aviation awards List of astronomy awards List of challenge awards == References ==


id: list-of-student-science-award-programs-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_student_science_award_programs-0.md
category: reference
title: List of student science award programs
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_student_science_award_programs
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:36.612915+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-student-science-award-programs-20260505-0
summary:
List of student science award programs - a generic list of programs, fairs, and/or competitions for youth or students. Some examples include the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair or European Union Contest for Young Scientists, India International Sarabhai Student Scientist Award. Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge is another, and it used to be called Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), which was targeted at grades 5-8 (in the US system). MIT Lincoln Lab has named asteroids it discovered as a reward for the competition. Examples: Intel International Science and Engineering Fair Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge European Union Contest for Young Scientists India International Sarabhai Student Scientists Award Siemens Westinghouse Competition (Siemens Competition) New Zealand Science Fair Belgian Science Fair == References ==


id: list-of-awards-and-honours-received-by-tim-berners-lee-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Tim_Berners-Lee-0.md
category: reference
title: List of awards and honours received by Tim Berners-Lee
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Tim_Berners-Lee
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:37.870020+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-awards-and-honours-received-by-tim-berners-lee-20260505-0
summary:
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, (born 8 June 1955), also known as "TimBL", the inventor of the World Wide Web, has received a number of awards and honours. == Awards == 1994 (1994): Became one of only six members of the World Wide Web Hall of Fame. 1995 (1995): Kilby Foundation's "Young Innovator of the Year" Award. 1995 (1995): The Software System Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). 1995 (1995): Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) 1996 (1996): Honorary degree, University of Southampton. 1998 (1998): Honorary doctorate, University of Essex. 1998 (1998): The USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award, USENIX. 1999 (1999): Time Magazine named him one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. March 2000 (2000-03): Honorary degree, The Open University as Doctor of the University. 2001 (2001): Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society 2001 (2001): Elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2002 (2002): Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts) 2002 (2002): Named in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. 2003 (2003): The Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution


id: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:41.046209+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Biology is the study of life and its processes. Biologists study all aspects of living things, including all of the many life forms on earth and the processes in them that enable life. These basic processes include the harnessing of energy, the synthesis and duplication of the materials that make up the body, the reproduction of the organism and many other functions. Biology, along with chemistry and physics is one of the major disciplines of natural science. == A == ABO blood group system – abscisic acid – absorption spectrum – abyssal zone – acetylcholine – acetyl-CoA – acid – acid precipitation – acoelomate – acrosome – actin – action potential – active site – adaptive radiation – address-message concept – adenosine 5'-triphosphate – adenylyl cyclase – adrenal gland – adrenodoxin – aerobic organism – age structure – agonist – AIDS – albumin – aldehydes – aldosterone – algae – allantois – allele – allometry – allopatric speciation – allosteric binding site – allosteric effector – allosteric enzyme – allosteric site – allozyme – alpha helix – amino acid – aminoacyl tRNA synthetase – amino group – amniocentesis – amniote – amphipathic molecule – anabolism – anaerobic organism – anaerobic


id: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles-1.md
category: reference
title: Index of biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:41.046209+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== H == habitat – HACEK organism – halobacteria – haploid – Hardy–Weinberg principle – heart – Hela cell – helper T cell – Hepadnaviridae – hepatitis B – herbivore – heredity – hereditary disease – hermaphrodite – herpetology – Hershey–Chase experiment – heterochromatin – heterotroph – heterozygote – Hfr cell – hibernation – hierarchy of life – Hill reaction – His tag – histone – homeobox – homeostasis – homologous recombination – homology – homoplasy – homozygote – homunculus – horizontal gene transfer – hormone – host – household gene – human – Human Genome Project – humoral immunity – hybrid (biology) – hybridization – hydrolysis – hydrolytic enzyme – hygiene – hyperpolarization (biology) == I == ichthyology – immune cell – immune system – immunology – inbreeding – inducibility – infectious disease carrier – infertility – inner matrix – insect – insectivores – insulin – intermediate filament – intermembrane space – interphase – intestine – intron – invasive species – ion channel – isoenzyme – isotonic (exercise physiology) == J == James Watson – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – joint == K == K-selection – Kary Mullis – karyoplasm – karyotype – keratin – keystone species – kidney – kinesiology


id: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles-2.md
category: reference
title: Index of biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:41.046209+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
== S == saprobe – sarcoplasmic reticulum – scientific classification – secondary metabolite – secondary structure – second messenger – seed – seed plant – selection – Semiochemical – sequencing – serum – semen – Sewall Wright - sex linkage – sexual reproduction – sexual selection – shigella – shoot – signal transduction – silk – Sir Charles Lyell – sister chromatid – skeleton – skin cell – sleep – smooth ER – sociobiology – speciation – species – Hans Spemann – sperm – spermatid – spermatogenesis – spermiogenesis – spliceosome – splicing – spore – sporophyte – SSRI – starch – stem – stem cell – Stem cell chip – sticky end – stoma – stomach – streptomycin – structural biology – structural gene – substrate – substrate-level phosphorylation – surface area-to-volume ratio – symbiosis – symbiogenesis – synapomorphy – synapse – syngamy – systematics – systems biology == T == T cell – taphonomy – taxis – taxon – taxonomy – telomere – telophase – tertiary structure – testate amoebae – testes – Theodor Bilharz – Theodor Boveri – thermocline – thermoregulation – Thomas Hunt Morgan – Thomas Malthus – thylakoid – Tobacco mosaic virus – tobacco mosaic


id: list-of-research-methods-in-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: List of research methods in biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:54:58.182285+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-research-methods-in-biology-20260505-0
summary:
This list of research methods in biology is an index to articles about research methodologies used in various branches of biology. == Research design and analysis == === Research designs === === Charts and diagrams === === Statistical analyses === == Laboratory techniques == == Field techniques == == Computational tools == === Mathematical models === === Algorithms === == References == == External links ==


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-0.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biology: Biology – The natural science that studies life. Areas of focus include structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. == History of biology == History of anatomy History of biochemistry History of biotechnology History of botany History of ecology History of genetics History of evolutionary thought: Darwinism Eclipse of Darwinism (Lamarckism, Orthogenesis, Structuralism, and Mutationism) Modern (evolutionary) synthesis History of molecular evolution History of speciation History of marine biology History of medicine History of model organisms History of molecular biology Natural history History of neuroscience History of plant systematics History of pathology History of virology History of zoology == Overview == Biology Science Life Properties: Adaptation – Energy processing – Growth – Order – Regulation – Reproduction – Response to environment Biological organization: atom – molecule – cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism – population – community – ecosystem – biosphere Approach: Reductionism – emergent property – mechanistic Biology as a science: Natural science Scientific method: observation – research question – hypothesis – testability – prediction – experiment – data – statistics Scientific theory – scientific law Research method List of


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-1.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Evolutionary processes evolution microevolution: adaptation – selection – natural selection – directional selection – sexual selection – genetic drift – sexual reproduction – asexual reproduction – colony – allele frequency – neutral theory of molecular evolution – population genetics – Hardy–Weinberg principle Speciation Species Phylogeny Lineage (evolution) – evolutionary tree – cladistics – species – taxon – clade – monophyletic – polyphyly – paraphyly – heredity – phenotypic trait – nucleic acid sequence – synapomorphy – homology – molecular clock – outgroup (cladistics) – maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) – Computational phylogenetics Linnaean taxonomy: Carl Linnaeus – domain (biology) – kingdom (biology) – phylum – class (biology) – order (biology) – family (biology) – genus – species Three-domain system: archaea – bacteria – eukaryote – protist – fungi – plant – animal Binomial nomenclature: scientific classification – Homo sapiens History of life Origin of life – hierarchy of life – Miller–Urey experiment Macroevolution: adaptive radiation – convergent evolution – extinction – mass extinction – fossil – taphonomy – geologic time – plate tectonics – continental drift – vicariance – Gondwana – Pangaea – endosymbiosis == Life == Bacteria and Archaea Protists Plant diversity Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Bryophytes Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Moss Pteridophytes


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-2.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Anatomy – study of form in animals, plants and other organisms, or specifically in humans. Simply, the study of internal structure of living organisms. Physiology – study of the internal workings of organisms and the functions of anatomical structures. Comparative anatomy – the study of evolution of species through similarities and differences in their anatomy. Gross anatomy – study of anatomy at the macroscopic level Histology – also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Neuroanatomy – the study of the nervous system. Osteology – study of bones. Radiographic anatomy – study of anatomy through radiography Surface anatomy – study of external features of a body Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level. Biophysics – study of biological processes through the methods traditionally used in the physical sciences. Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings. Cellular biophysics – study of physical principles underlying cell function Neurophysics – study of the development of the nervous system on a molecular level. Molecular biophysics – study of physical properties of biomolecules at the molecular level


id: outline-of-biology-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology-3.md
category: reference
title: Outline of biology
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:00.731791+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: outline-of-biology-20260505-0
summary:
Neuroendocrinology – studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system, that is how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body. Neuroethology – study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. Neuroimmunology – study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuropharmacology – study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. Neurophysiology – study of the function (as opposed to structure) of the nervous system. Systems neuroscience – studies the function of neural circuits and systems. Theoretical biology – the mathematical modeling of biological phenomena. Systems biology – computational modeling of biological systems. Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior. Subbranches include: Arthropodology – biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods, a phylum of animals that include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs. Acarology – study of the taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks. Arachnology – scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, collectively called arachnids. Entomology – study of insects. Coleopterology – study of beetles. Lepidopterology – study of a large


id: list-of-aging-processes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aging_processes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of aging processes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aging_processes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:01.877588+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-aging-processes-20260505-0
summary:
Accumulation of lipofuscin Aging brain Calorie restriction Cross-link Crosslinking of DNA Degenerative disease DNA damage theory of aging Exposure to ultraviolet light Free-radical damage Glycation Life expectancy Longevity Maximum life span Senescence Stem cell theory of aging == See also == Index of topics related to life extension == References ==


id: list-of-anatomical-isthmi-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anatomical_isthmi-0.md
category: reference
title: List of anatomical isthmi
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anatomical_isthmi
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:03.096283+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-anatomical-isthmi-20260505-0
summary:
In anatomy, "isthmus" refers to a constriction between organs. This is a list of anatomical isthmi: Aortic isthmus, section of the aortic arch Cavo-tricuspid isthmus of the right atrium of the heart, a body of fibrous tissue in the lower atrium between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve Isthmus, the ear side of the eustachian tube Isthmus, the narrowed part between the trunk and the splenium of the corpus callosum Isthmus, formation of the shell membrane in birds' oviducts Isthmus lobe, a lobe in the prostate Isthmus of cingulate gyrus Isthmus of fauces, opening at the back of the mouth into the throat Isthmus organizer, a secondary organizer region at the junction of the midbrain and metencephalon Isthmus tubae uterinae, which links the fallopian tube to the uterus Kronig isthmus, a band of resonance representing the apex of the lung Thyroid isthmus, a thin band of tissue connecting some of the lobes that make up the thyroid Uterine isthmus, the inferior-posterior part of the uterus


id: index-of-anatomy-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of anatomy articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:04.348567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-anatomy-articles-20260505-0
summary:
Articles related to anatomy include: == A == == B == == C == == D == == E == == F == == G == == H == == I == == J == == K == == L == == M == == N == == O == == P == == Q == == R == == S == == T == == U == == V == == W == == X == == Z ==


id: list-of-animals-that-produce-silk-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_that_produce_silk-0.md
category: reference
title: List of animals that produce silk
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_that_produce_silk
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:05.476182+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-animals-that-produce-silk-20260505-0
summary:
Silk is produced by a variety of animals, for different purposes, with various types being produced. == Insects == Silkworms produce silk when undergoing larval to adult metamorphosis. Raspy crickets produce silk to form nests. Honeybee and bumblebee larvae produce silk to strengthen the wax cells in which they pupate. Bulldog ants spin cocoons to protect themselves during pupation. Weaver ants use silk to connect leaves together to make communal nests. Caddisfly larvae produce silk. Webspinners have silk glands on their front legs. Hornets Silverfish Mayflies Thrips Leafhoppers produce silk nests under the leaves of the trees where they live, to protect them against predators. Beetles Lacewings Fleas Flies Midges Caterpillars of many butterfly species use silk to create shelters or attach to substrates for pupation. Parasitic wasps such as braconids use silk cocoons for pupation. == Other animals == The family Projapygidae in the order Diplura have cerci that contain silk glands. The mussel Pinna nobilis creates silk to bond itself to rocks. It is used to make sea silk. Spiders make spider silk for various purposes such as weaving their webs, protecting their eggs or as a safety line. The amphipod Peramphithoe femorata uses silk to make a


id: list-of-animals-by-number-of-neurons-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_by_number_of_neurons-0.md
category: reference
title: List of animals by number of neurons
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_by_number_of_neurons
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:07.697406+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-animals-by-number-of-neurons-20260505-0
summary:
The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence. The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. Neuron counts constitute an important source of insight on the topic of neuroscience and intelligence: the question of how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~1011 neurons, ~1014 synapses) of a complex system leads to the phenomenon of intelligence. == Overview == Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether. Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects. The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior. == Whole nervous system == All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona),


id: list-of-bacterial-disulfide-oxidoreductases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bacterial_disulfide_oxidoreductases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of bacterial disulfide oxidoreductases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bacterial_disulfide_oxidoreductases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:09.015235+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-bacterial-disulfide-oxidoreductases-20260505-0
summary:
Bacterial thiol disulfide oxidoreductases (TDOR) are bacterial enzymes that participate in redox reactions involving cysteine residues. Along with unfolded proteins, they are secreted from bacterial cells into periplasmic spaces or extracellularly, and may have membrane anchors. Some have functions in promoting processes of adhesion and biofilm development, and generally disease development. == Table == == References ==


id: list-of-sequenced-bacterial-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced bacterial genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:10.694185+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-bacterial-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of sequenced eubacterial genomes contains most of the eubacteria known to have publicly available complete genome sequences. Most of these sequences have been placed in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, a public database which can be searched on the web. A few of the listed genomes may not be in the INSDC database, but in other public databases. Genomes listed as "Unpublished" are in a database, but not in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. For the genomes of archaea see list of sequenced archaeal genomes. For the genomes of organelles with a bacterial origin, see list of sequenced mitochondrial genomes and list of sequenced plastomes == Abditibacteriota == == Actinomycetota == == Aquificota == == Armatimonadota == == Bacteroidota/Chlorobiota group == == Caldisericota == == Chlamydiota/Verrucomicrobiota group == == Chloroflexota == == Chrysiogenota == == Cyanobacteria == == Deferribacterota == == Deinococcota == == Dictyoglomota == == Elusimicrobiota == == Fibrobacterota/Acidobacteriota group == == Bacillota == == Fusobacteriota == == Gemmatimonadota == == Nitrospirota == == Planctomycetota == == Pseudomonadota == === Alphaproteobacteria === === Betaproteobacteria === === Gammaproteobacteria === === Zetaproteobacteria === == Myxococcota–Campylobacterota == == Spirochaetota == == Synergistota == == Mycoplasmatota == == Thermodesulfobacteriota ==


id: list-of-biodiversity-databases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biodiversity_databases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biodiversity databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biodiversity_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:12.044065+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biodiversity-databases-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of biodiversity databases. Biodiversity databases store taxonomic information alone or more commonly also other information like distribution (spatial) data and ecological data, which provide information on the biodiversity of a particular area or group of living organisms. They may store specimen-level information, species-level information, information on nomenclature, or any combination of the above. Most are available online. Specimen-focused databases contain data about individual specimens, as represented by vouchered museum specimens, collections of specimen photographs, data on field-based specimen observations and morphological or genetic data. Species-focused databases contain information summarised at the species-level. Some species-focused databases attempt to compile comprehensive data about particular species (FishBase), while others focus on particular species attributes, such as checklists of species in a given area (FEOW) or the conservation status of species (CITES or IUCN Red List). Nomenclators act as summaries of taxonomic revisions and set a key between specimen-focused and species-focused databases. They do this because taxonomic revisions use specimen data to determine species limits. == See also == Taxonomic database Biodiversity informatics Global biodiversity == References == == External links == List of species databases at the Catalogue of Life Archived 17 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine List


id: list-of-accipitriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Accipitriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Accipitriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Accipitriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:16.119972+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-accipitriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Accipitriformes species by global population. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and species classifications are noted. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. While not all of these species have had their populations quantified, species without estimates are also listed below in a separate table. The order Cathartiformes (containing family Cathartidae, the New World vultures) has been folded into Accipitriformes by the International Ornithological Congress. Other authorities, such as the American Ornithological Society, maintain Cathartiformes and Accipitriformes as two distinct orders. Because Cathartidae has only seven species, they are included in this list for simplicity. Version 15.1 of the IOC World Bird List describes 266 members of Accipitriformes when including Cathartidae (259 without). As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have evaluated 259 of these species, excepting 7 being maintained as subspecies of other birds in this list. There is one species listed as a member of Accipitriformes which is extinct: Bermuda hawk (Bermuteo avivorous) - last


id: list-of-anseriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anseriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Anseriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anseriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:17.440289+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-anseriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Anseriformes species by global population. Where possible, estimates are given for both the population of mature individuals, and the total global population. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and species classifications are noted. Anseriformes (Anser being Latin for "goose") is the taxonomic order to which the ducks, geese, swans, and screamers belong. Version 15.1 (2025) of the IOC World Bird List describes 178 species belonging to Anseriformes, six of which are extinct. As of December 2025, BirdLife International has assessed 176 species (excepting Mexican Duck and the split of Taiga/Tundra bean goose); 168 (95% of assessed species) have had total or breeding population estimated. A variety of methods are used for counting waterfowl. For example, in North America, national and sub-national agencies use planes and helicopters to make aerial transects of breeding populations, and extrapolate these counts over the species' known ranges. Methodologies are continuously being refined; thus estimates can be expected to become more accurate over time. Forecasts can be made by studying habitat condition trends and by interviewing local experts. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained,


id: list-of-apodiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apodiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Apodiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apodiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:20.899567+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-apodiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Apodiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Members of Apodiformes include the swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds. Note that some ornithological authorities (e.g., IUCN/BirdLife International) no longer recognize Apodiformes, and place all members within Caprimulgiformes. However, Apodiformes is maintained as a separate order here to match IOC taxonomy (IOC World Bird List version 15.1). For more discussion of this taxonomic complex, see Strisores. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Apodiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 480 species of Apodiformes, one of which is extinct. One member of Apodiformes is extinct: Brace's emerald (Riccordia bracei) - went extinct circa 1877. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-birds-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of birds by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:22.368442+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-birds-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a set of lists of bird species by global population, divided by avian order. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Contributing organizations include the IUCN, BirdLife International, and Partners in Flight. The global population of all mature birds is estimated to be 50 – 100 billion individuals. Total species population, including immature individuals, is higher during the breeding season of each species. These lists are incomplete, because experts have not estimated all bird populations. For example, the spectacled flowerpecker was only discovered in 2010, and did not receive its scientific name (Dicaeum dayakorum) until 2019, adding to the other 73 new bird species described by ornithologists from 2000 – 2009. Global population estimates for many of these at this time would lack accuracy. All numbers are estimates, because they are made via bird surveys (e.g., point counting) and extrapolating species density estimates made via observation data over a species' known range. Population estimates should be interpreted with a margin of error, even when only one value is provided. The number of species


id: list-of-bucerotiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bucerotiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Bucerotiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bucerotiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:23.644325+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-bucerotiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Bucerotiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is incomprehensive, as not all Bucerotiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 75 species of Bucerotiformes. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. Some species listed as members of Bucerotiformes are extinct: St. Helena hoopoe (Upupa antaios) - went extinct by end of 17th century. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-charadriiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Charadriiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Charadriiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Charadriiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:25.429069+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-charadriiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Charadriiformes species by global population. Charadriiformes (Charadrius being Latin for "plover") is the taxonomic order to which the waders, gulls, and auks belong. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. Not all Charadriiformes have had their numbers quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The Charadriiformes were sometimes grouped with the Ciconiiformes in older taxonomic systems (e.g., Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy). However, the American Ornithological Society, International Ornithologists' Union (IOC) and BirdLife International, which informs IUCN taxonomy, now agree on it being a separate order following more recent genetic analyses. A variety of methods are used for counting Charadriiformes. For example, the piping plover is subject to the quinquennial Piping Plover International Census, which is carried out in 9 Canadian provinces, 32 US states, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. In the 2006 survey, Saskatchewan alone had 159 volunteers scour 294 waterbodies. The mountain plover has had its nests counted through the drive transect method. Once density has been calculated, the numbers are extrapolated over a bird's range. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and


id: list-of-ciconiiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ciconiiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Ciconiiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ciconiiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:26.760685+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ciconiiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Ciconiiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 20 species of Ciconiiformes. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed the populations of all members of this order. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-columbiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Columbiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Columbiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Columbiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:28.306796+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-columbiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Columbiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Columbiformes have had their populations quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 352 species of Columbiformes, 13 of which are extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Some members of Columbiformes are extinct: Bonin wood pigeon (Columba versicolor) - last observed in 1889; extinct due to deforestation. Ryukyu wood pigeon (Columba jouyi) - last observed in 1936. Passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) - last wild bird was shot in 1900; last captive individual died in 1914. Rodrigues pigeon or Rodrigues turtle dove (Nesoenas rodericanus) - went extinct during the 18th century. Spotted green pigeon or Liverpool pigeon (Caloenas maculata) - known from one specimen, and not seen since 1928. Norfolk ground dove (Pampusana norfolkensis) - poorly described species, known only from subfossils. Extinct sometime after 1790. Not recognized by IUCN/BirdLife International.


id: list-of-coraciiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Coraciiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Coraciiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Coraciiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:29.674747+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-coraciiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Coraciiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is incomprehensive, as not all Coraciiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 186 species of Coraciiformes. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-cuculiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cuculiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Cuculiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cuculiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:31.015528+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-cuculiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Cuculiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is incomprehensive, as not all Cuculiformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 156 species of Cuculiformes, two of which are extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Some species included as members of Cuculiformes are extinct: Snail-eating coua, or Delalande's coua (Coua delalandei) - last seen in 1834. St. Helena cuckoo (Nannococcyx psix) - last seen in 1550. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-falconiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Falconiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Falconiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Falconiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:32.455872+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-falconiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Falconiformes species by global population. While members of Falconiformes were once classified with the hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites of order Accipitriformes, recent genetic analysis indicates they are not close relatives of these birds. Version 15.1 of the IOC World Bird List describes 65 species within Falconiformes, two of which are extinct. As of December 2025, BirdLife International has assessed 64 of these species (excepting rock kestrel). While not all of these species have had their populations quantified, species without estimates are also listed below in a separate table. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. There are two species listed as members of Falconiformes which are extinct. They are as follows: Guadalupe caracara (Caracara lutosa) - last recorded in 1903. Réunion kestrel (Falco duboisi) - species is mentioned by early explorers, but went extinct sometime after 1674. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-galliformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galliformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Galliformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galliformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:34.023513+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-galliformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Galliformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Not all Galliformes have had their populations quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 307 species of Galliformes, one of which is extinct. As of January 2026, the IUCN has assessed 303 of these species (excepting red grouse, chestnut-headed chachalaca, Yungas guan, and Dulit partridge). This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. One member of Galliformes is extinct: New Zealand quail (Coturnix novaezelandiae) - last individual died in 1875. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == Populations of domestic Galliformes == Note that domestic subspecies are not evaluated by the IUCN. == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-gaviiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gaviiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Gaviiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gaviiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:35.196986+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-gaviiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Gaviiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 5 species of Gaviiformes. IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed the populations of all members of this order. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-gruiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gruiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Gruiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gruiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:36.548865+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-gruiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Gruiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Not all Gruiformes have had their numbers quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 190 species of Gruiformes, 21 of which are extinct. Species status within Gruiformes is particularly unresolved compared to other orders. As of December 2025, IOC lists six species which are considered subspecies by IUCN/BirdLife International. Similarly, IUCN/BirdLife International list four species which still have subspecies status in IOC taxonomies. See 'Notes' column of included tables for more information on these taxonomic disputes. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Several species included as members of Gruiformes are extinct: Réunion rail (Dryolimnas augusti) - last observed circa 1670. Hawkin's rail (Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi) - went extinct in the latter half of 19th century. Chatham Islands rail (Cabalus modestus) - last observed between 1895-1900. Bar-winged rail


id: list-of-musophagiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Musophagiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Musophagiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Musophagiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:38.414195+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-musophagiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Musophagiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all species of this order has had their global populations estimated. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-otidiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Otidiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Otidiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Otidiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:39.713652+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-otidiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Otidiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 26 species of Otidiformes. IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed all members of this order, with population estimates provided for 11 (42%) species. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. While not all of these species have had their populations quantified, species without estimates are also listed below in a separate table. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-passeriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Passeriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Passeriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Passeriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:41.096536+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-passeriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Passeriforme species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. Passeriformes is the taxonomic order to which the perching birds belong. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-pelecaniformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pelecaniformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Pelecaniformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pelecaniformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:42.420582+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-pelecaniformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Pelecaniformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 118 species of Pelecaniformes, seven of which are extinct. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 111 of these species (excepting dimorphic egret, splits from striated heron, the split of cattle egret, and the extinct Ascension night heron). This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names/taxonomic statuses are noted. Several species listed as members of Pelecaniformes are extinct: Réunion ibis (Threskiornis solitarius) - last seen in 1763. New Zealand bittern (Botaurus novaezealandiae) - last seen in 1890. IUCN/BirdLife International place this bird in genus Ixobrychus. Bermuda night heron (Nyctanassa carcinocatactes) - last seen in 1610. Likely extinct shortly afterward. Ascension night heron (Nycticorax olsoni) - likely went extinct circa 1500. Not listed by IUCN/BirdLife International. Réunion night heron (Nycticorax duboisi) - likely went extinct in early 1700s. Mauritius night heron (Nycticorax mauritianus) - likely went extinct in


id: list-of-phoenicopteriformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phoenicopteriformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Phoenicopteriformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phoenicopteriformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:43.610694+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-phoenicopteriformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Phoenicopteriformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list follows IUCN guidance for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-piciformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Piciformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Piciformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Piciformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:44.781583+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-piciformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Piciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Piciformes have had their numbers quantified. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 448 species of Piciformes, one of which is extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. One member of Piciformes is extinct: Bermuda flicker (Colaptes oceanicus) - likely went extinct by mid-17th century. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-podicipediformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Podicipediformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Podicipediformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Podicipediformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:45.969454+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-podicipediformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Podicipediformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 23 species of Podicipediformes, three of which are extinct. IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed and quantified population sizes for 22 of these species, excepting tricolored grebe. Additionally, IUCN/BirdLife International recognize a split in silvery grebe into northern and southern species. There are three species listed as members of Podicipediformes which are extinct. They are as follows: Alaotra grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus) - declared extinct in 2010, but last sighted in 1985. Atitlán grebe (Podilymbus gigas) - species declared extinct in 1986, following rapid decline. Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus) - last confirmed sighting in 1977. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-procellariiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Procellariiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Procellariiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Procellariiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:47.483091+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-procellariiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Procellariiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 149 species of Procellariiformes, two of which are extinct. As of January 2026, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 144 members, and provided population estimates for 143 members of the order. While not all Procellariiformes have population estimates, species with unknown populations are listed in a secondary table below. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Two members of Procellariiformes are extinct: St. Helena petrel, or large St. Helena petrel (Pterodroma rupinarum) - last seen in 1502. Olson's petrel, or small St. Helena petrel (Bulweria bifax) - last seen in 1502. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-psittaciformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Psittaciformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Psittaciformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Psittaciformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:49.240678+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-psittaciformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Psittaciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Psittaciformes have had their numbers quantified. All numbers, unless explicitly stated in the notes, only count individuals in the wild; IUCN does not consider species held in captivity in its population estimates. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 406 species of Psittaciformes, 14 of which are extinct. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. Some members of Psittaciformes are extinct: Norfolk Island kākā (Nestor productus) - extinct by 1850s due to habitat destruction and hunting. Carolina parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) - last recorded in 1910. Cuban macaw (Ara tricolor) - last reported in 1885; extinct due to hunting pressures. Puerto Rican parakeet (Psittacara maugei) - extinct by 1892. Considered a subspecies of the Hispaniolan parakeet (P. chloropterus) by IUCN/BirdLife International. Mascarene parrot (Mascarinus mascarin) - last reported in 1775; extinct due to


id: list-of-pterocliformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pterocliformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Pterocliformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pterocliformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:50.525126+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-pterocliformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Pterocliformes species by global population. Pterocliformes is a monotypic order which contains the sandgrouse family (Pteroclidae). While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Not all Pterocliformes have had their numbers quantified, but species without population estimates are included in a secondary table below. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 16 species of Pterocliformes. As of January 2026, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed all members of the order, though only two have population estimates. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-sphenisciformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sphenisciformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Sphenisciformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sphenisciformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:51.816172+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sphenisciformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Sphenisciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by experts in their fields. Sphenisciformes (from the Latin for "wedge-shaped") is the taxonomic order to which penguins belong. The IOC World Bird List recognizes 19 species of Sphenisciformes. BirdLife International has assessed 18 species (95% of total species), all of which have had their population estimated. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted. A variety of methods are used for counting penguins, including the first census from space in April 2012, when imagery from Ikonos, QuickBird-2, and WorldView-2 satellites were used to count emperor penguins in Antarctica. Most maritime surveys use strip transect and distance sampling to measure penguin species density; this is then extrapolated over the animal's range. The Galapagos penguin has been counted annually since 1961 by the Galápagos National Park Service. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Extinct species from this order include the Waitaha penguin, which went extinct between 1300–1500 (soon after the Polynesian arrival to New Zealand),


id: list-of-struthioniformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Struthioniformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Struthioniformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Struthioniformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:53.140870+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-struthioniformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Struthioniformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 2 species of Struthioniformes. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 1/2 (50%) members of this order. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-suliformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Suliformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Suliformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Suliformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:54.531826+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-suliformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Suliformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Suliformes include the following families: Sulidae (gannets and boobies), Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants), Anhingidae (darters), and the Plotopteridae (flightless seabirds of the North Pacific that went extinct in the Miocene). The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 60 species of Suliformes, one of which is extinct. As of December 2025, IUCN/BirdLife International have assessed 54 of these species (excepting Cocos booby and Imperial shag complex splits), 44 of which have population estimates. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names are noted. Some members included in Suliformes are extinct: Spectacled cormorant (Urile perspicillatus) - largest known cormorant species, extinct since 1850s. == Species by global population == == Species without population estimates == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-tinamiformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tinamiformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Tinamiformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tinamiformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:55.826046+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-tinamiformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Tinamiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Tinamiformes have had their numbers quantified. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-trogoniformes-by-population-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trogoniformes_by_population-0.md
category: reference
title: List of Trogoniformes by population
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trogoniformes_by_population
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:56.970433+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-trogoniformes-by-population-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of Trogoniformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Trogoniformes have had their numbers quantified. == Species by global population == == See also == Lists of birds by population Lists of organisms by population == References ==


id: list-of-camouflage-methods-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods-0.md
category: reference
title: List of camouflage methods
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:58.240717+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-camouflage-methods-20260505-0
summary:
Camouflage is the concealment of animals or objects of military interest by any combination of methods that helps them to remain unnoticed. This includes the use of high-contrast disruptive patterns as used on military uniforms, but anything that delays recognition can be used as camouflage. Camouflage involves deception, whether by looking like the background or by resembling something else, which may be plainly visible to observers. This article lists methods used by animals and the military to escape notice. == Conventions used == Different camouflage methods employed by terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic animals, and in military usage, are compared in the table. Several methods are often combined, so for example the Bushbuck is both countershaded over its whole body, and disruptively coloured with small pale spots. Until the discovery of countershading in the 1890s, protective coloration was considered to be mainly a matter of colour matching, but while this is certainly important, a variety of other methods are used to provide effective camouflage. When an entry is marked Dominant, that method is used widely in that environment, in most cases. For example, countershading is very common among land animals, but not for military camouflage. The dominant camouflage methods on land


id: list-of-chordate-orders-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chordate_orders-0.md
category: reference
title: List of chordate orders
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chordate_orders
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:55:59.583549+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-chordate-orders-20260505-0
summary:
This article contains a list of all of the classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata. The subphyla Tunicata and Vertebrata are in the unranked Olfactores clade, while the subphylum Cephalochordata is not. Animals in Olfactores are characterized as having a more advanced olfactory system than animals not in it. The only extinct classes shown are Placodermi and Acanthodii. Many other extinct chordate groups are not shown here. == Subphylum Cephalochordata == === Class Leptocardii: Lancelets === Order Amphioxiformes == Subphylum Tunicata == === Class Ascidiacea: Sessile tunicates === Order Enterogona Order Pleurogona Order Aspiraculata === Class Thaliacea: Pelagic tunicates === Order Doliolida Order Pyrosomida Order Salpida: salps === Class Appendicularia: Solitary, free-swimming tunicates === Order Copelata == Subphylum Vertebrata == === Infraphylum Agnatha: Jawless vertebrates === ==== Superclass Cyclostomata: Extant jawless vertebrates ==== ===== Class Myxini: Hagfish ===== Order Myxiniformes ===== Class Hyperoartia: Lampreys ===== Order Petromyzontiformes === Infraphylum Gnathostomata: Jawed vertebrates === ==== Class Placodermi: Armoured fish † ==== Order Acanthothoraci Order Arthrodira Order Antiarchi Order Brindabellaspida Order Petalichthyida Order Phyllolepida Order Ptyctodontida Order Rhenanida Order Pseudopetalichthyida (The placement of this order is debated.) Order Stensioellida (The placement of this monotypic order is debated.) ====


id: list-of-clinically-important-bacteria-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinically_important_bacteria-0.md
category: reference
title: List of clinically important bacteria
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clinically_important_bacteria
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:00.983680+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-clinically-important-bacteria-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of bacteria that are significant in medicine. For a list of clinically important viruses, see the table of viral diseases. == A == Acinetobacter baumannii Actinomyces israelii Agrobacterium radiobacter Agrobacterium tumefaciens Anaplasma Anaplasma phagocytophilum Azorhizobium caulinodans Azotobacter vinelandii == B == Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Bacillus brevis Bacillus cereus Bacillus fusiformis Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus megaterium Bacillus mycoides Bacillus stearothermophilus Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis Bacteroides Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides gingivalis Bartonella Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana Bordetella Bordetella bronchiseptica Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella pertussis Borrelia burgdorferi Brucella Brucella abortus Brucella melitensis Brucella suis Burkholderia Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia pseudomallei Burkholderia cepacia == C == Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Campylobacter Campylobacter coli Campylobacter fetus Campylobacter jejuni Capnocytophaga canimorsus Cardiobacterium hominis Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila Chlamydophila pneumoniae (formerly Chlamydia pneumoniae) Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) Citrobacter Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter koseri Clostridioides difficile (also known as C. diff) Clostridium Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens (formerly Clostridium welchii) Clostridium tetani Corynebacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae (formerly Mycobacterium diphtheriae) Coxiella burnetii Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) == E == Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia ewingii Eikenella corrodens Enterobacter cloacae Enterococcus Enterococcus avium Enterococcus casseliflavus Enterococcus durans Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus malodoratus Escherichia coli O157:H7 == F == Francisella tularensis (formerly Pasteurella


id: list-of-biological-databases-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biological_databases-0.md
category: reference
title: List of biological databases
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biological_databases
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:02.226012+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-biological-databases-20260505-0
summary:
Biological databases are stores of biological information. The journal Nucleic Acids Research regularly publishes special issues on biological databases and has a list of such databases. The 2018 issue has a list of about 180 such databases and updates to previously described databases. Omics Discovery Index can be used to browse and search several biological databases. Furthermore, the NIAID Data Ecosystem Discovery Portal developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) enables searching across databases. == Meta databases == Meta databases are databases of databases that collect data about data to generate new data. They are capable of merging information from different sources and making it available in a new and more convenient form, or with an emphasis on a particular disease or organism. Originally, metadata was only a common term referring simply to data about data such as tags, keywords, and markup headers. bio.tools: a community-driven registry of bioinformatics software and data resources ConsensusPathDB: a molecular functional interaction database, integrating information from 12 others Entrez search system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) link Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy) link Neuroscience Information Framework (University of California, San Diego): integrates hundreds of neuroscience relevant resources;


id: taxonomy-of-drosera-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Drosera-0.md
category: reference
title: Taxonomy of Drosera
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Drosera
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:03.507534+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: taxonomy-of-drosera-20260505-0
summary:
The genus Drosera was divided in 1994 by Seine & Barthlott into three subgenera and 11 sections on the basis of morphological characteristics. Discovery and description of new species has been occurring since the 10th century, and as recently as the 1940s barely more than 80 species were known. In recent years, Australian Allen Lowrie has done extensive work in the genus, particularly in describing numerous new species from Australia. His classification of the genus was replaced by Jan Schlauer's work in 1996, although the correct classification is still disputed. == Drosera subg. Arcturia == Drosera arcturi Drosera murfetii Drosera stenopetala == Drosera subg. Bryastrum == === D. sect. Bryastrum === Drosera pygmaea === Drosera sect. Lamprolepis === == Drosera subg. Coelophylla == Drosera glanduligera == Drosera subg. Drosera == === Drosera sect. Arachnopus === Drosera hartmeyerorum Drosera serpens Drosera fragrans Drosera aurantiaca Drosera aquatica Drosera barrettorum Drosera nana Drosera glabriscapa Drosera margaritacea Drosera indica Drosera finlaysoniana === Drosera sect. Drosera === === Drosera sect. Prolifera === Drosera adelae Drosera prolifera Drosera schizandra Drosera buubugujin == Drosera subg. Ergaleium == === Drosera sect. Ergaleium === === Drosera sect. Erythrorhiza === === Drosera sect. Stolonifera === == Drosera subg. Lasiocephala ==


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the first group, EC 1, oxidoreductases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors ==


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.1.1 With Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NADP as acceptor === EC 1.1.1.1: alcohol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.2: alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.1.1.3: homoserine dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.4: (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.5: acetoin dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.303, diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming] and EC 1.1.1.304, diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming] EC 1.1.1.6: glycerol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.7: propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.8: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.1.1.9: D-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.10: L-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.11: D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.12: L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.13: L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.14: L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.15: D-iditol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.16: galactitol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.17: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.18: inositol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.19: glucuronate reductase EC 1.1.1.20: glucuronolactone reductase EC 1.1.1.207: (-)-menthol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.208: (+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.21: aldose reductase EC 1.1.1.22: UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.222: (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.23: histidinol dehydrogenase| EC 1.1.1.24: quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.1.1.25: shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.1.1.26: glyoxylate reductase EC 1.1.1.27: L-lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.28: D-lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.29: glycerate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.30: 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.31: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.32: mevaldate reductase EC 1.1.1.33: mevaldate reductase (NADPH) EC 1.1.1.34: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.1.1.35: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.36: acetoacetyl-CoA reductase EC 1.1.1.37: malate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.38: malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.39: malate


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
This enzyme was already in the Enzyme List as EC 1.1.1.206, tropine dehydrogenase so EC 1.1.1.293 has been withdrawn at the public-review stage EC 1.1.1.294: chlorophyll(ide) b reductase EC 1.1.1.295: momilactone-A synthase EC 1.1.1.296: dihydrocarveol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.297: limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.298: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.1.1.299: malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+)] EC 1.1.1.300: NADP-retinol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.301: D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.302: 2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5′-phosphate reductase EC 1.1.1.303: Diacetyl reductase ((R)-acetoin forming) EC 1.1.1.304: Diacetyl reductase ((S)-acetoin forming) EC 1.1.1.305: UDP-glucuronic acid dehydrogenase (UDP-4-keto-hexauronic acid decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.306: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.307: D-xylose reductase EC 1.1.1.308: sulfopropanediol 3-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.309: phosphonoacetaldehyde reductase (NADH) EC 1.1.1.310: (S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.311: (S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.312: 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.313: sulfoacetaldehyde reductase EC 1.1.1.314: Now known to be catalyzed by EC 1.14.14.95, germacrene A hydroxylase EC 1.1.1.315: 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.316: L-galactose 1-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.317: perakine reductase EC 1.1.1.318: eugenol synthase EC 1.1.1.319: isoeugenol synthase EC 1.1.1.320: benzil reductase [(S)-benzoin forming] EC 1.1.1.321: benzil reductase [(R)-benzoin forming] EC 1.1.1.322: (–)-endo-fenchol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.323: (+)-thujan-3-ol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.324: 8-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.325: sepiapterin reductase (L-threo-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming) EC 1.1.1.326: zerumbone synthase EC 1.1.1.327: 5-exo-hydroxycamphor dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.328: nicotine blue oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.329: 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.330:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor === EC 1.1.2.1: glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. As the acceptor is now known, the enzyme has been transferred to EC 1.1.5.3, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. EC 1.1.2.2: mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.3: L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.4: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.5: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) EC 1.1.2.6: polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) EC 1.1.2.7: methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) EC 1.1.2.8: alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) EC 1.1.2.9: 1-butanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) EC 1.1.2.10: lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.2.11: glucoside 3-dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) === EC 1.1.3 With oxygen as acceptor === EC 1.1.3.1: Now included with EC 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase EC 1.1.3.2: L-lactate oxidase EC 1.1.3.3: malate oxidase EC 1.1.3.4: glucose oxidase EC 1.1.3.5: hexose oxidase EC 1.1.3.6: cholesterol oxidase EC 1.1.3.7: aryl-alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.8: L-gulonolactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.9: galactose oxidase EC 1.1.3.10: pyranose oxidase EC 1.1.3.11: L-sorbose oxidase EC 1.1.3.12: pyridoxine 4-oxidase EC 1.1.3.13: alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.14: catechol oxidase (dimerizing) EC 1.1.3.15: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase EC 1.1.3.16: ecdysone oxidase EC 1.1.3.17: choline oxidase EC 1.1.3.18: Secondary-alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.19: 4-hydroxymandelate oxidase EC 1.1.3.20: long-chain-alcohol oxidase EC 1.1.3.21: glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase EC 1.1.3.22: Now EC 1.17.3.2, xanthine oxidase. The enzyme was incorrectly classified as acting on a CH-OH


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.2.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.2.1.1: deleted, replaced by EC 1.1.1.284, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase and EC 4.4.1.22, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione synthase EC 1.2.1.2: Now EC 1.17.1.9, formate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.3: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.4: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.5: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) EC 1.2.1.6: deleted (was benzaldehyde dehydrogenase) EC 1.2.1.7: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.8: betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.9: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.10: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) EC 1.2.1.11: aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.12: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) EC 1.2.1.13: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (phosphorylating) EC 1.2.1.14: Now EC 1.1.1.205, IMP dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.15: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.16: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] EC 1.2.1.17: glyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating) EC 1.2.1.18: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) EC 1.2.1.19: aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.20: glutarate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.21: glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.22: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.23: 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.24: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.25: branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase system EC 1.2.1.26: 2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.27: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) EC 1.2.1.28: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.2.1.29: aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.30: aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.2.1.31: L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.32: aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.33: (R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.34: Now EC 1.1.1.131, mannuronate reductase EC 1.2.1.35: Now EC 1.1.1.203, uronate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.36: retinal dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.37:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-5.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.3.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.3.1.1: dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.3.1.2: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.3: Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase EC 1.3.1.4: transferred to EC 1.3.1.22, 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.5: cucurbitacin Δ23-reductase EC 1.3.1.6: fumarate reductase (NADH) EC 1.3.1.7: meso-tartrate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.8: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.9: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) EC 1.3.1.10: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Si-specific) EC 1.3.1.11: 2-coumarate reductase EC 1.3.1.12: prephenate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.13: prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.14: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.3.1.15: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.16: β-nitroacrylate reductase EC 1.3.1.17: 3-methyleneoxindole reductase EC 1.3.1.18: kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.19: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.20: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.21: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase EC 1.3.1.22: 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.23: Identical to EC 1.3.1.3, Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase EC 1.3.1.24: biliverdin reductase EC 1.3.1.25: 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.26: Now EC 1.17.1.8, 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase EC 1.3.1.27: 2-hexadecenal reductase EC 1.3.1.28: 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.29: cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.30: transferred to EC 1.3.1.22, 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.3.1.31: 2-enoate reductase EC 1.3.1.32: maleylacetate reductase EC 1.3.1.33: protochlorophyllide reductase EC 1.3.1.34: 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.3.1.35: Now EC 1.14.19.22, microsomal oleoyl-lipid 12-desaturase EC 1.3.1.36: geissoschizine dehydrogenase EC 1.3.1.37: cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.3.1.38: trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) EC 1.3.1.39:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-6.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.3.99 With unknown physiological acceptors === EC 1.3.99.1: The activity is included in EC 1.3.5.1, succinate dehydrogenase (quinone) EC 1.3.99.2: Now EC 1.3.8.1, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase. EC 1.3.99.3: now EC 1.3.8.7, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, EC 1.3.8.8, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and EC 1.3.8.9, very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.4: 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.5: 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (acceptor) EC 1.3.99.6: 3-oxo-5β-steroid 4-dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.7: Now EC 1.3.8.6, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.8: 2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.9: Now EC 1.21.99.1, β-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.10: Now EC 1.3.8.4, isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.11: transferred to EC 1.3.5.2, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.12: Now classified as EC 1.3.8.5, 2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase EC 1.3.99.13: Now EC 1.3.8.8, long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.14: cyclohexanone dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.15: Now EC 1.3.7.8 EC 1.3.99.16: isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.17: quinoline 2-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.18: quinaldate 4-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.19: quinoline-4-carboxylate 2-oxidoreductase EC 1.3.99.20: Now EC 1.3.7.9, 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase EC 1.3.99.21: Now EC 1.3.8.3, (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.22: Now EC 1.3.98.3, coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.23: all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase EC 1.3.99.24: Now EC 1.3.8.16, 2-amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase EC 1.3.99.25: carvone reductase EC 1.3.99.26: all-trans-ζ-carotene desaturase EC 1.3.99.27: 1-hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase EC 1.3.99.28: phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming) EC 1.3.99.29: phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming) EC 1.3.99.30: phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming) EC 1.3.99.31: phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming) EC 1.3.99.32: glutaryl-CoA


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-7.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.5.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.5.1.1: 1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase (NAD(P)H) EC 1.5.1.2: pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase EC 1.5.1.3: dihydrofolate reductase EC 1.5.1.4: Now included with EC 1.5.1.3 dihydrofolate reductase EC 1.5.1.5: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.5.1.6: formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.7: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine-forming) EC 1.5.1.8: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming) EC 1.5.1.9: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming) EC 1.5.1.10: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) EC 1.5.1.11: D-octopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.12: Now EC 1.2.1.88, L-glutamate γ-semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.13: Now EC 1.17.1.5, nicotinate dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.14: Now included with EC 1.5.1.21 Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase EC 1.5.1.15: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.5.1.16: D-lysopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.17: alanopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.18: ephedrine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.19: D-nopaline dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.20: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) EC 1.5.1.21: 1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase (NADPH) EC 1.5.1.22: strombine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.23: tauropine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.24: N5-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase EC 1.5.1.25: thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.26: β-alanopine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.27: 1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH) EC 1.5.1.28: opine dehydrogenase EC 1.5.1.29: Now covered by EC 1.5.1.38 [FMN reductase (NADPH)], EC 1.5.1.39 [FMN reductase [NAD(P)H])] and EC 1.5.1.41 (riboflavin reductase [NAD(P)H]) EC 1.5.1.30: flavin reductase (NADPH) EC 1.5.1.31: berberine reductase EC 1.5.1.32: vomilenine reductase EC 1.5.1.33: pteridine reductase EC 1.5.1.34: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase EC 1.5.1.35: identical to EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-8.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.6.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor === EC 1.6.6.1: Now EC 1.7.1.1, nitrate reductase (NADH) EC 1.6.6.2: Now EC 1.7.1.2, nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H] EC 1.6.6.3: Now EC 1.7.1.3, nitrate reductase (NADPH) EC 1.6.6.4: Now EC 1.7.1.4, nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] EC 1.6.6.5: Now EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-forming) EC 1.6.6.6: Now EC 1.7.1.5, hyponitrite reductase EC 1.6.6.7: Now EC 1.7.1.6, azobenzene reductase EC 1.6.6.8: Now EC 1.7.1.7, GMP reductase EC 1.6.6.9: Now known to be catalysed by EC 1.7.2.3, trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase EC 1.6.6.10: Now EC 1.7.1.9, nitroquinoline-N-oxide reductase] EC 1.6.6.11: Now EC 1.7.1.10, hydroxylamine reductase (NADH) EC 1.6.6.12: Now EC 1.7.1.11, 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene reductase EC 1.6.6.13: Now EC 1.7.1.12, N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene reductase === EC 1.6.7 With an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.6.7.1: now EC 1.18.1.2 ferredoxin—NADP+ reductase EC 1.6.7.2: now EC 1.18.1.1 rubredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.6.7.3: now EC 1.18.1.3 ferredoxin—NAD+ reductase === EC 1.6.8 With a flavin as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.6.8.1: Now EC 1.5.1.29 FMN reductase EC 1.6.8.2: Now EC 1.5.1.30 flavin reductase === EC 1.6.99 With unknown physiological acceptors === EC 1.6.99.1: NADPH dehydrogenase EC 1.6.99.2: Now EC 1.6.5.2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone EC 1.6.99.3: The activity is covered by EC 7.1.1.2, NADH:ubiquinone


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-9.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.8.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.8.6.1: Now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase === EC 1.8.7 With an iron–sulfur protein as acceptor === EC 1.8.7.1: assimilatory sulfite reductase (ferredoxin) EC 1.8.7.2: ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase EC 1.8.7.3: ferredoxin:CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase === EC 1.8.98 With other, known, acceptors === EC 1.8.98.1: dihydromethanophenazine:CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase EC 1.8.98.2: sulfiredoxin === EC 1.8.99 With other acceptors === EC 1.8.99.1: Now covered by EC 1.8.1.2, assimilatory sulfite reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.8.7.1, assimilatory sulfite reductase (ferredoxin) EC 1.8.99.2: adenylyl-sulfate reductase EC 1.8.99.3: an in vitro artifact of EC 1.8.1.22, dissimilatory sulfite reductase EC 1.8.99.4: Now EC 1.8.4.8, phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) EC 1.8.99.5: Now EC 1.8.1.22, dissimilatory sulfite reductase == EC 1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors == === EC 1.9.3 With oxygen as acceptor === EC 1.9.3.1: Now EC 7.1.1.9, cytochrome-c oxidase EC 1.9.3.2: Now included with EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-forming) === EC 1.9.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor === EC 1.9.6.1: nitrate reductase (cytochrome) === EC 1.9.98 With other, known, physiological acceptors === EC 1.9.98.1: iron—cytochrome-c reductase === EC 1.9.99 With other acceptors === EC 1.9.99.1: Now EC 1.9.98.1, iron—cytochrome-c reductase == EC 1.10


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-10.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.13.11 With incorporation of two atoms of oxygen === EC 1.13.11.1: catechol 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.2: catechol 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.3: protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.4: gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.5: homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.6: 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.7: deleted EC 1.13.11.8: protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.9: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.10: 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8a-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.11: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.12: linoleate 13S-lipoxygenas EC 1.13.11.13: The activity is the sum of several enzymatic and spontaneous reactions EC 1.13.11.14: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.15: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.16: 3-carboxyethylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.17: indole 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.18: persulfide dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.19: cysteamine dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.20: cysteine dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.21: Now EC 1.14.99.36, β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase EC 1.13.11.22: caffeate 3,4-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.23: 2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.24: quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.25: 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.26: peptide-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.27: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.28: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.29: stizolobate synthase EC 1.13.11.30: stizolobinate synthase EC 1.13.11.31: arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.32: Now EC 1.13.12.16, nitronate monooxygenase EC 1.13.11.33: arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.34: arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.35: pyrogallol 1,2-oxygenase EC 1.13.11.36: chloridazon-catechol dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.37: hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.38: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.39: biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.40: arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase EC 1.13.11.41: 2,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.42: identical to EC 1.13.11.11, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase EC 1.13.11.43: lignostilbene


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-11.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.11 With 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom each of oxygen into both donors === EC 1.14.11.1: γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.2: procollagen-proline dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.3: pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 2′-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.4: procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.5: Now included with EC 1.14.11.6 thymine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.6: thymine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.7: procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.8: trimethyllysine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.9: flavanone 3-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.10: pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 1′-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.11: hyoscyamine (6S)-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.12: gibberellin-44 dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.13: gibberellin 2β-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.14: Now EC 1.14.20.13, 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine epoxidase EC 1.14.11.15: gibberellin 3β-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.16: peptide-aspartate β-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.17: taurine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.18: phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.19: Now EC 1.14.20.4, anthocyanidin synthase EC 1.14.11.20: deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.21: clavaminate synthase EC 1.14.11.22: Now EC 1.14.20.5, flavone synthase EC 1.14.11.23: Now EC 1.14.20.6, flavonol synthase EC 1.14.11.24: 2′-deoxymugineic-acid 2′-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.25: mugineic-acid 3-dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.26: deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.27: [histone H3]-dimethyl-L-lysine36 demethylase EC 1.14.11.28: proline 3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.29: hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.30: hypoxia-inducible factor-asparagine dioxygenase EC 1.14.11.31: thebaine 6-O-demethylase EC 1.14.11.32: codeine 3-O-demethylase EC 1.14.11.33: DNA oxidative demethylase EC 1.14.11.34: Now EC 1.14.20.7, 2-oxoglutarate/L-arginine monooxygenase/decarboxylase (succinate-forming) EC 1.14.11.35: 1-deoxypentalenic acid 11β-hydroxylase EC 1.14.11.36: pentalenolactone F synthase EC 1.14.11.36: pentalenolactone F synthase EC 1.14.11.37: kanamycin B


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-12.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.13 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor === EC 1.14.13.1: salicylate 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.2: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.3: Now EC 1.14.14.9, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.4: melilotate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.5: imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.6: orcinol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.7: phenol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.8: flavin-containing monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.9: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.10: 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.11: Now EC 1.14.14.91, trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.12: Now EC 1.14.14.92, benzoate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.13: Now classified as EC 1.14.15.18, calcidiol 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.14: trans-cinnamate 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.15: Now EC 1.14.15.15, cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.16: cyclopentanone monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.17: Now EC 1.14.14.23, cholesterol 7α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.18: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.19: taxifolin 8-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.20: 2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.21: Now EC 1.14.14.82, flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.22: cyclohexanone monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.23: 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.24: 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.25: methane monooxygenase (soluble) EC 1.14.13.26: Now classified as EC 1.14.18.4, phosphatidylcholine 12-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.27: 4-aminobenzoate 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.28: Now EC 1.14.14.93, 3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.29: 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.30: Now EC 1.14.14.94, leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.31: 2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.32: albendazole monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.33: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase (NAD(P)H) EC 1.14.13.34: leukotriene-E4 20-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.35: anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating) EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-13.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
EC 1.14.13.141: Now EC 1.14.15.29, cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase [(25S)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate forming] EC 1.14.13.142: Now EC 1.14.15.30, 3-ketosteroid 9α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.143: Now EC 1.14.14.76 ent-isokaurene C2/C3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.144: Now EC 1.14.14.111, 9β-pimara-7,15-diene oxidase EC 1.14.13.145: Now EC 1.14.14.112, ent-cassa-12,15-diene 11-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.146: taxoid 14β-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.147: Now EC 1.14.14.182, taxoid 7β-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.148: trimethylamine monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.149: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase EC 1.14.13.150: Now EC 1.14.14.113, α-humulene 10-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.151: Now EC 1.14.14.84, linalool 8-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.152: Now EC 1.14.14.83, geraniol 8-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.153: (+)-sabinene 3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.154: erythromycin 12-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.155: α-pinene monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.156: Now EC 1.14.14.133, 1,8-cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.157: Now EC 1.14.14.56, 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.158: Now EC 1.14.14.114, amorpha-4,11-diene 12-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.159: Now EC 1.14.14.24, vitamin D 25-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.160: (2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.161: (+)-camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.162: Now EC 1.14.14.108, 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.163: 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.164: withdrawn: see EC 1.13.11.65, carotenoid isomerooxygenase EC 1.14.13.165: Now classified as EC 1.14.14.47, nitric-oxide synthase (flavodoxin) EC 1.14.13.166: 4-nitrocatechol 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.167: 4-nitrophenol 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.168: indole-3-pyruvate monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.169: Now EC 1.14.18.5, sphingolipid C4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.13.170: pentalenolactone D synthase EC 1.14.13.171: neopentalenolactone D synthase EC 1.14.13.172: salicylate 5-hydroxylase EC 1.14.13.173: Now EC 1.14.14.115, 11-oxo-β-amyrin 30-oxidase EC 1.14.13.174: Now EC 1.14.14.116,


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-14
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-14.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.14 With reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen === EC 1.14.14.1: unspecific monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.2: Now included with EC 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.3: alkanal monooxygenase (FMN-linked) EC 1.14.14.4: identical to EC 1.14.15.7, choline monooxygenase. EC 1.14.14.5: alkanesulfonate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.6: Now EC 1.14.13.111, methanesulfonate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.7: transferred to EC 1.14.19.9, tryptophan 7-halogenase EC 1.14.14.8: anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (FAD) EC 1.14.14.9: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.10: nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.11: styrene monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.12: 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.13: 4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.14: aromatase EC 1.14.14.15: (3S)-3-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl-[peptidyl-carrier protein SgcC2] monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.16: steroid 21-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.17: squalene monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.18: heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing) EC 1.14.14.19: steroid 17α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.20: phenol 2-monooxygenase (FADH2) EC 1.14.14.21: dibenzothiophene monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.22: dibenzothiophene sulfone monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.23: cholesterol 7α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.24: vitamin D 25-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.25: cholesterol 24-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.26: 24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.27: resorcinol 4-hydroxylase (FADH2) EC 1.14.14.28: long-chain alkane monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.29: 25/26-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.30: isobutylamine N-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.31: ipsdienol synthase EC 1.14.14.32: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone deacetylase EC 1.14.14.33: ethylenediaminetetraacetate monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.34: methanesulfonate monooxygenase (FMNH2) EC 1.14.14.35: dimethylsulfone monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.36: tyrosine N-monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.37: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase EC 1.14.14.38: valine N-monooxygenase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-15
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-15.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.15 With reduced iron–sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen === EC 1.14.15.1: camphor 5-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.2: Now EC 1.14.13.162, 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase. EC 1.14.15.3: alkane 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.4: steroid 11β-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.5: corticosterone 18-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.6: cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving) EC 1.14.15.7: choline monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.8: steroid 15β-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.9: spheroidene monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.10: (+)-camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.11: pentalenic acid synthase EC 1.14.15.12 : pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase. Now EC 1.14.14.46, pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase EC 1.14.15.13: pulcherriminic acid synthase EC 1.14.15.14: methyl-branched lipid ω-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.15: cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.16: vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.17: pheophorbide a oxygenase EC 1.14.15.18: calcidiol 1-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.19: C-19 steroid 1α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.20: heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing, ferredoxin) EC 1.14.15.21: zeaxanthin epoxidase EC 1.14.15.22: vitamin D 1,25-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.23: chloroacetanilide N-alkylformylase EC 1.14.15.24: β-carotene 3-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.25: p-cymene methyl-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.26: toluene methyl-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.27: β-dihydromenaquinone-9 ω-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.28: cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase [(25R)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate forming] EC 1.14.15.29: cholest-4-en-3-one 26-monooxygenase [(25S)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate forming] EC 1.14.15.30: 3-ketosteroid 9α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.31: 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoate 7-hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.32: pentalenene oxygenase EC 1.14.15.33: pikromycin synthase EC 1.14.15.34: 20-oxo-5-O-mycaminosyltylactone 23-monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.35: 6-deoxyerythronolide B hydroxylase EC 1.14.15.36: sterol 14α-demethylase (ferredoxin) EC 1.14.15.37: luteothin monooxygenase EC 1.14.15.38: N,N-dimethyl phenylurea N-demethylase EC 1.14.15.39:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-16
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-16.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.14.99 Miscellaneous === EC 1.14.99.1: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase EC 1.14.99.2: kynurenine 7,8-hydroxylase EC 1.14.99.3: Now EC 1.14.14.18, heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing) EC 1.14.99.4: progesterone monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.5: Now EC 1.14.19.1, stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase EC 1.14.99.6: Now EC 1.14.19.2, acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase EC 1.14.99.7: Transferred to EC 1.14.13.132, squalene monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.8: Now included with EC 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.9: Now classified as EC 1.14.14.19, steroid 17α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.10: Now EC 1.14.14.16, steroid 21-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.11: estradiol 6β-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.12: 4-androstene-3,17-dione monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.13: Now EC 1.14.13.23, 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.14: Now EC 1.14.14.197, progesterone 11α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.15: 4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase (O-demethylating) EC 1.14.99.16: Now EC 1.14.13.72, methylsterol monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.17: Now EC 1.14.16.5, glyceryl-ether monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.18: deleted EC 1.14.99.19: Now classified as EC 1.14.19.77, plasmanylethanolamine desaturase EC 1.14.99.20: phylloquinone monooxygenase (2,3-epoxidizing) EC 1.14.99.21: Latia-luciferin monooxygenase (demethylating) EC 1.14.99.22: ecdysone 20-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.23: 3-hydroxybenzoate 2-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.24: steroid 9α-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.25: Now EC 1.14.19.3, linoleoyl-CoA desaturase EC 1.14.99.26: 2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.27: Now classified as EC 1.17.3.4, juglone 3-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.28: Now EC 1.14.14.84, linalool 8-monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.29: deoxyhypusine monooxygenase EC 1.14.99.30: Now EC 1.3.5.6, 9,9′-dicis-ζ-carotene desaturase. EC 1.14.99.31: Now classified as EC 1.14.19.24, myristoyl-CoA 11-(E) desaturase EC 1.14.99.32: Now classified as


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-17
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)-17.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 1)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:04.950617+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-1-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 1.18.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.18.1.1: rubredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.18.1.2: ferredoxin—NADP+ reductase EC 1.18.1.3: ferredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.18.1.4: rubredoxin—NAD(P)+ reductase EC 1.18.1.5: Putidaredoxin—NAD+ reductase EC 1.18.1.6: adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase EC 1.18.1.7: ferredoxin—NAD(P)+ reductase (naphthalene dioxygenase ferredoxin-specific) EC 1.18.1.8: Now EC 7.2.1.2, ferredoxin—NAD+ oxidoreductase (Na+-transporting) === EC 1.18.2 With dinitrogen as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.2.1: now EC 1.18.6.1, nitrogenase === EC 1.18.3 With H+ as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.3.1: Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase === EC 1.18.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor === EC 1.18.6.1: nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.2: vanadium-dependent nitrogenase === EC 1.18.96 With other, known, acceptors (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.96.1: Now EC 1.15.1.2, superoxide reductase === EC 1.18.99 With H+ as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) === EC 1.18.99.1: Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase == EC 1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor == === EC 1.19.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor === EC 1.19.1.1: flavodoxin—NADP+ reductase === EC 1.19.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor === EC 1.19.6.1: nitrogenase (flavodoxin) == EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors == === EC 1.20.1 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with NAD+ as acceptor === EC 1.20.1.1: phosphonate dehydrogenase === EC 1.20.2


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the second group, EC 2, transferases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 2.1: Transferring One-Carbon Groups ==


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.1.1: Methyltransferases === EC 2.1.1.1: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.2: guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.3: thetin—homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.4: acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.5: betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.6: catechol O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.7: nicotinate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.8: histamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.9: thiol S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.10: homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.11: magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.12: methionine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.13: methionine synthase EC 2.1.1.14: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate—homocysteine S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.15: fatty-acid O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.16: methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase EC 2.1.1.17: phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.18: polysaccharide O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.19: trimethylsulfonium—tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.20: glycine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.21: methylamine—glutamate N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.22: carnosine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.23: now covered by EC 2.1.1.124, EC 2.1.1.125 and EC 2.1.1.126 EC 2.1.1.24: now covered by EC 2.1.1.77, EC 2.1.1.80 and EC 2.1.1.100 EC 2.1.1.25: phenol O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.26: iodophenol O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.27: tyramine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.28: phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.29: Now covered by EC 2.1.1.202, EC 2.1.1.203 and EC .1.1.204 EC 2.1.1.30: tRNA (purine-2- or -6-)-methyltransferase: Reactions previously described are due to EC 2.1.1.32 EC 2.1.1.31: Now covered by EC 2.1.1.221 and EC 2.1.1.228 EC 2.1.1.32: Now covered by EC 2.1.1.213, EC 2.1.1.214, EC 2.1.1.215 and EC 2.1.1.216 EC 2.1.1.33: tRNA (guanine46-N7)-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.34: tRNA (guanosine18-2′-O)-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.35: tRNA (uracil54-C5)-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.36: Now


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
Now known to have the activity of EC 2.1.1.359, [histone H3]-lysine36 N-trimethyltransferase. EC 2.1.1.359: [histone H3]-lysine36 N-trimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.360: [histone H3]-lysine79 N-trimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.361: [histone H4]-lysine20 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.362: [histone H4]-N-methyl-L-lysine20 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.363: pre-sodorifen synthase EC 2.1.1.364: [histone H3]-lysine4 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.365: MMP 1-O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.366: [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-lysine9 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.367: [histone H3]-lysine9 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.368: [histone H3]-lysine9 N-dimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.369: [histone H3]-lysine27 N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.370: [histone H3]-lysine4 N-dimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.371: [histone H3]-lysine27 N-dimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.372: [histone H4]-lysine20 N-trimethyltransferase EC 2.1.1.373: 2-hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate S-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.374: 2-heptyl-1-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-one methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.375: NNS virus cap methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.376: glycine betaine—corrinoid protein Co-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.377: [methyl-Co(III) glycine betaine-specific corrinoid protein]—coenzyme M methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.378: [methyl-Co(III) glycine betaine-specific corrinoid protein]—tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.379: [methyl coenzyme M reductase]-L-arginine C-5-methyltransferase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.1.2: Hydroxymethyl-, Formyl- and Related Transferases === EC 2.1.2.1: glycine hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.2: phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 1 EC 2.1.2.3: phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase EC 2.1.2.4: glycine formimidoyltransferase EC 2.1.2.5: glutamate formiminotransferase EC 2.1.2.6: deleted, included in EC 2.1.2.5 EC 2.1.2.7: D-alanine 2-hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.8: deoxycytidylate 5-hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.9: methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase EC 2.1.2.10: aminomethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.11: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase EC 2.1.2.12: now EC 2.1.1.74 EC 2.1.2.13: UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose formyltransferase EC 2.1.2.14: GDP-perosamine N-formyltransferase === EC 2.1.3: Carboxy- and Carbamoyltransferases === EC 2.1.3.1: methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase EC 2.1.3.2: aspartate carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.3: ornithine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.4: deleted EC 2.1.3.5: oxamate carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.6: putrescine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.7: 3-hydroxymethylcephem carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.8: lysine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.9: N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.10: malonyl-S-ACP:biotin-protein carboxyltransferase EC 2.1.3.11: N-succinylornithine carbamoyltransferase EC 2.1.3.13: [[The enzyme has been replaced by EC 6.1.2.2]] EC 2.1.3.14: [[The enzyme has been replaced by EC 6.1.2.2]] EC 2.1.3.15: acetyl-CoA carboxytransferase === EC 2.1.4: Amidinotransferases === EC 2.1.4.1: glycine amidinotransferase EC 2.1.4.2: scyllo-inosamine-4-phosphate amidinotransferase EC 2.1.4.3: L-arginine:L-lysine amidinotransferase === EC 2.1.5: Methylenetransferases === EC 2.1.5.1: sesamin methylene transferase == EC 2.2: Transferring Aldehyde or Ketonic Groups == === EC 2.2.1: Transketolases and Transaldolases === EC 2.2.1.1: transketolase EC 2.2.1.2: transaldolase EC 2.2.1.3: formaldehyde transketolase EC 2.2.1.4: acetoin—ribose-5-phosphate transaldolase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.3.1: Transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups === EC 2.3.1.1: amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.2: imidazole N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3: glucosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.4: glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.5: arylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6: choline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.7: carnitine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.8: phosphate acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.9: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.10: hydrogen-sulfide S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.11: thioethanolamine S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.12: dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.13: glycine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.14: glutamine N-phenylacetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.15: glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.16: acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.17: aspartate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.18: galactoside O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.19: phosphate butyryltransferase EC 2.3.1.20: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.21: carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.22: 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.23: 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.24: sphingosine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.25: plasmalogen synthase EC 2.3.1.26: sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.27: cortisol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.28: chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.29: glycine C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.30: serine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.31: homoserine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.32: lysine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.33: histidine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.34: D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.35: glutamate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.36: D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.37: 5-aminolevulinate synthase EC 2.3.1.38: [acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.39: [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.40: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—phospholipid O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.41: β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I EC 2.3.1.42: glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.43: phosphatidylcholine—sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.44: N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.45: N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.46: homoserine O-succinyltransferase EC 2.3.1.47: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-5.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.3.2: Aminoacyltransferases === EC 2.3.2.1: D-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.2: γ-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.3: lysyltransferase EC 2.3.2.4: Now classified as EC 4.3.2.9, γ-glutamylcyclotransferase EC 2.3.2.5: glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase EC 2.3.2.6: leucyltransferase EC 2.3.2.7: aspartyltransferase EC 2.3.2.8: arginyltransferase EC 2.3.2.9: agaritine γ-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.10: UDP-N-acetylmuramoylpentapeptide-lysine N6-alanyltransferase EC 2.3.2.11: alanylphosphatidylglycerol synthase EC 2.3.2.12: peptidyltransferase EC 2.3.2.13: protein-glutamine g-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.14: D-alanine γ-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.15: glutathione γ-glutamylcysteinyltransferase EC 2.3.2.16: lipid II:glycine glycyltransferase EC 2.3.2.17: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-(N6-glycyl)-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenyl-N-acetylglucosamine:glycine glycyltransferase EC 2.3.2.18: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-(N6-triglycine)-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenyl-N-acetylglucosamine:glycine glycyltransferase EC 2.3.2.19: ribostamycin:4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] 4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)-(S)-2-hydroxybutanoate transferase EC 2.3.2.20: cyclo(L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl) synthase EC 2.3.2.21: cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-tyrosyl) synthase EC 2.3.2.22: cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) synthase EC 2.3.2.23: E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.24: (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.25: N-terminal E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.26: HECT-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.27: RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.28: L-allo-isoleucyltransferase EC 2.3.2.29: aspartate/glutamate leucyltransferase EC 2.3.2.30: L-ornithine Nα-acyltransferase EC 2.3.2.31: RBR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.32: cullin-RING-type E3 NEDD8 transferase EC 2.3.2.33: RCR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase EC 2.3.2.34: E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme EC 2.3.2.35: capsaicin synthase EC 2.3.2.36: RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase (cysteine targeting) === EC 2.3.3: Acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer === EC 2.3.3.1: citrate (Si)-synthase EC 2.3.3.2: decylcitrate synthase EC 2.3.3.3: citrate (Re)-synthase EC 2.3.3.4: decylhomocitrate synthase EC 2.3.3.5: 2-methylcitrate synthase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-6.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.4.1: Hexosyltransferases === EC 2.4.1.1: Glycogen phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.2: dextrin dextranase EC 2.4.1.3: deleted, included in EC 2.4.1.25 EC 2.4.1.4: amylosucrase EC 2.4.1.5: dextransucrase EC 2.4.1.6: deleted EC 2.4.1.7: sucrose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.8: maltose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.9: inulosucrase EC 2.4.1.10: levansucrase EC 2.4.1.11: glycogen(starch) synthase EC 2.4.1.12: cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.13: sucrose synthase EC 2.4.1.14: sucrose-phosphate synthase EC 2.4.1.15: α,α-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.16: chitin synthase EC 2.4.1.17: glucuronosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.18: ,4-α-glucan branching enzyme EC 2.4.1.19: cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase EC 2.4.1.20: cellobiose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.21: starch synthase EC 2.4.1.22: lactose synthase EC 2.4.1.23: sphingosine β-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.24: 1,4-α-glucan 6-α-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.25: 4-α-glucanotransferase EC 2.4.1.26: DNA α-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.27: DNA β-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.28: glucosyl-DNA β-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.29: cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.30: 1,3-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.31: laminaribiose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.32: glucomannan 4-β-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.33: mannuronan synthase EC 2.4.1.34: 1,3-β-glucan synthase EC 2.4.1.35: phenol β-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.36: α,α-trehalose-phosphate synthase (GDP-forming) EC 2.4.1.37: fucosylgalactoside 3-α-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.38: β-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide β-1,4-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.39: steroid N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.40: glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside α-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.41: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.42: deleted, included in EC 2.4.1.17 EC 2.4.1.43: polygalacturonate 4-α-galacturonosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.44: lipopolysaccharide 3-α-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.45: now included with EC 2.4.1.47, N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.46: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase EC 2.4.1.47:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-7.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
Now included in EC 2.4.1.122, N-acetylgalactosaminide β-1,3-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.308: GDP-Fuc:β-D-Gal-1,3-α-D-GalNAc-1,3-α-GalNAc-diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,2-fucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.309: UDP-Gal:α-L-Fuc-1,2-β-Gal-1,3-α-GalNAc-1,3-α-GalNAc-diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,3-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.310: vancomycin aglycone glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.311: chloroorienticin B synthase EC 2.4.1.312: protein O-mannose β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.313: protein O-mannose β-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.314: ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.315: diglucosyl diacylglycerol synthase (1,6-linking) EC 2.4.1.316: tylactone mycaminosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.317: O-mycaminosyltylonolide 6-deoxyallosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.318: demethyllactenocin mycarosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.319: β-1,4-mannooligosaccharide phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.320: 1,4-β-mannosyl-N-acetylglucosamine phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.321: cellobionic acid phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.322: devancosaminyl-vancomycin vancosaminetransferase EC 2.4.1.323: 7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.324: 7-deoxyloganetin glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.325: TDP-N-acetylfucosamine:lipid II N-acetylfucosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.326: aklavinone 7-L-rhodosaminyltransferase EC 2.4.1.327: aclacinomycin-T 2-deoxy-L-fucose transferase EC 2.4.1.328: erythronolide mycarosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.329: sucrose 6F-phosphate phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.330: β-D-glucosyl crocetin β-1,6-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.331: 8-demethyltetracenomycin C L-rhamnosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.332: 1,2-α-glucosylglycerol phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.333: 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.334: 1,3-α-oligoglucan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.335: dolichyl N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl phosphate 3-β-D-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-glucuronosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.336: monoglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase EC 2.4.1.337: 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-α-glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.338: validoxylamine A glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.339: β-1,2-mannobiose phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.340: 1,2-β-oligomannan phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.341: α-1,2-colitosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.342: α-maltose-1-phosphate synthase EC 2.4.1.343: UDP-Gal:α-D-GlcNAc-diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,3-galactosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.344: type 2 galactoside α-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.345: phosphatidyl-myo-inositol α-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.346: phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside synthase EC 2.4.1.347: α,α-trehalose-phosphate synthase (ADP-forming) EC 2.4.1.348: N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.349: mannosyl-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.350: mogroside IE synthase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-8.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.4.2: Pentosyltransferases === EC 2.4.2.1: purine-nucleoside phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.2: pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.3: uridine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.4: thymidine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.5: nucleoside ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.6: nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.7: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.8: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.9: uracil phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.10: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.11: now EC 6.3.4.21 nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.12: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.13: now EC 2.5.1.6 methionine adenosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.14: amidophosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.15: guanosine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.16: urate-ribonucleotide phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.17: ATP phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.18: anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.19: nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) EC 2.4.2.20: dioxotetrahydropyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.21: nicotinate-nucleotide—dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.22: xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.23: [[This activity has been shown to be catalysed by EC 2.4.2.2, ((pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase)), EC 2.4.2.3, ((uridine phosphorylase)), and EC 2.4.2.4, ((thymidine phosphorylase)).|This activity has been shown to be catalysed by EC 2.4.2.2, pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase, EC 2.4.2.3, uridine phosphorylase, and EC 2.4.2.4, thymidine phosphorylase.]] EC 2.4.2.24: 1,4-β-D-xylan synthase EC 2.4.2.25: flavone apiosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.26: protein xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.27: dTDP-dihydrostreptose—streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.28: S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine phosphorylase EC 2.4.2.29: tRNA-guanosine34 preQ1 transglycosylase EC 2.4.2.30: NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.31: NAD+—protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.32: dolichyl-phosphate D-xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.33: dolichyl-xylosyl-phosphate—protein xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.34: indolylacetylinositol arabinosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.35: flavonol-3-O-glycoside xylosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.36: NAD+—diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase EC 2.4.2.37: NAD+


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-9.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.5.1: Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (only sub-subclass identified to date) === EC 2.5.1.1: dimethylallyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.2: thiamine pyridinylase EC 2.5.1.3: thiamine-phosphate diphosphorylase EC 2.5.1.4: adenosylmethionine cyclotransferase EC 2.5.1.5: galactose-6-sulfurylase EC 2.5.1.6: methionine adenosyltransferase EC 2.5.1.7: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase EC 2.5.1.8: transferred to EC 2.5.1.75, tRNA dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.9: riboflavin synthase EC 2.5.1.10: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.11: Now covered by EC 2.5.1.84 (all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [geranyl-diphosphate specific]) and EC 2.5.1.85 (all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific]) EC 2.5.1.12: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.13: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.14: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.15: dihydropteroate synthase EC 2.5.1.16: spermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.17: cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase EC 2.5.1.18: glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.19: 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase EC 2.5.1.20: rubber cis-polyprenylcistransferase EC 2.5.1.21: squalene synthase EC 2.5.1.22: spermine synthase EC 2.5.1.23: sym-norspermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.24: discadenine synthase EC 2.5.1.25: tRNA-uridine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC 2.5.1.26: alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.27: adenylate dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.28: dimethylallylcistransferase EC 2.5.1.29: farnesyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.30: trans-hexaprenyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.31: ditrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.32: 15-cis-phytoene synthase EC 2.5.1.33: deleted, now covered by EC 2.5.1.82 hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific] and EC 2.5.1.83 hexaprenyl


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-10.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.6.1: Transaminases === EC 2.6.1.1: aspartate transaminase EC 2.6.1.2: alanine transaminase EC 2.6.1.3: cysteine transaminase EC 2.6.1.4: glycine transaminase EC 2.6.1.5: tyrosine transaminase EC 2.6.1.6: leucine transaminase EC 2.6.1.7: kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase EC 2.6.1.8: 2,5-diaminovalerate transaminase EC 2.6.1.9: histidinol-phosphate transaminase EC 2.6.1.10: deleted, included with EC 2.6.1.21, D-amino-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.11: acetylornithine transaminase EC 2.6.1.12: alanine—oxo-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.13: ornithine aminotransferase EC 2.6.1.14: asparagine—oxo-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.15: glutamine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.16: glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing) EC 2.6.1.17: succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase EC 2.6.1.18: β-alanine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.19: 4-aminobutyrate transaminase EC 2.6.1.20: deleted EC 2.6.1.21: D-amino-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.22: (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase EC 2.6.1.23: 4-hydroxyglutamate transaminase EC 2.6.1.24: diiodotyrosine transaminase EC 2.6.1.25: deleted, Now included with EC 2.6.1.24 diiodotyrosine transaminase EC 2.6.1.26: thyroid-hormone transaminase EC 2.6.1.27: tryptophan transaminase EC 2.6.1.28: tryptophan—phenylpyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.29: diamine transaminase EC 2.6.1.30: pyridoxamine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.31: pyridoxamine—oxaloacetate transaminase EC 2.6.1.32: valine—3-methyl-2-oxovalerate transaminase EC 2.6.1.33: dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose transaminase EC 2.6.1.34: UDP-N-acetylbacillosamine transaminase EC 2.6.1.35: glycine—oxaloacetate transaminase EC 2.6.1.36: L-lysine 6-transaminase EC 2.6.1.37: (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.38: histidine transaminase EC 2.6.1.39: 2-aminoadipate transaminase EC 2.6.1.40: (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.41: D-methionine—pyruvate transaminase EC 2.6.1.42: branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase EC 2.6.1.43: aminolevulinate transaminase EC 2.6.1.44: alanine—glyoxylate transaminase EC 2.6.1.45: serine—glyoxylate transaminase EC 2.6.1.46: diaminobutyrate—pyruvate transaminase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-11
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-11.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.7.1: Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor === EC 2.7.1.1: hexokinase EC 2.7.1.2: glucokinase EC 2.7.1.3: ketohexokinase EC 2.7.1.4: fructokinase EC 2.7.1.5: rhamnulokinase EC 2.7.1.6: galactokinase EC 2.7.1.7: mannokinase EC 2.7.1.8: glucosamine kinase EC 2.7.1.9: deleted EC 2.7.1.10: phosphoglucokinase EC 2.7.1.11: 6-phosphofructokinase EC 2.7.1.12: gluconokinase EC 2.7.1.13: dehydrogluconokinase EC 2.7.1.14: sedoheptulokinase EC 2.7.1.15: ribokinase EC 2.7.1.16: ribulokinase EC 2.7.1.17: xylulokinase EC 2.7.1.18: phosphoribokinase EC 2.7.1.19: phosphoribulokinase EC 2.7.1.20: adenosine kinase EC 2.7.1.21: thymidine kinase EC 2.7.1.22: ribosylnicotinamide kinase EC 2.7.1.23: NAD+ kinase EC 2.7.1.24: dephospho-CoA kinase EC 2.7.1.25: adenylyl-sulfate kinase EC 2.7.1.26: riboflavin kinase EC 2.7.1.27: erythritol kinase (D-erythritol 4-phosphate-forming) EC 2.7.1.28: triokinase EC 2.7.1.29: glycerone kinase EC 2.7.1.30: glycerol kinase EC 2.7.1.31: glycerate kinase EC 2.7.1.32: choline kinase EC 2.7.1.33: pantothenate kinase EC 2.7.1.34: pantetheine kinase EC 2.7.1.35: pyridoxal kinase EC 2.7.1.36: mevalonate kinase EC 2.7.1.37: now divided into EC 2.7.11.1, EC 2.7.11.8, EC 2.7.11.9, EC 2.7.11.10, EC 2.7.11.11, EC 2.7.11.12, EC 2.7.11.13, EC 2.7.11.21, EC 2.7.11.22, EC 2.7.11.24, EC 2.7.11.25, EC 2.7.11.30 and EC 2.7.12.1 EC 2.7.1.38: now EC 2.7.11.19, phosphorylase kinase EC 2.7.1.39: homoserine kinase EC 2.7.1.40: pyruvate kinase EC 2.7.1.41: glucose-1-phosphate phosphodismutase EC 2.7.1.42: riboflavin phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.43: glucuronokinase EC 2.7.1.44: galacturonokinase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-12
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-12.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.7.2: Phosphotransferases with a carboxy group as acceptor === EC 2.7.2.1: acetate kinase EC 2.7.2.2: carbamate kinase EC 2.7.2.3: phosphoglycerate kinase EC 2.7.2.4: aspartate kinase EC 2.7.2.5: Now EC 6.3.4.16, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) EC 2.7.2.6: formate kinase EC 2.7.2.7: butyrate kinase EC 2.7.2.8: acetylglutamate kinase EC 2.7.2.9: Now EC 6.3.5.5, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) EC 2.7.2.10: phosphoglycerate kinase (GTP) EC 2.7.2.11: glutamate 5-kinase EC 2.7.2.12: acetate kinase (diphosphate) EC 2.7.2.13: Now known to be due to the activities of EC 6.1.1.17, glutamate—tRNA ligase, EC 1.2.1.70, glutamyl-tRNA reductase and EC 5.4.3.8 glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase EC 2.7.2.14: branched-chain-fatty-acid kinase EC 2.7.2.15: propionate kinase EC 2.7.2.16: 2-phosphoglycerate kinase EC 2.7.2.17: [amino-group carrier protein]-L-2-aminoadipate 6-kinase EC 2.7.2.18: fatty acid kinase === EC 2.7.3: Phosphotransferases with a nitrogenous group as acceptor === EC 2.7.3.1: guanidinoacetate kinase EC 2.7.3.2: creatine kinase EC 2.7.3.3: arginine kinase EC 2.7.3.4: taurocyamine kinase EC 2.7.3.5: lombricine kinase EC 2.7.3.6: hypotaurocyamine kinase EC 2.7.3.7: opheline kinase EC 2.7.3.8: ammonia kinase EC 2.7.3.9: phosphoenolpyruvate—protein phosphotransferase EC 2.7.3.10: agmatine kinase EC 2.7.3.11: now EC 2.7.13.1, protein-histidine pros-kinase EC 2.7.3.12: now EC 2.7.13.2, protein-histidine tele-kinase EC 2.7.3.13: glutamine kinase === EC 2.7.4: Phosphotransferases with a phosphate group as acceptor === EC 2.7.4.1: ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-13
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)-13.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 2)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:06.752346+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-2-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 2.7.8: Transferases for other substituted phosphate groups === EC 2.7.8.1: diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.2: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.3: ceramide cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.4: serine ethanolaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.5: CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 1-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.6: undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.7: holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase EC 2.7.8.8: CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.9: phosphomannan mannosephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.10: sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.11: CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.12: CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.13: phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase EC 2.7.8.14: CDP-ribitol ribitolphosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.15: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.16: deleted, now included with EC 2.7.8.2 diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.17: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.18: UDP-galactose—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine galactose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.19: UDP-glucose—glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.20: phosphatidylglycerol—membrane-oligosaccharide glycerophosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.21: membrane-oligosaccharide glycerophosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.22: 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.23: carboxyvinyl-carboxyphosphonate phosphorylmutase EC 2.7.8.24: CDP-diacylglycerol—choline O-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.25: Now EC 2.4.2.52, triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase EC 2.7.8.26: adenosylcobinamide-GDP ribazoletransferase EC 2.7.8.27: sphingomyelin synthase EC 2.7.8.28: 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase EC 2.7.8.29: L-serine-phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.30: Now EC 2.4.2.53, undecaprenyl-phosphate 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose transferase EC 2.7.8.31: undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.32: 3-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-α-D-mannopyranose xylosylphosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.33: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.34: CDP-L-myo-inositol myo-inositolphosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.35: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—decaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.36: undecaprenyl phosphate N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine 1-phosphate transferase EC 2.7.8.37: α-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase EC 2.7.8.38: archaetidylserine synthase EC 2.7.8.39: archaetidylinositol phosphate synthase EC 2.7.8.40: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylgalactosaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.41: cardiolipin synthase (CMP-forming) EC 2.7.8.42:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the third group, EC 3, hydrolases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 3.1: Acting on Ester Bonds == === EC 3.1.1: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases === EC 3.1.1.1: carboxylesterase EC 3.1.1.2: arylesterase EC 3.1.1.3: triacylglycerol lipase EC 3.1.1.4: phospholipase A2 EC 3.1.1.5: lysophospholipase EC 3.1.1.6: acetylesterase EC 3.1.1.7: acetylcholinesterase EC 3.1.1.8: cholinesterase EC 3.1.1.9: deleted, a side reaction of EC 3.1.1.8 cholinesterase EC 3.1.1.10: tropinesterase EC 3.1.1.11: pectinesterase EC 3.1.1.12: deleted, identical with EC 3.1.1.1 carboxylesterase EC 3.1.1.13: sterol esterase EC 3.1.1.14: chlorophyllase EC 3.1.1.15: L-arabinonolactonase EC 3.1.1.16: deleted, mixture of EC 5.3.3.4 (muconolactone Δ-isomerase) and EC 3.1.1.24 (3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase) EC 3.1.1.17: gluconolactonase EC 3.1.1.18: deleted, now included with EC 3.1.1.17 gluconolactonase EC 3.1.1.19: uronolactonase EC 3.1.1.20: tannase EC 3.1.1.21: deleted, now known to be catalysed by EC 3.1.1.1, carboxylesterase and EC 3.1.1.3, triacylglycerol lipase. EC 3.1.1.22: hydroxybutyrate-dimer hydrolase EC 3.1.1.23: acylglycerol lipase EC 3.1.1.24: 3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase EC 3.1.1.25: 1,4-lactonase EC 3.1.1.26: galactolipase EC 3.1.1.27: 4-pyridoxolactonase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.1.3: Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases === EC 3.1.3.1: alkaline phosphatase EC 3.1.3.2: acid phosphatase EC 3.1.3.3: phosphoserine phosphatase EC 3.1.3.4: phosphatidate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.5: 5′-nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.6: 3′-nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.7: 3′(2′),5′-bisphosphate nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.8: 3-phytase EC 3.1.3.9: glucose-6-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.10: glucose-1-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.11: fructose-bisphosphatase EC 3.1.3.12: trehalose-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.13: [[Recent studies have shown that this is a partial activity of ((EnzExplorer|5.4.2.11)), phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent)|Recent studies have shown that this is a partial activity of EC 5.4.2.11, phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent)]] EC 3.1.3.14: methylphosphothioglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.15: histidinol-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.16: protein serine/threonine phosphatase EC 3.1.3.17: (phosphorylase) phosphatase EC 3.1.3.18: phosphoglycolate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.19: glycerol-2-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.20: phosphoglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.21: glycerol-1-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.22: mannitol-1-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.23: sugar-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.24: sucrose-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.25: inositol-phosphate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.26: 4-phytase EC 3.1.3.27: phosphatidylglycerophosphatase EC 3.1.3.28: ADP-phosphoglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.29: N-acylneuraminate-9-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.30: The activity may be that of an acid phosphatase EC 3.1.3.31: The activity may be that of an acid phosphatase EC 3.1.3.32: polynucleotide 3′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.33: polynucleotide 5′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.34: deoxynucleotide 3′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.35: thymidylate 5′-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.36: phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.37: sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase EC 3.1.3.38: 3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.39: streptomycin-6-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.40: guanidinodeoxy-scyllo-inositol-4-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.41: 4-nitrophenylphosphatase EC 3.1.3.42: glycogen-synthase-D] phosphatase EC 3.1.3.43:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.1.15: Exonucleases Active with either Ribo- or Deoxyribonucleic Acids and Producing 5'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.15.1: venom exonuclease === EC 3.1.16: Exonucleases Active with either Ribo- or Deoxyribonucleic Acids and Producing 3'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.16.1: spleen exonuclease === EC 3.1.21: Endodeoxyribonucleases Producing 5'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.21.1: deoxyribonuclease I EC 3.1.21.2: deoxyribonuclease IV EC 3.1.21.3: type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.4: type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.5: type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.6: CC-preferring endodeoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.7: deoxyribonuclease V EC 3.1.21.8: T4 deoxyribonuclease II EC 3.1.21.9: T4 deoxyribonuclease IV EC 3.1.21.10: crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease === EC 3.1.22: Endodeoxyribonucleases Producing 3'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.22.1: deoxyribonuclease II EC 3.1.22.2: Aspergillus deoxyribonuclease K1 EC 3.1.22.3: now EC 3.1.21.7 EC 3.1.22.4: crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.22.5: deoxyribonuclease X === EC 3.1.23: and EC 3.1.24 now EC 3.1.21.3, EC 3.1.21.4 and EC 3.1.21.5 === Deleted sub-subclasses. === EC 3.1.25: Site-Specific Endodeoxyribonucleases Specific for Altered Bases === EC 3.1.25.1: deoxyribonuclease (pyrimidine dimer) EC 3.1.25.2: Now EC 4.2.99.18, DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase === EC 3.1.26: Endoribonucleases Producing 5'-Phosphomonoesters === EC 3.1.26.1: Physarum polycephalum ribonuclease EC 3.1.26.2: ribonuclease α EC 3.1.26.3: ribonuclease III EC 3.1.26.4: ribonuclease H EC 3.1.26.5: ribonuclease P EC 3.1.26.6: ribonuclease IV EC 3.1.26.7:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.2.1: Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds === EC 3.2.1.1: α-amylase EC 3.2.1.2: β-amylase EC 3.2.1.3: glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.4: cellulase EC 3.2.1.5: deleted EC 3.2.1.6: endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase EC 3.2.1.7: inulinase EC 3.2.1.8: endo-1,4-β-xylanase EC 3.2.1.9: deleted EC 3.2.1.10: oligo-1,6-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.11: dextranase EC 3.2.1.12: Now included with EC 3.2.1.54, cyclomaltodextrinase EC 3.2.1.13: Now included with EC 3.2.1.54, cyclomaltodextrinase EC 3.2.1.14: chitinase EC 3.2.1.15: polygalacturonase EC 3.2.1.16: deleted EC 3.2.1.17: lysozyme EC 3.2.1.18: exo-α-sialidase EC 3.2.1.19: deleted EC 3.2.1.20: α-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.21: β-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.22: α-galactosidase EC 3.2.1.23: β-galactosidase EC 3.2.1.24: α-mannosidase EC 3.2.1.25: β-mannosidase EC 3.2.1.26: β-fructofuranosidase (invertase) EC 3.2.1.27: deleted EC 3.2.1.28: α,α-trehalase EC 3.2.1.29: Now included with EC 3.2.1.52, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase EC 3.2.1.30: Now included with EC 3.2.1.52, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase EC 3.2.1.31: β-glucuronidase EC 3.2.1.32: endo-1,3-β-xylanase EC 3.2.1.33: amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.34: Now included with EC 3.2.1.35, hyaluronoglucosaminidase EC 3.2.1.35: hyaluronoglucosaminidase EC 3.2.1.36: hyaluronoglucuronidase EC 3.2.1.37: xylan 1,4-β-xylosidase EC 3.2.1.38: β-D-fucosidase EC 3.2.1.39: glucan endo-1,3-β-D-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.40: α-L-rhamnosidase EC 3.2.1.41: pullulanase EC 3.2.1.42: GDP-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.43: β-L-rhamnosidase EC 3.2.1.44: Now EC 3.2.1.211, endo-(13)-fucoidanase and EC 3.2.1.212, endo-(14)-fucoidanase EC 3.2.1.45: glucosylceramidase EC 3.2.1.46: galactosylceramidase EC 3.2.1.47: Now known to be catalyzed by EC 3.2.1.22, α-galactosidase EC 3.2.1.48: sucrose


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.2.2: Hydrolysing N-Glycosyl Compounds === EC 3.2.2.1: purine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.2: inosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.3: uridine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.4: AMP nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.5: NAD+ glycohydrolase EC 3.2.2.6: ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase EC 3.2.2.7: adenosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.8: ribosylpyrimidine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.9: adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.10: pyrimidine-5′-nucleotide nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.11: β-aspartyl-N-acetylglucosaminidase EC 3.2.2.12: inosinate nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.13: 1-methyladenosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.14: NMN nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.15: DNA-deoxyinosine glycosylase EC 3.2.2.16: methylthioadenosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.17: deoxyribodipyrimidine endonucleosidase EC 3.2.2.18: Now included with EC 3.5.1.52, peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase EC 3.2.2.19: ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase EC 3.2.2.20: DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase I EC 3.2.2.21: DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase II, MAG1 EC 3.2.2.22: rRNA 'N-glycosylase EC 3.2.2.23: DNA-formamidopyrimidine glycosylase EC 3.2.2.24: ADP-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase] hydrolase EC 3.2.2.25: N-methyl nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.26: futalosine hydrolase EC 3.2.2.27: uracil-DNA glycosylase EC 3.2.2.28: double-stranded uracil-DNA glycosylase EC 3.2.2.29: thymine-DNA glycosylase EC 3.2.2.30: aminodeoxyfutalosine nucleosidase EC 3.2.2.31: adenine glycosylase === EC 3.2.3: Hydrolysing S-Glycosyl Compounds === Deleted sub-subclass == EC 3.3: Acting on Ether Bonds == === EC 3.3.1: Thioether and trialkylsulfonium hydrolases === EC 3.3.1.1: adenosylhomocysteinase EC 3.3.1.2: S-adenosyl-L-methionine hydrolase (L-homoserine-forming) EC 3.3.1.3: [[The activity is most probably attributable to ((EnzExplorer|4.4.1.21)), S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase|The activity is most probably attributable to EC 4.4.1.21, S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase]] === EC 3.3.2:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-5
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-5.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.4.13 Dipeptidases === EC 3.4.13.1: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.2: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.3: The activity is covered by EC .4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase and EC 3.4.13.20, β-Ala-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.4: Xaa-Arg dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.5: Xaa-methyl-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.6: Now EC 3.4.11.2, membrane alanyl aminopeptidase EC 3.4.13.7: Glu-Glu dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.8: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.9: Xaa-Pro dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.10: Now EC 3.4.19.5, β-aspartyl-peptidase EC 3.4.13.11: Now EC 3.4.13.19, membrane dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.12: Met-Xaa dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.13: Now EC 3.4.13.3, Xaa-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.14: Deleted EC 3.4.13.15: Now EC 3.4.13.18, cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.16: Deleted EC 3.4.13.17: non-stereospecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.18: cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.19: membrane dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.20: β-Ala-His dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.21: dipeptidase E EC 3.4.13.22: D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptidase EC 3.4.13.23: cysteinylglycine-S-conjugate dipeptidase === EC 3.4.14 Dipeptidyl peptidases and tripeptidyl peptidases === EC 3.4.14.1: dipeptidyl-peptidase I EC 3.4.14.2: dipeptidyl-peptidase II EC 3.4.14.3: Now EC 3.4.19.1, acylaminoacyl-peptidase EC 3.4.14.4: dipeptidyl-peptidase III EC 3.4.14.5: dipeptidyl-peptidase IV EC 3.4.14.6: dipeptidyl-dipeptidase EC 3.4.14.7: Deleted EC 3.4.14.8: Now EC 3.4.14.10, tripeptidyl-peptidase II EC 3.4.14.9: tripeptidyl-peptidase I EC 3.4.14.10: tripeptidyl-peptidase II EC 3.4.14.11: Xaa-Pro dipeptidyl-peptidase EC 3.4.14.12: Xaa-Xaa-Pro tripeptidyl-peptidase EC 3.4.14.13: γ-D-glutamyl-Llysine


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-6
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-6.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.4.21: Serine proteases === EC 3.4.21.1: chymotrypsin EC 3.4.21.2: chymotrypsin C EC 3.4.21.3: metridin EC 3.4.21.4: trypsin EC 3.4.21.5: thrombin EC 3.4.21.6: coagulation factor Xa EC 3.4.21.7: plasmin EC 3.4.21.8: Now EC 3.4.21.34 (plasma kallikrein) and EC 3.4.21.35 (tissue kallikrein) EC 3.4.21.9: enteropeptidase EC 3.4.21.10: acrosin EC 3.4.21.11: Now EC 3.4.21.37, leukocyte elastase EC 3.4.21.12: α-lytic endopeptidase EC 3.4.21.13: Now EC 3.4.16.6, carboxypeptidase D EC 3.4.21.14: now EC 3.4.21.67, endopeptidase So EC 3.4.21.15: Now EC 3.4.21.63, oryzin EC 3.4.21.16: Deleted EC 3.4.21.17: Deleted EC 3.4.21.18: Deleted EC 3.4.21.19: glutamyl endopeptidase EC 3.4.21.20: cathepsin G EC 3.4.21.21: coagulation factor VIIa EC 3.4.21.22: coagulation factor IXa EC 3.4.21.23: Deleted EC 3.4.21.24: Deleted EC 3.4.21.25: cucumisin EC 3.4.21.26: prolyl oligopeptidase EC 3.4.21.27: coagulation factor XIa EC 3.4.21.28: Now EC 3.4.21.74, venombin A EC 3.4.21.29: Now EC 3.4.21.74, venombin A EC 3.4.21.30: Now EC 3.4.21.74, venombin A EC 3.4.21.31: Now EC 3.4.21.73, u-plasminogen activator EC 3.4.21.32: brachyurin EC 3.4.21.33: Deleted EC 3.4.21.34: plasma kallikrein EC 3.4.21.35: tissue kallikrein EC 3.4.21.36: pancreatic elastase EC 3.4.21.37: leukocyte elastase EC 3.4.21.38: coagulation factor XIIa EC 3.4.21.39: chymase EC 3.4.21.40: Deleted EC 3.4.21.41: Complement subcomponent C1r EC 3.4.21.42: complement subcomponent C1s EC 3.4.21.43: classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-7
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-7.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 3.4.23 Aspartic endopeptidases === EC 3.4.23.1: pepsin A EC 3.4.23.2: pepsin B EC 3.4.23.3: gastricsin EC 3.4.23.4: chymosin EC 3.4.23.5: cathepsin D EC 3.4.23.6: Now EC 3.4.23.30, pycnoporopepsin EC 3.4.23.7: Now EC 3.4.23.20, penicillopepsin EC 3.4.23.8: Now EC 3.4.23.25, saccharopepsin EC 3.4.23.9: Now EC 3.4.23.21, rhizopuspepsin EC 3.4.23.10: Now EC 3.4.23.22, endothiapepsin EC 3.4.23.11: Deleted entry EC 3.4.23.12: nepenthesin EC 3.4.23.13: Deleted EC 3.4.23.14: Deleted EC 3.4.23.15: renin EC 3.4.23.16: HIV-1 retropepsin EC 3.4.23.17: pro-opiomelanocortin converting enzyme EC 3.4.23.18: aspergillopepsin I EC 3.4.23.19: aspergillopepsin II EC 3.4.23.20: penicillopepsin EC 3.4.23.21: rhizopuspepsin EC 3.4.23.22: endothiapepsin EC 3.4.23.23: mucorpepsin EC 3.4.23.24: candidapepsin EC 3.4.23.25: saccharopepsin EC 3.4.23.26: rhodotorulapepsin EC 3.4.23.27: Now EC 3.4.21.103, physarolisin EC 3.4.23.28: acrocylindropepsin EC 3.4.23.29: polyporopepsin EC 3.4.23.30: pycnoporopepsin EC 3.4.23.31: scytalidopepsin A EC 3.4.23.32: scytalidopepsin B EC 3.4.23.33: Now EC 3.4.21.101, xanthomonalisin EC 3.4.23.34: cathepsin E EC 3.4.23.35: barrierpepsin EC 3.4.23.36: signal peptidase II EC 3.4.23.37: Now EC 3.4.21.100, pseudomonalisin EC 3.4.23.38: plasmepsin I EC 3.4.23.39: plasmepsin II EC 3.4.23.40: phytepsin EC 3.4.23.41: yapsin 1 EC 3.4.23.42: thermopsin EC 3.4.23.43: prepilin peptidase EC 3.4.23.44: nodavirus endopeptidase EC 3.4.23.45: memapsin 1 EC 3.4.23.46: memapsin 2 EC 3.4.23.47: HIV-2 retropepsin EC 3.4.23.48: plasminogen activator Pla EC 3.4.23.49:


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-8
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-8.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== 3.5.1: In linear amides === EC 3.5.1.1: asparaginase EC 3.5.1.2: glutaminase EC 3.5.1.3: ω-amidase EC 3.5.1.4: amidase EC 3.5.1.5: urease EC 3.5.1.6: β-ureidopropionase EC 3.5.1.7: ureidosuccinase EC 3.5.1.8: formylaspartate deformylase EC 3.5.1.9: arylformamidase EC 3.5.1.10: formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase EC 3.5.1.11: penicillin amidase EC 3.5.1.12: biotinidase EC 3.5.1.13: aryl-acylamidase EC 3.5.1.14: N-acyl-aliphatic-L-amino acid amidohydrolase EC 3.5.1.15: aspartoacylase EC 3.5.1.16: acetylornithine deacetylase EC 3.5.1.17: acyl-lysine deacylase EC 3.5.1.18: succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase EC 3.5.1.19: nicotinamidase EC 3.5.1.20: citrullinase EC 3.5.1.21: N-acetyl-β-alanine deacetylas EC 3.5.1.22: pantothenase EC 3.5.1.23: ceramidase EC 3.5.1.24: choloylglycine hydrolase EC 3.5.1.25: N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase EC 3.5.1.26: N4-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase EC 3.5.1.27: The activity is covered by EC 3.5.1.88, peptide deformylase EC 3.5.1.28: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase EC 3.5.1.29: 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase EC 3.5.1.30: 5-aminopentanamidase EC 3.5.1.31: formylmethionine deformylase EC 3.5.1.32: hippurate hydrolase EC 3.5.1.33: N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase EC 3.5.1.34: [[Identical with ((EnzExplorer|3.4.13.5)), Xaa-methyl-His dipeptidase|Identical with EC 3.4.13.5, Xaa-methyl-His dipeptidase]] EC 3.5.1.35: D-glutaminase EC 3.5.1.36: N-methyl-2-oxoglutaramate hydrolase EC 3.5.1.37: [[Delete, identical with ((EnzExplorer|3.5.1.26)) N(4)-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase|Delete, identical with EC 3.5.1.26 N4-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase]] EC 3.5.1.38: glutamin-(asparagin-)ase EC 3.5.1.39: alkylamidase EC 3.5.1.40: acylagmatine amidase EC 3.5.1.41: chitin deacetylase EC 3.5.1.42: nicotinamide-nucleotide amidase EC 3.5.1.43: peptidyl-glutaminase EC 3.5.1.44: protein-glutamine glutaminase EC 3.5.1.45: Now listed only as EC 6.3.4.6 urea carboxylase EC 3.5.1.46: 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-9
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-9.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== 3.5.5: In nitriles === EC 3.5.5.1: nitrilase EC 3.5.5.2: ricinine nitrilase EC 3.5.5.3: Now EC 4.2.1.104, cyanate hydratase EC 3.5.5.4: cyanoalanine nitrilase EC 3.5.5.5: arylacetonitrilase EC 3.5.5.6: bromoxynil nitrilase EC 3.5.5.7: aliphatic nitrilase EC 3.5.5.8: thiocyanate hydrolase === 3.5.99: In other compounds === EC 3.5.99.1: riboflavinase EC 3.5.99.2: aminopyrimidine aminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.3: Now EC 3.5.4.43, hydroxydechloroatrazine ethylaminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.4: Now EC 3.5.4.42, N-isopropylammelide isopropylaminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.5: 2-aminomuconate deaminase EC 3.5.99.6: glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase EC 3.5.99.7: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase EC 3.5.99.8: 5-nitroanthranilic acid aminohydrolase EC 3.5.99.9: 2-nitroimidazole nitrohydrolase EC 3.5.99.10: 2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase EC 3.5.99.11: 2-aminomuconate deaminase (2-hydroxymuconate-forming) EC 3.5.99.14: (S)-norcoclaurine synthase == EC 3.6: Acting on acid anhydrides == === 3.6.1: In phosphorus-containing anhydrides === EC 3.6.1.1: inorganic diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.2: trimetaphosphatase EC 3.6.1.3: adenosinetriphosphatase EC 3.6.1.4: Now included with EC 3.6.1.3, adenosinetriphosphatase EC 3.6.1.5: apyrase EC 3.6.1.6: nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase EC 3.6.1.7: acylphosphatase EC 3.6.1.8: ATP diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.9: nucleotide diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.10: endopolyphosphatase EC 3.6.1.11: exopolyphosphatase EC 3.6.1.12: dCTP diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.13: ADP-ribose diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.14: adenosine-tetraphosphatase EC 3.6.1.15: nucleoside-triphosphatase EC 3.6.1.16: CDP-glycerol diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.17: bis(5′-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (asymmetrical)) EC 3.6.1.18: FAD diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.19: Now EC 3.6.1.9, nucleotide diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.20: 5′-acylphosphoadenosine hydrolase EC 3.6.1.21: ADP-sugar diphosphatase EC 3.6.1.22: NAD+


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-10
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)-10.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 3)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:08.231305+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-3-20260505-0
summary:
=== 3.6.4: Acting on acid anhydrides to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement === EC 3.6.4.1: Now EC 5.6.1.8, myosin ATPase EC 3.6.4.2: Now EC 5.6.1.2, dynein ATPase EC 3.6.4.3: Now EC 5.6.1.1, microtubule-severing ATPase EC 3.6.4.4: Now EC 5.6.1.3, plus-end-directed kinesin ATPase EC 3.6.4.5: Now EC 5.6.1.4, minus-end-directed kinesin ATPase EC 3.6.4.6: vesicle-fusing ATPase EC 3.6.4.7: peroxisome-assembly ATPase EC 3.6.4.8: Now EC 5.6.1.5, proteasome ATPase EC 3.6.4.9: Now EC 5.6.1.7, chaperonin ATPase EC 3.6.4.10: non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase EC 3.6.4.11: Deleted, the activity has been shown not to take place EC 3.6.4.12: DNA helicase EC 3.6.4.13: RNA helicase === 3.6.5: Acting on GTP to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement === EC 3.6.5.1: heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase EC 3.6.5.2: small monomeric GTPase EC 3.6.5.3: protein-synthesizing GTPase EC 3.6.5.4: signal-recognition-particle GTPase EC 3.6.5.5: dynamin GTPase EC 3.6.5.6: tubulin GTPase == EC 3.7: Acting on carbon-carbon bonds == === EC 3.7.1: In ketonic substances === EC 3.7.1.1: oxaloacetase EC 3.7.1.2: fumarylacetoacetase EC 3.7.1.3: kynureninase EC 3.7.1.4: phloretin hydrolase EC 3.7.1.5: acylpyruvate hydrolase EC 3.7.1.6: acetylpyruvate hydrolase EC 3.7.1.7: β-diketone hydrolase EC 3.7.1.8: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase EC 3.7.1.9: 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase EC 3.7.1.10: cyclohexane-1,3-dione hydrolase EC 3.7.1.11: cyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase EC 3.7.1.12: cobalt-precorrin 5A hydrolase EC 3.7.1.13: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoate


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the fourth group, EC 4, lyases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 4.1: Carbon-Carbon Lyases == === EC 4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases === EC 4.1.1.1: pyruvate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.2: oxalate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.3: Now recognized to be two enzymes EC 7.2.4.2 [oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Na+ extruding)] and EC 4.1.1.112 (oxaloacetate decarboxylase). EC 4.1.1.4: acetoacetate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.5: acetolactate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.6: cis-aconitate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.7: benzoylformate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.8: oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.9: malonyl-CoA decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.10: Now included with EC 4.1.1.12, aspartate 4-decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.11: aspartate 1-decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.12: aspartate 4-decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.13: deleted EC 4.1.1.14: valine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.15: glutamate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.16: hydroxyglutamate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.17: ornithine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.18: lysine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.19: arginine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.20: diaminopimelate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.21: phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase EC 4.1.1.22: histidine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.23: orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.24: aminobenzoate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.25: tyrosine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.26: Now included with EC 4.1.1.28 aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.27: Now included with EC 4.1.1.28


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.1.3: Oxo-Acid-Lyases === EC 4.1.3.1: isocitrate lyase EC 4.1.3.2: Now EC 2.3.3.9, malate synthase EC 4.1.3.3: N-acetylneuraminate lyase EC 4.1.3.4: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.5: Now EC 2.3.3.10, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase EC 4.1.3.6: citrate (pro-3S)-lyase EC 4.1.3.7: Now EC 2.3.3.1, citrate (Si)-synthase EC 4.1.3.8: Now EC 2.3.3.8, ATP citrate synthase EC 4.1.3.9: Now EC 2.3.3.11, 2-hydroxyglutarate synthase EC 4.1.3.10: Now EC 2.3.3.7, 3-ethylmalate synthase EC 4.1.3.11: Now EC 2.3.3.12, 3-propylmalate synthase EC 4.1.3.12: Now EC 2.3.3.13, 2-isopropylmalate synthase EC 4.1.3.13: oxalomalate lyase EC 4.1.3.14: L-erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate aldolase EC 4.1.3.15: Now EC 2.2.1.5, 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase EC 4.1.3.16: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase EC 4.1.3.17: 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate aldolase EC 4.1.3.18: Now EC 2.2.1.6, acetolactate synthase EC 4.1.3.19: Now EC 2.5.1.56 EC 4.1.3.20: Now EC 2.5.1.57 EC 4.1.3.21: Now EC 2.3.3.14 EC 4.1.3.22: citramalate lyase EC 4.1.3.23: Now EC 2.3.3.2, decylcitrate synthase EC 4.1.3.24: malyl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.25: (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.26: 3-hydroxy-3-isohexenylglutaryl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.27: anthranilate synthase EC 4.1.3.28: Now EC 2.3.3.3, citrate (Re)-synthase EC 4.1.3.29: Now EC 2.3.3.4, decylhomocitrate synthase EC 4.1.3.30: methylisocitrate lyase EC 4.1.3.31: Now EC 2.3.3.5, 2-methylcitrate synthase EC 4.1.3.32: 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase EC 4.1.3.33: Now EC 2.3.3.6 EC 4.1.3.34: citryl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.35: (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA lyase EC 4.1.3.36: naphthoate synthase EC 4.1.3.37: Now EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-2.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.2.1: Hydro-lyases === EC 4.2.1.1: carbonic anhydrase EC 4.2.1.2: fumarate hydratase EC 4.2.1.3: aconitate hydratase EC 4.2.1.4: Now known to be a partial reaction catalysed by EC 4.2.1.3, aconitate hydratase EC 4.2.1.5: arabinonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.6: galactonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.7: altronate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.8: mannonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.9: dihydroxy-acid dehydratase EC 4.2.1.10: 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.11: phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase) EC 4.2.1.12: phosphogluconate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.13: Now EC 4.3.1.17, L-serine ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.14: Now EC 4.3.1.18, D-serine ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.15: Identical with EC 4.4.1.1 cystathionine γ-lyase EC 4.2.1.16: Now EC 4.3.1.19, threonine ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.17: enoyl-CoA hydratase EC 4.2.1.18: methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase EC 4.2.1.19: imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.20: tryptophan synthase EC 4.2.1.21: Now EC 4.2.1.22 cystathionine β-synthase EC 4.2.1.22: cystathionine β-synthase EC 4.2.1.23: deleted, the reaction was due to a side-reaction of EC 4.2.1.22 cystathionine β-synthase EC 4.2.1.24: porphobilinogen synthase EC 4.2.1.25: L-arabinonate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.26: identical to EC 4.3.1.9, glucosaminate ammonia-lyase EC 4.2.1.27: acetylenecarboxylate hydratase EC 4.2.1.28: propanediol dehydratase EC 4.2.1.29: Now EC 4.99.1.6, indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase EC 4.2.1.30: glycerol dehydratase EC 4.2.1.31: maleate hydratase EC 4.2.1.32: L(+)-tartrate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.33: 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.34: (S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.35: (R)-2-methylmalate dehydratase EC 4.2.1.36: homoaconitate hydratase EC 4.2.1.37: Now EC 3.3.2.4,


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-3
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-3.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.2.2: Acting on Polysaccharides === EC 4.2.2.1: hyaluronate lyase EC 4.2.2.2: pectate lyase EC 4.2.2.3: mannuronate-specific alginate lyase EC 4.2.2.4: Now known to comprise two enzymes: EC 4.2.2.20, chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase and EC 4.2.2.21, chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase EC 4.2.2.5: chondroitin AC lyase EC 4.2.2.6: oligogalacturonide lyase EC 4.2.2.7: heparin lyase EC 4.2.2.8: heparin-sulfate lyase EC 4.2.2.9: pectate disaccharide-lyase EC 4.2.2.10: pectin lyase EC 4.2.2.11: guluronate-specific alginate lyase EC 4.2.2.12: xanthan lyase EC 4.2.2.13: exo-(1→4)-α-D-glucan lyase EC 4.2.2.14: glucuronan lyase EC 4.2.2.15: anhydrosialidase EC 4.2.2.16: levan fructotransferase (DFA-IV-forming) EC 4.2.2.17: inulin fructotransferase (DFA-I-forming) EC 4.2.2.18: inulin fructotransferase (DFA-III-forming) EC 4.2.2.19: chondroitin B lyase EC 4.2.2.20: chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase EC 4.2.2.21: chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase EC 4.2.2.22: pectate trisaccharide-lyase EC 4.2.2.23: rhamnogalacturonan endolyase EC 4.2.2.24: rhamnogalacturonan exolyase EC 4.2.2.25: gellan lyase EC 4.2.2.26: oligo-alginate lyase EC 4.2.2.27: pectin monosaccharide-lyase === EC 4.2.3: Acting on phosphates === EC 4.2.3.1: threonine synthase EC 4.2.3.2: ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase EC 4.2.3.3: methylglyoxal synthase EC 4.2.3.4: 3-dehydroquinate synthase EC 4.2.3.5: chorismate synthase EC 4.2.3.6: trichodiene synthase EC 4.2.3.7: pentalenene synthase EC 4.2.3.8: casbene synthase EC 4.2.3.9: aristolochene synthase EC 4.2.3.10: (–)-endo-fenchol synthase EC 4.2.3.11: sabinene-hydrate synthase EC 4.2.3.12: 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase EC 4.2.3.13: (+)-δ-cadinene synthase EC 4.2.3.14: Now covered by EC 4.2.3.119,


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-4
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)-4.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 4)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:09.661506+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-4-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 4.2.99: Other Carbon-Oxygen Lyases === EC 4.2.99.1: Now EC 4.2.2.1, hyaluronate lyase EC 4.2.99.2: Now EC 4.2.3.1, threonine synthase EC 4.2.99.3: Now EC 4.2.2.2, pectate lyase EC 4.2.99.4: Now EC 4.2.2.3, poly(β-D-mannuronate) lyase EC 4.2.99.5: deleted EC 4.2.99.6: Now included with EC 4.2.2.4 (chondroitin ABC lyase) and EC 4.2.2.5 (chondroitin AC lyase) EC 4.2.99.7: Now EC 4.2.3.2, ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase EC 4.2.99.8: Now EC 2.5.1.47, cysteine synthase EC 4.2.99.9: Now EC 2.5.1.48, cystathionine γ-synthase EC 4.2.99.10: Now EC 2.5.1.49 EC 2.5.1.49, O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC 4.2.99.11: Now EC 4.2.3.3, methylglyoxal synthase EC 4.2.99.12: carboxymethyloxysuccinate lyase EC 4.2.99.13: Now EC 2.5.1.50, zeatin 9-aminocarboxyethyltransferase EC 4.2.99.14: Now EC 2.5.1.51, β-pyrazolylalanine synthase EC 4.2.99.15: Now EC 2.5.1.52, L-mimosine synthase EC 4.2.99.16: Now EC 2.5.1.53, uracilylalanine synthase EC 4.2.99.17: Listed as EC 2.5.1.51, β-pyrazolylalanine synthase EC 4.2.99.18: DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase EC 4.2.99.19: Now EC 4.4.1.23, 2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase EC 4.2.99.20: 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase EC 4.2.99.21: isochorismate lyase EC 4.2.99.22: tuliposide A-converting enzyme EC 4.2.99.23: tuliposide B-converting enzyme EC 4.2.99.24: thebaine synthase == EC 4.3: Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases == === EC 4.3.1: Ammonia-Lyases === EC 4.3.1.1: aspartate ammonia-lyase EC 4.3.1.2: methylaspartate ammonia-lyase EC 4.3.1.3: histidine ammonia-lyase EC 4.3.1.4: formiminotetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase EC 4.3.1.5: Now divided into EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 5)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:10.997779+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the fifth group, EC 5, isomerases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 5.1: Epimerases and racemases == === EC 5.1.1: Acting on Amino acids and Derivatives === EC 5.1.1.1: alanine racemase EC 5.1.1.2: methionine racemase EC 5.1.1.3: glutamate racemase EC 5.1.1.4: proline racemase EC 5.1.1.5: lysine racemase EC 5.1.1.6: threonine racemase EC 5.1.1.7: diaminopimelate epimerase EC 5.1.1.8: 4-hydroxyproline epimerase EC 5.1.1.9: arginine racemase EC 5.1.1.10: amino-acid racemase EC 5.1.1.11: phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing) EC 5.1.1.12: ornithine racemase EC 5.1.1.13: aspartate racemase EC 5.1.1.14: nocardicin-A epimerase EC 5.1.1.15: 2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase EC 5.1.1.16: protein-serine epimerase EC 5.1.1.17: isopenicillin-N epimerase EC 5.1.1.18: serine racemase EC 5.1.1.20: L-Ala-D/L-Glu epimerase EC 5.1.1.21: isoleucine 2-epimerase EC 5.1.1.22: 4-hydroxyproline betaine 2-epimerase EC 5.1.1.23: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-L-glutamate epimerase EC 5.1.1.24: histidine racemase === EC 5.1.2: Acting on Hydroxy acids and Derivatives === EC 5.1.2.1: lactate racemase EC 5.1.2.2: mandelate racemase EC 5.1.2.3: 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA epimerase EC 5.1.2.4: acetoin racemase EC 5.1.2.5: tartrate epimerase EC 5.1.2.6: isocitrate epimerase EC


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 5)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:10.997779+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-5-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 5.4.1: Transferring Acyl Groups === EC 5.4.1.1: lysolecithin acylmutase EC 5.4.1.2: Now EC 5.4.99.61, precorrin-8X methylmutase EC 5.4.1.3: 2-methylfumaryl-CoA isomerase EC 5.4.1.4: D-galactarolactone isomerase === EC 5.4.2: Phosphotransferases (Phosphomutases) === EC 5.4.2.1: Now recognized as two separate enzymes EC 5.4.2.11, phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent) and EC 5.4.2.12, phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-independent) EC 5.4.2.2: phosphoglucomutase (α-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate-dependent) EC 5.4.2.3: phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase EC 5.4.2.4: bisphosphoglycerate mutase EC 5.4.2.5: phosphoglucomutase (glucose-cofactor) EC 5.4.2.6: β-phosphoglucomutase EC 5.4.2.7: phosphopentomutase EC 5.4.2.8: phosphomannomutase EC 5.4.2.9: phosphoenolpyruvate mutase EC 5.4.2.10: phosphoglucosamine mutase EC 5.4.2.11: phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent) EC 5.4.2.12: phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-independent) EC 5.4.2.13: phosphogalactosamine mutase === EC 5.4.3: Transferring Amino Groups === EC 5.4.3.1: deleted; this reaction was due to a mixture of EC 5.1.1.12 (ornithine racemase) and EC 5.4.3.5 (D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase) EC 5.4.3.2: lysine 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.3: lysine 5,6-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.4: Now included in EC 5.4.3.3, lysine 5,6-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.5: D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.6: tyrosine 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.7: leucine 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.8: glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.9: glutamate 2,3-aminomutase EC 5.4.3.10: phenylalanine aminomutase (L-β-phenylalanine forming) EC 5.4.3.11: phenylalanine aminomutase (D-β-phenylalanine forming) === EC 5.4.4: Transferring hydroxy groups === EC 5.4.4.1: (hydroxyamino)benzene mutase EC 5.4.4.2: isochorismate synthase EC 5.4.4.3: 3-(hydroxyamino)phenol mutase EC 5.4.4.4: geraniol isomerase EC 5.4.4.5: 9,12-octadecadienoate


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 6)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:12.205809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of EC numbers for the sixth group, EC 6, ligases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 6.1: Forming Carbon-Oxygen Bonds == === EC 6.1.1: Ligases Forming Aminoacyl-tRNA and Related Compounds (Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase) === EC 6.1.1.1: tyrosine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.2: tryptophan—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.3: threonine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.4: leucine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.5: isoleucine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.6: lysine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.7: alanine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.8: Deleted EC 6.1.1.9: valine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.10: methionine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.11: serine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.12: aspartate—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.13: D-alanine—poly(phosphoribitol) ligase EC 6.1.1.14: glycine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.15: proline—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.16: cysteine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.17: glutamate—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.18: glutamine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.19: arginine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.20: phenylalanine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.21: histidine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.22: asparagine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.23: aspartate—tRNAAsn ligase EC 6.1.1.24: glutamate—tRNAGln ligase EC 6.1.1.25: The tRNAPyl is now known only to be charged with pyrrolysine (cf. EC 6.1.1.26) EC 6.1.1.26: pyrrolysine—tRNAPyl ligase EC 6.1.1.27: O-phospho-L-serine—tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.28: "proline/cysteine—tRNA ligase". Later published work


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)-1.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 6)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:12.205809+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-6-20260505-0
summary:
=== EC 6.3.2: Acid—Amino-Acid Ligases (Peptide Synthases) === EC 6.3.2.1: pantoate—β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) EC 6.3.2.2: glutamate—cysteine ligase EC 6.3.2.3: glutathione synthase EC 6.3.2.4: D-alanine—D-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.5: phosphopantothenate—cysteine ligase (CTP) EC 6.3.2.6: phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase EC 6.3.2.7: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate—L-lysine ligase EC 6.3.2.8: UDP-N-acetylmuramate—L-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.9: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine—D-glutamate ligase EC 6.3.2.10: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide—D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.11: carnosine synthase EC 6.3.2.12: dihydrofolate synthase EC 6.3.2.13: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate—2,6-diaminopimelate ligase EC 6.3.2.14: enterobactin synthase EC 6.3.2.15: Deleted, The activity observed is due to EC 6.3.2.10, UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptideD-alanyl-D-alanine ligase EC 6.3.2.16: D-alanine—alanyl-poly(glycerolphosphate) ligase EC 6.3.2.17: tetrahydrofolate synthase EC 6.3.2.18: γ-glutamylhistamine synthase EC 6.3.2.19: The ubiquitinylation process is now known to be performed by several enzymes in sequence, starting with EC 6.2.1.45 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1) and followed by several transfer reactions, including those of EC 2.3.2.23 (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) and EC 2.3.2.27 (RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase) EC 6.3.2.20: indoleacetate—lysine synthetase EC 6.3.2.21: [[The reaction is performed by the sequential action of EC 6.2.1.45 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1), several ubiquitin transferases and finally by EC 2.3.2.27 (ubiquitin transferase RING E3 (calmodulin-selective))|The reaction is performed by the sequential action of EC 6.2.1.45 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1), several ubiquitin transferases and finally by EC 2.3.2.27 [ubiquitin transferase RING E3 (calmodulin-selective)]]] EC 6.3.2.22: Now EC 6.3.1.14, diphthine—ammonia


id: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-7-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)-0.md
category: reference
title: List of EC numbers (EC 7)
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:13.488832+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-ec-numbers-ec-7-20260505-0
summary:
This list contains a list of sub-classes for the seventh group of Enzyme Commission numbers, EC 7, translocases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald. == EC 7.1: Catalysing the translocation of hydrons == NOTE: Hydron is a generic term that includes all isotopes of H+, i.e. not only 1H+ but also 2H+ (D+) and 3H+ (T+). === EC 7.1.1: Linked to oxidoreductase reactions === EC 7.1.1.1: proton-translocating NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase EC 7.1.1.2: NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) EC 7.1.1.3: ubiquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) EC 7.1.1.4: caldariellaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) EC 7.1.1.5: menaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) EC 7.1.1.6: plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase EC 7.1.1.7: quinol oxidase (electrogenic, proton-motive force generating) EC 7.1.1.8: quinol—cytochrome-c reductase EC 7.1.1.9: cytochrome-c oxidase EC 7.1.1.10: ferredoxin—quinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) EC 7.1.1.11: ferredoxin—NAD+ oxidoreductase (H+-transporting) === EC 7.1.2: Linked to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate === EC 7.1.2.1: P-type H+-exporting transporter EC 7.1.2.2: H+-transporting two-sector ATPase === EC 7.1.3: Linked to the hydrolysis of diphosphate === EC 7.1.3.1: H+-exporting diphosphatase EC 7.1.3.2: Na+-exporting diphosphatase == EC 7.2: catalysing the translocation of inorganic


id: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of enzymes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:14.761189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
summary:
Enzymes are listed here by their classification in the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system: == Category:Oxidoreductases (EC 1) (Oxidoreductase) == Dehydrogenase Luciferase DMSO reductase === Category:EC 1.1 (act on the CH-OH group of donors) === Category:EC 1.1.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) Alcohol Dehydrogenase (NAD) EC 1.1.1.1 Alcohol Dehydrogenase (NADP) EC 1.1.1.2 Homoserine Dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.3 Aminopropanol Oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.4 Diacetyl Reductase EC 1.1.1.5 Glycerol Dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.6 Propanediol-Phosphate Dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.7 Glycerol-3-Phoshitiendopene Dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.1.1.8 D-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.9 L-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.10 Lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.27 Malate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.37 Isocitrate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.42 HMG-CoA reductase EC 1.1.1.88 Category:EC 1.1.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor) Category:EC 1.1.3 (with oxygen as acceptor) Glucose oxidase EC 1.1.3.4 L-Gulonolactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 Thiamine oxidase EC 1.1.3.23 Xanthine oxidase EC 1.1.3.32 Category:EC 1.1.4 (with a disulfide as acceptor) Category:EC 1.1.5 (with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor) Category:EC 1.1.99 (with other acceptors) === Category:EC 1.2 (act on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors) === Category:EC 1.2.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.10 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.12 Pyruvate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.51 Category:EC 1.2.4 Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.4.2


id: list-of-enzymes-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes-1.md
category: reference
title: List of enzymes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:14.761189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
summary:
=== Category:EC 1.18 (act on iron–sulfur proteins as donors) === Category:EC 1.18.6 Nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 === Category:EC 1.19 (act on reduced flavodoxin as donor) === Category:EC 1.19.6 Nitrogenase (flavodoxin) EC 1.19.6.1 === Category:EC 1.20 (act on phosphorus or arsenic as donors) === Category:EC 1.20.1 Category:EC 1.20.2 Category:EC 1.20.4 Arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) EC 1.20.4.1 Glutaredoxin Category:EC 1.20.9 Category:EC 1.20.99 === Category:EC 1.21 (act on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond) === Category:EC 1.21.1 Iodotyrosine deiodinase EC 1.21.1.1 Category:EC 1.21.3 Isopenicillin N synthase EC 1.21.3.1 Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase EC 1.21.3.7 Category:EC 1.21.4 Category:EC 1.21.99 Thyroxine 5-deiodinase EC 1.21.99.3 Iodothyronine deiodinase EC 1.21.99.3 and EC 1.21.99.4 === Category:EC 1.97 (other oxidoreductases) === Category:EC 1.97.1 Deiodinase EC 1.97.1.10 == Category:Transferases (EC 2) (Transferase) == Glutathione S-transferase === Category:EC 2.1 (transfer one-carbon groups, Methylase) === Category:EC 2.1.1 Catechol-O-methyl transferase EC 2.1.1.6 DNA methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.72, EC 2.1.1.113, EC 2.1.1.37 Histone methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.43, EC 2.1.1.125 Category:EC 2.1.3 Aspartate transcarbamoylase EC 2.1.3.2 Ornithine transcarbamoylase EC 2.1.3.3 === Category:EC 2.2 (transfer aldehyde or ketone groups) === Category:EC 2.2.1 Transketolase EC 2.2.1.1 Transaldolase EC 2.2.1.2 Acetolactate synthase EC 2.2.1.6 2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase EC 2.2.1.9 === Category:EC 2.3 (acyltransferases) === Category:EC 2.3.1 Aminolevulinic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.37 Choline


id: list-of-enzymes-20260505-2
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes-2.md
category: reference
title: List of enzymes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:14.761189+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-enzymes-20260505-0
summary:
=== Category:EC 3.5 (act on carbon–nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds) === Category:EC 3.5.1 (In linear amides) Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) Category:EC 3.5.2 (In cyclic amides) Beta-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6) Category:EC 3.5.3 (In linear amidines) Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) Category:EC 3.5.4 (In cyclic amidines) Adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) GTP cyclohydrolase I (EC 3.5.4.16) Category:EC 3.5.5 (In nitriles) Nitrilase (EC 3.5.5.1) === Category:EC 3.6 (act on acid anhydrides) === Category:EC 3.6.1 Helicase DnaB helicase RecQ helicase Category:EC 3.6.3 ATPase NaKATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) ATP synthase (EC 3.6.3.14) === Category:EC 3.7 (act on carbon–carbon bonds) === Kynureninase EC 3.7.1.3 === Category:EC 3.8 (act on halide bonds) === EC 3.8.1.3 Haloacetate dehalogenase === Category:EC 3.9 (act on phosphorus–nitrogen bonds) === EC 3.9.1.1: Phosphoamidase EC 3.9.1.2: Protein arginine phosphatase EC 3.9.1.3: Phosphohistidine phosphatase === Category:EC 3.10 (act on sulfur–nitrogen bonds) === EC 3.10.1.1: N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase EC 3.10.1.2: Cyclamate sulfohydrolase === Category:EC 3.11 (act on carbon–phosphorus bonds) === EC 3.11.1.1: Phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase EC 3.11.1.2: Phosphonoacetate hydrolase EC 3.11.1.3: Phosphonopyruvate hydrolase === Category:EC 3.12 (act on sulfur–sulfur bonds) === EC 3.12.1.1: Trithionate hydrolase === Category:EC 3.13 (act on carbon–sulfur bonds) === EC 3.13.1.1: UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase EC 3.13.1.3: 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase EC 3.13.1.4: 3-sulfinopropanoyl—CoA desulfinase EC 3.13.1.5: Carbon disulfide hydrolase EC 3.13.1.6:


id: list-of-sequenced-eukaryotic-genomes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes-0.md
category: reference
title: List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:16.090445+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-sequenced-eukaryotic-genomes-20260505-0
summary:
This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences. DNA was first sequenced in 1977. The first free-living organism to have its genome completely sequenced was the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, in 1995. In 1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released and in 1998 the first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans, was released. For mitochondrial genomes, see list of mitochondrial genomes. == Protists == Following are the nine earliest sequenced genomes of protists. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced protist genomes. == Plants == Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of plants. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced plant genomes. == Fungi == Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of fungi. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced fungi genomes. == Animals == Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of animals. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced animal genomes. == See also == Genome


id: index-of-evolutionary-biology-articles-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles-0.md
category: reference
title: Index of evolutionary biology articles
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:17.405760+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: index-of-evolutionary-biology-articles-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of topics in evolutionary biology. == A == abiogenesis – adaptation – adaptive mutation – adaptive radiation – allele – allele frequency – allochronic speciation – allopatric speciation – altruism – anagenesis – anti-predator adaptation – applications of evolution – apomorphy – aposematism – Archaeopteryx – aquatic adaptation – artificial selection – atavism == B == Henry Walter Bates – biological organisation – Black Queen hypothesis – Brassica oleracea – breed == C == Cambrian explosion – camouflage – Sean B. Carroll – catagenesis – gene-centered view of evolution – cephalization – Sergei Chetverikov – chronobiology – chronospecies – clade – cladistics – climatic adaptation – coalescent theory – co-evolution – co-operation – coefficient of relationship – common descent – convergent evolution – creation–evolution controversy – cultivar – conspecific song preference == D == Darwin (unit) – Charles Darwin – Darwinism – Darwin's finches – Richard Dawkins – directed mutagenesis – Directed evolution – directional selection – disruptive selection – Theodosius Dobzhansky – dog breeding – domestication – domestication of the horse == E == E. coli long-term evolution experiment – ecological genetics – ecological selection – ecological speciation – Endless Forms Most Beautiful – endosymbiosis


id: lists-of-human-genes-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_human_genes-0.md
category: reference
title: Lists of human genes
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_human_genes
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:34.120829+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: lists-of-human-genes-20260505-0
summary:
Lists of human genes are as follows: == By chromosome == Human chromosomes, each of which contains an incomplete list of genes located on that chromosome, are as follows: == Protein-coding genes == The lists below constitute a complete list of all known human protein-coding genes: == Transcription factors == 1639 genes which encode proteins that are known or expected to function as human transcription factors: List of human transcription factors == See also == List of enzymes List of proteins List of disabled human pseudogenes == External links == iHOP-Protein Information Database NextBio-Life Science Search Engine Entrez-Cross Database Query Search System TranscriptomeBrowser


id: list-of-genetically-modified-crops-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetically_modified_crops-0.md
category: reference
title: List of genetically modified crops
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetically_modified_crops
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:42.484550+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-genetically-modified-crops-20260505-0
summary:
Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. As of 2015, 26 plant species have been genetically modified and approved for commercial release in at least one country. The majority of these species contain genes that make them either tolerant to herbicides or resistant to insects. Other common traits include virus resistance, delayed ripening, modified flower colour or altered composition. In 2014, 28 countries grew GM crops, and 39 countries imported but did not grow them. == Background == Regulations regarding the commercialisation of genetically modified crops are mostly conducted by individual countries. For cultivation, environmental approval determines whether a crop can be legally grown. Separate approval is generally required to use GM crops in food for human consumption or as animal feed. GM crops were first planted commercially on a large scale in 1996, in the US, China, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and Mexico. Some countries have approved but not actually cultivated GM crops, due to public uncertainty or further government restrictions, while at the same time,


id: list-of-human-blood-components-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_blood_components-0.md
category: reference
title: List of human blood components
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_blood_components
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:50.504785+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-human-blood-components-20260505-0
summary:
In blood banking, the fractions of Whole Blood used for transfusion are also called components. == See also == Reference ranges for common blood tests == References ==


id: list-of-human-transcription-factors-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_transcription_factors-0.md
category: reference
title: List of human transcription factors
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_transcription_factors
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:52.034125+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-human-transcription-factors-20260505-0
summary:
This list of manually-curated human transcription factors is taken from Lambert, Jolma, Campitelli, et al. More detailed information can be found in the manuscript and accompanying web site. == List of human transcription factors (1639) == == External links == https://humantfs.ccbr.utoronto.ca == References ==


id: list-of-immune-cells-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immune_cells-0.md
category: reference
title: List of immune cells
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immune_cells
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:53.612657+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-immune-cells-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of immune cells, also known as white blood cells, white cells, leukocytes, or leucocytes. They are cells involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. == References ==


id: list-of-interstitial-cells-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstitial_cells-0.md
category: reference
title: List of interstitial cells
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstitial_cells
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:54.838208+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-interstitial-cells-20260505-0
summary:
Interstitial cell refers to any cell that lies in the spaces between the functional cells of a tissue. Examples include: Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) Leydig cells, cells present in the male testes responsible for the production of androgen (male sex hormone) A portion of the stroma of ovary Certain cells in the pineal gland Renal interstitial cells Neuroglial cells == See also == List of human cell types derived from the germ layers == References == Sybil B Parker (ed). "Interstitial cell". McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Fifth Edition. International Edition. 1994. Page 1041.


id: list-of-endemic-species-of-clipperton-island-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Clipperton_Island-0.md
category: reference
title: List of endemic species of Clipperton Island
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Clipperton_Island
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:56:59.962941+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-endemic-species-of-clipperton-island-20260505-0
summary:
Clipperton Island, also known as Île de la Passion, is an uninhabited French atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean. == Algae == == Fish == == Invertebrates == == Vertebrates == == References ==


id: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones-0.md
category: reference
title: List of honey bee pheromones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:07.461626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-0
summary:
The pheromones of the honey bee are mixtures of chemical substances released by individual bees into the hive or environment that cause changes in the physiology and behaviour of other bees. == Introduction == Honey bees (Apis mellifera) have one of the most complex pheromonal communication systems found in nature, possessing 15 known glands that produce an array of compounds. These chemical messengers secreted by a queen, drone, worker bee or laying worker bee to elicit a response in other bees. The chemical messages are received by the bee's antenna and other body parts. They are produced as a volatile or non-volatile liquid and transmitted by direct contact as a liquid or vapor. Honey bee pheromones can be grouped into releaser pheromones which temporarily affect the recipient's behavior, and primer pheromones which have a long-term effect on the physiology of the recipient. Releaser pheromones trigger an almost immediate behavioral response from the receiving bee. Under certain conditions a pheromone can act as both a releaser and primer pheromone. The pheromones may either be single chemicals or a complex mixture of numerous chemicals in different percentages. == Types of honey bee pheromones == === Alarm pheromone === Two main alarm pheromones


id: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones-1.md
category: reference
title: List of honey bee pheromones
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honey_bee_pheromones
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:07.461626+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-honey-bee-pheromones-20260505-0
summary:
=== Queen mandibular pheromone === Queen mandibular pheromone (QMP), emitted by the queen, is one of the most important sets of pheromones in the bee hive. It affects social behavior, maintenance of the hive, swarming, mating behavior, and inhibition of ovary development in worker bees. The effects can be short term or long term or both. Some of the chemicals found in QMP are carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds. The following compounds have been shown to be important in retinue attraction of workers to their queen and other effects. (E)-9-Oxodec-2-enoic acid (9-ODA) – inhibits queen rearing as well as ovarian development in worker bees; strong sexual attractant for drones when on a nuptial flight; critical to worker recognition of the presence of a queen in the hive (R,E)-(−)-9-Hydroxydec-2-enoic acid] (-9-HDA) promotes stability of a swarm, or a "calming" influence (S,E)-(+)-9-Hydroxydec-2-enoic acid (+9-HDA) Methylparaben (also known as methyl p-hydroxybenzoate) (HOB) 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy phenylethanol (HVA) Work on synthetic pheromones was done by Keith N. Slessor, Lori-ann Kaminski, Gaylord G. S. King, John H. Borden, and Mark L. Winston; their work was patented in 1991. Synthetic queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) is a mixture of five components: 9-ODA, (−)-9-HDA, (+)-9-HDA, HOB and HVA in a


id: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms-0.md
category: reference
title: List of longest-living organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:08.624136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individuals or clones of a species with the longest natural maximum life spans. For a given species, such a designation may include: The oldest known individual(s) that are currently alive, with verified ages. Verified individual record holders, such as the longest-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the longest-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff. The definition of "longest-living" used in this article considers only the observed or estimated length of an individual organism's natural lifespan – that is, the duration of time between its birth or conception (or the earliest emergence of its identity as an individual organism) and its death – and does not consider other conceivable interpretations of "longest-living", such as the length of time between the earliest appearance of a species in the fossil record and the present day (the historical "age" of the species as a whole) or the time between a species' first speciation and its extinction (the phylogenetic "lifespan" of the species). This list includes long-lived organisms that are currently still alive as well as those that have already died. Determining the length of an organism's natural lifespan is complicated by many problems of definition and interpretation,


id: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-1
file: data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms-1.md
category: reference
title: List of longest-living organisms
tags: science, encyclopedia
source_url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms
date_saved: 2026-05-05T07:57:08.624136+00:00
instance: kb-cron
parent: list-of-longest-living-organisms-20260505-0
summary:
In July 2018, scientists from four Russian institutions collaborating with Princeton University reported that they had analyzed about 300 prehistoric nematode worms recovered from permafrost above the Arctic Circle in the Sakha Republic, and that after being thawed, two of the nematodes revived and began moving and eating. One found in a Pleistocene squirrel burrow in the Duvanny Yar outcrop on the Kolyma River was believed to be about 32,000 years old, while the other, recovered in 2015 near the Alazeya River, was dated at approximately 30,000–40,000 years old. These nematodes were believed to be the oldest living non-clonal multicellular organisms on Earth. In 2021, biologists reported the restoration of bdelloid rotifers frozen for 24,000 years in the Siberian permafrost. In 2023, it was reported that nematodes of the previously undescribed Panagrolaimus kolymaensis were revived after 46,000 years in cryptobiosis. Like bacterial spores, plant seeds are often capable of germinating after very long periods of metabolic inactivity. A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years. Named "Methuselah", it is currently growing at Kibbutz Ketura, Israel. Similarly, the flowering plant Silene stenophylla was grown from frozen fruit found in an


